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+Project Gutenberg's The Career of Leonard Wood, by Joseph Hamblen Sears
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Career of Leonard Wood
+
+Author: Joseph Hamblen Sears
+
+Release Date: September 3, 2010 [EBook #33626]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAREER OF LEONARD WOOD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Don Kostuch
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's note]
+  Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly
+  braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page breaks occurred
+  in the original book.
+
+  Obvious spelling errors have been corrected but "inventive" spelling
+  is left unchanged. Apparently conflicting spelling is not resolved,
+  as in "Gouraud" and "Gourand".
+[End Transcriber's note]
+
+
+[Illustration: LEONARD WOOD (portrait)]
+
+
+THE CAREER OF LEONARD WOOD
+
+BY
+
+JOSEPH HAMBLEN SEARS
+
+
+
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+
+NEW YORK
+LONDON
+
+1920
+
+
+
+Copyright 1919 by
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+
+
+Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+
+
+TO GENERAL LEONARD WOOD
+
+By Corinne Roosevelt Robinson
+
+  Your vision keen, unerring when the blind,
+    Who could not see, turned, groping, from the light.
+    Your sentient knowledge of the wise and right
+  Have won to-day the freedom of mankind.
+
+  Honor to whom the honor be assigned!
+    Mightier in exile than the men whose might
+    Is of the sword alone, and not of sight.
+  You march beside the victor host aligned.
+
+  Had not your spirit soared, our ardent youth
+    Had faltered leaderless; their eager feet
+  Attuned to effort for the valiant truth
+    Through your command rushed swiftly to compete
+  To hold on high the torch of Liberty--
+  Great-visioned Soul, yours is the victory!
+
+  November 11, 1918
+
+  _From "Service and Sacrifice: Poems"_
+
+  Copyright. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. by
+  Charles Scribner's Sons.
+  By permission of the publishers.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+I.    The Subject         11
+
+II.   The Indian Fighter  25
+
+III.  The Official        51
+
+IV.   The Soldier         77
+
+V.    The Organizer      101
+
+VI.   The Administrator  129
+
+VII.  The Statesman      159
+
+VIII. The Patriot        201
+
+IX.   The Great War      225
+
+X.    The Result         257
+
+
+
+THE SUBJECT
+
+
+{11}
+
+I
+
+THE SUBJECT
+
+In these days immediately following the Great War it is well upon
+beginning anything--even a modest biographical sketch--to consider a
+few elementals and distinguish them from the changing unessentials, to
+keep a sound basis of sense and not be led into hysteria, to look
+carefully again at the beams of our house and not be deceived into
+thinking that the plaster and the wall paper are the supports of the
+building.
+
+Let us consider a few of these elementals that apply to the subject in
+hand as well as to the rest of the universe--elemental truths which do
+not change, which no Great War can alter in the least, which serve as
+guides at all times and will help at every doubtful point. They range
+themselves somewhat as follows:
+
+The human being is entitled to the pursuit of happiness--happiness in
+the very broadest sense of the word. No one can approach this object
+{12} unless he is in some way subordinated to something and unless he
+is responsible for something. No man can get satisfaction out of life
+unless he is responsible for what he does to some authority higher
+than himself and unless there is some one or something that looks to
+him for guidance. Perhaps the existence of religion has much to do
+with this. Perhaps prayer and all that it means to us belongs in the
+category of the first of these elementals. Certainly the family is an
+example of the second.
+
+The family is the unit of civilization--always has been and always
+will be. The father and the mother have their collective existence,
+and their children looking to them for guidance, support and growth,
+both physical and moral. The moment the family begins to exist it
+becomes a responsibility for its head, and around it centers a large
+part of the life and happiness of the human being.
+
+In like manner the state is the unit to which we are subordinated.
+
+These constitute two examples of responsibility and subordination
+which are necessary to the {13} acquirement of civilization, of
+happiness and of the rewards of life.
+
+Wherever the state has presumed to enter too far into the conduct of
+the family it has overstepped its bounds and that particular
+civilization has degenerated. Wherever the family has presumed to give
+up its subordination to the state and gather unto itself the
+responsibility through special privilege, that particular state has
+begun to die.
+
+In modern civilization it is as impossible to conceive of a state
+without the unit of the family, as it is to consider groups of
+families without something that we call a state. It is ludicrous to
+think of a strong and virile nation composed of one hundred million
+bachelors. We must go back to the feudal days of the middle ages to
+get a picture of the family without a state.
+
+In other words, a man, to approach happiness, must have his family in
+support of which it is his privilege to take off his coat and work,
+and--if fate so decree--live; and he must have his country's flag in
+honor of which it is his privilege to take off his hat, and--if need
+be--die.
+
+{14}
+
+Love and patriotism--these are the names of two of the sturdy beams of
+the house of civilization.
+
+These old familiar laws have been brought forward again by the
+outbreak of the Great War. There is a letter in existence written by a
+young soldier who volunteered at the start, a letter which he wrote to
+his unborn son as he sat in a front line trench in France. It tells
+the whole great truth in a line. It says: "My little son, I do not
+fully realize just why I am fighting here, but I know that one reason
+is to make sure that _you_ will not have to do it by and by." That lad
+was responsible for a new family, and was the servant of his
+state--and he began his approach to the great happiness when he
+thought of writing that letter.
+
+It will be well for us to remember these simple laws as we proceed.
+
+Fifty-eight years ago these laws and several more like them were just
+as true as they are now. Fifty-eight years hence they will still be
+true, as they will be five thousand eight hundred years hence.
+Fifty-eight years ago--to be exact, {15} October 9, 1860--there was
+born up in New Hampshire a man child named Leonard Wood, in the town
+of Winchester, whence he was transferred at the age of three months to
+Massachusetts and finally at the age of eight years to Pocasset on
+Cape Cod. This man child is still alive at the time of writing, and
+during his fifty-eight years he has stood for these elemental truths
+in and out of boyhood, youth and manhood in such a fashion that his
+story--always interesting--becomes valuable at a time when, the Great
+War being over, many nations, to say nothing of many individuals, are
+forgetting, in their admiration of the new plaster and the wall paper,
+that the beams of the house of civilization are what hold it strong
+and sturdy as the ages proceed.
+
+This place, Cape Cod, where the formative years of Leonard Wood's life
+were passed, is a sand bank left by some melting glacier sticking out
+into the Atlantic in the shape of a doubled-up arm with a clenched
+fist as if it were ready at any moment to strike out and defend New
+England against any attack that might come from the eastward. Those
+who call it their native place have acquired {16} something of its
+spirit. They have ever been ready to oppose any aggression from the
+eastward or any other direction, and they have ever been ready to
+stand firmly upon the conviction that the integrity of the family and
+of the state must be maintained. And young Wood from them and from his
+Mayflower Pilgrim ancestors absorbed and was born with a common sense
+and a directness of vision that have appeared throughout his life
+under whatever conditions he found himself.
+
+There seems to have been nothing remarkable about him either in his
+boyhood or in his youth. He achieved nothing out of the ordinary
+through that whole period. But there has always been in him somewhere,
+the solid basis of sense and reason which kept him to whatever purpose
+he set himself to achieve along the lines of the great elemental
+truths of life and far away from visionary hallucinations of any sort.
+If it was Indian fighting, he worked away at the basis of the question
+and got ready and then carried out. If it was war, the same. If it was
+administration, he {17} studied the essentials, prepared for them, and
+then carried them out.
+
+Like all great achievements, it is simplicity itself and can be told
+in words of one syllable. In all lines of his extraordinarily varied
+career extending over all the corners of the globe he respected and
+built up authority of government and protected and encouraged the
+development of the family unit. One might say "Why not? Of course."
+The answer is "Who in this country in the last thirty years has done
+it to anything like the same extent?"
+
+Many minds during this time have advanced new ideas; many men have
+invented amazing things; many able people have opened up new avenues
+of thought and vision to the imagination of the world, sometimes to
+good and lasting purpose, sometimes otherwise. But who has taken
+whatever problem was presented to him and invariably, no matter what
+quality was required, brought that problem to a successful conclusion
+without upheaval, or chaos, or even much excitement for any one
+outside the immediately interested group?
+
+It is not genius; it is organization. It is not {18} the flare of
+inventive ability; it is the high vision of one whose code rested
+always on elemental, sound and enduring principles and who has not
+swerved from these to admire the plaster and the paper on the wall. It
+is finally the great quality that makes a man keep his feet on the
+ground and his heart amongst the bright stars.
+
+Of such stuff are the men of this world made whom people lean on, whom
+people naturally look to in emergency, who guide instinctively and
+unerringly, carrying always the faith of those about them because they
+deal with sound things, elemental truths and sane methods--because
+they give mankind what Leonard Wood's greatest friend called "a square
+deal."
+
+It is difficult to treat much of his youth because he is still living
+and the family life of any man is his own and not the public's
+business. But there is a certain interest attaching to his life-work
+for his country in knowing that his great-great-grandfather commanded
+a regiment in the Revolutionary army at Bunker Hill and that his
+father was a doctor who served in the Union army during the Civil War.
+Out of such heredity has {19} come a doctor who is a Major General in
+the United States Army.
+
+At the same time his own life on Cape Cod outside of school at the
+Middleboro Academy was marked by what might distinguish any youngster
+of that day and place--a strong liking for small boating, for games
+out of doors, for riding, shooting and fishing. These came from a fine
+healthy body which to this day at his present age is amazing in its
+capacity to carry him through physical work. He can to-day ride a
+hundred miles at a stretch and walk thirty miles in any twenty-four
+hours.
+
+Later in life this was one of the many points of common interest that
+drew him and Theodore Roosevelt so closely together. It has no
+particular significance other than to make it possible for him in many
+lands at many different limes to do that one great thing which makes
+men leaders--to show his men the way, to do himself whatever he asked
+others to do, never to give an order whether to a military, sanitary,
+medical or administrative force that he could not and did not do
+himself in so far as one man could do it.
+
+{20}
+
+There was little or no money in the Wood family and the young man had
+to plan early to look out for himself. He wanted to go to
+sea--probably  because he lived on Cape Cod and came from a long line
+of New Englanders. He wanted to go into the Navy. He even planned to
+join an Arctic expedition at the age of twenty and began to collect
+material for his outfit. But finally, following his father's lead, he
+settled upon the study of medicine.
+
+This led to the Harvard University Medical School and to his
+graduation in 1884. There then followed the regular internship of a
+young physician and the beginning of practice in Boston.
+
+Then came the change that separated Wood from the usual lot of well
+educated, well prepared doctors who come out of a fine medical school
+and begin their lifework of following their profession and building up
+a practice, a record, a family and the history which is the highest
+ideal man can have and the collective result of which is a sound
+nation.
+
+Wood wanted action. He wanted to do  {21} something. He had a strong
+inclination to the out-of-doors. And it is probably this, together
+with his inheritance and the chances of the moment, that led him to
+enter the army as a surgeon. As there was no immediate vacancy in the
+medical corps he took the job of contract surgeon at a salary of $100
+a month and was first ordered to duty at Fort Warren in Boston Harbor
+where he stayed only a few days. His request for "action" was granted
+in June, 1885, and he wais ordered to Arizona to report to General
+Crook on the Mexican border near Fort Huachuca.
+
+And here begins the career of Leonard Wood.
+
+{22}
+
+{23}
+
+THE INDIAN FIGHTER
+
+{24}
+
+{25}
+
+II
+
+THE INDIAN FIGHTER
+
+The problem was what turned out to be the last of the Indian fighting,
+involving a long-drawn-out campaign. For over a hundred years, as
+every one knows, the unequal struggle of two races for this continent
+had been in progress and the history of it is the ever tragic story of
+the survival of the fittest. No one can read it without regret at the
+destruction, the extermination, of a race. No one, however, can for a
+moment hesitate in his judgment of the inevitableness of it, since it
+is and always will be the truth that the man or the race or the nation
+which cannot keep up with the times must go under--and should go
+under. Education, brains, genius, organization, ability, imagination,
+vision--whatever it may be called or by how many names--will forever
+destroy and push out ignorance, incompetence, stupidity.
+
+The Indians were not able--tragic as the truth {26} is--to move
+onward, and so they had to move out and give place to the more worthy
+tenant.
+
+The end of this century of struggle was the campaign against the
+Apaches in the Southwest along the Mexican border, where they made
+their last stand under their able leader Geronimo.
+
+The young doctor was detailed at once for duty on a broiling fourth of
+July under Captain--afterwards General--Henry W. Lawton, and the next
+day he rode a horse over thirty-five miles. That incident to the
+initiated is noteworthy, but even more so is the fact that shortly
+afterwards in a hard drive of five succeeding days he averaged
+eighteen hours a day either in the saddle or on foot, leading the
+horses. It was a stiff test. To make it worse he was given the one
+unassigned horse--that is to say, a horse that was known as an
+"outlaw"--whose jerky gait made each saddle-sore complain at every
+step. The sun beat down fiercely; but, burned and blistered fore and
+aft, Leonard Wood could still smile and ask for more action.
+
+The stoicism of the tenderfoot who had come to play their game was not
+lost on the troopers {27} with whom he was to spend the next two years
+fighting Indians. He "healed in the saddle" at once and a few weeks
+later was out-riding and out-marching the best of Captain Lawton's
+command, all of whom were old and experienced Indian fighters.
+
+This was not to be the last time that Leonard Wood was to find himself
+faced at the outset by tacit suspicion and lack of confidence on the
+part of the men he was to command. Years later in the Philippines he
+was put up against a similar hostility, with responsibilities a
+thousandfold more grave, and in the same dogged way he won
+confidence--unquestioning loyalty--by proving that he was better than
+the best. "Do it and don't talk about it," was his formula for
+success. It was this quality in him that made it possible for Captain
+Lawton to write to General Nelson A. Miles, who had then succeeded
+General Crook, after the successful Geronimo campaign: "... I can only
+repeat that I have before reported officially and what I have said to
+you: that his services during the trying campaign were of the highest
+order. I speak particularly of services {28} other than those
+devolving upon him as a medical officer; services as a combatant or
+line officer voluntarily performed. He sought the most difficult work,
+and by his determination and courage rendered a successful issue of
+the campaign possible."
+
+General Crook, who commanded the troops along the border,
+characterized the Apaches as "tigers of the human race." Tigers they
+were, led by Geronimo, the man whose name became a by-word for
+savagery and cruelty. For a time these Indians had remained subdued
+and quiet upon a reservation, and there can be no question but what
+the subsequent outbreaks that led to the long campaign in which Wood
+took part were due largely to the lack of judgment displayed by the
+officials in whose charge they were placed. Both the American settlers
+and the Mexicans opposed the location of the Indians on the San Carlos
+reservation and lost no opportunity to show their hostility. When
+General Crook took command of that district he found he had to deal
+with a mean, sullen and treacherous band of savages.
+
+The American forces were constantly embroiled with the Chiricahuas.
+Treaties and agreements {29} were made only to be broken whenever
+blood lust or "tiswin"--a strong drink made from corn--moved the
+tribe to the warpath and fresh depredations. Due to General Crook's
+tireless efforts there were several occasions when the Indians
+remained quietly on their reservation, but it was only a matter of
+months at the best before one of the tribes, usually the Chiricahuas,
+would break forth again. Not until the treaty of 1882 with Mexico was
+it possible for our troops to pursue them into the Mexican mountains
+where they took refuge after each uprising. In 1883 General Crook made
+an expedition into Mexico which resulted in the return of the
+Chiricahuas and the Warm Springs tribes under Geronimo and Natchez to
+the Apache reservation.
+
+Two years of comparative quiet followed. The Indians followed
+agricultural pursuits and the settlers, who had come to establish
+themselves on ranches along the border, went out to their plowing and
+fence building unarmed. In May, 1886, the Indians indulged in an
+extensive and prolonged "tiswin" drunk. The savagery that lurked in
+their hearts broke loose and they escaped from {30} their reservation
+in small bands, leaving smoking trails of murder, arson and pillage
+behind them. Acts of ugly violence followed. General Crook threatened
+to kill the last one of them, if it took fifty years, and at one
+moment it seemed as though he had them under control. "Tiswin" once
+again set them loose and they stampeded.
+
+Their daring and illusiveness kept the American and Mexican troops
+constantly in action. One band of eleven Indians crossed into the
+United States, raided an Apache reservation, killed Indians as well as
+thirty-eight whites, captured two hundred head of stock and returned
+to Mexico after having traveled four weeks and covered over 1,200
+miles.
+
+It was into such warfare that Wood was plunged. No sooner had he
+arrived and begun his work than he put in a request for line duty in
+addition to his duties as a medical officer. This was granted
+immediately, because the need of men who could do something was too
+great to admit of much punctiliousness in the matter of military
+custom. Before the arrival of his commission as Assistant Surgeon,
+January, 1886, he {31} had served as commanding officer of infantry in
+a desperately hard pursuit in the Sierra Madres, ending in an attack
+on an Indian camp. He was repeatedly assigned to the most strenuous,
+fatiguing duty. After having marched on foot one day twenty-five miles
+with Indian scouts he rode seventy-three miles with a message at
+night, coming back at dawn the next day, just in time to break camp
+and march thirty-four miles to a new camp. He was given at his own
+request command of infantry under Captain Lawton, and this assignment
+to line duty was sanctioned by General Miles, who had recently taken
+over the command of the troops along the border.
+
+General Miles was one of the greatest Indian fighters the country has
+ever known. He was peculiarly fitted to assume this new job of
+suppressing the Apache. He judged and selected the men who were to be
+a part of this campaign by his own well-established standards. As its
+leader he selected Captain Lawton, then serving with the Fourth United
+States Cavalry at Fort Huachuca, primarily because Captain Lawton
+believed that these Indians could be subjugated. {32} He had met their
+skill and cunning and physical strength through years of such warfare
+under General Crook, and possessed the necessary qualifications to
+meet the demands of the trying campaign that faced him. After speaking
+of Captain Lawton, General Miles says in his published recollections:
+
+"I also found at Fort Huachuca another splendid type of American
+manhood, Captain Leonard Wood, Assistant Surgeon, United States Army.
+He was a young officer, age twenty-four, a native of Massachusetts, a
+graduate of Harvard, a fair-haired, blue-eyed young man of great
+intelligence, sterling, manly qualities and resolute spirit. He was
+also perhaps as fine a specimen of physical strength and endurance as
+could easily be found."
+
+"... His services and observations and example were most commendable
+and valuable, and added much to the physical success of the
+enterprise."
+
+General Field Orders No. 7, issued April 20, 1886, by General Miles
+for the guidance of the troops in his command, tell clearly and
+concisely the character and demands of the time.
+
+{33}
+
+"The chief object of the troops will be to capture or destroy any band
+of hostile Apache Indians found in this section of the country, and to
+this end the most vigorous and persistent efforts will be required of
+all officers and soldiers until this object is accomplished.
+
+"... The cavalry will be used in light scouting parties with a
+sufficient force held in readiness at all times to make the most
+persistent and effective pursuit.
+
+"To avoid any advantage the Indians may have by a relay of horses,
+where a troop or squadron commander is near the hostile Indians, he
+will be justified in dismounting one half of his command and selecting
+the lightest and best riders to make pursuit by the most vigorous
+forced marches until the strength of all the animals of his command
+shall have been exhausted.
+
+"In this way a command should, under a judicious leader, capture a
+band of Indians or drive them from 160 to 200 miles in forty-eight
+hours through a country favorable for cavalry movements; and the
+horses of the troops will be trained for this purpose."
+
+{34}
+
+To get a picture of young Wood at this time it is necessary to look at
+the situation through the eyes of that day and through the eyes of
+youth as well.
+
+A young man of twenty-four had been brought up by the sea in what we
+will call for the sake of politeness conservative New England. He had
+all the sound and sane basis of character that comes from what in this
+country was an old and established civilization. He had been educated
+in his profession at the most academic and conservative institution in
+the United States; a profession which while not an exact science is
+nevertheless a science requiring sane methods and the elimination of
+risks. He had begun the regular work of this profession. He possessed
+also what every young man with a healthy body of that day possessed--
+and still possesses--a passion for romance, for the road, for the
+great adventure which at that time in this country still centered
+around the pistol shooting, broncho riding, Indian fighting cowboy.
+
+We who are old have forgotten the paper covered stories we used to
+read surreptitiously {35} about the "Broncho Buster's Revenge," or
+"The Three-Fingered Might of the West." But we did read them and long
+for the great life of the plains. Even Jesse James was a hero to many
+of us.
+
+But for a New Englander educated at Harvard to the practice of
+medicine to pick up his deeply driven stakes and actually go into this
+realm of romance was unusual in the extreme; and to be so well trained
+and in such good condition, with such high courage as to make good at
+once amongst those men who looked down on an Eastern tender-foot was
+sufficiently rare to promise much for the future.
+
+The young man had the love of romance that all young lives have, but
+he had the unusual stimulus to it that led him to make it for the
+moment his actual life. And those who study his whole life will find
+again and again that when the parting of the ways came he invariably
+took the road of adventure, provided that it was always in the service
+of his country. Such then was the makeup and the condition of this
+young man when in the spring of 1886 Captain Lawton, having {36}
+received orders to assume command of the expedition into Mexico
+against the hostile Apache, included Wood as one of his four officers.
+The force consisted of forty-five troopers, twenty Indian scouts,
+thirty infantrymen and two pack trains. And thus began the
+two-thousand-mile chase into the fastnesses of Sonora and Chihuahua
+which ended with the surrender of Geronimo.
+
+General Miles' campaign methods differed from those of General Crook
+in many ways. He always assumed the aggressive. His motto was, "Follow
+the Indian wherever he goes and strike him whenever you can. No matter
+how bad the country, go on." Under these instructions the troops went
+over the border and down into the depths of the Sonora, jumping the
+Indian whenever an opportunity offered, never giving him any rest.
+Wherever he went the troops followed. If he struck the border, a well
+arranged system of heliostat stations passed the word along to a body
+of waiting or passing scouts. General Miles' methods differed from
+those of General Crook also in the matter of the use of the heliostat,
+a system of signaling based on flashes of the sun's rays from {37}
+mirrors. He had used them experimentally while stationed in the
+Department of the Columbia, and now determined to make them of
+practical use at his new station. Over the vast tracts of rough,
+unpopulated land of Arizona and Mexico the signals flashed, keeping
+different detachments in touch with their immediate commands, and the
+campaign headquarters in touch with its base.
+
+Even before Captain Lawton's command could be made ready the Indians
+themselves precipitated the fight. Instead of remaining in the Sierra
+Madres, where they were reasonably safe from assault, they commenced a
+campaign of violence south of the boundary. This gave both the
+American troops and the Mexicans who were operating in conjunction
+with them exact knowledge of their whereabouts. On the 27th of April
+they came northward, invading the United States. Innumerable outrages
+were committed by them which are now part of the history of that
+heart-breaking campaign. One, for example, typical of the rest was the
+case of the Peck family. Their ranch was surrounded, the family
+captured and a number of the ranch hands killed. The husband {38} was
+tied and compelled to witness the tortures to which his wife was
+submitted. His daughter, thirteen years old, was abducted by the band
+and carried nearly three hundred miles. In the meantime Captain
+Lawton's command with Wood in charge of the Apache scouts was pursuing
+them hotly. A short engagement between the Mexican troops and the
+Indians followed. On the heels of this the American troops came up and
+the little Peck girl was recaptured. Nightfall, however, prevented any
+decisive engagement, and before daybreak the Indians had, slipped
+away.
+
+The Indians found it better to divide into two bands, one under
+Natchez, which turned to the north, and the other under Geronimo,
+which went to the west. The first band was intercepted by Lieutenant
+Brett of the Second Cavalry after a heartbreaking pursuit. At one time
+the pursuing party was on the trail for twenty-six hours without a
+halt, and eighteen hours without water. The men suffered so intensely
+from thirst that many of them opened their veins to moisten their lips
+with their own blood. But the Indians suffered far more. In Geronimo's
+story of those {39} days, published many years later, he wrote: "We
+killed cattle to eat whenever we were in need of food, but we
+frequently suffered greatly for need of water. At one time we had no
+water for two days and nights, and our horses almost died of thirst."
+Finally on the evening of June 6th the cavalry came into contact with
+Geronimo's band and the Indians were scattered.
+
+For four months Captain Lawton and Leonard Wood pursued the savages
+over mountain ranges and through the canyons. During this time the
+troops marched 1,396 miles. The conditions under which they worked
+were cruel. The intense heat, the lack of water, and the desperately
+rough country covered with mountains and cactus hindered the command,
+but the men had the consolation of knowing that the Indians were in
+worse plight. Furthermore, the trustworthiness of the Indian scouts, a
+tattered, picturesque band of renegades, was coming under suspicion.
+Perhaps it was because of their unreliability that an attack made upon
+the 18th of July was not an entire success. The Indians escaped, but
+their most valued  {40} possessions, food and horses, fell into the
+hands of our troopers.
+
+It was the beginning of the end. A month later they received word that
+the Indians were working towards Santa Teresa, and Captain Lawton
+moved forward to head them off. Leonard Wood's personal account of
+this engagement follows:
+
+"On the 13th of July we effected the surprise of the camp of Geronimo
+and Natchez which eventually led to their surrender and resulted in
+the immediate capture of everything in their camps except themselves
+and the clothes they wore. It was our practice to keep two scouts two
+or three days in advance of the command, and between them and the main
+body four or five other scouts. The Indian scouts in advance would
+locate the camp of the hostiles and send back word to the next party,
+who in their turn would notify the main command; then a forced march
+would be made in order to surround and surprise the camp. On the day
+mentioned, following this method of procedure, we located the Indians
+on the Yaqui River in a section of the country almost impassable for
+man or beast and {41} in a position which the Indians evidently felt
+to be perfectly secure. The small tableland on which the camp was
+located bordered on the Yaqui River and was surrounded on all sides by
+high cliffs with practically only two points of entrance, one up the
+river and the other down. The officers were able to creep up and look
+down on the Indian camp which was about two thousand feet below their
+point of observation. All the fires were burning, the horses were
+grazing and the Indians were in the river swimming with evidently not
+the slightest apprehension of attack. Our plan was to send scouts to
+close the upper opening and then to send the infantry, of which I had
+the command, to attack the camp from below.
+
+"Both the Indians and the infantry were in position and advanced on
+the hostile camp, which, situated as it was on this tableland covered
+with canebrake and boulders, formed an ideal position for Indian
+defense. As the infantry moved forward the firing of the scouts was
+heard, which led us to believe that the fight was on, and great,
+accordingly, was our disgust to find, on our arrival, that the firing
+was accounted for by the fact that {42} the scouts were killing the
+stock, the Apaches themselves having escaped through the northern exit
+just a few minutes before their arrival. It was a very narrow escape
+for the Indians, and was due to mere accident. One of their number,
+who had been out hunting, discovered the red headband of one of our
+scouts as he was crawling around into position. He immediately dropped
+his game and notified the Apaches, and they were able to get away just
+before the scouts closed up the exit. Some of these Indians were
+suffering from old wounds. Natchez himself was among this number, and
+their sufferings through the pursuit which followed led to their
+discouragement and, finally, to their surrender."
+
+The persistent action of our troops was beginning to have its effect,
+and when the Indians ceased to commit depredations it was good
+evidence to those who knew Indians and Indian nature that they were
+beginning to think of surrender.
+
+One night the troops ran into a Mexican pack-train, which brought the
+first reports that Indians were near Fronteras, a little village in
+Sonora. Two of their women had come into town to find the {43} wife of
+an old Mexican who was with the Americans as a guide, hoping, through
+her, to open up communications looking to a surrender. As soon as the
+report was received Captain Lawton sent Lieutenant Gatewood of the
+Sixth Cavalry, who had joined the command, with two friendly Apaches
+of the same tribe as those who were out on the warpath, to go ahead
+and send his men into the hostile camp and demand their surrender.
+This he eventually succeeded in doing, but the Indians refused to
+surrender, saying that they would talk only with Lawton, or, as they
+expressed it, "the officer who had followed them all summer." This
+eventually led to communication being opened and one morning at
+daybreak Geronimo, Natchez and twelve other Indians appeared, in camp.
+Their inclinations seemed at least to be peaceful enough to allow the
+entire body of Indians to come down and camp within two miles of the
+Americans. It was agreed that they should meet General Miles and
+formally surrender to him and that the Indians and the troops should
+move further north to a more convenient meeting place. To give
+confidence to the Indians in this new state {44} of affairs, Captain
+Lawton, Leonard Wood and two other officers agreed to travel with
+them. Due to a mistake in orders, the American troopers started off in
+the wrong direction, and Captain Lawton was obliged to leave in search
+of them. This left the three remaining officers practically as
+hostages in the Indian camp. Speaking of this incident. General Wood
+says:
+
+"Instead of taking advantage of our position, they assured us that
+while we were in their camp it was our camp, and that as we had never
+lied to them they were going to keep faith with us. They gave us the
+best they had to eat and treated us as well as we could wish in every
+way. Just before giving us these assurances, Geronimo came to me and
+asked to see my rifle. It was a Hotchkiss and he had never seen its
+mechanism. When he asked me for the gun and some ammunition, I must
+confess I felt a little nervous, for I thought it might be a device to
+get hold of one of our weapons. I made no objection, however, but let
+him have it, showed him how to use it, and he fired at a mark, just
+missing one of his own men, which he regarded as a great joke, rolling
+on the {45} ground, laughing heartily and saying 'good gun.'
+
+"Late the next afternoon we came up with our command, and we then
+proceeded toward the boundary line. The Indians were very watchful,
+and when we came near any of our troops we found the Indians were
+always aware of their presence before we knew of it ourselves."
+
+For eleven days Captain Lawton's command moved north, with Geronimo's
+and Natchez's camps moving in a parallel course. During these last
+days of Geronimo's leadership his greatest concern was for the welfare
+of his people. The most urgent request that he had to make of Captain
+Lawton was to ask repeatedly for the assurance that his people would
+not be murdered.
+
+Captain Lawton in his official report says of Wood's work in the
+campaign:
+
+"No officer of infantry having been sent with the detachment ...
+Assistant Surgeon Wood was, at his own request, given command of the
+infantry. The work during June having been done by the cavalry, they
+were too much exhausted to be used again without rest, and they were
+left in camp at Oposura to recuperate.
+
+{46}
+
+"During this short campaign, the suffering was intense. The country
+was indescribably rough and the weather swelteringly hot, with heavy
+rains for day or night. The endurance of the men was tried to the
+utmost limit. Disabilities resulting from excessive fatigue reduced
+the infantry to fourteen men, and as they were worn out and without
+shoes when the new supplies reached me July 29th, they were returned
+to the supply camp for rest, and the cavalry under Lieutenant A. L.
+Smith, who had just joined his troop, continued the campaign. Heavy
+rains having set in, the trail of the hostiles, who were all on foot,
+was entirely obliterated.
+
+"I desire particularly to invite the attention of the Department
+Commander to Assistant Surgeon Leonard Wood, the only officer who has
+been with me through the whole campaign. His courage, energy and loyal
+support during the whole time; his encouraging example to the command
+when work was the hardest and prospects darkest; his thorough
+confidence and belief in the final successes of the expedition, and
+his untiring efforts to make {47} it so, have placed me under
+obligations so great that I cannot even express them."
+
+Through the formal language of a military report crops out the respect
+of a commanding officer who knew whereof he spoke, the acknowledgment
+that here was a young subordinate who never despaired, never gave up,
+who always did his part and more than his part, and who placed his
+commanding officer under obligations which he was unable "even to
+express." That was a great deal for any young man to secure. To-day,
+after the Great War, there are many such extracts from official
+reports and all are unquestionably deserved. But they are the result
+of a nation awakened to patriotism when all went in together. In 1886,
+when the nation was at peace, when commercial pursuits were calling
+all young men to make their fortune, young Leonard Wood answered a
+much less universal call to do his work in a fight that had none of
+the flare or glory of the front line trench in Flanders.
+
+Out of it all came to him at a very early age practice in handling men
+in rough country in rough times--men who were not puppets even {48}
+though they were regular army privates. They had to be handled at
+times with an iron hand, at times with the softest of gloves; and an
+officer to gain their confidence and respect had to show them that he
+could beat them at their own game and be one of them--and still
+command.
+
+The Congressional Medal of Honor awarded him years later for this
+Indian work is a fair return of what he accomplished, for this Medal
+of Honor, the then only prize for personal bravery and high fighting
+qualities which his country could give him, has always been the rare
+and much coveted award of army men.
+
+It was in Wood's case the mark of conspicuous fighting qualities,
+conspicuous bravery and marked attention to duty--a sign of success of
+a high order for a New England doctor of twenty-five.
+
+{49}
+
+THE OFFICIAL
+
+{50}
+
+{51}
+
+III
+
+THE OFFICIAL
+
+Chance no doubt at times plays an important part in the making of a
+man. Yet perhaps Cassias' remark, through the medium of Shakespeare,
+that "The fault is not in our stars but in ourselves that we are
+underlings," has the truer ring. Chance no doubt comes to all of us
+again and again, but it is the brain that takes the chance which
+deserves the credit and not the accidental event, opportunity or
+occasion offering.
+
+It was not chance that sent Leonard Wood to Arizona to fight Indians.
+It was the result of long hours of meditation in Boston when, as a
+young doctor, he decided finally to leave the usual routine of a
+physician's career and strike out in another and less main-traveled
+road. There was nothing of luck or chance in this decision, the
+carrying out of which taught him something that he used later to the
+advantage of himself and his country.
+
+Out of the Indian experiences came to him in {62} the most vigorous
+possible way through actual observation the necessity for bodily
+health. No man could ride or walk day in and day out across waterless
+deserts and keep his courage and determination, to say nothing of his
+good common sense, without being in the best of physical condition. No
+man could get up in the morning after a terrific night's march, and
+collect his men and cheer and encourage them unless he was absolutely
+fit and in better condition than they.
+
+He learned, too, that all matters of outfit, care of person, of
+equipment, of horses required the most constant attention day by day,
+hour by hour. He had to deal with an enemy who belonged to this
+country, who knew and was accustomed to its climatic conditions as
+well as its topography, and he had to beat him at his own game, or
+fail.
+
+He learned that preparation, while it should never delay action, can
+never be overdone. This must have been drilled into the young man by
+the hardest and most grueling experiences, because it has been one of
+the gospels of his creed {53} since that time and is to this day his
+text upon all occasions.
+
+He learned, too, something deeper than even these basic essentials of
+the fighting creed. He developed what has always been a part of
+himself--the conviction that authority is to be respected, that
+allegiance to superior officers and government is the first essential
+of success, that organization is the basis of smoothly running
+machinery of any kind, and that any weakening of these principles is
+the sign of decay, of failure, and of disintegration.
+
+He learned that a few men, well trained, thoroughly organized, fit and
+ready, can beat a host of individualists though each of the latter may
+excel in ability any of the former, and there is in this connection a
+curiously interesting significance in the man's passionate fondness
+throughout his whole life for the game of football. At Middleboro, in
+California, in service in the South and in Washington, he was at every
+opportunity playing football, because in addition to its physical
+qualities, this game above all others depends for {54} its success
+upon organization, preparation and what is called "team play."
+
+Through these early days it is to be noted, therefore, as a help in
+understanding his great work for his country which came later that his
+sense of the value of organization grew constantly stronger and
+stronger along with a solid belief in the necessity for subordination
+to his superior officers and through them to his state and his flag.
+The respect which he acquired for the agile Indians went hand in hand
+with the knowledge that in the end they could not fail to be captured
+and defeated, because they had neither the sense of organization, nor
+the intelligence to accept and respect authority which not only would
+have given them success, but would in reality have made the whole
+campaign unnecessary, had the Indian mind been able to conceive them
+in their true light and the Indian character been willing to observe
+their never-changing laws.
+
+The result, however, was that the spirit of the Indians was broken by
+the white man's relentless determination.
+
+The hostile Apaches were finally disposed of by {55} sending them out
+of the territory. They were treated as prisoners of war and the
+guarantees that General Miles had given them as conditions of
+surrender were respected by the Government, although there was a great
+feeing in favor of making them pay the full penalty for their
+outrages. President Grover Cleveland expressed himself as hoping that
+"nothing will be done with Geronimo which will prevent our treating
+him as a prisoner of war, if we cannot hang him, which I would much
+prefer."
+
+At the end of the campaign General Miles set about reorganizing his
+command. For several months Wood was engaged in practice maneuvers.
+The General wished to expand his heliographic system of signaling, and
+to that end commenced an extensive survey of the vast unpopulated
+tracts of Arizona, which his troops might have to cover in time of
+action. Wood was one of the General's chief assistants in this survey,
+and in 1889, when he was ordered away, he probably knew as much of
+Arizona and the southwestern life as any man ever stationed there.
+
+The orders which took him from the border {56} country made him one of
+the staff surgeons at Headquarters in Los Angeles. This post promised
+to be inactive and uninteresting but Captain Wood managed to
+distinguish himself in two respects, first as a surgeon and second as
+an athlete. This period of his life varied from month to month in some
+instances, but in the main it was the usual existence of an army
+official in the capacity of military surgeon. It extended over a
+period of eleven years, from 1887 to 1898. These were the eleven years
+between the ages of twenty-seven and thirty-seven--very critical years
+in the existence of a man. It was during these years that he met Miss
+Louise A. Condit Smith, a niece of Chief Justice Field, who afterwards
+became his wife and began with him a singularly simple and homelike
+family life that is the second of his vital interests in this world.
+He has never allowed his family life to interfere with his service to
+his country. And, paradoxical as it may seem, he has never allowed his
+lifework for his state to interfere with the happy and even tenor of
+his home existence. Children came in due course and the family unit
+became complete--that quiet, straightforward {57} existence of the
+family which is the characteristic of American life to-day, as it is
+of any other well-organized civilized nation.
+
+In the practice of his profession he was able to do a lasting service
+to his commanding officer. General Miles suffered a grave accident to
+his leg when a horse fell upon it. It was the opinion of the surgeon
+who attended him that amputation would be necessary. But the General
+was of no mind to beat a one-legged retreat in the midst of a highly
+interesting and successful career. Captain Wood had inspired
+confidence in him as an Indian fighter--a confidence so strong that he
+thought it might not be misplaced if it became confidence in him as a
+doctor--and so Wood was summoned.
+
+"They say they will have to cut off this leg, but they are not going
+to do it," said the General. "I am going to leave it up to you. You'll
+have to save it."
+
+A few weeks later General Miles was up and about, and under his young
+surgeon's care the wound healed and the leg was saved.
+
+While stationed at Los Angeles headquarters {68} Wood found himself
+with enough time for much hard sport. It was a satisfying kind of life
+after the strenuous months of border service.
+
+In 1888 he was ordered back to the border where he served with the
+10th Cavalry in the Apache Kid outbreak. After a few months of active
+service, he was ordered to Fort McDowell and then, in 1889, to
+California again.
+
+From California he was ordered to Fort McPherson, near Atlanta,
+Georgia, where he again distinguished himself at football. He trained
+the first team in the Georgia Institute of Technology, became its
+Captain and during the two years of his Captaincy lost but one game
+and defeated the champion team of the University of Georgia.
+
+An incident has been told by his fellow players at Fort McPherson
+which shows exceedingly well a certain Spartan side to Wood's nature.
+One afternoon at a football game he received a deep cut over one eye.
+He returned to his office after the game and, after coolly sterilizing
+his instrument and washing the wound, stood before a mirror and calmly
+took four stitches in his eyelid.
+
+Such were the characteristics, such the {59} experience, of the young
+man when in 1896 he was ordered to Washington--that morgue of the
+government official--to become Assistant Attending Surgeon. The holder
+of this position often shares with the Navy Surgeons the
+responsibility of medical attention to the President, and in addition
+he acts as medical adviser to army officers and their families and is
+the official physician to the Secretary of War.
+
+It was not an office that appealed to Captain Wood. It could not;
+since he was a man essentially of out-of-doors, of action and of
+administration. Yet he seems to have made such a success of the work
+that he became the personal friend of both Cleveland and McKinley. His
+relations with President Cleveland were of the most intimate sort,
+resulting from mutual respect and liking as well as a mutual
+understanding on the part of both men of the other's good qualities.
+He saw him in the White House at all hours of the day and night; saw
+him with his family and his children about him; noted their fondness
+for their father and his devotion to them. It was a quality so marked
+in Lincoln, so strong in most great men {60} of the sound, calm,
+fearless, administrative sort. Wood himself has exhibited the same
+quality in his own family. And in those days the perfect understanding
+of the father and his children, the simple family life that went on in
+the splendid old house in Washington which combined the dignity of a
+State and the simplicity of a home unequaled by any great ruler's
+house upon this earth--all tended to bring out this native quality in
+the President's medical adviser.
+
+It was at the conclusion of Cleveland's second term that Wood was
+assigned to this position. On one of the President's trips for
+recreation and rest--a shooting expedition on the inland waters near
+Cape Hatteras--he was one of the party which included also Admiral
+Evans and Captain Lamberton. The hours spent in shooting boxes or in
+the evenings in the cabin of the lighthouse tender gave opportunity
+for him to study Cleveland off duty when the latter liked to sit
+quietly and talk of his early life, of his political battles, of
+fishing, shooting, and of the urgent questions which beset him as
+President. And Wood brought away with him a profound respect for the
+{61} combination of simplicity and unswerving love and devotion to his
+country, coupled with rugged uncompromising honesty which seem to have
+been the characteristics of Grover Cleveland.
+
+This particular trip was immediately after the inauguration ceremonies
+of President McKinley, and Cleveland was not only tired from the
+necessary part which he himself had taken in them, but also from the
+first natural let-down after four years of duty in the White House.
+Wood has given a little sketch of the man:
+
+"I remember very well his words, as he sat down with a sigh of relief,
+glad that it was all over. He said: 'I have had a long talk with
+President McKinley. He is an honest, sincere and serious man. I feel
+that he is going to do his best to give the country a good
+administration. He impressed me as a man who will have the best
+interests of the people at heart.'
+
+"Then he stopped, and said with a sigh: 'I envy him to-day only one
+thing and that was the presence of his own mother at his inauguration.
+I would have given anything in the world if my mother could have been
+at my inauguration,' {62} and then, continuing: 'I wish him well. He
+has a hard task,' and after a long pause: 'But he is a good man and
+will do his best.'"
+
+He has spoken often, too, of Cleveland's love of sport, of the days
+which Jefferson, the actor, and Cleveland spent together fishing and
+shooting on and near Buzzard's Bay--the same spot where he himself as
+a boy spent his days in like occupations. The sides of Cleveland's
+character that appealed to him were the frankness with which he
+expressed his views on the important questions of the day, the
+sterling worth and high ideals which emphasized his sense of duty, his
+love of country and his desire to do the best possible for his fellow
+citizens, coupled with his perfectly unaffected family feelings and
+the amazing devotion and affection which he invariably elicited from
+all those who came into association with him, even to the most humble
+hand on the light house tender. Jeffersonian simplicity could have
+gone no further, nor could any man have been more definite,
+far-sighted and fearless than was Cleveland in his Venezuelan Message.
+These two extremes made a vivid and lasting impression upon {63} the
+young man, because both sides struck a sympathetic chord in his own
+nature.
+
+There followed, then, the same association with McKinley, growing out
+of the necessary intimacy of physician and patient. But in this latter
+case two events, vital to this country as well as to the career of
+Leonard Wood, changed the quiet course of Washington official life to
+a life of intense interest and great activity.
+
+These two events were Wood's meeting with Theodore Roosevelt and the
+Spanish War.
+
+One night in 1896 at some social function at the Lowndes house Wood
+was introduced to Roosevelt, then assistant Secretary of the Navy. It
+seems strange that two men so vitally alike in many ways, who were in
+college at about the same time, should never have met before. But when
+they did meet the friendship, which lasted without a break until
+Roosevelt's death, began at once.
+
+That night the two men walked home together and in a few days they
+were hard at it, walking, riding, playing games and discussing the
+affairs of the day.
+
+This strange fact of extraordinary similarities {64} and vivid
+differences in the two men doubtless had much to do with bringing them
+together and keeping them allied for years. Both were essentially men
+of physical action, both born fighters, both filled with an amazing
+patriotism and both simple family men.
+
+On the one hand, Roosevelt was a great individualist. He did things
+himself. He no sooner thought of a thing than he carried it out
+himself. When he was President he frequently issued orders to
+subordinates in the departments without consulting the heads of the
+departments. Wood, on the other hand, is distinctly an organizer and
+administrator. When he later filled high official positions, he
+invariably picked men to attend to certain work and left them, with
+constant consultation, to do the jobs whatever they were. If a road
+was to be built, he found the best road builder and laid out the work
+for him leaving to him the carrying out of the details.
+
+Yet again both men had known life in the West, Roosevelt as a cowboy
+and Wood as an Indian fighter. Both had come from the best old
+American stock, Roosevelt from the Dutch of {65} Manhattan and Wood
+from New England. They were Harvard men and lovers of the outdoor,
+strenuous life. Their ideals and aspirations had much in common and
+they were both actuated by the intense feeling of nationalism that
+brought them to the foreground in American life.
+
+Soon they were tramping through the country together testing each
+other's endurance in good-natured rivalry. When out of sight of
+officialdom, they ran foot races together, jumped fences and ran
+cross-country. Both men had children and with these they played
+Indians, indulging in most exciting chases and games. They explored
+the ravines and woods all about Washington, sometimes taking on their
+long hikes and rides various army officers stationed at Washington.
+Few of these men were able to stand the pace set by the two energetic
+athletes, and it was of course partially due to this fact that
+Roosevelt in later years when he was President ordered some of the
+paunchy swivel-chair Cavalry and Infantry officers out for
+cross-country rides and sent them back to their homes sore and
+blistered, and with {66} every nerve clamoring for the soothing
+restfulness of an easy chair.
+
+Wood was dissatisfied in Washington, bored with the inaction. He
+longed for the strenuous life of the West. The desire became so strong
+that he began a plan to leave the army and start sheep-ranching in the
+West. It was the life, or as near the life as he could get, that he
+had been leading for years; and the present contrast of those days in
+the open with the life he was now leading in Washington became too
+much for him.
+
+Here again seemed to arise a turning point. Had it not been for his
+own confident conviction that war was eventually coming with Spain,
+Wood would probably have gone to his open life on the prairie. What
+this would have meant to his future career nobody can tell, nor is
+speculation upon the subject very profitable. But it is interesting to
+note that what deterred him were his ideas on patriotism and a man's
+duty to his country, which struck a live, vibrating chord also in
+Theodore Roosevelt's nature and influenced Wood to stay in his
+position and wait.
+
+It is only possible to imagine now the {67} conversations of these two
+kindred spirits on this subject. Roosevelt, as is well known, was for
+war--war at once--and he did what little was done in those days to
+prepare. There must have been waging a long argument between the now
+experienced Indian fighter and doctor, and the great-hearted American
+who knew so little of military affairs.
+
+These talks and arguments became so frank and outspoken that they were
+well-known in Washington circles. Even President McKinley used to say
+to Wood:
+
+"Have you and Theodore declared war yet?"
+
+And Wood's answer was:
+
+"No, we think you ought to, Mr. President."
+
+As each day passed it seemed more likely that Spain and America would
+become involved over the  injustices Cuba and the Philippines were
+being forced to suffer at the hands of their greedy and none
+too-loving mother country. On their long walks they discussed all the
+phases of such a conflict and each of them became anxious for war
+without further delay, for delay was costing time and money, and
+peaceful readjustment seemed {68} quite out of the question. So keen
+had they become in this war question that the two of them became known
+in Washington as the "War Party."
+
+It was becoming evident to many others that war was inevitable when
+the destruction of the _Maine_ in Havana Harbor brought the situation
+to a head. It found both these men prepared in their own minds as to
+what their courses should be. When Wood arrived at Fort Huachuca in
+1885 he was asked by Lawton why he came into the army. Lawton had
+studied law at Harvard after the Civil War and was interested in the
+views of a man who had studied medicine there. Wood replied that he
+had come into the army to get into the line at the first opportunity;
+and from that moment he began systematically his preparation for
+transfer. As a part of this policy he took every opportunity to do
+line duty. The result was that when the Spanish War came he had strong
+letters from Lawton, General Miles, General Graham, Colonel Wagner,
+General Forsythe, and others, recommending him for line command. These
+recommendations varied from {69} a battalion to a regiment. Both
+Roosevelt and Wood had discussed the possibility of organizing
+regiments, Roosevelt in New York and Wood in Massachusetts, but as
+turmoil and confusion enveloped the War Office they realized that this
+plan was not feasible.
+
+The efforts of Roosevelt's superiors to keep him in his official
+capacity as Assistant Secretary of the Navy and away from active
+service were fruitless. Finally, when it became evident that he would
+go into the service and see active fighting, Secretary of War Alger
+offered him the colonelcy of a regiment of cavalry. Roosevelt, because
+of his lack of experience in military affairs, refused the offer but
+agreed to accept the position of lieutenant colonel of such a regiment
+if his friend, Leonard Wood, would accept the colonelcy. Secretary
+Alger and Leonard Wood agreed, and work was commenced at once
+organizing a regiment that was later to become known as the Rough
+Riders. The official name of the regiment was the 1st Volunteer
+Cavalry. The name Rough Riders "just grew." The organization became
+known under that name among the friends {70} of its leaders, later
+among the newspaper correspondents and consequently the public, and
+finally when it appeared in official documents it was accepted as
+official.
+
+Preparedness was all too unknown in those days, but Wood, who became
+its nation-wide champion in the days to come, was well schooled even
+in those days in its laws. He only learned more as time went on. The
+chaos and tangle of red tape, inefficiency, unpreparedness in all
+branches of the service blocked every effort that a few efficient and
+able men were making. Seeing the hopelessness of trying to accomplish
+anything under such conditions Wood introduced a novel method of
+organization into the War Department.
+
+Instead of pestering the hopeless and dismayed functionaries of the
+various Government departments with requests for things they did not
+have and would not have been able to find if they did have them, Wood
+merely requested _carte blanche_ to go ahead and get all necessary
+papers ready so that they might be signed at one sitting. He made
+requisitions for materials that he needed {71} and when these
+materials were not to be found in the Government stores he wrote out
+orders directed to himself for the purchase in the open market of the
+things required. Alger recognized immediately that in Wood he had a
+man accustomed to action and full of vision--a man whom nothing could
+frighten. The two men understood one another. If those who surrounded
+the Secretary of War in those days had been as capable of
+organization, the history of Washington during wartime would have been
+quite different. But for the most part they failed. The see-nothing,
+hear-nothing, do-nothing, keep-your-finger-on-your-number spirit
+among many of them was quite great enough to throw the War Office into
+chaos. The game of "passing the buck" did not appeal to Wood; neither
+did he stop to sympathize with a certain highly placed bureaucrat who
+complained:
+
+"My office and department were running along smoothly and now this
+damned war comes along and breaks it all up."
+
+When all of his papers and documents were ready. Wood appeared before
+Secretary Alger. {72} "And now what can I do for you?" said the
+Secretary.
+
+"Just sign these papers, sir. That is all," replied the Rough Riders'
+Colonel.
+
+Alger, beset by incompetence, hampered by inefficiency in his staff,
+was dumbfounded as he looked through the papers Wood had prepared for
+him to sign. There were telegrams to Governors of states calling upon
+them for volunteers; requisitions for supplies and uniforms; orders
+for mobilization and requisitions for transportation. Alger had little
+to say. He placed enough confidence in Wood to sign the papers and
+give him his blessing.
+
+When the army depots said that they could not supply uniforms, Wood
+replied that his men could wear canvas working clothes. As a result
+the Rough Riders, fighting through the tropical country in Cuba, were
+far more comfortable than the soldiers in regulation blue. The new
+colonel seemed to know what he wanted. He wanted Krag rifles. There
+were few in existence, but General Flagler, Chief of Ordnance,
+appreciated what the young officer had done and saw that he got them.
+{73} He did not want sabers for the men to run through one another in
+the pandemonium of cavalry charges of half wild western horses. The
+Rough Riders therefore went into action carrying machetes, an ideal
+weapon for the country in which they were to see service. With the
+saber they could do nothing; but with the machete they could do
+everything from hacking through dense jungle growths to sharpening a
+pencil. During the days that followed many troopers equipped with
+sabers conveniently lost them, but Wood's Rough Riders found the
+machetes invaluable.
+
+The authority to raise the regiment was given late in April, and on
+the twenty-fourth day of June, against heavy odds, it won its first
+action in the jungles at Las Guasimas. This was quick work, when it is
+remembered that two weeks of that short six or seven week period were
+practically used up in assembling and transporting the men by rail and
+sea. Here is where organization and well-thought-out plans made a
+remarkable showing.
+
+It was not only a question of knowing what he wanted. It was his old
+slogan: "Do it and don't talk about it."
+
+{74}
+
+{75}
+
+THE SOLDIER
+
+{76}
+
+{77}
+
+IV
+
+THE SOLDIER
+
+The name "Rough Riders" will forever mean to those who read American
+history the spontaneous joy of patriotism and the high hearts of youth
+in this land. It was the modern reality of the adventurous
+musketeers--of those who loved romance and who were ready for a call
+to arms in support of their country. They came from the cowboys of the
+west, from the stockbrokers' offices of Wall Street, from the athletic
+field, from youth wherever real youth was to be found. Something over
+20,000 men applied for enrollment. None of them knew anything of war.
+None of them wanted to die, but they all wanted to try the great
+adventure under such leaders. And they have left an amazing record of
+the joyousness of the fight and the recklessness that goes with it.
+
+Now and then there have been organizations of a similar character in
+our history, but only here and there. It was the first outburst of
+that day {78} of the spirits filled with high adventure; and the
+record cheers the rest of us as we plod along our way, just as it
+cheers us when we are ill in bed with indigestion to read again the
+old but ever-young Dumas.
+
+It would have been impossible for any one to have organized and
+controlled such a group without the enthusiasm of men like Roosevelt
+and Wood, as well as the knowledge these two had of the West, the
+Southwest and the South.
+
+It detracts nothing from Roosevelt's greatness of spirit to say that
+it was Wood who did the organizing, the equipping of the regiment. In
+fact Roosevelt declined to be the Rough Riders' first Colonel, but
+consented to be the second in command only if Wood were made its
+commander. The fact that Roosevelt was not only known in the East but
+in the Northwest, and that Wood was quite as well known in the
+Southwest and the South meant that men of the Rough Riders type all
+over the country knew something of one or the other of the regiment's
+organizers.
+
+It detracts nothing from Wood's amazing activity in organization and
+capacity for getting {79} things done, to say that had it not been for
+Roosevelt's wonderful popularity amongst those of the youthful spirit
+of the land the regiment would never have had its unique character or
+its unique name.
+
+This is not the place to tell the story of that famous band of men.
+But its organization is so important a part of Wood's life that it
+comes in for mention necessarily.
+
+In the Indian campaign with the regulars he had known the great
+importance of being properly outfitted and ready for those grilling
+journeys over the desert. In the Spanish War he learned, as only
+personal experience can teach, the amazing importance of preparation
+for volunteers and inexperienced men. The whole story of the getting
+ready to go to Cuba was burned into his brain so deeply that it formed
+a second witness in the case against trusting to luck and the occasion
+which has never been eradicated from his mind. Yet this episode
+brought strongly before him also the fact that prepared though he
+might be there was no success ahead for such an organization without
+the sense of subordination to the {80} state and the nation which not
+only brought the volunteers in, but carried them over the rough places
+through disease and suffering and death to the end.
+
+Eight days after the telegram calling upon the Governors of New
+Mexico, Arizona, Oklahoma and Indian Territory for men to form the
+regiment, the recruits gathered at San Antonio where Wood was waiting
+to meet them. The most important thing about them for the moment was
+that they knew nothing of military life. Wood believed with Old
+Light-Horse Harry Lee "That Government is a murderer of its citizens
+which sends them to the field uninformed and untaught, where they are
+meeting men of the same age and strength mechanized by education and
+disciplined for battle."
+
+Furthermore during the years that he had been in Washington Wood had
+used some of his spare time in studying parts of American history that
+are not included in school books. He knew that the volunteer system in
+the Revolutionary War had worn General Washington sick with
+discouragement and fear lest all that he had built up be {81} broken
+down through lack of discipline. He knew also that in the Civil War
+the volunteer system proved inadequate on both sides and that it was
+not until the war had gone on for two years that either the North or
+the South had what could properly be called an army.
+
+To aid him in the training of these troops he had the assistance of a
+number of officers who had seen service in the Regular Army, and
+together they mapped out a course of drills and maneuvers that worked
+the men from a valueless mob into a regiment trained for battle. The
+human material that they had to work with was the best; for these men
+had been selected from many applicants. The lack of discipline and the
+ignorance of military etiquette led to many amusing incidents. Colonel
+Roosevelt in his history of the Rough Riders tells of an orderly
+announcing dinner to Colonel Wood and the three majors by remarking
+genially:
+
+"If you fellers don't come soon, everything'll get cold."
+
+The foreign attachés said: "Your sentinels do not know much about the
+Manual of Arms, but {82} they are the only ones through whose lines we
+could not pass. They were polite; but, as one of them said, 'Gents,
+I'm sorry, but if you don't stop I shall kill you.'"
+
+The difficulties to be surmounted were enormous; and any officers less
+democratic and understanding might have made a mess of it. Both
+Roosevelt and Wood understood the frontiersmen too well to misjudge
+any breaches of etiquette or to humiliate the extremely sensitive
+natures of men long used to life in the open.
+
+Upon Colonel Wood fell practically all the details of organization.
+There were materials and supplies of many kinds to be secured from the
+War Department; there were men to be drilled in the bare rudiments of
+military life; non-commissioned officers and officers to be schooled,
+and a thousand and one other details. At first the men were drilled on
+foot, but soon horses were purchased and mounted drill commenced, much
+to the delight of many of the cowpunchers who by years of training had
+become averse to walking a hundred yards if they could throw their
+legs over a horse. There was no end to the {83} excitement when the
+horses arrived. Most of them were half-broken, but there were some
+that had never seen, much less felt, a saddle. The horses were broken
+to the delight of every one in camp, because training them meant
+bucking contests, and the more vicious the animal the better they
+liked it.
+
+From simple drills and evolutions the men advanced to skirmish work
+and rapidly became real soldiers--not the polished, smartly uniformed
+military men of the Regular type, but hard fighters in slouch hats and
+brown canvas trousers with knotted handkerchiefs round their necks.
+
+The commander of any military unit at that time had much to worry
+about. It depended solely on him personally whether his men were
+properly equipped, whether they had food; and when orders came to move
+whether they had anything to move on. The advice that he could get, if
+he was willing to listen to it, was lengthy and worthless, and the
+help he could get from Washington amounted to little or nothing.
+
+In May the regiment was ordered to proceed to Tampa. After a lengthy
+struggle with the {84} railway authorities cars were put at the
+disposal of Colonel Wood, who left San Antonio on the 29th with three
+sections, the remaining four sections being left to proceed later in
+charge of Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt. The confusion of getting
+started was reduced to a minimum by Wood, who had worked out a scheme
+for embarkation; but due to delay on the part of the railway
+authorities in providing proper facilities for handling the troops and
+equipment they were delayed four days. Everywhere along the line of
+travel they were cheered enthusiastically by people who came to greet
+the train on its arrival in towns and cities.
+
+Tampa was in chaos. There seemed to be no order or system for the
+disembarkation of troops. Every one asked for information and no one
+could give it. Officers, men, railroad employees and longshoremen
+milled about in a welter of confusion. The troops were dumped out with
+no prearranged schedule on the part of the officers in charge of the
+camp. There were no arrangements for feeding the men and no wagons in
+which to haul impedimenta. In such conditions it {85} required all the
+native vigor characteristic of their Colonel to bring some sort of
+order--all the knowledge he had gained from his Indian campaign. And
+even then there was still needed an unconquerable spirit that did not
+know what impossibilities were.
+
+After a few days at Tampa, Colonel Wood was notified that his command
+would start for destination unknown at once, leaving four troops and
+all the horses behind them. On the evening of June 7th notification
+came that they would leave from Port Tampa, nine miles away, the
+following morning, and that if the troops were not aboard the
+transport at that time they could not sail. No arrangements were made
+by the port authorities for the embarkation. No information could be
+obtained regarding transportation by rail to the port. There was no
+information regarding the transport that the troops were to use. In an
+official report made to the Secretary of War Colonel Roosevelt had the
+following remarks to make about the conditions that confronted them in
+Tampa:
+
+". . . No information was given in advance {86} what transports we
+should take, or how we should proceed to get aboard, nor did any one
+exercise any supervision over the embarkation. Each regimental
+commander, so far as I know, was left to find out as best he could,
+after he was down at the dock, what transport had not been taken, and
+then to get his regiment aboard it, if he was able, before some other
+regiment got it. Our regiment was told to go to a certain switch and
+take a train for Port Tampa at twelve o'clock, midnight. The train
+never came. After three hours of waiting, we were sent to another
+switch, and finally at six o'clock in the morning got possession of
+some coal cars and came down in them. When we reached the quay where
+the embarkation was proceeding, everything was in utter confusion. The
+quay was piled with stores and swarming with thousands of men of
+different regiments, besides onlookers, etc. The Commanding General,
+when we at last found him, told Colonel Wood and myself that he did
+not know what ship we were to embark on, and that we must find Colonel
+Humphrey, the Quarter-master General. Colonel Humphrey was not in his
+office, and nobody knew where he was. The {87} commanders of the
+different regiments were busy trying to find him, while their troops
+waited in the trains, so as to discover the ships to which they were
+allotted--some of these ships being at the dock and some in
+mid-stream. After a couple of hours' search, Colonel Wood found
+Colonel Humphrey and was allotted a ship. Immediately afterward I
+found that it had already been allotted to two other regiments. It was
+then coming to the dock. Colonel Wood boarded it in midstream to keep
+possession, while I double-quicked the men down from the cars and got
+there just ahead of the other two regiments. One of these regiments, I
+was afterward informed, spent the next thirty-six hours in cars in
+consequence."
+
+The conditions at Tampa provided material for a spirited exchange of
+letters and telegrams between General Miles, who had taken command,
+and Secretary of War Alger.
+
+On June 4th, General Miles filed by telegraph the following report to
+the Secretary of War:
+
+"Several of the volunteer regiments came here without uniforms;
+several came without arms, and some without blankets, tents, or camp
+equipage. {88} The 32d Michigan, which is among the best, came without
+arms. General Guy V. Henry reports that five regiments under his
+command are not fit to go into the field. There are over three hundred
+cars loaded with war material along the roads about Tampa. Stores are
+sent to the Quartermaster at Tampa, but the invoices and bills of
+lading have not been received, so that the officers are obliged to
+break open seals and hunt from car to car to ascertain whether they
+contain clothing, grain, balloon material, horse equipments,
+ammunition, siege guns, commissary stores, etc. Every effort is being
+made to bring order out of confusion. I request that rigid orders be
+given requiring the shipping officers to forward in advance complete
+invoices and bills of lading, with descriptive marks of every package,
+and the number and description of car in which shipped. To illustrate
+the embarrassment caused by present conditions, fifteen cars loaded
+with uniforms were sidetracked twenty-five miles from Tampa, and
+remained there for weeks while the troops were suffering for clothing.
+Five thousand rifles, which were discovered yesterday, were needed by
+{89} several regiments. Also the different parts of the siege train
+and ammunition for same, which will be required immediately on
+landing, are scattered through hundreds of cars on the sidetracks of
+the railroads. Notwithstanding these difficulties, this expedition
+will soon be ready to sail."
+
+In answer to this dispatch was sent the following reply from Secretary
+Alger:
+
+"Twenty thousand men ought to unload any number of cars and assort
+contents. There is much criticism about delay of expedition. Better
+leave a fast ship to bring balance of material needed, than delay
+longer."
+
+This slight difference of opinion which a shrewd observer can discover
+between the lines was characteristic of the whole preparation of the
+United States army that undertook to carry on the war with Spain. As
+one remembers those days, or reads of them in detail, it seems as if
+every one did something wrong regularly, as if no one of ability was
+anywhere about. As a matter of fact, however, the organizing and
+shipping of a suddenly acquired expeditionary volunteer force has
+never been accomplished in any other way. The truth {90} of the matter
+is that it can never be run properly at the start for the simple
+reason that there is no organization fitted to carry out the details.
+
+The officials in Washington who had to do with the army--good men in
+many cases, poor men in some cases--if they had been in office long
+had been handling a few hundred men here and there in the forts, on
+the plains, or at the regular military posts. They could no more be
+molded into a homogeneous whole than could the cowboys, stockbrokers,
+college athletes, and southern planters maneuver until they had been
+drilled.
+
+To Colonel Wood, busy most of the hours of the day and night trying to
+get order out of chaos in his small part of the great rush, the whole
+episode was a graphic demonstration of the need of getting ready. Many
+years later a much-advertised politician of our land said that an army
+was not necessary since immediately upon the need for defense of our
+country a million farmers would leave their plows and leap to arms. To
+an officer trying to find a transport train in the middle of the night
+with a thousand hungry, tired, half-trained men under him such logic
+aught well have {91} caused a smile, if nothing worse. Leave his plow
+at such a call the American Citizen will--and by the millions, if need
+be. He has done just that in the last two years. He will leap to
+arms--to continue the rhetoric--but what can he do if he finds no
+arms, or if they do not exist and cannot be made for nine months?
+
+But the thing was not new to Wood even in those days. As he talks of
+that period now he says that it was not so bad. There was food, rough,
+but still food, and enough. There were transports. It only needed that
+they be found. If you could not get uniforms of blue, take uniforms of
+tan. If you could not find sabers, go somewhere, in or out of the
+country, and buy them or requisition them and put in the charge later.
+
+Yet, even so, no man in such a position, going through what he went
+through, worrying hour by hour, could fail to see the object lesson
+and take the first opportunity when peace was declared to begin to
+preach the necessity for getting ready for the next occasion. And it
+was largely due to Leonard Wood, as the world well knows, that what
+{92} little preparation was made in 1915 and 1916 in advance of the
+United States declaring war was made at all. It was the lessons
+acquired in the Spanish War and in the study of other wars that made
+of him the great prophet of preparedness.
+
+For several days the troops remained aboard the transport in Tampa
+harbor awaiting orders. The heat and discomfort told upon the men, but
+on the evening of June 13th orders came to start and the next morning
+found them at sea. On the morning of the 20th the transport came off
+the Cuban coast; but it was not until the 22d that the welcome order
+for landing came. The troops landed at the squalid little village of
+Daiquiri in small boats, while the smaller war vessels shelled the
+town.
+
+In the afternoon of the next day, the Rough Riders received orders to
+advance; and Wood, leading his regiment, pushed on so as to be sure of
+an engagement with the enemy the next morning. It was due to his
+energy that the Rough Riders did not miss the first fight. Under
+General Young's orders the Rough Riders took up a {93} position at the
+extreme left of the front. The next day the action of "Las Guasimas"
+began.
+
+"Shoot--don't swear" growled Wood as the fighting began. He strolled
+about encouraging his men and urging them to action. Under his quiet,
+cool direction they advanced slowly, forcing the enemy back, and
+finally driving him to his second line of defense. Soon the Rough
+Riders' right joined the left of the main body and in a concerted
+attack the Spaniards were routed, leaving much of their equipment in
+their hasty retreat.
+
+At this juncture it was reported to Roosevelt, whose detachment was
+separate from that of Wood, that Wood had been killed. Roosevelt
+immediately began taking over the command of the entire regiment,
+since it naturally devolved upon him. As he was consolidating his
+troops he came upon Wood himself very much alive.
+
+Major-General Joseph Wheeler made the following report of the Rough
+Riders:
+
+"Colonel Wood's Regiment was on the extreme left of the line, and too
+far-distant for me to be a personal witness of the individual conduct
+of his officers and men; but the magnificent and brave {94} work done
+by the regiment, under the lead of Colonel Wood, testifies to his
+courage and skill. The energy and determination of this officer had
+been marked from the moment he reported to me at Tampa, Fla., and I
+have abundant evidence of his brave and good conduct on the field, and
+I recommend him for consideration of the Government."
+
+On the 25th, General Young was stricken by the fever and Wood took
+charge of the brigade on the 30th, leaving Roosevelt in command of the
+Rough Riders. The afternoon of the 30th brought orders to march on
+Santiago, and the morning of July 1st found them in position three
+miles from the city, with Leonard Wood commanding the second
+dismounted cavalry brigade. During the next two days, the enemy fought
+fiercely to regain his lost positions, but the cool persistence of the
+American troops forced him constantly backward.
+
+In endorsing Wood's report of this action, General Wheeler said, "He
+showed energy, courage, and good judgment. I heretofore recommended
+him for promotion to a Brigadier-General. He {95} deserves the highest
+commendation. He was under the observation and direction of myself and
+of my staff during the battle."
+
+After a short siege the Spanish command capitulated on the afternoon
+of July 17th and the American forces entered Santiago.
+
+Wood's promotion to Brigadier-General of the United States Volunteers
+came at once, and Roosevelt was made Colonel and placed in command of
+the 2d Cavalry Brigade.
+
+The condition of our forces at this time, struggling against the
+unaccustomed and virulent dangers of the tropics, was pitiable. The
+"Round Robin" incident in which the commanding officers of the various
+divisions in the command reported to Major-General W. R. Shafter, that
+"the Army must be moved at once, or it will perish," has become a part
+of the record of the history of those times. Whether the sickness and
+disease they suffered could have been prevented became a matter of
+great controversy.
+
+This "Round Robin" was a document signed by practically all general
+officers present, in order to bring to the attention of the War
+Department {96} the conditions existing in the army that had captured
+Santiago showing that it was suffering severely from malaria and
+yellow fever; that these men must be replaced; and that if they were
+not replaced thousands of lives would be lost. It was sent because
+instructions from Washington clearly indicated that the War Department
+did not understand the conditions, and it was feared that delay would
+cause enormous loss of life. The men had been in mud and water--the
+yellow fever country--for weeks and were thoroughly infected with
+malaria. Although he had signed the "Round Robin"' with the other
+officers General Wood later on gave the following testimony before the
+War Investigation Committee:
+
+"We had never served in that climate, so peculiarly deadly from the
+effects of malaria, and in this respect my opinions have changed very
+much since the close of the war. If I had been called before you in
+the first week of August, I might have been disposed to have answered
+a little differently in some respects. I have been there ever since,
+and have seen regiments come to Cuba in perfect health and go into
+tents with floors and {97} with flies camped up on high hills, given
+boiled water, and have seen them have practically the identical
+troubles we had during the campaign. The losses may not have been as
+heavy, as we are organized to take them into hospitals protected from
+the sun which seemed to be a depressing cause. All the immune
+regiments serving in my department since the war have been at one time
+or another unfit for service. I have had all the officers of my staff
+repeatedly too sick for duty. I don't think that any amount of
+precaution or preparation, in addition to what we had, would have made
+any practical difference in the sickness of the troops of the army of
+invasion. This is a candid opinion, and an absolutely frank one. If I
+had answered this question in August, without the experience I have
+had since August, I might have been disposed to attribute more to the
+lack of tentage than I do now; but I think the food, while lacking
+necessarily in variety, was ample."
+
+Only a few years later the explanation of yellow fever transmission
+became clear to all the world. This discovery and the definite methods
+of {98} protection against its spread and the spread of malaria were
+largely the result of Wood's administrative ability and his knowledge
+of medicine. For it was as the result of studies and experiments
+conducted under his direct supervision that it became known that
+yellow fever was the result of the bite of the mosquito and not of bad
+food or low, marshy country or bad air or any of the other factors
+which had so long been supposed to be its cause. The taking of
+Santiago practically ended the Spanish War. But for the military
+commander of the City of Santiago it began a new and epoch-making
+work.
+
+{99}
+
+
+THE ORGANIZER
+
+
+{100}
+
+{101}
+
+V
+
+THE ORGANIZER
+
+To understand the work accomplished by Wood in Santiago, it is
+necessary to renew our picture of the situation existing in Cuba at
+the time and to realize as this is done that the problem was an
+absolutely new one for the young officer of thirty-seven to whom it
+was presented.
+
+Nobody can really conceive of the unbelievable condition of affairs
+unless he actually saw it or has at some time in his life witnessed a
+corresponding situation. Those who return from the battlefields on the
+Western Front of the Great War describe the scenes and show us
+pictures and we think we realize the horrors of destruction, yet one
+after another of us as we go there comes back with the same statement:
+"I had heard all about it, but I hadn't the least conception of what
+it really was until I saw it with my own eyes."
+
+In like manner we who are accustomed to reasonably clean and
+well-policed cities can call up no {102} real picture of what the
+Cuban cities were in those days, unless we saw them, or something like
+them.
+
+Yet in spite of this it is necessary to try to give some idea of the
+fact, in order to give some idea of the work of reorganization
+required.
+
+For four hundred years Cuba had been under the Spanish rule--the rule
+of viceroys and their agents who came of a race that has for centuries
+been unable to hold its own among the nations of the earth. Ideas of
+health, drainage, sanitation, orderly government, systematic
+commercial life--all were of an order belonging to but few spots in
+the world to-day. Here and there in the East--perhaps in what has been
+called the "cesspool of the world," Guayaquil, Ecuador--and in other
+isolated spots there are still such places, but they are fortunately
+beginning to disappear as permanent forms of human life.
+
+In Santiago there were about 50,000 inhabitants. These people had been
+taxed and abused by officials who collected and kept for themselves
+the funds of the Province. Fear of showing wealth, since it was
+certain to be confiscated, led all classes of families to hide what
+little they had. {103} Money for the city and its public works there
+was none, since all was taken for the authorities in Spain or for
+their representatives in Cuba. Spanish people in any kind of position
+treated the natives as if they were slaves--as indeed they were. No
+family was sure of its own legitimate property, its own occupation and
+its own basic rights. The city government was so administered as to
+deprive all the citizens of any respect for it or any belief in its
+statements, decrees or laws. Not only was this condition of affairs in
+existence at the time of the war but it had existed during the entire
+lifetime of any one living and during the entire lifetime of his
+father, grandfather and ancestors for ten generations.
+
+As a result no Cuban had any conception of what honest government,
+honest administration, honest taxation, honest dealings were. He not
+only had no conception of such things but he believed that what his
+family for generations and he during his life had known was the actual
+situation everywhere throughout the world. He knew of nothing else.
+
+The city had no drainage system except the {104} open gutter of the
+streets--never had had. The water system consisted of an elemental
+sort of dam six miles up in the hills outside the city, old, out of
+repair, constantly breaking down, and a single 11-inch pipe which had
+a capacity of 200,000 gallons a day for the city--something like four
+gallons to a person. This was not sufficient for more than one-quarter
+of each day. In other words the city at the best was receiving for
+years only one-quarter of the water it absolutely needed for
+cleanliness.
+
+Plagues and epidemics, smallpox, yellow fever, bubonic plague, typhus
+and tetanus followed one another in regular succession. The streets
+for years had contained dead animals and many times in epidemics dead
+human beings--sights to which the citizens had been so accustomed
+throughout their lives that they paid no attention to them. The
+authorities being accustomed to keeping the public moneys for their
+own use spent little or nothing upon public works, cleaning the
+streets or making improvements. They did not build; they did not
+replace; they only patched and repaired when it was absolutely
+necessary. It was {105} a situation difficult to conceive, impossible
+to realize. Yet one must constantly bear in mind that there not only
+appeared to be nothing out of the ordinary in this, but in reality
+there was nothing out of the ordinary. It was the accustomed, usual
+thing and had been so for centuries.
+
+The sense of personal responsibility to the community was not dormant;
+it did not exist. The sense of duty of those who governed to those
+whom they governed was not repressed by modern corruption only; it had
+ceased to exist altogether. No city official was expected to do
+anything but get what he could out of those under him. No citizen knew
+anything but the necessity--to him the right--of concealing anything
+he had, of deceiving everybody whom he could deceive and of evading
+any law that might be promulgated.
+
+The integrity of the family and its right to live as it chose within
+restrictions required by gregarious existence had disappeared--never
+had existed at all so far as those living knew. The responsibility of
+the individual to his government was unconceivable and inconceivable.
+
+Had all this not been so there would have been {106} no war on our
+part with Spain, for the whole origin of the trouble which eventually
+led to war grew out of the final despair of men and women in Cuba who
+gradually came to realize in a dim way that something was wrong and
+unfair. Out of this grew internal dissension which constantly spilled
+over to interfere with international relations.
+
+It was the inevitable breaking down of a civilization because of the
+years during which civilization's laws had been disregarded, and
+because all this took place in close proximity to a country where the
+reverse was the evident fact. There are such rotten spots still upon
+this earth--one just across our doorstep on the Rio Grande, and
+somebody some day must clean that house, too.
+
+Added to all this, and much more, was the fact that the city of
+Santiago had been besieged by land and by sea. Thus naturally even the
+conditions in this cesspool were intensely exaggerated.
+
+Into such a plague-stricken, starving city on the 20th of July, 1898,
+Wood, then Brigadier General of United States Volunteers, thirty-seven
+{107} years of age, fresh from the job of army surgeon to the
+President in the White House, some Indian fighting in the Southwest
+and the task of getting the Rough Riders organized into fighting
+shape--fresh from the fighting that had taken place on and since July
+1st--into this situation on July 20th General Wood was summoned by
+General Shafter, commanding the American forces, with the information
+that he had been detailed to take command of the city, secure and
+maintain order, feed the starving and reorganize generally.
+
+Why he was selected may be easily guessed. He was a military man who
+had made good recently, who had made good in the Southwest, whom the
+President knew and trusted--and he was a doctor who had just shown
+great organizing ability. The job itself was as new to him as would
+have been the task in those days of flying. But with his inherited and
+acquired sense of values, of the essentials of life, with his
+education and his characteristic passion for getting ready he started
+at once to pull off the wall paper, hammer away the plaster and
+examine the condition of the beams which supported this leaning,
+tottering, {108} out-of-repair wing of the world's house of
+civilization.
+
+What he found was rotten beams; no integrity of family; no respect for
+or responsibility to the state; no sense on the part of the citizens
+of what they owed to themselves, or their families, or their city--not
+the slightest idea of what government of the people for the people by
+the people meant. The government was robbing the family. The family
+was robbing the government. That was the fundamental place to begin,
+if this wing of the house was not to fall.
+
+Naturally the immediate and crying needs had to be corrected at once.
+But Wood began all on the same day on the beams as well as on the
+plaster and wall paper--this 20th day of July, 1898. Another man might
+well have forgotten or never have thought of the fundamentals in the
+terrible condition within his immediate vision. That seems to be the
+characteristic of Wood--that while he started to cure the illness, he
+at the same time started to get ready to prevent its recurrence. And
+there we may perhaps discover something of the reason for his success,
+something of the reason why people lean on him and {109} look to him
+for advice and support in time of trouble.
+
+These immediate needs were inconceivable to those who lived in orderly
+places and orderly times. Of the 50,000 inhabitants, 16,000 were sick.
+There were in addition 2,000 sick Spanish soldiers and 5,000 sick
+American troops. Over all in the hot haze of that tropical city hung
+the terror of yellow fever, showing its sinister face here and there.
+At the same time a religious pilgrimage to a nearby shrine taken at
+this moment by 18,000 people led to an immense increase in disease
+because of the bad food and the polluted water which the pilgrims ate
+and drank. In the streets piles of filth and open drains were mixed
+with the dead bodies of animals. Houses, deserted because of deaths,
+held their dead--men, women and children--whom no one removed and no
+one buried. All along the routes approaching the city bodies lay by
+the roadside, the living members of the family leaving their dead
+unburied because they were too weak and could only drag themselves
+along under the tropic sun in the hope that they {110} might reach
+their homes before they, too, should die.
+
+This was enhanced by the fact of the siege and the consequent lack of
+food. The sick could not go for food; and if they could have done so
+there was little or none to be had. Horrible odors filled the air.
+Terror walked abroad. It was a prodigious task for anybody to
+undertake, but it was undertaken, and in the following manner:
+
+Simultaneously certain main lines of work were mapped out by Wood and
+officers put in charge of each subject, the commanding officer
+reserving for himself the planning, the general supervision, the
+watching, as well as the instituting of new laws based upon the
+existing system of the Code Napoleon.
+
+It was first necessary to feed the people and to bury the dead. There
+were so many of the latter that they had to be collected in lots of
+ninety or a hundred, placed between railway irons, soaked in petroleum
+and burned outside the city. It was such dreadful work, this going
+into deserted homes and collecting dead bodies for the flames, that
+men had to be forced to it. All were {111} paid regularly, however,
+and the job was done. General Wood's own account of this task is
+better than any second-hand description can even hope to be.
+
+"Horrible deadly work it was, but at last it was finished. At the same
+time numbers of men were working night and day in the streets removing
+the dead animals and other disease-producing materials. Others were
+engaged in distributing food to the hospitals, prisons, asylums and
+convents--in fact to everybody, for all were starving. What food there
+was, and it was considerable, had been kept under the protection of
+the Spanish army to be used as rations. Some of the far-seeing and
+prudent had stored up food and prepared for the situation in advance,
+but these were few.
+
+"All of our army transportation was engaged in getting to our own men
+the tents, medicines and the thousand and one other things required by
+our camps, and as this had to be done through seas of mud it was slow
+work. We could expect no help from this source in our distribution of
+rations to the destitute population, so we seized {112} all the carts
+and wagons we could find in the streets, rounded up drivers and
+laborers with the aid of the police, and worked them under guard,
+willing or unwilling, but paying well for what they did. At first we
+had to work them far into the night.
+
+"Everything on wheels in the city was at work. Men who refused and
+held back soon learned that there were things far more unpleasant than
+cheerful obedience, and turned to work with as much grace as they
+could command. All were paid a fair amount for their services, partly
+in money, partly in rations, but all worked; some in removing the
+waste refuse from the city, others in distributing food. Much of the
+refuse in the streets was burned outside at points designated as
+crematories. Everything was put through the flames.
+
+"In the Spanish military hospital the number of sick rapidly
+increased. From 2,000 when we came in, the number soon ran up to 3,100
+in hospital, besides many more in their camps. Many of the sick were
+suffering from malaria, but among them were some cases of yellow
+fever. Poor devils, they all looked as though hope had {113} fled,
+and, as they stood in groups along the waterfront, eagerly watching
+the entrance to the harbor, it required very little imagination to see
+that their thoughts were of another country across the sea, and that
+the days of waiting for the transports were long days for them."
+[Footnote: _Scribner's Magazine_.]
+
+A yellow fever hospital was established on an island in the harbor.
+The city was divided into districts and numbers of medical men put in
+charge, their duty being to examine each house and report sanitary
+conditions, sickness and food situations. As a result of these reports
+Wood issued orders for action in each district so that the food, the
+available medical force and the supplies of all kinds should be used
+and distributed to produce the greatest results in the shortest
+possible time. In one district alone just outside the city there were
+thousands of cases of smallpox in November. The streets were filled
+with filth and dead and wrecked furniture. The wells were full of
+refuse. The task seemed almost hopeless. Yet, under Wood's system of
+detailing squads to undertake the work in certain sections {114} with
+the system of centralized reporting, the epidemic was checked in a
+month, the district cleaned and scrubbed from end to end with
+disinfectants and the small pox cut down to a few scattering cases. In
+this district of Holguin the plan was adopted of vaccinating two
+battalions of the Second Immune Regiment. These men were then sent
+into the district to establish good sanitary conditions and clean up
+the yellow fever. The work was done successfully without the
+occurrence of a single case of smallpox amongst the American troops.
+No better demonstration of the efficacy of vaccination was ever given.
+
+
+Thus the first task of feeding the starving population and cleaning
+the city was simultaneously undertaken by districts under the
+direction of officers having authority to proceed along certain
+established lines. Episodes illustrating these "established lines" are
+many, but there is space here, for only one or two of them.
+
+It developed at the outset that there was food and meat in the city
+which the people could use, but which was beyond their reach on
+account of the high prices. General Wood no sooner heard {115} of this
+than he "established a line of procedure" to correct it. He sent for
+the principal butchers of the city and asked:
+
+"How much do you charge for your meat?"
+
+"Ninety cents a pound, Señor."
+
+"What does it cost you?"
+
+There was hesitation and a shuffling of feet; then one of the men said
+in a whining voice:
+
+"Meat is very, very dear, your Excellency."
+
+"How much a pound?"
+
+"It costs us very much, and ..."
+
+"How much a pound?"
+
+"Fifteen cents, your Excellency; but we have lost much money during
+the war and..."
+
+"So have your customers. Now meat will be sold at 25 cents a pound,
+and not one cent more. Do you understand?"
+
+Then, turning to the alderman, he charged him to see that his order
+was carried out to the letter, unless he wanted to be expelled from
+office.
+
+Thenceforward meat was sold in the markets at 25 cents. The same
+simple plan was evolved for all other kinds of supplies. Naturally
+such high-handed methods caused a great hue and cry {116} amongst
+certain of the citizens and no such method could have been carried out
+by any one but a military commander with absolute authority. Some of
+the newspapers, all of which had been given a free hand by Wood and
+were allowed for the first time to say what they liked, started a
+campaign against the new administration and its busy head. But hand in
+hand with this autocratic procedure went the organization of native
+courts, the appointment of native officials for carrying on the
+government, native police to catch Cuban bandits and native judges to
+give decisions and impose sentences. Furthermore, in these same days
+of autocratic action, the people gradually discovered that although
+everybody was forced to work all those who did got paid--something new
+to the Santiago-Cuban consciousness--that the invading American army
+was not arresting natives in the streets and thrusting them into jail,
+but that their own native police were doing this work. Gradually, as
+the city became clean, as prices fell, as payment for work came in, as
+illness decreased, as law became fairly administered by the Cuban
+officials themselves, a certain awe {117} and veneration grew for the
+invaders and their big, hardworking head. It was a revelation,
+unbelievable yet true, unknown yet a fact, which opened up to the
+minds of these long-suffering, incompetent people the first vision of
+an existence which has since through the same agency of General Wood
+become a fact throughout the whole island, so that Cuba is to-day a
+busy, healthy, self-governing state.
+
+Parallel with the feeding and sanitation work General Wood put into
+effect a certain system of road building where it was necessary in
+order to keep the people at work and allow them to make money and at
+the same time to produce necessary transportation facilities. Five
+miles of asphalt pavement, fifteen miles of country pike, six miles of
+macadam were built and 200 miles of country road made usable out of
+funds collected from the regular taxes which had heretofore gone into
+the pockets of the Spanish government officials. The costs varied
+somewhat from the old days, as may well be guessed. A quarter of a
+mile of macadam pavement built by the Spaniards the year before along
+the water-front had cost $180,000. Wood's {118} engineers built five
+miles of asphalt pavement at a cost of $175,000.
+
+At the same time a reorganization of the Custom House service was
+instituted which increased receipts; jails and hospitals were
+reorganized under the system existing in the United States; and
+perhaps in the end the greatest work of all was the establishment of
+an entirely new school system based on an adaptation of the American
+form. Teachers had disappeared. There were none, since nobody paid
+them. School houses were empty, open to any tramp for a night's
+lodging. In a few months this was changed so that kindergartens and
+schools were opened and running.
+
+In fact the work was the making of a new community, the building of a
+new life--the repairing of the tottering wing of the old, old house.
+
+All this, as may be supposed, did not take place without friction,
+obstruction, and without at first a great deal of bad blood.
+
+Wood's methods in dealing with disturbances were his own and can only
+be suggested here by isolated anecdotes and incidents. When an
+official who had the Spanish methods in his blood {119} did not appear
+after three invitations he was carried into the commanding officer's
+presence by a squad of soldiers in his pajamas. The next time he was
+invited he came at once.
+
+"One night about eight o'clock, General Wood was writing in his office
+in the palace. At the outer door stood a solitary sentinel, armed with
+a rifle. Suddenly there burst across the plaza, from the San Carlos
+Club, a mob of Cubans--probably 600. Within a few minutes a shower of
+stones, bricks, bottles and other missiles struck the Spanish Club,
+smashing windows and doors. A man, hatless and out of breath, rushed
+up to the sentry at the palace entrance and shouted, 'Where's the
+General? Quick! The Cubans are trying to kill the officers and men in
+the Spanish Club!'
+
+"General Wood was leisurely folding up his papers when the sentry
+reached him. 'I know it,' he said, before the man had time to speak.
+'I have heard the row. We will go over and stop it.'
+
+"He picked up his riding-whip, the only weapon he ever carries, and,
+accompanied by the one American soldier, strolled across to the scene
+of {120} the trouble. The people in the Spanish Club had got it pretty
+well closed up, but the excited Cubans were still before it, throwing
+things and shouting imprecations, and even trying to force a way in by
+the main entrance.
+
+"'Just shove them back, sentry,' said General Wood, quietly.
+
+"Around swung the rifle, and, in much less time than is taken in the
+telling, a way was cleared in front of the door.
+
+"'Now shoot the first man who places his foot upon that step,' added
+the General, in his usual deliberate manner. Then he turned and
+strolled back to the palace and his writing. Within an hour the mob
+had dispersed, subdued by two men, one rifle and a riding-whip. And
+the lesson is still kept in good memory."
+
+"One day about the middle of November the native _calentura_ or fever,
+from which General Wood suffered greatly, sent him to his home, which
+is on the edge of the town, earlier than usual. He had no sooner
+reached the house than he was notified by telephone that a bloody riot
+had occurred at San Luis, a town 20 miles out on the {121} Santiago
+Railway. The fever was raging in the General, his temperature
+exceeding 105, and he was so sick and dizzy that he staggered as he
+walked. But with that indomitable will that had served him on many a
+night raid against hostile Apaches, he entered his carriage and was
+driven back to the city. He picked up his chief signal officer,
+Captain J. E. Brady, at the Palace and hastened to the building
+occupied by the telegraph department of the Signal Corps on Calle
+Enramadas. Captain Brady took the key at the instrument.
+
+"'Tell the operator to summon members of the rural guard who were
+fired on, and the commanding officer of the Ninth Immunes,' ordered
+the General, tersely. Thenceforward, for three hours General Wood sat
+there, questioning, listening, issuing orders, all with a promptness
+and certainty of judgment that would have been extraordinary in a man
+quite at his ease; yet all the time, as he could not help showing in
+mien and features, the raging fever was distressing to the point of
+agony. Those about him could not but marvel at the man's resolution
+and endurance. The {122} following day, although still racked with
+fever, he went by special train to San Luis and investigated the
+affair in person.'" [Footnote: _Fortnightly Review_.]
+
+The basis of the great work, however, as General Wood has himself
+repeatedly said in conversation and in print, was to effect all this
+regeneration without causing the Cubans to look upon the American Army
+and the American control as they had for years looked upon the Spanish
+Army and the Spanish control. That his success here in the most
+difficult phase of the whole prodigious enterprise was absolute has
+been testified to in innumerable ways and instances.
+
+Only one or two of these can be given here, but they are illuminating
+in the extreme and they suggest the success of the methods of the man
+who had been put in charge of this difficult work.
+
+Death amongst the Spanish soldiers had been very heavy from yellow
+fever and pernicious malaria and the course of the troop-ships which
+carried them back to Spain was marked by long lists of burials at sea.
+These ships carried with them most of the nurses and nursing sisters
+to {123} care for the sick and dying during the voyage. It was a great
+drain on the nursing force at Wood's disposal in Santiago. He,
+therefore, hit upon the idea of offering to pay for the return trips
+of these nurses if they would come back at once; with the result that
+most of them gladly accepted and rendered splendid service in Santiago
+to the sick as a token of their appreciation of the military
+governor's act. This did much to establish friendly relations between
+Americans, Spaniards and Cubans who had so short a time before been
+enemies.
+
+Another vital point was the relations of the invaders with the Church.
+It had never been contemplated that a Catholic viceroy should be
+replaced by a Protestant. This viceroy had so many intimate relations
+with the Catholic Church in which he represented the Catholic king
+that it was absolutely necessary for whatever American happened to be
+governor to play the game regardless of what his own religious
+scruples might be. As an interesting example of how well this was
+handled by Wood the story of Bishop Bernaba is a charming instance.
+
+{124}
+
+This bishop was elevated from priesthood while Wood was governor and
+because of his affection and respect for the American officer he asked
+him to walk with him daring the ceremonious procession from the
+priest's little parish church, where he had served, to the old
+cathedral where he was to officiate thereafter. It was a solemn
+religious function and has been described, because of the terrific
+surroundings of the hour, as not unlike the ceremony which took place
+in Milan after the Great Plague.
+
+The entire population of the city with some forty or fifty thousand
+from the surrounding hills packed the streets along the route of the
+procession. None of them had had a blessing from his own Cuban clergy
+in many years. It was like a mediaeval scene. The old bishop bowed by
+years, weakened by his recent grief at the suffering of his people and
+by the excitement of the moment, and General Wood, the American
+Protestant, walked together under the bishop's canopy. The people in
+the streets, seeing this, cried: "Thank God, the General is a Catholic!
+We didn't know it!"
+
+{125}
+
+From time to time the old bishop, tired with the exertion of swinging
+the censer with the holy water, would hand it to Wood and ask him to
+continue the function by his side until he could secure a slight
+respite. Occasionally as he leaned forward to bless the thousands who
+lined the way and who had come to feel his touch and kiss his hand his
+miter would slip to one side on his head and the unperturbed American
+general would lean forward and straighten it for him. Each time the
+old bishop turned to him and murmured, "Thank God, you are here! I am
+so old that I could not have made this journey, if you had not been
+here to help me."
+
+Wood told him that he was not a Catholic, that indeed from Bishop
+Bernaba's point of view he was a heretic and bound for Hell.
+
+"No," said the bishop, with a smile, "you are a good Catholic; only
+you do not know it."
+
+Small wonder that when he left Santiago in the spring of 1899 to visit
+the United States Wood was presented by the people of the city with a
+magnificent hand-work scroll which said in Spanish:
+
+{126}
+
+"The people of the City of Santiago de Cuba to General Leonard Wood
+... the greatest of all your successes is to have won the confidence
+and esteem of a people in trouble."
+
+Small wonder that in December, 1899, less than a year after the United
+States took over the island, he was appointed by President McKinley
+Governor General of Cuba and made a Major General of United States
+Volunteers!
+
+
+
+{127}
+
+THE ADMINISTRATOR
+
+
+
+{128}
+
+{129}
+
+VI
+
+THE ADMINISTRATOR
+
+It has been said that General Wood's work in Havana as
+Governor-General of Cuba was the continuation of his work at Santiago
+on a larger scale. This would seem to be erroneous.
+
+The Santiago problem was the cleaning and reorganizing of a city of
+60,000 inhabitants. Many stringent measures could properly be put into
+operation in such a community which were quite impossible in a city of
+350,000 inhabitants like Havana, or in a state of two and one-half
+million people such as the Island of Cuba. It was possible in an
+epidemic to close up houses temporarily, stop business and commercial
+intercourse for a period where only 60,000 people were concerned. But
+to stop the daily commerce of a large city, the capital of a state,
+was out of the question.
+
+Furthermore the problem in the first instance was one of organizing a
+community in so {130} deplorable a condition that it was on the verge
+of anarchy. In the second instance much of the cleaning-up process had
+been at least begun by other American officers. It was here in Havana
+a case of administration and statecraft as against organization.
+
+It was the taking of a crown colony of Spain--a kingdom--which had
+never been anything but a royal colony, and turning it in two years
+and a half into a republic, self-governed, self-judged,
+self-administered and self-supporting.
+
+Roughly speaking, there had never been such a case. Even now the
+proposal of the Philippine Islands would practically be the second
+case should independence be granted to them by the United States. In
+all history a colony, once a colony, either has remained so, or has
+revolted from the mother country and by force of arms established its
+own independence.
+
+These two problems, then, were quite different in their essential
+elements and they required different qualities in the man who settled
+them.
+
+President McKinley's instructions to the new Governor-General were "To
+prepare Cuba, as {131} rapidly as possible, for the establishment of
+an independent government, republican in form, and a good school
+system." And both the President and the Secretary of War left their
+representative entirely to his own resources to work this out. His
+work was laid out for him and he was given a free hand.
+
+General Wood, therefore, in December, 1899, after having been received
+with a magnificent ovation on his return to the United States, made a
+Major-General and given an LL.D. degree by his own University of
+Harvard--after having returned to Santiago suddenly upon the outbreak
+of yellow fever, cleaned the town, covered it with chloride of lime,
+soaked it with corrosive sublimate, burned out its sewers and
+cesspools, and checked the epidemic,--finally took up his residence in
+Havana and began his work.
+
+One can readily imagine the immediate problems all of which needed
+settlement at once, none of which could be settled without study of
+the most thorough and vital sort. Wood's method was that of an
+administrator and statesman of great vision. He immediately proceeded
+to {132} secure wherever he could find them the best men on each of
+the problems and set them to work with such assistance, expert and
+otherwise, as they required to make reports to him within a limited
+time as to what should be done in their particular branches of the
+government.
+
+Again, it was so simple that it can be told in words of one syllable.
+But the great administrator appeared in the selection of the men for
+the jobs and in the final acceptance, rejection, or modification of
+the plans proposed. While he was an absolute monarch of the Island he
+never exerted that authority unless there was no other possible
+course. In all cases he left decisions in so far as that could be done
+to native bodies and native representatives and native courts with
+full authority.
+
+Chief Justice White of the Supreme Court upon being consulted told him
+that in the main the laws were sound but that the procedure was
+faulty; that he must look closely to this and make many modifications.
+This hint from a great authority became his guide.
+
+The most crying needs of the moment were the {133} courts and the
+prisons. Prisoners were held without cause; trials were a farce; the
+prisons themselves were filthy places where all ages were herded
+together; court houses were out of repair and out of use; records
+hardly existed, and the whole machinery of justice was that of a
+decayed colony of a decayed kingdom totally without the respect of the
+public and without self-respect.
+
+General Wood began with characteristic promptness to get to the root
+of the matter. The principal officer charged with the prosecution of
+cases was removed and a mixed commission, selected and appointed by
+himself, substituted. As a result in a short time six hundred
+prisoners were freed, because there was not sufficient evidence
+against them to warrant their arrests. Court houses were put into
+repair. Judges with fixed and sufficient salaries were appointed;
+officials were set at work upon salaries that were fair and--what is
+far more to the point--were regularly paid. Prison commissions
+appointed by Wood examined conditions and the prisons were cleaned,
+moved to other buildings, or renovated and remodelled according to
+modern American methods. {134} The result in less than six months was
+that native officials were conducting this work in a self-respecting,
+honorable manner, convicting or releasing prisoners in short order and
+bringing the idea of justice into respect in the public mind. The
+establishment of order was a natural result. Outbreaks and riots
+became unknown. The people began to realize as no amount of exhibition
+of power on the part of the invaders could ever have made them realize
+that peace, order, fair play, and a chance to live had come upon the
+land in what seemed some miraculous fashion.
+
+The respect of the individual for the State was born again in the
+Cuban mind--born, perhaps it is fairer to say, for the first time in
+the heart of this much abused and ignorant people. Once this really
+pierced their inner consciousness--the inner consciousness of the
+whole people, of everybody poor or rich--these people felt safe and
+secure and knew they could take up their enterprises with safety and
+with hope of adequate returns which should belong to themselves.
+
+It was so sound to do this wherever possible through the medium of the
+Cubans themselves and {135} not through army officials! It was so sane
+and clear-visioned a method to begin with this great beam of the
+remodeled Cuban house--this building up by the process of individual
+observation of confidence in those who ruled them!--and the men whom
+General Wood selected to draw the plans were experts in just such
+work. He selected them. He passed on their schemes. They did the work.
+And to this day he gives them credit for the whole thing.
+
+Next came the necessity for inculcating the idea of government of the
+people by the people. Six months after taking office General Wood had
+appointed a commission on a general election law, had adopted a plan
+much after our own electoral laws with the Australian ballot system
+and a limited suffrage, had prepared in his own office in Havana all
+the ballots, ballot boxes, circulars describing election rules and had
+successfully held throughout Cuba the first real election ever known
+on the island--ever known to the people. Municipal officials and local
+representatives were chosen everywhere by the people themselves for
+the first time in their lives.
+
+{136}
+
+Whether such a thing would be successful and prove effective the
+Governor-General did not know. But he knew that it was the right thing
+to do if they were ever to govern themselves; he trusted them--and he
+took the risk.
+
+Next--or rather at the same time with these two basic lines of
+constructive building--came the school system. When the United States
+took over the Island the school system was non-existent. There was not
+one single schoolhouse belonging to the State anywhere on the Island.
+There were no schools at all except private and church schools and
+very few of them. Children in the mass did not attend school. There
+was no foundation to build on. The whole school system had to be
+created new from the bottom to the top. That schools were another of
+the main beams of this new house is self-evident. Yet the action taken
+was much more far-seeing than would have been possible without a
+single autocrat to decree, and without a man who could see many years
+ahead.
+
+"I knew," said the Governor-General in one of his reports, "that we
+were going to establish a {137} government of and by the people in
+Cuba and that it was going to be transferred to them at the earliest
+possible moment; and I believed that the success of the future
+government would depend as much upon the foundation and extension of
+its public schools as upon any other factor, that such a system must
+be entirely in the hands of the people of the island."
+
+This was the situation when in the beginning of 1900 within a month
+after taking office Wood selected a young West Pointer who had been a
+teacher to draw up a school system and school laws. The result was an
+adaptation of the Ohio and Massachusetts School Systems; and when in
+1902 the Island was turned over to the Cubans three thousand eight
+hundred schools were in operation in good schoolhouses, with native
+teachers well paid, with 256,000 pupils, and at an expenditure of
+$4,000,000 a year out of a total annual state revenue of $17,000,000.
+In other words nearly one-quarter of the Island's revenue had been
+spent on the education of children to make them good and
+self-respecting citizens where nothing whatever had been spent before.
+
+
+{138}
+
+It was a very bold step. No other country on earth had ever spent so
+large a portion of its revenue on education. The appropriations in the
+United States to-day are pitiful in comparison--and yet our country
+is supposed to be doing pretty well by its future citizens. Again the
+step taken by the Governor-General was a piece of construction of the
+main essentials--of the things that make no show, but build, always
+build.
+
+American teachers were not employed, in order that the Cubans filled
+with suspicion of what the invaders were going to do might not be led
+to believe that there was any attempt being made to "Americanize" the
+Island. But on the other hand in the summer of 1900 one thousand of
+these new Cuban teachers were invited with all their expenses paid to
+spend several months at Harvard University in Cambridge and learn
+something of American pedagogy. The preparations for transporting this
+large number and handling them during their stay in the United States
+involved a large amount of work, but the trip was carried through
+without mishap or accident of any kind, and the thousand teachers
+returned to {139} their homes in the Island not only with the great
+benefit resulting from this instruction, but with the immense stimulus
+of a visit to an organized and comparatively smoothly running
+civilization. What they saw was of even greater benefit to them in the
+long run than what they learned in their summer courses.
+
+At this time the city of Havana was a fever-ridden, dangerous city.
+Yellow fever and other tropical diseases existed always and blazed up
+into epidemics at certain seasons of the year. Such systems of
+drainage as existed emptied into the harbor or into the street
+gutters. A beginning had been made to cleanse the city before Wood
+took charge, but little had been done in the smaller cities of the
+Island, all of which were in somewhat the same condition as Santiago
+in 1898 except for the added scourge in the latter city resulting from
+its siege.
+
+Nevertheless different methods had to be used in Havana. It is
+impossible here to go into the mass of detail in the appointing of
+commissions to carry out the different sanitary works that were
+required in Havana and all over the Island {140} in cities, towns and
+country districts. But, familiar as it now is, there will never be an
+account of this work which has made Cuba one of the healthiest places
+to live in either in or out of the tropics--there will never be a
+description so short that it cannot tell of the work of the unselfish,
+altruistic group of physicians who solved the yellow fever problem for
+all time. It gives him who writes even now something of a thrill to
+tell a little of it again and to pay tribute to the man who organized
+the work and to the men who carried it out under his unfailing support
+and encouragement. It is the greatest achievement of medicine since
+the discovery of the smallpox vaccine. It is one of the bright spots
+in the history of mankind.
+
+Here it is told best by the organizer of it in his official language
+with all the reserve and reticence that go with all the writing he has
+ever issued. Between the lines one reads the story of a hundred cases
+of bravery as great as that required by any fighter in the world, a
+hundred instances of self-sacrifice and risk willingly given in those
+fever-stricken places and quarantined hospitals, freely {141} offered
+that those who came after might be saved from the black cloud which
+then hung over all tropical and semi-tropical countries.
+
+In the Spring and summer of 1900 a yellow fever epidemic broke out in
+Havana and in many parts of the Island. All the sanitary methods known
+to man seemed to have no effect upon it. Nothing seemed to do much
+good.
+
+At this point General Wood, knowing of the theory of Dr. Findlay that
+yellow fever was transmitted by the bite of a mosquito and at his
+wits' end to know what step to take next, received notice that a
+commission consisting of Drs. Reed, Carroll and Lazaer had been
+appointed to make a thorough study of the disease at first hand and
+report to him. "After several preliminary investigations Dr. Lazaer
+submitted himself as a subject for an experiment for the purpose of
+demonstrating that the yellow fever could be transmitted in this way.
+He was inoculated with an infected mosquito, took the fever and died.
+Dr. Carroll was also bitten and had a serious case of yellow fever,
+but fortunately recovered.
+
+"The foregoing was the situation when Doctors {142} Reed, Carroll and
+Kean called at headquarters and stated that they believed the point
+had been reached where it was necessary to make a number of
+experiments on human beings and that they wanted money to pay those
+who were willing to submit themselves to these experiments and they
+needed authority to make experiments. They were informed that whatever
+money was required would be made available, and that the military
+Governor would assume the responsibility for the experiments. They
+were cautioned to make these experiments only on sound persons, and
+not until they had been made to distinctly understand the purpose of
+the same and especially the risk they assumed in submitting themselves
+as subjects for these experiments, and to always secure the written
+consent of the subjects who offered themselves for this purpose. It
+was further stipulated that all subjects should be of full legal age.
+With this understanding, the work was undertaken in a careful and
+systematic manner. A large number of experiments were made.
+
+"The Stegomyia mosquito was found to be beyond question the means of
+transmitting the {143} yellow fever germ. This mosquito, in order to
+become infected, must bite a person sick with the yellow fever during
+the first five days of the disease. It then requires approximately ten
+days for the germs so to develop that the mosquito can transmit the
+disease, and all non-immunes who are bitten by a mosquito of the class
+mentioned, infected as described, invariably develop a pronounced case
+of yellow fever in from three-and-one-half to five days from the time
+they are bitten. It was further demonstrated that infection from cases
+so produced could be again transmitted by the above described type of
+mosquito to another person who would, in turn, become infected with
+the fever. It was also proved that yellow fever could be transmitted
+by means of introduction into the circulation of blood serum even
+after filtering through porcelain filters, which latter experiment
+indicates that the organism is exceedingly small, so small, in fact,
+that it is probably beyond the power of any microscope at present in
+use. It was positively demonstrated that yellow fever could not be
+transmitted by clothing, letters, etc., and that, consequently all the
+old {144} methods of fumigation and disinfection were only useful so
+far as they served to destroy mosquitoes, their young and their eggs."
+[Footnote: General Wood's Report on the military government of Cuba.]
+
+That is the story of a work that has made Cuba a healthy land, that
+has freed the southern part of the United States forever from the
+dread disease, that has made the building of the Panama Canal a
+possibility and the Canal Zone healthier in death rate per thousand
+than New York City, that has finally rid the earth of yellow fever as
+vaccine rid it of smallpox and typhoid, and as the discoveries during
+the Great War have made it possible to check tetanus and typhus and
+bubonic plague.
+
+It was done--the work was done--by the doctors named and their
+assistants and the many men who took up the burden in other places and
+carried on. All honor to them! But the man who approved the idea, who
+took the risk and the responsibility and backed up those who worked--
+the man who kept in touch with it day by day and {145} saw that it was
+carried through--was Leonard Wood.
+
+Simultaneously with these basic administrative activities many other
+lines of constructive state building were inaugurated, under the same
+administrative plan--the plan of the appointment of a specialist or a
+commission of specialists to draw up plans and report to the
+Governor-General who then decided and started the actual work of
+reorganization.
+
+A railroad law was written, and General Wood persuaded General
+Grenville M. Dodge and Sir William Van Horn to help him to build much
+of the present railway system of Cuba. Hard modern roads took the
+place of the muddy routes almost impassable at certain seasons of the
+year which had been the only means of communication throughout the
+island. Hospitals and charities were grouped under a new organization
+consisting almost entirely of Cubans which renovated old hospitals,
+built new ones, put children first into temporary homes and then did
+away practically with asylums as soon as the destitute children could
+be put out among the Cuban families who {146} took them under a newly
+made law. Thus, in so far as was possible, no child from that time
+forward grew up with the stigma of an orphan asylum resting upon him
+or her, but had the chance offered to become in time a self-respecting
+inhabitant of a self-respecting community.
+
+Immense sums were disbursed by the military government in public
+works, harbor improvements, lighthouses which had almost ceased to
+exist, post offices and postal systems, telephone and telegraph
+connections, offices and organizations and an entirely new system of
+custom houses and quarantine administrations.
+
+The account of these in detail is the same story over and over
+again--the building of a state from bottom to top; and the
+administration of this state by those people who throughout their
+entire lives had known nothing of the sort--much less had any voice in
+its management.
+
+Two require special notice because of the tact and judgment required
+in handling them and because of the vital importance their
+consummation meant in the final settlement of Cuban difficulties.
+
+One was the ending of the long standing war {147} between the Spanish
+Government and the Roman Catholic Church upon the question of church
+property appropriated by Spain. No settlement had been made since the
+concordat of 1861. And when General Wood took command of the Island
+the Church came to him and said: "What is the United States going to
+do? Is it war, or peace? Give us our property back, or pay us for the
+use of it."
+
+With infinite wisdom and tact the Governor-General appointed judicial
+commissions to make an exhaustive study of the situation which
+resulted in reports showing that the claims of the Church were in the
+main just and fair, and a settlement was reached by which the State
+purchased most of the property, and rented for five years the rest, so
+that time should be given for equitable adjustment. This settled for
+all time a century-old trouble which alone would have made the setting
+up of a peaceable and effective government doubtful.
+
+The other sound reorganization of a delicate nature was the action of
+the Governor-General in revising a law which made marriages only legal
+if {148} performed by a judge and ignoring the church ceremony
+altogether. The changed law recognized either church or civil marriage
+and quieted the most serious of all family troubles in the Island.
+
+Finally a constitutional convention was planned and held, at which a
+constitution of the republican form based upon that of the United
+States was framed and adopted; an electoral law for elections in the
+Cuban republic was also adopted; and the general administrative law of
+the land was rewritten and adapted so that the government of the
+Island could be turned over to its inhabitants in workable form even
+though that form was new to them and they new to self-government in
+any form.
+
+Look for a moment at the result of this work. In December, 1899,
+Leonard Wood took command of the Island of Cuba. In May, 1902, he
+turned over that Island to its own inhabitants. In 1899 except for the
+military work done by the American Army the Island contained Spaniards
+who had for years been its autocratic rulers and who had recently been
+defeated in a war; and Cubans who {149} had for years been governed by
+a tyrant race. In 1902 these two century-old hostile groups, neither
+of whom had ever had any real experience in modern representative
+government, received their country at the hands of the Americans with
+new laws, with a republican form of government, with their own kind
+for rulers elected by their own people, and began an existence that
+has now been running long enough to prove that the work was so well
+performed for them as to make the impossible possible--the rotten
+kingdom, a clean republic; the decayed colony, an independent, proud
+democracy.
+
+It is a piece of work unparalleled in the annals of history. And the
+closing episodes which occurred in Havana are a witness to the
+affection and pride in which the people held the man who had
+accomplished it, the nation which had ordered it and their Island
+which was the scene of its happening.
+
+One typical episode occurred on the night of President Palma's
+inauguration ball given to the new President and the new Cuban
+Congress by General Wood. Wood took a number of the {150} principal
+representatives of the new Cuban Congress to the Spanish Club--the
+hotbed of the Spanish _régime_--where there was a celebration in
+progress in honor of King Alfonso's birthday. The two nationalities
+fraternized at once under the influence of the American
+Governor-General, and all of them, Spaniards and Cubans, drank the
+health of the King of Spain. The President and the principal members
+of the Club then joined the party and went to the ball together, where
+in turn all of them, Spaniards and Cubans alike, drank the health of
+the new republic. When Wood's family left for Spain the Spanish colony
+in Havana made a request that they should sail on the Spanish Royal
+Mail Steamer in order that they might show their appreciation of his
+work. And this ship when she sailed was the first Spanish boat to
+salute the brand new Cuban flag which had just been raised at the
+entrance to the harbor where for 400 years before that day the flag of
+Spain had waved.
+
+Another witness to the singular skill with which the Governor-General
+handled the diplomatic relations of the republic, and which is
+probably {151} unequaled anywhere in history, follows. This witness
+has to do with his work in laying the foundations of peace between the
+government of the Island and the Catholic Church. It is only possible
+here to quote from a few of the documents which Wood received not only
+as acknowledgment of his wise and sane policy, but as voluntary signs
+of personal affection and respect which the writers held for him when
+his difficult task was done. Monsignor Donatus, Bishop of Havana,
+wrote among other letters three which deserve quoting here. They were
+all voluntary expressions on his part. The first, dated at Havana on
+August 10, 1900, says in part:
+
+"To His Excellency, Major-General Leonard Wood, U.S.A., Military
+Governor of Cuba. Honored Sir:
+
+"I saw published in the official Gazetta yesterday the decree whereby
+you give civil effects and validity to religious marriages. This act
+of your Excellency corresponds perfectly with the elevated ideals of
+justice, fairness and true liberty to which aspired the institutions
+and government of {152} the United States, which you so worthily
+represent in this Island.
+
+"I gladly take this opportunity of declaring that in all my dealings
+with your Excellency I have found you ever disposed to listen to all
+reasonable petitions and to guard the sacred rights of justice which
+is the firmest foundation of every honored and noble nation.
+
+"I am moved, therefore, to speak the thanks not only of the Catholics
+but likewise of all others who truly love the moral, religious and
+political well-being of the people, and to express to your Excellency
+the sincere feelings and satisfaction and gratitude for this decree,
+which is worthy of a wise leader and an able statesman. This too gives
+me confidence that all your decrees and orders will continue to be
+dictated by the same high-minded and liberal spirit of justice that
+while it respects the religious sentiment, also guarantees and defends
+the rights and liberties of all honest institutions. Very respectfully
+yours, X. Donatus, Bishop of Havana."
+
+The second from the same place, dated December 11, 1900, says:
+
+{153}
+
+"All lovers of liberty of conscience, all guardians of the sanctity of
+the home and all who understand and admire good citizenship must
+recognize in this as in your other order on the same subject, the
+wisdom of a far-seeing statesman and the courage of a fearless
+executive.
+
+"Thanking you therefore in my own name and in the name of the Church I
+represent, I remain with every sentiment of respect and esteem, Very
+sincerely yours, X. Donatus, Bishop of Havana."
+
+And finally as the Bishop was leaving Havana in November, 1901, to
+become the Bishop of Ephesus and proceed to Rome, he wrote:
+
+"Called by the confidence of the Holy Father to a larger and more
+difficult field of action, I feel the duty before leaving Cuba to
+express to your Excellency my sentiment of friendship and gratitude,
+not only for the kindness shown to me, but for the fair treatment of
+the questions with the Government of the Island, especially the
+Marriage and Church Property questions. The equity and justice which
+inspired your decisions will devolve before all fair-minded people to
+the honor, not {154} only of you personally, but also to the
+Government you so worthily represent. I am gratified to tell you that
+I have already expressed the same sentiment to the Holy Father in
+writing and I will tell him orally on my visit to Rome. Yours very
+respectfully, X. Donatus, Bishop of Havana."
+
+An interesting result of this work of Wood's in regard to the
+settlement of the religious questions of the Island came later on when
+he was starting on his way to take up his work in the Philippines in
+the form of a delegation of Church authorities headed by Archbishop
+Jones. This delegation came to General Wood to say that its members
+proposed to approach the President of the United States and suggest
+that Wood be given the same authority to represent church matters in
+the Philippines as he had had in Cuba. They added that if this were
+done, they would give him full power to represent the Catholic Church
+as a referee and confer upon him the power not only to recommend
+action in all matters, but to settle all matters for the Church
+himself.
+
+It is very doubtful if such authority has many times in history been
+given to a Protestant by the {155} Church of Rome, and it marks the
+extraordinary height to which Wood's ability had lifted him in the
+world at large.
+
+It is hardly to be wondered at that Theodore Roosevelt wrote at the
+time: "Leonard Wood four years ago went down to Cuba, has served there
+ever since, has rendered services to that country of the kind which if
+performed three thousand years ago would have made him a hero mixed up
+with the sun god in various ways; a man who devoted his whole life
+through those four years, who thought of nothing else, did nothing
+else, save to try to bring up the standard of political and social
+life in that Island, to teach the people after four centuries of
+misrule that there were such things as governmental righteousness and
+honesty and fair play for all men on their merits as men."
+
+[Footnote: _Harvard Graduates' Magazine_.]
+
+
+{156}
+
+{157}
+
+THE STATESMAN
+
+{158}
+
+{159}
+
+VII
+
+THE STATESMAN
+
+Meantime, while Wood was carrying on his work in Cuba, events of
+importance to him and to his country were taking place in the United
+States. The popularity of his war record had made Roosevelt Governor
+of New York, and when the time came for him to run for a second term
+the Republican organization of the state forced him to take the
+nomination for Vice-President of the United States in order to keep
+him out of the gubernatorial field. He objected strongly and tried to
+remain in the state fight, but at the convention in Philadelphia upon
+a certain momentous occasion Thomas Platt, then head, of the state and
+national Republican organization, is said to have remarked to him:
+
+"Mr. Roosevelt, if you do not desire the vice-presidential nomination,
+there is always the alternative of retirement to private life."
+
+In other words party machinery was too strong {160} for him and
+much against his will he was forced to run as second on the
+McKinley-Roosevelt presidential ticket.
+
+The Republicans were successful and Roosevelt, knowing that there was
+little for him to do in Washington, was planning an extended trip
+through the Southern states to make an exhaustive study of the negro
+question. He had indeed begun to accumulate material on this subject
+when on September 6, 1901, McKinley was shot at Buffalo. A few days
+later he died; and Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United
+States.
+
+For Wood this meant much in the future--much of good and something of
+trouble. Roosevelt was his devoted friend and supporter, and upon his
+return to the United States in early 1902 he found this devoted friend
+the head of the nation, himself a Brigadier-General of the regular
+army scheduled to go into regular army work and to live on an army
+officer's pay. In this country there is no other procedure possible.
+In England such a man would have been given a title and a large sum of
+money to make it possible for him to keep up the position which a man
+of his abilities and {161} attainments should keep up. Here the case
+is different.
+
+He had the alternative of going on, or retiring and entering
+commercial pursuits. Offers looking towards the latter contingency
+were not wanting. He was, in fact, asked to take a business position,
+which offered him forty thousand a year. Here was a large income for a
+man of forty-two, regular work of an interesting sort, security and a
+clear future for himself and his family. Instead, he accepted the
+appointment to the Philippines which meant and indeed, as the outcome
+showed, actually involved more than a hundred military engagements
+amongst the natives of the islands in many of which he risked his
+life.
+
+Here again he took the road of service to his country as he had each
+time the ways divided since the day when as a young doctor he entered
+the army. No one but he himself can tell in detail just the reasons
+which led to this decision, but in the main they were the instinctive
+desire for action, for execution and for the open road, which then as
+now swayed him in all his actions and decisions. Then, too, he felt
+that since {162} Roosevelt was President, criticisms of their
+relations in political circles might readily arise, as indeed did
+occur later; and lest their friendship should be misunderstood he took
+the Philippine appointment--applied for it, even--in order that being
+thus out of the country, cause for any such occurrences might perhaps
+be avoided.
+
+It is always interesting to look back through the career of such a man
+and speculate on the chance or wise decision which caused the choice
+of the right road or the left road at such a time. Neither Wood nor
+Roosevelt could possibly know or foresee that this decision would
+furnish the former with the material which eventually led to his doing
+more than all the rest of the United States put together to start
+preparation for the Great War. Neither of them could have guessed that
+his administration in the Philippines would bring out further
+qualities in Wood which showed the statesman as well as the
+administrator in him.
+
+What might have happened otherwise is again a futile
+speculation--perhaps something to bring him still more before the
+people of his country, perhaps less--yet it may be safely said,
+judging {163} from history and biography the world over, that it is
+probable no road he might have taken would have suppressed Leonard
+Wood's executive and administrative qualities. Indeed the fact that
+for practically thirty years he has been in the army, that he is a
+soldier in every inch of his big body, has never even to this day made
+him a militarist. He is and always has been an administrator; and that
+quality with all that it means would in all likelihood have cropped
+out in whatever profession he might have chosen or been forced into by
+circumstances.
+
+Men of ability are doubtless occasionally kept down; but not as a
+rule. They rise to the occasion. And conversely men of small minds,
+dreamers and theorists looking to the settlement of all problems on
+the instant seldom last long at the top although they rise to
+prominence here and there in times of excitement and hysteria such as
+we are passing through to-day. It is only the sound common sense of
+humanity coupled with great ability that stands the test. It is only
+they who keep ever before them the fact that {164} elemental laws do
+not change, cannot be changed, who stand the test and strain of
+emergency.
+
+The entire world since the Great War is filled with new theories, new
+plans, new outlooks for all of us. We cannot go back to the old
+status. Yet because we cannot go back there would seem to be no reason
+for our going mad. The wall paper has changed--must change. New
+decorations with wonderful and to American ears unpronounceable names
+have been displayed before the eyes of Europe and America by the
+advanced architects of the day. But that individual--not to mention
+nations--who becomes fascinated with the new colors and designs will
+suffer horribly in the end if, having forgotten to look to the beams
+of his house, he finds it shortly tumbling about his ears. Sane
+vision, clear thinking at critical times has saved and will save many
+times again those who would fall but for such guidance.
+
+To-day in this land such men are needed. They must come forward, not
+in haste or with sudden panaceas, but with the same old sound common
+sense which has made us what we are and will keep {165} us from
+becoming what parts of the rest of the world have already become.
+
+In 1902 the situation, while not as acute as to-day, had nevertheless
+its problems to be solved; and though we had just finished what in the
+light of history was a short and almost insignificant war the country
+was startled from end to end by the discovery of its unpreparedness.
+As has already been said our amazing lack of men and equipment for any
+such occasion had been impressed upon Wood's mind by personal
+experience and by his own native instinct for the reverse.
+
+It was of great interest to him, therefore, to receive shortly the
+appointment to visit Germany as an American military observer of the
+German Army maneuvers. And out of this trip he learned more thoroughly
+the lack of foresight in military matters in this country and saw more
+clearly the position which we should be in, if such a machine as the
+German Army were pitted against us instead of the weak and decayed
+forces of Spain.
+
+In the course of these maneuvers he met many of the greatest military
+men of Europe. He was received and entertained by the German Emperor
+{166} not only because of his position in the American army and as the
+representative of the United States, but as the man who in Cuba had
+treated with such kindness and courtesy German officers of a visiting
+training ship who were ill with the Island fevers. He witnessed the
+grand maneuvers of the greatest army the world has ever known. But,
+what in his own belief was of far more importance, he met and talked
+with European military experts of world-wide reputation.
+
+Among these men the most congenial spirit was Lord Roberts. The little
+man of Kandahar, the great fighter of Britain's battles, the idol of
+the British public, was then striving to awaken the English people and
+the English government to their own unpreparedness. He sought even
+then to show them what an attack by a force like the German Army would
+mean to the British Empire. For years he kept at it, lecturing,
+speaking, crying aloud throughout England up to the very day when
+without warning in 1914 his countrymen found themselves with a scant
+two hundred thousand soldiers confronted by five millions of trained
+Germans.
+
+{167}
+
+The great fighter, the great preacher, his little body filled with
+patriotism and a great heart, unbosomed to Wood and met a responsive
+assent in Wood's own nature. They discussed from all sides the right
+thing to do. They went over all the European systems together with the
+desire in their hearts to find something which should at the same time
+give a nation a force of great size that could be quickly put into
+action and still not turn that nation into a huge military machine.
+Neither of them was a militarist. Both felt that peace was best
+preserved by the power to preserve it.
+
+Together they seem to have arrived at some adaptation of the Swiss
+system which provides that small country with a relatively enormous
+military force without causing the citizens to give up their
+commercial pursuits. At that time it is probable that Wood began to
+formulate the idea of universal military training of all male citizens
+between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one while they were finishing
+school and college and before they had settled upon their life work.
+
+At all events the material upon the subject {168} which he managed to
+accumulate in the way of books, pamphlets, records and so on
+constitutes now one of the main portions of his extensive library. And
+the whole trip was an example in his case of what a man can do
+incidentally--or apparently incidentally--while occupied ostensibly
+with some other work. During his stay in Europe he met many statesmen
+in Germany, France and England and absorbed from them all he could on
+the subject that was fast becoming his greatest interest.
+
+Upon his return to the United States the difficulties which Taft, the
+Governor of the Philippine Islands, was having in trying to bring
+order amongst the Moro, or Moslem, Islands and the half savage tribes
+which inhabited them led President Roosevelt to consider the
+advisability of sending some one to undertake this difficult and
+dangerous task. Speaking of it to Wood one day the latter said:
+
+"Why not send me?"
+
+Roosevelt immediately referred him to Mr. Root, then Secretary of War,
+with the result that he was appointed Governor of Moro Province to do
+{169} the work there amongst these new wards of the United States
+under different conditions which he had already done in Cuba.
+
+Wood felt very strongly that it would be far better for him to be
+there during the administration of Roosevelt in order that their
+personal relationship might not be misunderstood. This was the more
+forcibly brought in upon his consciousness by the occurrence at that
+time of what is known as the Rathbone affair.
+
+Major Estes G. Rathbone, formerly an assistant postmaster-general and
+at this time detailed to duties in the newly organized Post Office in
+Cuba, had been charged with wastefulness of public moneys and
+unwarranted expenditure of public funds for personal expenses. He,
+with certain associates, was brought to trial and convicted. He was
+sentenced to a long term of imprisonment. It was one of the few cases
+of malfeasance in office which occurred in Cuba during Wood's
+administration and was dealt with by the regular courts in the regular
+manner.
+
+Nothing further would have come of it in all probability had not the
+extraordinarily close {170} relations of Wood and Roosevelt furnished
+an excuse. The fact that Roosevelt was President of the United States
+and that as such he proposed the name of Wood for advancement to
+Major-General of Regulars from Brigadier-General added fuel to the
+flames. The fact that Wood was the senior Brigadier and that as such
+he would naturally become Major-General in regular seniority seems to
+have carried no weight at the time. Even then the Rathbone affair
+would have had no connection with the matter of this appointment had
+not Major Rathbone possessed personal friends high politically in the
+government of the time, and had not the regular army officers looked
+with disfavor upon the appointment even in regular order of a man who
+had been an army surgeon and who was not what is known as a line
+officer originally.
+
+All these influences, however, coming together at the same time caused
+an uproar in Congress over his appointment which, while it cleared
+Wood entirely, still made a political scandal that hurt to the quick
+the man who had just accomplished what he had accomplished in Cuba.
+
+Wood was charged with conduct unbecoming {171} an officer; that he
+made an intimate friend of an ex-convict in Santiago, and employed him
+as a newspaper correspondent to blacken the character of eminent
+American officers and advertise himself; that Rathbone was unjustly
+accused and convicted through Wood's direct agency; that Wood had been
+guilty of extravagance; that he had accepted while Governor-General
+presents from a gambling house in Havana, and so on.
+
+All this evidence and much more was laid before the Committee of the
+Senate on Military Affairs and was most thoroughly aired. The result
+was the absolute vindication of Wood, his confirmation as
+Major-General of the Regular Army and a report which is a part of the
+records of the Senate in which it is written that:... "not one of them
+has a better claim, by reason of his past record and experience as a
+commander, than has General Wood; and in the opinion of the Committee
+no one has in view of his present rank equal claim to his on the
+ground of merit measured by the considerations suggested."
+
+The whole episode thus ended in still greater credit to General Wood.
+It is only interesting {172} and in point here and now because it
+brings out the fact that the man himself never had the support of the
+Washington Army Department men until his service in the Philippines,
+except here and there amongst those officers who have served under
+him. Doubtless his extraordinary executive work in getting the Rough
+Riders ready for action and his methods which over-rode precedents and
+destroyed red tape throughout the whole of the War Department of that
+day had much to do with this. That there should follow in so few
+months his remarkable success in Santiago, his appointment as
+Governor-General of Cuba, his quick and successful organization and
+administration of the Island so that it could be turned over to the
+Cubans in such short order--all tended to fan the flames of prejudice.
+Hence when the opportunity of the Rathbone affair occurred the flames
+became a veritable conflagration, which, however, burned only those
+who brought the charges and touched the character of Wood himself not
+at all.
+
+In the meantime early in 1903 he started upon his duties in the
+Philippines. Instead of proceeding by the usual route through
+California and {173} over the Pacific to Manila, Wood decided to make
+the voyage the other way round with a definite plan for acquiring data
+upon his new subject and relative to his new duties as he went along.
+
+In Egypt he spent some time with Lord Cromer, then just preparing to
+give up his work there as Viceroy. Cromer, like all other persons in
+executive capacities throughout the world, knew well all that General
+Wood had done in Cuba. He had a very high appreciation of what had
+been accomplished in the time, because from his own experience he knew
+better than most men what the difficulties had been. He took a great
+liking for the quiet, stalwart American and told him that his
+administration in Cuba was one of the finest in Colonial history and
+the best in our generation. Later when Lord Cromer was asked to
+suggest some one to succeed himself in Egypt he said that
+unfortunately the best man was unavailable since he was an American
+citizen named Leonard Wood.
+
+He gave him all the facilities for studying the government and
+administration of the British protectorate and helped him wherever and
+{174} whenever he could. Wood's great interest was the study of the
+way in which men of different and conflicting religious beliefs were
+handled, and he collected large quantities of books and documents to
+be studied later as he proceeded eastward. No man could have asked for
+higher appreciation than was accorded him voluntarily by the able and
+experienced administrator of Egyptian affairs.
+
+From Cairo he proceeded to India and spent sufficient time to
+accumulate information there. He was to govern a Mohammedan population
+mixed up with Confucians, cannibals, headhunters and religions of
+twenty different varieties, and he studied as he went along all the
+methods employed in similar situations to preserve order without
+creating religious wars.
+
+He even made a special journey to Java at the invitation of the Dutch
+government, where the Dutch governor gave him all the assistance in
+his power. Here he found the problem more closely allied to his own
+than elsewhere.
+
+So that on his arrival in Manila he had gathered information upon most
+of the problems which would shortly confront him from sources {175} of
+unquestioned authenticity and from men of unquestioned ability. Some
+friend one night in Manila spoke of the large number of books that
+filled the walls of his house and wondered when he expected to get
+time to read them. Wood's answer was that he had read them all and
+only used them now as reference books to refresh his memory.
+
+New as the problems were, therefore, he had by the time he began
+active work as Governor whatever preparation any one could secure for
+the work in hand.
+
+The Spaniards had failed in their government in the Philippines as
+they had elsewhere. In Mindanao and Sulu--the country, or islands,
+inhabited by the Moros--they had failed signally because of their
+intolerance of the religious beliefs of the people and their careless
+impatience generally towards a colony which from its very nature could
+not produce much money. Furthermore they did not send sufficient
+military forces or sufficiently able officers to maintain their
+supremacy. And finally they did not deal with the people through the
+native clergy and priests. Consequently when the Americans came in the
+Moros were united only {176} in their hatred of the white race, placed
+no confidence in anything their rulers told them and only obeyed
+white-man-made laws as long as the white man was in sight.
+
+After all a sultan or datu had his position and authority which had
+come down to him through generations and his religion which had been
+taught him from birth. He saw no reason why he should give up these
+without a struggle just because some other man arrived with a
+different religion and a different form of sultan government. The
+country was such that it was easy to avoid the new rulers.
+Transportation over large parts of the southern islands was through
+jungle and pathless forests where even riding a horse was impossible.
+Streams without bridges, settlements without approaches except a
+trail, tropical climates to which only the Moros themselves were
+accustomed spread over a land of almost impenetrable jungle. The Moros
+themselves understood such a situation and could easily move from one
+spot to another, one island to another, one settlement to another;
+while the army had to fight its way in and then fight its way out
+again.
+
+{177}
+
+While the problem of administration was not unlike that in Cuba in so
+far as the organizing of courts, law, education, native officials and
+so on went, there were here in Moroland the infinitely more difficult
+and delicate tasks of dealing with many different religious laws and
+customs and the hereditary rank and rights of tribal rulers, none of
+which existed in Cuba.
+
+The quality of statesmanship in Wood which dealt with these problems
+and settled them so that from a slave-holding, polygamous, headhunting
+land there arose a self-governing community is of the highest order.
+
+It was put into force in the commander's usual, commonplace, thorough
+way without haste or excitement, but where necessary by force of arms
+which required more than a hundred engagements and many hard-fought
+battles. Wood first spent some time in Manila going over the situation
+with Mr. Taft. There he learned Taft's wishes and views and prepared
+his military forces. He was both military commander and civil governor
+of the Moroland and as such was again an absolute autocrat. When he
+was ready he started directly {178} into the jungle from Zamboanga.
+The journey took him and his staff through forests, over unfordable
+rivers, across mountain ranges on foot, across the straits that
+separated one island from another in dugouts, into forts, into towns,
+into villages and hamlets in a nerve-racking journey of over a month
+without a pause except for necessary sleep.
+
+He wanted to see with his own eyes and hear with his own ears at first
+hand what was the condition of affairs, what was going on, what were
+the different and varying situations in order that he might the more
+correctly and certainly draw up plans for the reorganization of the
+colony. In one village he was a military commander issuing orders; in
+another he was a criminal or civil judge sitting in session; in
+another he was a listener to the advancement of the plans and the
+religious ceremonials of the sultans or datus of the place.
+
+Naturally all came to see him. He was the embodiment of the new
+conquerors and curiosity alone would have brought every one, to say
+nothing of policy which brought those who desired {179} to impress him
+in order that special favors might be expected for themselves. He was
+the Great White Sultan judged by the standards known to their other
+sultans.
+
+And the problems were infinitely varied and in most cases entirely new
+ones to the "doctor from Boston."
+
+But, as in other places, he used his own methods in each instance to
+settle the particular problem, always emphasizing the one great fact
+that if the Moros would deal fairly with the Government of the United
+States they would benefit as never before, secure fair and just
+treatment and be assured of their right to live in peace.
+
+Yet when things became a little clogged he took immediate steps to
+clear the situation with force if necessary, but always with diplomacy
+if that could be made to do the job.
+
+"In Jolo there was a mess. The puffed-up Sultan, with whom General
+Bates in 1899 had made a treaty by which the Sultan engaged to keep
+order, was away in Singapore having a 'time.' His brother, the Rajah
+Mudah, was acting as regent. The sub-chiefs and datus were in a great
+{180} row. The Moros were murdering and robbing, all over the island.
+General Wood led an expedition to find out what was the matter. It was
+not a punitive expedition, but rather one meant to let the natives see
+the stalwart soldiers of the United States and understand the futility
+of resisting them. The Rajah Mudah was sulky. The General sent him a
+polite invitation to visit him in camp near Maibun, the Rajah's town.
+Mudah returned word that he was ill. Another invitation failed to
+budge him. General Wood ordered Colonel Scott to pay a call upon the
+sick Rajah and to take along a company of infantry. Colonel Scott and
+Captain Howard found the Rajah lounging among his pillows. He greeted
+them in the languid accents of the sick. Solicitous inquiries about
+the nature of his malady were made. The Rajah had a boil. Colonel
+Scott was deeply sympathetic. Would the Rajah object to showing his
+boil. Perhaps the visitors might be able to suggest a remedy. The
+Rajah did not show his boil. Captain Howard put his company into line.
+The Rajah sat up with a jerk, and Moros came running from all
+directions to see what was {181} happening. Colonel Scott very quietly
+explained that the soldiers had been sent as a guard of honor to
+escort the Rajah to the General. If the Rajah was quite sure that he
+was feeling sufficiently strong to travel, they would go.
+
+Peering through half shut eyes, the Rajah Mudah pondered for a moment.
+Then he announced that he felt greatly improved and that undoubtedly
+his condition would be immensely helped by a ride in the air.
+
+"General Wood greeted him cordially and ceremoniously. He personally
+conducted him around the camp, pointing out what fine, big men our
+soldiers were, and especially directing his attention to the machine
+guns. Would the Rajah like to see the guns in operation?
+
+"After the guns had mowed down a few trees the Rajah's face assumed a
+thoughtful expression. He became enthusiastically friendly."
+[Footnote: _World's Work_.]
+
+Such methods in time made an impression. Even the Moro mind began to
+absorb the fact that it was much better to accept the invitation than
+to undergo what followed any failure to do so.
+
+{182}
+
+Wood had also to add to his difficulties in the beginning the
+prejudice of army officers he found in the islands. The older men over
+whom he had been promoted by President McKinley had no love for him.
+They called him a doctor. He was not of the army fraternity. They had
+heard that he had done well, but not by established methods. The
+younger officers took their cue from their seniors and so did the
+enlisted men. It was a difficult problem, or series of problems,
+through which he had to steer a careful course. But he did it and
+turned the tide entirely in the other direction.
+
+He did it by always taking his share of the hard work. Object lessons
+of this sort multiplied as time went on. When troops were sent out to
+an engagement Wood went with them and kept in the front line. When
+they camped for the night in the jungle he had the same bed--the
+ground. When they had little or nothing to eat, he had the same. Once
+when they came out upon the beach of one of the islands after a hard
+trip Wood's launch was reported a hundred yards off the surf ready
+with cooling fans, a good mattressed bed, excellent food and a bath.
+He told {183} the orderly that he would stay with the men and sent him
+back to the launch, taking no more notice of the matter except to
+scrape out a new hollow in the burning sand in the hope of finding a
+cooler spot to sleep.
+
+Such episodes repeated again and again soon made a vital change of
+views in regard to the new governor and commander. They occurred so
+regularly and so often that it appeared true--this taking what came
+along in the day's work with the others--not a case of trying to
+produce effect now and then. Mr. R. H. Murray, in his article written
+in 1912, quoted above, speaks of an officer who served under Wood at
+this time and as he says quotes him as literally as he can:
+
+"When Wood first came out in 1903, the army in the Philippines didn't
+know him. There were plenty of officers who reviled him as a favorite
+of the White House, and cussed him out for it. Pretty soon the army
+began to realize that he was a hustler; that he knew a good deal about
+the soldier's game; that he did things and did them right; that, when
+reveille sounded before daybreak, he was usually up and dressed before
+{184} us; that, when a man was down and out, and he happened to be
+near, he'd get off his horse and see what the matter was and fix the
+fellow up, if he could; that when he gave an order it was a sensible
+one and that he didn't change it after it went out; and that he
+remembered a man who did a good piece of work and showed his
+appreciation at every chance.
+
+"Well, the youngsters began to swear by Wood, and the old chaps
+followed, so that from 'cussing him out' they began to respect him and
+then to admire and love him. That's the word--love. It's the easiest
+thing in the world to pick a fight out there now by saying something
+against Wood. It is always the same when men come in contact with him.
+I don't honestly believe there is a man in the department now who
+wouldn't go to hell and back for Leonard Wood."
+
+It was again much the same story as in Cuba. It was not only the
+personality of the man himself, his personal magnetism, but the quiet
+simplicity of his methods backed by knowledge and good judgment. It
+was the absence of doing anything for effect, anything of the personal
+{185} "ego;" the getting of things done quietly, without ferment or
+conversation. And back of it all the absolute certainty of every one
+who worked with or under him that Leonard Wood would do exactly what
+he said he would, even though he said it quite quietly only once and
+even though the doing of it meant a military expedition, a battle and
+the death of many a good man who perhaps knew nothing of the real
+reasons.
+
+Here again space is too limited to permit of an account of the work
+done by Wood which made a group of pirates into a relatively
+law-abiding community. Yet some attempt to picture the situation is
+necessary in order to give a slight idea of what the problem was.
+
+It should be borne in mind that the country over which he was made
+Governor-General consisted of two-thirds of the Island of Mindanao and
+the Sulu Archipelago--a long chain of large and small islands
+extending almost to Borneo. The inhabitants were principally
+Mohammedans, known to the Spaniards as Moros. Along the coast of
+Mindanao were scattered small Philippine settlements--Christian
+Filipinos. Widely {186} separated back in the islands were numerous
+tribes speaking different dialects. In appearance they were not unlike
+the Diacs of Borneo. Some of them were headhunters. Among some of them
+cannibalism still existed in the form of religious ceremonies.
+
+The Moros were the masters of all the seas in this vicinity. They were
+the old Malay pirates so well known in books of travel. The Spaniards
+had waged intermittent war against them since early in 1600, but they
+never effectively conquered them. They would send down a large
+expedition, win a victory and withdraw. This procedure, however, made
+little or no impression on the pirates, who shortly returned to their
+trade when the Spanish victors had returned home.
+
+The Moros were all fanatical Mohammedans, intolerant of Christians or
+Christian influence, and when the Spaniards arrived in Manila about
+1687 they dominated all the seas about the Philippine Islands. They
+were armed with all kinds of firearms, ranging from the old Queen Bess
+muzzle-loader to the most modern rifles. Their artillery ranged from
+the broadside guns of battleships of {187} the 18th Century to a
+smaller cannon of bronze, made principally in Borneo. They were bold,
+adventurous sailors, slave traders and slave hunters and successfully
+terrorized the hill tribes. Indeed, they were greatly feared along the
+coast of Mindanao.
+
+Early in the American occupation a treaty had been made with the
+Sultan of Sulu, who claimed the headship of Moros from the Island of
+Sulu northward to the great Island of Mindanao. In Mindanao there were
+different sultans who claimed headships in their own districts, and
+foremost amongst these was Datu Ali, who had waged a long and
+successful war with the Spaniards.
+
+Here then was a difficult problem: to establish civil government among
+these wandering hill tribes, Filipino settlements, and piratical
+Mohammedan groups, each fearing and hating the other. General Wood's
+first task as he conceived it was to stop slave-trading and establish
+relations of tolerance, if not friendship, between the Filipinos and
+the Moros on the one hand and between the Moros and the hill tribes on
+the other; to stop the Christian Filipinos from imposing {188} on the
+hill tribes; and to begin some method for substituting respect for law
+and order, for government and authority in the place of terror and
+hatred. The ending of the slave trade resulted in many heavy,
+long-drawn-out fights with the principal Moro bands. The Sultan of
+Sulu had not lived up to the Bates Treaty and he had to be deposed,
+therefore, as a sovereign in Sulu.
+
+The next step was to organize some form of government that would fit
+the situation. To start this Wood divided the entire Moro area,
+including the islands, into districts and appointed American officers
+of experience and ability as governors of the districts.
+
+He then visited Borneo and studied carefully the laws and regulations
+under which that chartered colony governed the Malays within its
+borders. The policy laid down by him for the district governors was to
+stop slave-trading and the taking of life and property at once; to
+establish next friendly relations between the people living on the
+coast and the timid tribes up in the hills; to build up commerce on a
+fair basis; to open up trails and lines of communication between {189}
+villages; to assure to every one, no matter what his religion, a fair
+deal. He also laid great stress on the necessity of bringing the
+headmen of the different tribes into contact with the district
+governors and of doing all that could be done to build up and increase
+commerce.
+
+At the same time the new and energetic Governor-General instituted a
+strong policy to stop forever the inhuman practices and customs highly
+repugnant to what Americans considered humane conduct. Every effort
+was made to insure better treatment of women, who up to that time had
+been nothing more nor less than chattels. On the seacoast trading
+stations were built and put in charge of men who spoke the dialect of
+the wild people. At these stations there was always a provincial agent
+who had authority to see that the hill people got fair prices for
+their products and just treatment from the Malays. Little by little as
+a result of this wise and sane policy they were all induced to come to
+the stations and make their head-quarters there during the trading
+period. In former times they had been accustomed to bring down their
+heavy loads of jungle products on their {190} shoulders and rather
+than stay in the neighborhood of the pirates over night they would
+sell their goods for anything they could get and hurry up into the
+hills again before dark. Moro, Filipino and Chinese traders had for
+centuries systematically robbed them. Money was of little use to them
+and therefore all trading was by barter. It was a long campaign of
+education which Wood instituted to build up confidence amongst these
+timid people, and he sent young American officers among them,
+traveling often-times hundreds of miles on foot and practically
+without any protection to help them and give them confidence.
+
+Little by little confidence was built up; great peace meetings were
+arranged among the different tribes; old grudges were wiped out;
+scores were balanced and old feuds settled. It took time and brains
+and painstaking patience, but it was done and done well.
+
+At the same time, taking a leaf from his own Cuban notebook, Wood
+started schools in the Filipino villages and took steps to do the same
+among the Moros. It was very difficult to {191} find teachers who
+would be received by these Moslems. It was at first almost impossible
+to get them to send their children to school at all. Nothing but time
+and sound, honest methods in dealing with these people made all or any
+of this possible.
+
+Patrol boats were put on duty in the waters about the islands.
+Simultaneous with this building up went the organization of the
+customs service, since the province had to be entirely
+self-supporting. Native people from among the Moros and Filipinos were
+organized into what was called the constabulary. Every effort was made
+to turn the attention of the people from irregular and piratical
+activities to the activities of commerce. School laws were put in
+force, written in terms to meet the situation. Increased cultivation
+of new land, cultivation of cocoanuts, cocoa, and various local
+products, including hemp, was encouraged by exempting it from taxation
+provided certain amounts of useful crops were planted thereon.
+
+Communications by land and water were built up as fast as possible.
+After a time taxation was {192} imposed very gradually in the form of
+a cedula, or poll tax. The money so collected was spent so far as
+possible in the district where it was collected. The headmen of the
+tribes and sub-tribes were made officials of the province and given a
+baldric bearing a brass shield with the seal of the province. In time
+they were given certain police authority for the maintenance of order.
+If the local headman could not handle the situation, the local
+constabulary was called in. If they in turn were not sufficient, then
+the troops were sent into the area.
+
+A free man's life was worth fifty-two dollars and a half in gold; a
+male slave one-half this amount; a free woman was worth as much as a
+male slave; a female slave half as much as a male slave, and a modern
+rifle about two hundred dollars in gold.
+
+As the simple processes of law came to be better understood natives
+were encouraged to appeal from the tribal to the district court,
+consisting of the district governor and the local priests or headmen,
+who advised the former upon tribal {193} customs and scales of
+punishment, in order that no injustice should be done to any one.
+
+Gradually appeals were taken from the district courts to the regular
+insular courts, which were represented by itinerant judges of the
+first instance. The latter belonged to the regular Philippine
+judiciary and were at this time all Americans. Women were given equal
+status before the law and the rights of property were safeguarded.
+
+After the first hard fighting the need for the use of troops gradually
+diminished and more and more of the policing work was done by the
+native constabulary. The wildest regions became practically safe.
+
+After the districts were in working order municipalities and townships
+were established and the framework of civic organization begun. The
+Mohammedan religion was left undisturbed. Religious freedom was
+guaranteed to both Mohammedans and Christians. In addition to the
+Catholic missionaries who had been working there for hundreds of
+years, missionaries of other denominations commenced to take active
+interest in the situation. The revenue was sufficient to maintain
+{194} the province in good shape and there was a considerable amount
+of money in reserve.
+
+Thus in three years, with the knowledge he had acquired in Cuba
+supplemented by his visits and study amongst the colonies of other
+nations where similar problems existed, with his extraordinary energy
+and capacity for working through innumerable subordinates, Leonard
+Wood again built up a community out of nothing but land and human
+beings. But in the Philippine instance he built up a community largely
+governing itself upon a system of laws still in force--though three
+governors have succeeded him--from a hopeless mass of Christian
+Filipinos, Chinese traders, Malay pirates, Mohammedans, cannibals and
+feudal tribes.
+
+It was a remarkable instance of state building, which following upon
+the Cuban episodes, stands out as the greatest achievement any man has
+accomplished in Colonial history.
+
+It is impossible to state the relative importance of this work without
+appearing to overdo it. Yet if we could but collect the tributes that
+have been paid to Wood upon its accomplishment they {195} would make a
+volume, Richard Olney wrote: "... to congratulate you personally on
+the most successful and deservedly successful career, whether as
+soldier or public man of any sort, that the Spanish War and its
+consequences have brought to the front." John Hay, then Secretary of
+State, wrote Wood a note "with sincere congratulations on the
+approaching fruition of all your splendid work for the regeneration of
+Cuba," and Senator Platt, of Connecticut, wrote of his "admiration for
+your administration under difficulties greater I think than have ever
+had to be encountered by any one man in reconstruction work." So the
+record of two statesmenlike and administrative works stands to this
+day as a witness of Wood's qualities.
+
+In 1905 after a visit to the United States he returned to the islands
+and became commander-in-chief of the American forces in the
+Philippines, General Bliss taking his place as Governor of the Moros,
+who were now established under a basic form of government and
+procedure which Wood had inaugurated.
+
+By 1908 this work was practically completed {196} and the procedure
+laid out for the future rule of that part of the Philippines. At that
+time General Wood was transferred to Governor's Island in New York
+Harbor as Commander of the Department of the East, strangely enough
+the first command he had held within the United States since the
+Geronimo days in the Southwest.
+
+There followed in the next six years a diplomatic mission as special
+Ambassador to the Argentine Republic upon the occasion of the
+centenary of Argentina, where he met and talked with General von der
+Groltz, the German officer, who had so much to do with the Great War
+later. From this meeting Wood absorbed more of the necessity for
+universal military training and more of the aversion to a standing
+army such as existed in Germany. After this mission he became the head
+of the American military forces under the President of the United
+States and for four years held the position of Chief of Staff.
+
+Thus beginning his army life in 1886 as an army surgeon he rose in
+twenty-two years to the highest position in the regular army that any
+one can hold. That, in a sense, closes a certain {197} period in
+General Wood's career. For when in 1914 he was again made Commander of
+the Department of the East he had already started upon his campaign of
+national preparation which had been growing and growing in his mind as
+he lived and served his own nation and observed and studied other
+nations. The knowledge he had acquired in the four quarters of the
+earth showed to him conclusively that a nation must be ready to resist
+attack in order to live in peace, and yet that that nation must not
+spend all its wealth and time and brains in building up a military
+machine. In a strange way the attitude of this New England "Mayflower"
+descendant resembled the attitude of his own native Cape Cod, which
+stands at the outposts of New England with its clenched fist ready and
+prepared, yet which lives on quietly in the lives of its inhabitants
+who proceed in peace with their commercial occupations and their
+family existence.
+
+
+
+{198}
+
+{199}
+
+THE PATRIOT
+
+{200}
+
+
+
+{201}
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+THE PATRIOT
+
+
+
+"There are many things man cannot buy and one of them is time. It
+takes time to organize and prepare. Time will only be found in periods
+of peace. Modern war gives no time for preparation. Its approach is
+that of the avalanche and not of the glacier.
+
+"We must remember that this training is not a training for war alone.
+It really is a training for life, a training for citizenship in time
+of peace.
+
+"We must remember that it is better to be prepared for war and not
+have it, then to have war and not to be prepared for it."
+
+Such sentiments quoted from General Wood's many speeches and writings
+might be continued until they alone made a volume--a book of the Creed
+of the Patriot. For in his crusade up and down our land for the last
+six years he has developed an unsuspected ability for epigrammatic
+phraseology, for stating in concise, homely {202} language the
+principle that no one in any successful operation has failed to get
+ready. This was unsuspected in him, because up to 1913 he had had
+little to say outside of his official reports. His motto of doing the
+thing without talking about it had been followed to the letter by
+himself.
+
+When he finally arrived at a position which was important and powerful
+enough to give him an opportunity for putting his beliefs into effect,
+when he furthermore arrived at a point where there was not the
+immediate necessity for feeding a starving people, or fighting a
+hostile military force, or reorganizing a tumbled-down state, or doing
+any of the things demanding immediate action with which he had been
+employed during most of his life--then with characteristic energy he
+did begin. Time could not be bought by him any more than it could be
+by others and his work of preparedness had to await a period of peace
+when the time was at hand. This period having arrived in 1912 and 1918
+he found that in order to produce any impression, to get action upon
+this plan, he must not only have a high and powerful position but he
+must awaken the public {203} to its importance before he could expect
+legislative or departmental action. Hence the volume of the Creed of
+the Patriot.
+
+With his accustomed energy therefore he started upon a campaign of
+writing, speaking and promoting in all ways open to him to bring this
+new plan before the people of this country and in doing so he
+developed the hitherto unsuspected qualities of a speaker of the
+highest, because the simplest and most homely order.
+
+To him there was nothing new in the plan of preparedness for the
+nation. He might have said to himself in 1913: "I have found that in
+order to be a doctor a young man must study so many years; in order to
+fight Apache Indians successfully a man must train for a physical
+condition that permits him to walk and ride and live harder than his
+already trained opponents, that he must train soldiers for that
+particular job, must train and care for horses to cover that
+particular country. I have found by sad experience that to have a
+regiment of Rough Riders in proper condition to fight Spaniards in
+Cuba the men must be taught by long training to understand military
+principles, {204} subordination to military rule of procedure, the use
+of guns and animals and the laws and tactics of military action in the
+field; that these men must be taught to take care of themselves in the
+open, that ammunition and equipment must be at hand and in use. I have
+found that in order to produce order in a community where there is no
+order, health in a land where there is only sickness, happiness
+amongst a people where there is only misery and fear and worry--in
+order to do all this laws must be made and respected, people must
+learn that they owe something to their state and that they are
+responsible for honest care, administration and thoughtfulness of
+those who look to them as they look to their state. I have found that
+where nothing but force will do the trick, force must be prepared and
+ready in advance. I have seen innocent persons go under because they
+were not ready to offset depredations. I have seen nations injured and
+destroyed because they were not ready to resist force, whether that
+force were used in a just or an unjust cause. And now I have arrived
+at the place where I can prove this to a nation instead of to a
+military platoon, or a military staff, or a few Cuban or Philippine
+officials."
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE PATRIOT]
+
+
+
+{205}
+
+He might have said all this to himself--doubtless has done so many,
+many times with much more to the same effect--but the outcome is a
+witness of the fact that he has from a long and active life as
+fighter, soldier, organizer, administrator, diplomat and statesman in
+the West, the South, in Europe, in Asia, in Cuba, in the Philippines,
+in South America, in Washington--in most parts of the earth--learned
+again and again that nothing can be really done on the spur of the
+moment, that everybody must prepare from school days to death. And in
+1913 he had his first real opportunity to preach this nationally to
+all the people of his own native land.
+
+That within a year of that time prepared Germany should have upset the
+world and found the British Empire, the French Republic and the
+Italian Kingdom unprepared--to say nothing of the United States--may
+have been one of the accidents--strokes of fortune--that some people
+say have made General Wood. But it would seem that the only thing this
+Great War did in this {206} connection was to prove by a terrific
+example that Wood and those with him were right and that those who
+were against him were wrong.
+
+If the war had not come, it would have taken longer to awaken this
+country to the facts and it would have delayed perhaps the growth of
+General Wood's name as that of a national and international character
+of highest importance. But it would not have changed the truth of his
+Creed--or rather the creed of which he has become the great
+protagonist. Nor does the fact that the war did come when it did give
+any ground for making Wood one of the greatest citizens of our country
+to-day because he preaches preparedness. General Wood stands at the
+forefront of the leaders in America at this time because of his own
+personal make-up and character and because of the amazing variety and
+extent of his services to his country which are written upon every
+page of its history during the last thirty years. It is the variety of
+things done which puts him in his present position, just as it is the
+variety of high qualities that has made the great men of all times
+great. King David was not only the greatest {207} general of his time.
+He was one of the greatest administrators of all time and perhaps the
+greatest poet that ever lived. Washington was not only a fighter of
+the highest order. He was one of the great generals of history; and a
+statesman and ruler of a higher order still.
+
+It might very aptly be said, therefore, that General Wood's campaign
+for national preparedness was only the accomplishment of a task for
+which he had all his life been preparing himself.
+
+Upon his return trip from the Philippines in 1908 he had come by the
+way of Europe studying always military systems. There was a short stop
+in Ceylon, in Singapore, in Egypt, in Malta and Gibraltar and a summer
+spent in Switzerland, ostensibly for health recuperation after the
+tropical life in Moroland and Manila, At the same time this gave
+opportunity for a closer study of the Swiss system which with an
+admixture of the Australian system furnished the basis for the
+training camps afterwards inaugurated by him here.
+
+At the same time he had the opportunity by invitation of seeing the
+German and French {208} armies mobilized at the time of the
+Bosnia-Herzegovina episode when all Europe was on the verge of war.
+The German army of maneuver was at Saarbrücken--ready. Practically the
+whole of the French army of maneuver was on the Loire--ready. He saw
+one immediately after the other--less than two days apart. Mr. White,
+then American Ambassador to France, asked him what he thought of the
+French army and his answer was that despite the fame of the German
+military machine France in the next war would surprise the world by
+the fitting effectiveness of her forces. He based this conclusion on
+the relation of officers and men and the discipline founded on respect
+and confidence rather than fear of officers.
+
+Then followed the centenary mission to the Argentine and a couple of
+years as Chief of Staff of the American army before he could
+effectively begin his campaign.
+
+The first gun was a letter sent out by Wood under permission of the
+Secretary of War which proposed to many presidents of colleges and
+universities in the United States the establishment of several
+experimental military training camps {209} for students. These camps
+were to be placed one on the historic field of Gettysburg and the
+other at the Presidio of Monterey, California. The former opened on
+July 7th and closed on August 15th, and the latter extended from July
+1st to August 8th. In all 222 students took this training, 159 at
+Gettysburg and 68 in Monterey.
+
+It was the first trial, and it was a very small and insignificant
+response. Indeed it gives a good idea of the importance in which
+military preparedness was held in this country at that moment--
+100,000,000 inhabitants; 222 volunteers.
+
+Those were the days when the people of this land and many others were
+hard at work upon commercial pursuits and when for amusement the world
+and his wife danced tango to ragtime music. So-called alarmists cried
+"Look out for war!" Major Du Maurier of the British army wrote a play
+called "An Englishman's Home," which startled and puzzled Englishmen
+for a while, but could not carry an audience for one week in this
+country. Nobody took any interest in what his neighbor was doing, to
+say nothing of what Germany or any other countries were planning.
+
+{210}
+
+Yet Wood was not discouraged. He was started on a long campaign and he
+knew he had to prepare to prepare. Furthermore the men in the
+universities who could see ahead came forward in his support and in
+support of the idea. Four years later President Drinker of Lehigh
+University wrote of the amazing success of the movement: "We owe it
+largely to Major-General Wood's farsightedness as a man of affairs and
+to his great qualities as a soldier and patriot, that our country was
+awakened to the need of preparedness, and this beginning of military
+training in our youth was due wholly to his initiative." [Footnote:
+_National Service Magazine_.]
+
+Small as the beginning was it was a plant with the germ of strength in
+it, since at this first camp in Gettysburg the members formed then in
+1913 the Society of the National Reserve Corps of the United States.
+Wood at once cooperated with this slender offshoot and gave it all the
+support in his power. He sent letters as Chief of Staff of the Regular
+Army to college presidents at the same time that the president of the
+new Corps did so--both suggesting an advisory committee to {211}
+assist the government in the encouragement and practical advancement
+of the training camp idea. This committee was formed and Presidents
+Hibben of Princeton and Drinker of Lehigh were elected president and
+secretary. The committee with these officers in charge gave assistance
+to Wood in his organizing work so that out of the small beginnings in
+the two camps an enormous organization arose which trained tens of
+thousands of young men to be officers and made the immense expansion
+of the little American army to 4,000,000 soldiers possible.
+
+Pushing always quietly but unremittingly ahead Wood helped these
+officers to increase the camps from two to four in the summer of
+1914--in Vermont, Michigan, North Carolina and California--with a
+total attendance of 667 students.
+
+Then came the Great War and the beginning of the work on a large
+scale. From college students, who reported on the interest and
+pleasure which they got out of the summer camp, the life in the open
+and the military instruction afforded by regular army men, the
+movement extended to business men, lawyers, preachers and so on. Wood
+{212} opened the Plattsburg camp on Lake Champlain to the latter and
+started the first business man's camp. Each man paid his own railway
+fares, his own living expenses while in camp and bought his uniform
+and equipment, except arms, with his own money.
+
+That year (1915) 3,406 men attended the five camps. In 1916 six camps
+were opened and 16,139 men attended them. At the close of the first
+Plattsburg camp the business men formed an organization for furthering
+and extending this training just as the college men had done at
+Gettysburg two years before. And in 1916 these two organizations
+consolidated and organized the present Military Training Camps
+Association of the United States.
+
+All through this period, taking advantage of the European war, drawing
+lessons from the tragic happenings just across the Atlantic, Wood went
+about the country, as little "Bobs" of Kandahar had previously done in
+England, speaking in halls, in camps, in churches, at clubs, at
+festivals, on special and unspecial occasions of all kinds. He drove
+home the subject which he knew so well and others knew hardly at all.
+He met all comers of {213} every grade in arguments and debates--those
+who were constitutional objectors, pacifists, people who thought
+arbitration much more effective, people too proud to fight or too busy
+to get ready--all comers of all kinds. And the Great War day by day
+helped him. He spent his summers going from one camp to another,
+traveling all over the United States.
+
+At six in the morning he would appear in one of them ready for
+inspection, and any day anywhere where there was a camp one might see
+him in the early morning sunshine, or the early morning rain striding
+up one company street and down another followed by new and old
+officers, peering into this dog tent and that kitchen, examining this
+man's rifle and that man's kit, praising, criticizing and jamming
+enthusiasm in two hours into a group of a thousand men in a manner
+they knew not how, nor clearly understood. It was just what he had
+done in Cuba, just what he had done in the Philippines where he had
+organized drilling, athletic and condition-of-equipment competitions
+in each company, each regiment, each brigade, each division--one
+pitted against another, all at it hot and heavy; {214} not because
+Wood came along and looked them over, but because when he did look
+them over he could spot any weakness in any part of the work with
+unerring certainty--not alone because he could spot any weakness, but
+because he knew a good point when he saw it and gave credit where
+credit was due.
+
+It is perhaps not out of place here to look back in the light of
+events which occurred afterwards and are now a part of history and
+secure an estimate of what this work did for this country in awakening
+the people to a sense of the critical situation, to prepare an army
+which should do its part in the world war, to bring that army into
+line in France at what seems to have been a critical moment and to
+help bring the war itself to a successful conclusion in conjunction
+with the Allied armies which had held on so long against such terrific
+odds.
+
+The purpose of the camps and what they will lead to in time of peace
+and did lead to in time of war is perhaps best shown in one of General
+Wood's statements: "The ultimate object sought is not in any way one
+of military aggrandizement, {215} but to provide in some degree a
+means of meeting a vital need confronting us as a peaceful and
+unmilitary people, in order to preserve the desired peace and
+prosperity through the only safe precaution, viz.: more thorough
+preparation and equipment to resist any effort to break the peace."
+
+That at a time when there was no European War in sight.
+
+Now consider General Pershing's report of Nov. 21, 1918--after the
+close of the war. The first American air force using American
+aeroplanes went into action in France, that is to say in the war, in
+August, 1918--16 months after the declaration of war by the United
+States and four years after the beginning of the war itself. During
+the entire time that the United States was in the war, a little over
+19 months, not one single American field gun was fired at the enemy
+and only 109 had been received in Europe at all. No American tank was
+ever used against the enemy in the whole war. Yet a month or six weeks
+after the declaration of war troops began to go to Europe and at its
+close in November, 1918, the army {216} consisted of 3,700,000 men, of
+whom more than 203,000 were newly made officers. Half of this force at
+least got over to the other side of the Atlantic and at least half of
+them took part in the fighting at one time or another of the 19
+months.
+
+One would have said at the outset that a commercial nation like the
+United States, filled with factories, mechanics and mechanically
+inclined brains, could and would have made guns and aeroplanes and
+uniforms far quicker than it made soldiers and officers. Yet such was
+not the case.
+
+A French officer here in America at that time studying American
+mobilization said:
+
+"I knew you recruited over 3,500,000 men in 19 months. That is very
+good, but not so difficult. But I am told also that although you had
+no officers reserve to start with you somehow found 200,000 new
+officers, most of them competent. That is what is astonishing and what
+was impossible. Tell me how that was done." [Footnote: _National
+Magazine_]
+
+There is only the one answer, that the officers' training camps
+started in 1918 by Leonard Wood and fostered by him and the people of
+this nation {217} who then and later agreed with him made the
+impossible possible and made the new, raw army effective and in time.
+It was what came to be known as the "Plattsburg Idea;" which, getting
+really going first in May 16, 1917, as a regular part of the United
+States mobilization, did its work before arms and ammunition were
+ready, before uniforms could be had, before camps had been even laid
+out and before the first draft had been taken. At that time 40,000
+selected men were in training for officers' positions in sixteen
+camps. That is to say, in 40 days 150,000 applications had been
+received, 100,000 men examined and 40,000 passed as fit and ready for
+training.
+
+It was the work in 1913, 1914, 1915 and 1916. It was the Plattsburg
+idea adapted to war conditions. Without it the situation regarding men
+might easily have been the same as the situation regarding guns,
+aeroplanes and uniforms.
+
+Plattsburg, being in New York State, naturally became the type of
+camp, since in 1914 Wood, having been relieved of his position as
+Chief of Staff, was detailed to command the Department of the East
+with his headquarters on Governor's {218} Island in New York Harbor.
+He no sooner took up this new work than the Department of the East,
+where fifty-six per cent, of the National Guard of the whole country
+was included, became a seething office of energy and work. In so far
+as the training camp idea went this energy was centered in Plattsburg.
+
+
+At the same time General Wood inaugurated the Massachusetts National
+Guard Maneuvers--the first of their kind held in this country--and
+added a water attack on Boston. He also assisted Governor Whitman in
+putting through the New York State Legislature the bills creating the
+State Military Training Commission, under whose management all boys
+between the ages of sixteen and eighteen undergo a simple but
+effective training in the rudiments of military tactics and receive
+the athletic training of a short camp life each year--all involving
+the inculcation of the principles of discipline, of order and of self
+care.
+
+Thus the history of the way in which the Government of the United
+States, when war was eventually declared, secured its officers is
+told. {219} One might go into detail, but the main facts are not
+altered by any amount of detail. They stand out clearly--the awakening
+of our land in time by the energy and patriotic spirit of one man,
+supplemented by the untold amount of work accomplished at his
+suggestion by thousands of patriotic American citizens.
+
+And in the midst of this work before war was declared General Wood, as
+a part of his plan of preparedness, asked some ten or twelve men to
+come to Plattsburg at different times to speak to the student
+officers. Among these men he included the two living ex-presidents of
+the United States--Mr. Taft and Colonel Roosevelt. He first submitted
+the list of speakers to the War Department so that the Department
+might eliminate any one of them who for any reason should appear to be
+undesirable.
+
+After two weeks, having had no reply, he sent out the invitations and
+from time to time these speakers came and addressed the members of the
+different camps.
+
+Roosevelt on his arrival at Plattsburg handed to Wood the speech he
+proposed to deliver; and {220} in view of the known critical attitude
+which the former took towards the administration Wood asked two other
+army officers to go over the proposed speech with him and help him to
+eliminate anything which might be questioned upon such an occasion.
+The address was delivered at about five o'clock in the afternoon at
+the camp and when it was finished Roosevelt was heartily congratulated
+personally by many men of both political parties, among them two
+distinguished Democrats--John Mitchel, Mayor of New York, and Dudley
+Field Malone, Collector of the Port of New York.
+
+After dinner Roosevelt left in the evening to go into the city of
+Plattsburg, a mile or two away from the camp, to take the midnight
+train for New York. As he stood on the platform of the railway station
+some time after eleven in the evening he was interviewed by the
+newspaper reporters. No military person was present. What he said was
+given out on territory not under military jurisdiction and it had
+nothing to do with the Plattsburg speech. Roosevelt spoke to the
+newspaper men in his usual forcible fashion:
+
+"In the course of his speech he remarked that {221} for thirteen
+months the United States had played an ignoble part among the nations,
+had tamely submitted to seeing the weak, whom we had covenanted to
+protect, wronged; had seen our men, women and children murdered on the
+high seas 'without action on our part,' and had used elocution as a
+substitute for action. 'Reliance upon high sounding words unbacked by
+deeds,' said he, 'is proof of a mind that dwells only in the realm of
+shadow and of sham.' Under the Hague Convention it was our duty to
+prevent, and, if not to prevent, then to undo, the hideous wrong that
+was done in Belgium, but we had shirked this duty. He denounced
+hyphenated Americans, professional pacifists and those who would
+substitute arbitration treaties for an army, or the platitudes of
+peace congresses for military preparedness."
+
+The next day Wood received a telegraphic reprimand from the Government
+in Washington. "In this telegram of disapproval. Secretary Garrison
+said it was difficult to conceive of anything which could have a more
+detrimental effect than such an incident. The camp, held under the
+{222} Government auspices, was conveying its own impressive lesson in
+its practical and successful operation and results. 'No opportunity
+should have been furnished to any one to present to the men any matter
+except that which was essential to the necessary training they were to
+receive. Anything else could only have the effect of distracting
+attention from the real nature of the experiment, diverting
+consideration to issues which excite controversy, antagonism and
+ill-feeling, and thereby impairing, if not destroying, what otherwise
+would have been so effective.' General Wood replied, as follows: 'Your
+telegram received, and the policy laid down will be rigidly adhered
+to.'" [Footnote: _The Independent_.]
+
+
+
+{223}
+
+THE GREAT WAR
+
+{224}
+
+{225}
+
+
+
+IX
+
+THE GREAT WAR
+
+
+
+On April 6, 1917, war having been that week declared by the United
+States against Germany, Major-General Leonard Wood, ranking officer in
+the United States Army--that is to say, the man occupying the senior
+position in our army--being then in sound health of mind and body and
+fifty-six years of age, wrote and personally delivered two identical
+letters, one to the Adjutant-General of the Army and the other to the
+Chief of Staff, requesting assignment for military service abroad.
+
+No acknowledgment or reply was ever received from either source.
+
+Early in April he received notice that the Department of the East of
+which he was then commander was abolished and in its place three new
+and smaller departments created, in spite of vigorous protests by
+several Governors of Atlantic States. He was offered any one of the
+following {226} three military positions that he might select--the
+Philippines, Hawaii or the "less important post" at Charleston, South
+Carolina.
+
+He at once selected the post at Charleston.
+
+On May 12th he proceeded to Charleston and began the organization of
+the Southeastern Department. In the months immediately following he
+had selected and laid out eleven large training camps and had taken
+charge of the supervision of three officers' training camps, one at
+Oglethorpe, one at Atlanta and one at Little Rock.
+
+On August 26th he received orders to proceed to Camp Funston in Kansas
+to command the cantonment there and train for service a division of
+national troops designated as the 89th Division.
+
+Towards the end of the year he was ordered to proceed to Europe to
+observe the military operations of the war. Leaving Camp Funston the
+day before Thanksgiving, he landed in Liverpool on Christmas Day,
+1917. In London he called by invitation upon General Robertson, the
+British Chief of Staff, and upon his old friend, Sir John French. He
+then proceeded to Paris on December 31, and between January 2nd and
+14th, 1918, {227} went over the British front with Generals Cator and
+Rawlinson. On the 16th he was at Soissons with the French.
+
+For the next few days the examination of the French front continued at
+and near the Chemin des Dames sector.
+
+On January 27th he went with some French officers and men and a number
+of American officers to look into the work of the 6th French army
+training school, where artillery practice was in progress at
+Fère-en-Tardenois. He was standing behind a mortar, the center man of
+the five officers watching the gun crew fire the mortar, when a shell
+burst, or detonated, inside the gun.
+
+The entire gun crew was blown to pieces. The four officers on either
+side of General Wood were killed. He himself received a wound in the
+muscles of the left arm and lost part of the right sleeve of his
+tunic. Six fragments of the shell passed through his clothing and two
+of them killed the officers on either side of him. He was the only man
+within a space of twelve feet of the mortar who was not instantly
+killed. Many were wounded, including two others of our own officers.
+
+{228}
+
+After a night in the field first-aid hospital, where his arm was
+dressed, he motored approximately a hundred miles to Paris the next
+day and went into the French officers' hospital in the Hotel Ritz.
+
+This hospital was in the old portion of the Ritz Hotel. General Wood
+was the first foreign officer to be admitted to it. It was full of
+wounded French officers and men from the different fronts; some of
+them from Salonika; some sent back from Germany, hopelessly crippled,
+and held as unfit for further service by the Germans; and many from
+the Western front.
+
+Here he got very near the soul of the French Army and came in touch
+with that indomitable spirit which made that army fight best and
+hardest when things looked darkest. Thanks to an excellent physical
+condition he made a rapid recovery, described by French surgeons as
+found only among the very young. He was a guest of the French
+Government while at the hospital and received every possible courtesy.
+On the 16th of February after having talked with many of the French
+officers in the hospital and called, at their request, upon
+Clemenceau, President Poincaré, Joffre and {229} others, he left Paris
+entirely cured of his slight wound and proceeded to the headquarters
+of the French Army of the North at Vizay. There he met and talked with
+Generals D'Esperey and Gourand, visited Rheims and Bar-le-duc and
+spent the day of the 20th at Verdun.
+
+During the next few days he visited the United States Army
+headquarters at Chaumont and Toul and was back in Paris on the 26th,
+when he received orders from the A. E. F. to return to the United
+States by way of Bordeaux. On the 21st of March he arrived in New York
+and was summoned four days later to appear before the Senate committee
+on military affairs to report his observations.
+
+He was then examined by the Mayo examining board, pronounced
+absolutely fit physically and on April 12th resumed command of the
+89th Division at Camp Funston, Kansas.
+
+The training of this division was practically finished in late May and
+the 89th was thereupon ordered abroad for service.
+
+After seeing some of the elements of the division off for the
+evacuation station at Camp Mills, Long {230} Island, New York, General
+Wood left Funston himself and proceeded to Mills to see to the
+reception of his division and look to its embarkation. He arrived at
+the Long Island camp on May 25th and there found an order from the War
+Department relieving him of his command of the 89th Division and
+instructing him to proceed to San Francisco to assume command of the
+Western Department. After finishing some necessary work he went to
+Washington on the 27th and saw the Secretary of War. Little is known
+of what took place at this conversation except that General Wood
+requested that he be reinstated in his command of the 89th Division
+and sent abroad, which was refused.
+
+Wood saw the President, explained the situation and was told that the
+latter would take the matter under consideration.
+
+No consideration was ever reported.
+
+Meantime the order sending him to California created such an uproar
+throughout the United States that it was rescinded and General Wood
+was ordered to Camp Funston again to train a new division--the
+10th--which was ready to go {231} abroad when the armistice was signed
+on November 11th.
+
+This constitutes General Wood's services to his country during the
+period of the war.
+
+Much might be said in regard to this history. Much might be surmised
+as to the causes which led to keeping the man who was the senior
+officer of the army out of the war entirely. Much--very much--has been
+said throughout this country in and out of print during the past two
+years. The theory that he was too old for active service could not be
+a reason, since he is younger than many general officers who did see
+service abroad--younger as a matter of fact than General Pershing
+himself. It is hardly conceivable that physical condition could have
+been a reason, since at least twice in the last two years he has been
+passed by expert physical examination boards in the regular routine of
+army life and found sound, mentally and physically. He does, to be
+sure, limp and has had to do so for years on account of an accident in
+Cuba fifteen or sixteen years ago. Yet this could hardly unfit him for
+service in France when it did not unfit him for service in the {232}
+Philippine jungle, or the active life which he has led for the past
+ten years.
+
+There has been considerable surmise as to whether his amazing campaign
+for preparedness, his speeches and his many activities in the
+officers' training camps organization and administration prejudiced
+the authorities against him. This again is hardly credible since it is
+manifestly inconceivable that those men in charge of the prosecution
+of our part in the great war, with the immense responsibility resting
+upon their shoulders, could possibly have allowed personal prejudice
+and favoritism to have played any part in their decision in regard to
+any man--least of all the most important man in the Regular Army.
+
+Some controversy arose as to whether Wood's friendship and relation to
+Theodore Roosevelt might not have created hostility in administration
+and army circles. This again is beyond credence when the importance of
+the men on both sides is considered and the terrific importance of
+events at the time is taken into account. Here again it is
+inconceivable that any man or group of men could at such times and in
+such circumstances {233} allow anything personal to sway his or their
+judgment.
+
+The incontestable fact still remains, however, that the one man in the
+Army who by his whole life in the United States, in many parts of the
+earth, had during a period of thirty years been preparing himself for
+just such an occasion, who had for four years been trying to get the
+people of the country and the government to prepare, who had appeared
+before Senate military commissions and other similar bodies and
+registered his belief in the necessity for certain measures, all of
+which were adopted by the Government as recommended by him--that the
+one man who had done all this should not have been selected to do any
+active service whatever at the front, but should have been offered
+posts in the Philippines, Hawaii and California when he was applying
+for service in France. Lloyd George wanted him; France wanted him; and
+the American Army wanted him.
+
+All sorts and conditions of men throughout the United States expressed
+their opinion upon the subject during this war period and are doing so
+{234} still, but the one man who has said nothing is General Wood
+himself. With his inherited and acquired characteristic of doing
+something, of never remaining idle, with the habit acquired from years
+of military discipline and respect for orders emanating from properly
+constituted authority, he put in his application again and again for
+service and then accepted without public comment whatever orders were
+issued to him.
+
+Here again is the same simple, direct mind of the man who has at no
+time lost his sense of proportion, who has not become excited because
+his chance was not given him--the chance for which he had spent long
+years of preparation--who did not let this outward
+wallpaper--plaster--showy thing divert him from the essential point,
+the great beam of our war preparation house--the necessity that every
+man, woman and child should do all he or she could do to help the
+Government of the United States carry the war--or our part of it--to a
+successful conclusion when that Government finally made up its mind to
+go in.
+
+Wood declined to become a martyr. He had no bitter feelings. He was,
+as any other man of {235} his prominence and character would be,
+disappointed at having no opportunity to serve his country at the
+front. But he took what came to him and did it as usual with
+extraordinary quickness, effectiveness and thoroughness.
+
+Indeed speculation on the subject is not likely to produce much
+profit. It is only of importance in the present place as illustrating
+again the make-up of the subject of this biographical sketch. He took
+no steps other than those regularly and properly open to him to secure
+service. He attempted no roundabout methods. He kept his own counsel
+and followed his old maxim of "Do it and don't talk about it." His
+requests for reasons for denying him of all men the right to fight for
+his country on the battle line made through proper channels--never
+otherwise--produced no answers in any case and to this day the whole
+amazing episode is entirely without explanation.
+
+Meantime the man's characteristic energy and thoroughness produced
+extraordinary results in other fields.
+
+In his short sojourn in Charleston it was his duty to select and
+prepare at once a certain {236} number of camps, or cantonments as
+they came to be called, within the jurisdiction of the South Eastern
+Department. And this he proceeded to do with great rapidity. Not only
+were all the sites he selected passed without exception, but they
+proved to be in every instance safe, sanitary and sufficient for the
+purpose. This was no easy matter with almost every town and city in
+the South sending delegations to him to ask that it be selected as the
+site of one of the camps, with the prodigious amount of political
+influence brought to bear from all sides and with the necessity of
+offending nobody, of making all work towards one end--the immediate
+preparation for homes for the men who were to make the new army.
+
+It was all so skillfully handled that there is not a place in the
+South of any size which has not sounded and does not sound the praises
+of General Wood. He selected the camps and made them with that
+experience and knowledge that were his because of the fact that he was
+an army officer and a doctor who had done much the same thing and had
+had much the same work in Cuba and the Philippines.
+
+{237}
+
+One would expect something of the sort from any able man with such
+preparation, but one would not expect such a man to leave the
+Department with the extraordinary popularity and the multitude of
+expressions of good will and affection which Wood carried away with
+him after these few months of work.
+
+In the midst of the journeyings to and fro to look over possible sites
+and all the work entailed in preparing the camps he found time to
+supervise the three officers' training camps already mentioned, which
+were carried out upon the lines of the earlier ones with the aid of
+the Officers' Training Camps Association.
+
+Upon being transferred to Camp Funston near Fort Riley in Kansas, Wood
+began in the first days of September, 1917, the training of a new
+division of raw recruits from the selective draft. He had the
+assistance of a nucleus of army officers and some few army men, but
+the bulk of the division consisted of new men and of new officers
+recently from the officers' training camps. And this work was well on
+its way and the division {238} taking form when he received orders to
+go to Europe.
+
+It is difficult in this limited space to go into the details of his
+work abroad, and most of it in any case was technical matter more
+adapted to a military report. The results of some of his conversations
+are, however, of interest now as showing the situation as it appeared
+to important men, military and political, in Europe at that time.
+
+Some one said during the summer of 1918 when asked how much the
+American man and woman in the street really knew of what was going on
+in Europe, that if the headlines of American newspapers were
+disregarded and the actual telegraphic reports themselves read day by
+day, nearly everything that anybody from commanding generals down knew
+was known to that reader. There were, of course, many discussions
+amongst the guiding intellects, political and military, which never
+saw the light. There were, naturally, plans discussed and never
+carried out which the American citizen did not hear of at any time.
+But the general consensus of opinion seems to be that the {239}
+American newspaper reader knew almost as much as any one of what was
+happening and that he certainly knew as much of what was going to
+happen as the men in the inner circle.
+
+Much that has come out since the armistice shows a condition of
+affairs almost as the man in the street knew it at the time. In the
+winter of 1917-18 we knew that a huge drive was scheduled by the
+Germans on the Franco-Belgian front in the spring. In the following
+summer we knew the doubtful situation around Château-Thierry. In the
+middle of July we knew that something was happening, that the
+Americans were beginning to go in in large numbers, that the German
+"push" was slowing up; and that a turn had been made. Finally we knew
+that the German army was suddenly retiring, and for a month before the
+armistice was signed we knew that it was going to be signed. Indeed so
+sure was the American public of this last that they celebrated the end
+of the war throughout this great land a week ahead of time, because of
+a report which, though literally incorrect, was in essence true and
+known to be true.
+
+{240}
+
+It is not uninteresting, therefore, to review the sentiments and
+opinions which Wood found upon his arrival amongst the French and
+English statesmen and soldiers between January 1 and February 26th,
+1918.
+
+In London Lloyd George, the British Premier, knew Wood as the
+administrator of Cuba and the Philippines. He knew also of Wood's
+experience with, and knowledge of European armies. He was anxious for
+Wood to be in Europe. He laid great emphasis upon the shortage of
+American air service which made it difficult for American troops to
+work as a separate unit without English or French coöperation. He pled
+for American troops at the earliest possible moment and offered more
+transportation facilities--even though England had already transported
+not only her own men but many of ours across the Atlantic.
+
+General Sir William Robertson stated in January that there was an
+impending crisis coming in the early spring; that Germany would make
+an immensely powerful drive toward Paris or the channel ports or both;
+and that in his opinion the Allied lines would hold until the
+Americans {241} got into the war with full strength. But he made no
+concealment of the fact that the next six months would be very
+critical ones.
+
+Marshal Joffre held similar views. Both officers expressed the opinion
+that the summer of 1918 would be the crisis and deciding point of the
+war. They, too, felt the French and English lines would hold, but they
+laid heavy stress upon the importance of more troops from America.
+
+On the French front Wood lunched and had a long talk with General
+Gouraud and another at Paris later with General Pétain whom he knew
+and who knew well the history of Wood's career in organization and
+administration. Pétain is said to have expressed the hope that Wood
+might soon be in France on active duty and to have said that when he
+did come he would put him in command of an army of French and American
+troops.
+
+As Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, next to the highest rank in
+that order--General Wood was naturally received by all French officers
+and statesmen. This order having been conferred upon him some years
+before because of his record in Cuba and the Philippines placed him in
+a small {242} group of men, most of them, naturally, French, who are
+the distinguished men of Europe. His reception by the President of
+France, by the premier, Georges Clemenceau, and other French statesmen
+came as a matter of course. But the conversations which took place
+between the American soldier and these men have never, naturally, been
+made public except in some of their bare essentials. Nor will any one
+ever know just what was said unless one or another of the parties to
+them shall some time disclose it himself.
+
+There seems to be no doubt, however, of the very warm reception which
+this senior officer of the American army was given. His record in
+preparedness work, his record in administrative and organization work
+were all well known to the statesmen of these two countries who were
+from their experience with colonial matters so well fitted to judge of
+what he had accomplished along these lines.
+
+General Wood's opinion as the result of his trip was that the American
+troops should serve by divisions for a time with the French and
+English rather than as a separate army from the start, {243} because
+of the fact that all matters of supply, equipment, artillery, air
+service and so on which were so incomplete in the American service and
+so complete by this time in the British and French services would
+apply to the Americans as well as to the others and that the training
+alongside the veterans of over three years of war would make the
+effectiveness of the American troops quicker, better and more
+definite--would in the end increase efficiency and save life.
+
+After having reported to the Senate committee and returned to Camp
+Funston he took up with immeasurably renewed vigor the work of getting
+the 89th Division, which he was to take abroad, ready for its service,
+and all was prepared when the order came for them to move to New York
+for embarkation. This work of transportation being practically
+completed and the big division ready to go on board ship, Leonard Wood
+felt that at last his chance to take his part in the war at the front
+had come.
+
+It is practically impossible for any one, therefore, to realize just
+what it meant to him, or would have meant to any man, to receive
+notification as {244} he was almost in the act of going on board the
+transport that his command of the division he had trained and
+organized was taken away from him, another officer put in his place
+and he himself ordered to the farthest possible extremity of the
+United States in the opposite direction. It is certainly impossible to
+express here what his feelings were since nobody really knows them.
+
+Imagination, however, which plays so important a part in this world's
+affairs will play its part here as elsewhere, and some estimate of
+what effect it had upon the country was shown in the outcry which
+arose everywhere and which created such sudden wrath that the order
+itself was immediately rescinded and changed to the Funston
+appointment.
+
+The character of men is exhibited in infinite ways and by infinite
+methods, but never more surely than during critical periods when
+passions run high and injustice seems to be in the saddle. It is
+always at such times that reserve force, mental strength, and all the
+sound basic qualities which make up what we call character play their
+important parts in the drama of life. No one has, {245} so far as our
+history tells us, shown greater strength of this nature than Abraham
+Lincoln, and it is that reserve, that amazing common sense which "with
+malice toward none, with charity for all" led him on all occasions no
+matter how extraordinary the provocation to decline to let
+personalities, jealousies, or any of the baser passions control his
+actions or influence his decisions.
+
+It would be ridiculous for any one to assume that General Wood was not
+cut to the quick by this unexplained action, which took the cup from
+his lips as he was about to drink, but there never has appeared
+anywhere anything emanating from him which criticized, questioned or
+in any way took exception to it. One may read, however, between the
+lines of his short good-by to the division which he created many
+thoughts that may have been in his mind and that certainly were in the
+minds of the officers of the 89th to whom this simple address was the
+first intimation that he was not to lead them into action in France.
+It is so direct, so simple, so manly that, like all such documents, it
+is only with time that its great {246} hearted spirit makes the true
+impression on any reader. It will take its place in the history of
+this country amongst the few documents which live on always because
+they exhibit a wise and sane outlook upon life and because they make a
+universal appeal to the best that lives always like a divine spark in
+the heart of every man.
+
+It makes the boy in school exclaim, "Some day when I grow up I will do
+that." It lives in the dreams that come just before sleep as the
+attitude the young man would like to take when his critical hour
+comes. It cheers the old, since they can say: "So long as this can be
+done there is no fear for our native land."
+
+Here it is:
+
+"I will not say good-by, but consider it a temporary separation--at
+least I hope so. I have worked hard with you and you have done
+excellent work. I had hoped very much to take you over to the other
+side. In fact, I had no intimation, direct or indirect, of any change
+of orders until we reached here the other night. The orders have been
+changed and I am to go back to Funston. I leave for that place
+to-morrow {247} morning. I wish you the best of luck and ask you to
+keep up the high standard of conduct and work you have maintained in
+the past. There is nothing to be said. These orders stand; and the
+only thing to do is to do the best we can--all of us--to win the war.
+That is what we are here for. That is what you have been trained for.
+I shall follow your career with the deepest interest--with just as
+much interest as if I were with you. Good luck; and God bless you!"
+
+
+
+{248}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+STATE Of KANSAS
+
+GOVERNOR'S OFFICE
+
+
+
+KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS:
+
+INASMUCH as the life of a state, its strength and virtue and moral
+worth are directly dependent upon the character of the citizens who
+compose it, and
+
+INASMUCH as it is a solemn obligation imposed upon the Governor of the
+state to promote and advance the interests and well-being of the
+commonwealth in every way consistent with due regard for the rights
+and privileges of sister states, and
+
+WHEREAS, the soldier, Leonard Wood, Major General in the United States
+Army and now commandant at Camp Funston, has shown by his daily life,
+by his devotion to duty, by his high ideals and by his love of
+country, that he is a high-minded man after our own hearths,
+four-square to all the world, one good to know,
+
+NOW, THEREFORE, I Arthur Capper, Governor of the State of Kansas, do
+hereby declare the said
+
+  MAJOR GENERAL LEONARD WOOD
+
+to be, in character and in ideals, a true Kansan. And by virtue of the
+esteem and affection the people of Kansas bear him, I do furthermore
+declare him to be to all intents and purposes a citizen of this state,
+and as such to be entitled to speak the Kansas language, to follow
+Kansas customs and to be known as
+
+  CITIZEN EXTRAORDINARY
+
+IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto subscribed my name and caused to be
+affixed the Great Seal of the State of Kansas. Done at Topeka, the
+capitol, this 19th day of December, D. 1919
+
+Arthur Capper GOVERNOR
+
+[Seal of the State of Kansas] By the Governor
+
+[Signature] Secretary of State
+
+[Signature] Asst. Secretary of State
+
+
+
+[End illustration]
+
+
+
+{249}
+
+A few days later Wood had returned to Funston and begun preparations
+for the training of the 10th Division, when by executive action the
+Governor of Kansas acknowledged on his own behalf and on behalf of the
+State the General's services to his country by making him a "citizen
+extraordinary" of the State.
+
+The story of the Tenth Division is short but illuminating. It was
+composed principally of drafted men. Its first groups began to
+organize at Funston on the 10th of August--raw men from office, farm
+and shop. They found there the skeletons of so-called regular
+regiments--regiments which were regular only in name; that is to {250}
+say, there were only a very few regular officers of experience and a
+limited number of men recently recruited under the old system. On the
+24th General Wood reviewed the whole division. On November 1st it was
+ready, trained, equipped and in condition both from the physical and
+the military point of view to go abroad. And when the armistice was
+signed on November 11th an advance contingent had already gone to
+France to prepare for its reception. About the middle of September the
+British and French Senior Mission--three officers of each
+army--reported at Funston and remained there for six weeks. And upon
+their departure on November 1st after a long, rigid and critical
+examination of the division they stated that in their opinion it was
+by far the best prepared and trained division that they had seen in
+this country.
+
+Here again appears the same quality that made McKinley appoint Wood
+Governor-General of Cuba; that made Roosevelt send him to organize the
+apparently unorganizable part of the Philippine Islands; that caused
+the French to award him a very high order of the Legion of Honor;
+{251} that made the State of Kansas take him into its family as a
+citizen; that led the generals of Europe to hope he would come and be
+one of them; and finally that caused many hundreds of thousands of his
+own countrymen to follow him and support him in his plans to prepare
+the people of his nation for what eventually came upon them.
+
+With the signing of the armistice and the victorious ending of the war
+Wood's activities did not cease. With characteristic energy he began
+the work of looking out for the soldiers who would soon be demobilized
+from the army and thrown upon their own resources. He saw how changed
+the outlook of many of these men would be. He saw the troubles in
+which thousands--actually millions--of them would be involved, not
+through any fault of their own, not through any fault of the
+Government or of army life, but because they had undergone certain
+mental changes incident to training, to active service, and hence
+could not again return to the point they had reached when their
+military service began.
+
+He, therefore, instituted in Chicago, where as Commander of the
+Central Department he had his {252} headquarters, as well as in St.
+Louis, Kansas City and Cleveland, organizations to look to the finding
+of employment for returning officers and men. And in addresses and all
+methods open to him he urged the organization of similar bodies in all
+cities to accomplish elsewhere the same object. His attitude was that
+of the father of children--the rearrangement on new lines of the
+American family; and he again found universal support.
+
+"Appreciation of the work done by our Soldiers, Sailors and Marines in
+the Great War can best be shown by active measures to return them to
+suitable civil employment upon their discharge from service. The four
+million men inducted into the service, less the dead, are being
+returned to their homes. In seeing that they are returned to suitable
+civil employment, and by that I mean employment in which they will
+find contentment, we will find it at times difficult to deal with
+them. We must remember that many of these men, before going in for the
+great adventure, had never been far from home, had never seen the big
+things of life, had never had the opportunity of finding {253}
+themselves. During their service in the army they found out that all
+men were equal except as distinguished one from the other by such
+characteristics as physique, education and character. They discovered
+that men who are loyal, attentive to duty, always striving to do more
+than required, stood out among their fellows and were marked for
+promotion. Naturally many of them now see that their former employment
+will not give them the opportunities for advancement which they have
+come to prize, and for that reason they want a change. They want a
+kind of employment which offers opportunities for promotion. Many such
+men are fitted for forms of employment which offer this advantage, and
+they must be given the opportunity to try to make good in the lines of
+endeavor which they elect to follow. It is not charity to give these
+men the opportunities for which they strive. It is Justice. Others are
+not mentally equipped to take advantage of such opportunities if
+offered, and with these we will find it more difficult to deal. They
+must be reasoned with and directed, if possible, into the kind of
+employment best suited to their characteristics. Let us {254} remember
+that a square deal for our honorably discharged Soldiers, Sailors and
+Marines will strengthen the morale of the Nation and will help to
+create a sound national consciousness ready to act promptly in support
+of Truth, Justice and Right" [Footnote: _Address of Leonard Wood_.]
+
+There is, with the differences patent because of time and place and
+surrounding circumstances, a flavor to this plea that recalls another
+address upon a similar subject more than fifty years ago:
+
+"It is for the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished
+work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is
+rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before
+us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
+cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we
+here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that
+this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom--and that
+government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not
+perish from the earth." [Footnote: _Lincoln's Gettysburg Speech_.]
+
+{255}
+
+THE RESULT
+
+{256}
+
+{257}
+
+
+
+X
+
+THE RESULT
+
+In these days, therefore, immediately following the Great War it is
+well to keep in our own minds and try to put into the minds of others
+the great elemental truths of life; and to try at the same time to
+keep out of our and their minds in so far as possible the unessential
+and changing superficialities which never last long and which never
+move forward the civilization of the human race.
+
+This very simple biographical sketch is not an attempt to settle the
+problems of the hour. Such an attempt might excite the amusement and
+interest of students of that mental disease known as
+paranoia--students who are far too busy at the moment as it is without
+this addition to the unusually large supply of patients--but it could
+not add anything either to the pleasure or entertainment of any one
+else. That the simple biographical sketch can even approach the latter
+{258} accomplishment may be held to be a matter for reasonable doubt.
+
+Nor, furthermore, is the sketch an attempt at the soap box or other
+variety of philosophy which one individual attempts to thrust down the
+mental throats of his fellow beings. There exists a hazy suspicion
+that the fellow beings are quite competent to decide what they will
+swallow mentally and what they will, vulgarly speaking, expectorate
+forthwith.
+
+The simple biographical sketch is a frank attempt to express, as at
+least one person sees it, the character, the accomplishments and the
+service rendered by one man to his country throughout a life which
+seems to have been singularly sturdy, honest, normal and consistent,
+and which, therefore, is an example to his countrymen that may in
+these somewhat hectic times well be considered and perhaps even
+emulated.
+
+At the risk, however, of entering the paranoiac's clinic it would seem
+almost necessary if not even desirable to apply the record discussed
+to the situation which confronts us in these days, since biography has
+no special significance unless it {259} brings to others some more or
+less effective stimulus to better and greater endeavor on their own
+part.
+
+If, therefore, the life and record of a man like Leonard Wood is to be
+of value to others it must to some extent at least be considered in
+relation to the events of his day and time. These events have been
+sufficiently startling in the light of all previous history to make it
+perhaps permissible to glance over them.
+
+Roughly speaking, since Wood was born transportation has become so
+perfected that, in the light of our navy's recent accomplishments with
+the seaplane, it is now possible for a human being to go from New York
+to London in the same period of time that it took then to go from New
+York to New London. It is fair to assume then that the distance of New
+York from London so far as human travel goes is or will shortly be the
+same as the distance of New York from New London when Wood was born.
+
+Roughly speaking since Wood was born intercourse between persons by
+means of conversation has become so perfected that it is now possible
+for {260} two people, one in New York and the other in San Francisco,
+to converse over the telephone--wireless or otherwise--as easily as
+could two persons when Wood was born talk from one room to another
+through an open doorway. So that for practical purposes the three or
+four thousand mile breadth of this continent is reduced to what then
+was a matter of ten feet.
+
+One might continue indefinitely, but these two examples are
+sufficient. If San Francisco is no further away than the next room and
+if London can be reached as quickly as New London, and if myriads of
+other physical changes of this sort have occurred in sixty years, then
+it is fair to assume that there has been an equal amount of resulting
+psychological change. These changes in the relation of man to his
+surroundings and the consequent changes in his relations to himself
+and his fellow beings have probably done more to rearrange the world
+on a different basis than all the developments of the half-dozen
+centuries that preceded the nineteenth.
+
+The elimination of distance, the making of human relation as easy for
+continents as for {261} adjoining communities lessens the size of the
+world and standardizes the rules that govern life. All intellectual,
+political, commercial and military procedures have changed therefore
+in the last half century to a greater extent than in hundreds of years
+prior thereto. One race in the fifth or sixth grade of civilization
+begins to discover what the other race in the first grade is doing.
+One commercial country of a lower order finds what it is losing
+because of another country of a higher order of commercialism. The
+laborers of Barcelona discover what the laborers of New York are
+receiving in compensation for the same work. The people of Russia
+discover the different political conditions existing amongst
+themselves and the people of England and France. The government of the
+German Empire sees what a united nation backed by the biggest army on
+earth might do in Europe. The men of Austria who have no vote learn
+what the men of the United States procure from universal suffrage.
+
+With the belief on every human being's part that the other fellow is
+better off than he, with the education which goes on through the
+medium {262} of emigration and immigration, with the immense number of
+detail short cuts, with the prodigious increase in reading and the
+resulting acquirement of the ideas of others, with the myriad of other
+matters patent to any one who thinks--with all this and because of it
+the methods and procedure of daily life have changed entirely
+throughout most of the civilized world since a man who is now nearly
+sixty was born.
+
+At the same time the family remains the same; the marriage law is
+unchanged; the right of private property is what it was in the days of
+ancient Rome. The Constitution of the United States is what it was a
+hundred and thirty years ago. Justice is the same as it was in the
+time of Alexander. The Golden Rule has not been altered since the time
+of Christ. Love, hate, fear and courage stand as they were originally
+some time prior to the stone age.
+
+To revert, then, to the simile of the construction of the house, it
+seems true that while the plaster and the wall paper--the decorations
+of its interior and exterior--change from time to nevertheless on the
+whole, as a rule, in the main {263} the passage of the great ages has
+not materially changed the supports of the structure--and never will.
+
+
+In the matter of interior and exterior decoration periods come and go
+during which those who build houses decorate according to schools of
+art. It is the only belief that any sane and hopeful human being can
+have that these schools of decoration for the old house of
+civilization in the main steadily improve. If it is not so, then we
+have nothing to live for, nothing to which we may look forward. Also,
+however, there are fashions and fads running along by the side of
+these great schools which are suggestive, amusing or ludicrous, as the
+case may be. The cubists and the followers of the old masters paint at
+the same time. One, however, dies shortly and the other lives
+on--often to be sure affected in some slight way by the grotesque but
+honest fad, but never giving way to it.
+
+In the month of November, 1918, greater changes of this nature took
+place in the political world than in all the years which preceded that
+month since the beginning of the Christian era. {264} In that month
+some scores of crowned heads stepped down from their thrones and made
+haste to reach shelter as do the rats in a kitchen when the cook turns
+on the electric light. At that time something like three hundred
+millions of people gave up their particular forms of government and to
+a certain extent have been living on since without any substitute.
+
+Some of these crowned heads have sat on their thrones from five to ten
+centuries. Some of the governments have lived as long.
+
+It looks like a general tumble of the house of civilization. And yet
+most of these millions of people go on getting up in the morning,
+going to bed at night and, impossible as it may seem, conducting
+commercial enterprises. The kings have gone; the governments have
+gone; yet the people remain and their daily life goes on--not as usual
+--but in the main the same.
+
+At such a time amidst such stupendous changes it is natural that an
+infinite number of plans for reconstruction come forward. All the
+century-old panaceas crop up. All the moss-grown plans for a perfect
+world are thrust forward in a new {265} dress and naturally gain
+credence. And with the increased ease of intercommunication of
+individuals and ideas the opportunity not only for many more but for
+widely divergent theories to make themselves heard is immeasurably
+increased. Thus it becomes possible for a Lenine and a Trotzky to
+leave their tenement flats in the slums of New York and proceed to the
+palaces of the Czar to show the hundred and twenty millions of
+Russians what can be done--and, what is far more to the point, get a
+hearing. Thus it becomes possible for the International Workers of the
+World in Russia, France, England and America to get together in
+conference in Switzerland or elsewhere and discuss how best to destroy
+not only governments, but private property, law, order, the family and
+all the beams of the great house at one time. Thus it becomes possible
+for a host of less radical but none the less pernicious plans for the
+good or evil of the world to fly about amongst unstable but
+well-meaning minds.
+
+Our country, so remote in miles from the scenes of these upheavals, is
+by the development of {266} modern times so near that it is to a
+certain extent affected by them.
+
+In a population of one hundred millions in the United States there are
+probably one hundred million different views entertained upon each of
+the questions of this disturbed period. But a fair classification of
+them could be safely made into radicals, moderates and
+conservatives--Bolsheviki and theorists, slow-moving and hard-thinking
+citizens and stiff-necked reactionaries--all honest and earnest in the
+mean. If the Bolsheviki and theorists outnumber the others we shall
+have a situation in the United States similar to that in Russia,
+Austria and Germany. If the stiff-necked reactionaries outnumber the
+others, we shall smother the flame for a time only to have it burst
+forth shortly in an infinitely more terrible explosion. If the
+slow-moving, hard-thinking citizens outnumber the others, we shall
+maintain the main structure of our house so laboriously built
+throughout the ages while we change to some extent the nature of the
+wall paper and the plaster to adapt it to modern conditions.
+
+Some of us want to achieve the first, some the {267} second and some
+the third status; and it would be safe to say that up to the present
+in this country the people of the great middle class--the not rich,
+the not poor, the steady business man, the ordinary mother of a
+family--are in the majority and are trying to adapt themselves to the
+new conditions even if only in a slow and somewhat halting manner.
+
+It will help them and therefore help the country to maintain
+themselves and itself on an even keel until the storm subsides if they
+can have some concrete standard to work by. And as standards in this
+sense usually become established by example, by what each of us thinks
+the man he looks up to is doing, thinking and planning, it seems fair
+to say that the example of a few leading men of the strong sanity
+which characterizes General Wood is having now or will have in the
+future a great influence for good.
+
+When we are all complaining at the changing conditions, when we see
+apparently permanent organizations like the government of
+thousand-year-old empires crumbling in a month, when we hear the new-old
+theories for a new form of {268} existence, we are somewhat dazed,
+somewhat influenced by the outward signs and somewhat skeptical about
+our own small but to ourselves important outlook. At such a moment the
+voice of one who says in substance: "Do not let superficial changes
+--no matter how important they seem--make us forget the law of man and
+nature; do not forget that the fittest survives; do not imagine that
+wars are over because the most terrible one in history is just
+finished; do not hesitate to prepare for your own duties and those of
+your country; do not forget that organization and coöperation produce
+peace, safety, prosperity and happiness"--when a voice in our land
+announces this and its owner proves by his whole life the truth of his
+statements, then it pays to listen and inwardly digest.
+
+In spite of all we are being told to the contrary, there need be no
+alarm for the future if the country contains enough of such leaders to
+make themselves heard above the babel of new cries and beliefs,
+notwithstanding the attractive pictures some of these theorists
+present. For that reason leaders must always exist where progress is
+to be {269} made and the great majority must stand behind them to back
+them up.
+
+The effective spear cannot do its work without its steel point, nor
+yet without its long handle to force the point home.
+
+This biographical sketch treats of one of these spear points and as
+such represents to a greater or less degree all great sane leaders,
+though it speaks of but one.
+
+Leonard Wood's personality is one of mental sanity and physical
+health. It is non-reactionary and non-visionary. It is military only
+in the sense that the army happens to have been his business in life.
+His business might have been that of the law, of banking, or leather,
+without in the least changing in it. He once said of this:
+
+"The officers of the Army and Navy are the professional servants of
+the government in matters pertaining to the military establishment.
+They are like engineers, doctors, lawyers, or any other class of
+professional men whose services people employ because they are expert
+in their line of work. They do not initiate wars. Nine-tenths of all
+wars have their origin directly or indirectly in {270} issues arising
+out of trade. The people make war; the government declares it; and the
+officers of the army and navy are charged with the responsibility of
+terminating it with such means and implements as the people may give
+them."
+
+His voice raised in behalf of preparedness refers therefore to the
+military, because as a Major-General in the United States Army he is
+not empowered to speak of other walks in life. Yet his own wide
+experience in Cuba and the Philippines in administration, very little
+of which was military, is a witness of his belief in preparedness in
+an life.
+
+He founded schools where there were none to prepare citizens for the
+new Cuban republic. He reorganized and built up customs laws and
+regulations where there were only attempts at such in order to prepare
+revenue to build roads and finish public works to make a busy and
+healthy nation. He reëstablished sane marriage laws in order to
+prepare a solid community resting upon the basis of the clearly
+defined family. In the Philippines he instituted local government to
+prepare the islands for self-government.
+
+{271}
+
+None of these acts, nor many others of like nature, had anything to do
+with the military. They were all based on the law that a sound and
+successful community, whether that community be a village, town or
+nation, rests in the final analysis on personal, individual
+responsibility which in the group makes a responsible government, that
+personal responsibility comes only from preparation, from execution as
+a result of preparation and from efficiency which is its synonym.
+
+We study for this or that profession. We cannot practice law unless we
+prepare and take a degree. We cannot enter the medical profession
+unless we study and take a degree. Wood's great thesis is that we
+cannot become sound citizens and, therefore, in the group a sound
+nation, unless we study and prepare to be such.
+
+It sounds so simple that one wonders why it is written. And yet for
+the last two years under the guise of war necessity this country has
+been moving in quite another direction. Instead of personal
+responsibility we have been substituting more and more government
+responsibility. Instead of individual effort we have been advancing
+governmental {272} effort. Instead of natural competition we have been
+substituting government regulation. Instead of advancing patriotism,
+nationalism, Americanism, we have been letting all these give way to
+internationalism. We have not been preparing ourselves as individuals
+to assume individual responsibly, but in fact we have been giving up
+that responsibility to government.
+
+It is through the sense of the people quickened by such men as Wood
+that we shall come back to sounder methods--not to where we were
+before. That can never be. If it were so, the world would not be
+moving forward. But we shall come back to the basic principle that
+individual initiative, energy and the rewards that accrue therefrom
+are and always must be the basis for collective initiative, energy and
+the rewards thereof; that no collective organization such as a
+government can remain virile and effective unless its component
+parts--the individuals--remain virile and effective.
+
+The appeal which Wood's life makes to us is toward this responsibility
+of the individual _for_ his own work, his own affairs, his own family,
+and {273} to his own country, and that has been found throughout
+history to be the groundwork, the foundation upon which civilization
+rests. Translated into current phrase this means that we must follow
+such men as he, keep eternally at work to improve ourselves
+individually, to make a good and honest living, to hand on the torch
+of patriotism, of sanity and of ever-increasing knowledge by
+furnishing to the world the new generations that shall carry on, and
+to weld and stabilize the whole structure by building up Americanism
+within our borders. In the vocabulary of General Wood this is
+translated again into the words: "Prepare! Prepare! Prepare!"
+
+Such has been the career of the New Englander from Cape Cod who has
+worked in his own land, in the tropics, in many spheres, at many
+problems until at the age of fifty-eight in sound mind and body he
+stands firmly still in the prime of life ready for many years yet to
+come of service and work for himself, his family and his fellow
+countrymen.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Career of Leonard Wood, by Joseph Hamblen Sears
+
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+THE CAREER OF LEONARD WOOD; JOSEPH HAMBLEN SEARS
+</title>
+
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+Project Gutenberg's The Career of Leonard Wood, by Joseph Hamblen Sears
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Career of Leonard Wood
+
+Author: Joseph Hamblen Sears
+
+Release Date: September 3, 2010 [EBook #33626]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAREER OF LEONARD WOOD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Don Kostuch
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p>
+[Transcriber's note]
+</p>
+<p class=indent>
+  Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly
+  braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page breaks occurred
+  in the original book.
+<br><br>
+  Obvious spelling errors have been corrected but "inventive" spelling
+  is left unchanged. Apparently conflicting spelling is not resolved,
+  as in "Gouraud" and "Gourand".
+</p>
+<p>
+[End Transcriber's note]
+</p>
+
+<br>
+<p class=center>
+<img style="width: 512px; height: 806px;" alt=""
+     src="images/port_lw.jpg" border=1>
+<br>
+LEONARD WOOD
+</p>
+<br>
+<h1>
+THE CAREER OF LEONARD WOOD
+</h1>
+<h2>
+BY
+<br>
+JOSEPH HAMBLEN SEARS
+</h2>
+<br><br>
+<p class=center>
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+<br><br>
+NEW YORK<br>
+LONDON
+<br><br>
+1920
+</p>
+<p>
+<br><br>
+<p class=center>
+Copyright 1919 by<br>
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+<br><br>
+Printed in the United States of America
+</p>
+<br><br>
+
+<p class=indent>
+TO GENERAL LEONARD WOOD
+<br><br>
+By Corinne Roosevelt Robinson
+</p>
+
+<pre>
+  Your vision keen, unerring when the blind,
+      Who could not see, turned, groping, from the light.
+      Your sentient knowledge of the wise and right
+  Have won to-day the freedom of mankind.
+
+  Honor to whom the honor be assigned!
+      Mightier in exile than the men whose might
+      Is of the sword alone, and not of sight.
+  You march beside the victor host aligned.
+
+  Had not your spirit soared, our ardent youth
+      Had faltered leaderless; their eager feet
+  Attuned to effort for the valiant truth
+      Through your command rushed swiftly to compete
+  To hold on high the torch of Liberty--
+  Great-visioned Soul, yours is the victory!
+
+  November 11, 1918
+
+  <i>From "Service and Sacrifice: Poems"</i>
+
+  Copyright. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. by
+  Charles Scribner's Sons.
+  By permission of the publishers.
+</pre>
+<br><br>
+<h1>
+CONTENTS
+</h1>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="2" width="100%">
+<col width="10%"><col width="80%"><col width="10%">
+<tr><td><a href="#I">I</a>.</td>
+    <td>The Subject</td>
+    <td> 11</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#II">II</a>.</td>
+    <td>The Indian Fighter</td>
+    <td> 25</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#III">III</a>.</td>
+    <td>The Official</td>
+    <td> 51</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#IV">IV</a>.</td>
+    <td>The Soldier</td>
+    <td> 77</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#V">V</a>.</td>
+    <td>The Organizer</td>
+    <td>101</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#VI">VI</a>.</td>
+    <td>The Administrator</td>
+    <td>129</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#VII">VII</a>.</td>
+    <td>The Statesman</td>
+    <td>159</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#VIII">VIII</a>.</td>
+    <td>The Patriot</td>
+    <td>201</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#IX">IX</a>.</td>
+    <td>The Great War</td>
+    <td>225</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#X">X</a>.</td>
+    <td>The Result</td>
+    <td>257</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<br><br>
+<h1>
+THE SUBJECT
+</h1>
+
+{11}
+
+<h1>
+<a name="I">I</a>
+<br><br>
+THE SUBJECT
+</h1>
+<p>
+In these days immediately following the Great War it is well upon
+beginning anything--even a modest biographical sketch--to consider a
+few elementals and distinguish them from the changing unessentials, to
+keep a sound basis of sense and not be led into hysteria, to look
+carefully again at the beams of our house and not be deceived into
+thinking that the plaster and the wall paper are the supports of the
+building.
+</p>
+<p>
+Let us consider a few of these elementals that apply to the subject in
+hand as well as to the rest of the universe--elemental truths which do
+not change, which no Great War can alter in the least, which serve as
+guides at all times and will help at every doubtful point. They range
+themselves somewhat as follows:
+</p>
+<p>
+The human being is entitled to the pursuit of happiness--happiness in
+the very broadest sense of the word. No one can approach this object
+{12} unless he is in some way subordinated to something and unless he
+is responsible for something. No man can get satisfaction out of life
+unless he is responsible for what he does to some authority higher
+than himself and unless there is some one or something that looks to
+him for guidance. Perhaps the existence of religion has much to do
+with this. Perhaps prayer and all that it means to us belongs in the
+category of the first of these elementals. Certainly the family is an
+example of the second.
+</p>
+<p>
+The family is the unit of civilization--always has been and always
+will be. The father and the mother have their collective existence,
+and their children looking to them for guidance, support and growth,
+both physical and moral. The moment the family begins to exist it
+becomes a responsibility for its head, and around it centers a large
+part of the life and happiness of the human being.
+</p>
+<p>
+In like manner the state is the unit to which we are subordinated.
+</p>
+<p>
+These constitute two examples of responsibility and subordination
+which are necessary to the {13} acquirement of civilization, of
+happiness and of the rewards of life.
+</p>
+<p>
+Wherever the state has presumed to enter too far into the conduct of
+the family it has overstepped its bounds and that particular
+civilization has degenerated. Wherever the family has presumed to give
+up its subordination to the state and gather unto itself the
+responsibility through special privilege, that particular state has
+begun to die.
+</p>
+<p>
+In modern civilization it is as impossible to conceive of a state
+without the unit of the family, as it is to consider groups of
+families without something that we call a state. It is ludicrous to
+think of a strong and virile nation composed of one hundred million
+bachelors. We must go back to the feudal days of the middle ages to
+get a picture of the family without a state.
+</p>
+<p>
+In other words, a man, to approach happiness, must have his family in
+support of which it is his privilege to take off his coat and work,
+and--if fate so decree--live; and he must have his country's flag in
+honor of which it is his privilege to take off his hat, and--if need
+be--die.
+</p>
+{14}
+<p>
+Love and patriotism--these are the names of two of the sturdy beams of
+the house of civilization.
+</p>
+<p>
+These old familiar laws have been brought forward again by the
+outbreak of the Great War. There is a letter in existence written by a
+young soldier who volunteered at the start, a letter which he wrote to
+his unborn son as he sat in a front line trench in France. It tells
+the whole great truth in a line. It says: "My little son, I do not
+fully realize just why I am fighting here, but I know that one reason
+is to make sure that <i>you</i> will not have to do it by and by." That lad
+was responsible for a new family, and was the servant of his
+state--and he began his approach to the great happiness when he
+thought of writing that letter.
+</p>
+<p>
+It will be well for us to remember these simple laws as we proceed.
+</p>
+<p>
+Fifty-eight years ago these laws and several more like them were just
+as true as they are now. Fifty-eight years hence they will still be
+true, as they will be five thousand eight hundred years hence.
+Fifty-eight years ago--to be exact, {15} October 9, 1860--there was
+born up in New Hampshire a man child named Leonard Wood, in the town
+of Winchester, whence he was transferred at the age of three months to
+Massachusetts and finally at the age of eight years to Pocasset on
+Cape Cod. This man child is still alive at the time of writing, and
+during his fifty-eight years he has stood for these elemental truths
+in and out of boyhood, youth and manhood in such a fashion that his
+story--always interesting--becomes valuable at a time when, the Great
+War being over, many nations, to say nothing of many individuals, are
+forgetting, in their admiration of the new plaster and the wall paper,
+that the beams of the house of civilization are what hold it strong
+and sturdy as the ages proceed.
+</p>
+<p>
+This place, Cape Cod, where the formative years of Leonard Wood's life
+were passed, is a sand bank left by some melting glacier sticking out
+into the Atlantic in the shape of a doubled-up arm with a clenched
+fist as if it were ready at any moment to strike out and defend New
+England against any attack that might come from the eastward. Those
+who call it their native place have acquired {16} something of its
+spirit. They have ever been ready to oppose any aggression from the
+eastward or any other direction, and they have ever been ready to
+stand firmly upon the conviction that the integrity of the family and
+of the state must be maintained. And young Wood from them and from his
+Mayflower Pilgrim ancestors absorbed and was born with a common sense
+and a directness of vision that have appeared throughout his life
+under whatever conditions he found himself.
+</p>
+<p>
+There seems to have been nothing remarkable about him either in his
+boyhood or in his youth. He achieved nothing out of the ordinary
+through that whole period. But there has always been in him somewhere,
+the solid basis of sense and reason which kept him to whatever purpose
+he set himself to achieve along the lines of the great elemental
+truths of life and far away from visionary hallucinations of any sort.
+If it was Indian fighting, he worked away at the basis of the question
+and got ready and then carried out. If it was war, the same. If it was
+administration, he {17} studied the essentials, prepared for them, and
+then carried them out.
+</p>
+<p>
+Like all great achievements, it is simplicity itself and can be told
+in words of one syllable. In all lines of his extraordinarily varied
+career extending over all the corners of the globe he respected and
+built up authority of government and protected and encouraged the
+development of the family unit. One might say "Why not? Of course."
+The answer is "Who in this country in the last thirty years has done
+it to anything like the same extent?"
+</p>
+<p>
+Many minds during this time have advanced new ideas; many men have
+invented amazing things; many able people have opened up new avenues
+of thought and vision to the imagination of the world, sometimes to
+good and lasting purpose, sometimes otherwise. But who has taken
+whatever problem was presented to him and invariably, no matter what
+quality was required, brought that problem to a successful conclusion
+without upheaval, or chaos, or even much excitement for any one
+outside the immediately interested group?
+</p>
+<p>
+It is not genius; it is organization. It is not {18} the flare of
+inventive ability; it is the high vision of one whose code rested
+always on elemental, sound and enduring principles and who has not
+swerved from these to admire the plaster and the paper on the wall. It
+is finally the great quality that makes a man keep his feet on the
+ground and his heart amongst the bright stars.
+</p>
+<p>
+Of such stuff are the men of this world made whom people lean on, whom
+people naturally look to in emergency, who guide instinctively and
+unerringly, carrying always the faith of those about them because they
+deal with sound things, elemental truths and sane methods--because
+they give mankind what Leonard Wood's greatest friend called "a square
+deal."
+</p>
+<p>
+It is difficult to treat much of his youth because he is still living
+and the family life of any man is his own and not the public's
+business. But there is a certain interest attaching to his life-work
+for his country in knowing that his great-great-grandfather commanded
+a regiment in the Revolutionary army at Bunker Hill and that his
+father was a doctor who served in the Union army during the Civil War.
+Out of such heredity has {19} come a doctor who is a Major General in
+the United States Army.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the same time his own life on Cape Cod outside of school at the
+Middleboro Academy was marked by what might distinguish any youngster
+of that day and place--a strong liking for small boating, for games
+out of doors, for riding, shooting and fishing. These came from a fine
+healthy body which to this day at his present age is amazing in its
+capacity to carry him through physical work. He can to-day ride a
+hundred miles at a stretch and walk thirty miles in any twenty-four
+hours.
+</p>
+<p>
+Later in life this was one of the many points of common interest that
+drew him and Theodore Roosevelt so closely together. It has no
+particular significance other than to make it possible for him in many
+lands at many different limes to do that one great thing which makes
+men leaders--to show his men the way, to do himself whatever he asked
+others to do, never to give an order whether to a military, sanitary,
+medical or administrative force that he could not and did not do
+himself in so far as one man could do it.
+</p>
+{20}
+<p>
+There was little or no money in the Wood family and the young man had
+to plan early to look out for himself. He wanted to go to
+sea--probably  because he lived on Cape Cod and came from a long line
+of New Englanders. He wanted to go into the Navy. He even planned to
+join an Arctic expedition at the age of twenty and began to collect
+material for his outfit. But finally, following his father's lead, he
+settled upon the study of medicine.
+</p>
+<p>
+This led to the Harvard University Medical School and to his
+graduation in 1884. There then followed the regular internship of a
+young physician and the beginning of practice in Boston.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then came the change that separated Wood from the usual lot of well
+educated, well prepared doctors who come out of a fine medical school
+and begin their lifework of following their profession and building up
+a practice, a record, a family and the history which is the highest
+ideal man can have and the collective result of which is a sound
+nation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Wood wanted action. He wanted to do  {21} something. He had a strong
+inclination to the out-of-doors. And it is probably this, together
+with his inheritance and the chances of the moment, that led him to
+enter the army as a surgeon. As there was no immediate vacancy in the
+medical corps he took the job of contract surgeon at a salary of $100
+a month and was first ordered to duty at Fort Warren in Boston Harbor
+where he stayed only a few days. His request for "action" was granted
+in June, 1885, and he wais ordered to Arizona to report to General
+Crook on the Mexican border near Fort Huachuca.
+</p>
+<p>
+And here begins the career of Leonard Wood.
+</p>
+
+{22}
+<br><br>
+{23}
+<br><br>
+<h1>THE INDIAN FIGHTER</h1>
+<br><br>
+{24}
+<br><br>
+{25}
+
+<h1>
+<a name="II">II</a>
+<br><br>
+THE INDIAN FIGHTER
+</h1>
+<p>
+The problem was what turned out to be the last of the Indian fighting,
+involving a long-drawn-out campaign. For over a hundred years, as
+every one knows, the unequal struggle of two races for this continent
+had been in progress and the history of it is the ever tragic story of
+the survival of the fittest. No one can read it without regret at the
+destruction, the extermination, of a race. No one, however, can for a
+moment hesitate in his judgment of the inevitableness of it, since it
+is and always will be the truth that the man or the race or the nation
+which cannot keep up with the times must go under--and should go
+under. Education, brains, genius, organization, ability, imagination,
+vision--whatever it may be called or by how many names--will forever
+destroy and push out ignorance, incompetence, stupidity.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Indians were not able--tragic as the truth {26} is--to move
+onward, and so they had to move out and give place to the more worthy
+tenant.
+</p>
+<p>
+The end of this century of struggle was the campaign against the
+Apaches in the Southwest along the Mexican border, where they made
+their last stand under their able leader Geronimo.
+</p>
+<p>
+The young doctor was detailed at once for duty on a broiling fourth of
+July under Captain--afterwards General--Henry W. Lawton, and the next
+day he rode a horse over thirty-five miles. That incident to the
+initiated is noteworthy, but even more so is the fact that shortly
+afterwards in a hard drive of five succeeding days he averaged
+eighteen hours a day either in the saddle or on foot, leading the
+horses. It was a stiff test. To make it worse he was given the one
+unassigned horse--that is to say, a horse that was known as an
+"outlaw"--whose jerky gait made each saddle-sore complain at every
+step. The sun beat down fiercely; but, burned and blistered fore and
+aft, Leonard Wood could still smile and ask for more action.
+</p>
+<p>
+The stoicism of the tenderfoot who had come to play their game was not
+lost on the troopers {27} with whom he was to spend the next two years
+fighting Indians. He "healed in the saddle" at once and a few weeks
+later was out-riding and out-marching the best of Captain Lawton's
+command, all of whom were old and experienced Indian fighters.
+</p>
+<p>
+This was not to be the last time that Leonard Wood was to find himself
+faced at the outset by tacit suspicion and lack of confidence on the
+part of the men he was to command. Years later in the Philippines he
+was put up against a similar hostility, with responsibilities a
+thousandfold more grave, and in the same dogged way he won
+confidence--unquestioning loyalty--by proving that he was better than
+the best. "Do it and don't talk about it," was his formula for
+success. It was this quality in him that made it possible for Captain
+Lawton to write to General Nelson A. Miles, who had then succeeded
+General Crook, after the successful Geronimo campaign: "... I can only
+repeat that I have before reported officially and what I have said to
+you: that his services during the trying campaign were of the highest
+order. I speak particularly of services {28} other than those
+devolving upon him as a medical officer; services as a combatant or
+line officer voluntarily performed. He sought the most difficult work,
+and by his determination and courage rendered a successful issue of
+the campaign possible."
+</p>
+<p>
+General Crook, who commanded the troops along the border,
+characterized the Apaches as "tigers of the human race." Tigers they
+were, led by Geronimo, the man whose name became a by-word for
+savagery and cruelty. For a time these Indians had remained subdued
+and quiet upon a reservation, and there can be no question but what
+the subsequent outbreaks that led to the long campaign in which Wood
+took part were due largely to the lack of judgment displayed by the
+officials in whose charge they were placed. Both the American settlers
+and the Mexicans opposed the location of the Indians on the San Carlos
+reservation and lost no opportunity to show their hostility. When
+General Crook took command of that district he found he had to deal
+with a mean, sullen and treacherous band of savages.
+</p>
+<p>
+The American forces were constantly embroiled with the Chiricahuas.
+Treaties and agreements {29} were made only to be broken whenever
+blood lust or "tiswin"--a strong drink made from corn--moved the
+tribe to the warpath and fresh depredations. Due to General Crook's
+tireless efforts there were several occasions when the Indians
+remained quietly on their reservation, but it was only a matter of
+months at the best before one of the tribes, usually the Chiricahuas,
+would break forth again. Not until the treaty of 1882 with Mexico was
+it possible for our troops to pursue them into the Mexican mountains
+where they took refuge after each uprising. In 1883 General Crook made
+an expedition into Mexico which resulted in the return of the
+Chiricahuas and the Warm Springs tribes under Geronimo and Natchez to
+the Apache reservation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Two years of comparative quiet followed. The Indians followed
+agricultural pursuits and the settlers, who had come to establish
+themselves on ranches along the border, went out to their plowing and
+fence building unarmed. In May, 1886, the Indians indulged in an
+extensive and prolonged "tiswin" drunk. The savagery that lurked in
+their hearts broke loose and they escaped from {30} their reservation
+in small bands, leaving smoking trails of murder, arson and pillage
+behind them. Acts of ugly violence followed. General Crook threatened
+to kill the last one of them, if it took fifty years, and at one
+moment it seemed as though he had them under control. "Tiswin" once
+again set them loose and they stampeded.
+</p>
+<p>
+Their daring and illusiveness kept the American and Mexican troops
+constantly in action. One band of eleven Indians crossed into the
+United States, raided an Apache reservation, killed Indians as well as
+thirty-eight whites, captured two hundred head of stock and returned
+to Mexico after having traveled four weeks and covered over 1,200
+miles.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was into such warfare that Wood was plunged. No sooner had he
+arrived and begun his work than he put in a request for line duty in
+addition to his duties as a medical officer. This was granted
+immediately, because the need of men who could do something was too
+great to admit of much punctiliousness in the matter of military
+custom. Before the arrival of his commission as Assistant Surgeon,
+January, 1886, he {31} had served as commanding officer of infantry in
+a desperately hard pursuit in the Sierra Madres, ending in an attack
+on an Indian camp. He was repeatedly assigned to the most strenuous,
+fatiguing duty. After having marched on foot one day twenty-five miles
+with Indian scouts he rode seventy-three miles with a message at
+night, coming back at dawn the next day, just in time to break camp
+and march thirty-four miles to a new camp. He was given at his own
+request command of infantry under Captain Lawton, and this assignment
+to line duty was sanctioned by General Miles, who had recently taken
+over the command of the troops along the border.
+</p>
+<p>
+General Miles was one of the greatest Indian fighters the country has
+ever known. He was peculiarly fitted to assume this new job of
+suppressing the Apache. He judged and selected the men who were to be
+a part of this campaign by his own well-established standards. As its
+leader he selected Captain Lawton, then serving with the Fourth United
+States Cavalry at Fort Huachuca, primarily because Captain Lawton
+believed that these Indians could be subjugated. {32} He had met their
+skill and cunning and physical strength through years of such warfare
+under General Crook, and possessed the necessary qualifications to
+meet the demands of the trying campaign that faced him. After speaking
+of Captain Lawton, General Miles says in his published recollections:
+</p>
+<p>
+"I also found at Fort Huachuca another splendid type of American
+manhood, Captain Leonard Wood, Assistant Surgeon, United States Army.
+He was a young officer, age twenty-four, a native of Massachusetts, a
+graduate of Harvard, a fair-haired, blue-eyed young man of great
+intelligence, sterling, manly qualities and resolute spirit. He was
+also perhaps as fine a specimen of physical strength and endurance as
+could easily be found."
+</p>
+<p>
+"... His services and observations and example were most commendable
+and valuable, and added much to the physical success of the
+enterprise."
+</p>
+<p>
+General Field Orders No. 7, issued April 20, 1886, by General Miles
+for the guidance of the troops in his command, tell clearly and
+concisely the character and demands of the time.
+</p>
+{33}
+<p>
+"The chief object of the troops will be to capture or destroy any band
+of hostile Apache Indians found in this section of the country, and to
+this end the most vigorous and persistent efforts will be required of
+all officers and soldiers until this object is accomplished.
+</p>
+<p>
+"... The cavalry will be used in light scouting parties with a
+sufficient force held in readiness at all times to make the most
+persistent and effective pursuit.
+</p>
+<p>
+"To avoid any advantage the Indians may have by a relay of horses,
+where a troop or squadron commander is near the hostile Indians, he
+will be justified in dismounting one half of his command and selecting
+the lightest and best riders to make pursuit by the most vigorous
+forced marches until the strength of all the animals of his command
+shall have been exhausted.
+</p>
+<p>
+"In this way a command should, under a judicious leader, capture a
+band of Indians or drive them from 160 to 200 miles in forty-eight
+hours through a country favorable for cavalry movements; and the
+horses of the troops will be trained for this purpose."
+</p>
+{34}
+<p>
+To get a picture of young Wood at this time it is necessary to look at
+the situation through the eyes of that day and through the eyes of
+youth as well.
+</p>
+<p>
+A young man of twenty-four had been brought up by the sea in what we
+will call for the sake of politeness conservative New England. He had
+all the sound and sane basis of character that comes from what in this
+country was an old and established civilization. He had been educated
+in his profession at the most academic and conservative institution in
+the United States; a profession which while not an exact science is
+nevertheless a science requiring sane methods and the elimination of
+risks. He had begun the regular work of this profession. He possessed
+also what every young man with a healthy body of that day possessed--
+and still possesses--a passion for romance, for the road, for the
+great adventure which at that time in this country still centered
+around the pistol shooting, broncho riding, Indian fighting cowboy.
+</p>
+<p>
+We who are old have forgotten the paper covered stories we used to
+read surreptitiously {35} about the "Broncho Buster's Revenge," or
+"The Three-Fingered Might of the West." But we did read them and long
+for the great life of the plains. Even Jesse James was a hero to many
+of us.
+</p>
+<p>
+But for a New Englander educated at Harvard to the practice of
+medicine to pick up his deeply driven stakes and actually go into this
+realm of romance was unusual in the extreme; and to be so well trained
+and in such good condition, with such high courage as to make good at
+once amongst those men who looked down on an Eastern tender-foot was
+sufficiently rare to promise much for the future.
+</p>
+<p>
+The young man had the love of romance that all young lives have, but
+he had the unusual stimulus to it that led him to make it for the
+moment his actual life. And those who study his whole life will find
+again and again that when the parting of the ways came he invariably
+took the road of adventure, provided that it was always in the service
+of his country. Such then was the makeup and the condition of this
+young man when in the spring of 1886 Captain Lawton, having {36}
+received orders to assume command of the expedition into Mexico
+against the hostile Apache, included Wood as one of his four officers.
+The force consisted of forty-five troopers, twenty Indian scouts,
+thirty infantrymen and two pack trains. And thus began the
+two-thousand-mile chase into the fastnesses of Sonora and Chihuahua
+which ended with the surrender of Geronimo.
+</p>
+<p>
+General Miles' campaign methods differed from those of General Crook
+in many ways. He always assumed the aggressive. His motto was, "Follow
+the Indian wherever he goes and strike him whenever you can. No matter
+how bad the country, go on." Under these instructions the troops went
+over the border and down into the depths of the Sonora, jumping the
+Indian whenever an opportunity offered, never giving him any rest.
+Wherever he went the troops followed. If he struck the border, a well
+arranged system of heliostat stations passed the word along to a body
+of waiting or passing scouts. General Miles' methods differed from
+those of General Crook also in the matter of the use of the heliostat,
+a system of signaling based on flashes of the sun's rays from {37}
+mirrors. He had used them experimentally while stationed in the
+Department of the Columbia, and now determined to make them of
+practical use at his new station. Over the vast tracts of rough,
+unpopulated land of Arizona and Mexico the signals flashed, keeping
+different detachments in touch with their immediate commands, and the
+campaign headquarters in touch with its base.
+</p>
+<p>
+Even before Captain Lawton's command could be made ready the Indians
+themselves precipitated the fight. Instead of remaining in the Sierra
+Madres, where they were reasonably safe from assault, they commenced a
+campaign of violence south of the boundary. This gave both the
+American troops and the Mexicans who were operating in conjunction
+with them exact knowledge of their whereabouts. On the 27th of April
+they came northward, invading the United States. Innumerable outrages
+were committed by them which are now part of the history of that
+heart-breaking campaign. One, for example, typical of the rest was the
+case of the Peck family. Their ranch was surrounded, the family
+captured and a number of the ranch hands killed. The husband {38} was
+tied and compelled to witness the tortures to which his wife was
+submitted. His daughter, thirteen years old, was abducted by the band
+and carried nearly three hundred miles. In the meantime Captain
+Lawton's command with Wood in charge of the Apache scouts was pursuing
+them hotly. A short engagement between the Mexican troops and the
+Indians followed. On the heels of this the American troops came up and
+the little Peck girl was recaptured. Nightfall, however, prevented any
+decisive engagement, and before daybreak the Indians had, slipped
+away.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Indians found it better to divide into two bands, one under
+Natchez, which turned to the north, and the other under Geronimo,
+which went to the west. The first band was intercepted by Lieutenant
+Brett of the Second Cavalry after a heartbreaking pursuit. At one time
+the pursuing party was on the trail for twenty-six hours without a
+halt, and eighteen hours without water. The men suffered so intensely
+from thirst that many of them opened their veins to moisten their lips
+with their own blood. But the Indians suffered far more. In Geronimo's
+story of those {39} days, published many years later, he wrote: "We
+killed cattle to eat whenever we were in need of food, but we
+frequently suffered greatly for need of water. At one time we had no
+water for two days and nights, and our horses almost died of thirst."
+Finally on the evening of June 6th the cavalry came into contact with
+Geronimo's band and the Indians were scattered.
+</p>
+<p>
+For four months Captain Lawton and Leonard Wood pursued the savages
+over mountain ranges and through the canyons. During this time the
+troops marched 1,396 miles. The conditions under which they worked
+were cruel. The intense heat, the lack of water, and the desperately
+rough country covered with mountains and cactus hindered the command,
+but the men had the consolation of knowing that the Indians were in
+worse plight. Furthermore, the trustworthiness of the Indian scouts, a
+tattered, picturesque band of renegades, was coming under suspicion.
+Perhaps it was because of their unreliability that an attack made upon
+the 18th of July was not an entire success. The Indians escaped, but
+their most valued  {40} possessions, food and horses, fell into the
+hands of our troopers.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was the beginning of the end. A month later they received word that
+the Indians were working towards Santa Teresa, and Captain Lawton
+moved forward to head them off. Leonard Wood's personal account of
+this engagement follows:
+</p>
+<p>
+"On the 13th of July we effected the surprise of the camp of Geronimo
+and Natchez which eventually led to their surrender and resulted in
+the immediate capture of everything in their camps except themselves
+and the clothes they wore. It was our practice to keep two scouts two
+or three days in advance of the command, and between them and the main
+body four or five other scouts. The Indian scouts in advance would
+locate the camp of the hostiles and send back word to the next party,
+who in their turn would notify the main command; then a forced march
+would be made in order to surround and surprise the camp. On the day
+mentioned, following this method of procedure, we located the Indians
+on the Yaqui River in a section of the country almost impassable for
+man or beast and {41} in a position which the Indians evidently felt
+to be perfectly secure. The small tableland on which the camp was
+located bordered on the Yaqui River and was surrounded on all sides by
+high cliffs with practically only two points of entrance, one up the
+river and the other down. The officers were able to creep up and look
+down on the Indian camp which was about two thousand feet below their
+point of observation. All the fires were burning, the horses were
+grazing and the Indians were in the river swimming with evidently not
+the slightest apprehension of attack. Our plan was to send scouts to
+close the upper opening and then to send the infantry, of which I had
+the command, to attack the camp from below.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Both the Indians and the infantry were in position and advanced on
+the hostile camp, which, situated as it was on this tableland covered
+with canebrake and boulders, formed an ideal position for Indian
+defense. As the infantry moved forward the firing of the scouts was
+heard, which led us to believe that the fight was on, and great,
+accordingly, was our disgust to find, on our arrival, that the firing
+was accounted for by the fact that {42} the scouts were killing the
+stock, the Apaches themselves having escaped through the northern exit
+just a few minutes before their arrival. It was a very narrow escape
+for the Indians, and was due to mere accident. One of their number,
+who had been out hunting, discovered the red headband of one of our
+scouts as he was crawling around into position. He immediately dropped
+his game and notified the Apaches, and they were able to get away just
+before the scouts closed up the exit. Some of these Indians were
+suffering from old wounds. Natchez himself was among this number, and
+their sufferings through the pursuit which followed led to their
+discouragement and, finally, to their surrender."
+</p>
+<p>
+The persistent action of our troops was beginning to have its effect,
+and when the Indians ceased to commit depredations it was good
+evidence to those who knew Indians and Indian nature that they were
+beginning to think of surrender.
+</p>
+<p>
+One night the troops ran into a Mexican pack-train, which brought the
+first reports that Indians were near Fronteras, a little village in
+Sonora. Two of their women had come into town to find the {43} wife of
+an old Mexican who was with the Americans as a guide, hoping, through
+her, to open up communications looking to a surrender. As soon as the
+report was received Captain Lawton sent Lieutenant Gatewood of the
+Sixth Cavalry, who had joined the command, with two friendly Apaches
+of the same tribe as those who were out on the warpath, to go ahead
+and send his men into the hostile camp and demand their surrender.
+This he eventually succeeded in doing, but the Indians refused to
+surrender, saying that they would talk only with Lawton, or, as they
+expressed it, "the officer who had followed them all summer." This
+eventually led to communication being opened and one morning at
+daybreak Geronimo, Natchez and twelve other Indians appeared, in camp.
+Their inclinations seemed at least to be peaceful enough to allow the
+entire body of Indians to come down and camp within two miles of the
+Americans. It was agreed that they should meet General Miles and
+formally surrender to him and that the Indians and the troops should
+move further north to a more convenient meeting place. To give
+confidence to the Indians in this new state {44} of affairs, Captain
+Lawton, Leonard Wood and two other officers agreed to travel with
+them. Due to a mistake in orders, the American troopers started off in
+the wrong direction, and Captain Lawton was obliged to leave in search
+of them. This left the three remaining officers practically as
+hostages in the Indian camp. Speaking of this incident. General Wood
+says:
+</p>
+<p>
+"Instead of taking advantage of our position, they assured us that
+while we were in their camp it was our camp, and that as we had never
+lied to them they were going to keep faith with us. They gave us the
+best they had to eat and treated us as well as we could wish in every
+way. Just before giving us these assurances, Geronimo came to me and
+asked to see my rifle. It was a Hotchkiss and he had never seen its
+mechanism. When he asked me for the gun and some ammunition, I must
+confess I felt a little nervous, for I thought it might be a device to
+get hold of one of our weapons. I made no objection, however, but let
+him have it, showed him how to use it, and he fired at a mark, just
+missing one of his own men, which he regarded as a great joke, rolling
+on the {45} ground, laughing heartily and saying 'good gun.'
+</p>
+<p>
+"Late the next afternoon we came up with our command, and we then
+proceeded toward the boundary line. The Indians were very watchful,
+and when we came near any of our troops we found the Indians were
+always aware of their presence before we knew of it ourselves."
+</p>
+<p>
+For eleven days Captain Lawton's command moved north, with Geronimo's
+and Natchez's camps moving in a parallel course. During these last
+days of Geronimo's leadership his greatest concern was for the welfare
+of his people. The most urgent request that he had to make of Captain
+Lawton was to ask repeatedly for the assurance that his people would
+not be murdered.
+</p>
+<p>
+Captain Lawton in his official report says of Wood's work in the
+campaign:
+</p>
+<p>
+"No officer of infantry having been sent with the detachment ...
+Assistant Surgeon Wood was, at his own request, given command of the
+infantry. The work during June having been done by the cavalry, they
+were too much exhausted to be used again without rest, and they were
+left in camp at Oposura to recuperate.
+</p>
+{46}
+<p>
+"During this short campaign, the suffering was intense. The country
+was indescribably rough and the weather swelteringly hot, with heavy
+rains for day or night. The endurance of the men was tried to the
+utmost limit. Disabilities resulting from excessive fatigue reduced
+the infantry to fourteen men, and as they were worn out and without
+shoes when the new supplies reached me July 29th, they were returned
+to the supply camp for rest, and the cavalry under Lieutenant A. L.
+Smith, who had just joined his troop, continued the campaign. Heavy
+rains having set in, the trail of the hostiles, who were all on foot,
+was entirely obliterated.
+</p>
+<p>
+"I desire particularly to invite the attention of the Department
+Commander to Assistant Surgeon Leonard Wood, the only officer who has
+been with me through the whole campaign. His courage, energy and loyal
+support during the whole time; his encouraging example to the command
+when work was the hardest and prospects darkest; his thorough
+confidence and belief in the final successes of the expedition, and
+his untiring efforts to make {47} it so, have placed me under
+obligations so great that I cannot even express them."
+</p>
+<p>
+Through the formal language of a military report crops out the respect
+of a commanding officer who knew whereof he spoke, the acknowledgment
+that here was a young subordinate who never despaired, never gave up,
+who always did his part and more than his part, and who placed his
+commanding officer under obligations which he was unable "even to
+express." That was a great deal for any young man to secure. To-day,
+after the Great War, there are many such extracts from official
+reports and all are unquestionably deserved. But they are the result
+of a nation awakened to patriotism when all went in together. In 1886,
+when the nation was at peace, when commercial pursuits were calling
+all young men to make their fortune, young Leonard Wood answered a
+much less universal call to do his work in a fight that had none of
+the flare or glory of the front line trench in Flanders.
+</p>
+<p>
+Out of it all came to him at a very early age practice in handling men
+in rough country in rough times--men who were not puppets even {48}
+though they were regular army privates. They had to be handled at
+times with an iron hand, at times with the softest of gloves; and an
+officer to gain their confidence and respect had to show them that he
+could beat them at their own game and be one of them--and still
+command.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Congressional Medal of Honor awarded him years later for this
+Indian work is a fair return of what he accomplished, for this Medal
+of Honor, the then only prize for personal bravery and high fighting
+qualities which his country could give him, has always been the rare
+and much coveted award of army men.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was in Wood's case the mark of conspicuous fighting qualities,
+conspicuous bravery and marked attention to duty--a sign of success of
+a high order for a New England doctor of twenty-five.
+</p>
+
+{49}
+<br><br>
+<h1>THE OFFICIAL</h1>
+<br><br>
+{50}
+<br><br>
+{51}
+<br>
+<h1>
+<a name="III">III</a>
+<br><br>
+THE OFFICIAL
+</h1>
+<p>
+Chance no doubt at times plays an important part in the making of a
+man. Yet perhaps Cassias' remark, through the medium of Shakespeare,
+that "The fault is not in our stars but in ourselves that we are
+underlings," has the truer ring. Chance no doubt comes to all of us
+again and again, but it is the brain that takes the chance which
+deserves the credit and not the accidental event, opportunity or
+occasion offering.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was not chance that sent Leonard Wood to Arizona to fight Indians.
+It was the result of long hours of meditation in Boston when, as a
+young doctor, he decided finally to leave the usual routine of a
+physician's career and strike out in another and less main-traveled
+road. There was nothing of luck or chance in this decision, the
+carrying out of which taught him something that he used later to the
+advantage of himself and his country.
+</p>
+<p>
+Out of the Indian experiences came to him in {62} the most vigorous
+possible way through actual observation the necessity for bodily
+health. No man could ride or walk day in and day out across waterless
+deserts and keep his courage and determination, to say nothing of his
+good common sense, without being in the best of physical condition. No
+man could get up in the morning after a terrific night's march, and
+collect his men and cheer and encourage them unless he was absolutely
+fit and in better condition than they.
+</p>
+<p>
+He learned, too, that all matters of outfit, care of person, of
+equipment, of horses required the most constant attention day by day,
+hour by hour. He had to deal with an enemy who belonged to this
+country, who knew and was accustomed to its climatic conditions as
+well as its topography, and he had to beat him at his own game, or
+fail.
+</p>
+<p>
+He learned that preparation, while it should never delay action, can
+never be overdone. This must have been drilled into the young man by
+the hardest and most grueling experiences, because it has been one of
+the gospels of his creed {53} since that time and is to this day his
+text upon all occasions.
+</p>
+<p>
+He learned, too, something deeper than even these basic essentials of
+the fighting creed. He developed what has always been a part of
+himself--the conviction that authority is to be respected, that
+allegiance to superior officers and government is the first essential
+of success, that organization is the basis of smoothly running
+machinery of any kind, and that any weakening of these principles is
+the sign of decay, of failure, and of disintegration.
+</p>
+<p>
+He learned that a few men, well trained, thoroughly organized, fit and
+ready, can beat a host of individualists though each of the latter may
+excel in ability any of the former, and there is in this connection a
+curiously interesting significance in the man's passionate fondness
+throughout his whole life for the game of football. At Middleboro, in
+California, in service in the South and in Washington, he was at every
+opportunity playing football, because in addition to its physical
+qualities, this game above all others depends for {54} its success
+upon organization, preparation and what is called "team play."
+</p>
+<p>
+Through these early days it is to be noted, therefore, as a help in
+understanding his great work for his country which came later that his
+sense of the value of organization grew constantly stronger and
+stronger along with a solid belief in the necessity for subordination
+to his superior officers and through them to his state and his flag.
+The respect which he acquired for the agile Indians went hand in hand
+with the knowledge that in the end they could not fail to be captured
+and defeated, because they had neither the sense of organization, nor
+the intelligence to accept and respect authority which not only would
+have given them success, but would in reality have made the whole
+campaign unnecessary, had the Indian mind been able to conceive them
+in their true light and the Indian character been willing to observe
+their never-changing laws.
+</p>
+<p>
+The result, however, was that the spirit of the Indians was broken by
+the white man's relentless determination.
+</p>
+<p>
+The hostile Apaches were finally disposed of by {55} sending them out
+of the territory. They were treated as prisoners of war and the
+guarantees that General Miles had given them as conditions of
+surrender were respected by the Government, although there was a great
+feeing in favor of making them pay the full penalty for their
+outrages. President Grover Cleveland expressed himself as hoping that
+"nothing will be done with Geronimo which will prevent our treating
+him as a prisoner of war, if we cannot hang him, which I would much
+prefer."
+</p>
+<p>
+At the end of the campaign General Miles set about reorganizing his
+command. For several months Wood was engaged in practice maneuvers.
+The General wished to expand his heliographic system of signaling, and
+to that end commenced an extensive survey of the vast unpopulated
+tracts of Arizona, which his troops might have to cover in time of
+action. Wood was one of the General's chief assistants in this survey,
+and in 1889, when he was ordered away, he probably knew as much of
+Arizona and the southwestern life as any man ever stationed there.
+</p>
+<p>
+The orders which took him from the border {56} country made him one of
+the staff surgeons at Headquarters in Los Angeles. This post promised
+to be inactive and uninteresting but Captain Wood managed to
+distinguish himself in two respects, first as a surgeon and second as
+an athlete. This period of his life varied from month to month in some
+instances, but in the main it was the usual existence of an army
+official in the capacity of military surgeon. It extended over a
+period of eleven years, from 1887 to 1898. These were the eleven years
+between the ages of twenty-seven and thirty-seven--very critical years
+in the existence of a man. It was during these years that he met Miss
+Louise A. Condit Smith, a niece of Chief Justice Field, who afterwards
+became his wife and began with him a singularly simple and homelike
+family life that is the second of his vital interests in this world.
+He has never allowed his family life to interfere with his service to
+his country. And, paradoxical as it may seem, he has never allowed his
+lifework for his state to interfere with the happy and even tenor of
+his home existence. Children came in due course and the family unit
+became complete--that quiet, straightforward {57} existence of the
+family which is the characteristic of American life to-day, as it is
+of any other well-organized civilized nation.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the practice of his profession he was able to do a lasting service
+to his commanding officer. General Miles suffered a grave accident to
+his leg when a horse fell upon it. It was the opinion of the surgeon
+who attended him that amputation would be necessary. But the General
+was of no mind to beat a one-legged retreat in the midst of a highly
+interesting and successful career. Captain Wood had inspired
+confidence in him as an Indian fighter--a confidence so strong that he
+thought it might not be misplaced if it became confidence in him as a
+doctor--and so Wood was summoned.
+</p>
+<p>
+"They say they will have to cut off this leg, but they are not going
+to do it," said the General. "I am going to leave it up to you. You'll
+have to save it."
+</p>
+<p>
+A few weeks later General Miles was up and about, and under his young
+surgeon's care the wound healed and the leg was saved.
+</p>
+<p>
+While stationed at Los Angeles headquarters {68} Wood found himself
+with enough time for much hard sport. It was a satisfying kind of life
+after the strenuous months of border service.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1888 he was ordered back to the border where he served with the
+10th Cavalry in the Apache Kid outbreak. After a few months of active
+service, he was ordered to Fort McDowell and then, in 1889, to
+California again.
+</p>
+<p>
+From California he was ordered to Fort McPherson, near Atlanta,
+Georgia, where he again distinguished himself at football. He trained
+the first team in the Georgia Institute of Technology, became its
+Captain and during the two years of his Captaincy lost but one game
+and defeated the champion team of the University of Georgia.
+</p>
+<p>
+An incident has been told by his fellow players at Fort McPherson
+which shows exceedingly well a certain Spartan side to Wood's nature.
+One afternoon at a football game he received a deep cut over one eye.
+He returned to his office after the game and, after coolly sterilizing
+his instrument and washing the wound, stood before a mirror and calmly
+took four stitches in his eyelid.
+</p>
+<p>
+Such were the characteristics, such the {59} experience, of the young
+man when in 1896 he was ordered to Washington--that morgue of the
+government official--to become Assistant Attending Surgeon. The holder
+of this position often shares with the Navy Surgeons the
+responsibility of medical attention to the President, and in addition
+he acts as medical adviser to army officers and their families and is
+the official physician to the Secretary of War.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was not an office that appealed to Captain Wood. It could not;
+since he was a man essentially of out-of-doors, of action and of
+administration. Yet he seems to have made such a success of the work
+that he became the personal friend of both Cleveland and McKinley. His
+relations with President Cleveland were of the most intimate sort,
+resulting from mutual respect and liking as well as a mutual
+understanding on the part of both men of the other's good qualities.
+He saw him in the White House at all hours of the day and night; saw
+him with his family and his children about him; noted their fondness
+for their father and his devotion to them. It was a quality so marked
+in Lincoln, so strong in most great men {60} of the sound, calm,
+fearless, administrative sort. Wood himself has exhibited the same
+quality in his own family. And in those days the perfect understanding
+of the father and his children, the simple family life that went on in
+the splendid old house in Washington which combined the dignity of a
+State and the simplicity of a home unequaled by any great ruler's
+house upon this earth--all tended to bring out this native quality in
+the President's medical adviser.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was at the conclusion of Cleveland's second term that Wood was
+assigned to this position. On one of the President's trips for
+recreation and rest--a shooting expedition on the inland waters near
+Cape Hatteras--he was one of the party which included also Admiral
+Evans and Captain Lamberton. The hours spent in shooting boxes or in
+the evenings in the cabin of the lighthouse tender gave opportunity
+for him to study Cleveland off duty when the latter liked to sit
+quietly and talk of his early life, of his political battles, of
+fishing, shooting, and of the urgent questions which beset him as
+President. And Wood brought away with him a profound respect for the
+{61} combination of simplicity and unswerving love and devotion to his
+country, coupled with rugged uncompromising honesty which seem to have
+been the characteristics of Grover Cleveland.
+</p>
+<p>
+This particular trip was immediately after the inauguration ceremonies
+of President McKinley, and Cleveland was not only tired from the
+necessary part which he himself had taken in them, but also from the
+first natural let-down after four years of duty in the White House.
+Wood has given a little sketch of the man:
+</p>
+<p>
+"I remember very well his words, as he sat down with a sigh of relief,
+glad that it was all over. He said: 'I have had a long talk with
+President McKinley. He is an honest, sincere and serious man. I feel
+that he is going to do his best to give the country a good
+administration. He impressed me as a man who will have the best
+interests of the people at heart.'
+</p>
+<p>
+"Then he stopped, and said with a sigh: 'I envy him to-day only one
+thing and that was the presence of his own mother at his inauguration.
+I would have given anything in the world if my mother could have been
+at my inauguration,' {62} and then, continuing: 'I wish him well. He
+has a hard task,' and after a long pause: 'But he is a good man and
+will do his best.'"
+</p>
+<p>
+He has spoken often, too, of Cleveland's love of sport, of the days
+which Jefferson, the actor, and Cleveland spent together fishing and
+shooting on and near Buzzard's Bay--the same spot where he himself as
+a boy spent his days in like occupations. The sides of Cleveland's
+character that appealed to him were the frankness with which he
+expressed his views on the important questions of the day, the
+sterling worth and high ideals which emphasized his sense of duty, his
+love of country and his desire to do the best possible for his fellow
+citizens, coupled with his perfectly unaffected family feelings and
+the amazing devotion and affection which he invariably elicited from
+all those who came into association with him, even to the most humble
+hand on the light house tender. Jeffersonian simplicity could have
+gone no further, nor could any man have been more definite,
+far-sighted and fearless than was Cleveland in his Venezuelan Message.
+These two extremes made a vivid and lasting impression upon {63} the
+young man, because both sides struck a sympathetic chord in his own
+nature.
+</p>
+<p>
+There followed, then, the same association with McKinley, growing out
+of the necessary intimacy of physician and patient. But in this latter
+case two events, vital to this country as well as to the career of
+Leonard Wood, changed the quiet course of Washington official life to
+a life of intense interest and great activity.
+</p>
+<p>
+These two events were Wood's meeting with Theodore Roosevelt and the
+Spanish War.
+</p>
+<p>
+One night in 1896 at some social function at the Lowndes house Wood
+was introduced to Roosevelt, then assistant Secretary of the Navy. It
+seems strange that two men so vitally alike in many ways, who were in
+college at about the same time, should never have met before. But when
+they did meet the friendship, which lasted without a break until
+Roosevelt's death, began at once.
+</p>
+<p>
+That night the two men walked home together and in a few days they
+were hard at it, walking, riding, playing games and discussing the
+affairs of the day.
+</p>
+<p>
+This strange fact of extraordinary similarities {64} and vivid
+differences in the two men doubtless had much to do with bringing them
+together and keeping them allied for years. Both were essentially men
+of physical action, both born fighters, both filled with an amazing
+patriotism and both simple family men.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the one hand, Roosevelt was a great individualist. He did things
+himself. He no sooner thought of a thing than he carried it out
+himself. When he was President he frequently issued orders to
+subordinates in the departments without consulting the heads of the
+departments. Wood, on the other hand, is distinctly an organizer and
+administrator. When he later filled high official positions, he
+invariably picked men to attend to certain work and left them, with
+constant consultation, to do the jobs whatever they were. If a road
+was to be built, he found the best road builder and laid out the work
+for him leaving to him the carrying out of the details.
+</p>
+<p>
+Yet again both men had known life in the West, Roosevelt as a cowboy
+and Wood as an Indian fighter. Both had come from the best old
+American stock, Roosevelt from the Dutch of {65} Manhattan and Wood
+from New England. They were Harvard men and lovers of the outdoor,
+strenuous life. Their ideals and aspirations had much in common and
+they were both actuated by the intense feeling of nationalism that
+brought them to the foreground in American life.
+</p>
+<p>
+Soon they were tramping through the country together testing each
+other's endurance in good-natured rivalry. When out of sight of
+officialdom, they ran foot races together, jumped fences and ran
+cross-country. Both men had children and with these they played
+Indians, indulging in most exciting chases and games. They explored
+the ravines and woods all about Washington, sometimes taking on their
+long hikes and rides various army officers stationed at Washington.
+Few of these men were able to stand the pace set by the two energetic
+athletes, and it was of course partially due to this fact that
+Roosevelt in later years when he was President ordered some of the
+paunchy swivel-chair Cavalry and Infantry officers out for
+cross-country rides and sent them back to their homes sore and
+blistered, and with {66} every nerve clamoring for the soothing
+restfulness of an easy chair.
+</p>
+<p>
+Wood was dissatisfied in Washington, bored with the inaction. He
+longed for the strenuous life of the West. The desire became so strong
+that he began a plan to leave the army and start sheep-ranching in the
+West. It was the life, or as near the life as he could get, that he
+had been leading for years; and the present contrast of those days in
+the open with the life he was now leading in Washington became too
+much for him.
+</p>
+<p>
+Here again seemed to arise a turning point. Had it not been for his
+own confident conviction that war was eventually coming with Spain,
+Wood would probably have gone to his open life on the prairie. What
+this would have meant to his future career nobody can tell, nor is
+speculation upon the subject very profitable. But it is interesting to
+note that what deterred him were his ideas on patriotism and a man's
+duty to his country, which struck a live, vibrating chord also in
+Theodore Roosevelt's nature and influenced Wood to stay in his
+position and wait.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is only possible to imagine now the {67} conversations of these two
+kindred spirits on this subject. Roosevelt, as is well known, was for
+war--war at once--and he did what little was done in those days to
+prepare. There must have been waging a long argument between the now
+experienced Indian fighter and doctor, and the great-hearted American
+who knew so little of military affairs.
+</p>
+<p>
+These talks and arguments became so frank and outspoken that they were
+well-known in Washington circles. Even President McKinley used to say
+to Wood:
+</p>
+<p>
+"Have you and Theodore declared war yet?"
+</p>
+<p>
+And Wood's answer was:
+</p>
+<p>
+"No, we think you ought to, Mr. President."
+</p>
+<p>
+As each day passed it seemed more likely that Spain and America would
+become involved over the  injustices Cuba and the Philippines were
+being forced to suffer at the hands of their greedy and none
+too-loving mother country. On their long walks they discussed all the
+phases of such a conflict and each of them became anxious for war
+without further delay, for delay was costing time and money, and
+peaceful readjustment seemed {68} quite out of the question. So keen
+had they become in this war question that the two of them became known
+in Washington as the "War Party."
+</p>
+<p>
+It was becoming evident to many others that war was inevitable when
+the destruction of the <i>Maine</i> in Havana Harbor brought the situation
+to a head. It found both these men prepared in their own minds as to
+what their courses should be. When Wood arrived at Fort Huachuca in
+1885 he was asked by Lawton why he came into the army. Lawton had
+studied law at Harvard after the Civil War and was interested in the
+views of a man who had studied medicine there. Wood replied that he
+had come into the army to get into the line at the first opportunity;
+and from that moment he began systematically his preparation for
+transfer. As a part of this policy he took every opportunity to do
+line duty. The result was that when the Spanish War came he had strong
+letters from Lawton, General Miles, General Graham, Colonel Wagner,
+General Forsythe, and others, recommending him for line command. These
+recommendations varied from {69} a battalion to a regiment. Both
+Roosevelt and Wood had discussed the possibility of organizing
+regiments, Roosevelt in New York and Wood in Massachusetts, but as
+turmoil and confusion enveloped the War Office they realized that this
+plan was not feasible.
+</p>
+<p>
+The efforts of Roosevelt's superiors to keep him in his official
+capacity as Assistant Secretary of the Navy and away from active
+service were fruitless. Finally, when it became evident that he would
+go into the service and see active fighting, Secretary of War Alger
+offered him the colonelcy of a regiment of cavalry. Roosevelt, because
+of his lack of experience in military affairs, refused the offer but
+agreed to accept the position of lieutenant colonel of such a regiment
+if his friend, Leonard Wood, would accept the colonelcy. Secretary
+Alger and Leonard Wood agreed, and work was commenced at once
+organizing a regiment that was later to become known as the Rough
+Riders. The official name of the regiment was the 1st Volunteer
+Cavalry. The name Rough Riders "just grew." The organization became
+known under that name among the friends {70} of its leaders, later
+among the newspaper correspondents and consequently the public, and
+finally when it appeared in official documents it was accepted as
+official.
+</p>
+<p>
+Preparedness was all too unknown in those days, but Wood, who became
+its nation-wide champion in the days to come, was well schooled even
+in those days in its laws. He only learned more as time went on. The
+chaos and tangle of red tape, inefficiency, unpreparedness in all
+branches of the service blocked every effort that a few efficient and
+able men were making. Seeing the hopelessness of trying to accomplish
+anything under such conditions Wood introduced a novel method of
+organization into the War Department.
+</p>
+<p>
+Instead of pestering the hopeless and dismayed functionaries of the
+various Government departments with requests for things they did not
+have and would not have been able to find if they did have them, Wood
+merely requested <i>carte blanche</i> to go ahead and get all necessary
+papers ready so that they might be signed at one sitting. He made
+requisitions for materials that he needed {71} and when these
+materials were not to be found in the Government stores he wrote out
+orders directed to himself for the purchase in the open market of the
+things required. Alger recognized immediately that in Wood he had a
+man accustomed to action and full of vision--a man whom nothing could
+frighten. The two men understood one another. If those who surrounded
+the Secretary of War in those days had been as capable of
+organization, the history of Washington during wartime would have been
+quite different. But for the most part they failed. The see-nothing,
+hear-nothing, do-nothing, keep-your-finger-on-your-number spirit
+among many of them was quite great enough to throw the War Office into
+chaos. The game of "passing the buck" did not appeal to Wood; neither
+did he stop to sympathize with a certain highly placed bureaucrat who
+complained:
+</p>
+<p>
+"My office and department were running along smoothly and now this
+damned war comes along and breaks it all up."
+</p>
+<p>
+When all of his papers and documents were ready. Wood appeared before
+Secretary Alger. {72} "And now what can I do for you?" said the
+Secretary.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Just sign these papers, sir. That is all," replied the Rough Riders'
+Colonel.
+</p>
+<p>
+Alger, beset by incompetence, hampered by inefficiency in his staff,
+was dumbfounded as he looked through the papers Wood had prepared for
+him to sign. There were telegrams to Governors of states calling upon
+them for volunteers; requisitions for supplies and uniforms; orders
+for mobilization and requisitions for transportation. Alger had little
+to say. He placed enough confidence in Wood to sign the papers and
+give him his blessing.
+</p>
+<p>
+When the army depots said that they could not supply uniforms, Wood
+replied that his men could wear canvas working clothes. As a result
+the Rough Riders, fighting through the tropical country in Cuba, were
+far more comfortable than the soldiers in regulation blue. The new
+colonel seemed to know what he wanted. He wanted Krag rifles. There
+were few in existence, but General Flagler, Chief of Ordnance,
+appreciated what the young officer had done and saw that he got them.
+{73} He did not want sabers for the men to run through one another in
+the pandemonium of cavalry charges of half wild western horses. The
+Rough Riders therefore went into action carrying machetes, an ideal
+weapon for the country in which they were to see service. With the
+saber they could do nothing; but with the machete they could do
+everything from hacking through dense jungle growths to sharpening a
+pencil. During the days that followed many troopers equipped with
+sabers conveniently lost them, but Wood's Rough Riders found the
+machetes invaluable.
+</p>
+<p>
+The authority to raise the regiment was given late in April, and on
+the twenty-fourth day of June, against heavy odds, it won its first
+action in the jungles at Las Guasimas. This was quick work, when it is
+remembered that two weeks of that short six or seven week period were
+practically used up in assembling and transporting the men by rail and
+sea. Here is where organization and well-thought-out plans made a
+remarkable showing.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was not only a question of knowing what he wanted. It was his old
+slogan: "Do it and don't talk about it."
+</p>
+{74}
+<br><br>
+{75}
+<br><br>
+<h1>
+THE SOLDIER
+</h1>
+{76}
+<br><br>
+{77}
+<br>
+<h1>
+<a name="IV">IV</a>
+<br><br>
+THE SOLDIER
+</h1>
+<br>
+<p>
+The name "Rough Riders" will forever mean to those who read American
+history the spontaneous joy of patriotism and the high hearts of youth
+in this land. It was the modern reality of the adventurous
+musketeers--of those who loved romance and who were ready for a call
+to arms in support of their country. They came from the cowboys of the
+west, from the stockbrokers' offices of Wall Street, from the athletic
+field, from youth wherever real youth was to be found. Something over
+20,000 men applied for enrollment. None of them knew anything of war.
+None of them wanted to die, but they all wanted to try the great
+adventure under such leaders. And they have left an amazing record of
+the joyousness of the fight and the recklessness that goes with it.
+</p>
+<p>
+Now and then there have been organizations of a similar character in
+our history, but only here and there. It was the first outburst of
+that day {78} of the spirits filled with high adventure; and the
+record cheers the rest of us as we plod along our way, just as it
+cheers us when we are ill in bed with indigestion to read again the
+old but ever-young Dumas.
+</p>
+<p>
+It would have been impossible for any one to have organized and
+controlled such a group without the enthusiasm of men like Roosevelt
+and Wood, as well as the knowledge these two had of the West, the
+Southwest and the South.
+</p>
+<p>
+It detracts nothing from Roosevelt's greatness of spirit to say that
+it was Wood who did the organizing, the equipping of the regiment. In
+fact Roosevelt declined to be the Rough Riders' first Colonel, but
+consented to be the second in command only if Wood were made its
+commander. The fact that Roosevelt was not only known in the East but
+in the Northwest, and that Wood was quite as well known in the
+Southwest and the South meant that men of the Rough Riders type all
+over the country knew something of one or the other of the regiment's
+organizers.
+</p>
+<p>
+It detracts nothing from Wood's amazing activity in organization and
+capacity for getting {79} things done, to say that had it not been for
+Roosevelt's wonderful popularity amongst those of the youthful spirit
+of the land the regiment would never have had its unique character or
+its unique name.
+</p>
+<p>
+This is not the place to tell the story of that famous band of men.
+But its organization is so important a part of Wood's life that it
+comes in for mention necessarily.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the Indian campaign with the regulars he had known the great
+importance of being properly outfitted and ready for those grilling
+journeys over the desert. In the Spanish War he learned, as only
+personal experience can teach, the amazing importance of preparation
+for volunteers and inexperienced men. The whole story of the getting
+ready to go to Cuba was burned into his brain so deeply that it formed
+a second witness in the case against trusting to luck and the occasion
+which has never been eradicated from his mind. Yet this episode
+brought strongly before him also the fact that prepared though he
+might be there was no success ahead for such an organization without
+the sense of subordination to the {80} state and the nation which not
+only brought the volunteers in, but carried them over the rough places
+through disease and suffering and death to the end.
+</p>
+<p>
+Eight days after the telegram calling upon the Governors of New
+Mexico, Arizona, Oklahoma and Indian Territory for men to form the
+regiment, the recruits gathered at San Antonio where Wood was waiting
+to meet them. The most important thing about them for the moment was
+that they knew nothing of military life. Wood believed with Old
+Light-Horse Harry Lee "That Government is a murderer of its citizens
+which sends them to the field uninformed and untaught, where they are
+meeting men of the same age and strength mechanized by education and
+disciplined for battle."
+</p>
+<p>
+Furthermore during the years that he had been in Washington Wood had
+used some of his spare time in studying parts of American history that
+are not included in school books. He knew that the volunteer system in
+the Revolutionary War had worn General Washington sick with
+discouragement and fear lest all that he had built up be {81} broken
+down through lack of discipline. He knew also that in the Civil War
+the volunteer system proved inadequate on both sides and that it was
+not until the war had gone on for two years that either the North or
+the South had what could properly be called an army.
+</p>
+<p>
+To aid him in the training of these troops he had the assistance of a
+number of officers who had seen service in the Regular Army, and
+together they mapped out a course of drills and maneuvers that worked
+the men from a valueless mob into a regiment trained for battle. The
+human material that they had to work with was the best; for these men
+had been selected from many applicants. The lack of discipline and the
+ignorance of military etiquette led to many amusing incidents. Colonel
+Roosevelt in his history of the Rough Riders tells of an orderly
+announcing dinner to Colonel Wood and the three majors by remarking
+genially:
+</p>
+<p>
+"If you fellers don't come soon, everything'll get cold."
+</p>
+<p>
+The foreign attachés said: "Your sentinels do not know much about the
+Manual of Arms, but {82} they are the only ones through whose lines we
+could not pass. They were polite; but, as one of them said, 'Gents,
+I'm sorry, but if you don't stop I shall kill you.'"
+</p>
+<p>
+The difficulties to be surmounted were enormous; and any officers less
+democratic and understanding might have made a mess of it. Both
+Roosevelt and Wood understood the frontiersmen too well to misjudge
+any breaches of etiquette or to humiliate the extremely sensitive
+natures of men long used to life in the open.
+</p>
+<p>
+Upon Colonel Wood fell practically all the details of organization.
+There were materials and supplies of many kinds to be secured from the
+War Department; there were men to be drilled in the bare rudiments of
+military life; non-commissioned officers and officers to be schooled,
+and a thousand and one other details. At first the men were drilled on
+foot, but soon horses were purchased and mounted drill commenced, much
+to the delight of many of the cowpunchers who by years of training had
+become averse to walking a hundred yards if they could throw their
+legs over a horse. There was no end to the {83} excitement when the
+horses arrived. Most of them were half-broken, but there were some
+that had never seen, much less felt, a saddle. The horses were broken
+to the delight of every one in camp, because training them meant
+bucking contests, and the more vicious the animal the better they
+liked it.
+</p>
+<p>
+From simple drills and evolutions the men advanced to skirmish work
+and rapidly became real soldiers--not the polished, smartly uniformed
+military men of the Regular type, but hard fighters in slouch hats and
+brown canvas trousers with knotted handkerchiefs round their necks.
+</p>
+<p>
+The commander of any military unit at that time had much to worry
+about. It depended solely on him personally whether his men were
+properly equipped, whether they had food; and when orders came to move
+whether they had anything to move on. The advice that he could get, if
+he was willing to listen to it, was lengthy and worthless, and the
+help he could get from Washington amounted to little or nothing.
+</p>
+<p>
+In May the regiment was ordered to proceed to Tampa. After a lengthy
+struggle with the {84} railway authorities cars were put at the
+disposal of Colonel Wood, who left San Antonio on the 29th with three
+sections, the remaining four sections being left to proceed later in
+charge of Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt. The confusion of getting
+started was reduced to a minimum by Wood, who had worked out a scheme
+for embarkation; but due to delay on the part of the railway
+authorities in providing proper facilities for handling the troops and
+equipment they were delayed four days. Everywhere along the line of
+travel they were cheered enthusiastically by people who came to greet
+the train on its arrival in towns and cities.
+</p>
+<p>
+Tampa was in chaos. There seemed to be no order or system for the
+disembarkation of troops. Every one asked for information and no one
+could give it. Officers, men, railroad employees and longshoremen
+milled about in a welter of confusion. The troops were dumped out with
+no prearranged schedule on the part of the officers in charge of the
+camp. There were no arrangements for feeding the men and no wagons in
+which to haul impedimenta. In such conditions it {85} required all the
+native vigor characteristic of their Colonel to bring some sort of
+order--all the knowledge he had gained from his Indian campaign. And
+even then there was still needed an unconquerable spirit that did not
+know what impossibilities were.
+</p>
+<p>
+After a few days at Tampa, Colonel Wood was notified that his command
+would start for destination unknown at once, leaving four troops and
+all the horses behind them. On the evening of June 7th notification
+came that they would leave from Port Tampa, nine miles away, the
+following morning, and that if the troops were not aboard the
+transport at that time they could not sail. No arrangements were made
+by the port authorities for the embarkation. No information could be
+obtained regarding transportation by rail to the port. There was no
+information regarding the transport that the troops were to use. In an
+official report made to the Secretary of War Colonel Roosevelt had the
+following remarks to make about the conditions that confronted them in
+Tampa:
+</p>
+<p>
+". . . No information was given in advance {86} what transports we
+should take, or how we should proceed to get aboard, nor did any one
+exercise any supervision over the embarkation. Each regimental
+commander, so far as I know, was left to find out as best he could,
+after he was down at the dock, what transport had not been taken, and
+then to get his regiment aboard it, if he was able, before some other
+regiment got it. Our regiment was told to go to a certain switch and
+take a train for Port Tampa at twelve o'clock, midnight. The train
+never came. After three hours of waiting, we were sent to another
+switch, and finally at six o'clock in the morning got possession of
+some coal cars and came down in them. When we reached the quay where
+the embarkation was proceeding, everything was in utter confusion. The
+quay was piled with stores and swarming with thousands of men of
+different regiments, besides onlookers, etc. The Commanding General,
+when we at last found him, told Colonel Wood and myself that he did
+not know what ship we were to embark on, and that we must find Colonel
+Humphrey, the Quarter-master General. Colonel Humphrey was not in his
+office, and nobody knew where he was. The {87} commanders of the
+different regiments were busy trying to find him, while their troops
+waited in the trains, so as to discover the ships to which they were
+allotted--some of these ships being at the dock and some in
+mid-stream. After a couple of hours' search, Colonel Wood found
+Colonel Humphrey and was allotted a ship. Immediately afterward I
+found that it had already been allotted to two other regiments. It was
+then coming to the dock. Colonel Wood boarded it in midstream to keep
+possession, while I double-quicked the men down from the cars and got
+there just ahead of the other two regiments. One of these regiments, I
+was afterward informed, spent the next thirty-six hours in cars in
+consequence."
+</p>
+<p>
+The conditions at Tampa provided material for a spirited exchange of
+letters and telegrams between General Miles, who had taken command,
+and Secretary of War Alger.
+</p>
+<p>
+On June 4th, General Miles filed by telegraph the following report to
+the Secretary of War:
+</p>
+<p>
+"Several of the volunteer regiments came here without uniforms;
+several came without arms, and some without blankets, tents, or camp
+equipage. {88} The 32d Michigan, which is among the best, came without
+arms. General Guy V. Henry reports that five regiments under his
+command are not fit to go into the field. There are over three hundred
+cars loaded with war material along the roads about Tampa. Stores are
+sent to the Quartermaster at Tampa, but the invoices and bills of
+lading have not been received, so that the officers are obliged to
+break open seals and hunt from car to car to ascertain whether they
+contain clothing, grain, balloon material, horse equipments,
+ammunition, siege guns, commissary stores, etc. Every effort is being
+made to bring order out of confusion. I request that rigid orders be
+given requiring the shipping officers to forward in advance complete
+invoices and bills of lading, with descriptive marks of every package,
+and the number and description of car in which shipped. To illustrate
+the embarrassment caused by present conditions, fifteen cars loaded
+with uniforms were sidetracked twenty-five miles from Tampa, and
+remained there for weeks while the troops were suffering for clothing.
+Five thousand rifles, which were discovered yesterday, were needed by
+{89} several regiments. Also the different parts of the siege train
+and ammunition for same, which will be required immediately on
+landing, are scattered through hundreds of cars on the sidetracks of
+the railroads. Notwithstanding these difficulties, this expedition
+will soon be ready to sail."
+</p>
+<p>
+In answer to this dispatch was sent the following reply from Secretary
+Alger:
+</p>
+<p>
+"Twenty thousand men ought to unload any number of cars and assort
+contents. There is much criticism about delay of expedition. Better
+leave a fast ship to bring balance of material needed, than delay
+longer."
+</p>
+<p>
+This slight difference of opinion which a shrewd observer can discover
+between the lines was characteristic of the whole preparation of the
+United States army that undertook to carry on the war with Spain. As
+one remembers those days, or reads of them in detail, it seems as if
+every one did something wrong regularly, as if no one of ability was
+anywhere about. As a matter of fact, however, the organizing and
+shipping of a suddenly acquired expeditionary volunteer force has
+never been accomplished in any other way. The truth {90} of the matter
+is that it can never be run properly at the start for the simple
+reason that there is no organization fitted to carry out the details.
+</p>
+<p>
+The officials in Washington who had to do with the army--good men in
+many cases, poor men in some cases--if they had been in office long
+had been handling a few hundred men here and there in the forts, on
+the plains, or at the regular military posts. They could no more be
+molded into a homogeneous whole than could the cowboys, stockbrokers,
+college athletes, and southern planters maneuver until they had been
+drilled.
+</p>
+<p>
+To Colonel Wood, busy most of the hours of the day and night trying to
+get order out of chaos in his small part of the great rush, the whole
+episode was a graphic demonstration of the need of getting ready. Many
+years later a much-advertised politician of our land said that an army
+was not necessary since immediately upon the need for defense of our
+country a million farmers would leave their plows and leap to arms. To
+an officer trying to find a transport train in the middle of the night
+with a thousand hungry, tired, half-trained men under him such logic
+aught well have {91} caused a smile, if nothing worse. Leave his plow
+at such a call the American Citizen will--and by the millions, if need
+be. He has done just that in the last two years. He will leap to
+arms--to continue the rhetoric--but what can he do if he finds no
+arms, or if they do not exist and cannot be made for nine months?
+</p>
+<p>
+But the thing was not new to Wood even in those days. As he talks of
+that period now he says that it was not so bad. There was food, rough,
+but still food, and enough. There were transports. It only needed that
+they be found. If you could not get uniforms of blue, take uniforms of
+tan. If you could not find sabers, go somewhere, in or out of the
+country, and buy them or requisition them and put in the charge later.
+</p>
+<p>
+Yet, even so, no man in such a position, going through what he went
+through, worrying hour by hour, could fail to see the object lesson
+and take the first opportunity when peace was declared to begin to
+preach the necessity for getting ready for the next occasion. And it
+was largely due to Leonard Wood, as the world well knows, that what
+{92} little preparation was made in 1915 and 1916 in advance of the
+United States declaring war was made at all. It was the lessons
+acquired in the Spanish War and in the study of other wars that made
+of him the great prophet of preparedness.
+</p>
+<p>
+For several days the troops remained aboard the transport in Tampa
+harbor awaiting orders. The heat and discomfort told upon the men, but
+on the evening of June 13th orders came to start and the next morning
+found them at sea. On the morning of the 20th the transport came off
+the Cuban coast; but it was not until the 22d that the welcome order
+for landing came. The troops landed at the squalid little village of
+Daiquiri in small boats, while the smaller war vessels shelled the
+town.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the afternoon of the next day, the Rough Riders received orders to
+advance; and Wood, leading his regiment, pushed on so as to be sure of
+an engagement with the enemy the next morning. It was due to his
+energy that the Rough Riders did not miss the first fight. Under
+General Young's orders the Rough Riders took up a {93} position at the
+extreme left of the front. The next day the action of "Las Guasimas"
+began.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Shoot--don't swear" growled Wood as the fighting began. He strolled
+about encouraging his men and urging them to action. Under his quiet,
+cool direction they advanced slowly, forcing the enemy back, and
+finally driving him to his second line of defense. Soon the Rough
+Riders' right joined the left of the main body and in a concerted
+attack the Spaniards were routed, leaving much of their equipment in
+their hasty retreat.
+</p>
+<p>
+At this juncture it was reported to Roosevelt, whose detachment was
+separate from that of Wood, that Wood had been killed. Roosevelt
+immediately began taking over the command of the entire regiment,
+since it naturally devolved upon him. As he was consolidating his
+troops he came upon Wood himself very much alive.
+</p>
+<p>
+Major-General Joseph Wheeler made the following report of the Rough
+Riders:
+</p>
+<p>
+"Colonel Wood's Regiment was on the extreme left of the line, and too
+far-distant for me to be a personal witness of the individual conduct
+of his officers and men; but the magnificent and brave {94} work done
+by the regiment, under the lead of Colonel Wood, testifies to his
+courage and skill. The energy and determination of this officer had
+been marked from the moment he reported to me at Tampa, Fla., and I
+have abundant evidence of his brave and good conduct on the field, and
+I recommend him for consideration of the Government."
+</p>
+<p>
+On the 25th, General Young was stricken by the fever and Wood took
+charge of the brigade on the 30th, leaving Roosevelt in command of the
+Rough Riders. The afternoon of the 30th brought orders to march on
+Santiago, and the morning of July 1st found them in position three
+miles from the city, with Leonard Wood commanding the second
+dismounted cavalry brigade. During the next two days, the enemy fought
+fiercely to regain his lost positions, but the cool persistence of the
+American troops forced him constantly backward.
+</p>
+<p>
+In endorsing Wood's report of this action, General Wheeler said, "He
+showed energy, courage, and good judgment. I heretofore recommended
+him for promotion to a Brigadier-General. He {95} deserves the highest
+commendation. He was under the observation and direction of myself and
+of my staff during the battle."
+</p>
+<p>
+After a short siege the Spanish command capitulated on the afternoon
+of July 17th and the American forces entered Santiago.
+</p>
+<p>
+Wood's promotion to Brigadier-General of the United States Volunteers
+came at once, and Roosevelt was made Colonel and placed in command of
+the 2d Cavalry Brigade.
+</p>
+<p>
+The condition of our forces at this time, struggling against the
+unaccustomed and virulent dangers of the tropics, was pitiable. The
+"Round Robin" incident in which the commanding officers of the various
+divisions in the command reported to Major-General W. R. Shafter, that
+"the Army must be moved at once, or it will perish," has become a part
+of the record of the history of those times. Whether the sickness and
+disease they suffered could have been prevented became a matter of
+great controversy.
+</p>
+<p>
+This "Round Robin" was a document signed by practically all general
+officers present, in order to bring to the attention of the War
+Department {96} the conditions existing in the army that had captured
+Santiago showing that it was suffering severely from malaria and
+yellow fever; that these men must be replaced; and that if they were
+not replaced thousands of lives would be lost. It was sent because
+instructions from Washington clearly indicated that the War Department
+did not understand the conditions, and it was feared that delay would
+cause enormous loss of life. The men had been in mud and water--the
+yellow fever country--for weeks and were thoroughly infected with
+malaria. Although he had signed the "Round Robin"' with the other
+officers General Wood later on gave the following testimony before the
+War Investigation Committee:
+</p>
+<p>
+"We had never served in that climate, so peculiarly deadly from the
+effects of malaria, and in this respect my opinions have changed very
+much since the close of the war. If I had been called before you in
+the first week of August, I might have been disposed to have answered
+a little differently in some respects. I have been there ever since,
+and have seen regiments come to Cuba in perfect health and go into
+tents with floors and {97} with flies camped up on high hills, given
+boiled water, and have seen them have practically the identical
+troubles we had during the campaign. The losses may not have been as
+heavy, as we are organized to take them into hospitals protected from
+the sun which seemed to be a depressing cause. All the immune
+regiments serving in my department since the war have been at one time
+or another unfit for service. I have had all the officers of my staff
+repeatedly too sick for duty. I don't think that any amount of
+precaution or preparation, in addition to what we had, would have made
+any practical difference in the sickness of the troops of the army of
+invasion. This is a candid opinion, and an absolutely frank one. If I
+had answered this question in August, without the experience I have
+had since August, I might have been disposed to attribute more to the
+lack of tentage than I do now; but I think the food, while lacking
+necessarily in variety, was ample."
+</p>
+<p>
+Only a few years later the explanation of yellow fever transmission
+became clear to all the world. This discovery and the definite methods
+of {98} protection against its spread and the spread of malaria were
+largely the result of Wood's administrative ability and his knowledge
+of medicine. For it was as the result of studies and experiments
+conducted under his direct supervision that it became known that
+yellow fever was the result of the bite of the mosquito and not of bad
+food or low, marshy country or bad air or any of the other factors
+which had so long been supposed to be its cause. The taking of
+Santiago practically ended the Spanish War. But for the military
+commander of the City of Santiago it began a new and epoch-making
+work.
+</p>
+{99}
+<br><br>
+<h1>
+THE ORGANIZER
+</h1>
+<br><br>
+{100}
+<br><br>
+{101}
+<br><br>
+<h1>
+<a name="V">V</a>
+<br><br>
+THE ORGANIZER
+</h1>
+<br>
+<p>
+To understand the work accomplished by Wood in Santiago, it is
+necessary to renew our picture of the situation existing in Cuba at
+the time and to realize as this is done that the problem was an
+absolutely new one for the young officer of thirty-seven to whom it
+was presented.
+</p>
+<p>
+Nobody can really conceive of the unbelievable condition of affairs
+unless he actually saw it or has at some time in his life witnessed a
+corresponding situation. Those who return from the battlefields on the
+Western Front of the Great War describe the scenes and show us
+pictures and we think we realize the horrors of destruction, yet one
+after another of us as we go there comes back with the same statement:
+"I had heard all about it, but I hadn't the least conception of what
+it really was until I saw it with my own eyes."
+</p>
+<p>
+In like manner we who are accustomed to reasonably clean and
+well-policed cities can call up no {102} real picture of what the
+Cuban cities were in those days, unless we saw them, or something like
+them.
+</p>
+<p>
+Yet in spite of this it is necessary to try to give some idea of the
+fact, in order to give some idea of the work of reorganization
+required.
+</p>
+<p>
+For four hundred years Cuba had been under the Spanish rule--the rule
+of viceroys and their agents who came of a race that has for centuries
+been unable to hold its own among the nations of the earth. Ideas of
+health, drainage, sanitation, orderly government, systematic
+commercial life--all were of an order belonging to but few spots in
+the world to-day. Here and there in the East--perhaps in what has been
+called the "cesspool of the world," Guayaquil, Ecuador--and in other
+isolated spots there are still such places, but they are fortunately
+beginning to disappear as permanent forms of human life.
+</p>
+<p>
+In Santiago there were about 50,000 inhabitants. These people had been
+taxed and abused by officials who collected and kept for themselves
+the funds of the Province. Fear of showing wealth, since it was
+certain to be confiscated, led all classes of families to hide what
+little they had. {103} Money for the city and its public works there
+was none, since all was taken for the authorities in Spain or for
+their representatives in Cuba. Spanish people in any kind of position
+treated the natives as if they were slaves--as indeed they were. No
+family was sure of its own legitimate property, its own occupation and
+its own basic rights. The city government was so administered as to
+deprive all the citizens of any respect for it or any belief in its
+statements, decrees or laws. Not only was this condition of affairs in
+existence at the time of the war but it had existed during the entire
+lifetime of any one living and during the entire lifetime of his
+father, grandfather and ancestors for ten generations.
+</p>
+<p>
+As a result no Cuban had any conception of what honest government,
+honest administration, honest taxation, honest dealings were. He not
+only had no conception of such things but he believed that what his
+family for generations and he during his life had known was the actual
+situation everywhere throughout the world. He knew of nothing else.
+</p>
+<p>
+The city had no drainage system except the {104} open gutter of the
+streets--never had had. The water system consisted of an elemental
+sort of dam six miles up in the hills outside the city, old, out of
+repair, constantly breaking down, and a single 11-inch pipe which had
+a capacity of 200,000 gallons a day for the city--something like four
+gallons to a person. This was not sufficient for more than one-quarter
+of each day. In other words the city at the best was receiving for
+years only one-quarter of the water it absolutely needed for
+cleanliness.
+</p>
+<p>
+Plagues and epidemics, smallpox, yellow fever, bubonic plague, typhus
+and tetanus followed one another in regular succession. The streets
+for years had contained dead animals and many times in epidemics dead
+human beings--sights to which the citizens had been so accustomed
+throughout their lives that they paid no attention to them. The
+authorities being accustomed to keeping the public moneys for their
+own use spent little or nothing upon public works, cleaning the
+streets or making improvements. They did not build; they did not
+replace; they only patched and repaired when it was absolutely
+necessary. It was {105} a situation difficult to conceive, impossible
+to realize. Yet one must constantly bear in mind that there not only
+appeared to be nothing out of the ordinary in this, but in reality
+there was nothing out of the ordinary. It was the accustomed, usual
+thing and had been so for centuries.
+</p>
+<p>
+The sense of personal responsibility to the community was not dormant;
+it did not exist. The sense of duty of those who governed to those
+whom they governed was not repressed by modern corruption only; it had
+ceased to exist altogether. No city official was expected to do
+anything but get what he could out of those under him. No citizen knew
+anything but the necessity--to him the right--of concealing anything
+he had, of deceiving everybody whom he could deceive and of evading
+any law that might be promulgated.
+</p>
+<p>
+The integrity of the family and its right to live as it chose within
+restrictions required by gregarious existence had disappeared--never
+had existed at all so far as those living knew. The responsibility of
+the individual to his government was unconceivable and inconceivable.
+</p>
+<p>
+Had all this not been so there would have been {106} no war on our
+part with Spain, for the whole origin of the trouble which eventually
+led to war grew out of the final despair of men and women in Cuba who
+gradually came to realize in a dim way that something was wrong and
+unfair. Out of this grew internal dissension which constantly spilled
+over to interfere with international relations.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was the inevitable breaking down of a civilization because of the
+years during which civilization's laws had been disregarded, and
+because all this took place in close proximity to a country where the
+reverse was the evident fact. There are such rotten spots still upon
+this earth--one just across our doorstep on the Rio Grande, and
+somebody some day must clean that house, too.
+</p>
+<p>
+Added to all this, and much more, was the fact that the city of
+Santiago had been besieged by land and by sea. Thus naturally even the
+conditions in this cesspool were intensely exaggerated.
+</p>
+<p>
+Into such a plague-stricken, starving city on the 20th of July, 1898,
+Wood, then Brigadier General of United States Volunteers, thirty-seven
+{107} years of age, fresh from the job of army surgeon to the
+President in the White House, some Indian fighting in the Southwest
+and the task of getting the Rough Riders organized into fighting
+shape--fresh from the fighting that had taken place on and since July
+1st--into this situation on July 20th General Wood was summoned by
+General Shafter, commanding the American forces, with the information
+that he had been detailed to take command of the city, secure and
+maintain order, feed the starving and reorganize generally.
+</p>
+<p>
+Why he was selected may be easily guessed. He was a military man who
+had made good recently, who had made good in the Southwest, whom the
+President knew and trusted--and he was a doctor who had just shown
+great organizing ability. The job itself was as new to him as would
+have been the task in those days of flying. But with his inherited and
+acquired sense of values, of the essentials of life, with his
+education and his characteristic passion for getting ready he started
+at once to pull off the wall paper, hammer away the plaster and
+examine the condition of the beams which supported this leaning,
+tottering, {108} out-of-repair wing of the world's house of
+civilization.
+</p>
+<p>
+What he found was rotten beams; no integrity of family; no respect for
+or responsibility to the state; no sense on the part of the citizens
+of what they owed to themselves, or their families, or their city--not
+the slightest idea of what government of the people for the people by
+the people meant. The government was robbing the family. The family
+was robbing the government. That was the fundamental place to begin,
+if this wing of the house was not to fall.
+</p>
+<p>
+Naturally the immediate and crying needs had to be corrected at once.
+But Wood began all on the same day on the beams as well as on the
+plaster and wall paper--this 20th day of July, 1898. Another man might
+well have forgotten or never have thought of the fundamentals in the
+terrible condition within his immediate vision. That seems to be the
+characteristic of Wood--that while he started to cure the illness, he
+at the same time started to get ready to prevent its recurrence. And
+there we may perhaps discover something of the reason for his success,
+something of the reason why people lean on him and {109} look to him
+for advice and support in time of trouble.
+</p>
+<p>
+These immediate needs were inconceivable to those who lived in orderly
+places and orderly times. Of the 50,000 inhabitants, 16,000 were sick.
+There were in addition 2,000 sick Spanish soldiers and 5,000 sick
+American troops. Over all in the hot haze of that tropical city hung
+the terror of yellow fever, showing its sinister face here and there.
+At the same time a religious pilgrimage to a nearby shrine taken at
+this moment by 18,000 people led to an immense increase in disease
+because of the bad food and the polluted water which the pilgrims ate
+and drank. In the streets piles of filth and open drains were mixed
+with the dead bodies of animals. Houses, deserted because of deaths,
+held their dead--men, women and children--whom no one removed and no
+one buried. All along the routes approaching the city bodies lay by
+the roadside, the living members of the family leaving their dead
+unburied because they were too weak and could only drag themselves
+along under the tropic sun in the hope that they {110} might reach
+their homes before they, too, should die.
+</p>
+<p>
+This was enhanced by the fact of the siege and the consequent lack of
+food. The sick could not go for food; and if they could have done so
+there was little or none to be had. Horrible odors filled the air.
+Terror walked abroad. It was a prodigious task for anybody to
+undertake, but it was undertaken, and in the following manner:
+</p>
+<p>
+Simultaneously certain main lines of work were mapped out by Wood and
+officers put in charge of each subject, the commanding officer
+reserving for himself the planning, the general supervision, the
+watching, as well as the instituting of new laws based upon the
+existing system of the Code Napoleon.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was first necessary to feed the people and to bury the dead. There
+were so many of the latter that they had to be collected in lots of
+ninety or a hundred, placed between railway irons, soaked in petroleum
+and burned outside the city. It was such dreadful work, this going
+into deserted homes and collecting dead bodies for the flames, that
+men had to be forced to it. All were {111} paid regularly, however,
+and the job was done. General Wood's own account of this task is
+better than any second-hand description can even hope to be.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Horrible deadly work it was, but at last it was finished. At the same
+time numbers of men were working night and day in the streets removing
+the dead animals and other disease-producing materials. Others were
+engaged in distributing food to the hospitals, prisons, asylums and
+convents--in fact to everybody, for all were starving. What food there
+was, and it was considerable, had been kept under the protection of
+the Spanish army to be used as rations. Some of the far-seeing and
+prudent had stored up food and prepared for the situation in advance,
+but these were few.
+</p>
+<p>
+"All of our army transportation was engaged in getting to our own men
+the tents, medicines and the thousand and one other things required by
+our camps, and as this had to be done through seas of mud it was slow
+work. We could expect no help from this source in our distribution of
+rations to the destitute population, so we seized {112} all the carts
+and wagons we could find in the streets, rounded up drivers and
+laborers with the aid of the police, and worked them under guard,
+willing or unwilling, but paying well for what they did. At first we
+had to work them far into the night.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Everything on wheels in the city was at work. Men who refused and
+held back soon learned that there were things far more unpleasant than
+cheerful obedience, and turned to work with as much grace as they
+could command. All were paid a fair amount for their services, partly
+in money, partly in rations, but all worked; some in removing the
+waste refuse from the city, others in distributing food. Much of the
+refuse in the streets was burned outside at points designated as
+crematories. Everything was put through the flames.
+</p>
+<p>
+"In the Spanish military hospital the number of sick rapidly
+increased. From 2,000 when we came in, the number soon ran up to 3,100
+in hospital, besides many more in their camps. Many of the sick were
+suffering from malaria, but among them were some cases of yellow
+fever. Poor devils, they all looked as though hope had {113} fled,
+and, as they stood in groups along the waterfront, eagerly watching
+the entrance to the harbor, it required very little imagination to see
+that their thoughts were of another country across the sea, and that
+the days of waiting for the transports were long days for them."
+[Footnote: <i>Scribner's Magazine</i>.]
+</p>
+<p>
+A yellow fever hospital was established on an island in the harbor.
+The city was divided into districts and numbers of medical men put in
+charge, their duty being to examine each house and report sanitary
+conditions, sickness and food situations. As a result of these reports
+Wood issued orders for action in each district so that the food, the
+available medical force and the supplies of all kinds should be used
+and distributed to produce the greatest results in the shortest
+possible time. In one district alone just outside the city there were
+thousands of cases of smallpox in November. The streets were filled
+with filth and dead and wrecked furniture. The wells were full of
+refuse. The task seemed almost hopeless. Yet, under Wood's system of
+detailing squads to undertake the work in certain sections {114} with
+the system of centralized reporting, the epidemic was checked in a
+month, the district cleaned and scrubbed from end to end with
+disinfectants and the small pox cut down to a few scattering cases. In
+this district of Holguin the plan was adopted of vaccinating two
+battalions of the Second Immune Regiment. These men were then sent
+into the district to establish good sanitary conditions and clean up
+the yellow fever. The work was done successfully without the
+occurrence of a single case of smallpox amongst the American troops.
+No better demonstration of the efficacy of vaccination was ever given.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thus the first task of feeding the starving population and cleaning
+the city was simultaneously undertaken by districts under the
+direction of officers having authority to proceed along certain
+established lines. Episodes illustrating these "established lines" are
+many, but there is space here, for only one or two of them.
+</p>
+<p>
+It developed at the outset that there was food and meat in the city
+which the people could use, but which was beyond their reach on
+account of the high prices. General Wood no sooner heard {115} of this
+than he "established a line of procedure" to correct it. He sent for
+the principal butchers of the city and asked:
+</p>
+<p>
+"How much do you charge for your meat?"
+</p>
+<p>
+"Ninety cents a pound, Señor."
+</p>
+<p>
+"What does it cost you?"
+</p>
+<p>
+There was hesitation and a shuffling of feet; then one of the men said
+in a whining voice:
+</p>
+<p>
+"Meat is very, very dear, your Excellency."
+</p>
+<p>
+"How much a pound?"
+</p>
+<p>
+"It costs us very much, and ..."
+</p>
+<p>
+"How much a pound?"
+</p>
+<p>
+"Fifteen cents, your Excellency; but we have lost much money during
+the war and..."
+</p>
+<p>
+"So have your customers. Now meat will be sold at 25 cents a pound,
+and not one cent more. Do you understand?"
+</p>
+<p>
+Then, turning to the alderman, he charged him to see that his order
+was carried out to the letter, unless he wanted to be expelled from
+office.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thenceforward meat was sold in the markets at 25 cents. The same
+simple plan was evolved for all other kinds of supplies. Naturally
+such high-handed methods caused a great hue and cry {116} amongst
+certain of the citizens and no such method could have been carried out
+by any one but a military commander with absolute authority. Some of
+the newspapers, all of which had been given a free hand by Wood and
+were allowed for the first time to say what they liked, started a
+campaign against the new administration and its busy head. But hand in
+hand with this autocratic procedure went the organization of native
+courts, the appointment of native officials for carrying on the
+government, native police to catch Cuban bandits and native judges to
+give decisions and impose sentences. Furthermore, in these same days
+of autocratic action, the people gradually discovered that although
+everybody was forced to work all those who did got paid--something new
+to the Santiago-Cuban consciousness--that the invading American army
+was not arresting natives in the streets and thrusting them into jail,
+but that their own native police were doing this work. Gradually, as
+the city became clean, as prices fell, as payment for work came in, as
+illness decreased, as law became fairly administered by the Cuban
+officials themselves, a certain awe {117} and veneration grew for the
+invaders and their big, hardworking head. It was a revelation,
+unbelievable yet true, unknown yet a fact, which opened up to the
+minds of these long-suffering, incompetent people the first vision of
+an existence which has since through the same agency of General Wood
+become a fact throughout the whole island, so that Cuba is to-day a
+busy, healthy, self-governing state.
+</p>
+<p>
+Parallel with the feeding and sanitation work General Wood put into
+effect a certain system of road building where it was necessary in
+order to keep the people at work and allow them to make money and at
+the same time to produce necessary transportation facilities. Five
+miles of asphalt pavement, fifteen miles of country pike, six miles of
+macadam were built and 200 miles of country road made usable out of
+funds collected from the regular taxes which had heretofore gone into
+the pockets of the Spanish government officials. The costs varied
+somewhat from the old days, as may well be guessed. A quarter of a
+mile of macadam pavement built by the Spaniards the year before along
+the water-front had cost $180,000. Wood's {118} engineers built five
+miles of asphalt pavement at a cost of $175,000.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the same time a reorganization of the Custom House service was
+instituted which increased receipts; jails and hospitals were
+reorganized under the system existing in the United States; and
+perhaps in the end the greatest work of all was the establishment of
+an entirely new school system based on an adaptation of the American
+form. Teachers had disappeared. There were none, since nobody paid
+them. School houses were empty, open to any tramp for a night's
+lodging. In a few months this was changed so that kindergartens and
+schools were opened and running.
+</p>
+<p>
+In fact the work was the making of a new community, the building of a
+new life--the repairing of the tottering wing of the old, old house.
+</p>
+<p>
+All this, as may be supposed, did not take place without friction,
+obstruction, and without at first a great deal of bad blood.
+</p>
+<p>
+Wood's methods in dealing with disturbances were his own and can only
+be suggested here by isolated anecdotes and incidents. When an
+official who had the Spanish methods in his blood {119} did not appear
+after three invitations he was carried into the commanding officer's
+presence by a squad of soldiers in his pajamas. The next time he was
+invited he came at once.
+</p>
+<p>
+"One night about eight o'clock, General Wood was writing in his office
+in the palace. At the outer door stood a solitary sentinel, armed with
+a rifle. Suddenly there burst across the plaza, from the San Carlos
+Club, a mob of Cubans--probably 600. Within a few minutes a shower of
+stones, bricks, bottles and other missiles struck the Spanish Club,
+smashing windows and doors. A man, hatless and out of breath, rushed
+up to the sentry at the palace entrance and shouted, 'Where's the
+General? Quick! The Cubans are trying to kill the officers and men in
+the Spanish Club!'
+</p>
+<p>
+"General Wood was leisurely folding up his papers when the sentry
+reached him. 'I know it,' he said, before the man had time to speak.
+'I have heard the row. We will go over and stop it.'
+</p>
+<p>
+"He picked up his riding-whip, the only weapon he ever carries, and,
+accompanied by the one American soldier, strolled across to the scene
+of {120} the trouble. The people in the Spanish Club had got it pretty
+well closed up, but the excited Cubans were still before it, throwing
+things and shouting imprecations, and even trying to force a way in by
+the main entrance.
+</p>
+<p>
+"'Just shove them back, sentry,' said General Wood, quietly.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Around swung the rifle, and, in much less time than is taken in the
+telling, a way was cleared in front of the door.
+</p>
+<p>
+"'Now shoot the first man who places his foot upon that step,' added
+the General, in his usual deliberate manner. Then he turned and
+strolled back to the palace and his writing. Within an hour the mob
+had dispersed, subdued by two men, one rifle and a riding-whip. And
+the lesson is still kept in good memory."
+</p>
+<p>
+"One day about the middle of November the native <i>calentura</i> or fever,
+from which General Wood suffered greatly, sent him to his home, which
+is on the edge of the town, earlier than usual. He had no sooner
+reached the house than he was notified by telephone that a bloody riot
+had occurred at San Luis, a town 20 miles out on the {121} Santiago
+Railway. The fever was raging in the General, his temperature
+exceeding 105, and he was so sick and dizzy that he staggered as he
+walked. But with that indomitable will that had served him on many a
+night raid against hostile Apaches, he entered his carriage and was
+driven back to the city. He picked up his chief signal officer,
+Captain J. E. Brady, at the Palace and hastened to the building
+occupied by the telegraph department of the Signal Corps on Calle
+Enramadas. Captain Brady took the key at the instrument.
+</p>
+<p>
+"'Tell the operator to summon members of the rural guard who were
+fired on, and the commanding officer of the Ninth Immunes,' ordered
+the General, tersely. Thenceforward, for three hours General Wood sat
+there, questioning, listening, issuing orders, all with a promptness
+and certainty of judgment that would have been extraordinary in a man
+quite at his ease; yet all the time, as he could not help showing in
+mien and features, the raging fever was distressing to the point of
+agony. Those about him could not but marvel at the man's resolution
+and endurance. The {122} following day, although still racked with
+fever, he went by special train to San Luis and investigated the
+affair in person.'" [Footnote: <i>Fortnightly Review</i>.]
+</p>
+<p>
+The basis of the great work, however, as General Wood has himself
+repeatedly said in conversation and in print, was to effect all this
+regeneration without causing the Cubans to look upon the American Army
+and the American control as they had for years looked upon the Spanish
+Army and the Spanish control. That his success here in the most
+difficult phase of the whole prodigious enterprise was absolute has
+been testified to in innumerable ways and instances.
+</p>
+<p>
+Only one or two of these can be given here, but they are illuminating
+in the extreme and they suggest the success of the methods of the man
+who had been put in charge of this difficult work.
+</p>
+<p>
+Death amongst the Spanish soldiers had been very heavy from yellow
+fever and pernicious malaria and the course of the troop-ships which
+carried them back to Spain was marked by long lists of burials at sea.
+These ships carried with them most of the nurses and nursing sisters
+to {123} care for the sick and dying during the voyage. It was a great
+drain on the nursing force at Wood's disposal in Santiago. He,
+therefore, hit upon the idea of offering to pay for the return trips
+of these nurses if they would come back at once; with the result that
+most of them gladly accepted and rendered splendid service in Santiago
+to the sick as a token of their appreciation of the military
+governor's act. This did much to establish friendly relations between
+Americans, Spaniards and Cubans who had so short a time before been
+enemies.
+</p>
+<p>
+Another vital point was the relations of the invaders with the Church.
+It had never been contemplated that a Catholic viceroy should be
+replaced by a Protestant. This viceroy had so many intimate relations
+with the Catholic Church in which he represented the Catholic king
+that it was absolutely necessary for whatever American happened to be
+governor to play the game regardless of what his own religious
+scruples might be. As an interesting example of how well this was
+handled by Wood the story of Bishop Bernaba is a charming instance.
+</p>
+{124}
+<p>
+This bishop was elevated from priesthood while Wood was governor and
+because of his affection and respect for the American officer he asked
+him to walk with him daring the ceremonious procession from the
+priest's little parish church, where he had served, to the old
+cathedral where he was to officiate thereafter. It was a solemn
+religious function and has been described, because of the terrific
+surroundings of the hour, as not unlike the ceremony which took place
+in Milan after the Great Plague.
+</p>
+<p>
+The entire population of the city with some forty or fifty thousand
+from the surrounding hills packed the streets along the route of the
+procession. None of them had had a blessing from his own Cuban clergy
+in many years. It was like a mediaeval scene. The old bishop bowed by
+years, weakened by his recent grief at the suffering of his people and
+by the excitement of the moment, and General Wood, the American
+Protestant, walked together under the bishop's canopy. The people in
+the streets, seeing this, cried: "Thank God, the General is a Catholic!
+We didn't know it!"
+</p>
+{125}
+<p>
+From time to time the old bishop, tired with the exertion of swinging
+the censer with the holy water, would hand it to Wood and ask him to
+continue the function by his side until he could secure a slight
+respite. Occasionally as he leaned forward to bless the thousands who
+lined the way and who had come to feel his touch and kiss his hand his
+miter would slip to one side on his head and the unperturbed American
+general would lean forward and straighten it for him. Each time the
+old bishop turned to him and murmured, "Thank God, you are here! I am
+so old that I could not have made this journey, if you had not been
+here to help me."
+</p>
+<p>
+Wood told him that he was not a Catholic, that indeed from Bishop
+Bernaba's point of view he was a heretic and bound for Hell.
+</p>
+<p>
+"No," said the bishop, with a smile, "you are a good Catholic; only
+you do not know it."
+</p>
+<p>
+Small wonder that when he left Santiago in the spring of 1899 to visit
+the United States Wood was presented by the people of the city with a
+magnificent hand-work scroll which said in Spanish:
+</p>
+{126}
+<p>
+"The people of the City of Santiago de Cuba to General Leonard Wood
+... the greatest of all your successes is to have won the confidence
+and esteem of a people in trouble."
+</p>
+<p>
+Small wonder that in December, 1899, less than a year after the United
+States took over the island, he was appointed by President McKinley
+Governor General of Cuba and made a Major General of United States
+Volunteers!
+</p>
+<br>
+
+{127}
+<br>
+<h1>
+THE ADMINISTRATOR
+</h1>
+
+<br><br>
+{128}
+<br><br>
+{129}
+<br><br>
+<h1>
+<a name="VI">VI</a>
+<br><br>
+THE ADMINISTRATOR
+</h1>
+<br>
+<p>
+It has been said that General Wood's work in Havana as
+Governor-General of Cuba was the continuation of his work at Santiago
+on a larger scale. This would seem to be erroneous.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Santiago problem was the cleaning and reorganizing of a city of
+60,000 inhabitants. Many stringent measures could properly be put into
+operation in such a community which were quite impossible in a city of
+350,000 inhabitants like Havana, or in a state of two and one-half
+million people such as the Island of Cuba. It was possible in an
+epidemic to close up houses temporarily, stop business and commercial
+intercourse for a period where only 60,000 people were concerned. But
+to stop the daily commerce of a large city, the capital of a state,
+was out of the question.
+</p>
+<p>
+Furthermore the problem in the first instance was one of organizing a
+community in so {130} deplorable a condition that it was on the verge
+of anarchy. In the second instance much of the cleaning-up process had
+been at least begun by other American officers. It was here in Havana
+a case of administration and statecraft as against organization.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was the taking of a crown colony of Spain--a kingdom--which had
+never been anything but a royal colony, and turning it in two years
+and a half into a republic, self-governed, self-judged,
+self-administered and self-supporting.
+</p>
+<p>
+Roughly speaking, there had never been such a case. Even now the
+proposal of the Philippine Islands would practically be the second
+case should independence be granted to them by the United States. In
+all history a colony, once a colony, either has remained so, or has
+revolted from the mother country and by force of arms established its
+own independence.
+</p>
+<p>
+These two problems, then, were quite different in their essential
+elements and they required different qualities in the man who settled
+them.
+</p>
+<p>
+President McKinley's instructions to the new Governor-General were "To
+prepare Cuba, as {131} rapidly as possible, for the establishment of
+an independent government, republican in form, and a good school
+system." And both the President and the Secretary of War left their
+representative entirely to his own resources to work this out. His
+work was laid out for him and he was given a free hand.
+</p>
+<p>
+General Wood, therefore, in December, 1899, after having been received
+with a magnificent ovation on his return to the United States, made a
+Major-General and given an LL.D. degree by his own University of
+Harvard--after having returned to Santiago suddenly upon the outbreak
+of yellow fever, cleaned the town, covered it with chloride of lime,
+soaked it with corrosive sublimate, burned out its sewers and
+cesspools, and checked the epidemic,--finally took up his residence in
+Havana and began his work.
+</p>
+<p>
+One can readily imagine the immediate problems all of which needed
+settlement at once, none of which could be settled without study of
+the most thorough and vital sort. Wood's method was that of an
+administrator and statesman of great vision. He immediately proceeded
+to {132} secure wherever he could find them the best men on each of
+the problems and set them to work with such assistance, expert and
+otherwise, as they required to make reports to him within a limited
+time as to what should be done in their particular branches of the
+government.
+</p>
+<p>
+Again, it was so simple that it can be told in words of one syllable.
+But the great administrator appeared in the selection of the men for
+the jobs and in the final acceptance, rejection, or modification of
+the plans proposed. While he was an absolute monarch of the Island he
+never exerted that authority unless there was no other possible
+course. In all cases he left decisions in so far as that could be done
+to native bodies and native representatives and native courts with
+full authority.
+</p>
+<p>
+Chief Justice White of the Supreme Court upon being consulted told him
+that in the main the laws were sound but that the procedure was
+faulty; that he must look closely to this and make many modifications.
+This hint from a great authority became his guide.
+</p>
+<p>
+The most crying needs of the moment were the {133} courts and the
+prisons. Prisoners were held without cause; trials were a farce; the
+prisons themselves were filthy places where all ages were herded
+together; court houses were out of repair and out of use; records
+hardly existed, and the whole machinery of justice was that of a
+decayed colony of a decayed kingdom totally without the respect of the
+public and without self-respect.
+</p>
+<p>
+General Wood began with characteristic promptness to get to the root
+of the matter. The principal officer charged with the prosecution of
+cases was removed and a mixed commission, selected and appointed by
+himself, substituted. As a result in a short time six hundred
+prisoners were freed, because there was not sufficient evidence
+against them to warrant their arrests. Court houses were put into
+repair. Judges with fixed and sufficient salaries were appointed;
+officials were set at work upon salaries that were fair and--what is
+far more to the point--were regularly paid. Prison commissions
+appointed by Wood examined conditions and the prisons were cleaned,
+moved to other buildings, or renovated and remodelled according to
+modern American methods. {134} The result in less than six months was
+that native officials were conducting this work in a self-respecting,
+honorable manner, convicting or releasing prisoners in short order and
+bringing the idea of justice into respect in the public mind. The
+establishment of order was a natural result. Outbreaks and riots
+became unknown. The people began to realize as no amount of exhibition
+of power on the part of the invaders could ever have made them realize
+that peace, order, fair play, and a chance to live had come upon the
+land in what seemed some miraculous fashion.
+</p>
+<p>
+The respect of the individual for the State was born again in the
+Cuban mind--born, perhaps it is fairer to say, for the first time in
+the heart of this much abused and ignorant people. Once this really
+pierced their inner consciousness--the inner consciousness of the
+whole people, of everybody poor or rich--these people felt safe and
+secure and knew they could take up their enterprises with safety and
+with hope of adequate returns which should belong to themselves.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was so sound to do this wherever possible through the medium of the
+Cubans themselves and {135} not through army officials! It was so sane
+and clear-visioned a method to begin with this great beam of the
+remodeled Cuban house--this building up by the process of individual
+observation of confidence in those who ruled them!--and the men whom
+General Wood selected to draw the plans were experts in just such
+work. He selected them. He passed on their schemes. They did the work.
+And to this day he gives them credit for the whole thing.
+</p>
+<p>
+Next came the necessity for inculcating the idea of government of the
+people by the people. Six months after taking office General Wood had
+appointed a commission on a general election law, had adopted a plan
+much after our own electoral laws with the Australian ballot system
+and a limited suffrage, had prepared in his own office in Havana all
+the ballots, ballot boxes, circulars describing election rules and had
+successfully held throughout Cuba the first real election ever known
+on the island--ever known to the people. Municipal officials and local
+representatives were chosen everywhere by the people themselves for
+the first time in their lives.
+</p>
+{136}
+<p>
+Whether such a thing would be successful and prove effective the
+Governor-General did not know. But he knew that it was the right thing
+to do if they were ever to govern themselves; he trusted them--and he
+took the risk.
+</p>
+<p>
+Next--or rather at the same time with these two basic lines of
+constructive building--came the school system. When the United States
+took over the Island the school system was non-existent. There was not
+one single schoolhouse belonging to the State anywhere on the Island.
+There were no schools at all except private and church schools and
+very few of them. Children in the mass did not attend school. There
+was no foundation to build on. The whole school system had to be
+created new from the bottom to the top. That schools were another of
+the main beams of this new house is self-evident. Yet the action taken
+was much more far-seeing than would have been possible without a
+single autocrat to decree, and without a man who could see many years
+ahead.
+</p>
+<p>
+"I knew," said the Governor-General in one of his reports, "that we
+were going to establish a {137} government of and by the people in
+Cuba and that it was going to be transferred to them at the earliest
+possible moment; and I believed that the success of the future
+government would depend as much upon the foundation and extension of
+its public schools as upon any other factor, that such a system must
+be entirely in the hands of the people of the island."
+</p>
+<p>
+This was the situation when in the beginning of 1900 within a month
+after taking office Wood selected a young West Pointer who had been a
+teacher to draw up a school system and school laws. The result was an
+adaptation of the Ohio and Massachusetts School Systems; and when in
+1902 the Island was turned over to the Cubans three thousand eight
+hundred schools were in operation in good schoolhouses, with native
+teachers well paid, with 256,000 pupils, and at an expenditure of
+$4,000,000 a year out of a total annual state revenue of $17,000,000.
+In other words nearly one-quarter of the Island's revenue had been
+spent on the education of children to make them good and
+self-respecting citizens where nothing whatever had been spent before.
+</p>
+
+{138}
+<p>
+It was a very bold step. No other country on earth had ever spent so
+large a portion of its revenue on education. The appropriations in the
+United States to-day are pitiful in comparison--and yet our country
+is supposed to be doing pretty well by its future citizens. Again the
+step taken by the Governor-General was a piece of construction of the
+main essentials--of the things that make no show, but build, always
+build.
+</p>
+<p>
+American teachers were not employed, in order that the Cubans filled
+with suspicion of what the invaders were going to do might not be led
+to believe that there was any attempt being made to "Americanize" the
+Island. But on the other hand in the summer of 1900 one thousand of
+these new Cuban teachers were invited with all their expenses paid to
+spend several months at Harvard University in Cambridge and learn
+something of American pedagogy. The preparations for transporting this
+large number and handling them during their stay in the United States
+involved a large amount of work, but the trip was carried through
+without mishap or accident of any kind, and the thousand teachers
+returned to {139} their homes in the Island not only with the great
+benefit resulting from this instruction, but with the immense stimulus
+of a visit to an organized and comparatively smoothly running
+civilization. What they saw was of even greater benefit to them in the
+long run than what they learned in their summer courses.
+</p>
+<p>
+At this time the city of Havana was a fever-ridden, dangerous city.
+Yellow fever and other tropical diseases existed always and blazed up
+into epidemics at certain seasons of the year. Such systems of
+drainage as existed emptied into the harbor or into the street
+gutters. A beginning had been made to cleanse the city before Wood
+took charge, but little had been done in the smaller cities of the
+Island, all of which were in somewhat the same condition as Santiago
+in 1898 except for the added scourge in the latter city resulting from
+its siege.
+</p>
+<p>
+Nevertheless different methods had to be used in Havana. It is
+impossible here to go into the mass of detail in the appointing of
+commissions to carry out the different sanitary works that were
+required in Havana and all over the Island {140} in cities, towns and
+country districts. But, familiar as it now is, there will never be an
+account of this work which has made Cuba one of the healthiest places
+to live in either in or out of the tropics--there will never be a
+description so short that it cannot tell of the work of the unselfish,
+altruistic group of physicians who solved the yellow fever problem for
+all time. It gives him who writes even now something of a thrill to
+tell a little of it again and to pay tribute to the man who organized
+the work and to the men who carried it out under his unfailing support
+and encouragement. It is the greatest achievement of medicine since
+the discovery of the smallpox vaccine. It is one of the bright spots
+in the history of mankind.
+</p>
+<p>
+Here it is told best by the organizer of it in his official language
+with all the reserve and reticence that go with all the writing he has
+ever issued. Between the lines one reads the story of a hundred cases
+of bravery as great as that required by any fighter in the world, a
+hundred instances of self-sacrifice and risk willingly given in those
+fever-stricken places and quarantined hospitals, freely {141} offered
+that those who came after might be saved from the black cloud which
+then hung over all tropical and semi-tropical countries.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the Spring and summer of 1900 a yellow fever epidemic broke out in
+Havana and in many parts of the Island. All the sanitary methods known
+to man seemed to have no effect upon it. Nothing seemed to do much
+good.
+</p>
+<p>
+At this point General Wood, knowing of the theory of Dr. Findlay that
+yellow fever was transmitted by the bite of a mosquito and at his
+wits' end to know what step to take next, received notice that a
+commission consisting of Drs. Reed, Carroll and Lazaer had been
+appointed to make a thorough study of the disease at first hand and
+report to him. "After several preliminary investigations Dr. Lazaer
+submitted himself as a subject for an experiment for the purpose of
+demonstrating that the yellow fever could be transmitted in this way.
+He was inoculated with an infected mosquito, took the fever and died.
+Dr. Carroll was also bitten and had a serious case of yellow fever,
+but fortunately recovered.
+</p>
+<p>
+"The foregoing was the situation when Doctors {142} Reed, Carroll and
+Kean called at headquarters and stated that they believed the point
+had been reached where it was necessary to make a number of
+experiments on human beings and that they wanted money to pay those
+who were willing to submit themselves to these experiments and they
+needed authority to make experiments. They were informed that whatever
+money was required would be made available, and that the military
+Governor would assume the responsibility for the experiments. They
+were cautioned to make these experiments only on sound persons, and
+not until they had been made to distinctly understand the purpose of
+the same and especially the risk they assumed in submitting themselves
+as subjects for these experiments, and to always secure the written
+consent of the subjects who offered themselves for this purpose. It
+was further stipulated that all subjects should be of full legal age.
+With this understanding, the work was undertaken in a careful and
+systematic manner. A large number of experiments were made.
+</p>
+<p>
+"The Stegomyia mosquito was found to be beyond question the means of
+transmitting the {143} yellow fever germ. This mosquito, in order to
+become infected, must bite a person sick with the yellow fever during
+the first five days of the disease. It then requires approximately ten
+days for the germs so to develop that the mosquito can transmit the
+disease, and all non-immunes who are bitten by a mosquito of the class
+mentioned, infected as described, invariably develop a pronounced case
+of yellow fever in from three-and-one-half to five days from the time
+they are bitten. It was further demonstrated that infection from cases
+so produced could be again transmitted by the above described type of
+mosquito to another person who would, in turn, become infected with
+the fever. It was also proved that yellow fever could be transmitted
+by means of introduction into the circulation of blood serum even
+after filtering through porcelain filters, which latter experiment
+indicates that the organism is exceedingly small, so small, in fact,
+that it is probably beyond the power of any microscope at present in
+use. It was positively demonstrated that yellow fever could not be
+transmitted by clothing, letters, etc., and that, consequently all the
+old {144} methods of fumigation and disinfection were only useful so
+far as they served to destroy mosquitoes, their young and their eggs."
+[Footnote: General Wood's Report on the military government of Cuba.]
+</p>
+<p>
+That is the story of a work that has made Cuba a healthy land, that
+has freed the southern part of the United States forever from the
+dread disease, that has made the building of the Panama Canal a
+possibility and the Canal Zone healthier in death rate per thousand
+than New York City, that has finally rid the earth of yellow fever as
+vaccine rid it of smallpox and typhoid, and as the discoveries during
+the Great War have made it possible to check tetanus and typhus and
+bubonic plague.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was done--the work was done--by the doctors named and their
+assistants and the many men who took up the burden in other places and
+carried on. All honor to them! But the man who approved the idea, who
+took the risk and the responsibility and backed up those who worked--
+the man who kept in touch with it day by day and {145} saw that it was
+carried through--was Leonard Wood.
+</p>
+<p>
+Simultaneously with these basic administrative activities many other
+lines of constructive state building were inaugurated, under the same
+administrative plan--the plan of the appointment of a specialist or a
+commission of specialists to draw up plans and report to the
+Governor-General who then decided and started the actual work of
+reorganization.
+</p>
+<p>
+A railroad law was written, and General Wood persuaded General
+Grenville M. Dodge and Sir William Van Horn to help him to build much
+of the present railway system of Cuba. Hard modern roads took the
+place of the muddy routes almost impassable at certain seasons of the
+year which had been the only means of communication throughout the
+island. Hospitals and charities were grouped under a new organization
+consisting almost entirely of Cubans which renovated old hospitals,
+built new ones, put children first into temporary homes and then did
+away practically with asylums as soon as the destitute children could
+be put out among the Cuban families who {146} took them under a newly
+made law. Thus, in so far as was possible, no child from that time
+forward grew up with the stigma of an orphan asylum resting upon him
+or her, but had the chance offered to become in time a self-respecting
+inhabitant of a self-respecting community.
+</p>
+<p>
+Immense sums were disbursed by the military government in public
+works, harbor improvements, lighthouses which had almost ceased to
+exist, post offices and postal systems, telephone and telegraph
+connections, offices and organizations and an entirely new system of
+custom houses and quarantine administrations.
+</p>
+<p>
+The account of these in detail is the same story over and over
+again--the building of a state from bottom to top; and the
+administration of this state by those people who throughout their
+entire lives had known nothing of the sort--much less had any voice in
+its management.
+</p>
+<p>
+Two require special notice because of the tact and judgment required
+in handling them and because of the vital importance their
+consummation meant in the final settlement of Cuban difficulties.
+</p>
+<p>
+One was the ending of the long standing war {147} between the Spanish
+Government and the Roman Catholic Church upon the question of church
+property appropriated by Spain. No settlement had been made since the
+concordat of 1861. And when General Wood took command of the Island
+the Church came to him and said: "What is the United States going to
+do? Is it war, or peace? Give us our property back, or pay us for the
+use of it."
+</p>
+<p>
+With infinite wisdom and tact the Governor-General appointed judicial
+commissions to make an exhaustive study of the situation which
+resulted in reports showing that the claims of the Church were in the
+main just and fair, and a settlement was reached by which the State
+purchased most of the property, and rented for five years the rest, so
+that time should be given for equitable adjustment. This settled for
+all time a century-old trouble which alone would have made the setting
+up of a peaceable and effective government doubtful.
+</p>
+<p>
+The other sound reorganization of a delicate nature was the action of
+the Governor-General in revising a law which made marriages only legal
+if {148} performed by a judge and ignoring the church ceremony
+altogether. The changed law recognized either church or civil marriage
+and quieted the most serious of all family troubles in the Island.
+</p>
+<p>
+Finally a constitutional convention was planned and held, at which a
+constitution of the republican form based upon that of the United
+States was framed and adopted; an electoral law for elections in the
+Cuban republic was also adopted; and the general administrative law of
+the land was rewritten and adapted so that the government of the
+Island could be turned over to its inhabitants in workable form even
+though that form was new to them and they new to self-government in
+any form.
+</p>
+<p>
+Look for a moment at the result of this work. In December, 1899,
+Leonard Wood took command of the Island of Cuba. In May, 1902, he
+turned over that Island to its own inhabitants. In 1899 except for the
+military work done by the American Army the Island contained Spaniards
+who had for years been its autocratic rulers and who had recently been
+defeated in a war; and Cubans who {149} had for years been governed by
+a tyrant race. In 1902 these two century-old hostile groups, neither
+of whom had ever had any real experience in modern representative
+government, received their country at the hands of the Americans with
+new laws, with a republican form of government, with their own kind
+for rulers elected by their own people, and began an existence that
+has now been running long enough to prove that the work was so well
+performed for them as to make the impossible possible--the rotten
+kingdom, a clean republic; the decayed colony, an independent, proud
+democracy.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is a piece of work unparalleled in the annals of history. And the
+closing episodes which occurred in Havana are a witness to the
+affection and pride in which the people held the man who had
+accomplished it, the nation which had ordered it and their Island
+which was the scene of its happening.
+</p>
+<p>
+One typical episode occurred on the night of President Palma's
+inauguration ball given to the new President and the new Cuban
+Congress by General Wood. Wood took a number of the {150} principal
+representatives of the new Cuban Congress to the Spanish Club--the
+hotbed of the Spanish <i>régime</i>--where there was a celebration in
+progress in honor of King Alfonso's birthday. The two nationalities
+fraternized at once under the influence of the American
+Governor-General, and all of them, Spaniards and Cubans, drank the
+health of the King of Spain. The President and the principal members
+of the Club then joined the party and went to the ball together, where
+in turn all of them, Spaniards and Cubans alike, drank the health of
+the new republic. When Wood's family left for Spain the Spanish colony
+in Havana made a request that they should sail on the Spanish Royal
+Mail Steamer in order that they might show their appreciation of his
+work. And this ship when she sailed was the first Spanish boat to
+salute the brand new Cuban flag which had just been raised at the
+entrance to the harbor where for 400 years before that day the flag of
+Spain had waved.
+</p>
+<p>
+Another witness to the singular skill with which the Governor-General
+handled the diplomatic relations of the republic, and which is
+probably {151} unequaled anywhere in history, follows. This witness
+has to do with his work in laying the foundations of peace between the
+government of the Island and the Catholic Church. It is only possible
+here to quote from a few of the documents which Wood received not only
+as acknowledgment of his wise and sane policy, but as voluntary signs
+of personal affection and respect which the writers held for him when
+his difficult task was done. Monsignor Donatus, Bishop of Havana,
+wrote among other letters three which deserve quoting here. They were
+all voluntary expressions on his part. The first, dated at Havana on
+August 10, 1900, says in part:
+</p>
+<p>
+"To His Excellency, Major-General Leonard Wood, U.S.A., Military
+Governor of Cuba. Honored Sir:
+</p>
+<p>
+"I saw published in the official Gazetta yesterday the decree whereby
+you give civil effects and validity to religious marriages. This act
+of your Excellency corresponds perfectly with the elevated ideals of
+justice, fairness and true liberty to which aspired the institutions
+and government of {152} the United States, which you so worthily
+represent in this Island.
+</p>
+<p>
+"I gladly take this opportunity of declaring that in all my dealings
+with your Excellency I have found you ever disposed to listen to all
+reasonable petitions and to guard the sacred rights of justice which
+is the firmest foundation of every honored and noble nation.
+</p>
+<p>
+"I am moved, therefore, to speak the thanks not only of the Catholics
+but likewise of all others who truly love the moral, religious and
+political well-being of the people, and to express to your Excellency
+the sincere feelings and satisfaction and gratitude for this decree,
+which is worthy of a wise leader and an able statesman. This too gives
+me confidence that all your decrees and orders will continue to be
+dictated by the same high-minded and liberal spirit of justice that
+while it respects the religious sentiment, also guarantees and defends
+the rights and liberties of all honest institutions. Very respectfully
+yours, X. Donatus, Bishop of Havana."
+</p>
+<p>
+The second from the same place, dated December 11, 1900, says:
+</p>
+{153}
+<p>
+"All lovers of liberty of conscience, all guardians of the sanctity of
+the home and all who understand and admire good citizenship must
+recognize in this as in your other order on the same subject, the
+wisdom of a far-seeing statesman and the courage of a fearless
+executive.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Thanking you therefore in my own name and in the name of the Church I
+represent, I remain with every sentiment of respect and esteem, Very
+sincerely yours, X. Donatus, Bishop of Havana."
+</p>
+<p>
+And finally as the Bishop was leaving Havana in November, 1901, to
+become the Bishop of Ephesus and proceed to Rome, he wrote:
+</p>
+<p>
+"Called by the confidence of the Holy Father to a larger and more
+difficult field of action, I feel the duty before leaving Cuba to
+express to your Excellency my sentiment of friendship and gratitude,
+not only for the kindness shown to me, but for the fair treatment of
+the questions with the Government of the Island, especially the
+Marriage and Church Property questions. The equity and justice which
+inspired your decisions will devolve before all fair-minded people to
+the honor, not {154} only of you personally, but also to the
+Government you so worthily represent. I am gratified to tell you that
+I have already expressed the same sentiment to the Holy Father in
+writing and I will tell him orally on my visit to Rome. Yours very
+respectfully, X. Donatus, Bishop of Havana."
+</p>
+<p>
+An interesting result of this work of Wood's in regard to the
+settlement of the religious questions of the Island came later on when
+he was starting on his way to take up his work in the Philippines in
+the form of a delegation of Church authorities headed by Archbishop
+Jones. This delegation came to General Wood to say that its members
+proposed to approach the President of the United States and suggest
+that Wood be given the same authority to represent church matters in
+the Philippines as he had had in Cuba. They added that if this were
+done, they would give him full power to represent the Catholic Church
+as a referee and confer upon him the power not only to recommend
+action in all matters, but to settle all matters for the Church
+himself.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is very doubtful if such authority has many times in history been
+given to a Protestant by the {155} Church of Rome, and it marks the
+extraordinary height to which Wood's ability had lifted him in the
+world at large.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is hardly to be wondered at that Theodore Roosevelt wrote at the
+time: "Leonard Wood four years ago went down to Cuba, has served there
+ever since, has rendered services to that country of the kind which if
+performed three thousand years ago would have made him a hero mixed up
+with the sun god in various ways; a man who devoted his whole life
+through those four years, who thought of nothing else, did nothing
+else, save to try to bring up the standard of political and social
+life in that Island, to teach the people after four centuries of
+misrule that there were such things as governmental righteousness and
+honesty and fair play for all men on their merits as men."
+[Footnote: <i>Harvard Graduates' Magazine</i>.]
+</p>
+<br><br>
+{156}
+<br><br>
+{157}
+<br><br>
+<h1>
+THE STATESMAN
+</h1>
+<br><br>
+{158}
+<br><br>
+{159}
+<br><br>
+<h1>
+<a name="VII">VII</a>
+<br><br>
+THE STATESMAN
+</h1>
+<br>
+<p>
+Meantime, while Wood was carrying on his work in Cuba, events of
+importance to him and to his country were taking place in the United
+States. The popularity of his war record had made Roosevelt Governor
+of New York, and when the time came for him to run for a second term
+the Republican organization of the state forced him to take the
+nomination for Vice-President of the United States in order to keep
+him out of the gubernatorial field. He objected strongly and tried to
+remain in the state fight, but at the convention in Philadelphia upon
+a certain momentous occasion Thomas Platt, then head, of the state and
+national Republican organization, is said to have remarked to him:
+</p>
+<p>
+"Mr. Roosevelt, if you do not desire the vice-presidential nomination,
+there is always the alternative of retirement to private life."
+</p>
+<p>
+In other words party machinery was too strong {160} for him and
+much against his will he was forced to run as second on the
+McKinley-Roosevelt presidential ticket.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Republicans were successful and Roosevelt, knowing that there was
+little for him to do in Washington, was planning an extended trip
+through the Southern states to make an exhaustive study of the negro
+question. He had indeed begun to accumulate material on this subject
+when on September 6, 1901, McKinley was shot at Buffalo. A few days
+later he died; and Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United
+States.
+</p>
+<p>
+For Wood this meant much in the future--much of good and something of
+trouble. Roosevelt was his devoted friend and supporter, and upon his
+return to the United States in early 1902 he found this devoted friend
+the head of the nation, himself a Brigadier-General of the regular
+army scheduled to go into regular army work and to live on an army
+officer's pay. In this country there is no other procedure possible.
+In England such a man would have been given a title and a large sum of
+money to make it possible for him to keep up the position which a man
+of his abilities and {161} attainments should keep up. Here the case
+is different.
+</p>
+<p>
+He had the alternative of going on, or retiring and entering
+commercial pursuits. Offers looking towards the latter contingency
+were not wanting. He was, in fact, asked to take a business position,
+which offered him forty thousand a year. Here was a large income for a
+man of forty-two, regular work of an interesting sort, security and a
+clear future for himself and his family. Instead, he accepted the
+appointment to the Philippines which meant and indeed, as the outcome
+showed, actually involved more than a hundred military engagements
+amongst the natives of the islands in many of which he risked his
+life.
+</p>
+<p>
+Here again he took the road of service to his country as he had each
+time the ways divided since the day when as a young doctor he entered
+the army. No one but he himself can tell in detail just the reasons
+which led to this decision, but in the main they were the instinctive
+desire for action, for execution and for the open road, which then as
+now swayed him in all his actions and decisions. Then, too, he felt
+that since {162} Roosevelt was President, criticisms of their
+relations in political circles might readily arise, as indeed did
+occur later; and lest their friendship should be misunderstood he took
+the Philippine appointment--applied for it, even--in order that being
+thus out of the country, cause for any such occurrences might perhaps
+be avoided.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is always interesting to look back through the career of such a man
+and speculate on the chance or wise decision which caused the choice
+of the right road or the left road at such a time. Neither Wood nor
+Roosevelt could possibly know or foresee that this decision would
+furnish the former with the material which eventually led to his doing
+more than all the rest of the United States put together to start
+preparation for the Great War. Neither of them could have guessed that
+his administration in the Philippines would bring out further
+qualities in Wood which showed the statesman as well as the
+administrator in him.
+</p>
+<p>
+What might have happened otherwise is again a futile
+speculation--perhaps something to bring him still more before the
+people of his country, perhaps less--yet it may be safely said,
+judging {163} from history and biography the world over, that it is
+probable no road he might have taken would have suppressed Leonard
+Wood's executive and administrative qualities. Indeed the fact that
+for practically thirty years he has been in the army, that he is a
+soldier in every inch of his big body, has never even to this day made
+him a militarist. He is and always has been an administrator; and that
+quality with all that it means would in all likelihood have cropped
+out in whatever profession he might have chosen or been forced into by
+circumstances.
+</p>
+<p>
+Men of ability are doubtless occasionally kept down; but not as a
+rule. They rise to the occasion. And conversely men of small minds,
+dreamers and theorists looking to the settlement of all problems on
+the instant seldom last long at the top although they rise to
+prominence here and there in times of excitement and hysteria such as
+we are passing through to-day. It is only the sound common sense of
+humanity coupled with great ability that stands the test. It is only
+they who keep ever before them the fact that {164} elemental laws do
+not change, cannot be changed, who stand the test and strain of
+emergency.
+</p>
+<p>
+The entire world since the Great War is filled with new theories, new
+plans, new outlooks for all of us. We cannot go back to the old
+status. Yet because we cannot go back there would seem to be no reason
+for our going mad. The wall paper has changed--must change. New
+decorations with wonderful and to American ears unpronounceable names
+have been displayed before the eyes of Europe and America by the
+advanced architects of the day. But that individual--not to mention
+nations--who becomes fascinated with the new colors and designs will
+suffer horribly in the end if, having forgotten to look to the beams
+of his house, he finds it shortly tumbling about his ears. Sane
+vision, clear thinking at critical times has saved and will save many
+times again those who would fall but for such guidance.
+</p>
+<p>
+To-day in this land such men are needed. They must come forward, not
+in haste or with sudden panaceas, but with the same old sound common
+sense which has made us what we are and will keep {165} us from
+becoming what parts of the rest of the world have already become.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1902 the situation, while not as acute as to-day, had nevertheless
+its problems to be solved; and though we had just finished what in the
+light of history was a short and almost insignificant war the country
+was startled from end to end by the discovery of its unpreparedness.
+As has already been said our amazing lack of men and equipment for any
+such occasion had been impressed upon Wood's mind by personal
+experience and by his own native instinct for the reverse.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was of great interest to him, therefore, to receive shortly the
+appointment to visit Germany as an American military observer of the
+German Army maneuvers. And out of this trip he learned more thoroughly
+the lack of foresight in military matters in this country and saw more
+clearly the position which we should be in, if such a machine as the
+German Army were pitted against us instead of the weak and decayed
+forces of Spain.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the course of these maneuvers he met many of the greatest military
+men of Europe. He was received and entertained by the German Emperor
+{166} not only because of his position in the American army and as the
+representative of the United States, but as the man who in Cuba had
+treated with such kindness and courtesy German officers of a visiting
+training ship who were ill with the Island fevers. He witnessed the
+grand maneuvers of the greatest army the world has ever known. But,
+what in his own belief was of far more importance, he met and talked
+with European military experts of world-wide reputation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Among these men the most congenial spirit was Lord Roberts. The little
+man of Kandahar, the great fighter of Britain's battles, the idol of
+the British public, was then striving to awaken the English people and
+the English government to their own unpreparedness. He sought even
+then to show them what an attack by a force like the German Army would
+mean to the British Empire. For years he kept at it, lecturing,
+speaking, crying aloud throughout England up to the very day when
+without warning in 1914 his countrymen found themselves with a scant
+two hundred thousand soldiers confronted by five millions of trained
+Germans.
+</p>
+{167}
+<p>
+The great fighter, the great preacher, his little body filled with
+patriotism and a great heart, unbosomed to Wood and met a responsive
+assent in Wood's own nature. They discussed from all sides the right
+thing to do. They went over all the European systems together with the
+desire in their hearts to find something which should at the same time
+give a nation a force of great size that could be quickly put into
+action and still not turn that nation into a huge military machine.
+Neither of them was a militarist. Both felt that peace was best
+preserved by the power to preserve it.
+</p>
+<p>
+Together they seem to have arrived at some adaptation of the Swiss
+system which provides that small country with a relatively enormous
+military force without causing the citizens to give up their
+commercial pursuits. At that time it is probable that Wood began to
+formulate the idea of universal military training of all male citizens
+between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one while they were finishing
+school and college and before they had settled upon their life work.
+</p>
+<p>
+At all events the material upon the subject {168} which he managed to
+accumulate in the way of books, pamphlets, records and so on
+constitutes now one of the main portions of his extensive library. And
+the whole trip was an example in his case of what a man can do
+incidentally--or apparently incidentally--while occupied ostensibly
+with some other work. During his stay in Europe he met many statesmen
+in Germany, France and England and absorbed from them all he could on
+the subject that was fast becoming his greatest interest.
+</p>
+<p>
+Upon his return to the United States the difficulties which Taft, the
+Governor of the Philippine Islands, was having in trying to bring
+order amongst the Moro, or Moslem, Islands and the half savage tribes
+which inhabited them led President Roosevelt to consider the
+advisability of sending some one to undertake this difficult and
+dangerous task. Speaking of it to Wood one day the latter said:
+</p>
+<p>
+"Why not send me?"
+</p>
+<p>
+Roosevelt immediately referred him to Mr. Root, then Secretary of War,
+with the result that he was appointed Governor of Moro Province to do
+{169} the work there amongst these new wards of the United States
+under different conditions which he had already done in Cuba.
+</p>
+<p>
+Wood felt very strongly that it would be far better for him to be
+there during the administration of Roosevelt in order that their
+personal relationship might not be misunderstood. This was the more
+forcibly brought in upon his consciousness by the occurrence at that
+time of what is known as the Rathbone affair.
+</p>
+<p>
+Major Estes G. Rathbone, formerly an assistant postmaster-general and
+at this time detailed to duties in the newly organized Post Office in
+Cuba, had been charged with wastefulness of public moneys and
+unwarranted expenditure of public funds for personal expenses. He,
+with certain associates, was brought to trial and convicted. He was
+sentenced to a long term of imprisonment. It was one of the few cases
+of malfeasance in office which occurred in Cuba during Wood's
+administration and was dealt with by the regular courts in the regular
+manner.
+</p>
+<p>
+Nothing further would have come of it in all probability had not the
+extraordinarily close {170} relations of Wood and Roosevelt furnished
+an excuse. The fact that Roosevelt was President of the United States
+and that as such he proposed the name of Wood for advancement to
+Major-General of Regulars from Brigadier-General added fuel to the
+flames. The fact that Wood was the senior Brigadier and that as such
+he would naturally become Major-General in regular seniority seems to
+have carried no weight at the time. Even then the Rathbone affair
+would have had no connection with the matter of this appointment had
+not Major Rathbone possessed personal friends high politically in the
+government of the time, and had not the regular army officers looked
+with disfavor upon the appointment even in regular order of a man who
+had been an army surgeon and who was not what is known as a line
+officer originally.
+</p>
+<p>
+All these influences, however, coming together at the same time caused
+an uproar in Congress over his appointment which, while it cleared
+Wood entirely, still made a political scandal that hurt to the quick
+the man who had just accomplished what he had accomplished in Cuba.
+</p>
+<p>
+Wood was charged with conduct unbecoming {171} an officer; that he
+made an intimate friend of an ex-convict in Santiago, and employed him
+as a newspaper correspondent to blacken the character of eminent
+American officers and advertise himself; that Rathbone was unjustly
+accused and convicted through Wood's direct agency; that Wood had been
+guilty of extravagance; that he had accepted while Governor-General
+presents from a gambling house in Havana, and so on.
+</p>
+<p>
+All this evidence and much more was laid before the Committee of the
+Senate on Military Affairs and was most thoroughly aired. The result
+was the absolute vindication of Wood, his confirmation as
+Major-General of the Regular Army and a report which is a part of the
+records of the Senate in which it is written that:... "not one of them
+has a better claim, by reason of his past record and experience as a
+commander, than has General Wood; and in the opinion of the Committee
+no one has in view of his present rank equal claim to his on the
+ground of merit measured by the considerations suggested."
+</p>
+<p>
+The whole episode thus ended in still greater credit to General Wood.
+It is only interesting {172} and in point here and now because it
+brings out the fact that the man himself never had the support of the
+Washington Army Department men until his service in the Philippines,
+except here and there amongst those officers who have served under
+him. Doubtless his extraordinary executive work in getting the Rough
+Riders ready for action and his methods which over-rode precedents and
+destroyed red tape throughout the whole of the War Department of that
+day had much to do with this. That there should follow in so few
+months his remarkable success in Santiago, his appointment as
+Governor-General of Cuba, his quick and successful organization and
+administration of the Island so that it could be turned over to the
+Cubans in such short order--all tended to fan the flames of prejudice.
+Hence when the opportunity of the Rathbone affair occurred the flames
+became a veritable conflagration, which, however, burned only those
+who brought the charges and touched the character of Wood himself not
+at all.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the meantime early in 1903 he started upon his duties in the
+Philippines. Instead of proceeding by the usual route through
+California and {173} over the Pacific to Manila, Wood decided to make
+the voyage the other way round with a definite plan for acquiring data
+upon his new subject and relative to his new duties as he went along.
+</p>
+<p>
+In Egypt he spent some time with Lord Cromer, then just preparing to
+give up his work there as Viceroy. Cromer, like all other persons in
+executive capacities throughout the world, knew well all that General
+Wood had done in Cuba. He had a very high appreciation of what had
+been accomplished in the time, because from his own experience he knew
+better than most men what the difficulties had been. He took a great
+liking for the quiet, stalwart American and told him that his
+administration in Cuba was one of the finest in Colonial history and
+the best in our generation. Later when Lord Cromer was asked to
+suggest some one to succeed himself in Egypt he said that
+unfortunately the best man was unavailable since he was an American
+citizen named Leonard Wood.
+</p>
+<p>
+He gave him all the facilities for studying the government and
+administration of the British protectorate and helped him wherever and
+{174} whenever he could. Wood's great interest was the study of the
+way in which men of different and conflicting religious beliefs were
+handled, and he collected large quantities of books and documents to
+be studied later as he proceeded eastward. No man could have asked for
+higher appreciation than was accorded him voluntarily by the able and
+experienced administrator of Egyptian affairs.
+</p>
+<p>
+From Cairo he proceeded to India and spent sufficient time to
+accumulate information there. He was to govern a Mohammedan population
+mixed up with Confucians, cannibals, headhunters and religions of
+twenty different varieties, and he studied as he went along all the
+methods employed in similar situations to preserve order without
+creating religious wars.
+</p>
+<p>
+He even made a special journey to Java at the invitation of the Dutch
+government, where the Dutch governor gave him all the assistance in
+his power. Here he found the problem more closely allied to his own
+than elsewhere.
+</p>
+<p>
+So that on his arrival in Manila he had gathered information upon most
+of the problems which would shortly confront him from sources {175} of
+unquestioned authenticity and from men of unquestioned ability. Some
+friend one night in Manila spoke of the large number of books that
+filled the walls of his house and wondered when he expected to get
+time to read them. Wood's answer was that he had read them all and
+only used them now as reference books to refresh his memory.
+</p>
+<p>
+New as the problems were, therefore, he had by the time he began
+active work as Governor whatever preparation any one could secure for
+the work in hand.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Spaniards had failed in their government in the Philippines as
+they had elsewhere. In Mindanao and Sulu--the country, or islands,
+inhabited by the Moros--they had failed signally because of their
+intolerance of the religious beliefs of the people and their careless
+impatience generally towards a colony which from its very nature could
+not produce much money. Furthermore they did not send sufficient
+military forces or sufficiently able officers to maintain their
+supremacy. And finally they did not deal with the people through the
+native clergy and priests. Consequently when the Americans came in the
+Moros were united only {176} in their hatred of the white race, placed
+no confidence in anything their rulers told them and only obeyed
+white-man-made laws as long as the white man was in sight.
+</p>
+<p>
+After all a sultan or datu had his position and authority which had
+come down to him through generations and his religion which had been
+taught him from birth. He saw no reason why he should give up these
+without a struggle just because some other man arrived with a
+different religion and a different form of sultan government. The
+country was such that it was easy to avoid the new rulers.
+Transportation over large parts of the southern islands was through
+jungle and pathless forests where even riding a horse was impossible.
+Streams without bridges, settlements without approaches except a
+trail, tropical climates to which only the Moros themselves were
+accustomed spread over a land of almost impenetrable jungle. The Moros
+themselves understood such a situation and could easily move from one
+spot to another, one island to another, one settlement to another;
+while the army had to fight its way in and then fight its way out
+again.
+</p>
+{177}
+<p>
+While the problem of administration was not unlike that in Cuba in so
+far as the organizing of courts, law, education, native officials and
+so on went, there were here in Moroland the infinitely more difficult
+and delicate tasks of dealing with many different religious laws and
+customs and the hereditary rank and rights of tribal rulers, none of
+which existed in Cuba.
+</p>
+<p>
+The quality of statesmanship in Wood which dealt with these problems
+and settled them so that from a slave-holding, polygamous, headhunting
+land there arose a self-governing community is of the highest order.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was put into force in the commander's usual, commonplace, thorough
+way without haste or excitement, but where necessary by force of arms
+which required more than a hundred engagements and many hard-fought
+battles. Wood first spent some time in Manila going over the situation
+with Mr. Taft. There he learned Taft's wishes and views and prepared
+his military forces. He was both military commander and civil governor
+of the Moroland and as such was again an absolute autocrat. When he
+was ready he started directly {178} into the jungle from Zamboanga.
+The journey took him and his staff through forests, over unfordable
+rivers, across mountain ranges on foot, across the straits that
+separated one island from another in dugouts, into forts, into towns,
+into villages and hamlets in a nerve-racking journey of over a month
+without a pause except for necessary sleep.
+</p>
+<p>
+He wanted to see with his own eyes and hear with his own ears at first
+hand what was the condition of affairs, what was going on, what were
+the different and varying situations in order that he might the more
+correctly and certainly draw up plans for the reorganization of the
+colony. In one village he was a military commander issuing orders; in
+another he was a criminal or civil judge sitting in session; in
+another he was a listener to the advancement of the plans and the
+religious ceremonials of the sultans or datus of the place.
+</p>
+<p>
+Naturally all came to see him. He was the embodiment of the new
+conquerors and curiosity alone would have brought every one, to say
+nothing of policy which brought those who desired {179} to impress him
+in order that special favors might be expected for themselves. He was
+the Great White Sultan judged by the standards known to their other
+sultans.
+</p>
+<p>
+And the problems were infinitely varied and in most cases entirely new
+ones to the "doctor from Boston."
+</p>
+<p>
+But, as in other places, he used his own methods in each instance to
+settle the particular problem, always emphasizing the one great fact
+that if the Moros would deal fairly with the Government of the United
+States they would benefit as never before, secure fair and just
+treatment and be assured of their right to live in peace.
+</p>
+<p>
+Yet when things became a little clogged he took immediate steps to
+clear the situation with force if necessary, but always with diplomacy
+if that could be made to do the job.
+</p>
+<p>
+"In Jolo there was a mess. The puffed-up Sultan, with whom General
+Bates in 1899 had made a treaty by which the Sultan engaged to keep
+order, was away in Singapore having a 'time.' His brother, the Rajah
+Mudah, was acting as regent. The sub-chiefs and datus were in a great
+{180} row. The Moros were murdering and robbing, all over the island.
+General Wood led an expedition to find out what was the matter. It was
+not a punitive expedition, but rather one meant to let the natives see
+the stalwart soldiers of the United States and understand the futility
+of resisting them. The Rajah Mudah was sulky. The General sent him a
+polite invitation to visit him in camp near Maibun, the Rajah's town.
+Mudah returned word that he was ill. Another invitation failed to
+budge him. General Wood ordered Colonel Scott to pay a call upon the
+sick Rajah and to take along a company of infantry. Colonel Scott and
+Captain Howard found the Rajah lounging among his pillows. He greeted
+them in the languid accents of the sick. Solicitous inquiries about
+the nature of his malady were made. The Rajah had a boil. Colonel
+Scott was deeply sympathetic. Would the Rajah object to showing his
+boil. Perhaps the visitors might be able to suggest a remedy. The
+Rajah did not show his boil. Captain Howard put his company into line.
+The Rajah sat up with a jerk, and Moros came running from all
+directions to see what was {181} happening. Colonel Scott very quietly
+explained that the soldiers had been sent as a guard of honor to
+escort the Rajah to the General. If the Rajah was quite sure that he
+was feeling sufficiently strong to travel, they would go.
+</p>
+<p>
+Peering through half shut eyes, the Rajah Mudah pondered for a moment.
+Then he announced that he felt greatly improved and that undoubtedly
+his condition would be immensely helped by a ride in the air.
+</p>
+<p>
+"General Wood greeted him cordially and ceremoniously. He personally
+conducted him around the camp, pointing out what fine, big men our
+soldiers were, and especially directing his attention to the machine
+guns. Would the Rajah like to see the guns in operation?
+</p>
+<p>
+"After the guns had mowed down a few trees the Rajah's face assumed a
+thoughtful expression. He became enthusiastically friendly."
+[Footnote: <i>World's Work</i>.]
+</p>
+<p>
+Such methods in time made an impression. Even the Moro mind began to
+absorb the fact that it was much better to accept the invitation than
+to undergo what followed any failure to do so.
+</p>
+{182}
+<p>
+Wood had also to add to his difficulties in the beginning the
+prejudice of army officers he found in the islands. The older men over
+whom he had been promoted by President McKinley had no love for him.
+They called him a doctor. He was not of the army fraternity. They had
+heard that he had done well, but not by established methods. The
+younger officers took their cue from their seniors and so did the
+enlisted men. It was a difficult problem, or series of problems,
+through which he had to steer a careful course. But he did it and
+turned the tide entirely in the other direction.
+</p>
+<p>
+He did it by always taking his share of the hard work. Object lessons
+of this sort multiplied as time went on. When troops were sent out to
+an engagement Wood went with them and kept in the front line. When
+they camped for the night in the jungle he had the same bed--the
+ground. When they had little or nothing to eat, he had the same. Once
+when they came out upon the beach of one of the islands after a hard
+trip Wood's launch was reported a hundred yards off the surf ready
+with cooling fans, a good mattressed bed, excellent food and a bath.
+He told {183} the orderly that he would stay with the men and sent him
+back to the launch, taking no more notice of the matter except to
+scrape out a new hollow in the burning sand in the hope of finding a
+cooler spot to sleep.
+</p>
+<p>
+Such episodes repeated again and again soon made a vital change of
+views in regard to the new governor and commander. They occurred so
+regularly and so often that it appeared true--this taking what came
+along in the day's work with the others--not a case of trying to
+produce effect now and then. Mr. R. H. Murray, in his article written
+in 1912, quoted above, speaks of an officer who served under Wood at
+this time and as he says quotes him as literally as he can:
+</p>
+<p>
+"When Wood first came out in 1903, the army in the Philippines didn't
+know him. There were plenty of officers who reviled him as a favorite
+of the White House, and cussed him out for it. Pretty soon the army
+began to realize that he was a hustler; that he knew a good deal about
+the soldier's game; that he did things and did them right; that, when
+reveille sounded before daybreak, he was usually up and dressed before
+{184} us; that, when a man was down and out, and he happened to be
+near, he'd get off his horse and see what the matter was and fix the
+fellow up, if he could; that when he gave an order it was a sensible
+one and that he didn't change it after it went out; and that he
+remembered a man who did a good piece of work and showed his
+appreciation at every chance.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Well, the youngsters began to swear by Wood, and the old chaps
+followed, so that from 'cussing him out' they began to respect him and
+then to admire and love him. That's the word--love. It's the easiest
+thing in the world to pick a fight out there now by saying something
+against Wood. It is always the same when men come in contact with him.
+I don't honestly believe there is a man in the department now who
+wouldn't go to hell and back for Leonard Wood."
+</p>
+<p>
+It was again much the same story as in Cuba. It was not only the
+personality of the man himself, his personal magnetism, but the quiet
+simplicity of his methods backed by knowledge and good judgment. It
+was the absence of doing anything for effect, anything of the personal
+{185} "ego;" the getting of things done quietly, without ferment or
+conversation. And back of it all the absolute certainty of every one
+who worked with or under him that Leonard Wood would do exactly what
+he said he would, even though he said it quite quietly only once and
+even though the doing of it meant a military expedition, a battle and
+the death of many a good man who perhaps knew nothing of the real
+reasons.
+</p>
+<p>
+Here again space is too limited to permit of an account of the work
+done by Wood which made a group of pirates into a relatively
+law-abiding community. Yet some attempt to picture the situation is
+necessary in order to give a slight idea of what the problem was.
+</p>
+<p>
+It should be borne in mind that the country over which he was made
+Governor-General consisted of two-thirds of the Island of Mindanao and
+the Sulu Archipelago--a long chain of large and small islands
+extending almost to Borneo. The inhabitants were principally
+Mohammedans, known to the Spaniards as Moros. Along the coast of
+Mindanao were scattered small Philippine settlements--Christian
+Filipinos. Widely {186} separated back in the islands were numerous
+tribes speaking different dialects. In appearance they were not unlike
+the Diacs of Borneo. Some of them were headhunters. Among some of them
+cannibalism still existed in the form of religious ceremonies.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Moros were the masters of all the seas in this vicinity. They were
+the old Malay pirates so well known in books of travel. The Spaniards
+had waged intermittent war against them since early in 1600, but they
+never effectively conquered them. They would send down a large
+expedition, win a victory and withdraw. This procedure, however, made
+little or no impression on the pirates, who shortly returned to their
+trade when the Spanish victors had returned home.
+</p>
+<p>
+The Moros were all fanatical Mohammedans, intolerant of Christians or
+Christian influence, and when the Spaniards arrived in Manila about
+1687 they dominated all the seas about the Philippine Islands. They
+were armed with all kinds of firearms, ranging from the old Queen Bess
+muzzle-loader to the most modern rifles. Their artillery ranged from
+the broadside guns of battleships of {187} the 18th Century to a
+smaller cannon of bronze, made principally in Borneo. They were bold,
+adventurous sailors, slave traders and slave hunters and successfully
+terrorized the hill tribes. Indeed, they were greatly feared along the
+coast of Mindanao.
+</p>
+<p>
+Early in the American occupation a treaty had been made with the
+Sultan of Sulu, who claimed the headship of Moros from the Island of
+Sulu northward to the great Island of Mindanao. In Mindanao there were
+different sultans who claimed headships in their own districts, and
+foremost amongst these was Datu Ali, who had waged a long and
+successful war with the Spaniards.
+</p>
+<p>
+Here then was a difficult problem: to establish civil government among
+these wandering hill tribes, Filipino settlements, and piratical
+Mohammedan groups, each fearing and hating the other. General Wood's
+first task as he conceived it was to stop slave-trading and establish
+relations of tolerance, if not friendship, between the Filipinos and
+the Moros on the one hand and between the Moros and the hill tribes on
+the other; to stop the Christian Filipinos from imposing {188} on the
+hill tribes; and to begin some method for substituting respect for law
+and order, for government and authority in the place of terror and
+hatred. The ending of the slave trade resulted in many heavy,
+long-drawn-out fights with the principal Moro bands. The Sultan of
+Sulu had not lived up to the Bates Treaty and he had to be deposed,
+therefore, as a sovereign in Sulu.
+</p>
+<p>
+The next step was to organize some form of government that would fit
+the situation. To start this Wood divided the entire Moro area,
+including the islands, into districts and appointed American officers
+of experience and ability as governors of the districts.
+</p>
+<p>
+He then visited Borneo and studied carefully the laws and regulations
+under which that chartered colony governed the Malays within its
+borders. The policy laid down by him for the district governors was to
+stop slave-trading and the taking of life and property at once; to
+establish next friendly relations between the people living on the
+coast and the timid tribes up in the hills; to build up commerce on a
+fair basis; to open up trails and lines of communication between {189}
+villages; to assure to every one, no matter what his religion, a fair
+deal. He also laid great stress on the necessity of bringing the
+headmen of the different tribes into contact with the district
+governors and of doing all that could be done to build up and increase
+commerce.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the same time the new and energetic Governor-General instituted a
+strong policy to stop forever the inhuman practices and customs highly
+repugnant to what Americans considered humane conduct. Every effort
+was made to insure better treatment of women, who up to that time had
+been nothing more nor less than chattels. On the seacoast trading
+stations were built and put in charge of men who spoke the dialect of
+the wild people. At these stations there was always a provincial agent
+who had authority to see that the hill people got fair prices for
+their products and just treatment from the Malays. Little by little as
+a result of this wise and sane policy they were all induced to come to
+the stations and make their head-quarters there during the trading
+period. In former times they had been accustomed to bring down their
+heavy loads of jungle products on their {190} shoulders and rather
+than stay in the neighborhood of the pirates over night they would
+sell their goods for anything they could get and hurry up into the
+hills again before dark. Moro, Filipino and Chinese traders had for
+centuries systematically robbed them. Money was of little use to them
+and therefore all trading was by barter. It was a long campaign of
+education which Wood instituted to build up confidence amongst these
+timid people, and he sent young American officers among them,
+traveling often-times hundreds of miles on foot and practically
+without any protection to help them and give them confidence.
+</p>
+<p>
+Little by little confidence was built up; great peace meetings were
+arranged among the different tribes; old grudges were wiped out;
+scores were balanced and old feuds settled. It took time and brains
+and painstaking patience, but it was done and done well.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the same time, taking a leaf from his own Cuban notebook, Wood
+started schools in the Filipino villages and took steps to do the same
+among the Moros. It was very difficult to {191} find teachers who
+would be received by these Moslems. It was at first almost impossible
+to get them to send their children to school at all. Nothing but time
+and sound, honest methods in dealing with these people made all or any
+of this possible.
+</p>
+<p>
+Patrol boats were put on duty in the waters about the islands.
+Simultaneous with this building up went the organization of the
+customs service, since the province had to be entirely
+self-supporting. Native people from among the Moros and Filipinos were
+organized into what was called the constabulary. Every effort was made
+to turn the attention of the people from irregular and piratical
+activities to the activities of commerce. School laws were put in
+force, written in terms to meet the situation. Increased cultivation
+of new land, cultivation of cocoanuts, cocoa, and various local
+products, including hemp, was encouraged by exempting it from taxation
+provided certain amounts of useful crops were planted thereon.
+</p>
+<p>
+Communications by land and water were built up as fast as possible.
+After a time taxation was {192} imposed very gradually in the form of
+a cedula, or poll tax. The money so collected was spent so far as
+possible in the district where it was collected. The headmen of the
+tribes and sub-tribes were made officials of the province and given a
+baldric bearing a brass shield with the seal of the province. In time
+they were given certain police authority for the maintenance of order.
+If the local headman could not handle the situation, the local
+constabulary was called in. If they in turn were not sufficient, then
+the troops were sent into the area.
+</p>
+<p>
+A free man's life was worth fifty-two dollars and a half in gold; a
+male slave one-half this amount; a free woman was worth as much as a
+male slave; a female slave half as much as a male slave, and a modern
+rifle about two hundred dollars in gold.
+</p>
+<p>
+As the simple processes of law came to be better understood natives
+were encouraged to appeal from the tribal to the district court,
+consisting of the district governor and the local priests or headmen,
+who advised the former upon tribal {193} customs and scales of
+punishment, in order that no injustice should be done to any one.
+</p>
+<p>
+Gradually appeals were taken from the district courts to the regular
+insular courts, which were represented by itinerant judges of the
+first instance. The latter belonged to the regular Philippine
+judiciary and were at this time all Americans. Women were given equal
+status before the law and the rights of property were safeguarded.
+</p>
+<p>
+After the first hard fighting the need for the use of troops gradually
+diminished and more and more of the policing work was done by the
+native constabulary. The wildest regions became practically safe.
+</p>
+<p>
+After the districts were in working order municipalities and townships
+were established and the framework of civic organization begun. The
+Mohammedan religion was left undisturbed. Religious freedom was
+guaranteed to both Mohammedans and Christians. In addition to the
+Catholic missionaries who had been working there for hundreds of
+years, missionaries of other denominations commenced to take active
+interest in the situation. The revenue was sufficient to maintain
+{194} the province in good shape and there was a considerable amount
+of money in reserve.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thus in three years, with the knowledge he had acquired in Cuba
+supplemented by his visits and study amongst the colonies of other
+nations where similar problems existed, with his extraordinary energy
+and capacity for working through innumerable subordinates, Leonard
+Wood again built up a community out of nothing but land and human
+beings. But in the Philippine instance he built up a community largely
+governing itself upon a system of laws still in force--though three
+governors have succeeded him--from a hopeless mass of Christian
+Filipinos, Chinese traders, Malay pirates, Mohammedans, cannibals and
+feudal tribes.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was a remarkable instance of state building, which following upon
+the Cuban episodes, stands out as the greatest achievement any man has
+accomplished in Colonial history.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is impossible to state the relative importance of this work without
+appearing to overdo it. Yet if we could but collect the tributes that
+have been paid to Wood upon its accomplishment they {195} would make a
+volume, Richard Olney wrote: "... to congratulate you personally on
+the most successful and deservedly successful career, whether as
+soldier or public man of any sort, that the Spanish War and its
+consequences have brought to the front." John Hay, then Secretary of
+State, wrote Wood a note "with sincere congratulations on the
+approaching fruition of all your splendid work for the regeneration of
+Cuba," and Senator Platt, of Connecticut, wrote of his "admiration for
+your administration under difficulties greater I think than have ever
+had to be encountered by any one man in reconstruction work." So the
+record of two statesmenlike and administrative works stands to this
+day as a witness of Wood's qualities.
+</p>
+<p>
+In 1905 after a visit to the United States he returned to the islands
+and became commander-in-chief of the American forces in the
+Philippines, General Bliss taking his place as Governor of the Moros,
+who were now established under a basic form of government and
+procedure which Wood had inaugurated.
+</p>
+<p>
+By 1908 this work was practically completed {196} and the procedure
+laid out for the future rule of that part of the Philippines. At that
+time General Wood was transferred to Governor's Island in New York
+Harbor as Commander of the Department of the East, strangely enough
+the first command he had held within the United States since the
+Geronimo days in the Southwest.
+</p>
+<p>
+There followed in the next six years a diplomatic mission as special
+Ambassador to the Argentine Republic upon the occasion of the
+centenary of Argentina, where he met and talked with General von der
+Groltz, the German officer, who had so much to do with the Great War
+later. From this meeting Wood absorbed more of the necessity for
+universal military training and more of the aversion to a standing
+army such as existed in Germany. After this mission he became the head
+of the American military forces under the President of the United
+States and for four years held the position of Chief of Staff.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thus beginning his army life in 1886 as an army surgeon he rose in
+twenty-two years to the highest position in the regular army that any
+one can hold. That, in a sense, closes a certain {197} period in
+General Wood's career. For when in 1914 he was again made Commander of
+the Department of the East he had already started upon his campaign of
+national preparation which had been growing and growing in his mind as
+he lived and served his own nation and observed and studied other
+nations. The knowledge he had acquired in the four quarters of the
+earth showed to him conclusively that a nation must be ready to resist
+attack in order to live in peace, and yet that that nation must not
+spend all its wealth and time and brains in building up a military
+machine. In a strange way the attitude of this New England "Mayflower"
+descendant resembled the attitude of his own native Cape Cod, which
+stands at the outposts of New England with its clenched fist ready and
+prepared, yet which lives on quietly in the lives of its inhabitants
+who proceed in peace with their commercial occupations and their
+family existence.
+</p>
+<br><br>
+
+{198}
+<br><br>
+{199}
+<br><br>
+<h1>
+THE PATRIOT
+</h1>
+<br><br>
+{200}
+<br><br>
+{201}
+<br><br>
+<h1>
+<a name="VIII">VIII</a>
+<br><br>
+THE PATRIOT
+</h1>
+<br>
+<p>
+"There are many things man cannot buy and one of them is time. It
+takes time to organize and prepare. Time will only be found in periods
+of peace. Modern war gives no time for preparation. Its approach is
+that of the avalanche and not of the glacier.
+</p>
+<p>
+"We must remember that this training is not a training for war alone.
+It really is a training for life, a training for citizenship in time
+of peace.
+</p>
+<p>
+"We must remember that it is better to be prepared for war and not
+have it, then to have war and not to be prepared for it."
+</p>
+<p>
+Such sentiments quoted from General Wood's many speeches and writings
+might be continued until they alone made a volume--a book of the Creed
+of the Patriot. For in his crusade up and down our land for the last
+six years he has developed an unsuspected ability for epigrammatic
+phraseology, for stating in concise, homely {202} language the
+principle that no one in any successful operation has failed to get
+ready. This was unsuspected in him, because up to 1913 he had had
+little to say outside of his official reports. His motto of doing the
+thing without talking about it had been followed to the letter by
+himself.
+</p>
+<p>
+When he finally arrived at a position which was important and powerful
+enough to give him an opportunity for putting his beliefs into effect,
+when he furthermore arrived at a point where there was not the
+immediate necessity for feeding a starving people, or fighting a
+hostile military force, or reorganizing a tumbled-down state, or doing
+any of the things demanding immediate action with which he had been
+employed during most of his life--then with characteristic energy he
+did begin. Time could not be bought by him any more than it could be
+by others and his work of preparedness had to await a period of peace
+when the time was at hand. This period having arrived in 1912 and 1918
+he found that in order to produce any impression, to get action upon
+this plan, he must not only have a high and powerful position but he
+must awaken the public {203} to its importance before he could expect
+legislative or departmental action. Hence the volume of the Creed of
+the Patriot.
+</p>
+<p>
+With his accustomed energy therefore he started upon a campaign of
+writing, speaking and promoting in all ways open to him to bring this
+new plan before the people of this country and in doing so he
+developed the hitherto unsuspected qualities of a speaker of the
+highest, because the simplest and most homely order.
+</p>
+<p>
+To him there was nothing new in the plan of preparedness for the
+nation. He might have said to himself in 1913: "I have found that in
+order to be a doctor a young man must study so many years; in order to
+fight Apache Indians successfully a man must train for a physical
+condition that permits him to walk and ride and live harder than his
+already trained opponents, that he must train soldiers for that
+particular job, must train and care for horses to cover that
+particular country. I have found by sad experience that to have a
+regiment of Rough Riders in proper condition to fight Spaniards in
+Cuba the men must be taught by long training to understand military
+principles, {204} subordination to military rule of procedure, the use
+of guns and animals and the laws and tactics of military action in the
+field; that these men must be taught to take care of themselves in the
+open, that ammunition and equipment must be at hand and in use. I have
+found that in order to produce order in a community where there is no
+order, health in a land where there is only sickness, happiness
+amongst a people where there is only misery and fear and worry--in
+order to do all this laws must be made and respected, people must
+learn that they owe something to their state and that they are
+responsible for honest care, administration and thoughtfulness of
+those who look to them as they look to their state. I have found that
+where nothing but force will do the trick, force must be prepared and
+ready in advance. I have seen innocent persons go under because they
+were not ready to offset depredations. I have seen nations injured and
+destroyed because they were not ready to resist force, whether that
+force were used in a just or an unjust cause. And now I have arrived
+at the place where I can prove this to a nation instead of to a
+military platoon, or a military staff, or a few Cuban or Philippine
+officials."
+</p>
+<br>
+<p class=center>
+<img style="width: 504px; height: 736px;" alt=""
+     src="images/patriot.jpg" border=1>
+<br>
+THE PATRIOT]
+</p>
+<br>
+
+
+{205}
+<br>
+<p>
+He might have said all this to himself--doubtless has done so many,
+many times with much more to the same effect--but the outcome is a
+witness of the fact that he has from a long and active life as
+fighter, soldier, organizer, administrator, diplomat and statesman in
+the West, the South, in Europe, in Asia, in Cuba, in the Philippines,
+in South America, in Washington--in most parts of the earth--learned
+again and again that nothing can be really done on the spur of the
+moment, that everybody must prepare from school days to death. And in
+1913 he had his first real opportunity to preach this nationally to
+all the people of his own native land.
+</p>
+<p>
+That within a year of that time prepared Germany should have upset the
+world and found the British Empire, the French Republic and the
+Italian Kingdom unprepared--to say nothing of the United States--may
+have been one of the accidents--strokes of fortune--that some people
+say have made General Wood. But it would seem that the only thing this
+Great War did in this {206} connection was to prove by a terrific
+example that Wood and those with him were right and that those who
+were against him were wrong.
+</p>
+<p>
+If the war had not come, it would have taken longer to awaken this
+country to the facts and it would have delayed perhaps the growth of
+General Wood's name as that of a national and international character
+of highest importance. But it would not have changed the truth of his
+Creed--or rather the creed of which he has become the great
+protagonist. Nor does the fact that the war did come when it did give
+any ground for making Wood one of the greatest citizens of our country
+to-day because he preaches preparedness. General Wood stands at the
+forefront of the leaders in America at this time because of his own
+personal make-up and character and because of the amazing variety and
+extent of his services to his country which are written upon every
+page of its history during the last thirty years. It is the variety of
+things done which puts him in his present position, just as it is the
+variety of high qualities that has made the great men of all times
+great. King David was not only the greatest {207} general of his time.
+He was one of the greatest administrators of all time and perhaps the
+greatest poet that ever lived. Washington was not only a fighter of
+the highest order. He was one of the great generals of history; and a
+statesman and ruler of a higher order still.
+</p>
+<p>
+It might very aptly be said, therefore, that General Wood's campaign
+for national preparedness was only the accomplishment of a task for
+which he had all his life been preparing himself.
+</p>
+<p>
+Upon his return trip from the Philippines in 1908 he had come by the
+way of Europe studying always military systems. There was a short stop
+in Ceylon, in Singapore, in Egypt, in Malta and Gibraltar and a summer
+spent in Switzerland, ostensibly for health recuperation after the
+tropical life in Moroland and Manila, At the same time this gave
+opportunity for a closer study of the Swiss system which with an
+admixture of the Australian system furnished the basis for the
+training camps afterwards inaugurated by him here.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the same time he had the opportunity by invitation of seeing the
+German and French {208} armies mobilized at the time of the
+Bosnia-Herzegovina episode when all Europe was on the verge of war.
+The German army of maneuver was at Saarbrücken--ready. Practically the
+whole of the French army of maneuver was on the Loire--ready. He saw
+one immediately after the other--less than two days apart. Mr. White,
+then American Ambassador to France, asked him what he thought of the
+French army and his answer was that despite the fame of the German
+military machine France in the next war would surprise the world by
+the fitting effectiveness of her forces. He based this conclusion on
+the relation of officers and men and the discipline founded on respect
+and confidence rather than fear of officers.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then followed the centenary mission to the Argentine and a couple of
+years as Chief of Staff of the American army before he could
+effectively begin his campaign.
+</p>
+<p>
+The first gun was a letter sent out by Wood under permission of the
+Secretary of War which proposed to many presidents of colleges and
+universities in the United States the establishment of several
+experimental military training camps {209} for students. These camps
+were to be placed one on the historic field of Gettysburg and the
+other at the Presidio of Monterey, California. The former opened on
+July 7th and closed on August 15th, and the latter extended from July
+1st to August 8th. In all 222 students took this training, 159 at
+Gettysburg and 68 in Monterey.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was the first trial, and it was a very small and insignificant
+response. Indeed it gives a good idea of the importance in which
+military preparedness was held in this country at that moment--
+100,000,000 inhabitants; 222 volunteers.
+</p>
+<p>
+Those were the days when the people of this land and many others were
+hard at work upon commercial pursuits and when for amusement the world
+and his wife danced tango to ragtime music. So-called alarmists cried
+"Look out for war!" Major Du Maurier of the British army wrote a play
+called "An Englishman's Home," which startled and puzzled Englishmen
+for a while, but could not carry an audience for one week in this
+country. Nobody took any interest in what his neighbor was doing, to
+say nothing of what Germany or any other countries were planning.
+</p>
+{210}
+<p>
+Yet Wood was not discouraged. He was started on a long campaign and he
+knew he had to prepare to prepare. Furthermore the men in the
+universities who could see ahead came forward in his support and in
+support of the idea. Four years later President Drinker of Lehigh
+University wrote of the amazing success of the movement: "We owe it
+largely to Major-General Wood's farsightedness as a man of affairs and
+to his great qualities as a soldier and patriot, that our country was
+awakened to the need of preparedness, and this beginning of military
+training in our youth was due wholly to his initiative." [Footnote:
+<i>National Service Magazine</i>.]
+</p>
+<p>
+Small as the beginning was it was a plant with the germ of strength in
+it, since at this first camp in Gettysburg the members formed then in
+1913 the Society of the National Reserve Corps of the United States.
+Wood at once cooperated with this slender offshoot and gave it all the
+support in his power. He sent letters as Chief of Staff of the Regular
+Army to college presidents at the same time that the president of the
+new Corps did so--both suggesting an advisory committee to {211}
+assist the government in the encouragement and practical advancement
+of the training camp idea. This committee was formed and Presidents
+Hibben of Princeton and Drinker of Lehigh were elected president and
+secretary. The committee with these officers in charge gave assistance
+to Wood in his organizing work so that out of the small beginnings in
+the two camps an enormous organization arose which trained tens of
+thousands of young men to be officers and made the immense expansion
+of the little American army to 4,000,000 soldiers possible.
+</p>
+<p>
+Pushing always quietly but unremittingly ahead Wood helped these
+officers to increase the camps from two to four in the summer of
+1914--in Vermont, Michigan, North Carolina and California--with a
+total attendance of 667 students.
+</p>
+<p>
+Then came the Great War and the beginning of the work on a large
+scale. From college students, who reported on the interest and
+pleasure which they got out of the summer camp, the life in the open
+and the military instruction afforded by regular army men, the
+movement extended to business men, lawyers, preachers and so on. Wood
+{212} opened the Plattsburg camp on Lake Champlain to the latter and
+started the first business man's camp. Each man paid his own railway
+fares, his own living expenses while in camp and bought his uniform
+and equipment, except arms, with his own money.
+</p>
+<p>
+That year (1915) 3,406 men attended the five camps. In 1916 six camps
+were opened and 16,139 men attended them. At the close of the first
+Plattsburg camp the business men formed an organization for furthering
+and extending this training just as the college men had done at
+Gettysburg two years before. And in 1916 these two organizations
+consolidated and organized the present Military Training Camps
+Association of the United States.
+</p>
+<p>
+All through this period, taking advantage of the European war, drawing
+lessons from the tragic happenings just across the Atlantic, Wood went
+about the country, as little "Bobs" of Kandahar had previously done in
+England, speaking in halls, in camps, in churches, at clubs, at
+festivals, on special and unspecial occasions of all kinds. He drove
+home the subject which he knew so well and others knew hardly at all.
+He met all comers of {213} every grade in arguments and debates--those
+who were constitutional objectors, pacifists, people who thought
+arbitration much more effective, people too proud to fight or too busy
+to get ready--all comers of all kinds. And the Great War day by day
+helped him. He spent his summers going from one camp to another,
+traveling all over the United States.
+</p>
+<p>
+At six in the morning he would appear in one of them ready for
+inspection, and any day anywhere where there was a camp one might see
+him in the early morning sunshine, or the early morning rain striding
+up one company street and down another followed by new and old
+officers, peering into this dog tent and that kitchen, examining this
+man's rifle and that man's kit, praising, criticizing and jamming
+enthusiasm in two hours into a group of a thousand men in a manner
+they knew not how, nor clearly understood. It was just what he had
+done in Cuba, just what he had done in the Philippines where he had
+organized drilling, athletic and condition-of-equipment competitions
+in each company, each regiment, each brigade, each division--one
+pitted against another, all at it hot and heavy; {214} not because
+Wood came along and looked them over, but because when he did look
+them over he could spot any weakness in any part of the work with
+unerring certainty--not alone because he could spot any weakness, but
+because he knew a good point when he saw it and gave credit where
+credit was due.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is perhaps not out of place here to look back in the light of
+events which occurred afterwards and are now a part of history and
+secure an estimate of what this work did for this country in awakening
+the people to a sense of the critical situation, to prepare an army
+which should do its part in the world war, to bring that army into
+line in France at what seems to have been a critical moment and to
+help bring the war itself to a successful conclusion in conjunction
+with the Allied armies which had held on so long against such terrific
+odds.
+</p>
+<p>
+The purpose of the camps and what they will lead to in time of peace
+and did lead to in time of war is perhaps best shown in one of General
+Wood's statements: "The ultimate object sought is not in any way one
+of military aggrandizement, {215} but to provide in some degree a
+means of meeting a vital need confronting us as a peaceful and
+unmilitary people, in order to preserve the desired peace and
+prosperity through the only safe precaution, viz.: more thorough
+preparation and equipment to resist any effort to break the peace."
+</p>
+<p>
+That at a time when there was no European War in sight.
+</p>
+<p>
+Now consider General Pershing's report of Nov. 21, 1918--after the
+close of the war. The first American air force using American
+aeroplanes went into action in France, that is to say in the war, in
+August, 1918--16 months after the declaration of war by the United
+States and four years after the beginning of the war itself. During
+the entire time that the United States was in the war, a little over
+19 months, not one single American field gun was fired at the enemy
+and only 109 had been received in Europe at all. No American tank was
+ever used against the enemy in the whole war. Yet a month or six weeks
+after the declaration of war troops began to go to Europe and at its
+close in November, 1918, the army {216} consisted of 3,700,000 men, of
+whom more than 203,000 were newly made officers. Half of this force at
+least got over to the other side of the Atlantic and at least half of
+them took part in the fighting at one time or another of the 19
+months.
+</p>
+<p>
+One would have said at the outset that a commercial nation like the
+United States, filled with factories, mechanics and mechanically
+inclined brains, could and would have made guns and aeroplanes and
+uniforms far quicker than it made soldiers and officers. Yet such was
+not the case.
+</p>
+<p>
+A French officer here in America at that time studying American
+mobilization said:
+</p>
+<p>
+"I knew you recruited over 3,500,000 men in 19 months. That is very
+good, but not so difficult. But I am told also that although you had
+no officers reserve to start with you somehow found 200,000 new
+officers, most of them competent. That is what is astonishing and what
+was impossible. Tell me how that was done." [Footnote: <i>National
+Magazine</i>.]
+</p>
+<p>
+There is only the one answer, that the officers' training camps
+started in 1918 by Leonard Wood and fostered by him and the people of
+this nation {217} who then and later agreed with him made the
+impossible possible and made the new, raw army effective and in time.
+It was what came to be known as the "Plattsburg Idea;" which, getting
+really going first in May 16, 1917, as a regular part of the United
+States mobilization, did its work before arms and ammunition were
+ready, before uniforms could be had, before camps had been even laid
+out and before the first draft had been taken. At that time 40,000
+selected men were in training for officers' positions in sixteen
+camps. That is to say, in 40 days 150,000 applications had been
+received, 100,000 men examined and 40,000 passed as fit and ready for
+training.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was the work in 1913, 1914, 1915 and 1916. It was the Plattsburg
+idea adapted to war conditions. Without it the situation regarding men
+might easily have been the same as the situation regarding guns,
+aeroplanes and uniforms.
+</p>
+<p>
+Plattsburg, being in New York State, naturally became the type of
+camp, since in 1914 Wood, having been relieved of his position as
+Chief of Staff, was detailed to command the Department of the East
+with his headquarters on Governor's {218} Island in New York Harbor.
+He no sooner took up this new work than the Department of the East,
+where fifty-six per cent, of the National Guard of the whole country
+was included, became a seething office of energy and work. In so far
+as the training camp idea went this energy was centered in Plattsburg.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the same time General Wood inaugurated the Massachusetts National
+Guard Maneuvers--the first of their kind held in this country--and
+added a water attack on Boston. He also assisted Governor Whitman in
+putting through the New York State Legislature the bills creating the
+State Military Training Commission, under whose management all boys
+between the ages of sixteen and eighteen undergo a simple but
+effective training in the rudiments of military tactics and receive
+the athletic training of a short camp life each year--all involving
+the inculcation of the principles of discipline, of order and of self
+care.
+</p>
+<p>
+Thus the history of the way in which the Government of the United
+States, when war was eventually declared, secured its officers is
+told. {219} One might go into detail, but the main facts are not
+altered by any amount of detail. They stand out clearly--the awakening
+of our land in time by the energy and patriotic spirit of one man,
+supplemented by the untold amount of work accomplished at his
+suggestion by thousands of patriotic American citizens.
+</p>
+<p>
+And in the midst of this work before war was declared General Wood, as
+a part of his plan of preparedness, asked some ten or twelve men to
+come to Plattsburg at different times to speak to the student
+officers. Among these men he included the two living ex-presidents of
+the United States--Mr. Taft and Colonel Roosevelt. He first submitted
+the list of speakers to the War Department so that the Department
+might eliminate any one of them who for any reason should appear to be
+undesirable.
+</p>
+<p>
+After two weeks, having had no reply, he sent out the invitations and
+from time to time these speakers came and addressed the members of the
+different camps.
+</p>
+<p>
+Roosevelt on his arrival at Plattsburg handed to Wood the speech he
+proposed to deliver; and {220} in view of the known critical attitude
+which the former took towards the administration Wood asked two other
+army officers to go over the proposed speech with him and help him to
+eliminate anything which might be questioned upon such an occasion.
+The address was delivered at about five o'clock in the afternoon at
+the camp and when it was finished Roosevelt was heartily congratulated
+personally by many men of both political parties, among them two
+distinguished Democrats--John Mitchel, Mayor of New York, and Dudley
+Field Malone, Collector of the Port of New York.
+</p>
+<p>
+After dinner Roosevelt left in the evening to go into the city of
+Plattsburg, a mile or two away from the camp, to take the midnight
+train for New York. As he stood on the platform of the railway station
+some time after eleven in the evening he was interviewed by the
+newspaper reporters. No military person was present. What he said was
+given out on territory not under military jurisdiction and it had
+nothing to do with the Plattsburg speech. Roosevelt spoke to the
+newspaper men in his usual forcible fashion:
+</p>
+<p>
+"In the course of his speech he remarked that {221} for thirteen
+months the United States had played an ignoble part among the nations,
+had tamely submitted to seeing the weak, whom we had covenanted to
+protect, wronged; had seen our men, women and children murdered on the
+high seas 'without action on our part,' and had used elocution as a
+substitute for action. 'Reliance upon high sounding words unbacked by
+deeds,' said he, 'is proof of a mind that dwells only in the realm of
+shadow and of sham.' Under the Hague Convention it was our duty to
+prevent, and, if not to prevent, then to undo, the hideous wrong that
+was done in Belgium, but we had shirked this duty. He denounced
+hyphenated Americans, professional pacifists and those who would
+substitute arbitration treaties for an army, or the platitudes of
+peace congresses for military preparedness."
+</p>
+<p>
+The next day Wood received a telegraphic reprimand from the Government
+in Washington. "In this telegram of disapproval. Secretary Garrison
+said it was difficult to conceive of anything which could have a more
+detrimental effect than such an incident. The camp, held under the
+{222} Government auspices, was conveying its own impressive lesson in
+its practical and successful operation and results. 'No opportunity
+should have been furnished to any one to present to the men any matter
+except that which was essential to the necessary training they were to
+receive. Anything else could only have the effect of distracting
+attention from the real nature of the experiment, diverting
+consideration to issues which excite controversy, antagonism and
+ill-feeling, and thereby impairing, if not destroying, what otherwise
+would have been so effective.' General Wood replied, as follows: 'Your
+telegram received, and the policy laid down will be rigidly adhered
+to.'" [Footnote: <i>The Independent</i>.]
+</p>
+<br><br>
+
+{223}
+<br><br>
+
+<h1>
+THE GREAT WAR
+</h1>
+<br><br>
+{224}
+<br><br>
+{225}
+<br><br>
+
+<h1>
+<a name="IX">IX</a>
+<br><br>
+THE GREAT WAR
+</h1>
+<br>
+
+<p>
+On April 6, 1917, war having been that week declared by the United
+States against Germany, Major-General Leonard Wood, ranking officer in
+the United States Army--that is to say, the man occupying the senior
+position in our army--being then in sound health of mind and body and
+fifty-six years of age, wrote and personally delivered two identical
+letters, one to the Adjutant-General of the Army and the other to the
+Chief of Staff, requesting assignment for military service abroad.
+</p>
+<p>
+No acknowledgment or reply was ever received from either source.
+</p>
+<p>
+Early in April he received notice that the Department of the East of
+which he was then commander was abolished and in its place three new
+and smaller departments created, in spite of vigorous protests by
+several Governors of Atlantic States. He was offered any one of the
+following {226} three military positions that he might select--the
+Philippines, Hawaii or the "less important post" at Charleston, South
+Carolina.
+</p>
+<p>
+He at once selected the post at Charleston.
+</p>
+<p>
+On May 12th he proceeded to Charleston and began the organization of
+the Southeastern Department. In the months immediately following he
+had selected and laid out eleven large training camps and had taken
+charge of the supervision of three officers' training camps, one at
+Oglethorpe, one at Atlanta and one at Little Rock.
+</p>
+<p>
+On August 26th he received orders to proceed to Camp Funston in Kansas
+to command the cantonment there and train for service a division of
+national troops designated as the 89th Division.
+</p>
+<p>
+Towards the end of the year he was ordered to proceed to Europe to
+observe the military operations of the war. Leaving Camp Funston the
+day before Thanksgiving, he landed in Liverpool on Christmas Day,
+1917. In London he called by invitation upon General Robertson, the
+British Chief of Staff, and upon his old friend, Sir John French. He
+then proceeded to Paris on December 31, and between January 2nd and
+14th, 1918, {227} went over the British front with Generals Cator and
+Rawlinson. On the 16th he was at Soissons with the French.
+</p>
+<p>
+For the next few days the examination of the French front continued at
+and near the Chemin des Dames sector.
+</p>
+<p>
+On January 27th he went with some French officers and men and a number
+of American officers to look into the work of the 6th French army
+training school, where artillery practice was in progress at
+Fère-en-Tardenois. He was standing behind a mortar, the center man of
+the five officers watching the gun crew fire the mortar, when a shell
+burst, or detonated, inside the gun.
+</p>
+<p>
+The entire gun crew was blown to pieces. The four officers on either
+side of General Wood were killed. He himself received a wound in the
+muscles of the left arm and lost part of the right sleeve of his
+tunic. Six fragments of the shell passed through his clothing and two
+of them killed the officers on either side of him. He was the only man
+within a space of twelve feet of the mortar who was not instantly
+killed. Many were wounded, including two others of our own officers.
+</p>
+{228}
+<p>
+After a night in the field first-aid hospital, where his arm was
+dressed, he motored approximately a hundred miles to Paris the next
+day and went into the French officers' hospital in the Hotel Ritz.
+</p>
+<p>
+This hospital was in the old portion of the Ritz Hotel. General Wood
+was the first foreign officer to be admitted to it. It was full of
+wounded French officers and men from the different fronts; some of
+them from Salonika; some sent back from Germany, hopelessly crippled,
+and held as unfit for further service by the Germans; and many from
+the Western front.
+</p>
+<p>
+Here he got very near the soul of the French Army and came in touch
+with that indomitable spirit which made that army fight best and
+hardest when things looked darkest. Thanks to an excellent physical
+condition he made a rapid recovery, described by French surgeons as
+found only among the very young. He was a guest of the French
+Government while at the hospital and received every possible courtesy.
+On the 16th of February after having talked with many of the French
+officers in the hospital and called, at their request, upon
+Clemenceau, President Poincaré, Joffre and {229} others, he left Paris
+entirely cured of his slight wound and proceeded to the headquarters
+of the French Army of the North at Vizay. There he met and talked with
+Generals D'Esperey and Gourand, visited Rheims and Bar-le-duc and
+spent the day of the 20th at Verdun.
+</p>
+<p>
+During the next few days he visited the United States Army
+headquarters at Chaumont and Toul and was back in Paris on the 26th,
+when he received orders from the A. E. F. to return to the United
+States by way of Bordeaux. On the 21st of March he arrived in New York
+and was summoned four days later to appear before the Senate committee
+on military affairs to report his observations.
+</p>
+<p>
+He was then examined by the Mayo examining board, pronounced
+absolutely fit physically and on April 12th resumed command of the
+89th Division at Camp Funston, Kansas.
+</p>
+<p>
+The training of this division was practically finished in late May and
+the 89th was thereupon ordered abroad for service.
+</p>
+<p>
+After seeing some of the elements of the division off for the
+evacuation station at Camp Mills, Long {230} Island, New York, General
+Wood left Funston himself and proceeded to Mills to see to the
+reception of his division and look to its embarkation. He arrived at
+the Long Island camp on May 25th and there found an order from the War
+Department relieving him of his command of the 89th Division and
+instructing him to proceed to San Francisco to assume command of the
+Western Department. After finishing some necessary work he went to
+Washington on the 27th and saw the Secretary of War. Little is known
+of what took place at this conversation except that General Wood
+requested that he be reinstated in his command of the 89th Division
+and sent abroad, which was refused.
+</p>
+<p>
+Wood saw the President, explained the situation and was told that the
+latter would take the matter under consideration.
+</p>
+<p>
+No consideration was ever reported.
+</p>
+<p>
+Meantime the order sending him to California created such an uproar
+throughout the United States that it was rescinded and General Wood
+was ordered to Camp Funston again to train a new division--the
+10th--which was ready to go {231} abroad when the armistice was signed
+on November 11th.
+</p>
+<p>
+This constitutes General Wood's services to his country during the
+period of the war.
+</p>
+<p>
+Much might be said in regard to this history. Much might be surmised
+as to the causes which led to keeping the man who was the senior
+officer of the army out of the war entirely. Much--very much--has been
+said throughout this country in and out of print during the past two
+years. The theory that he was too old for active service could not be
+a reason, since he is younger than many general officers who did see
+service abroad--younger as a matter of fact than General Pershing
+himself. It is hardly conceivable that physical condition could have
+been a reason, since at least twice in the last two years he has been
+passed by expert physical examination boards in the regular routine of
+army life and found sound, mentally and physically. He does, to be
+sure, limp and has had to do so for years on account of an accident in
+Cuba fifteen or sixteen years ago. Yet this could hardly unfit him for
+service in France when it did not unfit him for service in the {232}
+Philippine jungle, or the active life which he has led for the past
+ten years.
+</p>
+<p>
+There has been considerable surmise as to whether his amazing campaign
+for preparedness, his speeches and his many activities in the
+officers' training camps organization and administration prejudiced
+the authorities against him. This again is hardly credible since it is
+manifestly inconceivable that those men in charge of the prosecution
+of our part in the great war, with the immense responsibility resting
+upon their shoulders, could possibly have allowed personal prejudice
+and favoritism to have played any part in their decision in regard to
+any man--least of all the most important man in the Regular Army.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some controversy arose as to whether Wood's friendship and relation to
+Theodore Roosevelt might not have created hostility in administration
+and army circles. This again is beyond credence when the importance of
+the men on both sides is considered and the terrific importance of
+events at the time is taken into account. Here again it is
+inconceivable that any man or group of men could at such times and in
+such circumstances {233} allow anything personal to sway his or their
+judgment.
+</p>
+<p>
+The incontestable fact still remains, however, that the one man in the
+Army who by his whole life in the United States, in many parts of the
+earth, had during a period of thirty years been preparing himself for
+just such an occasion, who had for four years been trying to get the
+people of the country and the government to prepare, who had appeared
+before Senate military commissions and other similar bodies and
+registered his belief in the necessity for certain measures, all of
+which were adopted by the Government as recommended by him--that the
+one man who had done all this should not have been selected to do any
+active service whatever at the front, but should have been offered
+posts in the Philippines, Hawaii and California when he was applying
+for service in France. Lloyd George wanted him; France wanted him; and
+the American Army wanted him.
+</p>
+<p>
+All sorts and conditions of men throughout the United States expressed
+their opinion upon the subject during this war period and are doing so
+{234} still, but the one man who has said nothing is General Wood
+himself. With his inherited and acquired characteristic of doing
+something, of never remaining idle, with the habit acquired from years
+of military discipline and respect for orders emanating from properly
+constituted authority, he put in his application again and again for
+service and then accepted without public comment whatever orders were
+issued to him.
+</p>
+<p>
+Here again is the same simple, direct mind of the man who has at no
+time lost his sense of proportion, who has not become excited because
+his chance was not given him--the chance for which he had spent long
+years of preparation--who did not let this outward
+wallpaper--plaster--showy thing divert him from the essential point,
+the great beam of our war preparation house--the necessity that every
+man, woman and child should do all he or she could do to help the
+Government of the United States carry the war--or our part of it--to a
+successful conclusion when that Government finally made up its mind to
+go in.
+</p>
+<p>
+Wood declined to become a martyr. He had no bitter feelings. He was,
+as any other man of {235} his prominence and character would be,
+disappointed at having no opportunity to serve his country at the
+front. But he took what came to him and did it as usual with
+extraordinary quickness, effectiveness and thoroughness.
+</p>
+<p>
+Indeed speculation on the subject is not likely to produce much
+profit. It is only of importance in the present place as illustrating
+again the make-up of the subject of this biographical sketch. He took
+no steps other than those regularly and properly open to him to secure
+service. He attempted no roundabout methods. He kept his own counsel
+and followed his old maxim of "Do it and don't talk about it." His
+requests for reasons for denying him of all men the right to fight for
+his country on the battle line made through proper channels--never
+otherwise--produced no answers in any case and to this day the whole
+amazing episode is entirely without explanation.
+</p>
+<p>
+Meantime the man's characteristic energy and thoroughness produced
+extraordinary results in other fields.
+</p>
+<p>
+In his short sojourn in Charleston it was his duty to select and
+prepare at once a certain {236} number of camps, or cantonments as
+they came to be called, within the jurisdiction of the South Eastern
+Department. And this he proceeded to do with great rapidity. Not only
+were all the sites he selected passed without exception, but they
+proved to be in every instance safe, sanitary and sufficient for the
+purpose. This was no easy matter with almost every town and city in
+the South sending delegations to him to ask that it be selected as the
+site of one of the camps, with the prodigious amount of political
+influence brought to bear from all sides and with the necessity of
+offending nobody, of making all work towards one end--the immediate
+preparation for homes for the men who were to make the new army.
+</p>
+<p>
+It was all so skillfully handled that there is not a place in the
+South of any size which has not sounded and does not sound the praises
+of General Wood. He selected the camps and made them with that
+experience and knowledge that were his because of the fact that he was
+an army officer and a doctor who had done much the same thing and had
+had much the same work in Cuba and the Philippines.
+</p>
+{237}
+<p>
+One would expect something of the sort from any able man with such
+preparation, but one would not expect such a man to leave the
+Department with the extraordinary popularity and the multitude of
+expressions of good will and affection which Wood carried away with
+him after these few months of work.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the midst of the journeyings to and fro to look over possible sites
+and all the work entailed in preparing the camps he found time to
+supervise the three officers' training camps already mentioned, which
+were carried out upon the lines of the earlier ones with the aid of
+the Officers' Training Camps Association.
+</p>
+<p>
+Upon being transferred to Camp Funston near Fort Riley in Kansas, Wood
+began in the first days of September, 1917, the training of a new
+division of raw recruits from the selective draft. He had the
+assistance of a nucleus of army officers and some few army men, but
+the bulk of the division consisted of new men and of new officers
+recently from the officers' training camps. And this work was well on
+its way and the division {238} taking form when he received orders to
+go to Europe.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is difficult in this limited space to go into the details of his
+work abroad, and most of it in any case was technical matter more
+adapted to a military report. The results of some of his conversations
+are, however, of interest now as showing the situation as it appeared
+to important men, military and political, in Europe at that time.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some one said during the summer of 1918 when asked how much the
+American man and woman in the street really knew of what was going on
+in Europe, that if the headlines of American newspapers were
+disregarded and the actual telegraphic reports themselves read day by
+day, nearly everything that anybody from commanding generals down knew
+was known to that reader. There were, of course, many discussions
+amongst the guiding intellects, political and military, which never
+saw the light. There were, naturally, plans discussed and never
+carried out which the American citizen did not hear of at any time.
+But the general consensus of opinion seems to be that the {239}
+American newspaper reader knew almost as much as any one of what was
+happening and that he certainly knew as much of what was going to
+happen as the men in the inner circle.
+</p>
+<p>
+Much that has come out since the armistice shows a condition of
+affairs almost as the man in the street knew it at the time. In the
+winter of 1917-18 we knew that a huge drive was scheduled by the
+Germans on the Franco-Belgian front in the spring. In the following
+summer we knew the doubtful situation around Château-Thierry. In the
+middle of July we knew that something was happening, that the
+Americans were beginning to go in in large numbers, that the German
+"push" was slowing up; and that a turn had been made. Finally we knew
+that the German army was suddenly retiring, and for a month before the
+armistice was signed we knew that it was going to be signed. Indeed so
+sure was the American public of this last that they celebrated the end
+of the war throughout this great land a week ahead of time, because of
+a report which, though literally incorrect, was in essence true and
+known to be true.
+</p>
+{240}
+<p>
+It is not uninteresting, therefore, to review the sentiments and
+opinions which Wood found upon his arrival amongst the French and
+English statesmen and soldiers between January 1 and February 26th,
+1918.
+</p>
+<p>
+In London Lloyd George, the British Premier, knew Wood as the
+administrator of Cuba and the Philippines. He knew also of Wood's
+experience with, and knowledge of European armies. He was anxious for
+Wood to be in Europe. He laid great emphasis upon the shortage of
+American air service which made it difficult for American troops to
+work as a separate unit without English or French coöperation. He pled
+for American troops at the earliest possible moment and offered more
+transportation facilities--even though England had already transported
+not only her own men but many of ours across the Atlantic.
+</p>
+<p>
+General Sir William Robertson stated in January that there was an
+impending crisis coming in the early spring; that Germany would make
+an immensely powerful drive toward Paris or the channel ports or both;
+and that in his opinion the Allied lines would hold until the
+Americans {241} got into the war with full strength. But he made no
+concealment of the fact that the next six months would be very
+critical ones.
+</p>
+<p>
+Marshal Joffre held similar views. Both officers expressed the opinion
+that the summer of 1918 would be the crisis and deciding point of the
+war. They, too, felt the French and English lines would hold, but they
+laid heavy stress upon the importance of more troops from America.
+</p>
+<p>
+On the French front Wood lunched and had a long talk with General
+Gouraud and another at Paris later with General Pétain whom he knew
+and who knew well the history of Wood's career in organization and
+administration. Pétain is said to have expressed the hope that Wood
+might soon be in France on active duty and to have said that when he
+did come he would put him in command of an army of French and American
+troops.
+</p>
+<p>
+As Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, next to the highest rank in
+that order--General Wood was naturally received by all French officers
+and statesmen. This order having been conferred upon him some years
+before because of his record in Cuba and the Philippines placed him in
+a small {242} group of men, most of them, naturally, French, who are
+the distinguished men of Europe. His reception by the President of
+France, by the premier, Georges Clemenceau, and other French statesmen
+came as a matter of course. But the conversations which took place
+between the American soldier and these men have never, naturally, been
+made public except in some of their bare essentials. Nor will any one
+ever know just what was said unless one or another of the parties to
+them shall some time disclose it himself.
+</p>
+<p>
+There seems to be no doubt, however, of the very warm reception which
+this senior officer of the American army was given. His record in
+preparedness work, his record in administrative and organization work
+were all well known to the statesmen of these two countries who were
+from their experience with colonial matters so well fitted to judge of
+what he had accomplished along these lines.
+</p>
+<p>
+General Wood's opinion as the result of his trip was that the American
+troops should serve by divisions for a time with the French and
+English rather than as a separate army from the start, {243} because
+of the fact that all matters of supply, equipment, artillery, air
+service and so on which were so incomplete in the American service and
+so complete by this time in the British and French services would
+apply to the Americans as well as to the others and that the training
+alongside the veterans of over three years of war would make the
+effectiveness of the American troops quicker, better and more
+definite--would in the end increase efficiency and save life.
+</p>
+<p>
+After having reported to the Senate committee and returned to Camp
+Funston he took up with immeasurably renewed vigor the work of getting
+the 89th Division, which he was to take abroad, ready for its service,
+and all was prepared when the order came for them to move to New York
+for embarkation. This work of transportation being practically
+completed and the big division ready to go on board ship, Leonard Wood
+felt that at last his chance to take his part in the war at the front
+had come.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is practically impossible for any one, therefore, to realize just
+what it meant to him, or would have meant to any man, to receive
+notification as {244} he was almost in the act of going on board the
+transport that his command of the division he had trained and
+organized was taken away from him, another officer put in his place
+and he himself ordered to the farthest possible extremity of the
+United States in the opposite direction. It is certainly impossible to
+express here what his feelings were since nobody really knows them.
+</p>
+<p>
+Imagination, however, which plays so important a part in this world's
+affairs will play its part here as elsewhere, and some estimate of
+what effect it had upon the country was shown in the outcry which
+arose everywhere and which created such sudden wrath that the order
+itself was immediately rescinded and changed to the Funston
+appointment.
+</p>
+<p>
+The character of men is exhibited in infinite ways and by infinite
+methods, but never more surely than during critical periods when
+passions run high and injustice seems to be in the saddle. It is
+always at such times that reserve force, mental strength, and all the
+sound basic qualities which make up what we call character play their
+important parts in the drama of life. No one has, {245} so far as our
+history tells us, shown greater strength of this nature than Abraham
+Lincoln, and it is that reserve, that amazing common sense which "with
+malice toward none, with charity for all" led him on all occasions no
+matter how extraordinary the provocation to decline to let
+personalities, jealousies, or any of the baser passions control his
+actions or influence his decisions.
+</p>
+<p>
+It would be ridiculous for any one to assume that General Wood was not
+cut to the quick by this unexplained action, which took the cup from
+his lips as he was about to drink, but there never has appeared
+anywhere anything emanating from him which criticized, questioned or
+in any way took exception to it. One may read, however, between the
+lines of his short good-by to the division which he created many
+thoughts that may have been in his mind and that certainly were in the
+minds of the officers of the 89th to whom this simple address was the
+first intimation that he was not to lead them into action in France.
+It is so direct, so simple, so manly that, like all such documents, it
+is only with time that its great {246} hearted spirit makes the true
+impression on any reader. It will take its place in the history of
+this country amongst the few documents which live on always because
+they exhibit a wise and sane outlook upon life and because they make a
+universal appeal to the best that lives always like a divine spark in
+the heart of every man.
+</p>
+<p>
+It makes the boy in school exclaim, "Some day when I grow up I will do
+that." It lives in the dreams that come just before sleep as the
+attitude the young man would like to take when his critical hour
+comes. It cheers the old, since they can say: "So long as this can be
+done there is no fear for our native land."
+</p>
+<p>
+Here it is:
+</p>
+<p>
+"I will not say good-by, but consider it a temporary separation--at
+least I hope so. I have worked hard with you and you have done
+excellent work. I had hoped very much to take you over to the other
+side. In fact, I had no intimation, direct or indirect, of any change
+of orders until we reached here the other night. The orders have been
+changed and I am to go back to Funston. I leave for that place
+to-morrow {247} morning. I wish you the best of luck and ask you to
+keep up the high standard of conduct and work you have maintained in
+the past. There is nothing to be said. These orders stand; and the
+only thing to do is to do the best we can--all of us--to win the war.
+That is what we are here for. That is what you have been trained for.
+I shall follow your career with the deepest interest--with just as
+much interest as if I were with you. Good luck; and God bless you!"
+</p>
+<br>
+
+{248}
+<br>
+<p class=center>
+<img style="width: 547px; height: 852px;" alt=""
+     src="images/kansas.jpg" border=1>
+<p class=indent>
+STATE Of KANSAS
+<br><br>
+GOVERNOR'S OFFICE
+<br><br><br>
+
+
+KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS:
+<br><br>
+INASMUCH as the life of a state, its strength and virtue and moral
+worth are directly dependent upon the character of the citizens who
+compose it, and
+<br><br>
+INASMUCH as it is a solemn obligation imposed upon the Governor of the
+state to promote and advance the interests and well-being of the
+commonwealth in every way consistent with due regard for the rights
+and privileges of sister states, and
+<br><br>
+WHEREAS, the soldier, Leonard Wood, Major General in the United States
+Army and now commandant at Camp Funston, has shown by his daily life,
+by his devotion to duty, by his high ideals and by his love of
+country, that he is a high-minded man after our own hearths,
+four-square to all the world, one good to know,
+<br><br>
+NOW, THEREFORE, I Arthur Capper, Governor of the State of Kansas, do
+hereby declare the said
+</p>
+<p class=indent2>
+  MAJOR GENERAL LEONARD WOOD
+</p>
+<p class=indent>
+to be, in character and in ideals, a true Kansan. And by virtue of the
+esteem and affection the people of Kansas bear him, I do furthermore
+declare him to be to all intents and purposes a citizen of this state,
+and as such to be entitled to speak the Kansas language, to follow
+Kansas customs and to be known as
+</p>
+<p class=indent2>
+  CITIZEN EXTRAORDINARY
+</p>
+<p class=indent>
+IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto subscribed my name and caused to be
+affixed the Great Seal of the State of Kansas. Done at Topeka, the
+capitol, this 19th day of December, D. 1919
+<br><br>
+Arthur Capper <br>
+GOVERNOR
+</p>
+<p>
+[Seal of the State of Kansas] By the Governor
+</p>
+<p>
+[Signature] Secretary of State
+</p>
+<p>
+[Signature] Asst. Secretary of State
+</p>
+<br>
+{249}
+<p>
+A few days later Wood had returned to Funston and begun preparations
+for the training of the 10th Division, when by executive action the
+Governor of Kansas acknowledged on his own behalf and on behalf of the
+State the General's services to his country by making him a "citizen
+extraordinary" of the State.
+</p>
+<p>
+The story of the Tenth Division is short but illuminating. It was
+composed principally of drafted men. Its first groups began to
+organize at Funston on the 10th of August--raw men from office, farm
+and shop. They found there the skeletons of so-called regular
+regiments--regiments which were regular only in name; that is to {250}
+say, there were only a very few regular officers of experience and a
+limited number of men recently recruited under the old system. On the
+24th General Wood reviewed the whole division. On November 1st it was
+ready, trained, equipped and in condition both from the physical and
+the military point of view to go abroad. And when the armistice was
+signed on November 11th an advance contingent had already gone to
+France to prepare for its reception. About the middle of September the
+British and French Senior Mission--three officers of each
+army--reported at Funston and remained there for six weeks. And upon
+their departure on November 1st after a long, rigid and critical
+examination of the division they stated that in their opinion it was
+by far the best prepared and trained division that they had seen in
+this country.
+</p>
+<p>
+Here again appears the same quality that made McKinley appoint Wood
+Governor-General of Cuba; that made Roosevelt send him to organize the
+apparently unorganizable part of the Philippine Islands; that caused
+the French to award him a very high order of the Legion of Honor;
+{251} that made the State of Kansas take him into its family as a
+citizen; that led the generals of Europe to hope he would come and be
+one of them; and finally that caused many hundreds of thousands of his
+own countrymen to follow him and support him in his plans to prepare
+the people of his nation for what eventually came upon them.
+</p>
+<p>
+With the signing of the armistice and the victorious ending of the war
+Wood's activities did not cease. With characteristic energy he began
+the work of looking out for the soldiers who would soon be demobilized
+from the army and thrown upon their own resources. He saw how changed
+the outlook of many of these men would be. He saw the troubles in
+which thousands--actually millions--of them would be involved, not
+through any fault of their own, not through any fault of the
+Government or of army life, but because they had undergone certain
+mental changes incident to training, to active service, and hence
+could not again return to the point they had reached when their
+military service began.
+</p>
+<p>
+He, therefore, instituted in Chicago, where as Commander of the
+Central Department he had his {252} headquarters, as well as in St.
+Louis, Kansas City and Cleveland, organizations to look to the finding
+of employment for returning officers and men. And in addresses and all
+methods open to him he urged the organization of similar bodies in all
+cities to accomplish elsewhere the same object. His attitude was that
+of the father of children--the rearrangement on new lines of the
+American family; and he again found universal support.
+</p>
+<p>
+"Appreciation of the work done by our Soldiers, Sailors and Marines in
+the Great War can best be shown by active measures to return them to
+suitable civil employment upon their discharge from service. The four
+million men inducted into the service, less the dead, are being
+returned to their homes. In seeing that they are returned to suitable
+civil employment, and by that I mean employment in which they will
+find contentment, we will find it at times difficult to deal with
+them. We must remember that many of these men, before going in for the
+great adventure, had never been far from home, had never seen the big
+things of life, had never had the opportunity of finding {253}
+themselves. During their service in the army they found out that all
+men were equal except as distinguished one from the other by such
+characteristics as physique, education and character. They discovered
+that men who are loyal, attentive to duty, always striving to do more
+than required, stood out among their fellows and were marked for
+promotion. Naturally many of them now see that their former employment
+will not give them the opportunities for advancement which they have
+come to prize, and for that reason they want a change. They want a
+kind of employment which offers opportunities for promotion. Many such
+men are fitted for forms of employment which offer this advantage, and
+they must be given the opportunity to try to make good in the lines of
+endeavor which they elect to follow. It is not charity to give these
+men the opportunities for which they strive. It is Justice. Others are
+not mentally equipped to take advantage of such opportunities if
+offered, and with these we will find it more difficult to deal. They
+must be reasoned with and directed, if possible, into the kind of
+employment best suited to their characteristics. Let us {254} remember
+that a square deal for our honorably discharged Soldiers, Sailors and
+Marines will strengthen the morale of the Nation and will help to
+create a sound national consciousness ready to act promptly in support
+of Truth, Justice and Right" [Footnote: <i>Address of Leonard Wood</i>.]
+</p>
+<p>
+There is, with the differences patent because of time and place and
+surrounding circumstances, a flavor to this plea that recalls another
+address upon a similar subject more than fifty years ago:
+</p>
+<p>
+"It is for the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished
+work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is
+rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before
+us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
+cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we
+here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that
+this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom--and that
+government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not
+perish from the earth." [Footnote: <i>Lincoln's Gettysburg Speech</i>.]
+</p>
+<br>
+{255}
+<br>
+<h1>
+THE RESULT
+</h1>
+<br>
+{256}
+<br><br>
+{257}
+<br><br>
+
+<h1>
+<a name="X">X</a>
+<br><br>
+THE RESULT
+</h1>
+<br>
+<p>
+In these days, therefore, immediately following the Great War it is
+well to keep in our own minds and try to put into the minds of others
+the great elemental truths of life; and to try at the same time to
+keep out of our and their minds in so far as possible the unessential
+and changing superficialities which never last long and which never
+move forward the civilization of the human race.
+</p>
+<p>
+This very simple biographical sketch is not an attempt to settle the
+problems of the hour. Such an attempt might excite the amusement and
+interest of students of that mental disease known as
+paranoia--students who are far too busy at the moment as it is without
+this addition to the unusually large supply of patients--but it could
+not add anything either to the pleasure or entertainment of any one
+else. That the simple biographical sketch can even approach the latter
+{258} accomplishment may be held to be a matter for reasonable doubt.
+</p>
+<p>
+Nor, furthermore, is the sketch an attempt at the soap box or other
+variety of philosophy which one individual attempts to thrust down the
+mental throats of his fellow beings. There exists a hazy suspicion
+that the fellow beings are quite competent to decide what they will
+swallow mentally and what they will, vulgarly speaking, expectorate
+forthwith.
+</p>
+<p>
+The simple biographical sketch is a frank attempt to express, as at
+least one person sees it, the character, the accomplishments and the
+service rendered by one man to his country throughout a life which
+seems to have been singularly sturdy, honest, normal and consistent,
+and which, therefore, is an example to his countrymen that may in
+these somewhat hectic times well be considered and perhaps even
+emulated.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the risk, however, of entering the paranoiac's clinic it would seem
+almost necessary if not even desirable to apply the record discussed
+to the situation which confronts us in these days, since biography has
+no special significance unless it {259} brings to others some more or
+less effective stimulus to better and greater endeavor on their own
+part.
+</p>
+<p>
+If, therefore, the life and record of a man like Leonard Wood is to be
+of value to others it must to some extent at least be considered in
+relation to the events of his day and time. These events have been
+sufficiently startling in the light of all previous history to make it
+perhaps permissible to glance over them.
+</p>
+<p>
+Roughly speaking, since Wood was born transportation has become so
+perfected that, in the light of our navy's recent accomplishments with
+the seaplane, it is now possible for a human being to go from New York
+to London in the same period of time that it took then to go from New
+York to New London. It is fair to assume then that the distance of New
+York from London so far as human travel goes is or will shortly be the
+same as the distance of New York from New London when Wood was born.
+</p>
+<p>
+Roughly speaking since Wood was born intercourse between persons by
+means of conversation has become so perfected that it is now possible
+for {260} two people, one in New York and the other in San Francisco,
+to converse over the telephone--wireless or otherwise--as easily as
+could two persons when Wood was born talk from one room to another
+through an open doorway. So that for practical purposes the three or
+four thousand mile breadth of this continent is reduced to what then
+was a matter of ten feet.
+</p>
+<p>
+One might continue indefinitely, but these two examples are
+sufficient. If San Francisco is no further away than the next room and
+if London can be reached as quickly as New London, and if myriads of
+other physical changes of this sort have occurred in sixty years, then
+it is fair to assume that there has been an equal amount of resulting
+psychological change. These changes in the relation of man to his
+surroundings and the consequent changes in his relations to himself
+and his fellow beings have probably done more to rearrange the world
+on a different basis than all the developments of the half-dozen
+centuries that preceded the nineteenth.
+</p>
+<p>
+The elimination of distance, the making of human relation as easy for
+continents as for {261} adjoining communities lessens the size of the
+world and standardizes the rules that govern life. All intellectual,
+political, commercial and military procedures have changed therefore
+in the last half century to a greater extent than in hundreds of years
+prior thereto. One race in the fifth or sixth grade of civilization
+begins to discover what the other race in the first grade is doing.
+One commercial country of a lower order finds what it is losing
+because of another country of a higher order of commercialism. The
+laborers of Barcelona discover what the laborers of New York are
+receiving in compensation for the same work. The people of Russia
+discover the different political conditions existing amongst
+themselves and the people of England and France. The government of the
+German Empire sees what a united nation backed by the biggest army on
+earth might do in Europe. The men of Austria who have no vote learn
+what the men of the United States procure from universal suffrage.
+</p>
+<p>
+With the belief on every human being's part that the other fellow is
+better off than he, with the education which goes on through the
+medium {262} of emigration and immigration, with the immense number of
+detail short cuts, with the prodigious increase in reading and the
+resulting acquirement of the ideas of others, with the myriad of other
+matters patent to any one who thinks--with all this and because of it
+the methods and procedure of daily life have changed entirely
+throughout most of the civilized world since a man who is now nearly
+sixty was born.
+</p>
+<p>
+At the same time the family remains the same; the marriage law is
+unchanged; the right of private property is what it was in the days of
+ancient Rome. The Constitution of the United States is what it was a
+hundred and thirty years ago. Justice is the same as it was in the
+time of Alexander. The Golden Rule has not been altered since the time
+of Christ. Love, hate, fear and courage stand as they were originally
+some time prior to the stone age.
+</p>
+<p>
+To revert, then, to the simile of the construction of the house, it
+seems true that while the plaster and the wall paper--the decorations
+of its interior and exterior--change from time to nevertheless on the
+whole, as a rule, in the main {263} the passage of the great ages has
+not materially changed the supports of the structure--and never will.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the matter of interior and exterior decoration periods come and go
+during which those who build houses decorate according to schools of
+art. It is the only belief that any sane and hopeful human being can
+have that these schools of decoration for the old house of
+civilization in the main steadily improve. If it is not so, then we
+have nothing to live for, nothing to which we may look forward. Also,
+however, there are fashions and fads running along by the side of
+these great schools which are suggestive, amusing or ludicrous, as the
+case may be. The cubists and the followers of the old masters paint at
+the same time. One, however, dies shortly and the other lives
+on--often to be sure affected in some slight way by the grotesque but
+honest fad, but never giving way to it.
+</p>
+<p>
+In the month of November, 1918, greater changes of this nature took
+place in the political world than in all the years which preceded that
+month since the beginning of the Christian era. {264} In that month
+some scores of crowned heads stepped down from their thrones and made
+haste to reach shelter as do the rats in a kitchen when the cook turns
+on the electric light. At that time something like three hundred
+millions of people gave up their particular forms of government and to
+a certain extent have been living on since without any substitute.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some of these crowned heads have sat on their thrones from five to ten
+centuries. Some of the governments have lived as long.
+</p>
+<p>
+It looks like a general tumble of the house of civilization. And yet
+most of these millions of people go on getting up in the morning,
+going to bed at night and, impossible as it may seem, conducting
+commercial enterprises. The kings have gone; the governments have
+gone; yet the people remain and their daily life goes on--not as usual
+--but in the main the same.
+</p>
+<p>
+At such a time amidst such stupendous changes it is natural that an
+infinite number of plans for reconstruction come forward. All the
+century-old panaceas crop up. All the moss-grown plans for a perfect
+world are thrust forward in a new {265} dress and naturally gain
+credence. And with the increased ease of intercommunication of
+individuals and ideas the opportunity not only for many more but for
+widely divergent theories to make themselves heard is immeasurably
+increased. Thus it becomes possible for a Lenine and a Trotzky to
+leave their tenement flats in the slums of New York and proceed to the
+palaces of the Czar to show the hundred and twenty millions of
+Russians what can be done--and, what is far more to the point, get a
+hearing. Thus it becomes possible for the International Workers of the
+World in Russia, France, England and America to get together in
+conference in Switzerland or elsewhere and discuss how best to destroy
+not only governments, but private property, law, order, the family and
+all the beams of the great house at one time. Thus it becomes possible
+for a host of less radical but none the less pernicious plans for the
+good or evil of the world to fly about amongst unstable but
+well-meaning minds.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our country, so remote in miles from the scenes of these upheavals, is
+by the development of {266} modern times so near that it is to a
+certain extent affected by them.
+</p>
+<p>
+In a population of one hundred millions in the United States there are
+probably one hundred million different views entertained upon each of
+the questions of this disturbed period. But a fair classification of
+them could be safely made into radicals, moderates and
+conservatives--Bolsheviki and theorists, slow-moving and hard-thinking
+citizens and stiff-necked reactionaries--all honest and earnest in the
+mean. If the Bolsheviki and theorists outnumber the others we shall
+have a situation in the United States similar to that in Russia,
+Austria and Germany. If the stiff-necked reactionaries outnumber the
+others, we shall smother the flame for a time only to have it burst
+forth shortly in an infinitely more terrible explosion. If the
+slow-moving, hard-thinking citizens outnumber the others, we shall
+maintain the main structure of our house so laboriously built
+throughout the ages while we change to some extent the nature of the
+wall paper and the plaster to adapt it to modern conditions.
+</p>
+<p>
+Some of us want to achieve the first, some the {267} second and some
+the third status; and it would be safe to say that up to the present
+in this country the people of the great middle class--the not rich,
+the not poor, the steady business man, the ordinary mother of a
+family--are in the majority and are trying to adapt themselves to the
+new conditions even if only in a slow and somewhat halting manner.
+</p>
+<p>
+It will help them and therefore help the country to maintain
+themselves and itself on an even keel until the storm subsides if they
+can have some concrete standard to work by. And as standards in this
+sense usually become established by example, by what each of us thinks
+the man he looks up to is doing, thinking and planning, it seems fair
+to say that the example of a few leading men of the strong sanity
+which characterizes General Wood is having now or will have in the
+future a great influence for good.
+</p>
+<p>
+When we are all complaining at the changing conditions, when we see
+apparently permanent organizations like the government of thousand-
+year-old empires crumbling in a month, when we hear the new-old
+theories for a new form of {268} existence, we are somewhat dazed,
+somewhat influenced by the outward signs and somewhat skeptical about
+our own small but to ourselves important outlook. At such a moment the
+voice of one who says in substance: "Do not let superficial changes
+--no matter how important they seem--make us forget the law of man and
+nature; do not forget that the fittest survives; do not imagine that
+wars are over because the most terrible one in history is just
+finished; do not hesitate to prepare for your own duties and those of
+your country; do not forget that organization and coöperation produce
+peace, safety, prosperity and happiness"--when a voice in our land
+announces this and its owner proves by his whole life the truth of his
+statements, then it pays to listen and inwardly digest.
+</p>
+<p>
+In spite of all we are being told to the contrary, there need be no
+alarm for the future if the country contains enough of such leaders to
+make themselves heard above the babel of new cries and beliefs,
+notwithstanding the attractive pictures some of these theorists
+present. For that reason leaders must always exist where progress is
+to be {269} made and the great majority must stand behind them to back
+them up.
+</p>
+<p>
+The effective spear cannot do its work without its steel point, nor
+yet without its long handle to force the point home.
+</p>
+<p>
+This biographical sketch treats of one of these spear points and as
+such represents to a greater or less degree all great sane leaders,
+though it speaks of but one.
+</p>
+<p>
+Leonard Wood's personality is one of mental sanity and physical
+health. It is non-reactionary and non-visionary. It is military only
+in the sense that the army happens to have been his business in life.
+His business might have been that of the law, of banking, or leather,
+without in the least changing in it. He once said of this:
+</p>
+<p>
+"The officers of the Army and Navy are the professional servants of
+the government in matters pertaining to the military establishment.
+They are like engineers, doctors, lawyers, or any other class of
+professional men whose services people employ because they are expert
+in their line of work. They do not initiate wars. Nine-tenths of all
+wars have their origin directly or indirectly in {270} issues arising
+out of trade. The people make war; the government declares it; and the
+officers of the army and navy are charged with the responsibility of
+terminating it with such means and implements as the people may give
+them."
+</p>
+<p>
+His voice raised in behalf of preparedness refers therefore to the
+military, because as a Major-General in the United States Army he is
+not empowered to speak of other walks in life. Yet his own wide
+experience in Cuba and the Philippines in administration, very little
+of which was military, is a witness of his belief in preparedness in
+an life.
+</p>
+<p>
+He founded schools where there were none to prepare citizens for the
+new Cuban republic. He reorganized and built up customs laws and
+regulations where there were only attempts at such in order to prepare
+revenue to build roads and finish public works to make a busy and
+healthy nation. He reëstablished sane marriage laws in order to
+prepare a solid community resting upon the basis of the clearly
+defined family. In the Philippines he instituted local government to
+prepare the islands for self-government.
+</p>
+{271}
+<p>
+None of these acts, nor many others of like nature, had anything to do
+with the military. They were all based on the law that a sound and
+successful community, whether that community be a village, town or
+nation, rests in the final analysis on personal, individual
+responsibility which in the group makes a responsible government, that
+personal responsibility comes only from preparation, from execution as
+a result of preparation and from efficiency which is its synonym.
+</p>
+<p>
+We study for this or that profession. We cannot practice law unless we
+prepare and take a degree. We cannot enter the medical profession
+unless we study and take a degree. Wood's great thesis is that we
+cannot become sound citizens and, therefore, in the group a sound
+nation, unless we study and prepare to be such.
+</p>
+<p>
+It sounds so simple that one wonders why it is written. And yet for
+the last two years under the guise of war necessity this country has
+been moving in quite another direction. Instead of personal
+responsibility we have been substituting more and more government
+responsibility. Instead of individual effort we have been advancing
+governmental {272} effort. Instead of natural competition we have been
+substituting government regulation. Instead of advancing patriotism,
+nationalism, Americanism, we have been letting all these give way to
+internationalism. We have not been preparing ourselves as individuals
+to assume individual responsibly, but in fact we have been giving up
+that responsibility to government.
+</p>
+<p>
+It is through the sense of the people quickened by such men as Wood
+that we shall come back to sounder methods--not to where we were
+before. That can never be. If it were so, the world would not be
+moving forward. But we shall come back to the basic principle that
+individual initiative, energy and the rewards that accrue therefrom
+are and always must be the basis for collective initiative, energy and
+the rewards thereof; that no collective organization such as a
+government can remain virile and effective unless its component
+parts--the individuals--remain virile and effective.
+</p>
+<p>
+The appeal which Wood's life makes to us is toward this responsibility
+of the individual <i>for</i> his own work, his own affairs, his own family,
+and {273} to his own country, and that has been found throughout
+history to be the groundwork, the foundation upon which civilization
+rests. Translated into current phrase this means that we must follow
+such men as he, keep eternally at work to improve ourselves
+individually, to make a good and honest living, to hand on the torch
+of patriotism, of sanity and of ever-increasing knowledge by
+furnishing to the world the new generations that shall carry on, and
+to weld and stabilize the whole structure by building up Americanism
+within our borders. In the vocabulary of General Wood this is
+translated again into the words: "Prepare! Prepare! Prepare!"
+</p>
+<p>
+Such has been the career of the New Englander from Cape Cod who has
+worked in his own land, in the tropics, in many spheres, at many
+problems until at the age of fifty-eight in sound mind and body he
+stands firmly still in the prime of life ready for many years yet to
+come of service and work for himself, his family and his fellow
+countrymen.
+</p>
+
+<br><br>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Career of Leonard Wood, by Joseph Hamblen Sears
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+Project Gutenberg's The Career of Leonard Wood, by Joseph Hamblen Sears
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Career of Leonard Wood
+
+Author: Joseph Hamblen Sears
+
+Release Date: September 3, 2010 [EBook #33626]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CAREER OF LEONARD WOOD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Don Kostuch
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's note]
+  Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly
+  braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page breaks occurred
+  in the original book.
+
+  Obvious spelling errors have been corrected but "inventive" spelling
+  is left unchanged. Apparently conflicting spelling is not resolved,
+  as in "Gouraud" and "Gourand".
+[End Transcriber's note]
+
+
+[Illustration: LEONARD WOOD (portrait)]
+
+
+THE CAREER OF LEONARD WOOD
+
+BY
+
+JOSEPH HAMBLEN SEARS
+
+
+
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+
+NEW YORK
+LONDON
+
+1920
+
+
+
+Copyright 1919 by
+D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
+
+
+Printed in the United States of America
+
+
+
+
+TO GENERAL LEONARD WOOD
+
+By Corinne Roosevelt Robinson
+
+  Your vision keen, unerring when the blind,
+    Who could not see, turned, groping, from the light.
+    Your sentient knowledge of the wise and right
+  Have won to-day the freedom of mankind.
+
+  Honor to whom the honor be assigned!
+    Mightier in exile than the men whose might
+    Is of the sword alone, and not of sight.
+  You march beside the victor host aligned.
+
+  Had not your spirit soared, our ardent youth
+    Had faltered leaderless; their eager feet
+  Attuned to effort for the valiant truth
+    Through your command rushed swiftly to compete
+  To hold on high the torch of Liberty--
+  Great-visioned Soul, yours is the victory!
+
+  November 11, 1918
+
+  _From "Service and Sacrifice: Poems"_
+
+  Copyright. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 1919. by
+  Charles Scribner's Sons.
+  By permission of the publishers.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+I.    The Subject         11
+
+II.   The Indian Fighter  25
+
+III.  The Official        51
+
+IV.   The Soldier         77
+
+V.    The Organizer      101
+
+VI.   The Administrator  129
+
+VII.  The Statesman      159
+
+VIII. The Patriot        201
+
+IX.   The Great War      225
+
+X.    The Result         257
+
+
+
+THE SUBJECT
+
+
+{11}
+
+I
+
+THE SUBJECT
+
+In these days immediately following the Great War it is well upon
+beginning anything--even a modest biographical sketch--to consider a
+few elementals and distinguish them from the changing unessentials, to
+keep a sound basis of sense and not be led into hysteria, to look
+carefully again at the beams of our house and not be deceived into
+thinking that the plaster and the wall paper are the supports of the
+building.
+
+Let us consider a few of these elementals that apply to the subject in
+hand as well as to the rest of the universe--elemental truths which do
+not change, which no Great War can alter in the least, which serve as
+guides at all times and will help at every doubtful point. They range
+themselves somewhat as follows:
+
+The human being is entitled to the pursuit of happiness--happiness in
+the very broadest sense of the word. No one can approach this object
+{12} unless he is in some way subordinated to something and unless he
+is responsible for something. No man can get satisfaction out of life
+unless he is responsible for what he does to some authority higher
+than himself and unless there is some one or something that looks to
+him for guidance. Perhaps the existence of religion has much to do
+with this. Perhaps prayer and all that it means to us belongs in the
+category of the first of these elementals. Certainly the family is an
+example of the second.
+
+The family is the unit of civilization--always has been and always
+will be. The father and the mother have their collective existence,
+and their children looking to them for guidance, support and growth,
+both physical and moral. The moment the family begins to exist it
+becomes a responsibility for its head, and around it centers a large
+part of the life and happiness of the human being.
+
+In like manner the state is the unit to which we are subordinated.
+
+These constitute two examples of responsibility and subordination
+which are necessary to the {13} acquirement of civilization, of
+happiness and of the rewards of life.
+
+Wherever the state has presumed to enter too far into the conduct of
+the family it has overstepped its bounds and that particular
+civilization has degenerated. Wherever the family has presumed to give
+up its subordination to the state and gather unto itself the
+responsibility through special privilege, that particular state has
+begun to die.
+
+In modern civilization it is as impossible to conceive of a state
+without the unit of the family, as it is to consider groups of
+families without something that we call a state. It is ludicrous to
+think of a strong and virile nation composed of one hundred million
+bachelors. We must go back to the feudal days of the middle ages to
+get a picture of the family without a state.
+
+In other words, a man, to approach happiness, must have his family in
+support of which it is his privilege to take off his coat and work,
+and--if fate so decree--live; and he must have his country's flag in
+honor of which it is his privilege to take off his hat, and--if need
+be--die.
+
+{14}
+
+Love and patriotism--these are the names of two of the sturdy beams of
+the house of civilization.
+
+These old familiar laws have been brought forward again by the
+outbreak of the Great War. There is a letter in existence written by a
+young soldier who volunteered at the start, a letter which he wrote to
+his unborn son as he sat in a front line trench in France. It tells
+the whole great truth in a line. It says: "My little son, I do not
+fully realize just why I am fighting here, but I know that one reason
+is to make sure that _you_ will not have to do it by and by." That lad
+was responsible for a new family, and was the servant of his
+state--and he began his approach to the great happiness when he
+thought of writing that letter.
+
+It will be well for us to remember these simple laws as we proceed.
+
+Fifty-eight years ago these laws and several more like them were just
+as true as they are now. Fifty-eight years hence they will still be
+true, as they will be five thousand eight hundred years hence.
+Fifty-eight years ago--to be exact, {15} October 9, 1860--there was
+born up in New Hampshire a man child named Leonard Wood, in the town
+of Winchester, whence he was transferred at the age of three months to
+Massachusetts and finally at the age of eight years to Pocasset on
+Cape Cod. This man child is still alive at the time of writing, and
+during his fifty-eight years he has stood for these elemental truths
+in and out of boyhood, youth and manhood in such a fashion that his
+story--always interesting--becomes valuable at a time when, the Great
+War being over, many nations, to say nothing of many individuals, are
+forgetting, in their admiration of the new plaster and the wall paper,
+that the beams of the house of civilization are what hold it strong
+and sturdy as the ages proceed.
+
+This place, Cape Cod, where the formative years of Leonard Wood's life
+were passed, is a sand bank left by some melting glacier sticking out
+into the Atlantic in the shape of a doubled-up arm with a clenched
+fist as if it were ready at any moment to strike out and defend New
+England against any attack that might come from the eastward. Those
+who call it their native place have acquired {16} something of its
+spirit. They have ever been ready to oppose any aggression from the
+eastward or any other direction, and they have ever been ready to
+stand firmly upon the conviction that the integrity of the family and
+of the state must be maintained. And young Wood from them and from his
+Mayflower Pilgrim ancestors absorbed and was born with a common sense
+and a directness of vision that have appeared throughout his life
+under whatever conditions he found himself.
+
+There seems to have been nothing remarkable about him either in his
+boyhood or in his youth. He achieved nothing out of the ordinary
+through that whole period. But there has always been in him somewhere,
+the solid basis of sense and reason which kept him to whatever purpose
+he set himself to achieve along the lines of the great elemental
+truths of life and far away from visionary hallucinations of any sort.
+If it was Indian fighting, he worked away at the basis of the question
+and got ready and then carried out. If it was war, the same. If it was
+administration, he {17} studied the essentials, prepared for them, and
+then carried them out.
+
+Like all great achievements, it is simplicity itself and can be told
+in words of one syllable. In all lines of his extraordinarily varied
+career extending over all the corners of the globe he respected and
+built up authority of government and protected and encouraged the
+development of the family unit. One might say "Why not? Of course."
+The answer is "Who in this country in the last thirty years has done
+it to anything like the same extent?"
+
+Many minds during this time have advanced new ideas; many men have
+invented amazing things; many able people have opened up new avenues
+of thought and vision to the imagination of the world, sometimes to
+good and lasting purpose, sometimes otherwise. But who has taken
+whatever problem was presented to him and invariably, no matter what
+quality was required, brought that problem to a successful conclusion
+without upheaval, or chaos, or even much excitement for any one
+outside the immediately interested group?
+
+It is not genius; it is organization. It is not {18} the flare of
+inventive ability; it is the high vision of one whose code rested
+always on elemental, sound and enduring principles and who has not
+swerved from these to admire the plaster and the paper on the wall. It
+is finally the great quality that makes a man keep his feet on the
+ground and his heart amongst the bright stars.
+
+Of such stuff are the men of this world made whom people lean on, whom
+people naturally look to in emergency, who guide instinctively and
+unerringly, carrying always the faith of those about them because they
+deal with sound things, elemental truths and sane methods--because
+they give mankind what Leonard Wood's greatest friend called "a square
+deal."
+
+It is difficult to treat much of his youth because he is still living
+and the family life of any man is his own and not the public's
+business. But there is a certain interest attaching to his life-work
+for his country in knowing that his great-great-grandfather commanded
+a regiment in the Revolutionary army at Bunker Hill and that his
+father was a doctor who served in the Union army during the Civil War.
+Out of such heredity has {19} come a doctor who is a Major General in
+the United States Army.
+
+At the same time his own life on Cape Cod outside of school at the
+Middleboro Academy was marked by what might distinguish any youngster
+of that day and place--a strong liking for small boating, for games
+out of doors, for riding, shooting and fishing. These came from a fine
+healthy body which to this day at his present age is amazing in its
+capacity to carry him through physical work. He can to-day ride a
+hundred miles at a stretch and walk thirty miles in any twenty-four
+hours.
+
+Later in life this was one of the many points of common interest that
+drew him and Theodore Roosevelt so closely together. It has no
+particular significance other than to make it possible for him in many
+lands at many different limes to do that one great thing which makes
+men leaders--to show his men the way, to do himself whatever he asked
+others to do, never to give an order whether to a military, sanitary,
+medical or administrative force that he could not and did not do
+himself in so far as one man could do it.
+
+{20}
+
+There was little or no money in the Wood family and the young man had
+to plan early to look out for himself. He wanted to go to
+sea--probably  because he lived on Cape Cod and came from a long line
+of New Englanders. He wanted to go into the Navy. He even planned to
+join an Arctic expedition at the age of twenty and began to collect
+material for his outfit. But finally, following his father's lead, he
+settled upon the study of medicine.
+
+This led to the Harvard University Medical School and to his
+graduation in 1884. There then followed the regular internship of a
+young physician and the beginning of practice in Boston.
+
+Then came the change that separated Wood from the usual lot of well
+educated, well prepared doctors who come out of a fine medical school
+and begin their lifework of following their profession and building up
+a practice, a record, a family and the history which is the highest
+ideal man can have and the collective result of which is a sound
+nation.
+
+Wood wanted action. He wanted to do  {21} something. He had a strong
+inclination to the out-of-doors. And it is probably this, together
+with his inheritance and the chances of the moment, that led him to
+enter the army as a surgeon. As there was no immediate vacancy in the
+medical corps he took the job of contract surgeon at a salary of $100
+a month and was first ordered to duty at Fort Warren in Boston Harbor
+where he stayed only a few days. His request for "action" was granted
+in June, 1885, and he wais ordered to Arizona to report to General
+Crook on the Mexican border near Fort Huachuca.
+
+And here begins the career of Leonard Wood.
+
+{22}
+
+{23}
+
+THE INDIAN FIGHTER
+
+{24}
+
+{25}
+
+II
+
+THE INDIAN FIGHTER
+
+The problem was what turned out to be the last of the Indian fighting,
+involving a long-drawn-out campaign. For over a hundred years, as
+every one knows, the unequal struggle of two races for this continent
+had been in progress and the history of it is the ever tragic story of
+the survival of the fittest. No one can read it without regret at the
+destruction, the extermination, of a race. No one, however, can for a
+moment hesitate in his judgment of the inevitableness of it, since it
+is and always will be the truth that the man or the race or the nation
+which cannot keep up with the times must go under--and should go
+under. Education, brains, genius, organization, ability, imagination,
+vision--whatever it may be called or by how many names--will forever
+destroy and push out ignorance, incompetence, stupidity.
+
+The Indians were not able--tragic as the truth {26} is--to move
+onward, and so they had to move out and give place to the more worthy
+tenant.
+
+The end of this century of struggle was the campaign against the
+Apaches in the Southwest along the Mexican border, where they made
+their last stand under their able leader Geronimo.
+
+The young doctor was detailed at once for duty on a broiling fourth of
+July under Captain--afterwards General--Henry W. Lawton, and the next
+day he rode a horse over thirty-five miles. That incident to the
+initiated is noteworthy, but even more so is the fact that shortly
+afterwards in a hard drive of five succeeding days he averaged
+eighteen hours a day either in the saddle or on foot, leading the
+horses. It was a stiff test. To make it worse he was given the one
+unassigned horse--that is to say, a horse that was known as an
+"outlaw"--whose jerky gait made each saddle-sore complain at every
+step. The sun beat down fiercely; but, burned and blistered fore and
+aft, Leonard Wood could still smile and ask for more action.
+
+The stoicism of the tenderfoot who had come to play their game was not
+lost on the troopers {27} with whom he was to spend the next two years
+fighting Indians. He "healed in the saddle" at once and a few weeks
+later was out-riding and out-marching the best of Captain Lawton's
+command, all of whom were old and experienced Indian fighters.
+
+This was not to be the last time that Leonard Wood was to find himself
+faced at the outset by tacit suspicion and lack of confidence on the
+part of the men he was to command. Years later in the Philippines he
+was put up against a similar hostility, with responsibilities a
+thousandfold more grave, and in the same dogged way he won
+confidence--unquestioning loyalty--by proving that he was better than
+the best. "Do it and don't talk about it," was his formula for
+success. It was this quality in him that made it possible for Captain
+Lawton to write to General Nelson A. Miles, who had then succeeded
+General Crook, after the successful Geronimo campaign: "... I can only
+repeat that I have before reported officially and what I have said to
+you: that his services during the trying campaign were of the highest
+order. I speak particularly of services {28} other than those
+devolving upon him as a medical officer; services as a combatant or
+line officer voluntarily performed. He sought the most difficult work,
+and by his determination and courage rendered a successful issue of
+the campaign possible."
+
+General Crook, who commanded the troops along the border,
+characterized the Apaches as "tigers of the human race." Tigers they
+were, led by Geronimo, the man whose name became a by-word for
+savagery and cruelty. For a time these Indians had remained subdued
+and quiet upon a reservation, and there can be no question but what
+the subsequent outbreaks that led to the long campaign in which Wood
+took part were due largely to the lack of judgment displayed by the
+officials in whose charge they were placed. Both the American settlers
+and the Mexicans opposed the location of the Indians on the San Carlos
+reservation and lost no opportunity to show their hostility. When
+General Crook took command of that district he found he had to deal
+with a mean, sullen and treacherous band of savages.
+
+The American forces were constantly embroiled with the Chiricahuas.
+Treaties and agreements {29} were made only to be broken whenever
+blood lust or "tiswin"--a strong drink made from corn--moved the
+tribe to the warpath and fresh depredations. Due to General Crook's
+tireless efforts there were several occasions when the Indians
+remained quietly on their reservation, but it was only a matter of
+months at the best before one of the tribes, usually the Chiricahuas,
+would break forth again. Not until the treaty of 1882 with Mexico was
+it possible for our troops to pursue them into the Mexican mountains
+where they took refuge after each uprising. In 1883 General Crook made
+an expedition into Mexico which resulted in the return of the
+Chiricahuas and the Warm Springs tribes under Geronimo and Natchez to
+the Apache reservation.
+
+Two years of comparative quiet followed. The Indians followed
+agricultural pursuits and the settlers, who had come to establish
+themselves on ranches along the border, went out to their plowing and
+fence building unarmed. In May, 1886, the Indians indulged in an
+extensive and prolonged "tiswin" drunk. The savagery that lurked in
+their hearts broke loose and they escaped from {30} their reservation
+in small bands, leaving smoking trails of murder, arson and pillage
+behind them. Acts of ugly violence followed. General Crook threatened
+to kill the last one of them, if it took fifty years, and at one
+moment it seemed as though he had them under control. "Tiswin" once
+again set them loose and they stampeded.
+
+Their daring and illusiveness kept the American and Mexican troops
+constantly in action. One band of eleven Indians crossed into the
+United States, raided an Apache reservation, killed Indians as well as
+thirty-eight whites, captured two hundred head of stock and returned
+to Mexico after having traveled four weeks and covered over 1,200
+miles.
+
+It was into such warfare that Wood was plunged. No sooner had he
+arrived and begun his work than he put in a request for line duty in
+addition to his duties as a medical officer. This was granted
+immediately, because the need of men who could do something was too
+great to admit of much punctiliousness in the matter of military
+custom. Before the arrival of his commission as Assistant Surgeon,
+January, 1886, he {31} had served as commanding officer of infantry in
+a desperately hard pursuit in the Sierra Madres, ending in an attack
+on an Indian camp. He was repeatedly assigned to the most strenuous,
+fatiguing duty. After having marched on foot one day twenty-five miles
+with Indian scouts he rode seventy-three miles with a message at
+night, coming back at dawn the next day, just in time to break camp
+and march thirty-four miles to a new camp. He was given at his own
+request command of infantry under Captain Lawton, and this assignment
+to line duty was sanctioned by General Miles, who had recently taken
+over the command of the troops along the border.
+
+General Miles was one of the greatest Indian fighters the country has
+ever known. He was peculiarly fitted to assume this new job of
+suppressing the Apache. He judged and selected the men who were to be
+a part of this campaign by his own well-established standards. As its
+leader he selected Captain Lawton, then serving with the Fourth United
+States Cavalry at Fort Huachuca, primarily because Captain Lawton
+believed that these Indians could be subjugated. {32} He had met their
+skill and cunning and physical strength through years of such warfare
+under General Crook, and possessed the necessary qualifications to
+meet the demands of the trying campaign that faced him. After speaking
+of Captain Lawton, General Miles says in his published recollections:
+
+"I also found at Fort Huachuca another splendid type of American
+manhood, Captain Leonard Wood, Assistant Surgeon, United States Army.
+He was a young officer, age twenty-four, a native of Massachusetts, a
+graduate of Harvard, a fair-haired, blue-eyed young man of great
+intelligence, sterling, manly qualities and resolute spirit. He was
+also perhaps as fine a specimen of physical strength and endurance as
+could easily be found."
+
+"... His services and observations and example were most commendable
+and valuable, and added much to the physical success of the
+enterprise."
+
+General Field Orders No. 7, issued April 20, 1886, by General Miles
+for the guidance of the troops in his command, tell clearly and
+concisely the character and demands of the time.
+
+{33}
+
+"The chief object of the troops will be to capture or destroy any band
+of hostile Apache Indians found in this section of the country, and to
+this end the most vigorous and persistent efforts will be required of
+all officers and soldiers until this object is accomplished.
+
+"... The cavalry will be used in light scouting parties with a
+sufficient force held in readiness at all times to make the most
+persistent and effective pursuit.
+
+"To avoid any advantage the Indians may have by a relay of horses,
+where a troop or squadron commander is near the hostile Indians, he
+will be justified in dismounting one half of his command and selecting
+the lightest and best riders to make pursuit by the most vigorous
+forced marches until the strength of all the animals of his command
+shall have been exhausted.
+
+"In this way a command should, under a judicious leader, capture a
+band of Indians or drive them from 160 to 200 miles in forty-eight
+hours through a country favorable for cavalry movements; and the
+horses of the troops will be trained for this purpose."
+
+{34}
+
+To get a picture of young Wood at this time it is necessary to look at
+the situation through the eyes of that day and through the eyes of
+youth as well.
+
+A young man of twenty-four had been brought up by the sea in what we
+will call for the sake of politeness conservative New England. He had
+all the sound and sane basis of character that comes from what in this
+country was an old and established civilization. He had been educated
+in his profession at the most academic and conservative institution in
+the United States; a profession which while not an exact science is
+nevertheless a science requiring sane methods and the elimination of
+risks. He had begun the regular work of this profession. He possessed
+also what every young man with a healthy body of that day possessed--
+and still possesses--a passion for romance, for the road, for the
+great adventure which at that time in this country still centered
+around the pistol shooting, broncho riding, Indian fighting cowboy.
+
+We who are old have forgotten the paper covered stories we used to
+read surreptitiously {35} about the "Broncho Buster's Revenge," or
+"The Three-Fingered Might of the West." But we did read them and long
+for the great life of the plains. Even Jesse James was a hero to many
+of us.
+
+But for a New Englander educated at Harvard to the practice of
+medicine to pick up his deeply driven stakes and actually go into this
+realm of romance was unusual in the extreme; and to be so well trained
+and in such good condition, with such high courage as to make good at
+once amongst those men who looked down on an Eastern tender-foot was
+sufficiently rare to promise much for the future.
+
+The young man had the love of romance that all young lives have, but
+he had the unusual stimulus to it that led him to make it for the
+moment his actual life. And those who study his whole life will find
+again and again that when the parting of the ways came he invariably
+took the road of adventure, provided that it was always in the service
+of his country. Such then was the makeup and the condition of this
+young man when in the spring of 1886 Captain Lawton, having {36}
+received orders to assume command of the expedition into Mexico
+against the hostile Apache, included Wood as one of his four officers.
+The force consisted of forty-five troopers, twenty Indian scouts,
+thirty infantrymen and two pack trains. And thus began the
+two-thousand-mile chase into the fastnesses of Sonora and Chihuahua
+which ended with the surrender of Geronimo.
+
+General Miles' campaign methods differed from those of General Crook
+in many ways. He always assumed the aggressive. His motto was, "Follow
+the Indian wherever he goes and strike him whenever you can. No matter
+how bad the country, go on." Under these instructions the troops went
+over the border and down into the depths of the Sonora, jumping the
+Indian whenever an opportunity offered, never giving him any rest.
+Wherever he went the troops followed. If he struck the border, a well
+arranged system of heliostat stations passed the word along to a body
+of waiting or passing scouts. General Miles' methods differed from
+those of General Crook also in the matter of the use of the heliostat,
+a system of signaling based on flashes of the sun's rays from {37}
+mirrors. He had used them experimentally while stationed in the
+Department of the Columbia, and now determined to make them of
+practical use at his new station. Over the vast tracts of rough,
+unpopulated land of Arizona and Mexico the signals flashed, keeping
+different detachments in touch with their immediate commands, and the
+campaign headquarters in touch with its base.
+
+Even before Captain Lawton's command could be made ready the Indians
+themselves precipitated the fight. Instead of remaining in the Sierra
+Madres, where they were reasonably safe from assault, they commenced a
+campaign of violence south of the boundary. This gave both the
+American troops and the Mexicans who were operating in conjunction
+with them exact knowledge of their whereabouts. On the 27th of April
+they came northward, invading the United States. Innumerable outrages
+were committed by them which are now part of the history of that
+heart-breaking campaign. One, for example, typical of the rest was the
+case of the Peck family. Their ranch was surrounded, the family
+captured and a number of the ranch hands killed. The husband {38} was
+tied and compelled to witness the tortures to which his wife was
+submitted. His daughter, thirteen years old, was abducted by the band
+and carried nearly three hundred miles. In the meantime Captain
+Lawton's command with Wood in charge of the Apache scouts was pursuing
+them hotly. A short engagement between the Mexican troops and the
+Indians followed. On the heels of this the American troops came up and
+the little Peck girl was recaptured. Nightfall, however, prevented any
+decisive engagement, and before daybreak the Indians had, slipped
+away.
+
+The Indians found it better to divide into two bands, one under
+Natchez, which turned to the north, and the other under Geronimo,
+which went to the west. The first band was intercepted by Lieutenant
+Brett of the Second Cavalry after a heartbreaking pursuit. At one time
+the pursuing party was on the trail for twenty-six hours without a
+halt, and eighteen hours without water. The men suffered so intensely
+from thirst that many of them opened their veins to moisten their lips
+with their own blood. But the Indians suffered far more. In Geronimo's
+story of those {39} days, published many years later, he wrote: "We
+killed cattle to eat whenever we were in need of food, but we
+frequently suffered greatly for need of water. At one time we had no
+water for two days and nights, and our horses almost died of thirst."
+Finally on the evening of June 6th the cavalry came into contact with
+Geronimo's band and the Indians were scattered.
+
+For four months Captain Lawton and Leonard Wood pursued the savages
+over mountain ranges and through the canyons. During this time the
+troops marched 1,396 miles. The conditions under which they worked
+were cruel. The intense heat, the lack of water, and the desperately
+rough country covered with mountains and cactus hindered the command,
+but the men had the consolation of knowing that the Indians were in
+worse plight. Furthermore, the trustworthiness of the Indian scouts, a
+tattered, picturesque band of renegades, was coming under suspicion.
+Perhaps it was because of their unreliability that an attack made upon
+the 18th of July was not an entire success. The Indians escaped, but
+their most valued  {40} possessions, food and horses, fell into the
+hands of our troopers.
+
+It was the beginning of the end. A month later they received word that
+the Indians were working towards Santa Teresa, and Captain Lawton
+moved forward to head them off. Leonard Wood's personal account of
+this engagement follows:
+
+"On the 13th of July we effected the surprise of the camp of Geronimo
+and Natchez which eventually led to their surrender and resulted in
+the immediate capture of everything in their camps except themselves
+and the clothes they wore. It was our practice to keep two scouts two
+or three days in advance of the command, and between them and the main
+body four or five other scouts. The Indian scouts in advance would
+locate the camp of the hostiles and send back word to the next party,
+who in their turn would notify the main command; then a forced march
+would be made in order to surround and surprise the camp. On the day
+mentioned, following this method of procedure, we located the Indians
+on the Yaqui River in a section of the country almost impassable for
+man or beast and {41} in a position which the Indians evidently felt
+to be perfectly secure. The small tableland on which the camp was
+located bordered on the Yaqui River and was surrounded on all sides by
+high cliffs with practically only two points of entrance, one up the
+river and the other down. The officers were able to creep up and look
+down on the Indian camp which was about two thousand feet below their
+point of observation. All the fires were burning, the horses were
+grazing and the Indians were in the river swimming with evidently not
+the slightest apprehension of attack. Our plan was to send scouts to
+close the upper opening and then to send the infantry, of which I had
+the command, to attack the camp from below.
+
+"Both the Indians and the infantry were in position and advanced on
+the hostile camp, which, situated as it was on this tableland covered
+with canebrake and boulders, formed an ideal position for Indian
+defense. As the infantry moved forward the firing of the scouts was
+heard, which led us to believe that the fight was on, and great,
+accordingly, was our disgust to find, on our arrival, that the firing
+was accounted for by the fact that {42} the scouts were killing the
+stock, the Apaches themselves having escaped through the northern exit
+just a few minutes before their arrival. It was a very narrow escape
+for the Indians, and was due to mere accident. One of their number,
+who had been out hunting, discovered the red headband of one of our
+scouts as he was crawling around into position. He immediately dropped
+his game and notified the Apaches, and they were able to get away just
+before the scouts closed up the exit. Some of these Indians were
+suffering from old wounds. Natchez himself was among this number, and
+their sufferings through the pursuit which followed led to their
+discouragement and, finally, to their surrender."
+
+The persistent action of our troops was beginning to have its effect,
+and when the Indians ceased to commit depredations it was good
+evidence to those who knew Indians and Indian nature that they were
+beginning to think of surrender.
+
+One night the troops ran into a Mexican pack-train, which brought the
+first reports that Indians were near Fronteras, a little village in
+Sonora. Two of their women had come into town to find the {43} wife of
+an old Mexican who was with the Americans as a guide, hoping, through
+her, to open up communications looking to a surrender. As soon as the
+report was received Captain Lawton sent Lieutenant Gatewood of the
+Sixth Cavalry, who had joined the command, with two friendly Apaches
+of the same tribe as those who were out on the warpath, to go ahead
+and send his men into the hostile camp and demand their surrender.
+This he eventually succeeded in doing, but the Indians refused to
+surrender, saying that they would talk only with Lawton, or, as they
+expressed it, "the officer who had followed them all summer." This
+eventually led to communication being opened and one morning at
+daybreak Geronimo, Natchez and twelve other Indians appeared, in camp.
+Their inclinations seemed at least to be peaceful enough to allow the
+entire body of Indians to come down and camp within two miles of the
+Americans. It was agreed that they should meet General Miles and
+formally surrender to him and that the Indians and the troops should
+move further north to a more convenient meeting place. To give
+confidence to the Indians in this new state {44} of affairs, Captain
+Lawton, Leonard Wood and two other officers agreed to travel with
+them. Due to a mistake in orders, the American troopers started off in
+the wrong direction, and Captain Lawton was obliged to leave in search
+of them. This left the three remaining officers practically as
+hostages in the Indian camp. Speaking of this incident. General Wood
+says:
+
+"Instead of taking advantage of our position, they assured us that
+while we were in their camp it was our camp, and that as we had never
+lied to them they were going to keep faith with us. They gave us the
+best they had to eat and treated us as well as we could wish in every
+way. Just before giving us these assurances, Geronimo came to me and
+asked to see my rifle. It was a Hotchkiss and he had never seen its
+mechanism. When he asked me for the gun and some ammunition, I must
+confess I felt a little nervous, for I thought it might be a device to
+get hold of one of our weapons. I made no objection, however, but let
+him have it, showed him how to use it, and he fired at a mark, just
+missing one of his own men, which he regarded as a great joke, rolling
+on the {45} ground, laughing heartily and saying 'good gun.'
+
+"Late the next afternoon we came up with our command, and we then
+proceeded toward the boundary line. The Indians were very watchful,
+and when we came near any of our troops we found the Indians were
+always aware of their presence before we knew of it ourselves."
+
+For eleven days Captain Lawton's command moved north, with Geronimo's
+and Natchez's camps moving in a parallel course. During these last
+days of Geronimo's leadership his greatest concern was for the welfare
+of his people. The most urgent request that he had to make of Captain
+Lawton was to ask repeatedly for the assurance that his people would
+not be murdered.
+
+Captain Lawton in his official report says of Wood's work in the
+campaign:
+
+"No officer of infantry having been sent with the detachment ...
+Assistant Surgeon Wood was, at his own request, given command of the
+infantry. The work during June having been done by the cavalry, they
+were too much exhausted to be used again without rest, and they were
+left in camp at Oposura to recuperate.
+
+{46}
+
+"During this short campaign, the suffering was intense. The country
+was indescribably rough and the weather swelteringly hot, with heavy
+rains for day or night. The endurance of the men was tried to the
+utmost limit. Disabilities resulting from excessive fatigue reduced
+the infantry to fourteen men, and as they were worn out and without
+shoes when the new supplies reached me July 29th, they were returned
+to the supply camp for rest, and the cavalry under Lieutenant A. L.
+Smith, who had just joined his troop, continued the campaign. Heavy
+rains having set in, the trail of the hostiles, who were all on foot,
+was entirely obliterated.
+
+"I desire particularly to invite the attention of the Department
+Commander to Assistant Surgeon Leonard Wood, the only officer who has
+been with me through the whole campaign. His courage, energy and loyal
+support during the whole time; his encouraging example to the command
+when work was the hardest and prospects darkest; his thorough
+confidence and belief in the final successes of the expedition, and
+his untiring efforts to make {47} it so, have placed me under
+obligations so great that I cannot even express them."
+
+Through the formal language of a military report crops out the respect
+of a commanding officer who knew whereof he spoke, the acknowledgment
+that here was a young subordinate who never despaired, never gave up,
+who always did his part and more than his part, and who placed his
+commanding officer under obligations which he was unable "even to
+express." That was a great deal for any young man to secure. To-day,
+after the Great War, there are many such extracts from official
+reports and all are unquestionably deserved. But they are the result
+of a nation awakened to patriotism when all went in together. In 1886,
+when the nation was at peace, when commercial pursuits were calling
+all young men to make their fortune, young Leonard Wood answered a
+much less universal call to do his work in a fight that had none of
+the flare or glory of the front line trench in Flanders.
+
+Out of it all came to him at a very early age practice in handling men
+in rough country in rough times--men who were not puppets even {48}
+though they were regular army privates. They had to be handled at
+times with an iron hand, at times with the softest of gloves; and an
+officer to gain their confidence and respect had to show them that he
+could beat them at their own game and be one of them--and still
+command.
+
+The Congressional Medal of Honor awarded him years later for this
+Indian work is a fair return of what he accomplished, for this Medal
+of Honor, the then only prize for personal bravery and high fighting
+qualities which his country could give him, has always been the rare
+and much coveted award of army men.
+
+It was in Wood's case the mark of conspicuous fighting qualities,
+conspicuous bravery and marked attention to duty--a sign of success of
+a high order for a New England doctor of twenty-five.
+
+{49}
+
+THE OFFICIAL
+
+{50}
+
+{51}
+
+III
+
+THE OFFICIAL
+
+Chance no doubt at times plays an important part in the making of a
+man. Yet perhaps Cassias' remark, through the medium of Shakespeare,
+that "The fault is not in our stars but in ourselves that we are
+underlings," has the truer ring. Chance no doubt comes to all of us
+again and again, but it is the brain that takes the chance which
+deserves the credit and not the accidental event, opportunity or
+occasion offering.
+
+It was not chance that sent Leonard Wood to Arizona to fight Indians.
+It was the result of long hours of meditation in Boston when, as a
+young doctor, he decided finally to leave the usual routine of a
+physician's career and strike out in another and less main-traveled
+road. There was nothing of luck or chance in this decision, the
+carrying out of which taught him something that he used later to the
+advantage of himself and his country.
+
+Out of the Indian experiences came to him in {62} the most vigorous
+possible way through actual observation the necessity for bodily
+health. No man could ride or walk day in and day out across waterless
+deserts and keep his courage and determination, to say nothing of his
+good common sense, without being in the best of physical condition. No
+man could get up in the morning after a terrific night's march, and
+collect his men and cheer and encourage them unless he was absolutely
+fit and in better condition than they.
+
+He learned, too, that all matters of outfit, care of person, of
+equipment, of horses required the most constant attention day by day,
+hour by hour. He had to deal with an enemy who belonged to this
+country, who knew and was accustomed to its climatic conditions as
+well as its topography, and he had to beat him at his own game, or
+fail.
+
+He learned that preparation, while it should never delay action, can
+never be overdone. This must have been drilled into the young man by
+the hardest and most grueling experiences, because it has been one of
+the gospels of his creed {53} since that time and is to this day his
+text upon all occasions.
+
+He learned, too, something deeper than even these basic essentials of
+the fighting creed. He developed what has always been a part of
+himself--the conviction that authority is to be respected, that
+allegiance to superior officers and government is the first essential
+of success, that organization is the basis of smoothly running
+machinery of any kind, and that any weakening of these principles is
+the sign of decay, of failure, and of disintegration.
+
+He learned that a few men, well trained, thoroughly organized, fit and
+ready, can beat a host of individualists though each of the latter may
+excel in ability any of the former, and there is in this connection a
+curiously interesting significance in the man's passionate fondness
+throughout his whole life for the game of football. At Middleboro, in
+California, in service in the South and in Washington, he was at every
+opportunity playing football, because in addition to its physical
+qualities, this game above all others depends for {54} its success
+upon organization, preparation and what is called "team play."
+
+Through these early days it is to be noted, therefore, as a help in
+understanding his great work for his country which came later that his
+sense of the value of organization grew constantly stronger and
+stronger along with a solid belief in the necessity for subordination
+to his superior officers and through them to his state and his flag.
+The respect which he acquired for the agile Indians went hand in hand
+with the knowledge that in the end they could not fail to be captured
+and defeated, because they had neither the sense of organization, nor
+the intelligence to accept and respect authority which not only would
+have given them success, but would in reality have made the whole
+campaign unnecessary, had the Indian mind been able to conceive them
+in their true light and the Indian character been willing to observe
+their never-changing laws.
+
+The result, however, was that the spirit of the Indians was broken by
+the white man's relentless determination.
+
+The hostile Apaches were finally disposed of by {55} sending them out
+of the territory. They were treated as prisoners of war and the
+guarantees that General Miles had given them as conditions of
+surrender were respected by the Government, although there was a great
+feeing in favor of making them pay the full penalty for their
+outrages. President Grover Cleveland expressed himself as hoping that
+"nothing will be done with Geronimo which will prevent our treating
+him as a prisoner of war, if we cannot hang him, which I would much
+prefer."
+
+At the end of the campaign General Miles set about reorganizing his
+command. For several months Wood was engaged in practice maneuvers.
+The General wished to expand his heliographic system of signaling, and
+to that end commenced an extensive survey of the vast unpopulated
+tracts of Arizona, which his troops might have to cover in time of
+action. Wood was one of the General's chief assistants in this survey,
+and in 1889, when he was ordered away, he probably knew as much of
+Arizona and the southwestern life as any man ever stationed there.
+
+The orders which took him from the border {56} country made him one of
+the staff surgeons at Headquarters in Los Angeles. This post promised
+to be inactive and uninteresting but Captain Wood managed to
+distinguish himself in two respects, first as a surgeon and second as
+an athlete. This period of his life varied from month to month in some
+instances, but in the main it was the usual existence of an army
+official in the capacity of military surgeon. It extended over a
+period of eleven years, from 1887 to 1898. These were the eleven years
+between the ages of twenty-seven and thirty-seven--very critical years
+in the existence of a man. It was during these years that he met Miss
+Louise A. Condit Smith, a niece of Chief Justice Field, who afterwards
+became his wife and began with him a singularly simple and homelike
+family life that is the second of his vital interests in this world.
+He has never allowed his family life to interfere with his service to
+his country. And, paradoxical as it may seem, he has never allowed his
+lifework for his state to interfere with the happy and even tenor of
+his home existence. Children came in due course and the family unit
+became complete--that quiet, straightforward {57} existence of the
+family which is the characteristic of American life to-day, as it is
+of any other well-organized civilized nation.
+
+In the practice of his profession he was able to do a lasting service
+to his commanding officer. General Miles suffered a grave accident to
+his leg when a horse fell upon it. It was the opinion of the surgeon
+who attended him that amputation would be necessary. But the General
+was of no mind to beat a one-legged retreat in the midst of a highly
+interesting and successful career. Captain Wood had inspired
+confidence in him as an Indian fighter--a confidence so strong that he
+thought it might not be misplaced if it became confidence in him as a
+doctor--and so Wood was summoned.
+
+"They say they will have to cut off this leg, but they are not going
+to do it," said the General. "I am going to leave it up to you. You'll
+have to save it."
+
+A few weeks later General Miles was up and about, and under his young
+surgeon's care the wound healed and the leg was saved.
+
+While stationed at Los Angeles headquarters {68} Wood found himself
+with enough time for much hard sport. It was a satisfying kind of life
+after the strenuous months of border service.
+
+In 1888 he was ordered back to the border where he served with the
+10th Cavalry in the Apache Kid outbreak. After a few months of active
+service, he was ordered to Fort McDowell and then, in 1889, to
+California again.
+
+From California he was ordered to Fort McPherson, near Atlanta,
+Georgia, where he again distinguished himself at football. He trained
+the first team in the Georgia Institute of Technology, became its
+Captain and during the two years of his Captaincy lost but one game
+and defeated the champion team of the University of Georgia.
+
+An incident has been told by his fellow players at Fort McPherson
+which shows exceedingly well a certain Spartan side to Wood's nature.
+One afternoon at a football game he received a deep cut over one eye.
+He returned to his office after the game and, after coolly sterilizing
+his instrument and washing the wound, stood before a mirror and calmly
+took four stitches in his eyelid.
+
+Such were the characteristics, such the {59} experience, of the young
+man when in 1896 he was ordered to Washington--that morgue of the
+government official--to become Assistant Attending Surgeon. The holder
+of this position often shares with the Navy Surgeons the
+responsibility of medical attention to the President, and in addition
+he acts as medical adviser to army officers and their families and is
+the official physician to the Secretary of War.
+
+It was not an office that appealed to Captain Wood. It could not;
+since he was a man essentially of out-of-doors, of action and of
+administration. Yet he seems to have made such a success of the work
+that he became the personal friend of both Cleveland and McKinley. His
+relations with President Cleveland were of the most intimate sort,
+resulting from mutual respect and liking as well as a mutual
+understanding on the part of both men of the other's good qualities.
+He saw him in the White House at all hours of the day and night; saw
+him with his family and his children about him; noted their fondness
+for their father and his devotion to them. It was a quality so marked
+in Lincoln, so strong in most great men {60} of the sound, calm,
+fearless, administrative sort. Wood himself has exhibited the same
+quality in his own family. And in those days the perfect understanding
+of the father and his children, the simple family life that went on in
+the splendid old house in Washington which combined the dignity of a
+State and the simplicity of a home unequaled by any great ruler's
+house upon this earth--all tended to bring out this native quality in
+the President's medical adviser.
+
+It was at the conclusion of Cleveland's second term that Wood was
+assigned to this position. On one of the President's trips for
+recreation and rest--a shooting expedition on the inland waters near
+Cape Hatteras--he was one of the party which included also Admiral
+Evans and Captain Lamberton. The hours spent in shooting boxes or in
+the evenings in the cabin of the lighthouse tender gave opportunity
+for him to study Cleveland off duty when the latter liked to sit
+quietly and talk of his early life, of his political battles, of
+fishing, shooting, and of the urgent questions which beset him as
+President. And Wood brought away with him a profound respect for the
+{61} combination of simplicity and unswerving love and devotion to his
+country, coupled with rugged uncompromising honesty which seem to have
+been the characteristics of Grover Cleveland.
+
+This particular trip was immediately after the inauguration ceremonies
+of President McKinley, and Cleveland was not only tired from the
+necessary part which he himself had taken in them, but also from the
+first natural let-down after four years of duty in the White House.
+Wood has given a little sketch of the man:
+
+"I remember very well his words, as he sat down with a sigh of relief,
+glad that it was all over. He said: 'I have had a long talk with
+President McKinley. He is an honest, sincere and serious man. I feel
+that he is going to do his best to give the country a good
+administration. He impressed me as a man who will have the best
+interests of the people at heart.'
+
+"Then he stopped, and said with a sigh: 'I envy him to-day only one
+thing and that was the presence of his own mother at his inauguration.
+I would have given anything in the world if my mother could have been
+at my inauguration,' {62} and then, continuing: 'I wish him well. He
+has a hard task,' and after a long pause: 'But he is a good man and
+will do his best.'"
+
+He has spoken often, too, of Cleveland's love of sport, of the days
+which Jefferson, the actor, and Cleveland spent together fishing and
+shooting on and near Buzzard's Bay--the same spot where he himself as
+a boy spent his days in like occupations. The sides of Cleveland's
+character that appealed to him were the frankness with which he
+expressed his views on the important questions of the day, the
+sterling worth and high ideals which emphasized his sense of duty, his
+love of country and his desire to do the best possible for his fellow
+citizens, coupled with his perfectly unaffected family feelings and
+the amazing devotion and affection which he invariably elicited from
+all those who came into association with him, even to the most humble
+hand on the light house tender. Jeffersonian simplicity could have
+gone no further, nor could any man have been more definite,
+far-sighted and fearless than was Cleveland in his Venezuelan Message.
+These two extremes made a vivid and lasting impression upon {63} the
+young man, because both sides struck a sympathetic chord in his own
+nature.
+
+There followed, then, the same association with McKinley, growing out
+of the necessary intimacy of physician and patient. But in this latter
+case two events, vital to this country as well as to the career of
+Leonard Wood, changed the quiet course of Washington official life to
+a life of intense interest and great activity.
+
+These two events were Wood's meeting with Theodore Roosevelt and the
+Spanish War.
+
+One night in 1896 at some social function at the Lowndes house Wood
+was introduced to Roosevelt, then assistant Secretary of the Navy. It
+seems strange that two men so vitally alike in many ways, who were in
+college at about the same time, should never have met before. But when
+they did meet the friendship, which lasted without a break until
+Roosevelt's death, began at once.
+
+That night the two men walked home together and in a few days they
+were hard at it, walking, riding, playing games and discussing the
+affairs of the day.
+
+This strange fact of extraordinary similarities {64} and vivid
+differences in the two men doubtless had much to do with bringing them
+together and keeping them allied for years. Both were essentially men
+of physical action, both born fighters, both filled with an amazing
+patriotism and both simple family men.
+
+On the one hand, Roosevelt was a great individualist. He did things
+himself. He no sooner thought of a thing than he carried it out
+himself. When he was President he frequently issued orders to
+subordinates in the departments without consulting the heads of the
+departments. Wood, on the other hand, is distinctly an organizer and
+administrator. When he later filled high official positions, he
+invariably picked men to attend to certain work and left them, with
+constant consultation, to do the jobs whatever they were. If a road
+was to be built, he found the best road builder and laid out the work
+for him leaving to him the carrying out of the details.
+
+Yet again both men had known life in the West, Roosevelt as a cowboy
+and Wood as an Indian fighter. Both had come from the best old
+American stock, Roosevelt from the Dutch of {65} Manhattan and Wood
+from New England. They were Harvard men and lovers of the outdoor,
+strenuous life. Their ideals and aspirations had much in common and
+they were both actuated by the intense feeling of nationalism that
+brought them to the foreground in American life.
+
+Soon they were tramping through the country together testing each
+other's endurance in good-natured rivalry. When out of sight of
+officialdom, they ran foot races together, jumped fences and ran
+cross-country. Both men had children and with these they played
+Indians, indulging in most exciting chases and games. They explored
+the ravines and woods all about Washington, sometimes taking on their
+long hikes and rides various army officers stationed at Washington.
+Few of these men were able to stand the pace set by the two energetic
+athletes, and it was of course partially due to this fact that
+Roosevelt in later years when he was President ordered some of the
+paunchy swivel-chair Cavalry and Infantry officers out for
+cross-country rides and sent them back to their homes sore and
+blistered, and with {66} every nerve clamoring for the soothing
+restfulness of an easy chair.
+
+Wood was dissatisfied in Washington, bored with the inaction. He
+longed for the strenuous life of the West. The desire became so strong
+that he began a plan to leave the army and start sheep-ranching in the
+West. It was the life, or as near the life as he could get, that he
+had been leading for years; and the present contrast of those days in
+the open with the life he was now leading in Washington became too
+much for him.
+
+Here again seemed to arise a turning point. Had it not been for his
+own confident conviction that war was eventually coming with Spain,
+Wood would probably have gone to his open life on the prairie. What
+this would have meant to his future career nobody can tell, nor is
+speculation upon the subject very profitable. But it is interesting to
+note that what deterred him were his ideas on patriotism and a man's
+duty to his country, which struck a live, vibrating chord also in
+Theodore Roosevelt's nature and influenced Wood to stay in his
+position and wait.
+
+It is only possible to imagine now the {67} conversations of these two
+kindred spirits on this subject. Roosevelt, as is well known, was for
+war--war at once--and he did what little was done in those days to
+prepare. There must have been waging a long argument between the now
+experienced Indian fighter and doctor, and the great-hearted American
+who knew so little of military affairs.
+
+These talks and arguments became so frank and outspoken that they were
+well-known in Washington circles. Even President McKinley used to say
+to Wood:
+
+"Have you and Theodore declared war yet?"
+
+And Wood's answer was:
+
+"No, we think you ought to, Mr. President."
+
+As each day passed it seemed more likely that Spain and America would
+become involved over the  injustices Cuba and the Philippines were
+being forced to suffer at the hands of their greedy and none
+too-loving mother country. On their long walks they discussed all the
+phases of such a conflict and each of them became anxious for war
+without further delay, for delay was costing time and money, and
+peaceful readjustment seemed {68} quite out of the question. So keen
+had they become in this war question that the two of them became known
+in Washington as the "War Party."
+
+It was becoming evident to many others that war was inevitable when
+the destruction of the _Maine_ in Havana Harbor brought the situation
+to a head. It found both these men prepared in their own minds as to
+what their courses should be. When Wood arrived at Fort Huachuca in
+1885 he was asked by Lawton why he came into the army. Lawton had
+studied law at Harvard after the Civil War and was interested in the
+views of a man who had studied medicine there. Wood replied that he
+had come into the army to get into the line at the first opportunity;
+and from that moment he began systematically his preparation for
+transfer. As a part of this policy he took every opportunity to do
+line duty. The result was that when the Spanish War came he had strong
+letters from Lawton, General Miles, General Graham, Colonel Wagner,
+General Forsythe, and others, recommending him for line command. These
+recommendations varied from {69} a battalion to a regiment. Both
+Roosevelt and Wood had discussed the possibility of organizing
+regiments, Roosevelt in New York and Wood in Massachusetts, but as
+turmoil and confusion enveloped the War Office they realized that this
+plan was not feasible.
+
+The efforts of Roosevelt's superiors to keep him in his official
+capacity as Assistant Secretary of the Navy and away from active
+service were fruitless. Finally, when it became evident that he would
+go into the service and see active fighting, Secretary of War Alger
+offered him the colonelcy of a regiment of cavalry. Roosevelt, because
+of his lack of experience in military affairs, refused the offer but
+agreed to accept the position of lieutenant colonel of such a regiment
+if his friend, Leonard Wood, would accept the colonelcy. Secretary
+Alger and Leonard Wood agreed, and work was commenced at once
+organizing a regiment that was later to become known as the Rough
+Riders. The official name of the regiment was the 1st Volunteer
+Cavalry. The name Rough Riders "just grew." The organization became
+known under that name among the friends {70} of its leaders, later
+among the newspaper correspondents and consequently the public, and
+finally when it appeared in official documents it was accepted as
+official.
+
+Preparedness was all too unknown in those days, but Wood, who became
+its nation-wide champion in the days to come, was well schooled even
+in those days in its laws. He only learned more as time went on. The
+chaos and tangle of red tape, inefficiency, unpreparedness in all
+branches of the service blocked every effort that a few efficient and
+able men were making. Seeing the hopelessness of trying to accomplish
+anything under such conditions Wood introduced a novel method of
+organization into the War Department.
+
+Instead of pestering the hopeless and dismayed functionaries of the
+various Government departments with requests for things they did not
+have and would not have been able to find if they did have them, Wood
+merely requested _carte blanche_ to go ahead and get all necessary
+papers ready so that they might be signed at one sitting. He made
+requisitions for materials that he needed {71} and when these
+materials were not to be found in the Government stores he wrote out
+orders directed to himself for the purchase in the open market of the
+things required. Alger recognized immediately that in Wood he had a
+man accustomed to action and full of vision--a man whom nothing could
+frighten. The two men understood one another. If those who surrounded
+the Secretary of War in those days had been as capable of
+organization, the history of Washington during wartime would have been
+quite different. But for the most part they failed. The see-nothing,
+hear-nothing, do-nothing, keep-your-finger-on-your-number spirit
+among many of them was quite great enough to throw the War Office into
+chaos. The game of "passing the buck" did not appeal to Wood; neither
+did he stop to sympathize with a certain highly placed bureaucrat who
+complained:
+
+"My office and department were running along smoothly and now this
+damned war comes along and breaks it all up."
+
+When all of his papers and documents were ready. Wood appeared before
+Secretary Alger. {72} "And now what can I do for you?" said the
+Secretary.
+
+"Just sign these papers, sir. That is all," replied the Rough Riders'
+Colonel.
+
+Alger, beset by incompetence, hampered by inefficiency in his staff,
+was dumbfounded as he looked through the papers Wood had prepared for
+him to sign. There were telegrams to Governors of states calling upon
+them for volunteers; requisitions for supplies and uniforms; orders
+for mobilization and requisitions for transportation. Alger had little
+to say. He placed enough confidence in Wood to sign the papers and
+give him his blessing.
+
+When the army depots said that they could not supply uniforms, Wood
+replied that his men could wear canvas working clothes. As a result
+the Rough Riders, fighting through the tropical country in Cuba, were
+far more comfortable than the soldiers in regulation blue. The new
+colonel seemed to know what he wanted. He wanted Krag rifles. There
+were few in existence, but General Flagler, Chief of Ordnance,
+appreciated what the young officer had done and saw that he got them.
+{73} He did not want sabers for the men to run through one another in
+the pandemonium of cavalry charges of half wild western horses. The
+Rough Riders therefore went into action carrying machetes, an ideal
+weapon for the country in which they were to see service. With the
+saber they could do nothing; but with the machete they could do
+everything from hacking through dense jungle growths to sharpening a
+pencil. During the days that followed many troopers equipped with
+sabers conveniently lost them, but Wood's Rough Riders found the
+machetes invaluable.
+
+The authority to raise the regiment was given late in April, and on
+the twenty-fourth day of June, against heavy odds, it won its first
+action in the jungles at Las Guasimas. This was quick work, when it is
+remembered that two weeks of that short six or seven week period were
+practically used up in assembling and transporting the men by rail and
+sea. Here is where organization and well-thought-out plans made a
+remarkable showing.
+
+It was not only a question of knowing what he wanted. It was his old
+slogan: "Do it and don't talk about it."
+
+{74}
+
+{75}
+
+THE SOLDIER
+
+{76}
+
+{77}
+
+IV
+
+THE SOLDIER
+
+The name "Rough Riders" will forever mean to those who read American
+history the spontaneous joy of patriotism and the high hearts of youth
+in this land. It was the modern reality of the adventurous
+musketeers--of those who loved romance and who were ready for a call
+to arms in support of their country. They came from the cowboys of the
+west, from the stockbrokers' offices of Wall Street, from the athletic
+field, from youth wherever real youth was to be found. Something over
+20,000 men applied for enrollment. None of them knew anything of war.
+None of them wanted to die, but they all wanted to try the great
+adventure under such leaders. And they have left an amazing record of
+the joyousness of the fight and the recklessness that goes with it.
+
+Now and then there have been organizations of a similar character in
+our history, but only here and there. It was the first outburst of
+that day {78} of the spirits filled with high adventure; and the
+record cheers the rest of us as we plod along our way, just as it
+cheers us when we are ill in bed with indigestion to read again the
+old but ever-young Dumas.
+
+It would have been impossible for any one to have organized and
+controlled such a group without the enthusiasm of men like Roosevelt
+and Wood, as well as the knowledge these two had of the West, the
+Southwest and the South.
+
+It detracts nothing from Roosevelt's greatness of spirit to say that
+it was Wood who did the organizing, the equipping of the regiment. In
+fact Roosevelt declined to be the Rough Riders' first Colonel, but
+consented to be the second in command only if Wood were made its
+commander. The fact that Roosevelt was not only known in the East but
+in the Northwest, and that Wood was quite as well known in the
+Southwest and the South meant that men of the Rough Riders type all
+over the country knew something of one or the other of the regiment's
+organizers.
+
+It detracts nothing from Wood's amazing activity in organization and
+capacity for getting {79} things done, to say that had it not been for
+Roosevelt's wonderful popularity amongst those of the youthful spirit
+of the land the regiment would never have had its unique character or
+its unique name.
+
+This is not the place to tell the story of that famous band of men.
+But its organization is so important a part of Wood's life that it
+comes in for mention necessarily.
+
+In the Indian campaign with the regulars he had known the great
+importance of being properly outfitted and ready for those grilling
+journeys over the desert. In the Spanish War he learned, as only
+personal experience can teach, the amazing importance of preparation
+for volunteers and inexperienced men. The whole story of the getting
+ready to go to Cuba was burned into his brain so deeply that it formed
+a second witness in the case against trusting to luck and the occasion
+which has never been eradicated from his mind. Yet this episode
+brought strongly before him also the fact that prepared though he
+might be there was no success ahead for such an organization without
+the sense of subordination to the {80} state and the nation which not
+only brought the volunteers in, but carried them over the rough places
+through disease and suffering and death to the end.
+
+Eight days after the telegram calling upon the Governors of New
+Mexico, Arizona, Oklahoma and Indian Territory for men to form the
+regiment, the recruits gathered at San Antonio where Wood was waiting
+to meet them. The most important thing about them for the moment was
+that they knew nothing of military life. Wood believed with Old
+Light-Horse Harry Lee "That Government is a murderer of its citizens
+which sends them to the field uninformed and untaught, where they are
+meeting men of the same age and strength mechanized by education and
+disciplined for battle."
+
+Furthermore during the years that he had been in Washington Wood had
+used some of his spare time in studying parts of American history that
+are not included in school books. He knew that the volunteer system in
+the Revolutionary War had worn General Washington sick with
+discouragement and fear lest all that he had built up be {81} broken
+down through lack of discipline. He knew also that in the Civil War
+the volunteer system proved inadequate on both sides and that it was
+not until the war had gone on for two years that either the North or
+the South had what could properly be called an army.
+
+To aid him in the training of these troops he had the assistance of a
+number of officers who had seen service in the Regular Army, and
+together they mapped out a course of drills and maneuvers that worked
+the men from a valueless mob into a regiment trained for battle. The
+human material that they had to work with was the best; for these men
+had been selected from many applicants. The lack of discipline and the
+ignorance of military etiquette led to many amusing incidents. Colonel
+Roosevelt in his history of the Rough Riders tells of an orderly
+announcing dinner to Colonel Wood and the three majors by remarking
+genially:
+
+"If you fellers don't come soon, everything'll get cold."
+
+The foreign attaches said: "Your sentinels do not know much about the
+Manual of Arms, but {82} they are the only ones through whose lines we
+could not pass. They were polite; but, as one of them said, 'Gents,
+I'm sorry, but if you don't stop I shall kill you.'"
+
+The difficulties to be surmounted were enormous; and any officers less
+democratic and understanding might have made a mess of it. Both
+Roosevelt and Wood understood the frontiersmen too well to misjudge
+any breaches of etiquette or to humiliate the extremely sensitive
+natures of men long used to life in the open.
+
+Upon Colonel Wood fell practically all the details of organization.
+There were materials and supplies of many kinds to be secured from the
+War Department; there were men to be drilled in the bare rudiments of
+military life; non-commissioned officers and officers to be schooled,
+and a thousand and one other details. At first the men were drilled on
+foot, but soon horses were purchased and mounted drill commenced, much
+to the delight of many of the cowpunchers who by years of training had
+become averse to walking a hundred yards if they could throw their
+legs over a horse. There was no end to the {83} excitement when the
+horses arrived. Most of them were half-broken, but there were some
+that had never seen, much less felt, a saddle. The horses were broken
+to the delight of every one in camp, because training them meant
+bucking contests, and the more vicious the animal the better they
+liked it.
+
+From simple drills and evolutions the men advanced to skirmish work
+and rapidly became real soldiers--not the polished, smartly uniformed
+military men of the Regular type, but hard fighters in slouch hats and
+brown canvas trousers with knotted handkerchiefs round their necks.
+
+The commander of any military unit at that time had much to worry
+about. It depended solely on him personally whether his men were
+properly equipped, whether they had food; and when orders came to move
+whether they had anything to move on. The advice that he could get, if
+he was willing to listen to it, was lengthy and worthless, and the
+help he could get from Washington amounted to little or nothing.
+
+In May the regiment was ordered to proceed to Tampa. After a lengthy
+struggle with the {84} railway authorities cars were put at the
+disposal of Colonel Wood, who left San Antonio on the 29th with three
+sections, the remaining four sections being left to proceed later in
+charge of Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt. The confusion of getting
+started was reduced to a minimum by Wood, who had worked out a scheme
+for embarkation; but due to delay on the part of the railway
+authorities in providing proper facilities for handling the troops and
+equipment they were delayed four days. Everywhere along the line of
+travel they were cheered enthusiastically by people who came to greet
+the train on its arrival in towns and cities.
+
+Tampa was in chaos. There seemed to be no order or system for the
+disembarkation of troops. Every one asked for information and no one
+could give it. Officers, men, railroad employees and longshoremen
+milled about in a welter of confusion. The troops were dumped out with
+no prearranged schedule on the part of the officers in charge of the
+camp. There were no arrangements for feeding the men and no wagons in
+which to haul impedimenta. In such conditions it {85} required all the
+native vigor characteristic of their Colonel to bring some sort of
+order--all the knowledge he had gained from his Indian campaign. And
+even then there was still needed an unconquerable spirit that did not
+know what impossibilities were.
+
+After a few days at Tampa, Colonel Wood was notified that his command
+would start for destination unknown at once, leaving four troops and
+all the horses behind them. On the evening of June 7th notification
+came that they would leave from Port Tampa, nine miles away, the
+following morning, and that if the troops were not aboard the
+transport at that time they could not sail. No arrangements were made
+by the port authorities for the embarkation. No information could be
+obtained regarding transportation by rail to the port. There was no
+information regarding the transport that the troops were to use. In an
+official report made to the Secretary of War Colonel Roosevelt had the
+following remarks to make about the conditions that confronted them in
+Tampa:
+
+". . . No information was given in advance {86} what transports we
+should take, or how we should proceed to get aboard, nor did any one
+exercise any supervision over the embarkation. Each regimental
+commander, so far as I know, was left to find out as best he could,
+after he was down at the dock, what transport had not been taken, and
+then to get his regiment aboard it, if he was able, before some other
+regiment got it. Our regiment was told to go to a certain switch and
+take a train for Port Tampa at twelve o'clock, midnight. The train
+never came. After three hours of waiting, we were sent to another
+switch, and finally at six o'clock in the morning got possession of
+some coal cars and came down in them. When we reached the quay where
+the embarkation was proceeding, everything was in utter confusion. The
+quay was piled with stores and swarming with thousands of men of
+different regiments, besides onlookers, etc. The Commanding General,
+when we at last found him, told Colonel Wood and myself that he did
+not know what ship we were to embark on, and that we must find Colonel
+Humphrey, the Quarter-master General. Colonel Humphrey was not in his
+office, and nobody knew where he was. The {87} commanders of the
+different regiments were busy trying to find him, while their troops
+waited in the trains, so as to discover the ships to which they were
+allotted--some of these ships being at the dock and some in
+mid-stream. After a couple of hours' search, Colonel Wood found
+Colonel Humphrey and was allotted a ship. Immediately afterward I
+found that it had already been allotted to two other regiments. It was
+then coming to the dock. Colonel Wood boarded it in midstream to keep
+possession, while I double-quicked the men down from the cars and got
+there just ahead of the other two regiments. One of these regiments, I
+was afterward informed, spent the next thirty-six hours in cars in
+consequence."
+
+The conditions at Tampa provided material for a spirited exchange of
+letters and telegrams between General Miles, who had taken command,
+and Secretary of War Alger.
+
+On June 4th, General Miles filed by telegraph the following report to
+the Secretary of War:
+
+"Several of the volunteer regiments came here without uniforms;
+several came without arms, and some without blankets, tents, or camp
+equipage. {88} The 32d Michigan, which is among the best, came without
+arms. General Guy V. Henry reports that five regiments under his
+command are not fit to go into the field. There are over three hundred
+cars loaded with war material along the roads about Tampa. Stores are
+sent to the Quartermaster at Tampa, but the invoices and bills of
+lading have not been received, so that the officers are obliged to
+break open seals and hunt from car to car to ascertain whether they
+contain clothing, grain, balloon material, horse equipments,
+ammunition, siege guns, commissary stores, etc. Every effort is being
+made to bring order out of confusion. I request that rigid orders be
+given requiring the shipping officers to forward in advance complete
+invoices and bills of lading, with descriptive marks of every package,
+and the number and description of car in which shipped. To illustrate
+the embarrassment caused by present conditions, fifteen cars loaded
+with uniforms were sidetracked twenty-five miles from Tampa, and
+remained there for weeks while the troops were suffering for clothing.
+Five thousand rifles, which were discovered yesterday, were needed by
+{89} several regiments. Also the different parts of the siege train
+and ammunition for same, which will be required immediately on
+landing, are scattered through hundreds of cars on the sidetracks of
+the railroads. Notwithstanding these difficulties, this expedition
+will soon be ready to sail."
+
+In answer to this dispatch was sent the following reply from Secretary
+Alger:
+
+"Twenty thousand men ought to unload any number of cars and assort
+contents. There is much criticism about delay of expedition. Better
+leave a fast ship to bring balance of material needed, than delay
+longer."
+
+This slight difference of opinion which a shrewd observer can discover
+between the lines was characteristic of the whole preparation of the
+United States army that undertook to carry on the war with Spain. As
+one remembers those days, or reads of them in detail, it seems as if
+every one did something wrong regularly, as if no one of ability was
+anywhere about. As a matter of fact, however, the organizing and
+shipping of a suddenly acquired expeditionary volunteer force has
+never been accomplished in any other way. The truth {90} of the matter
+is that it can never be run properly at the start for the simple
+reason that there is no organization fitted to carry out the details.
+
+The officials in Washington who had to do with the army--good men in
+many cases, poor men in some cases--if they had been in office long
+had been handling a few hundred men here and there in the forts, on
+the plains, or at the regular military posts. They could no more be
+molded into a homogeneous whole than could the cowboys, stockbrokers,
+college athletes, and southern planters maneuver until they had been
+drilled.
+
+To Colonel Wood, busy most of the hours of the day and night trying to
+get order out of chaos in his small part of the great rush, the whole
+episode was a graphic demonstration of the need of getting ready. Many
+years later a much-advertised politician of our land said that an army
+was not necessary since immediately upon the need for defense of our
+country a million farmers would leave their plows and leap to arms. To
+an officer trying to find a transport train in the middle of the night
+with a thousand hungry, tired, half-trained men under him such logic
+aught well have {91} caused a smile, if nothing worse. Leave his plow
+at such a call the American Citizen will--and by the millions, if need
+be. He has done just that in the last two years. He will leap to
+arms--to continue the rhetoric--but what can he do if he finds no
+arms, or if they do not exist and cannot be made for nine months?
+
+But the thing was not new to Wood even in those days. As he talks of
+that period now he says that it was not so bad. There was food, rough,
+but still food, and enough. There were transports. It only needed that
+they be found. If you could not get uniforms of blue, take uniforms of
+tan. If you could not find sabers, go somewhere, in or out of the
+country, and buy them or requisition them and put in the charge later.
+
+Yet, even so, no man in such a position, going through what he went
+through, worrying hour by hour, could fail to see the object lesson
+and take the first opportunity when peace was declared to begin to
+preach the necessity for getting ready for the next occasion. And it
+was largely due to Leonard Wood, as the world well knows, that what
+{92} little preparation was made in 1915 and 1916 in advance of the
+United States declaring war was made at all. It was the lessons
+acquired in the Spanish War and in the study of other wars that made
+of him the great prophet of preparedness.
+
+For several days the troops remained aboard the transport in Tampa
+harbor awaiting orders. The heat and discomfort told upon the men, but
+on the evening of June 13th orders came to start and the next morning
+found them at sea. On the morning of the 20th the transport came off
+the Cuban coast; but it was not until the 22d that the welcome order
+for landing came. The troops landed at the squalid little village of
+Daiquiri in small boats, while the smaller war vessels shelled the
+town.
+
+In the afternoon of the next day, the Rough Riders received orders to
+advance; and Wood, leading his regiment, pushed on so as to be sure of
+an engagement with the enemy the next morning. It was due to his
+energy that the Rough Riders did not miss the first fight. Under
+General Young's orders the Rough Riders took up a {93} position at the
+extreme left of the front. The next day the action of "Las Guasimas"
+began.
+
+"Shoot--don't swear" growled Wood as the fighting began. He strolled
+about encouraging his men and urging them to action. Under his quiet,
+cool direction they advanced slowly, forcing the enemy back, and
+finally driving him to his second line of defense. Soon the Rough
+Riders' right joined the left of the main body and in a concerted
+attack the Spaniards were routed, leaving much of their equipment in
+their hasty retreat.
+
+At this juncture it was reported to Roosevelt, whose detachment was
+separate from that of Wood, that Wood had been killed. Roosevelt
+immediately began taking over the command of the entire regiment,
+since it naturally devolved upon him. As he was consolidating his
+troops he came upon Wood himself very much alive.
+
+Major-General Joseph Wheeler made the following report of the Rough
+Riders:
+
+"Colonel Wood's Regiment was on the extreme left of the line, and too
+far-distant for me to be a personal witness of the individual conduct
+of his officers and men; but the magnificent and brave {94} work done
+by the regiment, under the lead of Colonel Wood, testifies to his
+courage and skill. The energy and determination of this officer had
+been marked from the moment he reported to me at Tampa, Fla., and I
+have abundant evidence of his brave and good conduct on the field, and
+I recommend him for consideration of the Government."
+
+On the 25th, General Young was stricken by the fever and Wood took
+charge of the brigade on the 30th, leaving Roosevelt in command of the
+Rough Riders. The afternoon of the 30th brought orders to march on
+Santiago, and the morning of July 1st found them in position three
+miles from the city, with Leonard Wood commanding the second
+dismounted cavalry brigade. During the next two days, the enemy fought
+fiercely to regain his lost positions, but the cool persistence of the
+American troops forced him constantly backward.
+
+In endorsing Wood's report of this action, General Wheeler said, "He
+showed energy, courage, and good judgment. I heretofore recommended
+him for promotion to a Brigadier-General. He {95} deserves the highest
+commendation. He was under the observation and direction of myself and
+of my staff during the battle."
+
+After a short siege the Spanish command capitulated on the afternoon
+of July 17th and the American forces entered Santiago.
+
+Wood's promotion to Brigadier-General of the United States Volunteers
+came at once, and Roosevelt was made Colonel and placed in command of
+the 2d Cavalry Brigade.
+
+The condition of our forces at this time, struggling against the
+unaccustomed and virulent dangers of the tropics, was pitiable. The
+"Round Robin" incident in which the commanding officers of the various
+divisions in the command reported to Major-General W. R. Shafter, that
+"the Army must be moved at once, or it will perish," has become a part
+of the record of the history of those times. Whether the sickness and
+disease they suffered could have been prevented became a matter of
+great controversy.
+
+This "Round Robin" was a document signed by practically all general
+officers present, in order to bring to the attention of the War
+Department {96} the conditions existing in the army that had captured
+Santiago showing that it was suffering severely from malaria and
+yellow fever; that these men must be replaced; and that if they were
+not replaced thousands of lives would be lost. It was sent because
+instructions from Washington clearly indicated that the War Department
+did not understand the conditions, and it was feared that delay would
+cause enormous loss of life. The men had been in mud and water--the
+yellow fever country--for weeks and were thoroughly infected with
+malaria. Although he had signed the "Round Robin"' with the other
+officers General Wood later on gave the following testimony before the
+War Investigation Committee:
+
+"We had never served in that climate, so peculiarly deadly from the
+effects of malaria, and in this respect my opinions have changed very
+much since the close of the war. If I had been called before you in
+the first week of August, I might have been disposed to have answered
+a little differently in some respects. I have been there ever since,
+and have seen regiments come to Cuba in perfect health and go into
+tents with floors and {97} with flies camped up on high hills, given
+boiled water, and have seen them have practically the identical
+troubles we had during the campaign. The losses may not have been as
+heavy, as we are organized to take them into hospitals protected from
+the sun which seemed to be a depressing cause. All the immune
+regiments serving in my department since the war have been at one time
+or another unfit for service. I have had all the officers of my staff
+repeatedly too sick for duty. I don't think that any amount of
+precaution or preparation, in addition to what we had, would have made
+any practical difference in the sickness of the troops of the army of
+invasion. This is a candid opinion, and an absolutely frank one. If I
+had answered this question in August, without the experience I have
+had since August, I might have been disposed to attribute more to the
+lack of tentage than I do now; but I think the food, while lacking
+necessarily in variety, was ample."
+
+Only a few years later the explanation of yellow fever transmission
+became clear to all the world. This discovery and the definite methods
+of {98} protection against its spread and the spread of malaria were
+largely the result of Wood's administrative ability and his knowledge
+of medicine. For it was as the result of studies and experiments
+conducted under his direct supervision that it became known that
+yellow fever was the result of the bite of the mosquito and not of bad
+food or low, marshy country or bad air or any of the other factors
+which had so long been supposed to be its cause. The taking of
+Santiago practically ended the Spanish War. But for the military
+commander of the City of Santiago it began a new and epoch-making
+work.
+
+{99}
+
+
+THE ORGANIZER
+
+
+{100}
+
+{101}
+
+V
+
+THE ORGANIZER
+
+To understand the work accomplished by Wood in Santiago, it is
+necessary to renew our picture of the situation existing in Cuba at
+the time and to realize as this is done that the problem was an
+absolutely new one for the young officer of thirty-seven to whom it
+was presented.
+
+Nobody can really conceive of the unbelievable condition of affairs
+unless he actually saw it or has at some time in his life witnessed a
+corresponding situation. Those who return from the battlefields on the
+Western Front of the Great War describe the scenes and show us
+pictures and we think we realize the horrors of destruction, yet one
+after another of us as we go there comes back with the same statement:
+"I had heard all about it, but I hadn't the least conception of what
+it really was until I saw it with my own eyes."
+
+In like manner we who are accustomed to reasonably clean and
+well-policed cities can call up no {102} real picture of what the
+Cuban cities were in those days, unless we saw them, or something like
+them.
+
+Yet in spite of this it is necessary to try to give some idea of the
+fact, in order to give some idea of the work of reorganization
+required.
+
+For four hundred years Cuba had been under the Spanish rule--the rule
+of viceroys and their agents who came of a race that has for centuries
+been unable to hold its own among the nations of the earth. Ideas of
+health, drainage, sanitation, orderly government, systematic
+commercial life--all were of an order belonging to but few spots in
+the world to-day. Here and there in the East--perhaps in what has been
+called the "cesspool of the world," Guayaquil, Ecuador--and in other
+isolated spots there are still such places, but they are fortunately
+beginning to disappear as permanent forms of human life.
+
+In Santiago there were about 50,000 inhabitants. These people had been
+taxed and abused by officials who collected and kept for themselves
+the funds of the Province. Fear of showing wealth, since it was
+certain to be confiscated, led all classes of families to hide what
+little they had. {103} Money for the city and its public works there
+was none, since all was taken for the authorities in Spain or for
+their representatives in Cuba. Spanish people in any kind of position
+treated the natives as if they were slaves--as indeed they were. No
+family was sure of its own legitimate property, its own occupation and
+its own basic rights. The city government was so administered as to
+deprive all the citizens of any respect for it or any belief in its
+statements, decrees or laws. Not only was this condition of affairs in
+existence at the time of the war but it had existed during the entire
+lifetime of any one living and during the entire lifetime of his
+father, grandfather and ancestors for ten generations.
+
+As a result no Cuban had any conception of what honest government,
+honest administration, honest taxation, honest dealings were. He not
+only had no conception of such things but he believed that what his
+family for generations and he during his life had known was the actual
+situation everywhere throughout the world. He knew of nothing else.
+
+The city had no drainage system except the {104} open gutter of the
+streets--never had had. The water system consisted of an elemental
+sort of dam six miles up in the hills outside the city, old, out of
+repair, constantly breaking down, and a single 11-inch pipe which had
+a capacity of 200,000 gallons a day for the city--something like four
+gallons to a person. This was not sufficient for more than one-quarter
+of each day. In other words the city at the best was receiving for
+years only one-quarter of the water it absolutely needed for
+cleanliness.
+
+Plagues and epidemics, smallpox, yellow fever, bubonic plague, typhus
+and tetanus followed one another in regular succession. The streets
+for years had contained dead animals and many times in epidemics dead
+human beings--sights to which the citizens had been so accustomed
+throughout their lives that they paid no attention to them. The
+authorities being accustomed to keeping the public moneys for their
+own use spent little or nothing upon public works, cleaning the
+streets or making improvements. They did not build; they did not
+replace; they only patched and repaired when it was absolutely
+necessary. It was {105} a situation difficult to conceive, impossible
+to realize. Yet one must constantly bear in mind that there not only
+appeared to be nothing out of the ordinary in this, but in reality
+there was nothing out of the ordinary. It was the accustomed, usual
+thing and had been so for centuries.
+
+The sense of personal responsibility to the community was not dormant;
+it did not exist. The sense of duty of those who governed to those
+whom they governed was not repressed by modern corruption only; it had
+ceased to exist altogether. No city official was expected to do
+anything but get what he could out of those under him. No citizen knew
+anything but the necessity--to him the right--of concealing anything
+he had, of deceiving everybody whom he could deceive and of evading
+any law that might be promulgated.
+
+The integrity of the family and its right to live as it chose within
+restrictions required by gregarious existence had disappeared--never
+had existed at all so far as those living knew. The responsibility of
+the individual to his government was unconceivable and inconceivable.
+
+Had all this not been so there would have been {106} no war on our
+part with Spain, for the whole origin of the trouble which eventually
+led to war grew out of the final despair of men and women in Cuba who
+gradually came to realize in a dim way that something was wrong and
+unfair. Out of this grew internal dissension which constantly spilled
+over to interfere with international relations.
+
+It was the inevitable breaking down of a civilization because of the
+years during which civilization's laws had been disregarded, and
+because all this took place in close proximity to a country where the
+reverse was the evident fact. There are such rotten spots still upon
+this earth--one just across our doorstep on the Rio Grande, and
+somebody some day must clean that house, too.
+
+Added to all this, and much more, was the fact that the city of
+Santiago had been besieged by land and by sea. Thus naturally even the
+conditions in this cesspool were intensely exaggerated.
+
+Into such a plague-stricken, starving city on the 20th of July, 1898,
+Wood, then Brigadier General of United States Volunteers, thirty-seven
+{107} years of age, fresh from the job of army surgeon to the
+President in the White House, some Indian fighting in the Southwest
+and the task of getting the Rough Riders organized into fighting
+shape--fresh from the fighting that had taken place on and since July
+1st--into this situation on July 20th General Wood was summoned by
+General Shafter, commanding the American forces, with the information
+that he had been detailed to take command of the city, secure and
+maintain order, feed the starving and reorganize generally.
+
+Why he was selected may be easily guessed. He was a military man who
+had made good recently, who had made good in the Southwest, whom the
+President knew and trusted--and he was a doctor who had just shown
+great organizing ability. The job itself was as new to him as would
+have been the task in those days of flying. But with his inherited and
+acquired sense of values, of the essentials of life, with his
+education and his characteristic passion for getting ready he started
+at once to pull off the wall paper, hammer away the plaster and
+examine the condition of the beams which supported this leaning,
+tottering, {108} out-of-repair wing of the world's house of
+civilization.
+
+What he found was rotten beams; no integrity of family; no respect for
+or responsibility to the state; no sense on the part of the citizens
+of what they owed to themselves, or their families, or their city--not
+the slightest idea of what government of the people for the people by
+the people meant. The government was robbing the family. The family
+was robbing the government. That was the fundamental place to begin,
+if this wing of the house was not to fall.
+
+Naturally the immediate and crying needs had to be corrected at once.
+But Wood began all on the same day on the beams as well as on the
+plaster and wall paper--this 20th day of July, 1898. Another man might
+well have forgotten or never have thought of the fundamentals in the
+terrible condition within his immediate vision. That seems to be the
+characteristic of Wood--that while he started to cure the illness, he
+at the same time started to get ready to prevent its recurrence. And
+there we may perhaps discover something of the reason for his success,
+something of the reason why people lean on him and {109} look to him
+for advice and support in time of trouble.
+
+These immediate needs were inconceivable to those who lived in orderly
+places and orderly times. Of the 50,000 inhabitants, 16,000 were sick.
+There were in addition 2,000 sick Spanish soldiers and 5,000 sick
+American troops. Over all in the hot haze of that tropical city hung
+the terror of yellow fever, showing its sinister face here and there.
+At the same time a religious pilgrimage to a nearby shrine taken at
+this moment by 18,000 people led to an immense increase in disease
+because of the bad food and the polluted water which the pilgrims ate
+and drank. In the streets piles of filth and open drains were mixed
+with the dead bodies of animals. Houses, deserted because of deaths,
+held their dead--men, women and children--whom no one removed and no
+one buried. All along the routes approaching the city bodies lay by
+the roadside, the living members of the family leaving their dead
+unburied because they were too weak and could only drag themselves
+along under the tropic sun in the hope that they {110} might reach
+their homes before they, too, should die.
+
+This was enhanced by the fact of the siege and the consequent lack of
+food. The sick could not go for food; and if they could have done so
+there was little or none to be had. Horrible odors filled the air.
+Terror walked abroad. It was a prodigious task for anybody to
+undertake, but it was undertaken, and in the following manner:
+
+Simultaneously certain main lines of work were mapped out by Wood and
+officers put in charge of each subject, the commanding officer
+reserving for himself the planning, the general supervision, the
+watching, as well as the instituting of new laws based upon the
+existing system of the Code Napoleon.
+
+It was first necessary to feed the people and to bury the dead. There
+were so many of the latter that they had to be collected in lots of
+ninety or a hundred, placed between railway irons, soaked in petroleum
+and burned outside the city. It was such dreadful work, this going
+into deserted homes and collecting dead bodies for the flames, that
+men had to be forced to it. All were {111} paid regularly, however,
+and the job was done. General Wood's own account of this task is
+better than any second-hand description can even hope to be.
+
+"Horrible deadly work it was, but at last it was finished. At the same
+time numbers of men were working night and day in the streets removing
+the dead animals and other disease-producing materials. Others were
+engaged in distributing food to the hospitals, prisons, asylums and
+convents--in fact to everybody, for all were starving. What food there
+was, and it was considerable, had been kept under the protection of
+the Spanish army to be used as rations. Some of the far-seeing and
+prudent had stored up food and prepared for the situation in advance,
+but these were few.
+
+"All of our army transportation was engaged in getting to our own men
+the tents, medicines and the thousand and one other things required by
+our camps, and as this had to be done through seas of mud it was slow
+work. We could expect no help from this source in our distribution of
+rations to the destitute population, so we seized {112} all the carts
+and wagons we could find in the streets, rounded up drivers and
+laborers with the aid of the police, and worked them under guard,
+willing or unwilling, but paying well for what they did. At first we
+had to work them far into the night.
+
+"Everything on wheels in the city was at work. Men who refused and
+held back soon learned that there were things far more unpleasant than
+cheerful obedience, and turned to work with as much grace as they
+could command. All were paid a fair amount for their services, partly
+in money, partly in rations, but all worked; some in removing the
+waste refuse from the city, others in distributing food. Much of the
+refuse in the streets was burned outside at points designated as
+crematories. Everything was put through the flames.
+
+"In the Spanish military hospital the number of sick rapidly
+increased. From 2,000 when we came in, the number soon ran up to 3,100
+in hospital, besides many more in their camps. Many of the sick were
+suffering from malaria, but among them were some cases of yellow
+fever. Poor devils, they all looked as though hope had {113} fled,
+and, as they stood in groups along the waterfront, eagerly watching
+the entrance to the harbor, it required very little imagination to see
+that their thoughts were of another country across the sea, and that
+the days of waiting for the transports were long days for them."
+[Footnote: _Scribner's Magazine_.]
+
+A yellow fever hospital was established on an island in the harbor.
+The city was divided into districts and numbers of medical men put in
+charge, their duty being to examine each house and report sanitary
+conditions, sickness and food situations. As a result of these reports
+Wood issued orders for action in each district so that the food, the
+available medical force and the supplies of all kinds should be used
+and distributed to produce the greatest results in the shortest
+possible time. In one district alone just outside the city there were
+thousands of cases of smallpox in November. The streets were filled
+with filth and dead and wrecked furniture. The wells were full of
+refuse. The task seemed almost hopeless. Yet, under Wood's system of
+detailing squads to undertake the work in certain sections {114} with
+the system of centralized reporting, the epidemic was checked in a
+month, the district cleaned and scrubbed from end to end with
+disinfectants and the small pox cut down to a few scattering cases. In
+this district of Holguin the plan was adopted of vaccinating two
+battalions of the Second Immune Regiment. These men were then sent
+into the district to establish good sanitary conditions and clean up
+the yellow fever. The work was done successfully without the
+occurrence of a single case of smallpox amongst the American troops.
+No better demonstration of the efficacy of vaccination was ever given.
+
+
+Thus the first task of feeding the starving population and cleaning
+the city was simultaneously undertaken by districts under the
+direction of officers having authority to proceed along certain
+established lines. Episodes illustrating these "established lines" are
+many, but there is space here, for only one or two of them.
+
+It developed at the outset that there was food and meat in the city
+which the people could use, but which was beyond their reach on
+account of the high prices. General Wood no sooner heard {115} of this
+than he "established a line of procedure" to correct it. He sent for
+the principal butchers of the city and asked:
+
+"How much do you charge for your meat?"
+
+"Ninety cents a pound, Senor."
+
+"What does it cost you?"
+
+There was hesitation and a shuffling of feet; then one of the men said
+in a whining voice:
+
+"Meat is very, very dear, your Excellency."
+
+"How much a pound?"
+
+"It costs us very much, and ..."
+
+"How much a pound?"
+
+"Fifteen cents, your Excellency; but we have lost much money during
+the war and..."
+
+"So have your customers. Now meat will be sold at 25 cents a pound,
+and not one cent more. Do you understand?"
+
+Then, turning to the alderman, he charged him to see that his order
+was carried out to the letter, unless he wanted to be expelled from
+office.
+
+Thenceforward meat was sold in the markets at 25 cents. The same
+simple plan was evolved for all other kinds of supplies. Naturally
+such high-handed methods caused a great hue and cry {116} amongst
+certain of the citizens and no such method could have been carried out
+by any one but a military commander with absolute authority. Some of
+the newspapers, all of which had been given a free hand by Wood and
+were allowed for the first time to say what they liked, started a
+campaign against the new administration and its busy head. But hand in
+hand with this autocratic procedure went the organization of native
+courts, the appointment of native officials for carrying on the
+government, native police to catch Cuban bandits and native judges to
+give decisions and impose sentences. Furthermore, in these same days
+of autocratic action, the people gradually discovered that although
+everybody was forced to work all those who did got paid--something new
+to the Santiago-Cuban consciousness--that the invading American army
+was not arresting natives in the streets and thrusting them into jail,
+but that their own native police were doing this work. Gradually, as
+the city became clean, as prices fell, as payment for work came in, as
+illness decreased, as law became fairly administered by the Cuban
+officials themselves, a certain awe {117} and veneration grew for the
+invaders and their big, hardworking head. It was a revelation,
+unbelievable yet true, unknown yet a fact, which opened up to the
+minds of these long-suffering, incompetent people the first vision of
+an existence which has since through the same agency of General Wood
+become a fact throughout the whole island, so that Cuba is to-day a
+busy, healthy, self-governing state.
+
+Parallel with the feeding and sanitation work General Wood put into
+effect a certain system of road building where it was necessary in
+order to keep the people at work and allow them to make money and at
+the same time to produce necessary transportation facilities. Five
+miles of asphalt pavement, fifteen miles of country pike, six miles of
+macadam were built and 200 miles of country road made usable out of
+funds collected from the regular taxes which had heretofore gone into
+the pockets of the Spanish government officials. The costs varied
+somewhat from the old days, as may well be guessed. A quarter of a
+mile of macadam pavement built by the Spaniards the year before along
+the water-front had cost $180,000. Wood's {118} engineers built five
+miles of asphalt pavement at a cost of $175,000.
+
+At the same time a reorganization of the Custom House service was
+instituted which increased receipts; jails and hospitals were
+reorganized under the system existing in the United States; and
+perhaps in the end the greatest work of all was the establishment of
+an entirely new school system based on an adaptation of the American
+form. Teachers had disappeared. There were none, since nobody paid
+them. School houses were empty, open to any tramp for a night's
+lodging. In a few months this was changed so that kindergartens and
+schools were opened and running.
+
+In fact the work was the making of a new community, the building of a
+new life--the repairing of the tottering wing of the old, old house.
+
+All this, as may be supposed, did not take place without friction,
+obstruction, and without at first a great deal of bad blood.
+
+Wood's methods in dealing with disturbances were his own and can only
+be suggested here by isolated anecdotes and incidents. When an
+official who had the Spanish methods in his blood {119} did not appear
+after three invitations he was carried into the commanding officer's
+presence by a squad of soldiers in his pajamas. The next time he was
+invited he came at once.
+
+"One night about eight o'clock, General Wood was writing in his office
+in the palace. At the outer door stood a solitary sentinel, armed with
+a rifle. Suddenly there burst across the plaza, from the San Carlos
+Club, a mob of Cubans--probably 600. Within a few minutes a shower of
+stones, bricks, bottles and other missiles struck the Spanish Club,
+smashing windows and doors. A man, hatless and out of breath, rushed
+up to the sentry at the palace entrance and shouted, 'Where's the
+General? Quick! The Cubans are trying to kill the officers and men in
+the Spanish Club!'
+
+"General Wood was leisurely folding up his papers when the sentry
+reached him. 'I know it,' he said, before the man had time to speak.
+'I have heard the row. We will go over and stop it.'
+
+"He picked up his riding-whip, the only weapon he ever carries, and,
+accompanied by the one American soldier, strolled across to the scene
+of {120} the trouble. The people in the Spanish Club had got it pretty
+well closed up, but the excited Cubans were still before it, throwing
+things and shouting imprecations, and even trying to force a way in by
+the main entrance.
+
+"'Just shove them back, sentry,' said General Wood, quietly.
+
+"Around swung the rifle, and, in much less time than is taken in the
+telling, a way was cleared in front of the door.
+
+"'Now shoot the first man who places his foot upon that step,' added
+the General, in his usual deliberate manner. Then he turned and
+strolled back to the palace and his writing. Within an hour the mob
+had dispersed, subdued by two men, one rifle and a riding-whip. And
+the lesson is still kept in good memory."
+
+"One day about the middle of November the native _calentura_ or fever,
+from which General Wood suffered greatly, sent him to his home, which
+is on the edge of the town, earlier than usual. He had no sooner
+reached the house than he was notified by telephone that a bloody riot
+had occurred at San Luis, a town 20 miles out on the {121} Santiago
+Railway. The fever was raging in the General, his temperature
+exceeding 105, and he was so sick and dizzy that he staggered as he
+walked. But with that indomitable will that had served him on many a
+night raid against hostile Apaches, he entered his carriage and was
+driven back to the city. He picked up his chief signal officer,
+Captain J. E. Brady, at the Palace and hastened to the building
+occupied by the telegraph department of the Signal Corps on Calle
+Enramadas. Captain Brady took the key at the instrument.
+
+"'Tell the operator to summon members of the rural guard who were
+fired on, and the commanding officer of the Ninth Immunes,' ordered
+the General, tersely. Thenceforward, for three hours General Wood sat
+there, questioning, listening, issuing orders, all with a promptness
+and certainty of judgment that would have been extraordinary in a man
+quite at his ease; yet all the time, as he could not help showing in
+mien and features, the raging fever was distressing to the point of
+agony. Those about him could not but marvel at the man's resolution
+and endurance. The {122} following day, although still racked with
+fever, he went by special train to San Luis and investigated the
+affair in person.'" [Footnote: _Fortnightly Review_.]
+
+The basis of the great work, however, as General Wood has himself
+repeatedly said in conversation and in print, was to effect all this
+regeneration without causing the Cubans to look upon the American Army
+and the American control as they had for years looked upon the Spanish
+Army and the Spanish control. That his success here in the most
+difficult phase of the whole prodigious enterprise was absolute has
+been testified to in innumerable ways and instances.
+
+Only one or two of these can be given here, but they are illuminating
+in the extreme and they suggest the success of the methods of the man
+who had been put in charge of this difficult work.
+
+Death amongst the Spanish soldiers had been very heavy from yellow
+fever and pernicious malaria and the course of the troop-ships which
+carried them back to Spain was marked by long lists of burials at sea.
+These ships carried with them most of the nurses and nursing sisters
+to {123} care for the sick and dying during the voyage. It was a great
+drain on the nursing force at Wood's disposal in Santiago. He,
+therefore, hit upon the idea of offering to pay for the return trips
+of these nurses if they would come back at once; with the result that
+most of them gladly accepted and rendered splendid service in Santiago
+to the sick as a token of their appreciation of the military
+governor's act. This did much to establish friendly relations between
+Americans, Spaniards and Cubans who had so short a time before been
+enemies.
+
+Another vital point was the relations of the invaders with the Church.
+It had never been contemplated that a Catholic viceroy should be
+replaced by a Protestant. This viceroy had so many intimate relations
+with the Catholic Church in which he represented the Catholic king
+that it was absolutely necessary for whatever American happened to be
+governor to play the game regardless of what his own religious
+scruples might be. As an interesting example of how well this was
+handled by Wood the story of Bishop Bernaba is a charming instance.
+
+{124}
+
+This bishop was elevated from priesthood while Wood was governor and
+because of his affection and respect for the American officer he asked
+him to walk with him daring the ceremonious procession from the
+priest's little parish church, where he had served, to the old
+cathedral where he was to officiate thereafter. It was a solemn
+religious function and has been described, because of the terrific
+surroundings of the hour, as not unlike the ceremony which took place
+in Milan after the Great Plague.
+
+The entire population of the city with some forty or fifty thousand
+from the surrounding hills packed the streets along the route of the
+procession. None of them had had a blessing from his own Cuban clergy
+in many years. It was like a mediaeval scene. The old bishop bowed by
+years, weakened by his recent grief at the suffering of his people and
+by the excitement of the moment, and General Wood, the American
+Protestant, walked together under the bishop's canopy. The people in
+the streets, seeing this, cried: "Thank God, the General is a Catholic!
+We didn't know it!"
+
+{125}
+
+From time to time the old bishop, tired with the exertion of swinging
+the censer with the holy water, would hand it to Wood and ask him to
+continue the function by his side until he could secure a slight
+respite. Occasionally as he leaned forward to bless the thousands who
+lined the way and who had come to feel his touch and kiss his hand his
+miter would slip to one side on his head and the unperturbed American
+general would lean forward and straighten it for him. Each time the
+old bishop turned to him and murmured, "Thank God, you are here! I am
+so old that I could not have made this journey, if you had not been
+here to help me."
+
+Wood told him that he was not a Catholic, that indeed from Bishop
+Bernaba's point of view he was a heretic and bound for Hell.
+
+"No," said the bishop, with a smile, "you are a good Catholic; only
+you do not know it."
+
+Small wonder that when he left Santiago in the spring of 1899 to visit
+the United States Wood was presented by the people of the city with a
+magnificent hand-work scroll which said in Spanish:
+
+{126}
+
+"The people of the City of Santiago de Cuba to General Leonard Wood
+... the greatest of all your successes is to have won the confidence
+and esteem of a people in trouble."
+
+Small wonder that in December, 1899, less than a year after the United
+States took over the island, he was appointed by President McKinley
+Governor General of Cuba and made a Major General of United States
+Volunteers!
+
+
+
+{127}
+
+THE ADMINISTRATOR
+
+
+
+{128}
+
+{129}
+
+VI
+
+THE ADMINISTRATOR
+
+It has been said that General Wood's work in Havana as
+Governor-General of Cuba was the continuation of his work at Santiago
+on a larger scale. This would seem to be erroneous.
+
+The Santiago problem was the cleaning and reorganizing of a city of
+60,000 inhabitants. Many stringent measures could properly be put into
+operation in such a community which were quite impossible in a city of
+350,000 inhabitants like Havana, or in a state of two and one-half
+million people such as the Island of Cuba. It was possible in an
+epidemic to close up houses temporarily, stop business and commercial
+intercourse for a period where only 60,000 people were concerned. But
+to stop the daily commerce of a large city, the capital of a state,
+was out of the question.
+
+Furthermore the problem in the first instance was one of organizing a
+community in so {130} deplorable a condition that it was on the verge
+of anarchy. In the second instance much of the cleaning-up process had
+been at least begun by other American officers. It was here in Havana
+a case of administration and statecraft as against organization.
+
+It was the taking of a crown colony of Spain--a kingdom--which had
+never been anything but a royal colony, and turning it in two years
+and a half into a republic, self-governed, self-judged,
+self-administered and self-supporting.
+
+Roughly speaking, there had never been such a case. Even now the
+proposal of the Philippine Islands would practically be the second
+case should independence be granted to them by the United States. In
+all history a colony, once a colony, either has remained so, or has
+revolted from the mother country and by force of arms established its
+own independence.
+
+These two problems, then, were quite different in their essential
+elements and they required different qualities in the man who settled
+them.
+
+President McKinley's instructions to the new Governor-General were "To
+prepare Cuba, as {131} rapidly as possible, for the establishment of
+an independent government, republican in form, and a good school
+system." And both the President and the Secretary of War left their
+representative entirely to his own resources to work this out. His
+work was laid out for him and he was given a free hand.
+
+General Wood, therefore, in December, 1899, after having been received
+with a magnificent ovation on his return to the United States, made a
+Major-General and given an LL.D. degree by his own University of
+Harvard--after having returned to Santiago suddenly upon the outbreak
+of yellow fever, cleaned the town, covered it with chloride of lime,
+soaked it with corrosive sublimate, burned out its sewers and
+cesspools, and checked the epidemic,--finally took up his residence in
+Havana and began his work.
+
+One can readily imagine the immediate problems all of which needed
+settlement at once, none of which could be settled without study of
+the most thorough and vital sort. Wood's method was that of an
+administrator and statesman of great vision. He immediately proceeded
+to {132} secure wherever he could find them the best men on each of
+the problems and set them to work with such assistance, expert and
+otherwise, as they required to make reports to him within a limited
+time as to what should be done in their particular branches of the
+government.
+
+Again, it was so simple that it can be told in words of one syllable.
+But the great administrator appeared in the selection of the men for
+the jobs and in the final acceptance, rejection, or modification of
+the plans proposed. While he was an absolute monarch of the Island he
+never exerted that authority unless there was no other possible
+course. In all cases he left decisions in so far as that could be done
+to native bodies and native representatives and native courts with
+full authority.
+
+Chief Justice White of the Supreme Court upon being consulted told him
+that in the main the laws were sound but that the procedure was
+faulty; that he must look closely to this and make many modifications.
+This hint from a great authority became his guide.
+
+The most crying needs of the moment were the {133} courts and the
+prisons. Prisoners were held without cause; trials were a farce; the
+prisons themselves were filthy places where all ages were herded
+together; court houses were out of repair and out of use; records
+hardly existed, and the whole machinery of justice was that of a
+decayed colony of a decayed kingdom totally without the respect of the
+public and without self-respect.
+
+General Wood began with characteristic promptness to get to the root
+of the matter. The principal officer charged with the prosecution of
+cases was removed and a mixed commission, selected and appointed by
+himself, substituted. As a result in a short time six hundred
+prisoners were freed, because there was not sufficient evidence
+against them to warrant their arrests. Court houses were put into
+repair. Judges with fixed and sufficient salaries were appointed;
+officials were set at work upon salaries that were fair and--what is
+far more to the point--were regularly paid. Prison commissions
+appointed by Wood examined conditions and the prisons were cleaned,
+moved to other buildings, or renovated and remodelled according to
+modern American methods. {134} The result in less than six months was
+that native officials were conducting this work in a self-respecting,
+honorable manner, convicting or releasing prisoners in short order and
+bringing the idea of justice into respect in the public mind. The
+establishment of order was a natural result. Outbreaks and riots
+became unknown. The people began to realize as no amount of exhibition
+of power on the part of the invaders could ever have made them realize
+that peace, order, fair play, and a chance to live had come upon the
+land in what seemed some miraculous fashion.
+
+The respect of the individual for the State was born again in the
+Cuban mind--born, perhaps it is fairer to say, for the first time in
+the heart of this much abused and ignorant people. Once this really
+pierced their inner consciousness--the inner consciousness of the
+whole people, of everybody poor or rich--these people felt safe and
+secure and knew they could take up their enterprises with safety and
+with hope of adequate returns which should belong to themselves.
+
+It was so sound to do this wherever possible through the medium of the
+Cubans themselves and {135} not through army officials! It was so sane
+and clear-visioned a method to begin with this great beam of the
+remodeled Cuban house--this building up by the process of individual
+observation of confidence in those who ruled them!--and the men whom
+General Wood selected to draw the plans were experts in just such
+work. He selected them. He passed on their schemes. They did the work.
+And to this day he gives them credit for the whole thing.
+
+Next came the necessity for inculcating the idea of government of the
+people by the people. Six months after taking office General Wood had
+appointed a commission on a general election law, had adopted a plan
+much after our own electoral laws with the Australian ballot system
+and a limited suffrage, had prepared in his own office in Havana all
+the ballots, ballot boxes, circulars describing election rules and had
+successfully held throughout Cuba the first real election ever known
+on the island--ever known to the people. Municipal officials and local
+representatives were chosen everywhere by the people themselves for
+the first time in their lives.
+
+{136}
+
+Whether such a thing would be successful and prove effective the
+Governor-General did not know. But he knew that it was the right thing
+to do if they were ever to govern themselves; he trusted them--and he
+took the risk.
+
+Next--or rather at the same time with these two basic lines of
+constructive building--came the school system. When the United States
+took over the Island the school system was non-existent. There was not
+one single schoolhouse belonging to the State anywhere on the Island.
+There were no schools at all except private and church schools and
+very few of them. Children in the mass did not attend school. There
+was no foundation to build on. The whole school system had to be
+created new from the bottom to the top. That schools were another of
+the main beams of this new house is self-evident. Yet the action taken
+was much more far-seeing than would have been possible without a
+single autocrat to decree, and without a man who could see many years
+ahead.
+
+"I knew," said the Governor-General in one of his reports, "that we
+were going to establish a {137} government of and by the people in
+Cuba and that it was going to be transferred to them at the earliest
+possible moment; and I believed that the success of the future
+government would depend as much upon the foundation and extension of
+its public schools as upon any other factor, that such a system must
+be entirely in the hands of the people of the island."
+
+This was the situation when in the beginning of 1900 within a month
+after taking office Wood selected a young West Pointer who had been a
+teacher to draw up a school system and school laws. The result was an
+adaptation of the Ohio and Massachusetts School Systems; and when in
+1902 the Island was turned over to the Cubans three thousand eight
+hundred schools were in operation in good schoolhouses, with native
+teachers well paid, with 256,000 pupils, and at an expenditure of
+$4,000,000 a year out of a total annual state revenue of $17,000,000.
+In other words nearly one-quarter of the Island's revenue had been
+spent on the education of children to make them good and
+self-respecting citizens where nothing whatever had been spent before.
+
+
+{138}
+
+It was a very bold step. No other country on earth had ever spent so
+large a portion of its revenue on education. The appropriations in the
+United States to-day are pitiful in comparison--and yet our country
+is supposed to be doing pretty well by its future citizens. Again the
+step taken by the Governor-General was a piece of construction of the
+main essentials--of the things that make no show, but build, always
+build.
+
+American teachers were not employed, in order that the Cubans filled
+with suspicion of what the invaders were going to do might not be led
+to believe that there was any attempt being made to "Americanize" the
+Island. But on the other hand in the summer of 1900 one thousand of
+these new Cuban teachers were invited with all their expenses paid to
+spend several months at Harvard University in Cambridge and learn
+something of American pedagogy. The preparations for transporting this
+large number and handling them during their stay in the United States
+involved a large amount of work, but the trip was carried through
+without mishap or accident of any kind, and the thousand teachers
+returned to {139} their homes in the Island not only with the great
+benefit resulting from this instruction, but with the immense stimulus
+of a visit to an organized and comparatively smoothly running
+civilization. What they saw was of even greater benefit to them in the
+long run than what they learned in their summer courses.
+
+At this time the city of Havana was a fever-ridden, dangerous city.
+Yellow fever and other tropical diseases existed always and blazed up
+into epidemics at certain seasons of the year. Such systems of
+drainage as existed emptied into the harbor or into the street
+gutters. A beginning had been made to cleanse the city before Wood
+took charge, but little had been done in the smaller cities of the
+Island, all of which were in somewhat the same condition as Santiago
+in 1898 except for the added scourge in the latter city resulting from
+its siege.
+
+Nevertheless different methods had to be used in Havana. It is
+impossible here to go into the mass of detail in the appointing of
+commissions to carry out the different sanitary works that were
+required in Havana and all over the Island {140} in cities, towns and
+country districts. But, familiar as it now is, there will never be an
+account of this work which has made Cuba one of the healthiest places
+to live in either in or out of the tropics--there will never be a
+description so short that it cannot tell of the work of the unselfish,
+altruistic group of physicians who solved the yellow fever problem for
+all time. It gives him who writes even now something of a thrill to
+tell a little of it again and to pay tribute to the man who organized
+the work and to the men who carried it out under his unfailing support
+and encouragement. It is the greatest achievement of medicine since
+the discovery of the smallpox vaccine. It is one of the bright spots
+in the history of mankind.
+
+Here it is told best by the organizer of it in his official language
+with all the reserve and reticence that go with all the writing he has
+ever issued. Between the lines one reads the story of a hundred cases
+of bravery as great as that required by any fighter in the world, a
+hundred instances of self-sacrifice and risk willingly given in those
+fever-stricken places and quarantined hospitals, freely {141} offered
+that those who came after might be saved from the black cloud which
+then hung over all tropical and semi-tropical countries.
+
+In the Spring and summer of 1900 a yellow fever epidemic broke out in
+Havana and in many parts of the Island. All the sanitary methods known
+to man seemed to have no effect upon it. Nothing seemed to do much
+good.
+
+At this point General Wood, knowing of the theory of Dr. Findlay that
+yellow fever was transmitted by the bite of a mosquito and at his
+wits' end to know what step to take next, received notice that a
+commission consisting of Drs. Reed, Carroll and Lazaer had been
+appointed to make a thorough study of the disease at first hand and
+report to him. "After several preliminary investigations Dr. Lazaer
+submitted himself as a subject for an experiment for the purpose of
+demonstrating that the yellow fever could be transmitted in this way.
+He was inoculated with an infected mosquito, took the fever and died.
+Dr. Carroll was also bitten and had a serious case of yellow fever,
+but fortunately recovered.
+
+"The foregoing was the situation when Doctors {142} Reed, Carroll and
+Kean called at headquarters and stated that they believed the point
+had been reached where it was necessary to make a number of
+experiments on human beings and that they wanted money to pay those
+who were willing to submit themselves to these experiments and they
+needed authority to make experiments. They were informed that whatever
+money was required would be made available, and that the military
+Governor would assume the responsibility for the experiments. They
+were cautioned to make these experiments only on sound persons, and
+not until they had been made to distinctly understand the purpose of
+the same and especially the risk they assumed in submitting themselves
+as subjects for these experiments, and to always secure the written
+consent of the subjects who offered themselves for this purpose. It
+was further stipulated that all subjects should be of full legal age.
+With this understanding, the work was undertaken in a careful and
+systematic manner. A large number of experiments were made.
+
+"The Stegomyia mosquito was found to be beyond question the means of
+transmitting the {143} yellow fever germ. This mosquito, in order to
+become infected, must bite a person sick with the yellow fever during
+the first five days of the disease. It then requires approximately ten
+days for the germs so to develop that the mosquito can transmit the
+disease, and all non-immunes who are bitten by a mosquito of the class
+mentioned, infected as described, invariably develop a pronounced case
+of yellow fever in from three-and-one-half to five days from the time
+they are bitten. It was further demonstrated that infection from cases
+so produced could be again transmitted by the above described type of
+mosquito to another person who would, in turn, become infected with
+the fever. It was also proved that yellow fever could be transmitted
+by means of introduction into the circulation of blood serum even
+after filtering through porcelain filters, which latter experiment
+indicates that the organism is exceedingly small, so small, in fact,
+that it is probably beyond the power of any microscope at present in
+use. It was positively demonstrated that yellow fever could not be
+transmitted by clothing, letters, etc., and that, consequently all the
+old {144} methods of fumigation and disinfection were only useful so
+far as they served to destroy mosquitoes, their young and their eggs."
+[Footnote: General Wood's Report on the military government of Cuba.]
+
+That is the story of a work that has made Cuba a healthy land, that
+has freed the southern part of the United States forever from the
+dread disease, that has made the building of the Panama Canal a
+possibility and the Canal Zone healthier in death rate per thousand
+than New York City, that has finally rid the earth of yellow fever as
+vaccine rid it of smallpox and typhoid, and as the discoveries during
+the Great War have made it possible to check tetanus and typhus and
+bubonic plague.
+
+It was done--the work was done--by the doctors named and their
+assistants and the many men who took up the burden in other places and
+carried on. All honor to them! But the man who approved the idea, who
+took the risk and the responsibility and backed up those who worked--
+the man who kept in touch with it day by day and {145} saw that it was
+carried through--was Leonard Wood.
+
+Simultaneously with these basic administrative activities many other
+lines of constructive state building were inaugurated, under the same
+administrative plan--the plan of the appointment of a specialist or a
+commission of specialists to draw up plans and report to the
+Governor-General who then decided and started the actual work of
+reorganization.
+
+A railroad law was written, and General Wood persuaded General
+Grenville M. Dodge and Sir William Van Horn to help him to build much
+of the present railway system of Cuba. Hard modern roads took the
+place of the muddy routes almost impassable at certain seasons of the
+year which had been the only means of communication throughout the
+island. Hospitals and charities were grouped under a new organization
+consisting almost entirely of Cubans which renovated old hospitals,
+built new ones, put children first into temporary homes and then did
+away practically with asylums as soon as the destitute children could
+be put out among the Cuban families who {146} took them under a newly
+made law. Thus, in so far as was possible, no child from that time
+forward grew up with the stigma of an orphan asylum resting upon him
+or her, but had the chance offered to become in time a self-respecting
+inhabitant of a self-respecting community.
+
+Immense sums were disbursed by the military government in public
+works, harbor improvements, lighthouses which had almost ceased to
+exist, post offices and postal systems, telephone and telegraph
+connections, offices and organizations and an entirely new system of
+custom houses and quarantine administrations.
+
+The account of these in detail is the same story over and over
+again--the building of a state from bottom to top; and the
+administration of this state by those people who throughout their
+entire lives had known nothing of the sort--much less had any voice in
+its management.
+
+Two require special notice because of the tact and judgment required
+in handling them and because of the vital importance their
+consummation meant in the final settlement of Cuban difficulties.
+
+One was the ending of the long standing war {147} between the Spanish
+Government and the Roman Catholic Church upon the question of church
+property appropriated by Spain. No settlement had been made since the
+concordat of 1861. And when General Wood took command of the Island
+the Church came to him and said: "What is the United States going to
+do? Is it war, or peace? Give us our property back, or pay us for the
+use of it."
+
+With infinite wisdom and tact the Governor-General appointed judicial
+commissions to make an exhaustive study of the situation which
+resulted in reports showing that the claims of the Church were in the
+main just and fair, and a settlement was reached by which the State
+purchased most of the property, and rented for five years the rest, so
+that time should be given for equitable adjustment. This settled for
+all time a century-old trouble which alone would have made the setting
+up of a peaceable and effective government doubtful.
+
+The other sound reorganization of a delicate nature was the action of
+the Governor-General in revising a law which made marriages only legal
+if {148} performed by a judge and ignoring the church ceremony
+altogether. The changed law recognized either church or civil marriage
+and quieted the most serious of all family troubles in the Island.
+
+Finally a constitutional convention was planned and held, at which a
+constitution of the republican form based upon that of the United
+States was framed and adopted; an electoral law for elections in the
+Cuban republic was also adopted; and the general administrative law of
+the land was rewritten and adapted so that the government of the
+Island could be turned over to its inhabitants in workable form even
+though that form was new to them and they new to self-government in
+any form.
+
+Look for a moment at the result of this work. In December, 1899,
+Leonard Wood took command of the Island of Cuba. In May, 1902, he
+turned over that Island to its own inhabitants. In 1899 except for the
+military work done by the American Army the Island contained Spaniards
+who had for years been its autocratic rulers and who had recently been
+defeated in a war; and Cubans who {149} had for years been governed by
+a tyrant race. In 1902 these two century-old hostile groups, neither
+of whom had ever had any real experience in modern representative
+government, received their country at the hands of the Americans with
+new laws, with a republican form of government, with their own kind
+for rulers elected by their own people, and began an existence that
+has now been running long enough to prove that the work was so well
+performed for them as to make the impossible possible--the rotten
+kingdom, a clean republic; the decayed colony, an independent, proud
+democracy.
+
+It is a piece of work unparalleled in the annals of history. And the
+closing episodes which occurred in Havana are a witness to the
+affection and pride in which the people held the man who had
+accomplished it, the nation which had ordered it and their Island
+which was the scene of its happening.
+
+One typical episode occurred on the night of President Palma's
+inauguration ball given to the new President and the new Cuban
+Congress by General Wood. Wood took a number of the {150} principal
+representatives of the new Cuban Congress to the Spanish Club--the
+hotbed of the Spanish _regime_--where there was a celebration in
+progress in honor of King Alfonso's birthday. The two nationalities
+fraternized at once under the influence of the American
+Governor-General, and all of them, Spaniards and Cubans, drank the
+health of the King of Spain. The President and the principal members
+of the Club then joined the party and went to the ball together, where
+in turn all of them, Spaniards and Cubans alike, drank the health of
+the new republic. When Wood's family left for Spain the Spanish colony
+in Havana made a request that they should sail on the Spanish Royal
+Mail Steamer in order that they might show their appreciation of his
+work. And this ship when she sailed was the first Spanish boat to
+salute the brand new Cuban flag which had just been raised at the
+entrance to the harbor where for 400 years before that day the flag of
+Spain had waved.
+
+Another witness to the singular skill with which the Governor-General
+handled the diplomatic relations of the republic, and which is
+probably {151} unequaled anywhere in history, follows. This witness
+has to do with his work in laying the foundations of peace between the
+government of the Island and the Catholic Church. It is only possible
+here to quote from a few of the documents which Wood received not only
+as acknowledgment of his wise and sane policy, but as voluntary signs
+of personal affection and respect which the writers held for him when
+his difficult task was done. Monsignor Donatus, Bishop of Havana,
+wrote among other letters three which deserve quoting here. They were
+all voluntary expressions on his part. The first, dated at Havana on
+August 10, 1900, says in part:
+
+"To His Excellency, Major-General Leonard Wood, U.S.A., Military
+Governor of Cuba. Honored Sir:
+
+"I saw published in the official Gazetta yesterday the decree whereby
+you give civil effects and validity to religious marriages. This act
+of your Excellency corresponds perfectly with the elevated ideals of
+justice, fairness and true liberty to which aspired the institutions
+and government of {152} the United States, which you so worthily
+represent in this Island.
+
+"I gladly take this opportunity of declaring that in all my dealings
+with your Excellency I have found you ever disposed to listen to all
+reasonable petitions and to guard the sacred rights of justice which
+is the firmest foundation of every honored and noble nation.
+
+"I am moved, therefore, to speak the thanks not only of the Catholics
+but likewise of all others who truly love the moral, religious and
+political well-being of the people, and to express to your Excellency
+the sincere feelings and satisfaction and gratitude for this decree,
+which is worthy of a wise leader and an able statesman. This too gives
+me confidence that all your decrees and orders will continue to be
+dictated by the same high-minded and liberal spirit of justice that
+while it respects the religious sentiment, also guarantees and defends
+the rights and liberties of all honest institutions. Very respectfully
+yours, X. Donatus, Bishop of Havana."
+
+The second from the same place, dated December 11, 1900, says:
+
+{153}
+
+"All lovers of liberty of conscience, all guardians of the sanctity of
+the home and all who understand and admire good citizenship must
+recognize in this as in your other order on the same subject, the
+wisdom of a far-seeing statesman and the courage of a fearless
+executive.
+
+"Thanking you therefore in my own name and in the name of the Church I
+represent, I remain with every sentiment of respect and esteem, Very
+sincerely yours, X. Donatus, Bishop of Havana."
+
+And finally as the Bishop was leaving Havana in November, 1901, to
+become the Bishop of Ephesus and proceed to Rome, he wrote:
+
+"Called by the confidence of the Holy Father to a larger and more
+difficult field of action, I feel the duty before leaving Cuba to
+express to your Excellency my sentiment of friendship and gratitude,
+not only for the kindness shown to me, but for the fair treatment of
+the questions with the Government of the Island, especially the
+Marriage and Church Property questions. The equity and justice which
+inspired your decisions will devolve before all fair-minded people to
+the honor, not {154} only of you personally, but also to the
+Government you so worthily represent. I am gratified to tell you that
+I have already expressed the same sentiment to the Holy Father in
+writing and I will tell him orally on my visit to Rome. Yours very
+respectfully, X. Donatus, Bishop of Havana."
+
+An interesting result of this work of Wood's in regard to the
+settlement of the religious questions of the Island came later on when
+he was starting on his way to take up his work in the Philippines in
+the form of a delegation of Church authorities headed by Archbishop
+Jones. This delegation came to General Wood to say that its members
+proposed to approach the President of the United States and suggest
+that Wood be given the same authority to represent church matters in
+the Philippines as he had had in Cuba. They added that if this were
+done, they would give him full power to represent the Catholic Church
+as a referee and confer upon him the power not only to recommend
+action in all matters, but to settle all matters for the Church
+himself.
+
+It is very doubtful if such authority has many times in history been
+given to a Protestant by the {155} Church of Rome, and it marks the
+extraordinary height to which Wood's ability had lifted him in the
+world at large.
+
+It is hardly to be wondered at that Theodore Roosevelt wrote at the
+time: "Leonard Wood four years ago went down to Cuba, has served there
+ever since, has rendered services to that country of the kind which if
+performed three thousand years ago would have made him a hero mixed up
+with the sun god in various ways; a man who devoted his whole life
+through those four years, who thought of nothing else, did nothing
+else, save to try to bring up the standard of political and social
+life in that Island, to teach the people after four centuries of
+misrule that there were such things as governmental righteousness and
+honesty and fair play for all men on their merits as men."
+
+[Footnote: _Harvard Graduates' Magazine_.]
+
+
+{156}
+
+{157}
+
+THE STATESMAN
+
+{158}
+
+{159}
+
+VII
+
+THE STATESMAN
+
+Meantime, while Wood was carrying on his work in Cuba, events of
+importance to him and to his country were taking place in the United
+States. The popularity of his war record had made Roosevelt Governor
+of New York, and when the time came for him to run for a second term
+the Republican organization of the state forced him to take the
+nomination for Vice-President of the United States in order to keep
+him out of the gubernatorial field. He objected strongly and tried to
+remain in the state fight, but at the convention in Philadelphia upon
+a certain momentous occasion Thomas Platt, then head, of the state and
+national Republican organization, is said to have remarked to him:
+
+"Mr. Roosevelt, if you do not desire the vice-presidential nomination,
+there is always the alternative of retirement to private life."
+
+In other words party machinery was too strong {160} for him and
+much against his will he was forced to run as second on the
+McKinley-Roosevelt presidential ticket.
+
+The Republicans were successful and Roosevelt, knowing that there was
+little for him to do in Washington, was planning an extended trip
+through the Southern states to make an exhaustive study of the negro
+question. He had indeed begun to accumulate material on this subject
+when on September 6, 1901, McKinley was shot at Buffalo. A few days
+later he died; and Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United
+States.
+
+For Wood this meant much in the future--much of good and something of
+trouble. Roosevelt was his devoted friend and supporter, and upon his
+return to the United States in early 1902 he found this devoted friend
+the head of the nation, himself a Brigadier-General of the regular
+army scheduled to go into regular army work and to live on an army
+officer's pay. In this country there is no other procedure possible.
+In England such a man would have been given a title and a large sum of
+money to make it possible for him to keep up the position which a man
+of his abilities and {161} attainments should keep up. Here the case
+is different.
+
+He had the alternative of going on, or retiring and entering
+commercial pursuits. Offers looking towards the latter contingency
+were not wanting. He was, in fact, asked to take a business position,
+which offered him forty thousand a year. Here was a large income for a
+man of forty-two, regular work of an interesting sort, security and a
+clear future for himself and his family. Instead, he accepted the
+appointment to the Philippines which meant and indeed, as the outcome
+showed, actually involved more than a hundred military engagements
+amongst the natives of the islands in many of which he risked his
+life.
+
+Here again he took the road of service to his country as he had each
+time the ways divided since the day when as a young doctor he entered
+the army. No one but he himself can tell in detail just the reasons
+which led to this decision, but in the main they were the instinctive
+desire for action, for execution and for the open road, which then as
+now swayed him in all his actions and decisions. Then, too, he felt
+that since {162} Roosevelt was President, criticisms of their
+relations in political circles might readily arise, as indeed did
+occur later; and lest their friendship should be misunderstood he took
+the Philippine appointment--applied for it, even--in order that being
+thus out of the country, cause for any such occurrences might perhaps
+be avoided.
+
+It is always interesting to look back through the career of such a man
+and speculate on the chance or wise decision which caused the choice
+of the right road or the left road at such a time. Neither Wood nor
+Roosevelt could possibly know or foresee that this decision would
+furnish the former with the material which eventually led to his doing
+more than all the rest of the United States put together to start
+preparation for the Great War. Neither of them could have guessed that
+his administration in the Philippines would bring out further
+qualities in Wood which showed the statesman as well as the
+administrator in him.
+
+What might have happened otherwise is again a futile
+speculation--perhaps something to bring him still more before the
+people of his country, perhaps less--yet it may be safely said,
+judging {163} from history and biography the world over, that it is
+probable no road he might have taken would have suppressed Leonard
+Wood's executive and administrative qualities. Indeed the fact that
+for practically thirty years he has been in the army, that he is a
+soldier in every inch of his big body, has never even to this day made
+him a militarist. He is and always has been an administrator; and that
+quality with all that it means would in all likelihood have cropped
+out in whatever profession he might have chosen or been forced into by
+circumstances.
+
+Men of ability are doubtless occasionally kept down; but not as a
+rule. They rise to the occasion. And conversely men of small minds,
+dreamers and theorists looking to the settlement of all problems on
+the instant seldom last long at the top although they rise to
+prominence here and there in times of excitement and hysteria such as
+we are passing through to-day. It is only the sound common sense of
+humanity coupled with great ability that stands the test. It is only
+they who keep ever before them the fact that {164} elemental laws do
+not change, cannot be changed, who stand the test and strain of
+emergency.
+
+The entire world since the Great War is filled with new theories, new
+plans, new outlooks for all of us. We cannot go back to the old
+status. Yet because we cannot go back there would seem to be no reason
+for our going mad. The wall paper has changed--must change. New
+decorations with wonderful and to American ears unpronounceable names
+have been displayed before the eyes of Europe and America by the
+advanced architects of the day. But that individual--not to mention
+nations--who becomes fascinated with the new colors and designs will
+suffer horribly in the end if, having forgotten to look to the beams
+of his house, he finds it shortly tumbling about his ears. Sane
+vision, clear thinking at critical times has saved and will save many
+times again those who would fall but for such guidance.
+
+To-day in this land such men are needed. They must come forward, not
+in haste or with sudden panaceas, but with the same old sound common
+sense which has made us what we are and will keep {165} us from
+becoming what parts of the rest of the world have already become.
+
+In 1902 the situation, while not as acute as to-day, had nevertheless
+its problems to be solved; and though we had just finished what in the
+light of history was a short and almost insignificant war the country
+was startled from end to end by the discovery of its unpreparedness.
+As has already been said our amazing lack of men and equipment for any
+such occasion had been impressed upon Wood's mind by personal
+experience and by his own native instinct for the reverse.
+
+It was of great interest to him, therefore, to receive shortly the
+appointment to visit Germany as an American military observer of the
+German Army maneuvers. And out of this trip he learned more thoroughly
+the lack of foresight in military matters in this country and saw more
+clearly the position which we should be in, if such a machine as the
+German Army were pitted against us instead of the weak and decayed
+forces of Spain.
+
+In the course of these maneuvers he met many of the greatest military
+men of Europe. He was received and entertained by the German Emperor
+{166} not only because of his position in the American army and as the
+representative of the United States, but as the man who in Cuba had
+treated with such kindness and courtesy German officers of a visiting
+training ship who were ill with the Island fevers. He witnessed the
+grand maneuvers of the greatest army the world has ever known. But,
+what in his own belief was of far more importance, he met and talked
+with European military experts of world-wide reputation.
+
+Among these men the most congenial spirit was Lord Roberts. The little
+man of Kandahar, the great fighter of Britain's battles, the idol of
+the British public, was then striving to awaken the English people and
+the English government to their own unpreparedness. He sought even
+then to show them what an attack by a force like the German Army would
+mean to the British Empire. For years he kept at it, lecturing,
+speaking, crying aloud throughout England up to the very day when
+without warning in 1914 his countrymen found themselves with a scant
+two hundred thousand soldiers confronted by five millions of trained
+Germans.
+
+{167}
+
+The great fighter, the great preacher, his little body filled with
+patriotism and a great heart, unbosomed to Wood and met a responsive
+assent in Wood's own nature. They discussed from all sides the right
+thing to do. They went over all the European systems together with the
+desire in their hearts to find something which should at the same time
+give a nation a force of great size that could be quickly put into
+action and still not turn that nation into a huge military machine.
+Neither of them was a militarist. Both felt that peace was best
+preserved by the power to preserve it.
+
+Together they seem to have arrived at some adaptation of the Swiss
+system which provides that small country with a relatively enormous
+military force without causing the citizens to give up their
+commercial pursuits. At that time it is probable that Wood began to
+formulate the idea of universal military training of all male citizens
+between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one while they were finishing
+school and college and before they had settled upon their life work.
+
+At all events the material upon the subject {168} which he managed to
+accumulate in the way of books, pamphlets, records and so on
+constitutes now one of the main portions of his extensive library. And
+the whole trip was an example in his case of what a man can do
+incidentally--or apparently incidentally--while occupied ostensibly
+with some other work. During his stay in Europe he met many statesmen
+in Germany, France and England and absorbed from them all he could on
+the subject that was fast becoming his greatest interest.
+
+Upon his return to the United States the difficulties which Taft, the
+Governor of the Philippine Islands, was having in trying to bring
+order amongst the Moro, or Moslem, Islands and the half savage tribes
+which inhabited them led President Roosevelt to consider the
+advisability of sending some one to undertake this difficult and
+dangerous task. Speaking of it to Wood one day the latter said:
+
+"Why not send me?"
+
+Roosevelt immediately referred him to Mr. Root, then Secretary of War,
+with the result that he was appointed Governor of Moro Province to do
+{169} the work there amongst these new wards of the United States
+under different conditions which he had already done in Cuba.
+
+Wood felt very strongly that it would be far better for him to be
+there during the administration of Roosevelt in order that their
+personal relationship might not be misunderstood. This was the more
+forcibly brought in upon his consciousness by the occurrence at that
+time of what is known as the Rathbone affair.
+
+Major Estes G. Rathbone, formerly an assistant postmaster-general and
+at this time detailed to duties in the newly organized Post Office in
+Cuba, had been charged with wastefulness of public moneys and
+unwarranted expenditure of public funds for personal expenses. He,
+with certain associates, was brought to trial and convicted. He was
+sentenced to a long term of imprisonment. It was one of the few cases
+of malfeasance in office which occurred in Cuba during Wood's
+administration and was dealt with by the regular courts in the regular
+manner.
+
+Nothing further would have come of it in all probability had not the
+extraordinarily close {170} relations of Wood and Roosevelt furnished
+an excuse. The fact that Roosevelt was President of the United States
+and that as such he proposed the name of Wood for advancement to
+Major-General of Regulars from Brigadier-General added fuel to the
+flames. The fact that Wood was the senior Brigadier and that as such
+he would naturally become Major-General in regular seniority seems to
+have carried no weight at the time. Even then the Rathbone affair
+would have had no connection with the matter of this appointment had
+not Major Rathbone possessed personal friends high politically in the
+government of the time, and had not the regular army officers looked
+with disfavor upon the appointment even in regular order of a man who
+had been an army surgeon and who was not what is known as a line
+officer originally.
+
+All these influences, however, coming together at the same time caused
+an uproar in Congress over his appointment which, while it cleared
+Wood entirely, still made a political scandal that hurt to the quick
+the man who had just accomplished what he had accomplished in Cuba.
+
+Wood was charged with conduct unbecoming {171} an officer; that he
+made an intimate friend of an ex-convict in Santiago, and employed him
+as a newspaper correspondent to blacken the character of eminent
+American officers and advertise himself; that Rathbone was unjustly
+accused and convicted through Wood's direct agency; that Wood had been
+guilty of extravagance; that he had accepted while Governor-General
+presents from a gambling house in Havana, and so on.
+
+All this evidence and much more was laid before the Committee of the
+Senate on Military Affairs and was most thoroughly aired. The result
+was the absolute vindication of Wood, his confirmation as
+Major-General of the Regular Army and a report which is a part of the
+records of the Senate in which it is written that:... "not one of them
+has a better claim, by reason of his past record and experience as a
+commander, than has General Wood; and in the opinion of the Committee
+no one has in view of his present rank equal claim to his on the
+ground of merit measured by the considerations suggested."
+
+The whole episode thus ended in still greater credit to General Wood.
+It is only interesting {172} and in point here and now because it
+brings out the fact that the man himself never had the support of the
+Washington Army Department men until his service in the Philippines,
+except here and there amongst those officers who have served under
+him. Doubtless his extraordinary executive work in getting the Rough
+Riders ready for action and his methods which over-rode precedents and
+destroyed red tape throughout the whole of the War Department of that
+day had much to do with this. That there should follow in so few
+months his remarkable success in Santiago, his appointment as
+Governor-General of Cuba, his quick and successful organization and
+administration of the Island so that it could be turned over to the
+Cubans in such short order--all tended to fan the flames of prejudice.
+Hence when the opportunity of the Rathbone affair occurred the flames
+became a veritable conflagration, which, however, burned only those
+who brought the charges and touched the character of Wood himself not
+at all.
+
+In the meantime early in 1903 he started upon his duties in the
+Philippines. Instead of proceeding by the usual route through
+California and {173} over the Pacific to Manila, Wood decided to make
+the voyage the other way round with a definite plan for acquiring data
+upon his new subject and relative to his new duties as he went along.
+
+In Egypt he spent some time with Lord Cromer, then just preparing to
+give up his work there as Viceroy. Cromer, like all other persons in
+executive capacities throughout the world, knew well all that General
+Wood had done in Cuba. He had a very high appreciation of what had
+been accomplished in the time, because from his own experience he knew
+better than most men what the difficulties had been. He took a great
+liking for the quiet, stalwart American and told him that his
+administration in Cuba was one of the finest in Colonial history and
+the best in our generation. Later when Lord Cromer was asked to
+suggest some one to succeed himself in Egypt he said that
+unfortunately the best man was unavailable since he was an American
+citizen named Leonard Wood.
+
+He gave him all the facilities for studying the government and
+administration of the British protectorate and helped him wherever and
+{174} whenever he could. Wood's great interest was the study of the
+way in which men of different and conflicting religious beliefs were
+handled, and he collected large quantities of books and documents to
+be studied later as he proceeded eastward. No man could have asked for
+higher appreciation than was accorded him voluntarily by the able and
+experienced administrator of Egyptian affairs.
+
+From Cairo he proceeded to India and spent sufficient time to
+accumulate information there. He was to govern a Mohammedan population
+mixed up with Confucians, cannibals, headhunters and religions of
+twenty different varieties, and he studied as he went along all the
+methods employed in similar situations to preserve order without
+creating religious wars.
+
+He even made a special journey to Java at the invitation of the Dutch
+government, where the Dutch governor gave him all the assistance in
+his power. Here he found the problem more closely allied to his own
+than elsewhere.
+
+So that on his arrival in Manila he had gathered information upon most
+of the problems which would shortly confront him from sources {175} of
+unquestioned authenticity and from men of unquestioned ability. Some
+friend one night in Manila spoke of the large number of books that
+filled the walls of his house and wondered when he expected to get
+time to read them. Wood's answer was that he had read them all and
+only used them now as reference books to refresh his memory.
+
+New as the problems were, therefore, he had by the time he began
+active work as Governor whatever preparation any one could secure for
+the work in hand.
+
+The Spaniards had failed in their government in the Philippines as
+they had elsewhere. In Mindanao and Sulu--the country, or islands,
+inhabited by the Moros--they had failed signally because of their
+intolerance of the religious beliefs of the people and their careless
+impatience generally towards a colony which from its very nature could
+not produce much money. Furthermore they did not send sufficient
+military forces or sufficiently able officers to maintain their
+supremacy. And finally they did not deal with the people through the
+native clergy and priests. Consequently when the Americans came in the
+Moros were united only {176} in their hatred of the white race, placed
+no confidence in anything their rulers told them and only obeyed
+white-man-made laws as long as the white man was in sight.
+
+After all a sultan or datu had his position and authority which had
+come down to him through generations and his religion which had been
+taught him from birth. He saw no reason why he should give up these
+without a struggle just because some other man arrived with a
+different religion and a different form of sultan government. The
+country was such that it was easy to avoid the new rulers.
+Transportation over large parts of the southern islands was through
+jungle and pathless forests where even riding a horse was impossible.
+Streams without bridges, settlements without approaches except a
+trail, tropical climates to which only the Moros themselves were
+accustomed spread over a land of almost impenetrable jungle. The Moros
+themselves understood such a situation and could easily move from one
+spot to another, one island to another, one settlement to another;
+while the army had to fight its way in and then fight its way out
+again.
+
+{177}
+
+While the problem of administration was not unlike that in Cuba in so
+far as the organizing of courts, law, education, native officials and
+so on went, there were here in Moroland the infinitely more difficult
+and delicate tasks of dealing with many different religious laws and
+customs and the hereditary rank and rights of tribal rulers, none of
+which existed in Cuba.
+
+The quality of statesmanship in Wood which dealt with these problems
+and settled them so that from a slave-holding, polygamous, headhunting
+land there arose a self-governing community is of the highest order.
+
+It was put into force in the commander's usual, commonplace, thorough
+way without haste or excitement, but where necessary by force of arms
+which required more than a hundred engagements and many hard-fought
+battles. Wood first spent some time in Manila going over the situation
+with Mr. Taft. There he learned Taft's wishes and views and prepared
+his military forces. He was both military commander and civil governor
+of the Moroland and as such was again an absolute autocrat. When he
+was ready he started directly {178} into the jungle from Zamboanga.
+The journey took him and his staff through forests, over unfordable
+rivers, across mountain ranges on foot, across the straits that
+separated one island from another in dugouts, into forts, into towns,
+into villages and hamlets in a nerve-racking journey of over a month
+without a pause except for necessary sleep.
+
+He wanted to see with his own eyes and hear with his own ears at first
+hand what was the condition of affairs, what was going on, what were
+the different and varying situations in order that he might the more
+correctly and certainly draw up plans for the reorganization of the
+colony. In one village he was a military commander issuing orders; in
+another he was a criminal or civil judge sitting in session; in
+another he was a listener to the advancement of the plans and the
+religious ceremonials of the sultans or datus of the place.
+
+Naturally all came to see him. He was the embodiment of the new
+conquerors and curiosity alone would have brought every one, to say
+nothing of policy which brought those who desired {179} to impress him
+in order that special favors might be expected for themselves. He was
+the Great White Sultan judged by the standards known to their other
+sultans.
+
+And the problems were infinitely varied and in most cases entirely new
+ones to the "doctor from Boston."
+
+But, as in other places, he used his own methods in each instance to
+settle the particular problem, always emphasizing the one great fact
+that if the Moros would deal fairly with the Government of the United
+States they would benefit as never before, secure fair and just
+treatment and be assured of their right to live in peace.
+
+Yet when things became a little clogged he took immediate steps to
+clear the situation with force if necessary, but always with diplomacy
+if that could be made to do the job.
+
+"In Jolo there was a mess. The puffed-up Sultan, with whom General
+Bates in 1899 had made a treaty by which the Sultan engaged to keep
+order, was away in Singapore having a 'time.' His brother, the Rajah
+Mudah, was acting as regent. The sub-chiefs and datus were in a great
+{180} row. The Moros were murdering and robbing, all over the island.
+General Wood led an expedition to find out what was the matter. It was
+not a punitive expedition, but rather one meant to let the natives see
+the stalwart soldiers of the United States and understand the futility
+of resisting them. The Rajah Mudah was sulky. The General sent him a
+polite invitation to visit him in camp near Maibun, the Rajah's town.
+Mudah returned word that he was ill. Another invitation failed to
+budge him. General Wood ordered Colonel Scott to pay a call upon the
+sick Rajah and to take along a company of infantry. Colonel Scott and
+Captain Howard found the Rajah lounging among his pillows. He greeted
+them in the languid accents of the sick. Solicitous inquiries about
+the nature of his malady were made. The Rajah had a boil. Colonel
+Scott was deeply sympathetic. Would the Rajah object to showing his
+boil. Perhaps the visitors might be able to suggest a remedy. The
+Rajah did not show his boil. Captain Howard put his company into line.
+The Rajah sat up with a jerk, and Moros came running from all
+directions to see what was {181} happening. Colonel Scott very quietly
+explained that the soldiers had been sent as a guard of honor to
+escort the Rajah to the General. If the Rajah was quite sure that he
+was feeling sufficiently strong to travel, they would go.
+
+Peering through half shut eyes, the Rajah Mudah pondered for a moment.
+Then he announced that he felt greatly improved and that undoubtedly
+his condition would be immensely helped by a ride in the air.
+
+"General Wood greeted him cordially and ceremoniously. He personally
+conducted him around the camp, pointing out what fine, big men our
+soldiers were, and especially directing his attention to the machine
+guns. Would the Rajah like to see the guns in operation?
+
+"After the guns had mowed down a few trees the Rajah's face assumed a
+thoughtful expression. He became enthusiastically friendly."
+[Footnote: _World's Work_.]
+
+Such methods in time made an impression. Even the Moro mind began to
+absorb the fact that it was much better to accept the invitation than
+to undergo what followed any failure to do so.
+
+{182}
+
+Wood had also to add to his difficulties in the beginning the
+prejudice of army officers he found in the islands. The older men over
+whom he had been promoted by President McKinley had no love for him.
+They called him a doctor. He was not of the army fraternity. They had
+heard that he had done well, but not by established methods. The
+younger officers took their cue from their seniors and so did the
+enlisted men. It was a difficult problem, or series of problems,
+through which he had to steer a careful course. But he did it and
+turned the tide entirely in the other direction.
+
+He did it by always taking his share of the hard work. Object lessons
+of this sort multiplied as time went on. When troops were sent out to
+an engagement Wood went with them and kept in the front line. When
+they camped for the night in the jungle he had the same bed--the
+ground. When they had little or nothing to eat, he had the same. Once
+when they came out upon the beach of one of the islands after a hard
+trip Wood's launch was reported a hundred yards off the surf ready
+with cooling fans, a good mattressed bed, excellent food and a bath.
+He told {183} the orderly that he would stay with the men and sent him
+back to the launch, taking no more notice of the matter except to
+scrape out a new hollow in the burning sand in the hope of finding a
+cooler spot to sleep.
+
+Such episodes repeated again and again soon made a vital change of
+views in regard to the new governor and commander. They occurred so
+regularly and so often that it appeared true--this taking what came
+along in the day's work with the others--not a case of trying to
+produce effect now and then. Mr. R. H. Murray, in his article written
+in 1912, quoted above, speaks of an officer who served under Wood at
+this time and as he says quotes him as literally as he can:
+
+"When Wood first came out in 1903, the army in the Philippines didn't
+know him. There were plenty of officers who reviled him as a favorite
+of the White House, and cussed him out for it. Pretty soon the army
+began to realize that he was a hustler; that he knew a good deal about
+the soldier's game; that he did things and did them right; that, when
+reveille sounded before daybreak, he was usually up and dressed before
+{184} us; that, when a man was down and out, and he happened to be
+near, he'd get off his horse and see what the matter was and fix the
+fellow up, if he could; that when he gave an order it was a sensible
+one and that he didn't change it after it went out; and that he
+remembered a man who did a good piece of work and showed his
+appreciation at every chance.
+
+"Well, the youngsters began to swear by Wood, and the old chaps
+followed, so that from 'cussing him out' they began to respect him and
+then to admire and love him. That's the word--love. It's the easiest
+thing in the world to pick a fight out there now by saying something
+against Wood. It is always the same when men come in contact with him.
+I don't honestly believe there is a man in the department now who
+wouldn't go to hell and back for Leonard Wood."
+
+It was again much the same story as in Cuba. It was not only the
+personality of the man himself, his personal magnetism, but the quiet
+simplicity of his methods backed by knowledge and good judgment. It
+was the absence of doing anything for effect, anything of the personal
+{185} "ego;" the getting of things done quietly, without ferment or
+conversation. And back of it all the absolute certainty of every one
+who worked with or under him that Leonard Wood would do exactly what
+he said he would, even though he said it quite quietly only once and
+even though the doing of it meant a military expedition, a battle and
+the death of many a good man who perhaps knew nothing of the real
+reasons.
+
+Here again space is too limited to permit of an account of the work
+done by Wood which made a group of pirates into a relatively
+law-abiding community. Yet some attempt to picture the situation is
+necessary in order to give a slight idea of what the problem was.
+
+It should be borne in mind that the country over which he was made
+Governor-General consisted of two-thirds of the Island of Mindanao and
+the Sulu Archipelago--a long chain of large and small islands
+extending almost to Borneo. The inhabitants were principally
+Mohammedans, known to the Spaniards as Moros. Along the coast of
+Mindanao were scattered small Philippine settlements--Christian
+Filipinos. Widely {186} separated back in the islands were numerous
+tribes speaking different dialects. In appearance they were not unlike
+the Diacs of Borneo. Some of them were headhunters. Among some of them
+cannibalism still existed in the form of religious ceremonies.
+
+The Moros were the masters of all the seas in this vicinity. They were
+the old Malay pirates so well known in books of travel. The Spaniards
+had waged intermittent war against them since early in 1600, but they
+never effectively conquered them. They would send down a large
+expedition, win a victory and withdraw. This procedure, however, made
+little or no impression on the pirates, who shortly returned to their
+trade when the Spanish victors had returned home.
+
+The Moros were all fanatical Mohammedans, intolerant of Christians or
+Christian influence, and when the Spaniards arrived in Manila about
+1687 they dominated all the seas about the Philippine Islands. They
+were armed with all kinds of firearms, ranging from the old Queen Bess
+muzzle-loader to the most modern rifles. Their artillery ranged from
+the broadside guns of battleships of {187} the 18th Century to a
+smaller cannon of bronze, made principally in Borneo. They were bold,
+adventurous sailors, slave traders and slave hunters and successfully
+terrorized the hill tribes. Indeed, they were greatly feared along the
+coast of Mindanao.
+
+Early in the American occupation a treaty had been made with the
+Sultan of Sulu, who claimed the headship of Moros from the Island of
+Sulu northward to the great Island of Mindanao. In Mindanao there were
+different sultans who claimed headships in their own districts, and
+foremost amongst these was Datu Ali, who had waged a long and
+successful war with the Spaniards.
+
+Here then was a difficult problem: to establish civil government among
+these wandering hill tribes, Filipino settlements, and piratical
+Mohammedan groups, each fearing and hating the other. General Wood's
+first task as he conceived it was to stop slave-trading and establish
+relations of tolerance, if not friendship, between the Filipinos and
+the Moros on the one hand and between the Moros and the hill tribes on
+the other; to stop the Christian Filipinos from imposing {188} on the
+hill tribes; and to begin some method for substituting respect for law
+and order, for government and authority in the place of terror and
+hatred. The ending of the slave trade resulted in many heavy,
+long-drawn-out fights with the principal Moro bands. The Sultan of
+Sulu had not lived up to the Bates Treaty and he had to be deposed,
+therefore, as a sovereign in Sulu.
+
+The next step was to organize some form of government that would fit
+the situation. To start this Wood divided the entire Moro area,
+including the islands, into districts and appointed American officers
+of experience and ability as governors of the districts.
+
+He then visited Borneo and studied carefully the laws and regulations
+under which that chartered colony governed the Malays within its
+borders. The policy laid down by him for the district governors was to
+stop slave-trading and the taking of life and property at once; to
+establish next friendly relations between the people living on the
+coast and the timid tribes up in the hills; to build up commerce on a
+fair basis; to open up trails and lines of communication between {189}
+villages; to assure to every one, no matter what his religion, a fair
+deal. He also laid great stress on the necessity of bringing the
+headmen of the different tribes into contact with the district
+governors and of doing all that could be done to build up and increase
+commerce.
+
+At the same time the new and energetic Governor-General instituted a
+strong policy to stop forever the inhuman practices and customs highly
+repugnant to what Americans considered humane conduct. Every effort
+was made to insure better treatment of women, who up to that time had
+been nothing more nor less than chattels. On the seacoast trading
+stations were built and put in charge of men who spoke the dialect of
+the wild people. At these stations there was always a provincial agent
+who had authority to see that the hill people got fair prices for
+their products and just treatment from the Malays. Little by little as
+a result of this wise and sane policy they were all induced to come to
+the stations and make their head-quarters there during the trading
+period. In former times they had been accustomed to bring down their
+heavy loads of jungle products on their {190} shoulders and rather
+than stay in the neighborhood of the pirates over night they would
+sell their goods for anything they could get and hurry up into the
+hills again before dark. Moro, Filipino and Chinese traders had for
+centuries systematically robbed them. Money was of little use to them
+and therefore all trading was by barter. It was a long campaign of
+education which Wood instituted to build up confidence amongst these
+timid people, and he sent young American officers among them,
+traveling often-times hundreds of miles on foot and practically
+without any protection to help them and give them confidence.
+
+Little by little confidence was built up; great peace meetings were
+arranged among the different tribes; old grudges were wiped out;
+scores were balanced and old feuds settled. It took time and brains
+and painstaking patience, but it was done and done well.
+
+At the same time, taking a leaf from his own Cuban notebook, Wood
+started schools in the Filipino villages and took steps to do the same
+among the Moros. It was very difficult to {191} find teachers who
+would be received by these Moslems. It was at first almost impossible
+to get them to send their children to school at all. Nothing but time
+and sound, honest methods in dealing with these people made all or any
+of this possible.
+
+Patrol boats were put on duty in the waters about the islands.
+Simultaneous with this building up went the organization of the
+customs service, since the province had to be entirely
+self-supporting. Native people from among the Moros and Filipinos were
+organized into what was called the constabulary. Every effort was made
+to turn the attention of the people from irregular and piratical
+activities to the activities of commerce. School laws were put in
+force, written in terms to meet the situation. Increased cultivation
+of new land, cultivation of cocoanuts, cocoa, and various local
+products, including hemp, was encouraged by exempting it from taxation
+provided certain amounts of useful crops were planted thereon.
+
+Communications by land and water were built up as fast as possible.
+After a time taxation was {192} imposed very gradually in the form of
+a cedula, or poll tax. The money so collected was spent so far as
+possible in the district where it was collected. The headmen of the
+tribes and sub-tribes were made officials of the province and given a
+baldric bearing a brass shield with the seal of the province. In time
+they were given certain police authority for the maintenance of order.
+If the local headman could not handle the situation, the local
+constabulary was called in. If they in turn were not sufficient, then
+the troops were sent into the area.
+
+A free man's life was worth fifty-two dollars and a half in gold; a
+male slave one-half this amount; a free woman was worth as much as a
+male slave; a female slave half as much as a male slave, and a modern
+rifle about two hundred dollars in gold.
+
+As the simple processes of law came to be better understood natives
+were encouraged to appeal from the tribal to the district court,
+consisting of the district governor and the local priests or headmen,
+who advised the former upon tribal {193} customs and scales of
+punishment, in order that no injustice should be done to any one.
+
+Gradually appeals were taken from the district courts to the regular
+insular courts, which were represented by itinerant judges of the
+first instance. The latter belonged to the regular Philippine
+judiciary and were at this time all Americans. Women were given equal
+status before the law and the rights of property were safeguarded.
+
+After the first hard fighting the need for the use of troops gradually
+diminished and more and more of the policing work was done by the
+native constabulary. The wildest regions became practically safe.
+
+After the districts were in working order municipalities and townships
+were established and the framework of civic organization begun. The
+Mohammedan religion was left undisturbed. Religious freedom was
+guaranteed to both Mohammedans and Christians. In addition to the
+Catholic missionaries who had been working there for hundreds of
+years, missionaries of other denominations commenced to take active
+interest in the situation. The revenue was sufficient to maintain
+{194} the province in good shape and there was a considerable amount
+of money in reserve.
+
+Thus in three years, with the knowledge he had acquired in Cuba
+supplemented by his visits and study amongst the colonies of other
+nations where similar problems existed, with his extraordinary energy
+and capacity for working through innumerable subordinates, Leonard
+Wood again built up a community out of nothing but land and human
+beings. But in the Philippine instance he built up a community largely
+governing itself upon a system of laws still in force--though three
+governors have succeeded him--from a hopeless mass of Christian
+Filipinos, Chinese traders, Malay pirates, Mohammedans, cannibals and
+feudal tribes.
+
+It was a remarkable instance of state building, which following upon
+the Cuban episodes, stands out as the greatest achievement any man has
+accomplished in Colonial history.
+
+It is impossible to state the relative importance of this work without
+appearing to overdo it. Yet if we could but collect the tributes that
+have been paid to Wood upon its accomplishment they {195} would make a
+volume, Richard Olney wrote: "... to congratulate you personally on
+the most successful and deservedly successful career, whether as
+soldier or public man of any sort, that the Spanish War and its
+consequences have brought to the front." John Hay, then Secretary of
+State, wrote Wood a note "with sincere congratulations on the
+approaching fruition of all your splendid work for the regeneration of
+Cuba," and Senator Platt, of Connecticut, wrote of his "admiration for
+your administration under difficulties greater I think than have ever
+had to be encountered by any one man in reconstruction work." So the
+record of two statesmenlike and administrative works stands to this
+day as a witness of Wood's qualities.
+
+In 1905 after a visit to the United States he returned to the islands
+and became commander-in-chief of the American forces in the
+Philippines, General Bliss taking his place as Governor of the Moros,
+who were now established under a basic form of government and
+procedure which Wood had inaugurated.
+
+By 1908 this work was practically completed {196} and the procedure
+laid out for the future rule of that part of the Philippines. At that
+time General Wood was transferred to Governor's Island in New York
+Harbor as Commander of the Department of the East, strangely enough
+the first command he had held within the United States since the
+Geronimo days in the Southwest.
+
+There followed in the next six years a diplomatic mission as special
+Ambassador to the Argentine Republic upon the occasion of the
+centenary of Argentina, where he met and talked with General von der
+Groltz, the German officer, who had so much to do with the Great War
+later. From this meeting Wood absorbed more of the necessity for
+universal military training and more of the aversion to a standing
+army such as existed in Germany. After this mission he became the head
+of the American military forces under the President of the United
+States and for four years held the position of Chief of Staff.
+
+Thus beginning his army life in 1886 as an army surgeon he rose in
+twenty-two years to the highest position in the regular army that any
+one can hold. That, in a sense, closes a certain {197} period in
+General Wood's career. For when in 1914 he was again made Commander of
+the Department of the East he had already started upon his campaign of
+national preparation which had been growing and growing in his mind as
+he lived and served his own nation and observed and studied other
+nations. The knowledge he had acquired in the four quarters of the
+earth showed to him conclusively that a nation must be ready to resist
+attack in order to live in peace, and yet that that nation must not
+spend all its wealth and time and brains in building up a military
+machine. In a strange way the attitude of this New England "Mayflower"
+descendant resembled the attitude of his own native Cape Cod, which
+stands at the outposts of New England with its clenched fist ready and
+prepared, yet which lives on quietly in the lives of its inhabitants
+who proceed in peace with their commercial occupations and their
+family existence.
+
+
+
+{198}
+
+{199}
+
+THE PATRIOT
+
+{200}
+
+
+
+{201}
+
+
+
+VIII
+
+THE PATRIOT
+
+
+
+"There are many things man cannot buy and one of them is time. It
+takes time to organize and prepare. Time will only be found in periods
+of peace. Modern war gives no time for preparation. Its approach is
+that of the avalanche and not of the glacier.
+
+"We must remember that this training is not a training for war alone.
+It really is a training for life, a training for citizenship in time
+of peace.
+
+"We must remember that it is better to be prepared for war and not
+have it, then to have war and not to be prepared for it."
+
+Such sentiments quoted from General Wood's many speeches and writings
+might be continued until they alone made a volume--a book of the Creed
+of the Patriot. For in his crusade up and down our land for the last
+six years he has developed an unsuspected ability for epigrammatic
+phraseology, for stating in concise, homely {202} language the
+principle that no one in any successful operation has failed to get
+ready. This was unsuspected in him, because up to 1913 he had had
+little to say outside of his official reports. His motto of doing the
+thing without talking about it had been followed to the letter by
+himself.
+
+When he finally arrived at a position which was important and powerful
+enough to give him an opportunity for putting his beliefs into effect,
+when he furthermore arrived at a point where there was not the
+immediate necessity for feeding a starving people, or fighting a
+hostile military force, or reorganizing a tumbled-down state, or doing
+any of the things demanding immediate action with which he had been
+employed during most of his life--then with characteristic energy he
+did begin. Time could not be bought by him any more than it could be
+by others and his work of preparedness had to await a period of peace
+when the time was at hand. This period having arrived in 1912 and 1918
+he found that in order to produce any impression, to get action upon
+this plan, he must not only have a high and powerful position but he
+must awaken the public {203} to its importance before he could expect
+legislative or departmental action. Hence the volume of the Creed of
+the Patriot.
+
+With his accustomed energy therefore he started upon a campaign of
+writing, speaking and promoting in all ways open to him to bring this
+new plan before the people of this country and in doing so he
+developed the hitherto unsuspected qualities of a speaker of the
+highest, because the simplest and most homely order.
+
+To him there was nothing new in the plan of preparedness for the
+nation. He might have said to himself in 1913: "I have found that in
+order to be a doctor a young man must study so many years; in order to
+fight Apache Indians successfully a man must train for a physical
+condition that permits him to walk and ride and live harder than his
+already trained opponents, that he must train soldiers for that
+particular job, must train and care for horses to cover that
+particular country. I have found by sad experience that to have a
+regiment of Rough Riders in proper condition to fight Spaniards in
+Cuba the men must be taught by long training to understand military
+principles, {204} subordination to military rule of procedure, the use
+of guns and animals and the laws and tactics of military action in the
+field; that these men must be taught to take care of themselves in the
+open, that ammunition and equipment must be at hand and in use. I have
+found that in order to produce order in a community where there is no
+order, health in a land where there is only sickness, happiness
+amongst a people where there is only misery and fear and worry--in
+order to do all this laws must be made and respected, people must
+learn that they owe something to their state and that they are
+responsible for honest care, administration and thoughtfulness of
+those who look to them as they look to their state. I have found that
+where nothing but force will do the trick, force must be prepared and
+ready in advance. I have seen innocent persons go under because they
+were not ready to offset depredations. I have seen nations injured and
+destroyed because they were not ready to resist force, whether that
+force were used in a just or an unjust cause. And now I have arrived
+at the place where I can prove this to a nation instead of to a
+military platoon, or a military staff, or a few Cuban or Philippine
+officials."
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE PATRIOT]
+
+
+
+{205}
+
+He might have said all this to himself--doubtless has done so many,
+many times with much more to the same effect--but the outcome is a
+witness of the fact that he has from a long and active life as
+fighter, soldier, organizer, administrator, diplomat and statesman in
+the West, the South, in Europe, in Asia, in Cuba, in the Philippines,
+in South America, in Washington--in most parts of the earth--learned
+again and again that nothing can be really done on the spur of the
+moment, that everybody must prepare from school days to death. And in
+1913 he had his first real opportunity to preach this nationally to
+all the people of his own native land.
+
+That within a year of that time prepared Germany should have upset the
+world and found the British Empire, the French Republic and the
+Italian Kingdom unprepared--to say nothing of the United States--may
+have been one of the accidents--strokes of fortune--that some people
+say have made General Wood. But it would seem that the only thing this
+Great War did in this {206} connection was to prove by a terrific
+example that Wood and those with him were right and that those who
+were against him were wrong.
+
+If the war had not come, it would have taken longer to awaken this
+country to the facts and it would have delayed perhaps the growth of
+General Wood's name as that of a national and international character
+of highest importance. But it would not have changed the truth of his
+Creed--or rather the creed of which he has become the great
+protagonist. Nor does the fact that the war did come when it did give
+any ground for making Wood one of the greatest citizens of our country
+to-day because he preaches preparedness. General Wood stands at the
+forefront of the leaders in America at this time because of his own
+personal make-up and character and because of the amazing variety and
+extent of his services to his country which are written upon every
+page of its history during the last thirty years. It is the variety of
+things done which puts him in his present position, just as it is the
+variety of high qualities that has made the great men of all times
+great. King David was not only the greatest {207} general of his time.
+He was one of the greatest administrators of all time and perhaps the
+greatest poet that ever lived. Washington was not only a fighter of
+the highest order. He was one of the great generals of history; and a
+statesman and ruler of a higher order still.
+
+It might very aptly be said, therefore, that General Wood's campaign
+for national preparedness was only the accomplishment of a task for
+which he had all his life been preparing himself.
+
+Upon his return trip from the Philippines in 1908 he had come by the
+way of Europe studying always military systems. There was a short stop
+in Ceylon, in Singapore, in Egypt, in Malta and Gibraltar and a summer
+spent in Switzerland, ostensibly for health recuperation after the
+tropical life in Moroland and Manila, At the same time this gave
+opportunity for a closer study of the Swiss system which with an
+admixture of the Australian system furnished the basis for the
+training camps afterwards inaugurated by him here.
+
+At the same time he had the opportunity by invitation of seeing the
+German and French {208} armies mobilized at the time of the
+Bosnia-Herzegovina episode when all Europe was on the verge of war.
+The German army of maneuver was at Saarbruecken--ready. Practically the
+whole of the French army of maneuver was on the Loire--ready. He saw
+one immediately after the other--less than two days apart. Mr. White,
+then American Ambassador to France, asked him what he thought of the
+French army and his answer was that despite the fame of the German
+military machine France in the next war would surprise the world by
+the fitting effectiveness of her forces. He based this conclusion on
+the relation of officers and men and the discipline founded on respect
+and confidence rather than fear of officers.
+
+Then followed the centenary mission to the Argentine and a couple of
+years as Chief of Staff of the American army before he could
+effectively begin his campaign.
+
+The first gun was a letter sent out by Wood under permission of the
+Secretary of War which proposed to many presidents of colleges and
+universities in the United States the establishment of several
+experimental military training camps {209} for students. These camps
+were to be placed one on the historic field of Gettysburg and the
+other at the Presidio of Monterey, California. The former opened on
+July 7th and closed on August 15th, and the latter extended from July
+1st to August 8th. In all 222 students took this training, 159 at
+Gettysburg and 68 in Monterey.
+
+It was the first trial, and it was a very small and insignificant
+response. Indeed it gives a good idea of the importance in which
+military preparedness was held in this country at that moment--
+100,000,000 inhabitants; 222 volunteers.
+
+Those were the days when the people of this land and many others were
+hard at work upon commercial pursuits and when for amusement the world
+and his wife danced tango to ragtime music. So-called alarmists cried
+"Look out for war!" Major Du Maurier of the British army wrote a play
+called "An Englishman's Home," which startled and puzzled Englishmen
+for a while, but could not carry an audience for one week in this
+country. Nobody took any interest in what his neighbor was doing, to
+say nothing of what Germany or any other countries were planning.
+
+{210}
+
+Yet Wood was not discouraged. He was started on a long campaign and he
+knew he had to prepare to prepare. Furthermore the men in the
+universities who could see ahead came forward in his support and in
+support of the idea. Four years later President Drinker of Lehigh
+University wrote of the amazing success of the movement: "We owe it
+largely to Major-General Wood's farsightedness as a man of affairs and
+to his great qualities as a soldier and patriot, that our country was
+awakened to the need of preparedness, and this beginning of military
+training in our youth was due wholly to his initiative." [Footnote:
+_National Service Magazine_.]
+
+Small as the beginning was it was a plant with the germ of strength in
+it, since at this first camp in Gettysburg the members formed then in
+1913 the Society of the National Reserve Corps of the United States.
+Wood at once cooperated with this slender offshoot and gave it all the
+support in his power. He sent letters as Chief of Staff of the Regular
+Army to college presidents at the same time that the president of the
+new Corps did so--both suggesting an advisory committee to {211}
+assist the government in the encouragement and practical advancement
+of the training camp idea. This committee was formed and Presidents
+Hibben of Princeton and Drinker of Lehigh were elected president and
+secretary. The committee with these officers in charge gave assistance
+to Wood in his organizing work so that out of the small beginnings in
+the two camps an enormous organization arose which trained tens of
+thousands of young men to be officers and made the immense expansion
+of the little American army to 4,000,000 soldiers possible.
+
+Pushing always quietly but unremittingly ahead Wood helped these
+officers to increase the camps from two to four in the summer of
+1914--in Vermont, Michigan, North Carolina and California--with a
+total attendance of 667 students.
+
+Then came the Great War and the beginning of the work on a large
+scale. From college students, who reported on the interest and
+pleasure which they got out of the summer camp, the life in the open
+and the military instruction afforded by regular army men, the
+movement extended to business men, lawyers, preachers and so on. Wood
+{212} opened the Plattsburg camp on Lake Champlain to the latter and
+started the first business man's camp. Each man paid his own railway
+fares, his own living expenses while in camp and bought his uniform
+and equipment, except arms, with his own money.
+
+That year (1915) 3,406 men attended the five camps. In 1916 six camps
+were opened and 16,139 men attended them. At the close of the first
+Plattsburg camp the business men formed an organization for furthering
+and extending this training just as the college men had done at
+Gettysburg two years before. And in 1916 these two organizations
+consolidated and organized the present Military Training Camps
+Association of the United States.
+
+All through this period, taking advantage of the European war, drawing
+lessons from the tragic happenings just across the Atlantic, Wood went
+about the country, as little "Bobs" of Kandahar had previously done in
+England, speaking in halls, in camps, in churches, at clubs, at
+festivals, on special and unspecial occasions of all kinds. He drove
+home the subject which he knew so well and others knew hardly at all.
+He met all comers of {213} every grade in arguments and debates--those
+who were constitutional objectors, pacifists, people who thought
+arbitration much more effective, people too proud to fight or too busy
+to get ready--all comers of all kinds. And the Great War day by day
+helped him. He spent his summers going from one camp to another,
+traveling all over the United States.
+
+At six in the morning he would appear in one of them ready for
+inspection, and any day anywhere where there was a camp one might see
+him in the early morning sunshine, or the early morning rain striding
+up one company street and down another followed by new and old
+officers, peering into this dog tent and that kitchen, examining this
+man's rifle and that man's kit, praising, criticizing and jamming
+enthusiasm in two hours into a group of a thousand men in a manner
+they knew not how, nor clearly understood. It was just what he had
+done in Cuba, just what he had done in the Philippines where he had
+organized drilling, athletic and condition-of-equipment competitions
+in each company, each regiment, each brigade, each division--one
+pitted against another, all at it hot and heavy; {214} not because
+Wood came along and looked them over, but because when he did look
+them over he could spot any weakness in any part of the work with
+unerring certainty--not alone because he could spot any weakness, but
+because he knew a good point when he saw it and gave credit where
+credit was due.
+
+It is perhaps not out of place here to look back in the light of
+events which occurred afterwards and are now a part of history and
+secure an estimate of what this work did for this country in awakening
+the people to a sense of the critical situation, to prepare an army
+which should do its part in the world war, to bring that army into
+line in France at what seems to have been a critical moment and to
+help bring the war itself to a successful conclusion in conjunction
+with the Allied armies which had held on so long against such terrific
+odds.
+
+The purpose of the camps and what they will lead to in time of peace
+and did lead to in time of war is perhaps best shown in one of General
+Wood's statements: "The ultimate object sought is not in any way one
+of military aggrandizement, {215} but to provide in some degree a
+means of meeting a vital need confronting us as a peaceful and
+unmilitary people, in order to preserve the desired peace and
+prosperity through the only safe precaution, viz.: more thorough
+preparation and equipment to resist any effort to break the peace."
+
+That at a time when there was no European War in sight.
+
+Now consider General Pershing's report of Nov. 21, 1918--after the
+close of the war. The first American air force using American
+aeroplanes went into action in France, that is to say in the war, in
+August, 1918--16 months after the declaration of war by the United
+States and four years after the beginning of the war itself. During
+the entire time that the United States was in the war, a little over
+19 months, not one single American field gun was fired at the enemy
+and only 109 had been received in Europe at all. No American tank was
+ever used against the enemy in the whole war. Yet a month or six weeks
+after the declaration of war troops began to go to Europe and at its
+close in November, 1918, the army {216} consisted of 3,700,000 men, of
+whom more than 203,000 were newly made officers. Half of this force at
+least got over to the other side of the Atlantic and at least half of
+them took part in the fighting at one time or another of the 19
+months.
+
+One would have said at the outset that a commercial nation like the
+United States, filled with factories, mechanics and mechanically
+inclined brains, could and would have made guns and aeroplanes and
+uniforms far quicker than it made soldiers and officers. Yet such was
+not the case.
+
+A French officer here in America at that time studying American
+mobilization said:
+
+"I knew you recruited over 3,500,000 men in 19 months. That is very
+good, but not so difficult. But I am told also that although you had
+no officers reserve to start with you somehow found 200,000 new
+officers, most of them competent. That is what is astonishing and what
+was impossible. Tell me how that was done." [Footnote: _National
+Magazine_]
+
+There is only the one answer, that the officers' training camps
+started in 1918 by Leonard Wood and fostered by him and the people of
+this nation {217} who then and later agreed with him made the
+impossible possible and made the new, raw army effective and in time.
+It was what came to be known as the "Plattsburg Idea;" which, getting
+really going first in May 16, 1917, as a regular part of the United
+States mobilization, did its work before arms and ammunition were
+ready, before uniforms could be had, before camps had been even laid
+out and before the first draft had been taken. At that time 40,000
+selected men were in training for officers' positions in sixteen
+camps. That is to say, in 40 days 150,000 applications had been
+received, 100,000 men examined and 40,000 passed as fit and ready for
+training.
+
+It was the work in 1913, 1914, 1915 and 1916. It was the Plattsburg
+idea adapted to war conditions. Without it the situation regarding men
+might easily have been the same as the situation regarding guns,
+aeroplanes and uniforms.
+
+Plattsburg, being in New York State, naturally became the type of
+camp, since in 1914 Wood, having been relieved of his position as
+Chief of Staff, was detailed to command the Department of the East
+with his headquarters on Governor's {218} Island in New York Harbor.
+He no sooner took up this new work than the Department of the East,
+where fifty-six per cent, of the National Guard of the whole country
+was included, became a seething office of energy and work. In so far
+as the training camp idea went this energy was centered in Plattsburg.
+
+
+At the same time General Wood inaugurated the Massachusetts National
+Guard Maneuvers--the first of their kind held in this country--and
+added a water attack on Boston. He also assisted Governor Whitman in
+putting through the New York State Legislature the bills creating the
+State Military Training Commission, under whose management all boys
+between the ages of sixteen and eighteen undergo a simple but
+effective training in the rudiments of military tactics and receive
+the athletic training of a short camp life each year--all involving
+the inculcation of the principles of discipline, of order and of self
+care.
+
+Thus the history of the way in which the Government of the United
+States, when war was eventually declared, secured its officers is
+told. {219} One might go into detail, but the main facts are not
+altered by any amount of detail. They stand out clearly--the awakening
+of our land in time by the energy and patriotic spirit of one man,
+supplemented by the untold amount of work accomplished at his
+suggestion by thousands of patriotic American citizens.
+
+And in the midst of this work before war was declared General Wood, as
+a part of his plan of preparedness, asked some ten or twelve men to
+come to Plattsburg at different times to speak to the student
+officers. Among these men he included the two living ex-presidents of
+the United States--Mr. Taft and Colonel Roosevelt. He first submitted
+the list of speakers to the War Department so that the Department
+might eliminate any one of them who for any reason should appear to be
+undesirable.
+
+After two weeks, having had no reply, he sent out the invitations and
+from time to time these speakers came and addressed the members of the
+different camps.
+
+Roosevelt on his arrival at Plattsburg handed to Wood the speech he
+proposed to deliver; and {220} in view of the known critical attitude
+which the former took towards the administration Wood asked two other
+army officers to go over the proposed speech with him and help him to
+eliminate anything which might be questioned upon such an occasion.
+The address was delivered at about five o'clock in the afternoon at
+the camp and when it was finished Roosevelt was heartily congratulated
+personally by many men of both political parties, among them two
+distinguished Democrats--John Mitchel, Mayor of New York, and Dudley
+Field Malone, Collector of the Port of New York.
+
+After dinner Roosevelt left in the evening to go into the city of
+Plattsburg, a mile or two away from the camp, to take the midnight
+train for New York. As he stood on the platform of the railway station
+some time after eleven in the evening he was interviewed by the
+newspaper reporters. No military person was present. What he said was
+given out on territory not under military jurisdiction and it had
+nothing to do with the Plattsburg speech. Roosevelt spoke to the
+newspaper men in his usual forcible fashion:
+
+"In the course of his speech he remarked that {221} for thirteen
+months the United States had played an ignoble part among the nations,
+had tamely submitted to seeing the weak, whom we had covenanted to
+protect, wronged; had seen our men, women and children murdered on the
+high seas 'without action on our part,' and had used elocution as a
+substitute for action. 'Reliance upon high sounding words unbacked by
+deeds,' said he, 'is proof of a mind that dwells only in the realm of
+shadow and of sham.' Under the Hague Convention it was our duty to
+prevent, and, if not to prevent, then to undo, the hideous wrong that
+was done in Belgium, but we had shirked this duty. He denounced
+hyphenated Americans, professional pacifists and those who would
+substitute arbitration treaties for an army, or the platitudes of
+peace congresses for military preparedness."
+
+The next day Wood received a telegraphic reprimand from the Government
+in Washington. "In this telegram of disapproval. Secretary Garrison
+said it was difficult to conceive of anything which could have a more
+detrimental effect than such an incident. The camp, held under the
+{222} Government auspices, was conveying its own impressive lesson in
+its practical and successful operation and results. 'No opportunity
+should have been furnished to any one to present to the men any matter
+except that which was essential to the necessary training they were to
+receive. Anything else could only have the effect of distracting
+attention from the real nature of the experiment, diverting
+consideration to issues which excite controversy, antagonism and
+ill-feeling, and thereby impairing, if not destroying, what otherwise
+would have been so effective.' General Wood replied, as follows: 'Your
+telegram received, and the policy laid down will be rigidly adhered
+to.'" [Footnote: _The Independent_.]
+
+
+
+{223}
+
+THE GREAT WAR
+
+{224}
+
+{225}
+
+
+
+IX
+
+THE GREAT WAR
+
+
+
+On April 6, 1917, war having been that week declared by the United
+States against Germany, Major-General Leonard Wood, ranking officer in
+the United States Army--that is to say, the man occupying the senior
+position in our army--being then in sound health of mind and body and
+fifty-six years of age, wrote and personally delivered two identical
+letters, one to the Adjutant-General of the Army and the other to the
+Chief of Staff, requesting assignment for military service abroad.
+
+No acknowledgment or reply was ever received from either source.
+
+Early in April he received notice that the Department of the East of
+which he was then commander was abolished and in its place three new
+and smaller departments created, in spite of vigorous protests by
+several Governors of Atlantic States. He was offered any one of the
+following {226} three military positions that he might select--the
+Philippines, Hawaii or the "less important post" at Charleston, South
+Carolina.
+
+He at once selected the post at Charleston.
+
+On May 12th he proceeded to Charleston and began the organization of
+the Southeastern Department. In the months immediately following he
+had selected and laid out eleven large training camps and had taken
+charge of the supervision of three officers' training camps, one at
+Oglethorpe, one at Atlanta and one at Little Rock.
+
+On August 26th he received orders to proceed to Camp Funston in Kansas
+to command the cantonment there and train for service a division of
+national troops designated as the 89th Division.
+
+Towards the end of the year he was ordered to proceed to Europe to
+observe the military operations of the war. Leaving Camp Funston the
+day before Thanksgiving, he landed in Liverpool on Christmas Day,
+1917. In London he called by invitation upon General Robertson, the
+British Chief of Staff, and upon his old friend, Sir John French. He
+then proceeded to Paris on December 31, and between January 2nd and
+14th, 1918, {227} went over the British front with Generals Cator and
+Rawlinson. On the 16th he was at Soissons with the French.
+
+For the next few days the examination of the French front continued at
+and near the Chemin des Dames sector.
+
+On January 27th he went with some French officers and men and a number
+of American officers to look into the work of the 6th French army
+training school, where artillery practice was in progress at
+Fere-en-Tardenois. He was standing behind a mortar, the center man of
+the five officers watching the gun crew fire the mortar, when a shell
+burst, or detonated, inside the gun.
+
+The entire gun crew was blown to pieces. The four officers on either
+side of General Wood were killed. He himself received a wound in the
+muscles of the left arm and lost part of the right sleeve of his
+tunic. Six fragments of the shell passed through his clothing and two
+of them killed the officers on either side of him. He was the only man
+within a space of twelve feet of the mortar who was not instantly
+killed. Many were wounded, including two others of our own officers.
+
+{228}
+
+After a night in the field first-aid hospital, where his arm was
+dressed, he motored approximately a hundred miles to Paris the next
+day and went into the French officers' hospital in the Hotel Ritz.
+
+This hospital was in the old portion of the Ritz Hotel. General Wood
+was the first foreign officer to be admitted to it. It was full of
+wounded French officers and men from the different fronts; some of
+them from Salonika; some sent back from Germany, hopelessly crippled,
+and held as unfit for further service by the Germans; and many from
+the Western front.
+
+Here he got very near the soul of the French Army and came in touch
+with that indomitable spirit which made that army fight best and
+hardest when things looked darkest. Thanks to an excellent physical
+condition he made a rapid recovery, described by French surgeons as
+found only among the very young. He was a guest of the French
+Government while at the hospital and received every possible courtesy.
+On the 16th of February after having talked with many of the French
+officers in the hospital and called, at their request, upon
+Clemenceau, President Poincare, Joffre and {229} others, he left Paris
+entirely cured of his slight wound and proceeded to the headquarters
+of the French Army of the North at Vizay. There he met and talked with
+Generals D'Esperey and Gourand, visited Rheims and Bar-le-duc and
+spent the day of the 20th at Verdun.
+
+During the next few days he visited the United States Army
+headquarters at Chaumont and Toul and was back in Paris on the 26th,
+when he received orders from the A. E. F. to return to the United
+States by way of Bordeaux. On the 21st of March he arrived in New York
+and was summoned four days later to appear before the Senate committee
+on military affairs to report his observations.
+
+He was then examined by the Mayo examining board, pronounced
+absolutely fit physically and on April 12th resumed command of the
+89th Division at Camp Funston, Kansas.
+
+The training of this division was practically finished in late May and
+the 89th was thereupon ordered abroad for service.
+
+After seeing some of the elements of the division off for the
+evacuation station at Camp Mills, Long {230} Island, New York, General
+Wood left Funston himself and proceeded to Mills to see to the
+reception of his division and look to its embarkation. He arrived at
+the Long Island camp on May 25th and there found an order from the War
+Department relieving him of his command of the 89th Division and
+instructing him to proceed to San Francisco to assume command of the
+Western Department. After finishing some necessary work he went to
+Washington on the 27th and saw the Secretary of War. Little is known
+of what took place at this conversation except that General Wood
+requested that he be reinstated in his command of the 89th Division
+and sent abroad, which was refused.
+
+Wood saw the President, explained the situation and was told that the
+latter would take the matter under consideration.
+
+No consideration was ever reported.
+
+Meantime the order sending him to California created such an uproar
+throughout the United States that it was rescinded and General Wood
+was ordered to Camp Funston again to train a new division--the
+10th--which was ready to go {231} abroad when the armistice was signed
+on November 11th.
+
+This constitutes General Wood's services to his country during the
+period of the war.
+
+Much might be said in regard to this history. Much might be surmised
+as to the causes which led to keeping the man who was the senior
+officer of the army out of the war entirely. Much--very much--has been
+said throughout this country in and out of print during the past two
+years. The theory that he was too old for active service could not be
+a reason, since he is younger than many general officers who did see
+service abroad--younger as a matter of fact than General Pershing
+himself. It is hardly conceivable that physical condition could have
+been a reason, since at least twice in the last two years he has been
+passed by expert physical examination boards in the regular routine of
+army life and found sound, mentally and physically. He does, to be
+sure, limp and has had to do so for years on account of an accident in
+Cuba fifteen or sixteen years ago. Yet this could hardly unfit him for
+service in France when it did not unfit him for service in the {232}
+Philippine jungle, or the active life which he has led for the past
+ten years.
+
+There has been considerable surmise as to whether his amazing campaign
+for preparedness, his speeches and his many activities in the
+officers' training camps organization and administration prejudiced
+the authorities against him. This again is hardly credible since it is
+manifestly inconceivable that those men in charge of the prosecution
+of our part in the great war, with the immense responsibility resting
+upon their shoulders, could possibly have allowed personal prejudice
+and favoritism to have played any part in their decision in regard to
+any man--least of all the most important man in the Regular Army.
+
+Some controversy arose as to whether Wood's friendship and relation to
+Theodore Roosevelt might not have created hostility in administration
+and army circles. This again is beyond credence when the importance of
+the men on both sides is considered and the terrific importance of
+events at the time is taken into account. Here again it is
+inconceivable that any man or group of men could at such times and in
+such circumstances {233} allow anything personal to sway his or their
+judgment.
+
+The incontestable fact still remains, however, that the one man in the
+Army who by his whole life in the United States, in many parts of the
+earth, had during a period of thirty years been preparing himself for
+just such an occasion, who had for four years been trying to get the
+people of the country and the government to prepare, who had appeared
+before Senate military commissions and other similar bodies and
+registered his belief in the necessity for certain measures, all of
+which were adopted by the Government as recommended by him--that the
+one man who had done all this should not have been selected to do any
+active service whatever at the front, but should have been offered
+posts in the Philippines, Hawaii and California when he was applying
+for service in France. Lloyd George wanted him; France wanted him; and
+the American Army wanted him.
+
+All sorts and conditions of men throughout the United States expressed
+their opinion upon the subject during this war period and are doing so
+{234} still, but the one man who has said nothing is General Wood
+himself. With his inherited and acquired characteristic of doing
+something, of never remaining idle, with the habit acquired from years
+of military discipline and respect for orders emanating from properly
+constituted authority, he put in his application again and again for
+service and then accepted without public comment whatever orders were
+issued to him.
+
+Here again is the same simple, direct mind of the man who has at no
+time lost his sense of proportion, who has not become excited because
+his chance was not given him--the chance for which he had spent long
+years of preparation--who did not let this outward
+wallpaper--plaster--showy thing divert him from the essential point,
+the great beam of our war preparation house--the necessity that every
+man, woman and child should do all he or she could do to help the
+Government of the United States carry the war--or our part of it--to a
+successful conclusion when that Government finally made up its mind to
+go in.
+
+Wood declined to become a martyr. He had no bitter feelings. He was,
+as any other man of {235} his prominence and character would be,
+disappointed at having no opportunity to serve his country at the
+front. But he took what came to him and did it as usual with
+extraordinary quickness, effectiveness and thoroughness.
+
+Indeed speculation on the subject is not likely to produce much
+profit. It is only of importance in the present place as illustrating
+again the make-up of the subject of this biographical sketch. He took
+no steps other than those regularly and properly open to him to secure
+service. He attempted no roundabout methods. He kept his own counsel
+and followed his old maxim of "Do it and don't talk about it." His
+requests for reasons for denying him of all men the right to fight for
+his country on the battle line made through proper channels--never
+otherwise--produced no answers in any case and to this day the whole
+amazing episode is entirely without explanation.
+
+Meantime the man's characteristic energy and thoroughness produced
+extraordinary results in other fields.
+
+In his short sojourn in Charleston it was his duty to select and
+prepare at once a certain {236} number of camps, or cantonments as
+they came to be called, within the jurisdiction of the South Eastern
+Department. And this he proceeded to do with great rapidity. Not only
+were all the sites he selected passed without exception, but they
+proved to be in every instance safe, sanitary and sufficient for the
+purpose. This was no easy matter with almost every town and city in
+the South sending delegations to him to ask that it be selected as the
+site of one of the camps, with the prodigious amount of political
+influence brought to bear from all sides and with the necessity of
+offending nobody, of making all work towards one end--the immediate
+preparation for homes for the men who were to make the new army.
+
+It was all so skillfully handled that there is not a place in the
+South of any size which has not sounded and does not sound the praises
+of General Wood. He selected the camps and made them with that
+experience and knowledge that were his because of the fact that he was
+an army officer and a doctor who had done much the same thing and had
+had much the same work in Cuba and the Philippines.
+
+{237}
+
+One would expect something of the sort from any able man with such
+preparation, but one would not expect such a man to leave the
+Department with the extraordinary popularity and the multitude of
+expressions of good will and affection which Wood carried away with
+him after these few months of work.
+
+In the midst of the journeyings to and fro to look over possible sites
+and all the work entailed in preparing the camps he found time to
+supervise the three officers' training camps already mentioned, which
+were carried out upon the lines of the earlier ones with the aid of
+the Officers' Training Camps Association.
+
+Upon being transferred to Camp Funston near Fort Riley in Kansas, Wood
+began in the first days of September, 1917, the training of a new
+division of raw recruits from the selective draft. He had the
+assistance of a nucleus of army officers and some few army men, but
+the bulk of the division consisted of new men and of new officers
+recently from the officers' training camps. And this work was well on
+its way and the division {238} taking form when he received orders to
+go to Europe.
+
+It is difficult in this limited space to go into the details of his
+work abroad, and most of it in any case was technical matter more
+adapted to a military report. The results of some of his conversations
+are, however, of interest now as showing the situation as it appeared
+to important men, military and political, in Europe at that time.
+
+Some one said during the summer of 1918 when asked how much the
+American man and woman in the street really knew of what was going on
+in Europe, that if the headlines of American newspapers were
+disregarded and the actual telegraphic reports themselves read day by
+day, nearly everything that anybody from commanding generals down knew
+was known to that reader. There were, of course, many discussions
+amongst the guiding intellects, political and military, which never
+saw the light. There were, naturally, plans discussed and never
+carried out which the American citizen did not hear of at any time.
+But the general consensus of opinion seems to be that the {239}
+American newspaper reader knew almost as much as any one of what was
+happening and that he certainly knew as much of what was going to
+happen as the men in the inner circle.
+
+Much that has come out since the armistice shows a condition of
+affairs almost as the man in the street knew it at the time. In the
+winter of 1917-18 we knew that a huge drive was scheduled by the
+Germans on the Franco-Belgian front in the spring. In the following
+summer we knew the doubtful situation around Chateau-Thierry. In the
+middle of July we knew that something was happening, that the
+Americans were beginning to go in in large numbers, that the German
+"push" was slowing up; and that a turn had been made. Finally we knew
+that the German army was suddenly retiring, and for a month before the
+armistice was signed we knew that it was going to be signed. Indeed so
+sure was the American public of this last that they celebrated the end
+of the war throughout this great land a week ahead of time, because of
+a report which, though literally incorrect, was in essence true and
+known to be true.
+
+{240}
+
+It is not uninteresting, therefore, to review the sentiments and
+opinions which Wood found upon his arrival amongst the French and
+English statesmen and soldiers between January 1 and February 26th,
+1918.
+
+In London Lloyd George, the British Premier, knew Wood as the
+administrator of Cuba and the Philippines. He knew also of Wood's
+experience with, and knowledge of European armies. He was anxious for
+Wood to be in Europe. He laid great emphasis upon the shortage of
+American air service which made it difficult for American troops to
+work as a separate unit without English or French cooperation. He pled
+for American troops at the earliest possible moment and offered more
+transportation facilities--even though England had already transported
+not only her own men but many of ours across the Atlantic.
+
+General Sir William Robertson stated in January that there was an
+impending crisis coming in the early spring; that Germany would make
+an immensely powerful drive toward Paris or the channel ports or both;
+and that in his opinion the Allied lines would hold until the
+Americans {241} got into the war with full strength. But he made no
+concealment of the fact that the next six months would be very
+critical ones.
+
+Marshal Joffre held similar views. Both officers expressed the opinion
+that the summer of 1918 would be the crisis and deciding point of the
+war. They, too, felt the French and English lines would hold, but they
+laid heavy stress upon the importance of more troops from America.
+
+On the French front Wood lunched and had a long talk with General
+Gouraud and another at Paris later with General Petain whom he knew
+and who knew well the history of Wood's career in organization and
+administration. Petain is said to have expressed the hope that Wood
+might soon be in France on active duty and to have said that when he
+did come he would put him in command of an army of French and American
+troops.
+
+As Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, next to the highest rank in
+that order--General Wood was naturally received by all French officers
+and statesmen. This order having been conferred upon him some years
+before because of his record in Cuba and the Philippines placed him in
+a small {242} group of men, most of them, naturally, French, who are
+the distinguished men of Europe. His reception by the President of
+France, by the premier, Georges Clemenceau, and other French statesmen
+came as a matter of course. But the conversations which took place
+between the American soldier and these men have never, naturally, been
+made public except in some of their bare essentials. Nor will any one
+ever know just what was said unless one or another of the parties to
+them shall some time disclose it himself.
+
+There seems to be no doubt, however, of the very warm reception which
+this senior officer of the American army was given. His record in
+preparedness work, his record in administrative and organization work
+were all well known to the statesmen of these two countries who were
+from their experience with colonial matters so well fitted to judge of
+what he had accomplished along these lines.
+
+General Wood's opinion as the result of his trip was that the American
+troops should serve by divisions for a time with the French and
+English rather than as a separate army from the start, {243} because
+of the fact that all matters of supply, equipment, artillery, air
+service and so on which were so incomplete in the American service and
+so complete by this time in the British and French services would
+apply to the Americans as well as to the others and that the training
+alongside the veterans of over three years of war would make the
+effectiveness of the American troops quicker, better and more
+definite--would in the end increase efficiency and save life.
+
+After having reported to the Senate committee and returned to Camp
+Funston he took up with immeasurably renewed vigor the work of getting
+the 89th Division, which he was to take abroad, ready for its service,
+and all was prepared when the order came for them to move to New York
+for embarkation. This work of transportation being practically
+completed and the big division ready to go on board ship, Leonard Wood
+felt that at last his chance to take his part in the war at the front
+had come.
+
+It is practically impossible for any one, therefore, to realize just
+what it meant to him, or would have meant to any man, to receive
+notification as {244} he was almost in the act of going on board the
+transport that his command of the division he had trained and
+organized was taken away from him, another officer put in his place
+and he himself ordered to the farthest possible extremity of the
+United States in the opposite direction. It is certainly impossible to
+express here what his feelings were since nobody really knows them.
+
+Imagination, however, which plays so important a part in this world's
+affairs will play its part here as elsewhere, and some estimate of
+what effect it had upon the country was shown in the outcry which
+arose everywhere and which created such sudden wrath that the order
+itself was immediately rescinded and changed to the Funston
+appointment.
+
+The character of men is exhibited in infinite ways and by infinite
+methods, but never more surely than during critical periods when
+passions run high and injustice seems to be in the saddle. It is
+always at such times that reserve force, mental strength, and all the
+sound basic qualities which make up what we call character play their
+important parts in the drama of life. No one has, {245} so far as our
+history tells us, shown greater strength of this nature than Abraham
+Lincoln, and it is that reserve, that amazing common sense which "with
+malice toward none, with charity for all" led him on all occasions no
+matter how extraordinary the provocation to decline to let
+personalities, jealousies, or any of the baser passions control his
+actions or influence his decisions.
+
+It would be ridiculous for any one to assume that General Wood was not
+cut to the quick by this unexplained action, which took the cup from
+his lips as he was about to drink, but there never has appeared
+anywhere anything emanating from him which criticized, questioned or
+in any way took exception to it. One may read, however, between the
+lines of his short good-by to the division which he created many
+thoughts that may have been in his mind and that certainly were in the
+minds of the officers of the 89th to whom this simple address was the
+first intimation that he was not to lead them into action in France.
+It is so direct, so simple, so manly that, like all such documents, it
+is only with time that its great {246} hearted spirit makes the true
+impression on any reader. It will take its place in the history of
+this country amongst the few documents which live on always because
+they exhibit a wise and sane outlook upon life and because they make a
+universal appeal to the best that lives always like a divine spark in
+the heart of every man.
+
+It makes the boy in school exclaim, "Some day when I grow up I will do
+that." It lives in the dreams that come just before sleep as the
+attitude the young man would like to take when his critical hour
+comes. It cheers the old, since they can say: "So long as this can be
+done there is no fear for our native land."
+
+Here it is:
+
+"I will not say good-by, but consider it a temporary separation--at
+least I hope so. I have worked hard with you and you have done
+excellent work. I had hoped very much to take you over to the other
+side. In fact, I had no intimation, direct or indirect, of any change
+of orders until we reached here the other night. The orders have been
+changed and I am to go back to Funston. I leave for that place
+to-morrow {247} morning. I wish you the best of luck and ask you to
+keep up the high standard of conduct and work you have maintained in
+the past. There is nothing to be said. These orders stand; and the
+only thing to do is to do the best we can--all of us--to win the war.
+That is what we are here for. That is what you have been trained for.
+I shall follow your career with the deepest interest--with just as
+much interest as if I were with you. Good luck; and God bless you!"
+
+
+
+{248}
+
+[Illustration]
+
+STATE Of KANSAS
+
+GOVERNOR'S OFFICE
+
+
+
+KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS:
+
+INASMUCH as the life of a state, its strength and virtue and moral
+worth are directly dependent upon the character of the citizens who
+compose it, and
+
+INASMUCH as it is a solemn obligation imposed upon the Governor of the
+state to promote and advance the interests and well-being of the
+commonwealth in every way consistent with due regard for the rights
+and privileges of sister states, and
+
+WHEREAS, the soldier, Leonard Wood, Major General in the United States
+Army and now commandant at Camp Funston, has shown by his daily life,
+by his devotion to duty, by his high ideals and by his love of
+country, that he is a high-minded man after our own hearths,
+four-square to all the world, one good to know,
+
+NOW, THEREFORE, I Arthur Capper, Governor of the State of Kansas, do
+hereby declare the said
+
+  MAJOR GENERAL LEONARD WOOD
+
+to be, in character and in ideals, a true Kansan. And by virtue of the
+esteem and affection the people of Kansas bear him, I do furthermore
+declare him to be to all intents and purposes a citizen of this state,
+and as such to be entitled to speak the Kansas language, to follow
+Kansas customs and to be known as
+
+  CITIZEN EXTRAORDINARY
+
+IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto subscribed my name and caused to be
+affixed the Great Seal of the State of Kansas. Done at Topeka, the
+capitol, this 19th day of December, D. 1919
+
+Arthur Capper GOVERNOR
+
+[Seal of the State of Kansas] By the Governor
+
+[Signature] Secretary of State
+
+[Signature] Asst. Secretary of State
+
+
+
+[End illustration]
+
+
+
+{249}
+
+A few days later Wood had returned to Funston and begun preparations
+for the training of the 10th Division, when by executive action the
+Governor of Kansas acknowledged on his own behalf and on behalf of the
+State the General's services to his country by making him a "citizen
+extraordinary" of the State.
+
+The story of the Tenth Division is short but illuminating. It was
+composed principally of drafted men. Its first groups began to
+organize at Funston on the 10th of August--raw men from office, farm
+and shop. They found there the skeletons of so-called regular
+regiments--regiments which were regular only in name; that is to {250}
+say, there were only a very few regular officers of experience and a
+limited number of men recently recruited under the old system. On the
+24th General Wood reviewed the whole division. On November 1st it was
+ready, trained, equipped and in condition both from the physical and
+the military point of view to go abroad. And when the armistice was
+signed on November 11th an advance contingent had already gone to
+France to prepare for its reception. About the middle of September the
+British and French Senior Mission--three officers of each
+army--reported at Funston and remained there for six weeks. And upon
+their departure on November 1st after a long, rigid and critical
+examination of the division they stated that in their opinion it was
+by far the best prepared and trained division that they had seen in
+this country.
+
+Here again appears the same quality that made McKinley appoint Wood
+Governor-General of Cuba; that made Roosevelt send him to organize the
+apparently unorganizable part of the Philippine Islands; that caused
+the French to award him a very high order of the Legion of Honor;
+{251} that made the State of Kansas take him into its family as a
+citizen; that led the generals of Europe to hope he would come and be
+one of them; and finally that caused many hundreds of thousands of his
+own countrymen to follow him and support him in his plans to prepare
+the people of his nation for what eventually came upon them.
+
+With the signing of the armistice and the victorious ending of the war
+Wood's activities did not cease. With characteristic energy he began
+the work of looking out for the soldiers who would soon be demobilized
+from the army and thrown upon their own resources. He saw how changed
+the outlook of many of these men would be. He saw the troubles in
+which thousands--actually millions--of them would be involved, not
+through any fault of their own, not through any fault of the
+Government or of army life, but because they had undergone certain
+mental changes incident to training, to active service, and hence
+could not again return to the point they had reached when their
+military service began.
+
+He, therefore, instituted in Chicago, where as Commander of the
+Central Department he had his {252} headquarters, as well as in St.
+Louis, Kansas City and Cleveland, organizations to look to the finding
+of employment for returning officers and men. And in addresses and all
+methods open to him he urged the organization of similar bodies in all
+cities to accomplish elsewhere the same object. His attitude was that
+of the father of children--the rearrangement on new lines of the
+American family; and he again found universal support.
+
+"Appreciation of the work done by our Soldiers, Sailors and Marines in
+the Great War can best be shown by active measures to return them to
+suitable civil employment upon their discharge from service. The four
+million men inducted into the service, less the dead, are being
+returned to their homes. In seeing that they are returned to suitable
+civil employment, and by that I mean employment in which they will
+find contentment, we will find it at times difficult to deal with
+them. We must remember that many of these men, before going in for the
+great adventure, had never been far from home, had never seen the big
+things of life, had never had the opportunity of finding {253}
+themselves. During their service in the army they found out that all
+men were equal except as distinguished one from the other by such
+characteristics as physique, education and character. They discovered
+that men who are loyal, attentive to duty, always striving to do more
+than required, stood out among their fellows and were marked for
+promotion. Naturally many of them now see that their former employment
+will not give them the opportunities for advancement which they have
+come to prize, and for that reason they want a change. They want a
+kind of employment which offers opportunities for promotion. Many such
+men are fitted for forms of employment which offer this advantage, and
+they must be given the opportunity to try to make good in the lines of
+endeavor which they elect to follow. It is not charity to give these
+men the opportunities for which they strive. It is Justice. Others are
+not mentally equipped to take advantage of such opportunities if
+offered, and with these we will find it more difficult to deal. They
+must be reasoned with and directed, if possible, into the kind of
+employment best suited to their characteristics. Let us {254} remember
+that a square deal for our honorably discharged Soldiers, Sailors and
+Marines will strengthen the morale of the Nation and will help to
+create a sound national consciousness ready to act promptly in support
+of Truth, Justice and Right" [Footnote: _Address of Leonard Wood_.]
+
+There is, with the differences patent because of time and place and
+surrounding circumstances, a flavor to this plea that recalls another
+address upon a similar subject more than fifty years ago:
+
+"It is for the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished
+work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is
+rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before
+us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that
+cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we
+here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that
+this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom--and that
+government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not
+perish from the earth." [Footnote: _Lincoln's Gettysburg Speech_.]
+
+{255}
+
+THE RESULT
+
+{256}
+
+{257}
+
+
+
+X
+
+THE RESULT
+
+In these days, therefore, immediately following the Great War it is
+well to keep in our own minds and try to put into the minds of others
+the great elemental truths of life; and to try at the same time to
+keep out of our and their minds in so far as possible the unessential
+and changing superficialities which never last long and which never
+move forward the civilization of the human race.
+
+This very simple biographical sketch is not an attempt to settle the
+problems of the hour. Such an attempt might excite the amusement and
+interest of students of that mental disease known as
+paranoia--students who are far too busy at the moment as it is without
+this addition to the unusually large supply of patients--but it could
+not add anything either to the pleasure or entertainment of any one
+else. That the simple biographical sketch can even approach the latter
+{258} accomplishment may be held to be a matter for reasonable doubt.
+
+Nor, furthermore, is the sketch an attempt at the soap box or other
+variety of philosophy which one individual attempts to thrust down the
+mental throats of his fellow beings. There exists a hazy suspicion
+that the fellow beings are quite competent to decide what they will
+swallow mentally and what they will, vulgarly speaking, expectorate
+forthwith.
+
+The simple biographical sketch is a frank attempt to express, as at
+least one person sees it, the character, the accomplishments and the
+service rendered by one man to his country throughout a life which
+seems to have been singularly sturdy, honest, normal and consistent,
+and which, therefore, is an example to his countrymen that may in
+these somewhat hectic times well be considered and perhaps even
+emulated.
+
+At the risk, however, of entering the paranoiac's clinic it would seem
+almost necessary if not even desirable to apply the record discussed
+to the situation which confronts us in these days, since biography has
+no special significance unless it {259} brings to others some more or
+less effective stimulus to better and greater endeavor on their own
+part.
+
+If, therefore, the life and record of a man like Leonard Wood is to be
+of value to others it must to some extent at least be considered in
+relation to the events of his day and time. These events have been
+sufficiently startling in the light of all previous history to make it
+perhaps permissible to glance over them.
+
+Roughly speaking, since Wood was born transportation has become so
+perfected that, in the light of our navy's recent accomplishments with
+the seaplane, it is now possible for a human being to go from New York
+to London in the same period of time that it took then to go from New
+York to New London. It is fair to assume then that the distance of New
+York from London so far as human travel goes is or will shortly be the
+same as the distance of New York from New London when Wood was born.
+
+Roughly speaking since Wood was born intercourse between persons by
+means of conversation has become so perfected that it is now possible
+for {260} two people, one in New York and the other in San Francisco,
+to converse over the telephone--wireless or otherwise--as easily as
+could two persons when Wood was born talk from one room to another
+through an open doorway. So that for practical purposes the three or
+four thousand mile breadth of this continent is reduced to what then
+was a matter of ten feet.
+
+One might continue indefinitely, but these two examples are
+sufficient. If San Francisco is no further away than the next room and
+if London can be reached as quickly as New London, and if myriads of
+other physical changes of this sort have occurred in sixty years, then
+it is fair to assume that there has been an equal amount of resulting
+psychological change. These changes in the relation of man to his
+surroundings and the consequent changes in his relations to himself
+and his fellow beings have probably done more to rearrange the world
+on a different basis than all the developments of the half-dozen
+centuries that preceded the nineteenth.
+
+The elimination of distance, the making of human relation as easy for
+continents as for {261} adjoining communities lessens the size of the
+world and standardizes the rules that govern life. All intellectual,
+political, commercial and military procedures have changed therefore
+in the last half century to a greater extent than in hundreds of years
+prior thereto. One race in the fifth or sixth grade of civilization
+begins to discover what the other race in the first grade is doing.
+One commercial country of a lower order finds what it is losing
+because of another country of a higher order of commercialism. The
+laborers of Barcelona discover what the laborers of New York are
+receiving in compensation for the same work. The people of Russia
+discover the different political conditions existing amongst
+themselves and the people of England and France. The government of the
+German Empire sees what a united nation backed by the biggest army on
+earth might do in Europe. The men of Austria who have no vote learn
+what the men of the United States procure from universal suffrage.
+
+With the belief on every human being's part that the other fellow is
+better off than he, with the education which goes on through the
+medium {262} of emigration and immigration, with the immense number of
+detail short cuts, with the prodigious increase in reading and the
+resulting acquirement of the ideas of others, with the myriad of other
+matters patent to any one who thinks--with all this and because of it
+the methods and procedure of daily life have changed entirely
+throughout most of the civilized world since a man who is now nearly
+sixty was born.
+
+At the same time the family remains the same; the marriage law is
+unchanged; the right of private property is what it was in the days of
+ancient Rome. The Constitution of the United States is what it was a
+hundred and thirty years ago. Justice is the same as it was in the
+time of Alexander. The Golden Rule has not been altered since the time
+of Christ. Love, hate, fear and courage stand as they were originally
+some time prior to the stone age.
+
+To revert, then, to the simile of the construction of the house, it
+seems true that while the plaster and the wall paper--the decorations
+of its interior and exterior--change from time to nevertheless on the
+whole, as a rule, in the main {263} the passage of the great ages has
+not materially changed the supports of the structure--and never will.
+
+
+In the matter of interior and exterior decoration periods come and go
+during which those who build houses decorate according to schools of
+art. It is the only belief that any sane and hopeful human being can
+have that these schools of decoration for the old house of
+civilization in the main steadily improve. If it is not so, then we
+have nothing to live for, nothing to which we may look forward. Also,
+however, there are fashions and fads running along by the side of
+these great schools which are suggestive, amusing or ludicrous, as the
+case may be. The cubists and the followers of the old masters paint at
+the same time. One, however, dies shortly and the other lives
+on--often to be sure affected in some slight way by the grotesque but
+honest fad, but never giving way to it.
+
+In the month of November, 1918, greater changes of this nature took
+place in the political world than in all the years which preceded that
+month since the beginning of the Christian era. {264} In that month
+some scores of crowned heads stepped down from their thrones and made
+haste to reach shelter as do the rats in a kitchen when the cook turns
+on the electric light. At that time something like three hundred
+millions of people gave up their particular forms of government and to
+a certain extent have been living on since without any substitute.
+
+Some of these crowned heads have sat on their thrones from five to ten
+centuries. Some of the governments have lived as long.
+
+It looks like a general tumble of the house of civilization. And yet
+most of these millions of people go on getting up in the morning,
+going to bed at night and, impossible as it may seem, conducting
+commercial enterprises. The kings have gone; the governments have
+gone; yet the people remain and their daily life goes on--not as usual
+--but in the main the same.
+
+At such a time amidst such stupendous changes it is natural that an
+infinite number of plans for reconstruction come forward. All the
+century-old panaceas crop up. All the moss-grown plans for a perfect
+world are thrust forward in a new {265} dress and naturally gain
+credence. And with the increased ease of intercommunication of
+individuals and ideas the opportunity not only for many more but for
+widely divergent theories to make themselves heard is immeasurably
+increased. Thus it becomes possible for a Lenine and a Trotzky to
+leave their tenement flats in the slums of New York and proceed to the
+palaces of the Czar to show the hundred and twenty millions of
+Russians what can be done--and, what is far more to the point, get a
+hearing. Thus it becomes possible for the International Workers of the
+World in Russia, France, England and America to get together in
+conference in Switzerland or elsewhere and discuss how best to destroy
+not only governments, but private property, law, order, the family and
+all the beams of the great house at one time. Thus it becomes possible
+for a host of less radical but none the less pernicious plans for the
+good or evil of the world to fly about amongst unstable but
+well-meaning minds.
+
+Our country, so remote in miles from the scenes of these upheavals, is
+by the development of {266} modern times so near that it is to a
+certain extent affected by them.
+
+In a population of one hundred millions in the United States there are
+probably one hundred million different views entertained upon each of
+the questions of this disturbed period. But a fair classification of
+them could be safely made into radicals, moderates and
+conservatives--Bolsheviki and theorists, slow-moving and hard-thinking
+citizens and stiff-necked reactionaries--all honest and earnest in the
+mean. If the Bolsheviki and theorists outnumber the others we shall
+have a situation in the United States similar to that in Russia,
+Austria and Germany. If the stiff-necked reactionaries outnumber the
+others, we shall smother the flame for a time only to have it burst
+forth shortly in an infinitely more terrible explosion. If the
+slow-moving, hard-thinking citizens outnumber the others, we shall
+maintain the main structure of our house so laboriously built
+throughout the ages while we change to some extent the nature of the
+wall paper and the plaster to adapt it to modern conditions.
+
+Some of us want to achieve the first, some the {267} second and some
+the third status; and it would be safe to say that up to the present
+in this country the people of the great middle class--the not rich,
+the not poor, the steady business man, the ordinary mother of a
+family--are in the majority and are trying to adapt themselves to the
+new conditions even if only in a slow and somewhat halting manner.
+
+It will help them and therefore help the country to maintain
+themselves and itself on an even keel until the storm subsides if they
+can have some concrete standard to work by. And as standards in this
+sense usually become established by example, by what each of us thinks
+the man he looks up to is doing, thinking and planning, it seems fair
+to say that the example of a few leading men of the strong sanity
+which characterizes General Wood is having now or will have in the
+future a great influence for good.
+
+When we are all complaining at the changing conditions, when we see
+apparently permanent organizations like the government of
+thousand-year-old empires crumbling in a month, when we hear the new-old
+theories for a new form of {268} existence, we are somewhat dazed,
+somewhat influenced by the outward signs and somewhat skeptical about
+our own small but to ourselves important outlook. At such a moment the
+voice of one who says in substance: "Do not let superficial changes
+--no matter how important they seem--make us forget the law of man and
+nature; do not forget that the fittest survives; do not imagine that
+wars are over because the most terrible one in history is just
+finished; do not hesitate to prepare for your own duties and those of
+your country; do not forget that organization and cooperation produce
+peace, safety, prosperity and happiness"--when a voice in our land
+announces this and its owner proves by his whole life the truth of his
+statements, then it pays to listen and inwardly digest.
+
+In spite of all we are being told to the contrary, there need be no
+alarm for the future if the country contains enough of such leaders to
+make themselves heard above the babel of new cries and beliefs,
+notwithstanding the attractive pictures some of these theorists
+present. For that reason leaders must always exist where progress is
+to be {269} made and the great majority must stand behind them to back
+them up.
+
+The effective spear cannot do its work without its steel point, nor
+yet without its long handle to force the point home.
+
+This biographical sketch treats of one of these spear points and as
+such represents to a greater or less degree all great sane leaders,
+though it speaks of but one.
+
+Leonard Wood's personality is one of mental sanity and physical
+health. It is non-reactionary and non-visionary. It is military only
+in the sense that the army happens to have been his business in life.
+His business might have been that of the law, of banking, or leather,
+without in the least changing in it. He once said of this:
+
+"The officers of the Army and Navy are the professional servants of
+the government in matters pertaining to the military establishment.
+They are like engineers, doctors, lawyers, or any other class of
+professional men whose services people employ because they are expert
+in their line of work. They do not initiate wars. Nine-tenths of all
+wars have their origin directly or indirectly in {270} issues arising
+out of trade. The people make war; the government declares it; and the
+officers of the army and navy are charged with the responsibility of
+terminating it with such means and implements as the people may give
+them."
+
+His voice raised in behalf of preparedness refers therefore to the
+military, because as a Major-General in the United States Army he is
+not empowered to speak of other walks in life. Yet his own wide
+experience in Cuba and the Philippines in administration, very little
+of which was military, is a witness of his belief in preparedness in
+an life.
+
+He founded schools where there were none to prepare citizens for the
+new Cuban republic. He reorganized and built up customs laws and
+regulations where there were only attempts at such in order to prepare
+revenue to build roads and finish public works to make a busy and
+healthy nation. He reestablished sane marriage laws in order to
+prepare a solid community resting upon the basis of the clearly
+defined family. In the Philippines he instituted local government to
+prepare the islands for self-government.
+
+{271}
+
+None of these acts, nor many others of like nature, had anything to do
+with the military. They were all based on the law that a sound and
+successful community, whether that community be a village, town or
+nation, rests in the final analysis on personal, individual
+responsibility which in the group makes a responsible government, that
+personal responsibility comes only from preparation, from execution as
+a result of preparation and from efficiency which is its synonym.
+
+We study for this or that profession. We cannot practice law unless we
+prepare and take a degree. We cannot enter the medical profession
+unless we study and take a degree. Wood's great thesis is that we
+cannot become sound citizens and, therefore, in the group a sound
+nation, unless we study and prepare to be such.
+
+It sounds so simple that one wonders why it is written. And yet for
+the last two years under the guise of war necessity this country has
+been moving in quite another direction. Instead of personal
+responsibility we have been substituting more and more government
+responsibility. Instead of individual effort we have been advancing
+governmental {272} effort. Instead of natural competition we have been
+substituting government regulation. Instead of advancing patriotism,
+nationalism, Americanism, we have been letting all these give way to
+internationalism. We have not been preparing ourselves as individuals
+to assume individual responsibly, but in fact we have been giving up
+that responsibility to government.
+
+It is through the sense of the people quickened by such men as Wood
+that we shall come back to sounder methods--not to where we were
+before. That can never be. If it were so, the world would not be
+moving forward. But we shall come back to the basic principle that
+individual initiative, energy and the rewards that accrue therefrom
+are and always must be the basis for collective initiative, energy and
+the rewards thereof; that no collective organization such as a
+government can remain virile and effective unless its component
+parts--the individuals--remain virile and effective.
+
+The appeal which Wood's life makes to us is toward this responsibility
+of the individual _for_ his own work, his own affairs, his own family,
+and {273} to his own country, and that has been found throughout
+history to be the groundwork, the foundation upon which civilization
+rests. Translated into current phrase this means that we must follow
+such men as he, keep eternally at work to improve ourselves
+individually, to make a good and honest living, to hand on the torch
+of patriotism, of sanity and of ever-increasing knowledge by
+furnishing to the world the new generations that shall carry on, and
+to weld and stabilize the whole structure by building up Americanism
+within our borders. In the vocabulary of General Wood this is
+translated again into the words: "Prepare! Prepare! Prepare!"
+
+Such has been the career of the New Englander from Cape Cod who has
+worked in his own land, in the tropics, in many spheres, at many
+problems until at the age of fifty-eight in sound mind and body he
+stands firmly still in the prime of life ready for many years yet to
+come of service and work for himself, his family and his fellow
+countrymen.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Career of Leonard Wood, by Joseph Hamblen Sears
+
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