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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/33628-h.zip b/33628-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..79ca440 --- /dev/null +++ b/33628-h.zip diff --git a/33628-h/33628-h.htm b/33628-h/33628-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..35a7381 --- /dev/null +++ b/33628-h/33628-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1522 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Emma Goldman, by Charles A. Madison. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.price { position: absolute; + left: 86%; + font-weight:bold; + text-align: right; +} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + + + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Emma Goldman, by Charles A. Madison + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Emma Goldman + Biographical Sketch + +Author: Charles A. Madison + +Release Date: September 4, 2010 [EBook #33628] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EMMA GOLDMAN *** + + + + +Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Martin Mayer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + +<h1>EMMA GOLDMAN</h1> +<h3><i>Biographical Sketch</i></h3> +<p> </p> +<h3>By</h3> +<h2>CHARLES A. MADISON</h2> +<h4><i>Author of</i></h4> +<h4>CRITICS AND CRUSADERS</h4> +<p> </p> +<h4><i>Published by</i></h4> +<h4><span class="smcap">Libertarian Book Club, Inc.</span></h4> +<h4>P. O. Box 842</h4> +<h4>General Post Office New York 1, N. Y.</h4> +<h4>May 13, 1960</h4> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + +<h3><i>Reprinted from</i></h3> +<h3>"CRITICS AND CRUSADERS"</h3> +<h3>by <span class="smcap">Charles A. Madison</span></h3> +<h3><i>with the permission of</i></h3> +<h3><span class="smcap">Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.</span></h3> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="10" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" frame="box" rules= "none" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap"><b>In Memoriam</b></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">The Libertarian Book Club</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">has published this pamphlet as</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">a tribute to the memory</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">of our brave comrade</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><b>EMMA GOLDMAN</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">died May 13, 1940</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">to commemorate the twentieth anniversary</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">of her death</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 225px;"> +<a href="images/emmagoldman.jpg"><img src="images/emmagoldmanthumb.jpg" width="225" height="300" alt="Emma Goldman 1869--1940" title="Emma Goldman" /></a> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p><p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>EMMA GOLDMAN</h2> + +<p><i>ANARCHIST REBEL</i></p> + + +<p>The hanging of several anarchists in 1887 as a consequence +of the Haymarket bombing in Chicago caused many Americans +to sympathize with the gibbeted radicals. Youths +swathed in bright idealism, men and women rooted in equalitarian +democracy, workers trusting in the rectitude of their government—all +doubted the guilt of the condemned prisoners and were deeply +perturbed by the egregious miscarriage of justice. Many of them for +the first time became aware of the state's ruthless arrogation of +power, and scores upon scores remained to the end of their lives +inimical to government and apprehensive of all forms of authority.</p> + +<p>Emma Goldman was one of these converts. Resentment against +the restraints of authority was no new experience for this spirited +girl. As far back as she could remember she had hated and feared +her father, a quick-tempered and deeply harassed Orthodox Jew +who had vented his emotional and financial vexations on his recalcitrant +daughter. Unable to get from him the love and praise she +craved, she had refused to submit to his strict discipline and had +preferred beatings to blind obedience. Consequently she grew up +in an atmosphere of repression and acrimony. "Since my earliest +recollection," she wrote, "home had been stifling, my father's +presence terrifying. My mother, while less violent with her children, +never showed much warmth."</p> + +<p>At the age of thirteen she began to work in a factory in St. Petersburg, +and her life became doubly oppressive. She soon learned of +the revolutionary movement and sympathized with its agitation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +against Czarist autocracy. To escape from the tyranny of her +father, the irksomeness of the shop, and the repressive measures of +the government, she fought with all her stubborn strength for the +opportunity to accompany her beloved sister Helene to the United +States. Early in 1886 the two girls arrived in Rochester to live with +their married sister, who had preceded them to this country.</p> + +<p>Like other penniless immigrants, the seventeen-year-old Emma +had no alternative but to follow the common groove to the sweatshop. +Paid a weekly wage of two dollars and a half for sixty-three +hours of work, she naturally resented the social system which permitted +such exploitation. Together with other immigrants she had +dreamed of the United States as a haven of liberty and equality. +Instead she found it the home of crass materialism and cruel disparity. +This disillusionment was deepened by the hysterical accounts +of the trial in Chicago. She was quick to conclude that the +accused anarchists were innocent of the charge against them; and +the vilification not only of the prisoners but of all radicals merely +hardened her hatred against the enemies of the working poor.</p> + +<p>It was easy enough for her to believe John Most's claim in <i>Die +Freiheit</i> (which chance had brought her way) that Parsons, Spies, +and the other defendants were to be hanged for nothing more than +their advocacy of anarchism. What this doctrine was she did not +quite know, but she assumed it must have merit since it favored +poor workers like herself. When the jury found the men guilty, she +could not accept the reality of the dread verdict. Her thoughts +clung to the condemned anarchists as if they were her brothers. +In her passionate yearning to do something in their behalf she +attended meetings of protest and read everything she could find on +the case; and she sympathetically experienced the torment of a +prisoner awaiting execution. In her autobiography, <i>Living My Life</i>, +she wrote that on the day of the hangings "I was in a stupor; a feeling +of numbness came over me, something too horrible even for +tears." The very next day, however, she became imbued with a +surging determination to dedicate herself to the cause of the martyred +men, to devote her life to the ideals for which they had died.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the meantime, discouraged and lonely, she had welcomed a +fellow worker's show of affection. She felt no love for him and, as a +result of an attempted rape at the age of fifteen, she still experienced +a "violent repulsion" in the presence of men, but she had +not the strength to refuse his urgent proposal of marriage. She soon +learned to her dismay that her husband was impotent and not at +all as congenial as she had thought. However, the very suggestion +of a separation enraged her father, who had recently come to Rochester. +After months of aggravation she did go through the then rare +and reprehensible rite of Orthodox divorce, but she had to leave +town to avoid social ostracism. When she returned some months +later, her former husband again pursued her, and his threat of +suicide frightened her into remarrying him.</p> + +<p>Emma now felt herself thwarted and trapped. Twenty years old +and yearning to make life meaningful, she chafed at the very +thought of her drab and dreary existence. Her anxiety to elude her +father's abuse, to free herself from a loveless marriage, to escape +the dullness of her oppressive environment, only intensified her +longing for freedom and affection. Consequently she began to nurture +her dream of dedicating herself to the ideal championed by +the Chicago martyrs. One day in August 1889 she broke relations +with her husband and parents and left for New York with money +supplied by her ever-devoted sister Helene.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In the metropolis Emma felt herself gloriously free. For the first +time in her life she was completely independent. On the teeming +East Side a new and wonderful world emerged before her, and she +embraced it with passionate abandon. Alexander Berkman, a determined +doctrinaire at eighteen, made her acquaintance the day she +arrived and the pair at once established an intimate comradeship +which endured through many vicissitudes to the day of his death. +John Most, the impetuous anarchist leader, became her lover as +well as her mentor and opened new and fascinating vistas of the +mind. "Most became my idol," she wrote. "I adored him." Under +his tutelage she read seminal books and learned about significant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +men and ideas. Anarchism assumed definite meaning; the struggle +by the many in want against the few in power, then so pathetically +feeble, became to her a war unto death; the goal of social freedom +appeared tangible and alluringly near. For months her voracious +hunger for knowledge seemed insatiable, her capacity for emotion +inexhaustible. This tremendous release of energy was in truth the +expression of long-pent-up zeal. She threw herself into the radical +movement of the East Side with the enthusiasm of an inspired +visionary.</p> + +<p>Her first years in New York were a period of preparation. Along +with her work in sweatshops, which she had to do to earn her living, +she found time to familiarize herself with the latest libertarian literature +and to spend hours on end in intellectual discussion. Nor +was she able to remain a passive onlooker even during her early +apprenticeship. With John Most's helpful guidance she went on +her first "tour of agitation" only a few months after reaching New +York. She addressed several meetings in as many cities on the eight-hour +day, then a timely topic, and discovered that she was able to +hold the attention of an audience and to think quickly while facing +its inimical questioning.</p> + +<p>That winter the newly formed Cloakmakers' Union called its +first general strike. Emma immediately "became absorbed in it to +the exclusion of everything else." Her task was to persuade the +timid girl workers to join the strike. With prodigious energy she +exhorted them at meetings, encouraged them at dances and parties, +and thus influenced many to partake in the common effort to improve +working conditions in the sweatshops. The strike leaders were +greatly impressed by her dynamic qualities as an organizer and +public speaker.</p> + +<p>Emma's association with John Most became strained to the +breaking point when she perceived that he esteemed her more as a +lover than as a fellow anarchist. His arrogance irritated her and, +much as she admired his impassioned eloquence and incisive mind, +she could not accept the acquiescent role he had assigned her. +When his high-handed behavior resulted in a factional split, she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +sided with those who rejected his domination. Some time later, +when Most derided Berkman's attempt to kill Henry C. Frick and +disavowed the theory of "propaganda of the deed" of which he +had been the chief exponent, she came to hate him. At the first opportunity +she lashed him with a horsewhip at a public meeting and +denounced him as a renegade. Nor did time bring about a reconciliation.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Emma, Alexander Berkman, and a youthful artist were living +together in congenial intimacy. They worked at their menial tasks +during the day and devoted their evenings to agitation. Because +the progress of anarchism in this country was too slow for them, the +news of increased revolutionary activity in Russia filled them with +a romantic nostalgia for their native land. They decided to engage +in some business until they should have saved enough money for +the journey back. In the spring of 1892 chance brought them to +Worcester, Massachusetts, where they were soon operating a successful +lunchroom.</p> + +<p>The bloody consequences of the lockout at the Homestead plant +of The Carnegie Steel Company inflamed the minds of these +youthful idealists. The plan to return to Russia was abandoned +with little regret. They agreed it was their duty to go to the aid of +the brutally maltreated workers. Berkman insisted that their great +moment was at hand, that they must give up the lunchroom and +leave at once for the scene of the fighting. "Being internationalists," +he argued, "it mattered not to us where the blow was struck +by the workers; we must be with them. We must bring them our +great message and help them see that it was not only for the moment +that they must strike, but for all time, for a free life, for anarchism. +Russia had many heroic men and women, but who was there +in America? Yes, we must go to Homestead, tonight!" Taking with +them the day's receipts and their personal belongings, they left +immediately for New York. Berkman, eager to emulate the Russian +nihilists who were then fighting hangings with assassinations, determined +to make Frick, the dictatorial general manager, pay with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +his life for the death of those who had worked for him. Unable to +perfect a bomb, he decided to use a pistol. Emma wanted to accompany +him to Pittsburgh, but remained behind for the lack of +railroad fare. A few days later the resolute youth of twenty-one +made his way into Frick's office, discharged three bullets into his +body, and stabbed him several times before being overpowered and +beaten into unconsciousness.</p> + +<p>Prior to the attempt on his life Frick had been severely criticized +for harsh and arbitrary treatment of his employees. His determination +to break their union and his reckless use of Pinkertons had +antagonized even those who normally favored the open shop. Berkman's +attack, so alien and repugnant to our democratic mores, completely +changed the situation. Frick became the hero of the day. +Journalists and public men vied in praise of the victim and execration +of the assailant. The fact that the latter was of Russian birth +and an anarchist only served to strengthen his guilt. Although Frick +recovered from his wounds with extraordinary rapidity and was +back at his desk within a fortnight, and although the law of Pennsylvania +limited punishment for the crime to seven years, the defendant +was tried without benefit of legal counsel and sentenced to +twenty-two years' imprisonment.</p> + +<p>The ascetic youth was thoroughly dismayed by the calamitous +turn of events. He regarded Frick as "an enemy of the People," a +cruel exploiter of labor who had to be destroyed as a concrete warning +of the oncoming revolution. He gloried in this opportunity to +serve the American workers in the manner of the Russian nihilists. +It pained him therefore to think that he owed his failure to kill +Frick to the interference of the very workers for whom he was ready +to die. The attack upon him by John Most was distressing enough, +but the scornful repudiation by the strikers and the coolness of +labor everywhere cut him to the heart. Suffering the anguish of a +living death in one of the worst prisons in the United States, he +sought comfort in the thought that he was a revolutionist and not +a would-be murderer. "A revolutionist," he later explained, +"would rather perish a thousand times than be guilty of what is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +ordinarily called murder. In truth, murder and <i>Attentat</i> are to me +opposite terms. To remove a tyrant is an act of liberation, the giving +of life and opportunity to an oppressed people." Some years afterwards +he came to believe that even such shedding of blood "must +be resorted to only as a last extremity." It was this faith in the ideal +for which he was prepared to die that kept him alive through fourteen +years of physical torture and mental martyrdom. One need +only read his <i>Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist</i>, a work of extraordinary +acumen and power, to appreciate the high purpose that had +motivated him and the strength of character that enabled him to +turn his prison trials into spiritual triumphs.</p> + +<p>Emma, his lover and accomplice, from the very first defended +him with passionate abandon. To her he was "the idealist whose +humanity can tolerate no injustice and endure no wrong." The +excessive punishment dealt to him by the state struck her as barbarous +and cowardly. "The idealists and visionaries," she asserted +years later, "foolish enough to throw caution to the winds and express +their ardor and faith in some supreme deed, have advanced +mankind and have enriched the world." At the time, however, she +grieved to think of her noble companion doomed to waste the best +years of his life in execrable confinement.</p> + +<p>Unable to lighten his suffering, she resolved to double her effort +towards the realization of their common ideal. A physical breakdown, +however, forced her to seek rest and medical care. Her sister +Helene welcomed her back and helped her to regain strength. But +the aggravation of the unemployment crisis in 1893 caused her to +disregard the doctor's warning and to return to her post on the East +Side. "Committee sessions, public meetings, collection of foodstuffs, +supervising the feeding of the homeless and their numerous +children, and, finally, the organization of a mass-meeting on Union +Square entirely filled my time." As the main speaker at this large +gathering she excoriated the state for functioning only as the protector +of the rich and for keeping the poor starved and enslaved, +like a giant shorn of his strength. Commenting on Cardinal Manning's +dictum that "necessity knows no law," she continued: "They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +will go on robbing you, your children, and your children's children, +unless you wake up, unless you become daring enough to demand +your rights. Well, then, demonstrate before the palaces of the rich; +demand work. If they do not give you work, demand bread. If they +deny you both, take bread. It is your sacred right." For this speech +she was arrested, charged with inciting to riot although the meeting +was peaceable, and sentenced to one year in Blackwell's Island +Penitentiary.</p> + +<p>She went to prison in a defiant mood. She was now the avowed +enemy of the corrupt minions of the state and she knew they would +stop at nothing to keep her from agitating for a better world—the +world for which she and Berkman were then in jail. She resolved +to fight back and fight hard. So long as breath remained in her lungs +and strength in her body, she would deliver her message to the +oppressed masses! No amount of torture in prison or persecution +outside would deter her in the struggle against the state and the +powerful rich!</p> + +<p>While in prison Emma learned the rudiments of nursing. She +liked the work better than sewing, and upon her release she persuaded +several doctors to recommend her as a practical nurse. +Wishing to qualify herself, she accepted the aid of devoted friends +in order to study nursing in the Vienna Allgemeines Krankenhaus, +a hospital of very high repute. While in Europe she lectured in England +and Scotland and met the leading anarchists in London and +on the Continent. She also made first-hand acquaintance with the +contemporary social theater, on which she was later to lecture and +write with penetrating insight. In the summer of 1896 she returned +to this country, qualified as a nurse and midwife.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Once back in New York, she immediately resumed her anarchist +activity. Her first concern was to promote an appeal for Berkman's +pardon, and keen was her sorrow and resentment when it was refused. +More than ever eager to further their common ideal, and +greatly moved by the sporadic attacks upon the more aggressive +workers, she undertook her first continental lecture tour.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Everywhere workers were slain, everywhere the same butchery!... +The masses were millions, yet how weak! To awaken them from their +stupor, to make them conscious of their power—that is the great need! +Soon, I told myself, I should be able to reach them throughout America. +With a tongue of fire I would rouse them to a realization of their dependence +and indignity! Glowingly I visioned my first great tour and +the opportunities it would offer me to plead our Cause.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Her opportunities fell far short of her expectations, but her words +of fire ignited the hearts of many who came to scoff.</p> + +<p>For the next twenty years she devoted most of her time to lecturing. +She spoke wherever there were comrades enough to organize +a meeting; and in scores of cities, from Maine to Oregon, there were +libertarians ready to suffer great inconvenience for their cause. At +first most of her talks were given in Yiddish and German; later, as +she attracted more Americanized audiences, she spoke mainly in +English. Her topics ranged widely in content. She expounded the +doctrine of anarchism whenever possible, but her lectures dealt +mainly with current social problems and the modern European +drama. Shortly before World War I she discussed birth control +with a frankness that sent her to jail for a fortnight. She usually +keyed her talks to the intelligence of her auditors, and always she +spoke with clarity and enthusiasm.</p> + +<p>Throughout her years of agitation she exercised extraordinary tact +and exceptional physical courage. No other woman in America ever +had to suffer such persistent persecution. She was arrested innumerable +times, beaten more than once, refused admission to halls +where she was to speak. Often the police dispersed her audience. +Intimidated owners frequently refused to rent her meeting places +or cancelled contracts at the last minute. On various occasions she +was met at the train and compelled by sheer force to proceed to the +next stopping place. In 1912 she and Ben Reitman, at that time her +manager and lover, were driven from San Diego and the latter was +tarred and tortured.</p> + +<p>It must be said that the lawbreakers and defilers of liberty were +not Emma Goldman and her harassed followers but the sworn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +guardians of the law and leading local citizens. The latter and not +the anarchists were guilty of violating the rights of free speech and +free assembly, of beating their victims without cause and of jailing +them without warrant. It was after one such instance of unprovoked +brutality that Emma wrote:</p> + +<blockquote><p>In no country, Russia not exempt, would the police dare to exercise +such brutal power over the lives of men and women. In no country would +the people stand for such beastliness and vulgarity. Nor do I know +of any people who have so little regard for their own manhood and self-respect +as the average American citizen, with all his boasted independence.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The newspapers abetted the police in the lawless treatment of +Emma and her fellow rebels. They sometimes perverted a grain of +truth into columns of muck and made "Red Emma" a symbol +of all that was dangerous and despicable. The rank injustice of this +abuse caused the staid New York <i>Sun</i> to protest on September 30, +1909: "The popular belief is that she preaches bombs and murder, +but she certainly does nothing of the kind. Bombs are very definite +things, and one of the peculiarities of her doctrine is its vagueness. +The wonder is that with a doctrine so vague she managed to strike +terror into the stout hearts of the police."</p> + +<p>Nor were the police and the press the only perpetrators of this +modern witch hunt. President Theodore Roosevelt expressed the +attitude of many persons of privilege and respectability when he +blustered: "The Anarchist is the enemy of humanity, the enemy of +all mankind, and his is the deeper degree of criminality than any +other." When William Buwalda, a soldier in the United States +Army and the recipient of a medal for bravery, shook hands with +Emma Goldman at one of her lectures in 1908, he was courtmartialed +and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. It was only as a +consequence of numerous public protests that Buwalda was pardoned +after he had served ten months. The Red Hysteria of 1917-21 +merely climaxed decades of ill-treatment of a militant minority +in a nation founded on the principles of human rights and individual +liberty.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> + +<p>If this ugly chapter in recent American history was the work of +men of property and of public officers, there were numerous other +Americans, less powerful but of greater probity, who cherished the +fundamental freedoms of our Founding Fathers. These liberals +spoke out forcefully against the violation of rights guaranteed by the +Constitution. They gladly gave of their time and money to the defense +of the harassed radicals. Because Emma Goldman suffered +most from police brutality and because her dynamic personality +attracted those who came in contact with her, she was befriended +by scores of Americans in every part of the country. These Jeffersonian +liberals admired her courage and sincerity and helped her +to organize her lecture tours and to finance her propagandistic and +literary ventures.</p> + +<p>Emma reached the nadir of her career during the aftermath of +President McKinley's assassination. With the memory of Alexander +Berkman's fate still festering in her heart, she said: "Leon +Czolgosz and other men of his type ... are drawn to some violent +expression, even at the sacrifice of their own lives, because they cannot +supinely witness the misery and suffering of their fellows." +Even before her attitude was known, she was arrested as an accomplice +of Czolgosz and treated with extreme savagery before being +released for lack of evidence.</p> + +<p>Even more painful to her was the obtuseness of those anarchists +who condemned Czolgosz's act as wanton murder. Ironically +enough, even Berkman wrote from prison to disapprove of the +shooting and to differentiate it from his own attack upon Frick; in +his opinion the killing of McKinley was individual terrorism and +not a deed motivated by social necessity. Emma was shocked by +this argument, since to her both acts were inspired by the same +high idealism and spirit of self-sacrifice. Unlike Berkman, who had +come to see the futility of terrorism in a country like the United +States, she was more interested in the incentive than in the effectiveness +of an assassination. She was ostracized for her loyalty to +Czolgosz and, as a consequence of his execution, suffered severe +depression.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> + +<p>Once Emma Goldman had mastered the English language, she +was not long in wishing to establish a periodical that would carry +the message of anarchism to those whom she could not reach in +person. Outbreaks of strikes in this country and increased revolutionary +activity in Russia only made her more eager for a magazine +of her own. In 1905 she was serving as manager and interpreter for +Paul Orleneff and Alla Nazimova, who had come to the United +States for a theatrical tour. When Orleneff learned of Emma's ambition +to publish a periodical, he insisted on giving a special performance +for her benefit. Although a pouring rain kept the +audience to a fraction of the expected number, the receipts sufficed +to pay for the first issue of <i>Mother Earth</i>.</p> + +<p>The scope and purpose of the new monthly, which began to +appear in March 1906, were explained at the outset:</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Mother Earth</i> will endeavor to attract and appeal to all those who +oppose encroachment on public and individual life. It will appeal to +those who strive for something higher, weary of the commonplace; to +those who feel that stagnation is a deadweight on the firm and elastic +step of progress; to those who breathe freely only in limitless space; to +those who long for the tender shade of a new dawn for a humanity free +from the dread of want, the dread of starvation in the face of mountains +of riches. The Earth free for the free individual.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Emma Goldman edited the monthly throughout its eleven years +of existence. In all this time it reflected her views, her interests, her +dynamic liveliness. Her fellow editors at one time or another were +Max Baginski, Hippolyte Havel, and Alexander Berkman, but the +character of the periodical underwent no change as a consequence. +Each issue contained at least one poem, brief editorials on the +events of the month, articles on current aspects of anarchism, comments +on labor strikes and radical activities the world over, reports +by Emma on topics of interest to her or on her frequent lecture +tours, and finally appeals for money. Many prominent libertarians +contributed essays of a philosophical or hortatory nature. It emanated +a youthful vigor and an exuberance not found in any other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +contemporary periodical. Its several thousand readers were devoted +to it and supported it with their limited means until the postal +censor put an end to the monthly shortly after the declaration of +war in 1917.</p> + +<p><i>Mother Earth</i> was not Emma Goldman's sole publishing activity. +A firm believer in the efficacy of educational propaganda, she +printed and sold a long list of inexpensive tracts. Her table of literature +became a prominent feature at all her meetings. When no +commercial publisher would accept Berkman's <i>Prison Memoirs of +an Anarchist</i>, she collected funds and issued the book herself. The +volume has since become a classic in its field, and stands to this +day as a living reminder of the dominance of a keen and determined +mind over all physical obstacles. Emma also brought out +her own collection of lectures, <i>Anarchism and Other Essays</i>. She +was able, however, to find a publisher for her impressive volume +of lectures on <i>The Social Significance of the Modern Drama</i>, which +deals incisively with the European plays that dissect the common +failures and fallacies of bourgeois society.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Face to face with an audience, Emma Goldman was a forceful +and witty propagandist. Frequently she lifted her rapt hearers to +heights from which they envisioned a world wholly free and completely +delightful. In cold print, however, her lectures reveal little +of her dynamic appeal. They are primarily the work of a forceful +agitator: clear, pointed, spirited, but without originality or intellectual +rigor.</p> + +<p>The faithful disciple of Bakunin and Kropotkin, Emma perceived +civilization as "a continuous struggle of the individual or of +groups of individuals against the State and even against 'society,' +that is, against the majority subdued and hypnotized by the State +and State worship." This conflict, she argued, was bound to last as +long as the state itself, since it was of the very nature of government +to be "conservative, static, intolerant of change and opposed +to it," while the instinct of the individual was to resent restriction, +combat authority, and seek the benefits of innovation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> + +<p>Her definition of anarchism first appeared on the masthead of +<i>Mother Earth</i> in the issue of April 1910: "The philosophy of a +new social order based on liberty unrestrained by man-made law; +the theory that all forms of government rest on violence, and are +therefore wrong and harmful, as well as unnecessary." In her oft-repeated +lecture on the subject she warmly described the benefits +to ensue from social revolution:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals +for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will +guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment +of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, +and inclinations.</p></blockquote> + +<p>To the end of her life Emma avowed the soundness and practicality +of her doctrine. As late as 1934 she declared in <i>Harper's +Magazine</i>: "I am certain that Anarchism is too vital and too close +to human nature ever to die. When the failure of modern dictatorship +and authoritarian philosophies becomes apparent and the +realization of failure more general, Anarchism will be vindicated." +It was her belief that sooner or later the mass of mankind would +perceive the futility of begging for crumbs and would take power +into its own hands. Since she scorned political means, she expounded +the validity of direct action. This method she defined as +the "conscious individual or collective effort to protest against, or +remedy, social conditions through the systematic assertion of the +economic power of the workers." Once the state and capitalism +were destroyed, anarchism would assume the form of free communism, +which she described as "a social arrangement based on +the principle: To each according to his needs; from each according +to his ability." It must be stressed that although the wording is +common to all forms of communism, that of Marx and Lenin implies +strict centralized authority, while that of Kropotkin and +Emma Goldman envisions complete decentralization and the supremacy +of the individual.</p> + +<p>No man who has pondered the concept of the good life will fail<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +to appreciate the ideal propounded by the anarchists. And one +who has observed the results of modern dictatorship cannot but +sympathize with a vision of the future in which the individual is +the prime beneficiary of all social activity. Yet life often makes +mock of man's noblest dreams. Emma may have been "the daughter +of the dream"; her doctrine remains as utopian as it is alluring. +There is no gainsaying the fact that modern conditions still favor +national and industrial centralization. The philosophy of anarchism +appears less tenable today than ever.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Though in no sense a pacifist, Emma Goldman was intensely +opposed to wars between nations. The very idea of human slaughter +on the battlefield appeared to her as barbaric and criminal. +And to her the culprit was the state. Without governments to lead +their subjects to battle wars would be as unthinkable as duels are +now. "No war is justified unless it be for the purpose of overthrowing +the Capitalist system and establishing industrial control for +the working class."</p> + +<p>Her first contact with war occurred in 1898, when the United +States attacked Spain. While she abominated the medieval monarchy +which oppressed the Cubans, she did not want our politicians +and industrialists to use the liberation of that island as a pretext +for their imperial aggrandizement. She therefore agitated against +the war at every one of her lectures, and did not cease to expose +our imperialist intentions until the end of the fighting. Fortunately +for her, the liberties of the people were not curbed as a result of +the war, and the police did not consider her lack of patriotism more +provoking than her advocacy of anarchism.</p> + +<p>In 1914, when war broke out in Europe, she immediately perceived +its catastrophic nature and condemned its instigators as +monstrous criminals. Alexander Berkman, who had been enjoying +uneasy liberty since 1906 and who worked closely with her despite +their intermittent personal and ideological differences, at once +joined her in the attack. Both did their utmost to rouse the people +against our involvement. It was a hard and increasingly thankless<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +fight against deep-seated prejudices. Consternation struck their +hearts when they learned that Peter Kropotkin and other eminent +anarchists had embraced the cause of the Allies and were participating +in the propaganda campaign against Germany. Resolved to +retain their sanity in a world gone mad, they repudiated all "warmongers" +regardless of their previous professions and intensified +their efforts to keep the United States out of the European holocaust.</p> + +<p>When events moved us in the direction of belligerency, the +government sought feverishly to regiment the nation for the war +struggle. Emma, Berkman, and numerous other radicals resisted +this martial hysteria with all the force at their command. <i>Mother +Earth</i> blasted the proponents of preparedness in issue after issue +and denounced the government for trampling upon the Bill of +Rights in its hypocritical pretence of making the world safe for democracy. +Emma denounced the capitalist basis of war before +crowds of enthusiastic sympathizers. As late as March 1917 she +wrote:</p> + +<blockquote><p>I for one will speak against war so long as my voice will last, now and +during the war. A thousand times rather would I die calling to the +people of America to refuse to be obedient, to refuse military service, to +refuse to murder their brothers, than I should ever give my voice in +justification of war, except the one war of all the peoples against their +despots and exploiters—the Social Revolution.</p></blockquote> + +<p>She and Berkman organized the No-Conscription League for the +purpose of encouraging conscientious objectors to resist induction +into the army. Writing in behalf of the League, Emma explained: +"We will resist conscription by every means in our power, and we +will sustain those who, for similar reasons, refuse to be conscripted." +At several mass-meetings she and Berkman expressed these sentiments, +knowing that government agents were taking notes on their +speeches. On June 15, 1917, both were arrested and charged with +"conspiring against the draft."</p> + +<p>The two rebels did not flinch from the ordeal awaiting them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +"Tell all friends," Emma wrote shortly before their trial, "that we +will not waver, that we will not compromise, and that if the worst +comes, we shall go to prison in the proud consciousness that we +have remained faithful to the spirit of internationalism and to the +solidarity of all the people of the world." In court they conducted +their own defense with a facility and frankness that gained the +admiration of even their detractors. They shrewdly used the courtroom +as a forum. In addressing the jury they were eloquently polemical.</p> + +<blockquote><p>It is organized violence on top [Emma asserted] which creates individual +violence at the bottom. It is the accumulated indignation against +organized wrong, organized crime, organized injustice, which drives +the political offender to his act.... We are but the atoms in the +incessant human struggle towards the light that shines in the darkness—the +ideal of economic, political, and spiritual liberation of mankind!</p></blockquote> + +<p>The dramatic trial was in a sense another re-enactment of the age-old +tragedy in which the rebellious idealist is condemned by the +gross guardians of society. The obdurate defendants were each +given the maximum penalty of two years in prison and a fine of +ten thousand dollars.</p> + +<p>Time passed in dreary monotony for Emma in Jefferson City +and Berkman in Atlanta. The war was fought and won, the millions +of American soldiers were back from Europe, and peace again +prevailed over the earth. But to conservatives the specter of Bolshevism +had replaced the ogre of Prussianism as the enemy of +established society. In this country Attorney-General Mitchell +Palmer, a Quaker and God-fearing man, led the manhunt against +those who were suspected of sympathy with the Russian Revolution. +Thousands of men and women were made the victims of an +Anti-Red hysteria, and hundreds were deported as undesirable +aliens. When Emma and Berkman were released, they also became +subject to expulsion. Although she had long been a naturalized +citizen by virtue of her marriage to a citizen, the Department of +Labor ruled otherwise. On the night of December 21, 1919, the two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +rebels together with 247 other undesirables were hurried aboard +the ancient troopship <i>Buford</i> for passage to Russia.</p> + +<p>Thirty years of struggle and suffering on this side of the Atlantic +had so Americanized Emma and Berkman that they could not +think of themselves as belonging to another country. The ignominy +of expulsion and the loss of their friends wounded them deeply. +Yet they were comforted by the thought of the adventure that lay +ahead. As the battered <i>Buford</i> plowed its billowy way to the shores +of Finland they reflected on the ironic turn of events which had +transformed Czarist Russia into a land of revolution and converted +the free United States into a citadel of reaction. While still +in jail they had approved the Bolshevik coup as a necessary safeguard +of the revolution. They believed that Lenin and his fellow +leaders, while Marxists and therefore advocates of a strong centralized +government, were devoted to the principles of freedom and +equality and therefore deserved the support of all workers and +libertarians. Now, outcasts from the capitalist stronghold, they +longed to join their Russian comrades in the defense of the revolution. +When she reached the Soviet border, Emma later wrote, "my +heart trembled with anticipation and fervent hope."</p> + +<p>Dismay darkened their days throughout the twenty months of +their sojourn in Russia. Their official welcome quickly spent itself. +They began to look about for themselves, to speak privately with +fellow anarchists, and to seek explanations of events and practices +not to their liking. The twin demons of inefficiency and stupidity—judged +by their American and anarchist standards respectively—leered +at them wherever they went; the black walls of bureaucracy +rose before them at every turn. Perverse cruelty on the part of the +government came to their attention with distressing frequency. All +their early efforts at rationalization failed to excuse the needless +hunger, the mass arrests, the arbitrary executions. They discussed +these events with prominent Bolshevik leaders, including Trotsky +and Lenin, in the hope of persuading them to mitigate conditions +injurious to the revolution. In each instance the response was either +enigmatic or equivocal. Angelica Balabanova, then secretary of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +Third International and later as disaffected an exile as herself, told +Emma that life was "a rock on which the highest hopes are shattered. +Life thwarts the best intentions and breaks the finest spirits." +Alexandra Kollontay, the hard-headed diplomat, chilled her with +the advice to stop "brooding over a few dull gray spots." Even +Lenin impressed her and Berkman as callous and unsympathetic.</p> + +<p>Time only deepened their perturbation. After eight months of +life in Russia, Emma began to doubt the revolution itself. "Its +manifestations were so completely at variance with what I had conceived +and propagated as revolution that I did not know any more +which was right. My old values had been shipwrecked and I myself +thrown overboard to sink or swim." The climax of her quarrel with +the Bolsheviki came a year later during the attack upon the mutinous +Kronstadt sailors. That hundreds of true sons of the revolution +should be shot down for sympathizing with striking workers +seemed to her a crime worse than any committed by the Czarist +regime. Neither she nor Berkman could any longer stomach such +ruthless authoritarianism and both left the country as soon as they +were able to obtain visas.</p> + +<p>Once past the Soviet border, the hapless pair became true Ishmaelites, +without either home or country. No government offered +them asylum, and few were willing to provide them with even temporary +visas. Devoted friends had great difficulty in getting Swedish +officials to permit the two refugees a long-enough stay in Stockholm +to procure visas for a sojourn in Germany.</p> + +<p>Their one great mission now became the unmasking of the Bolsheviki, +and their attacks were more virulent and hysterical than +those of the most extreme reactionaries. Berkman's <i>The Bolshevik +Myth</i> and Emma's <i>My Disillusionment in Russia</i> and <i>My Further +Disillusionment in Russia</i> (the book was published in two separate +volumes as a result of an inadvertent misunderstanding) are +charged with fanatic hatred. Both insisted that Lenin and his monstrous +crew were perverting the Russian Revolution to their own +sinister purposes and must be destroyed at all costs. They made +no effort to view the situation objectively.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> + +<p>In 1924 Emma was permitted to make her home in England. +At once she busied herself with plans to rouse the people against +the Bolsheviki, but found herself either snubbed or scorned. The +liberals refused to support her for fear of endangering Soviet Russia's +precarious relations with Great Britain; the radicals insisted +on the need of bolstering the Bolsheviki during the period of revolutionary +experimentation. Her lectures were poorly attended; her +audiences failed to be impressed. After two years of discouragement +she decided to leave England altogether. Shortly before her +departure she married James Colton, an old rebel, for the convenience +of British citizenship.</p> + +<p>A vacation in France preceded a lecture tour through Canada. +Again on American soil, she resumed the old pattern of agitation. +But the Dominion did not provide sufficient scope for her seething +energy. And when friends, who had long urged her to write her +autobiography, provided her with funds for that purpose, she returned +to France.</p> + +<p><i>Living My Life</i> appeared in 1932. It is a lively story, palpitating +with strong feeling and epitomizing the blazing years of her anarchist +activity. The writing is vivacious, forceful, exciting. The narrative +is colorful and wholly uninhibited. Emma's strong personality +stamps every page. She was as dynamic in her numerous +amours as in her work for human freedom, and she discusses both +with equal zest. Her unrepressed egotism prompts her to relate +personal incidents which have little bearing on her own development +and none on that of anarchism—incidents that sometimes +reveal petty malice and that might better have been left unrecorded. +The final impression, however, is of her generous character, her +profound devotion to the ideal of liberty, her extraordinary energy, +her great courage, and her successful insistence on living her life +in her own way.</p> + +<p>When Emma had completed her long book and was ready to +resume her role as lecturer and agitator, the menace of fascism +drove the Bolshevik betrayal from the forefront of her mind. A +tour through Germany and other parts of Europe convinced her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +that the Nazis were the greater threat to freedom and must be +fought without let. Late in 1933 she returned to Canada and addressed +large audiences on such topics as "Hitler and His Cohorts," +"Germany's Tragedy," and "The Collapse of German +Culture." With Cassandra-like foresight she argued that England +and Germany's neighbors were blind to the danger confronting +them and that if the Nazis were not ousted from power they would +destroy civilization.</p> + +<p>In January 1934 she was granted permission to visit the United +States for ninety days. Friends arranged for a two-month lecture +tour. Her audiences were large, though a good percentage came +more out of curiosity than to pay homage to her anarchist leadership. +Some hotels refused to admit her, and detectives and policemen +were as conspicuous within the halls as in former times. Communists +heckled her, but there was comparatively little of the excitement +and defiance of her previous "tours of agitation." In +truth neither Emma nor her hearers bothered much about the doctrine +of anarchism. The immediate menace had become not the +capitalistic state but fascist authoritarianism (to Emma, Bolshevism +was "only left-wing fascism"); and she attacked it not as the +apostolic anarchist but as the passionate libertarian. The end of +April came all too soon, and again she had to depart from the land +in which she had spent her best years. Nor did the fact that she +was an old woman without roots elsewhere make leavetaking any +easier.</p> + +<p>The following year she sojourned in Canada, lecturing, writing, +hoping in vain for readmission to the United States. In the spring +of 1935 she went to France. Berkman was already there, and the +two old friends again saw much of each other. The day after her +sixty-seventh birthday their lifelong intimacy was abruptly ended +by his suicide; he had been ill for some time and characteristically +preferred death to a wretched old age. The tragic event oppressed +her grievously.</p> + +<p>The Spanish Civil War, beginning shortly after, provided her +with much-needed distraction. With energies renewed she at once<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +went to Spain. Her previous friendly association with Spanish anarchists +made her a welcome addition to their ranks. For the next +two years she devoted herself to bolstering the cause of the Loyalists. +Since England's sympathy was of crucial importance, she went to +London to work in behalf of the Spanish government. The callous +and undiscerning attitude of the ruling Tories deprived her of the +last atom of hope. She returned to Spain in 1938, wishing to stand +beside her comrades during their final futile efforts to hold back the +fascist inundation.</p> + +<p>Early in 1939, with darkness rapidly enveloping the whole of +Europe, Emma returned to Canada. There she died on May 13, +1940, clinging tenaciously to the shreds of her revolutionary ideal +until her last gasp.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Emma Goldman was unquestionably the most active and audacious +rebel of her time. An idealist to the core of her being, cherishing +liberty as the most precious of human possessions, completely +dedicated to the full and free life for all mankind, she early became +the object of concentrated contumely and brutal abuse on the part +of the defenders of the status quo. Her threat to society lay not so +much in her revolutionary doctrine as in her attacks upon the abuses +of capitalism. B. R. Tucker and other individualist anarchists were +equally opposed to authority, but they were not molested so long +as they did not concern themselves with economic exploitation. +Emma, however, had made it her duty to fight against injustice +toward the worker and the nonconformist. Consequently she organized +mass-meetings and marches against unemployment; she +became a picket-leader and fund-raiser, and protested openly and +persistently against violations of free speech and against police brutality. +This activity, especially effective because of her untiring zeal +and bold eloquence, gave her pre-eminence as a dangerous enemy +of capitalism and subjected her to persecution by the authorities +until she was driven out of the country.</p> + +<p>Quite a few Americans, however, respected her for her honest +idealism and valued her as a goad stinging the social conscience of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +our complacent public. One of them, William Marion Reedy, +called her "the daughter of the dream" after a meeting with her +in 1908 and added: "She threatens all society that is sham, all +society that is slavery, all society that is a mask of greed and lust." +Floyd Dell spoke for many in the blithe year of 1912 when he +wrote: "She has a legitimate social function—that of holding +before our eyes the ideals of freedom. She is licenced to taunt us +with our moral cowardice, to plant in our souls the nettles of remorse +at having acquiesced so tamely in the brutal artifice of present-day +society."</p> + +<p>For all her courage and iconoclasm, she was deeply feminine in +outlook and behavior. Her strongest attribute was of an emotional +rather than intellectual nature: she felt first and thought afterwards. +She had an extraordinary capacity for believing whatever +suited her ideological or personal purposes. Rationalization and +ratiocination merged in her mind very readily. Thus in her autobiography +she was punctilious in recording the details of her love +affairs, presumably in the belief that everything she did and felt +affected her revolutionary development. Yet at all times she was +ready to sacrifice her own happiness for the good of anarchism.</p> + +<p>On her fiftieth birthday, while in prison for obstructing the draft, +she took stock of her past. "Fifty years—thirty of them on the +firing line—had they borne fruit or had I merely been repeating +Don Quixote's idle chase? Had my efforts served only to fill my +inner void, to find an outlet for the turbulence of my being? Or was +it really the ideal that had dictated my conscious course?" She had +not the slightest doubt, however, that her life had not been lived in +vain. She had fought valiantly, and was to remain on the firing line +for another twenty years. And while it is in the very nature of an +ideal to fail of achievement, its mere existence gives life its impetus +and its reward. Emma's quotation from Ibsen, made while waiting +for deportation in 1919—"that it is the struggle for the ideal that +counts, rather than the attainment of it"—may well be her +epitaph.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>ALSO PUBLISHED BY THE LIBERTARIAN BOOK CLUB</h3> + + +<h2>ANARCHISM<br /></h2> +<h3><i>Exponents of the Anarchist Philosophy</i><br /></h3> +<h3>by<br /></h3> +<h2><span class="smcap">Paul Eltzbacher</span><br /><br /></h2> + +<h3><i>with an appended essay</i><br /></h3> +<h3>by<br /></h3> +<h2><span class="smcap">Rudolf Rocker</span><br /></h2> + +<p>Interpretation of the whole range of the anarchist thought, +in one single volume, by world recognized authorities: William Godwin, +Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Peter Kropotkin, Leo Tolstoy, Benjamin +Tucker, Rudolf Rocker, Michael Bakunin, Max Stirner <span class="price">$6.00</span></p> + + +<h2><br /><br />MEN AGAINST THE STATE</h2> + +<p>The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827-1908. +The only fully documented history of anarchism in the United +States ever published in this country <span class="price">$3.25<br /></span></p> + + +<h2><br /><br />NINETEEN SEVENTEEN</h2> + +<h3>The Russian Revolution Betrayed</h3> + +<p>by <span class="smcap">Voline</span><span class="price"> $3.50<br /></span></p> + + +<h2><br /><br />THE UNKNOWN REVOLUTION</h2> + +<h3>Kronstadt 1921 Ukrain 1918-1921</h3> + +<p>by <span class="smcap">Voline</span><span class="price"> $3.50<br /></span></p> + + +<p class ="center"> +<i>Send your orders to</i><br /> +Libertarian Book Club, Inc.<br /> +General Post Office Box 842 New York 1, New York<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>BOOKS BY RUDOLF ROCKER</h2> + + +<h2>NATIONALISM AND CULTURE</h2> + +<h4><i>Translated from the German by</i> <span class="smcap">Ray E. Chase</span><br /></h4> +<h5>SECOND PRINTING<br /></h5> + +<p>"An important contribution to political philosophy, both on +account of its penetrating and widely informative analysis of many +famous writers, and on account of the brilliant criticism of state-worship, +the prevailing and most noxious superstition of our time. +I hope it will be widely read in all those countries in which disinterested +thinking is not yet illegal."—<i>Bertrand Russell</i></p> + +<p>"In my opinion the work <i>Nationalism and Culture</i> is deserving +of the highest respect. I have studied it throughout, and I learn that +specialists in this field are also interesting themselves in its behalf."—<i>Albert Einstein</i></p> + +<p>592 pp. with Bibliography and Index <span class="price">$3.50</span></p> + + +<h2><br /><br />PIONEERS OF AMERICAN FREEDOM</h2> + +<h4><i>Authorized translation from the German MS by</i> <span class="smcap">Arthur E. 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Madison + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Emma Goldman + Biographical Sketch + +Author: Charles A. Madison + +Release Date: September 4, 2010 [EBook #33628] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EMMA GOLDMAN *** + + + + +Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Martin Mayer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + + EMMA GOLDMAN + + _Biographical Sketch_ + + By + CHARLES A. MADISON + + _Author of_ + CRITICS AND CRUSADERS + + _Published by_ + LIBERTARIAN BOOK CLUB, INC. + P. O. Box 842 + + General Post Office New York 1, N. Y. + + May 13, 1960 + + + + + + _Reprinted from_ + "CRITICS AND CRUSADERS" + by CHARLES A. MADISON + _with the permission of_ + FREDERICK UNGAR PUBLISHING CO. + + + + + IN MEMORIAM + + The Libertarian Book Club + has published this pamphlet as + a tribute to the memory + of our brave comrade + + EMMA GOLDMAN + + died May 13, 1940 + + to commemorate the twentieth anniversary + of her death + + + +[Illustration: EMMA GOLDMAN 1869 1940] + + + + +EMMA GOLDMAN + +_ANARCHIST REBEL_ + + +The hanging of several anarchists in 1887 as a consequence of the +Haymarket bombing in Chicago caused many Americans to sympathize with +the gibbeted radicals. Youths swathed in bright idealism, men and women +rooted in equalitarian democracy, workers trusting in the rectitude of +their government--all doubted the guilt of the condemned prisoners and +were deeply perturbed by the egregious miscarriage of justice. Many of +them for the first time became aware of the state's ruthless arrogation +of power, and scores upon scores remained to the end of their lives +inimical to government and apprehensive of all forms of authority. + +Emma Goldman was one of these converts. Resentment against the +restraints of authority was no new experience for this spirited girl. As +far back as she could remember she had hated and feared her father, a +quick-tempered and deeply harassed Orthodox Jew who had vented his +emotional and financial vexations on his recalcitrant daughter. Unable +to get from him the love and praise she craved, she had refused to +submit to his strict discipline and had preferred beatings to blind +obedience. Consequently she grew up in an atmosphere of repression and +acrimony. "Since my earliest recollection," she wrote, "home had been +stifling, my father's presence terrifying. My mother, while less violent +with her children, never showed much warmth." + +At the age of thirteen she began to work in a factory in St. Petersburg, +and her life became doubly oppressive. She soon learned of the +revolutionary movement and sympathized with its agitation against +Czarist autocracy. To escape from the tyranny of her father, the +irksomeness of the shop, and the repressive measures of the government, +she fought with all her stubborn strength for the opportunity to +accompany her beloved sister Helene to the United States. Early in 1886 +the two girls arrived in Rochester to live with their married sister, +who had preceded them to this country. + +Like other penniless immigrants, the seventeen-year-old Emma had no +alternative but to follow the common groove to the sweatshop. Paid a +weekly wage of two dollars and a half for sixty-three hours of work, she +naturally resented the social system which permitted such exploitation. +Together with other immigrants she had dreamed of the United States as a +haven of liberty and equality. Instead she found it the home of crass +materialism and cruel disparity. This disillusionment was deepened by +the hysterical accounts of the trial in Chicago. She was quick to +conclude that the accused anarchists were innocent of the charge against +them; and the vilification not only of the prisoners but of all radicals +merely hardened her hatred against the enemies of the working poor. + +It was easy enough for her to believe John Most's claim in _Die +Freiheit_ (which chance had brought her way) that Parsons, Spies, and +the other defendants were to be hanged for nothing more than their +advocacy of anarchism. What this doctrine was she did not quite know, +but she assumed it must have merit since it favored poor workers like +herself. When the jury found the men guilty, she could not accept the +reality of the dread verdict. Her thoughts clung to the condemned +anarchists as if they were her brothers. In her passionate yearning to +do something in their behalf she attended meetings of protest and read +everything she could find on the case; and she sympathetically +experienced the torment of a prisoner awaiting execution. In her +autobiography, _Living My Life_, she wrote that on the day of the +hangings "I was in a stupor; a feeling of numbness came over me, +something too horrible even for tears." The very next day, however, she +became imbued with a surging determination to dedicate herself to the +cause of the martyred men, to devote her life to the ideals for which +they had died. + +In the meantime, discouraged and lonely, she had welcomed a fellow +worker's show of affection. She felt no love for him and, as a result of +an attempted rape at the age of fifteen, she still experienced a +"violent repulsion" in the presence of men, but she had not the strength +to refuse his urgent proposal of marriage. She soon learned to her +dismay that her husband was impotent and not at all as congenial as she +had thought. However, the very suggestion of a separation enraged her +father, who had recently come to Rochester. After months of aggravation +she did go through the then rare and reprehensible rite of Orthodox +divorce, but she had to leave town to avoid social ostracism. When she +returned some months later, her former husband again pursued her, and +his threat of suicide frightened her into remarrying him. + +Emma now felt herself thwarted and trapped. Twenty years old and +yearning to make life meaningful, she chafed at the very thought of her +drab and dreary existence. Her anxiety to elude her father's abuse, to +free herself from a loveless marriage, to escape the dullness of her +oppressive environment, only intensified her longing for freedom and +affection. Consequently she began to nurture her dream of dedicating +herself to the ideal championed by the Chicago martyrs. One day in +August 1889 she broke relations with her husband and parents and left +for New York with money supplied by her ever-devoted sister Helene. + + * * * * * + +In the metropolis Emma felt herself gloriously free. For the first time +in her life she was completely independent. On the teeming East Side a +new and wonderful world emerged before her, and she embraced it with +passionate abandon. Alexander Berkman, a determined doctrinaire at +eighteen, made her acquaintance the day she arrived and the pair at once +established an intimate comradeship which endured through many +vicissitudes to the day of his death. John Most, the impetuous anarchist +leader, became her lover as well as her mentor and opened new and +fascinating vistas of the mind. "Most became my idol," she wrote. "I +adored him." Under his tutelage she read seminal books and learned about +significant men and ideas. Anarchism assumed definite meaning; the +struggle by the many in want against the few in power, then so +pathetically feeble, became to her a war unto death; the goal of social +freedom appeared tangible and alluringly near. For months her voracious +hunger for knowledge seemed insatiable, her capacity for emotion +inexhaustible. This tremendous release of energy was in truth the +expression of long-pent-up zeal. She threw herself into the radical +movement of the East Side with the enthusiasm of an inspired visionary. + +Her first years in New York were a period of preparation. Along with her +work in sweatshops, which she had to do to earn her living, she found +time to familiarize herself with the latest libertarian literature and +to spend hours on end in intellectual discussion. Nor was she able to +remain a passive onlooker even during her early apprenticeship. With +John Most's helpful guidance she went on her first "tour of agitation" +only a few months after reaching New York. She addressed several +meetings in as many cities on the eight-hour day, then a timely topic, +and discovered that she was able to hold the attention of an audience +and to think quickly while facing its inimical questioning. + +That winter the newly formed Cloakmakers' Union called its first general +strike. Emma immediately "became absorbed in it to the exclusion of +everything else." Her task was to persuade the timid girl workers to +join the strike. With prodigious energy she exhorted them at meetings, +encouraged them at dances and parties, and thus influenced many to +partake in the common effort to improve working conditions in the +sweatshops. The strike leaders were greatly impressed by her dynamic +qualities as an organizer and public speaker. + +Emma's association with John Most became strained to the breaking point +when she perceived that he esteemed her more as a lover than as a fellow +anarchist. His arrogance irritated her and, much as she admired his +impassioned eloquence and incisive mind, she could not accept the +acquiescent role he had assigned her. When his high-handed behavior +resulted in a factional split, she sided with those who rejected his +domination. Some time later, when Most derided Berkman's attempt to kill +Henry C. Frick and disavowed the theory of "propaganda of the deed" of +which he had been the chief exponent, she came to hate him. At the first +opportunity she lashed him with a horsewhip at a public meeting and +denounced him as a renegade. Nor did time bring about a reconciliation. + + * * * * * + +Emma, Alexander Berkman, and a youthful artist were living together in +congenial intimacy. They worked at their menial tasks during the day and +devoted their evenings to agitation. Because the progress of anarchism +in this country was too slow for them, the news of increased +revolutionary activity in Russia filled them with a romantic nostalgia +for their native land. They decided to engage in some business until +they should have saved enough money for the journey back. In the spring +of 1892 chance brought them to Worcester, Massachusetts, where they were +soon operating a successful lunchroom. + +The bloody consequences of the lockout at the Homestead plant of The +Carnegie Steel Company inflamed the minds of these youthful idealists. +The plan to return to Russia was abandoned with little regret. They +agreed it was their duty to go to the aid of the brutally maltreated +workers. Berkman insisted that their great moment was at hand, that they +must give up the lunchroom and leave at once for the scene of the +fighting. "Being internationalists," he argued, "it mattered not to us +where the blow was struck by the workers; we must be with them. We must +bring them our great message and help them see that it was not only for +the moment that they must strike, but for all time, for a free life, for +anarchism. Russia had many heroic men and women, but who was there in +America? Yes, we must go to Homestead, tonight!" Taking with them the +day's receipts and their personal belongings, they left immediately for +New York. Berkman, eager to emulate the Russian nihilists who were then +fighting hangings with assassinations, determined to make Frick, the +dictatorial general manager, pay with his life for the death of those +who had worked for him. Unable to perfect a bomb, he decided to use a +pistol. Emma wanted to accompany him to Pittsburgh, but remained behind +for the lack of railroad fare. A few days later the resolute youth of +twenty-one made his way into Frick's office, discharged three bullets +into his body, and stabbed him several times before being overpowered +and beaten into unconsciousness. + +Prior to the attempt on his life Frick had been severely criticized for +harsh and arbitrary treatment of his employees. His determination to +break their union and his reckless use of Pinkertons had antagonized +even those who normally favored the open shop. Berkman's attack, so +alien and repugnant to our democratic mores, completely changed the +situation. Frick became the hero of the day. Journalists and public men +vied in praise of the victim and execration of the assailant. The fact +that the latter was of Russian birth and an anarchist only served to +strengthen his guilt. Although Frick recovered from his wounds with +extraordinary rapidity and was back at his desk within a fortnight, and +although the law of Pennsylvania limited punishment for the crime to +seven years, the defendant was tried without benefit of legal counsel +and sentenced to twenty-two years' imprisonment. + +The ascetic youth was thoroughly dismayed by the calamitous turn of +events. He regarded Frick as "an enemy of the People," a cruel exploiter +of labor who had to be destroyed as a concrete warning of the oncoming +revolution. He gloried in this opportunity to serve the American workers +in the manner of the Russian nihilists. It pained him therefore to think +that he owed his failure to kill Frick to the interference of the very +workers for whom he was ready to die. The attack upon him by John Most +was distressing enough, but the scornful repudiation by the strikers and +the coolness of labor everywhere cut him to the heart. Suffering the +anguish of a living death in one of the worst prisons in the United +States, he sought comfort in the thought that he was a revolutionist and +not a would-be murderer. "A revolutionist," he later explained, "would +rather perish a thousand times than be guilty of what is ordinarily +called murder. In truth, murder and _Attentat_ are to me opposite terms. +To remove a tyrant is an act of liberation, the giving of life and +opportunity to an oppressed people." Some years afterwards he came to +believe that even such shedding of blood "must be resorted to only as a +last extremity." It was this faith in the ideal for which he was +prepared to die that kept him alive through fourteen years of physical +torture and mental martyrdom. One need only read his _Prison Memoirs of +an Anarchist_, a work of extraordinary acumen and power, to appreciate +the high purpose that had motivated him and the strength of character +that enabled him to turn his prison trials into spiritual triumphs. + +Emma, his lover and accomplice, from the very first defended him with +passionate abandon. To her he was "the idealist whose humanity can +tolerate no injustice and endure no wrong." The excessive punishment +dealt to him by the state struck her as barbarous and cowardly. "The +idealists and visionaries," she asserted years later, "foolish enough to +throw caution to the winds and express their ardor and faith in some +supreme deed, have advanced mankind and have enriched the world." At the +time, however, she grieved to think of her noble companion doomed to +waste the best years of his life in execrable confinement. + +Unable to lighten his suffering, she resolved to double her effort +towards the realization of their common ideal. A physical breakdown, +however, forced her to seek rest and medical care. Her sister Helene +welcomed her back and helped her to regain strength. But the aggravation +of the unemployment crisis in 1893 caused her to disregard the doctor's +warning and to return to her post on the East Side. "Committee sessions, +public meetings, collection of foodstuffs, supervising the feeding of +the homeless and their numerous children, and, finally, the organization +of a mass-meeting on Union Square entirely filled my time." As the main +speaker at this large gathering she excoriated the state for functioning +only as the protector of the rich and for keeping the poor starved and +enslaved, like a giant shorn of his strength. Commenting on Cardinal +Manning's dictum that "necessity knows no law," she continued: "They +will go on robbing you, your children, and your children's children, +unless you wake up, unless you become daring enough to demand your +rights. Well, then, demonstrate before the palaces of the rich; demand +work. If they do not give you work, demand bread. If they deny you both, +take bread. It is your sacred right." For this speech she was arrested, +charged with inciting to riot although the meeting was peaceable, and +sentenced to one year in Blackwell's Island Penitentiary. + +She went to prison in a defiant mood. She was now the avowed enemy of +the corrupt minions of the state and she knew they would stop at nothing +to keep her from agitating for a better world--the world for which she +and Berkman were then in jail. She resolved to fight back and fight +hard. So long as breath remained in her lungs and strength in her body, +she would deliver her message to the oppressed masses! No amount of +torture in prison or persecution outside would deter her in the struggle +against the state and the powerful rich! + +While in prison Emma learned the rudiments of nursing. She liked the +work better than sewing, and upon her release she persuaded several +doctors to recommend her as a practical nurse. Wishing to qualify +herself, she accepted the aid of devoted friends in order to study +nursing in the Vienna Allgemeines Krankenhaus, a hospital of very high +repute. While in Europe she lectured in England and Scotland and met the +leading anarchists in London and on the Continent. She also made +first-hand acquaintance with the contemporary social theater, on which +she was later to lecture and write with penetrating insight. In the +summer of 1896 she returned to this country, qualified as a nurse and +midwife. + + * * * * * + +Once back in New York, she immediately resumed her anarchist activity. +Her first concern was to promote an appeal for Berkman's pardon, and +keen was her sorrow and resentment when it was refused. More than ever +eager to further their common ideal, and greatly moved by the sporadic +attacks upon the more aggressive workers, she undertook her first +continental lecture tour. + + Everywhere workers were slain, everywhere the same butchery!... + The masses were millions, yet how weak! To awaken them from + their stupor, to make them conscious of their power--that is + the great need! Soon, I told myself, I should be able to reach + them throughout America. With a tongue of fire I would rouse + them to a realization of their dependence and indignity! + Glowingly I visioned my first great tour and the opportunities + it would offer me to plead our Cause. + +Her opportunities fell far short of her expectations, but her words of +fire ignited the hearts of many who came to scoff. + +For the next twenty years she devoted most of her time to lecturing. She +spoke wherever there were comrades enough to organize a meeting; and in +scores of cities, from Maine to Oregon, there were libertarians ready to +suffer great inconvenience for their cause. At first most of her talks +were given in Yiddish and German; later, as she attracted more +Americanized audiences, she spoke mainly in English. Her topics ranged +widely in content. She expounded the doctrine of anarchism whenever +possible, but her lectures dealt mainly with current social problems and +the modern European drama. Shortly before World War I she discussed +birth control with a frankness that sent her to jail for a fortnight. +She usually keyed her talks to the intelligence of her auditors, and +always she spoke with clarity and enthusiasm. + +Throughout her years of agitation she exercised extraordinary tact and +exceptional physical courage. No other woman in America ever had to +suffer such persistent persecution. She was arrested innumerable times, +beaten more than once, refused admission to halls where she was to +speak. Often the police dispersed her audience. Intimidated owners +frequently refused to rent her meeting places or cancelled contracts at +the last minute. On various occasions she was met at the train and +compelled by sheer force to proceed to the next stopping place. In 1912 +she and Ben Reitman, at that time her manager and lover, were driven +from San Diego and the latter was tarred and tortured. + +It must be said that the lawbreakers and defilers of liberty were not +Emma Goldman and her harassed followers but the sworn guardians of the +law and leading local citizens. The latter and not the anarchists were +guilty of violating the rights of free speech and free assembly, of +beating their victims without cause and of jailing them without warrant. +It was after one such instance of unprovoked brutality that Emma wrote: + + In no country, Russia not exempt, would the police dare to + exercise such brutal power over the lives of men and women. In + no country would the people stand for such beastliness and + vulgarity. Nor do I know of any people who have so little + regard for their own manhood and self-respect as the average + American citizen, with all his boasted independence. + +The newspapers abetted the police in the lawless treatment of Emma and +her fellow rebels. They sometimes perverted a grain of truth into +columns of muck and made "Red Emma" a symbol of all that was dangerous +and despicable. The rank injustice of this abuse caused the staid New +York _Sun_ to protest on September 30, 1909: "The popular belief is that +she preaches bombs and murder, but she certainly does nothing of the +kind. Bombs are very definite things, and one of the peculiarities of +her doctrine is its vagueness. The wonder is that with a doctrine so +vague she managed to strike terror into the stout hearts of the police." + +Nor were the police and the press the only perpetrators of this modern +witch hunt. President Theodore Roosevelt expressed the attitude of many +persons of privilege and respectability when he blustered: "The +Anarchist is the enemy of humanity, the enemy of all mankind, and his is +the deeper degree of criminality than any other." When William Buwalda, +a soldier in the United States Army and the recipient of a medal for +bravery, shook hands with Emma Goldman at one of her lectures in 1908, +he was courtmartialed and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. It was +only as a consequence of numerous public protests that Buwalda was +pardoned after he had served ten months. The Red Hysteria of 1917-21 +merely climaxed decades of ill-treatment of a militant minority in a +nation founded on the principles of human rights and individual +liberty. + +If this ugly chapter in recent American history was the work of men of +property and of public officers, there were numerous other Americans, +less powerful but of greater probity, who cherished the fundamental +freedoms of our Founding Fathers. These liberals spoke out forcefully +against the violation of rights guaranteed by the Constitution. They +gladly gave of their time and money to the defense of the harassed +radicals. Because Emma Goldman suffered most from police brutality and +because her dynamic personality attracted those who came in contact with +her, she was befriended by scores of Americans in every part of the +country. These Jeffersonian liberals admired her courage and sincerity +and helped her to organize her lecture tours and to finance her +propagandistic and literary ventures. + +Emma reached the nadir of her career during the aftermath of President +McKinley's assassination. With the memory of Alexander Berkman's fate +still festering in her heart, she said: "Leon Czolgosz and other men of +his type ... are drawn to some violent expression, even at the sacrifice +of their own lives, because they cannot supinely witness the misery and +suffering of their fellows." Even before her attitude was known, she was +arrested as an accomplice of Czolgosz and treated with extreme savagery +before being released for lack of evidence. + +Even more painful to her was the obtuseness of those anarchists who +condemned Czolgosz's act as wanton murder. Ironically enough, even +Berkman wrote from prison to disapprove of the shooting and to +differentiate it from his own attack upon Frick; in his opinion the +killing of McKinley was individual terrorism and not a deed motivated by +social necessity. Emma was shocked by this argument, since to her both +acts were inspired by the same high idealism and spirit of +self-sacrifice. Unlike Berkman, who had come to see the futility of +terrorism in a country like the United States, she was more interested +in the incentive than in the effectiveness of an assassination. She was +ostracized for her loyalty to Czolgosz and, as a consequence of his +execution, suffered severe depression. + +Once Emma Goldman had mastered the English language, she was not long in +wishing to establish a periodical that would carry the message of +anarchism to those whom she could not reach in person. Outbreaks of +strikes in this country and increased revolutionary activity in Russia +only made her more eager for a magazine of her own. In 1905 she was +serving as manager and interpreter for Paul Orleneff and Alla Nazimova, +who had come to the United States for a theatrical tour. When Orleneff +learned of Emma's ambition to publish a periodical, he insisted on +giving a special performance for her benefit. Although a pouring rain +kept the audience to a fraction of the expected number, the receipts +sufficed to pay for the first issue of _Mother Earth_. + +The scope and purpose of the new monthly, which began to appear in March +1906, were explained at the outset: + + _Mother Earth_ will endeavor to attract and appeal to all those + who oppose encroachment on public and individual life. It will + appeal to those who strive for something higher, weary of the + commonplace; to those who feel that stagnation is a deadweight + on the firm and elastic step of progress; to those who breathe + freely only in limitless space; to those who long for the + tender shade of a new dawn for a humanity free from the dread + of want, the dread of starvation in the face of mountains of + riches. The Earth free for the free individual. + +Emma Goldman edited the monthly throughout its eleven years of +existence. In all this time it reflected her views, her interests, her +dynamic liveliness. Her fellow editors at one time or another were Max +Baginski, Hippolyte Havel, and Alexander Berkman, but the character of +the periodical underwent no change as a consequence. Each issue +contained at least one poem, brief editorials on the events of the +month, articles on current aspects of anarchism, comments on labor +strikes and radical activities the world over, reports by Emma on topics +of interest to her or on her frequent lecture tours, and finally appeals +for money. Many prominent libertarians contributed essays of a +philosophical or hortatory nature. It emanated a youthful vigor and an +exuberance not found in any other contemporary periodical. Its several +thousand readers were devoted to it and supported it with their limited +means until the postal censor put an end to the monthly shortly after +the declaration of war in 1917. + +_Mother Earth_ was not Emma Goldman's sole publishing activity. A firm +believer in the efficacy of educational propaganda, she printed and sold +a long list of inexpensive tracts. Her table of literature became a +prominent feature at all her meetings. When no commercial publisher +would accept Berkman's _Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist_, she collected +funds and issued the book herself. The volume has since become a classic +in its field, and stands to this day as a living reminder of the +dominance of a keen and determined mind over all physical obstacles. +Emma also brought out her own collection of lectures, _Anarchism and +Other Essays_. She was able, however, to find a publisher for her +impressive volume of lectures on _The Social Significance of the Modern +Drama_, which deals incisively with the European plays that dissect the +common failures and fallacies of bourgeois society. + + * * * * * + +Face to face with an audience, Emma Goldman was a forceful and witty +propagandist. Frequently she lifted her rapt hearers to heights from +which they envisioned a world wholly free and completely delightful. In +cold print, however, her lectures reveal little of her dynamic appeal. +They are primarily the work of a forceful agitator: clear, pointed, +spirited, but without originality or intellectual rigor. + +The faithful disciple of Bakunin and Kropotkin, Emma perceived +civilization as "a continuous struggle of the individual or of groups of +individuals against the State and even against 'society,' that is, +against the majority subdued and hypnotized by the State and State +worship." This conflict, she argued, was bound to last as long as the +state itself, since it was of the very nature of government to be +"conservative, static, intolerant of change and opposed to it," while +the instinct of the individual was to resent restriction, combat +authority, and seek the benefits of innovation. + +Her definition of anarchism first appeared on the masthead of _Mother +Earth_ in the issue of April 1910: "The philosophy of a new social order +based on liberty unrestrained by man-made law; the theory that all forms +of government rest on violence, and are therefore wrong and harmful, as +well as unnecessary." In her oft-repeated lecture on the subject she +warmly described the benefits to ensue from social revolution: + + Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping + of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; + an order that will guarantee to every human being free access + to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, + according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations. + +To the end of her life Emma avowed the soundness and practicality of her +doctrine. As late as 1934 she declared in _Harper's Magazine_: "I am +certain that Anarchism is too vital and too close to human nature ever +to die. When the failure of modern dictatorship and authoritarian +philosophies becomes apparent and the realization of failure more +general, Anarchism will be vindicated." It was her belief that sooner or +later the mass of mankind would perceive the futility of begging for +crumbs and would take power into its own hands. Since she scorned +political means, she expounded the validity of direct action. This +method she defined as the "conscious individual or collective effort to +protest against, or remedy, social conditions through the systematic +assertion of the economic power of the workers." Once the state and +capitalism were destroyed, anarchism would assume the form of free +communism, which she described as "a social arrangement based on the +principle: To each according to his needs; from each according to his +ability." It must be stressed that although the wording is common to all +forms of communism, that of Marx and Lenin implies strict centralized +authority, while that of Kropotkin and Emma Goldman envisions complete +decentralization and the supremacy of the individual. + +No man who has pondered the concept of the good life will fail to +appreciate the ideal propounded by the anarchists. And one who has +observed the results of modern dictatorship cannot but sympathize with a +vision of the future in which the individual is the prime beneficiary of +all social activity. Yet life often makes mock of man's noblest dreams. +Emma may have been "the daughter of the dream"; her doctrine remains as +utopian as it is alluring. There is no gainsaying the fact that modern +conditions still favor national and industrial centralization. The +philosophy of anarchism appears less tenable today than ever. + + * * * * * + +Though in no sense a pacifist, Emma Goldman was intensely opposed to +wars between nations. The very idea of human slaughter on the +battlefield appeared to her as barbaric and criminal. And to her the +culprit was the state. Without governments to lead their subjects to +battle wars would be as unthinkable as duels are now. "No war is +justified unless it be for the purpose of overthrowing the Capitalist +system and establishing industrial control for the working class." + +Her first contact with war occurred in 1898, when the United States +attacked Spain. While she abominated the medieval monarchy which +oppressed the Cubans, she did not want our politicians and +industrialists to use the liberation of that island as a pretext for +their imperial aggrandizement. She therefore agitated against the war at +every one of her lectures, and did not cease to expose our imperialist +intentions until the end of the fighting. Fortunately for her, the +liberties of the people were not curbed as a result of the war, and the +police did not consider her lack of patriotism more provoking than her +advocacy of anarchism. + +In 1914, when war broke out in Europe, she immediately perceived its +catastrophic nature and condemned its instigators as monstrous +criminals. Alexander Berkman, who had been enjoying uneasy liberty since +1906 and who worked closely with her despite their intermittent personal +and ideological differences, at once joined her in the attack. Both did +their utmost to rouse the people against our involvement. It was a hard +and increasingly thankless fight against deep-seated prejudices. +Consternation struck their hearts when they learned that Peter Kropotkin +and other eminent anarchists had embraced the cause of the Allies and +were participating in the propaganda campaign against Germany. Resolved +to retain their sanity in a world gone mad, they repudiated all +"warmongers" regardless of their previous professions and intensified +their efforts to keep the United States out of the European holocaust. + +When events moved us in the direction of belligerency, the government +sought feverishly to regiment the nation for the war struggle. Emma, +Berkman, and numerous other radicals resisted this martial hysteria with +all the force at their command. _Mother Earth_ blasted the proponents of +preparedness in issue after issue and denounced the government for +trampling upon the Bill of Rights in its hypocritical pretence of making +the world safe for democracy. Emma denounced the capitalist basis of war +before crowds of enthusiastic sympathizers. As late as March 1917 she +wrote: + + I for one will speak against war so long as my voice will last, + now and during the war. A thousand times rather would I die + calling to the people of America to refuse to be obedient, to + refuse military service, to refuse to murder their brothers, + than I should ever give my voice in justification of war, + except the one war of all the peoples against their despots and + exploiters--the Social Revolution. + +She and Berkman organized the No-Conscription League for the purpose of +encouraging conscientious objectors to resist induction into the army. +Writing in behalf of the League, Emma explained: "We will resist +conscription by every means in our power, and we will sustain those who, +for similar reasons, refuse to be conscripted." At several mass-meetings +she and Berkman expressed these sentiments, knowing that government +agents were taking notes on their speeches. On June 15, 1917, both were +arrested and charged with "conspiring against the draft." + +The two rebels did not flinch from the ordeal awaiting them. "Tell all +friends," Emma wrote shortly before their trial, "that we will not +waver, that we will not compromise, and that if the worst comes, we +shall go to prison in the proud consciousness that we have remained +faithful to the spirit of internationalism and to the solidarity of all +the people of the world." In court they conducted their own defense with +a facility and frankness that gained the admiration of even their +detractors. They shrewdly used the courtroom as a forum. In addressing +the jury they were eloquently polemical. + + It is organized violence on top [Emma asserted] which creates + individual violence at the bottom. It is the accumulated + indignation against organized wrong, organized crime, organized + injustice, which drives the political offender to his act.... + We are but the atoms in the incessant human struggle towards + the light that shines in the darkness--the ideal of economic, + political, and spiritual liberation of mankind! + +The dramatic trial was in a sense another re-enactment of the age-old +tragedy in which the rebellious idealist is condemned by the gross +guardians of society. The obdurate defendants were each given the +maximum penalty of two years in prison and a fine of ten thousand +dollars. + +Time passed in dreary monotony for Emma in Jefferson City and Berkman in +Atlanta. The war was fought and won, the millions of American soldiers +were back from Europe, and peace again prevailed over the earth. But to +conservatives the specter of Bolshevism had replaced the ogre of +Prussianism as the enemy of established society. In this country +Attorney-General Mitchell Palmer, a Quaker and God-fearing man, led the +manhunt against those who were suspected of sympathy with the Russian +Revolution. Thousands of men and women were made the victims of an +Anti-Red hysteria, and hundreds were deported as undesirable aliens. +When Emma and Berkman were released, they also became subject to +expulsion. Although she had long been a naturalized citizen by virtue of +her marriage to a citizen, the Department of Labor ruled otherwise. On +the night of December 21, 1919, the two rebels together with 247 other +undesirables were hurried aboard the ancient troopship _Buford_ for +passage to Russia. + +Thirty years of struggle and suffering on this side of the Atlantic had +so Americanized Emma and Berkman that they could not think of themselves +as belonging to another country. The ignominy of expulsion and the loss +of their friends wounded them deeply. Yet they were comforted by the +thought of the adventure that lay ahead. As the battered _Buford_ plowed +its billowy way to the shores of Finland they reflected on the ironic +turn of events which had transformed Czarist Russia into a land of +revolution and converted the free United States into a citadel of +reaction. While still in jail they had approved the Bolshevik coup as a +necessary safeguard of the revolution. They believed that Lenin and his +fellow leaders, while Marxists and therefore advocates of a strong +centralized government, were devoted to the principles of freedom and +equality and therefore deserved the support of all workers and +libertarians. Now, outcasts from the capitalist stronghold, they longed +to join their Russian comrades in the defense of the revolution. When +she reached the Soviet border, Emma later wrote, "my heart trembled with +anticipation and fervent hope." + +Dismay darkened their days throughout the twenty months of their sojourn +in Russia. Their official welcome quickly spent itself. They began to +look about for themselves, to speak privately with fellow anarchists, +and to seek explanations of events and practices not to their liking. +The twin demons of inefficiency and stupidity--judged by their American +and anarchist standards respectively--leered at them wherever they went; +the black walls of bureaucracy rose before them at every turn. Perverse +cruelty on the part of the government came to their attention with +distressing frequency. All their early efforts at rationalization failed +to excuse the needless hunger, the mass arrests, the arbitrary +executions. They discussed these events with prominent Bolshevik +leaders, including Trotsky and Lenin, in the hope of persuading them to +mitigate conditions injurious to the revolution. In each instance the +response was either enigmatic or equivocal. Angelica Balabanova, then +secretary of the Third International and later as disaffected an exile +as herself, told Emma that life was "a rock on which the highest hopes +are shattered. Life thwarts the best intentions and breaks the finest +spirits." Alexandra Kollontay, the hard-headed diplomat, chilled her +with the advice to stop "brooding over a few dull gray spots." Even +Lenin impressed her and Berkman as callous and unsympathetic. + +Time only deepened their perturbation. After eight months of life in +Russia, Emma began to doubt the revolution itself. "Its manifestations +were so completely at variance with what I had conceived and propagated +as revolution that I did not know any more which was right. My old +values had been shipwrecked and I myself thrown overboard to sink or +swim." The climax of her quarrel with the Bolsheviki came a year later +during the attack upon the mutinous Kronstadt sailors. That hundreds of +true sons of the revolution should be shot down for sympathizing with +striking workers seemed to her a crime worse than any committed by the +Czarist regime. Neither she nor Berkman could any longer stomach such +ruthless authoritarianism and both left the country as soon as they were +able to obtain visas. + +Once past the Soviet border, the hapless pair became true Ishmaelites, +without either home or country. No government offered them asylum, and +few were willing to provide them with even temporary visas. Devoted +friends had great difficulty in getting Swedish officials to permit the +two refugees a long-enough stay in Stockholm to procure visas for a +sojourn in Germany. + +Their one great mission now became the unmasking of the Bolsheviki, and +their attacks were more virulent and hysterical than those of the most +extreme reactionaries. Berkman's _The Bolshevik Myth_ and Emma's _My +Disillusionment in Russia_ and _My Further Disillusionment in Russia_ +(the book was published in two separate volumes as a result of an +inadvertent misunderstanding) are charged with fanatic hatred. Both +insisted that Lenin and his monstrous crew were perverting the Russian +Revolution to their own sinister purposes and must be destroyed at all +costs. They made no effort to view the situation objectively. + +In 1924 Emma was permitted to make her home in England. At once she +busied herself with plans to rouse the people against the Bolsheviki, +but found herself either snubbed or scorned. The liberals refused to +support her for fear of endangering Soviet Russia's precarious relations +with Great Britain; the radicals insisted on the need of bolstering the +Bolsheviki during the period of revolutionary experimentation. Her +lectures were poorly attended; her audiences failed to be impressed. +After two years of discouragement she decided to leave England +altogether. Shortly before her departure she married James Colton, an +old rebel, for the convenience of British citizenship. + +A vacation in France preceded a lecture tour through Canada. Again on +American soil, she resumed the old pattern of agitation. But the +Dominion did not provide sufficient scope for her seething energy. And +when friends, who had long urged her to write her autobiography, +provided her with funds for that purpose, she returned to France. + +_Living My Life_ appeared in 1932. It is a lively story, palpitating +with strong feeling and epitomizing the blazing years of her anarchist +activity. The writing is vivacious, forceful, exciting. The narrative is +colorful and wholly uninhibited. Emma's strong personality stamps every +page. She was as dynamic in her numerous amours as in her work for human +freedom, and she discusses both with equal zest. Her unrepressed egotism +prompts her to relate personal incidents which have little bearing on +her own development and none on that of anarchism--incidents that +sometimes reveal petty malice and that might better have been left +unrecorded. The final impression, however, is of her generous character, +her profound devotion to the ideal of liberty, her extraordinary energy, +her great courage, and her successful insistence on living her life in +her own way. + +When Emma had completed her long book and was ready to resume her role +as lecturer and agitator, the menace of fascism drove the Bolshevik +betrayal from the forefront of her mind. A tour through Germany and +other parts of Europe convinced her that the Nazis were the greater +threat to freedom and must be fought without let. Late in 1933 she +returned to Canada and addressed large audiences on such topics as +"Hitler and His Cohorts," "Germany's Tragedy," and "The Collapse of +German Culture." With Cassandra-like foresight she argued that England +and Germany's neighbors were blind to the danger confronting them and +that if the Nazis were not ousted from power they would destroy +civilization. + +In January 1934 she was granted permission to visit the United States +for ninety days. Friends arranged for a two-month lecture tour. Her +audiences were large, though a good percentage came more out of +curiosity than to pay homage to her anarchist leadership. Some hotels +refused to admit her, and detectives and policemen were as conspicuous +within the halls as in former times. Communists heckled her, but there +was comparatively little of the excitement and defiance of her previous +"tours of agitation." In truth neither Emma nor her hearers bothered +much about the doctrine of anarchism. The immediate menace had become +not the capitalistic state but fascist authoritarianism (to Emma, +Bolshevism was "only left-wing fascism"); and she attacked it not as the +apostolic anarchist but as the passionate libertarian. The end of April +came all too soon, and again she had to depart from the land in which +she had spent her best years. Nor did the fact that she was an old woman +without roots elsewhere make leavetaking any easier. + +The following year she sojourned in Canada, lecturing, writing, hoping +in vain for readmission to the United States. In the spring of 1935 she +went to France. Berkman was already there, and the two old friends again +saw much of each other. The day after her sixty-seventh birthday their +lifelong intimacy was abruptly ended by his suicide; he had been ill for +some time and characteristically preferred death to a wretched old age. +The tragic event oppressed her grievously. + +The Spanish Civil War, beginning shortly after, provided her with +much-needed distraction. With energies renewed she at once went to +Spain. Her previous friendly association with Spanish anarchists made +her a welcome addition to their ranks. For the next two years she +devoted herself to bolstering the cause of the Loyalists. Since +England's sympathy was of crucial importance, she went to London to work +in behalf of the Spanish government. The callous and undiscerning +attitude of the ruling Tories deprived her of the last atom of hope. She +returned to Spain in 1938, wishing to stand beside her comrades during +their final futile efforts to hold back the fascist inundation. + +Early in 1939, with darkness rapidly enveloping the whole of Europe, +Emma returned to Canada. There she died on May 13, 1940, clinging +tenaciously to the shreds of her revolutionary ideal until her last +gasp. + + * * * * * + +Emma Goldman was unquestionably the most active and audacious rebel of +her time. An idealist to the core of her being, cherishing liberty as +the most precious of human possessions, completely dedicated to the full +and free life for all mankind, she early became the object of +concentrated contumely and brutal abuse on the part of the defenders of +the status quo. Her threat to society lay not so much in her +revolutionary doctrine as in her attacks upon the abuses of capitalism. +B. R. Tucker and other individualist anarchists were equally opposed to +authority, but they were not molested so long as they did not concern +themselves with economic exploitation. Emma, however, had made it her +duty to fight against injustice toward the worker and the nonconformist. +Consequently she organized mass-meetings and marches against +unemployment; she became a picket-leader and fund-raiser, and protested +openly and persistently against violations of free speech and against +police brutality. This activity, especially effective because of her +untiring zeal and bold eloquence, gave her pre-eminence as a dangerous +enemy of capitalism and subjected her to persecution by the authorities +until she was driven out of the country. + +Quite a few Americans, however, respected her for her honest idealism +and valued her as a goad stinging the social conscience of our +complacent public. One of them, William Marion Reedy, called her "the +daughter of the dream" after a meeting with her in 1908 and added: "She +threatens all society that is sham, all society that is slavery, all +society that is a mask of greed and lust." Floyd Dell spoke for many in +the blithe year of 1912 when he wrote: "She has a legitimate social +function--that of holding before our eyes the ideals of freedom. She is +licenced to taunt us with our moral cowardice, to plant in our souls the +nettles of remorse at having acquiesced so tamely in the brutal artifice +of present-day society." + +For all her courage and iconoclasm, she was deeply feminine in outlook +and behavior. Her strongest attribute was of an emotional rather than +intellectual nature: she felt first and thought afterwards. She had an +extraordinary capacity for believing whatever suited her ideological or +personal purposes. Rationalization and ratiocination merged in her mind +very readily. Thus in her autobiography she was punctilious in recording +the details of her love affairs, presumably in the belief that +everything she did and felt affected her revolutionary development. Yet +at all times she was ready to sacrifice her own happiness for the good +of anarchism. + +On her fiftieth birthday, while in prison for obstructing the draft, she +took stock of her past. "Fifty years--thirty of them on the firing +line--had they borne fruit or had I merely been repeating Don Quixote's +idle chase? Had my efforts served only to fill my inner void, to find an +outlet for the turbulence of my being? Or was it really the ideal that +had dictated my conscious course?" She had not the slightest doubt, +however, that her life had not been lived in vain. She had fought +valiantly, and was to remain on the firing line for another twenty +years. And while it is in the very nature of an ideal to fail of +achievement, its mere existence gives life its impetus and its reward. +Emma's quotation from Ibsen, made while waiting for deportation in +1919--"that it is the struggle for the ideal that counts, rather than +the attainment of it"--may well be her epitaph. + + + + + ALSO PUBLISHED BY THE LIBERTARIAN BOOK CLUB + + + ANARCHISM + + _Exponents of the Anarchist Philosophy_ + + by + PAUL ELTZBACHER + + _with an appended essay_ + by + RUDOLF ROCKER + + Interpretation of the whole range of the anarchist thought, in one + single volume, by world recognized authorities: William Godwin, Pierre + Joseph Proudhon, Peter Kropotkin, Leo Tolstoy, Benjamin Tucker, Rudolf + Rocker, Michael Bakunin, Max Stirner $6.00 + + + MEN AGAINST THE STATE + + The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827-1908. The + only fully documented history of anarchism in the United States ever + published in this country $3.25 + + + NINETEEN SEVENTEEN + + The Russian Revolution Betrayed + + by VOLINE $3.50 + + + THE UNKNOWN REVOLUTION + + Kronstadt 1921 Ukrain 1918-1921 + + by VOLINE $3.50 + + + _Send your orders to_ + Libertarian Book Club, Inc. + General Post Office Box 842 New York 1, New York + + + + + BOOKS BY RUDOLF ROCKER + + + NATIONALISM AND CULTURE + + _Translated from the German by_ RAY E. CHASE + SECOND PRINTING + + "An important contribution to political philosophy, both on account of + its penetrating and widely informative analysis of many famous writers, + and on account of the brilliant criticism of state-worship, the + prevailing and most noxious superstition of our time. I hope it will be + widely read in all those countries in which disinterested thinking is + not yet illegal."--_Bertrand Russell_ + + "In my opinion the work _Nationalism and Culture_ is deserving of the + highest respect. I have studied it throughout, and I learn that + specialists in this field are also interesting themselves in its + behalf."--_Albert Einstein_ + + 592 pp. with Bibliography and Index $3.50 + + + PIONEERS OF AMERICAN FREEDOM + + _Authorized translation from the German MS by_ ARTHUR E. BRIGGS + + "Here is a volume that sets forth the contributions toward freedom that + are original to our own soil. However, these are given with a proper + setting of a European background that adds illumination to the + brilliance and creativeness of our greatest leaders of progressive + action toward the dawn of a New Age."--_From the Preface by the late Dr. + F. W. Roman, regent of the University of California_ + + 215 + XX pp. with extended Bibliography and Index $3.00 + + + THE SIX + + _Great Characters from World Literature_ + + "_The Six_ seems to me like a great symphony. A short introduction, a + prelude, sets the theme, sad and enigmatic. This theme is repeated in + each of the six stories, which make up the symphony. Each has its own + mood and tempo. At last comes a jubilant, resolving finale. The whole + work effects me like a great orchestral performance."--_From the Preface + by Ray E. Chase_ + + Presentation Copy, 255 pp. green leatherette binding $2.00 + + + LIBERTARIAN BOOK CLUB, _Distributors_ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Emma Goldman, by Charles A. 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