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diff --git a/33628-h/33628-h.htm b/33628-h/33628-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..35a7381 --- /dev/null +++ b/33628-h/33628-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1522 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Emma Goldman, by Charles A. Madison. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.price { position: absolute; + left: 86%; + font-weight:bold; + text-align: right; +} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + + + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Emma Goldman, by Charles A. Madison + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Emma Goldman + Biographical Sketch + +Author: Charles A. Madison + +Release Date: September 4, 2010 [EBook #33628] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EMMA GOLDMAN *** + + + + +Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Martin Mayer and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + +<h1>EMMA GOLDMAN</h1> +<h3><i>Biographical Sketch</i></h3> +<p> </p> +<h3>By</h3> +<h2>CHARLES A. MADISON</h2> +<h4><i>Author of</i></h4> +<h4>CRITICS AND CRUSADERS</h4> +<p> </p> +<h4><i>Published by</i></h4> +<h4><span class="smcap">Libertarian Book Club, Inc.</span></h4> +<h4>P. O. Box 842</h4> +<h4>General Post Office New York 1, N. Y.</h4> +<h4>May 13, 1960</h4> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + +<h3><i>Reprinted from</i></h3> +<h3>"CRITICS AND CRUSADERS"</h3> +<h3>by <span class="smcap">Charles A. Madison</span></h3> +<h3><i>with the permission of</i></h3> +<h3><span class="smcap">Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.</span></h3> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="10" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" frame="box" rules= "none" summary=""> +<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap"><b>In Memoriam</b></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">The Libertarian Book Club</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">has published this pamphlet as</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">a tribute to the memory</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">of our brave comrade</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><b>EMMA GOLDMAN</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">died May 13, 1940</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">to commemorate the twentieth anniversary</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">of her death</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 225px;"> +<a href="images/emmagoldman.jpg"><img src="images/emmagoldmanthumb.jpg" width="225" height="300" alt="Emma Goldman 1869--1940" title="Emma Goldman" /></a> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p><p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>EMMA GOLDMAN</h2> + +<p><i>ANARCHIST REBEL</i></p> + + +<p>The hanging of several anarchists in 1887 as a consequence +of the Haymarket bombing in Chicago caused many Americans +to sympathize with the gibbeted radicals. Youths +swathed in bright idealism, men and women rooted in equalitarian +democracy, workers trusting in the rectitude of their government—all +doubted the guilt of the condemned prisoners and were deeply +perturbed by the egregious miscarriage of justice. Many of them for +the first time became aware of the state's ruthless arrogation of +power, and scores upon scores remained to the end of their lives +inimical to government and apprehensive of all forms of authority.</p> + +<p>Emma Goldman was one of these converts. Resentment against +the restraints of authority was no new experience for this spirited +girl. As far back as she could remember she had hated and feared +her father, a quick-tempered and deeply harassed Orthodox Jew +who had vented his emotional and financial vexations on his recalcitrant +daughter. Unable to get from him the love and praise she +craved, she had refused to submit to his strict discipline and had +preferred beatings to blind obedience. Consequently she grew up +in an atmosphere of repression and acrimony. "Since my earliest +recollection," she wrote, "home had been stifling, my father's +presence terrifying. My mother, while less violent with her children, +never showed much warmth."</p> + +<p>At the age of thirteen she began to work in a factory in St. Petersburg, +and her life became doubly oppressive. She soon learned of +the revolutionary movement and sympathized with its agitation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +against Czarist autocracy. To escape from the tyranny of her +father, the irksomeness of the shop, and the repressive measures of +the government, she fought with all her stubborn strength for the +opportunity to accompany her beloved sister Helene to the United +States. Early in 1886 the two girls arrived in Rochester to live with +their married sister, who had preceded them to this country.</p> + +<p>Like other penniless immigrants, the seventeen-year-old Emma +had no alternative but to follow the common groove to the sweatshop. +Paid a weekly wage of two dollars and a half for sixty-three +hours of work, she naturally resented the social system which permitted +such exploitation. Together with other immigrants she had +dreamed of the United States as a haven of liberty and equality. +Instead she found it the home of crass materialism and cruel disparity. +This disillusionment was deepened by the hysterical accounts +of the trial in Chicago. She was quick to conclude that the +accused anarchists were innocent of the charge against them; and +the vilification not only of the prisoners but of all radicals merely +hardened her hatred against the enemies of the working poor.</p> + +<p>It was easy enough for her to believe John Most's claim in <i>Die +Freiheit</i> (which chance had brought her way) that Parsons, Spies, +and the other defendants were to be hanged for nothing more than +their advocacy of anarchism. What this doctrine was she did not +quite know, but she assumed it must have merit since it favored +poor workers like herself. When the jury found the men guilty, she +could not accept the reality of the dread verdict. Her thoughts +clung to the condemned anarchists as if they were her brothers. +In her passionate yearning to do something in their behalf she +attended meetings of protest and read everything she could find on +the case; and she sympathetically experienced the torment of a +prisoner awaiting execution. In her autobiography, <i>Living My Life</i>, +she wrote that on the day of the hangings "I was in a stupor; a feeling +of numbness came over me, something too horrible even for +tears." The very next day, however, she became imbued with a +surging determination to dedicate herself to the cause of the martyred +men, to devote her life to the ideals for which they had died.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the meantime, discouraged and lonely, she had welcomed a +fellow worker's show of affection. She felt no love for him and, as a +result of an attempted rape at the age of fifteen, she still experienced +a "violent repulsion" in the presence of men, but she had +not the strength to refuse his urgent proposal of marriage. She soon +learned to her dismay that her husband was impotent and not at +all as congenial as she had thought. However, the very suggestion +of a separation enraged her father, who had recently come to Rochester. +After months of aggravation she did go through the then rare +and reprehensible rite of Orthodox divorce, but she had to leave +town to avoid social ostracism. When she returned some months +later, her former husband again pursued her, and his threat of +suicide frightened her into remarrying him.</p> + +<p>Emma now felt herself thwarted and trapped. Twenty years old +and yearning to make life meaningful, she chafed at the very +thought of her drab and dreary existence. Her anxiety to elude her +father's abuse, to free herself from a loveless marriage, to escape +the dullness of her oppressive environment, only intensified her +longing for freedom and affection. Consequently she began to nurture +her dream of dedicating herself to the ideal championed by +the Chicago martyrs. One day in August 1889 she broke relations +with her husband and parents and left for New York with money +supplied by her ever-devoted sister Helene.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>In the metropolis Emma felt herself gloriously free. For the first +time in her life she was completely independent. On the teeming +East Side a new and wonderful world emerged before her, and she +embraced it with passionate abandon. Alexander Berkman, a determined +doctrinaire at eighteen, made her acquaintance the day she +arrived and the pair at once established an intimate comradeship +which endured through many vicissitudes to the day of his death. +John Most, the impetuous anarchist leader, became her lover as +well as her mentor and opened new and fascinating vistas of the +mind. "Most became my idol," she wrote. "I adored him." Under +his tutelage she read seminal books and learned about significant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +men and ideas. Anarchism assumed definite meaning; the struggle +by the many in want against the few in power, then so pathetically +feeble, became to her a war unto death; the goal of social freedom +appeared tangible and alluringly near. For months her voracious +hunger for knowledge seemed insatiable, her capacity for emotion +inexhaustible. This tremendous release of energy was in truth the +expression of long-pent-up zeal. She threw herself into the radical +movement of the East Side with the enthusiasm of an inspired +visionary.</p> + +<p>Her first years in New York were a period of preparation. Along +with her work in sweatshops, which she had to do to earn her living, +she found time to familiarize herself with the latest libertarian literature +and to spend hours on end in intellectual discussion. Nor +was she able to remain a passive onlooker even during her early +apprenticeship. With John Most's helpful guidance she went on +her first "tour of agitation" only a few months after reaching New +York. She addressed several meetings in as many cities on the eight-hour +day, then a timely topic, and discovered that she was able to +hold the attention of an audience and to think quickly while facing +its inimical questioning.</p> + +<p>That winter the newly formed Cloakmakers' Union called its +first general strike. Emma immediately "became absorbed in it to +the exclusion of everything else." Her task was to persuade the +timid girl workers to join the strike. With prodigious energy she +exhorted them at meetings, encouraged them at dances and parties, +and thus influenced many to partake in the common effort to improve +working conditions in the sweatshops. The strike leaders were +greatly impressed by her dynamic qualities as an organizer and +public speaker.</p> + +<p>Emma's association with John Most became strained to the +breaking point when she perceived that he esteemed her more as a +lover than as a fellow anarchist. His arrogance irritated her and, +much as she admired his impassioned eloquence and incisive mind, +she could not accept the acquiescent role he had assigned her. +When his high-handed behavior resulted in a factional split, she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +sided with those who rejected his domination. Some time later, +when Most derided Berkman's attempt to kill Henry C. Frick and +disavowed the theory of "propaganda of the deed" of which he +had been the chief exponent, she came to hate him. At the first opportunity +she lashed him with a horsewhip at a public meeting and +denounced him as a renegade. Nor did time bring about a reconciliation.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Emma, Alexander Berkman, and a youthful artist were living +together in congenial intimacy. They worked at their menial tasks +during the day and devoted their evenings to agitation. Because +the progress of anarchism in this country was too slow for them, the +news of increased revolutionary activity in Russia filled them with +a romantic nostalgia for their native land. They decided to engage +in some business until they should have saved enough money for +the journey back. In the spring of 1892 chance brought them to +Worcester, Massachusetts, where they were soon operating a successful +lunchroom.</p> + +<p>The bloody consequences of the lockout at the Homestead plant +of The Carnegie Steel Company inflamed the minds of these +youthful idealists. The plan to return to Russia was abandoned +with little regret. They agreed it was their duty to go to the aid of +the brutally maltreated workers. Berkman insisted that their great +moment was at hand, that they must give up the lunchroom and +leave at once for the scene of the fighting. "Being internationalists," +he argued, "it mattered not to us where the blow was struck +by the workers; we must be with them. We must bring them our +great message and help them see that it was not only for the moment +that they must strike, but for all time, for a free life, for anarchism. +Russia had many heroic men and women, but who was there +in America? Yes, we must go to Homestead, tonight!" Taking with +them the day's receipts and their personal belongings, they left +immediately for New York. Berkman, eager to emulate the Russian +nihilists who were then fighting hangings with assassinations, determined +to make Frick, the dictatorial general manager, pay with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +his life for the death of those who had worked for him. Unable to +perfect a bomb, he decided to use a pistol. Emma wanted to accompany +him to Pittsburgh, but remained behind for the lack of +railroad fare. A few days later the resolute youth of twenty-one +made his way into Frick's office, discharged three bullets into his +body, and stabbed him several times before being overpowered and +beaten into unconsciousness.</p> + +<p>Prior to the attempt on his life Frick had been severely criticized +for harsh and arbitrary treatment of his employees. His determination +to break their union and his reckless use of Pinkertons had +antagonized even those who normally favored the open shop. Berkman's +attack, so alien and repugnant to our democratic mores, completely +changed the situation. Frick became the hero of the day. +Journalists and public men vied in praise of the victim and execration +of the assailant. The fact that the latter was of Russian birth +and an anarchist only served to strengthen his guilt. Although Frick +recovered from his wounds with extraordinary rapidity and was +back at his desk within a fortnight, and although the law of Pennsylvania +limited punishment for the crime to seven years, the defendant +was tried without benefit of legal counsel and sentenced to +twenty-two years' imprisonment.</p> + +<p>The ascetic youth was thoroughly dismayed by the calamitous +turn of events. He regarded Frick as "an enemy of the People," a +cruel exploiter of labor who had to be destroyed as a concrete warning +of the oncoming revolution. He gloried in this opportunity to +serve the American workers in the manner of the Russian nihilists. +It pained him therefore to think that he owed his failure to kill +Frick to the interference of the very workers for whom he was ready +to die. The attack upon him by John Most was distressing enough, +but the scornful repudiation by the strikers and the coolness of +labor everywhere cut him to the heart. Suffering the anguish of a +living death in one of the worst prisons in the United States, he +sought comfort in the thought that he was a revolutionist and not +a would-be murderer. "A revolutionist," he later explained, +"would rather perish a thousand times than be guilty of what is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +ordinarily called murder. In truth, murder and <i>Attentat</i> are to me +opposite terms. To remove a tyrant is an act of liberation, the giving +of life and opportunity to an oppressed people." Some years afterwards +he came to believe that even such shedding of blood "must +be resorted to only as a last extremity." It was this faith in the ideal +for which he was prepared to die that kept him alive through fourteen +years of physical torture and mental martyrdom. One need +only read his <i>Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist</i>, a work of extraordinary +acumen and power, to appreciate the high purpose that had +motivated him and the strength of character that enabled him to +turn his prison trials into spiritual triumphs.</p> + +<p>Emma, his lover and accomplice, from the very first defended +him with passionate abandon. To her he was "the idealist whose +humanity can tolerate no injustice and endure no wrong." The +excessive punishment dealt to him by the state struck her as barbarous +and cowardly. "The idealists and visionaries," she asserted +years later, "foolish enough to throw caution to the winds and express +their ardor and faith in some supreme deed, have advanced +mankind and have enriched the world." At the time, however, she +grieved to think of her noble companion doomed to waste the best +years of his life in execrable confinement.</p> + +<p>Unable to lighten his suffering, she resolved to double her effort +towards the realization of their common ideal. A physical breakdown, +however, forced her to seek rest and medical care. Her sister +Helene welcomed her back and helped her to regain strength. But +the aggravation of the unemployment crisis in 1893 caused her to +disregard the doctor's warning and to return to her post on the East +Side. "Committee sessions, public meetings, collection of foodstuffs, +supervising the feeding of the homeless and their numerous +children, and, finally, the organization of a mass-meeting on Union +Square entirely filled my time." As the main speaker at this large +gathering she excoriated the state for functioning only as the protector +of the rich and for keeping the poor starved and enslaved, +like a giant shorn of his strength. Commenting on Cardinal Manning's +dictum that "necessity knows no law," she continued: "They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +will go on robbing you, your children, and your children's children, +unless you wake up, unless you become daring enough to demand +your rights. Well, then, demonstrate before the palaces of the rich; +demand work. If they do not give you work, demand bread. If they +deny you both, take bread. It is your sacred right." For this speech +she was arrested, charged with inciting to riot although the meeting +was peaceable, and sentenced to one year in Blackwell's Island +Penitentiary.</p> + +<p>She went to prison in a defiant mood. She was now the avowed +enemy of the corrupt minions of the state and she knew they would +stop at nothing to keep her from agitating for a better world—the +world for which she and Berkman were then in jail. She resolved +to fight back and fight hard. So long as breath remained in her lungs +and strength in her body, she would deliver her message to the +oppressed masses! No amount of torture in prison or persecution +outside would deter her in the struggle against the state and the +powerful rich!</p> + +<p>While in prison Emma learned the rudiments of nursing. She +liked the work better than sewing, and upon her release she persuaded +several doctors to recommend her as a practical nurse. +Wishing to qualify herself, she accepted the aid of devoted friends +in order to study nursing in the Vienna Allgemeines Krankenhaus, +a hospital of very high repute. While in Europe she lectured in England +and Scotland and met the leading anarchists in London and +on the Continent. She also made first-hand acquaintance with the +contemporary social theater, on which she was later to lecture and +write with penetrating insight. In the summer of 1896 she returned +to this country, qualified as a nurse and midwife.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Once back in New York, she immediately resumed her anarchist +activity. Her first concern was to promote an appeal for Berkman's +pardon, and keen was her sorrow and resentment when it was refused. +More than ever eager to further their common ideal, and +greatly moved by the sporadic attacks upon the more aggressive +workers, she undertook her first continental lecture tour.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<blockquote><p>Everywhere workers were slain, everywhere the same butchery!... +The masses were millions, yet how weak! To awaken them from their +stupor, to make them conscious of their power—that is the great need! +Soon, I told myself, I should be able to reach them throughout America. +With a tongue of fire I would rouse them to a realization of their dependence +and indignity! Glowingly I visioned my first great tour and +the opportunities it would offer me to plead our Cause.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Her opportunities fell far short of her expectations, but her words +of fire ignited the hearts of many who came to scoff.</p> + +<p>For the next twenty years she devoted most of her time to lecturing. +She spoke wherever there were comrades enough to organize +a meeting; and in scores of cities, from Maine to Oregon, there were +libertarians ready to suffer great inconvenience for their cause. At +first most of her talks were given in Yiddish and German; later, as +she attracted more Americanized audiences, she spoke mainly in +English. Her topics ranged widely in content. She expounded the +doctrine of anarchism whenever possible, but her lectures dealt +mainly with current social problems and the modern European +drama. Shortly before World War I she discussed birth control +with a frankness that sent her to jail for a fortnight. She usually +keyed her talks to the intelligence of her auditors, and always she +spoke with clarity and enthusiasm.</p> + +<p>Throughout her years of agitation she exercised extraordinary tact +and exceptional physical courage. No other woman in America ever +had to suffer such persistent persecution. She was arrested innumerable +times, beaten more than once, refused admission to halls +where she was to speak. Often the police dispersed her audience. +Intimidated owners frequently refused to rent her meeting places +or cancelled contracts at the last minute. On various occasions she +was met at the train and compelled by sheer force to proceed to the +next stopping place. In 1912 she and Ben Reitman, at that time her +manager and lover, were driven from San Diego and the latter was +tarred and tortured.</p> + +<p>It must be said that the lawbreakers and defilers of liberty were +not Emma Goldman and her harassed followers but the sworn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +guardians of the law and leading local citizens. The latter and not +the anarchists were guilty of violating the rights of free speech and +free assembly, of beating their victims without cause and of jailing +them without warrant. It was after one such instance of unprovoked +brutality that Emma wrote:</p> + +<blockquote><p>In no country, Russia not exempt, would the police dare to exercise +such brutal power over the lives of men and women. In no country would +the people stand for such beastliness and vulgarity. Nor do I know +of any people who have so little regard for their own manhood and self-respect +as the average American citizen, with all his boasted independence.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The newspapers abetted the police in the lawless treatment of +Emma and her fellow rebels. They sometimes perverted a grain of +truth into columns of muck and made "Red Emma" a symbol +of all that was dangerous and despicable. The rank injustice of this +abuse caused the staid New York <i>Sun</i> to protest on September 30, +1909: "The popular belief is that she preaches bombs and murder, +but she certainly does nothing of the kind. Bombs are very definite +things, and one of the peculiarities of her doctrine is its vagueness. +The wonder is that with a doctrine so vague she managed to strike +terror into the stout hearts of the police."</p> + +<p>Nor were the police and the press the only perpetrators of this +modern witch hunt. President Theodore Roosevelt expressed the +attitude of many persons of privilege and respectability when he +blustered: "The Anarchist is the enemy of humanity, the enemy of +all mankind, and his is the deeper degree of criminality than any +other." When William Buwalda, a soldier in the United States +Army and the recipient of a medal for bravery, shook hands with +Emma Goldman at one of her lectures in 1908, he was courtmartialed +and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. It was only as a +consequence of numerous public protests that Buwalda was pardoned +after he had served ten months. The Red Hysteria of 1917-21 +merely climaxed decades of ill-treatment of a militant minority +in a nation founded on the principles of human rights and individual +liberty.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> + +<p>If this ugly chapter in recent American history was the work of +men of property and of public officers, there were numerous other +Americans, less powerful but of greater probity, who cherished the +fundamental freedoms of our Founding Fathers. These liberals +spoke out forcefully against the violation of rights guaranteed by the +Constitution. They gladly gave of their time and money to the defense +of the harassed radicals. Because Emma Goldman suffered +most from police brutality and because her dynamic personality +attracted those who came in contact with her, she was befriended +by scores of Americans in every part of the country. These Jeffersonian +liberals admired her courage and sincerity and helped her +to organize her lecture tours and to finance her propagandistic and +literary ventures.</p> + +<p>Emma reached the nadir of her career during the aftermath of +President McKinley's assassination. With the memory of Alexander +Berkman's fate still festering in her heart, she said: "Leon +Czolgosz and other men of his type ... are drawn to some violent +expression, even at the sacrifice of their own lives, because they cannot +supinely witness the misery and suffering of their fellows." +Even before her attitude was known, she was arrested as an accomplice +of Czolgosz and treated with extreme savagery before being +released for lack of evidence.</p> + +<p>Even more painful to her was the obtuseness of those anarchists +who condemned Czolgosz's act as wanton murder. Ironically +enough, even Berkman wrote from prison to disapprove of the +shooting and to differentiate it from his own attack upon Frick; in +his opinion the killing of McKinley was individual terrorism and +not a deed motivated by social necessity. Emma was shocked by +this argument, since to her both acts were inspired by the same +high idealism and spirit of self-sacrifice. Unlike Berkman, who had +come to see the futility of terrorism in a country like the United +States, she was more interested in the incentive than in the effectiveness +of an assassination. She was ostracized for her loyalty to +Czolgosz and, as a consequence of his execution, suffered severe +depression.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> + +<p>Once Emma Goldman had mastered the English language, she +was not long in wishing to establish a periodical that would carry +the message of anarchism to those whom she could not reach in +person. Outbreaks of strikes in this country and increased revolutionary +activity in Russia only made her more eager for a magazine +of her own. In 1905 she was serving as manager and interpreter for +Paul Orleneff and Alla Nazimova, who had come to the United +States for a theatrical tour. When Orleneff learned of Emma's ambition +to publish a periodical, he insisted on giving a special performance +for her benefit. Although a pouring rain kept the +audience to a fraction of the expected number, the receipts sufficed +to pay for the first issue of <i>Mother Earth</i>.</p> + +<p>The scope and purpose of the new monthly, which began to +appear in March 1906, were explained at the outset:</p> + +<blockquote><p><i>Mother Earth</i> will endeavor to attract and appeal to all those who +oppose encroachment on public and individual life. It will appeal to +those who strive for something higher, weary of the commonplace; to +those who feel that stagnation is a deadweight on the firm and elastic +step of progress; to those who breathe freely only in limitless space; to +those who long for the tender shade of a new dawn for a humanity free +from the dread of want, the dread of starvation in the face of mountains +of riches. The Earth free for the free individual.</p></blockquote> + +<p>Emma Goldman edited the monthly throughout its eleven years +of existence. In all this time it reflected her views, her interests, her +dynamic liveliness. Her fellow editors at one time or another were +Max Baginski, Hippolyte Havel, and Alexander Berkman, but the +character of the periodical underwent no change as a consequence. +Each issue contained at least one poem, brief editorials on the +events of the month, articles on current aspects of anarchism, comments +on labor strikes and radical activities the world over, reports +by Emma on topics of interest to her or on her frequent lecture +tours, and finally appeals for money. Many prominent libertarians +contributed essays of a philosophical or hortatory nature. It emanated +a youthful vigor and an exuberance not found in any other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +contemporary periodical. Its several thousand readers were devoted +to it and supported it with their limited means until the postal +censor put an end to the monthly shortly after the declaration of +war in 1917.</p> + +<p><i>Mother Earth</i> was not Emma Goldman's sole publishing activity. +A firm believer in the efficacy of educational propaganda, she +printed and sold a long list of inexpensive tracts. Her table of literature +became a prominent feature at all her meetings. When no +commercial publisher would accept Berkman's <i>Prison Memoirs of +an Anarchist</i>, she collected funds and issued the book herself. The +volume has since become a classic in its field, and stands to this +day as a living reminder of the dominance of a keen and determined +mind over all physical obstacles. Emma also brought out +her own collection of lectures, <i>Anarchism and Other Essays</i>. She +was able, however, to find a publisher for her impressive volume +of lectures on <i>The Social Significance of the Modern Drama</i>, which +deals incisively with the European plays that dissect the common +failures and fallacies of bourgeois society.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Face to face with an audience, Emma Goldman was a forceful +and witty propagandist. Frequently she lifted her rapt hearers to +heights from which they envisioned a world wholly free and completely +delightful. In cold print, however, her lectures reveal little +of her dynamic appeal. They are primarily the work of a forceful +agitator: clear, pointed, spirited, but without originality or intellectual +rigor.</p> + +<p>The faithful disciple of Bakunin and Kropotkin, Emma perceived +civilization as "a continuous struggle of the individual or of +groups of individuals against the State and even against 'society,' +that is, against the majority subdued and hypnotized by the State +and State worship." This conflict, she argued, was bound to last as +long as the state itself, since it was of the very nature of government +to be "conservative, static, intolerant of change and opposed +to it," while the instinct of the individual was to resent restriction, +combat authority, and seek the benefits of innovation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> + +<p>Her definition of anarchism first appeared on the masthead of +<i>Mother Earth</i> in the issue of April 1910: "The philosophy of a +new social order based on liberty unrestrained by man-made law; +the theory that all forms of government rest on violence, and are +therefore wrong and harmful, as well as unnecessary." In her oft-repeated +lecture on the subject she warmly described the benefits +to ensue from social revolution:</p> + +<blockquote><p>Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals +for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will +guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment +of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, +and inclinations.</p></blockquote> + +<p>To the end of her life Emma avowed the soundness and practicality +of her doctrine. As late as 1934 she declared in <i>Harper's +Magazine</i>: "I am certain that Anarchism is too vital and too close +to human nature ever to die. When the failure of modern dictatorship +and authoritarian philosophies becomes apparent and the +realization of failure more general, Anarchism will be vindicated." +It was her belief that sooner or later the mass of mankind would +perceive the futility of begging for crumbs and would take power +into its own hands. Since she scorned political means, she expounded +the validity of direct action. This method she defined as +the "conscious individual or collective effort to protest against, or +remedy, social conditions through the systematic assertion of the +economic power of the workers." Once the state and capitalism +were destroyed, anarchism would assume the form of free communism, +which she described as "a social arrangement based on +the principle: To each according to his needs; from each according +to his ability." It must be stressed that although the wording is +common to all forms of communism, that of Marx and Lenin implies +strict centralized authority, while that of Kropotkin and +Emma Goldman envisions complete decentralization and the supremacy +of the individual.</p> + +<p>No man who has pondered the concept of the good life will fail<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +to appreciate the ideal propounded by the anarchists. And one +who has observed the results of modern dictatorship cannot but +sympathize with a vision of the future in which the individual is +the prime beneficiary of all social activity. Yet life often makes +mock of man's noblest dreams. Emma may have been "the daughter +of the dream"; her doctrine remains as utopian as it is alluring. +There is no gainsaying the fact that modern conditions still favor +national and industrial centralization. The philosophy of anarchism +appears less tenable today than ever.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Though in no sense a pacifist, Emma Goldman was intensely +opposed to wars between nations. The very idea of human slaughter +on the battlefield appeared to her as barbaric and criminal. +And to her the culprit was the state. Without governments to lead +their subjects to battle wars would be as unthinkable as duels are +now. "No war is justified unless it be for the purpose of overthrowing +the Capitalist system and establishing industrial control for +the working class."</p> + +<p>Her first contact with war occurred in 1898, when the United +States attacked Spain. While she abominated the medieval monarchy +which oppressed the Cubans, she did not want our politicians +and industrialists to use the liberation of that island as a pretext +for their imperial aggrandizement. She therefore agitated against +the war at every one of her lectures, and did not cease to expose +our imperialist intentions until the end of the fighting. Fortunately +for her, the liberties of the people were not curbed as a result of +the war, and the police did not consider her lack of patriotism more +provoking than her advocacy of anarchism.</p> + +<p>In 1914, when war broke out in Europe, she immediately perceived +its catastrophic nature and condemned its instigators as +monstrous criminals. Alexander Berkman, who had been enjoying +uneasy liberty since 1906 and who worked closely with her despite +their intermittent personal and ideological differences, at once +joined her in the attack. Both did their utmost to rouse the people +against our involvement. It was a hard and increasingly thankless<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +fight against deep-seated prejudices. Consternation struck their +hearts when they learned that Peter Kropotkin and other eminent +anarchists had embraced the cause of the Allies and were participating +in the propaganda campaign against Germany. Resolved to +retain their sanity in a world gone mad, they repudiated all "warmongers" +regardless of their previous professions and intensified +their efforts to keep the United States out of the European holocaust.</p> + +<p>When events moved us in the direction of belligerency, the +government sought feverishly to regiment the nation for the war +struggle. Emma, Berkman, and numerous other radicals resisted +this martial hysteria with all the force at their command. <i>Mother +Earth</i> blasted the proponents of preparedness in issue after issue +and denounced the government for trampling upon the Bill of +Rights in its hypocritical pretence of making the world safe for democracy. +Emma denounced the capitalist basis of war before +crowds of enthusiastic sympathizers. As late as March 1917 she +wrote:</p> + +<blockquote><p>I for one will speak against war so long as my voice will last, now and +during the war. A thousand times rather would I die calling to the +people of America to refuse to be obedient, to refuse military service, to +refuse to murder their brothers, than I should ever give my voice in +justification of war, except the one war of all the peoples against their +despots and exploiters—the Social Revolution.</p></blockquote> + +<p>She and Berkman organized the No-Conscription League for the +purpose of encouraging conscientious objectors to resist induction +into the army. Writing in behalf of the League, Emma explained: +"We will resist conscription by every means in our power, and we +will sustain those who, for similar reasons, refuse to be conscripted." +At several mass-meetings she and Berkman expressed these sentiments, +knowing that government agents were taking notes on their +speeches. On June 15, 1917, both were arrested and charged with +"conspiring against the draft."</p> + +<p>The two rebels did not flinch from the ordeal awaiting them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +"Tell all friends," Emma wrote shortly before their trial, "that we +will not waver, that we will not compromise, and that if the worst +comes, we shall go to prison in the proud consciousness that we +have remained faithful to the spirit of internationalism and to the +solidarity of all the people of the world." In court they conducted +their own defense with a facility and frankness that gained the +admiration of even their detractors. They shrewdly used the courtroom +as a forum. In addressing the jury they were eloquently polemical.</p> + +<blockquote><p>It is organized violence on top [Emma asserted] which creates individual +violence at the bottom. It is the accumulated indignation against +organized wrong, organized crime, organized injustice, which drives +the political offender to his act.... We are but the atoms in the +incessant human struggle towards the light that shines in the darkness—the +ideal of economic, political, and spiritual liberation of mankind!</p></blockquote> + +<p>The dramatic trial was in a sense another re-enactment of the age-old +tragedy in which the rebellious idealist is condemned by the +gross guardians of society. The obdurate defendants were each +given the maximum penalty of two years in prison and a fine of +ten thousand dollars.</p> + +<p>Time passed in dreary monotony for Emma in Jefferson City +and Berkman in Atlanta. The war was fought and won, the millions +of American soldiers were back from Europe, and peace again +prevailed over the earth. But to conservatives the specter of Bolshevism +had replaced the ogre of Prussianism as the enemy of +established society. In this country Attorney-General Mitchell +Palmer, a Quaker and God-fearing man, led the manhunt against +those who were suspected of sympathy with the Russian Revolution. +Thousands of men and women were made the victims of an +Anti-Red hysteria, and hundreds were deported as undesirable +aliens. When Emma and Berkman were released, they also became +subject to expulsion. Although she had long been a naturalized +citizen by virtue of her marriage to a citizen, the Department of +Labor ruled otherwise. On the night of December 21, 1919, the two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +rebels together with 247 other undesirables were hurried aboard +the ancient troopship <i>Buford</i> for passage to Russia.</p> + +<p>Thirty years of struggle and suffering on this side of the Atlantic +had so Americanized Emma and Berkman that they could not +think of themselves as belonging to another country. The ignominy +of expulsion and the loss of their friends wounded them deeply. +Yet they were comforted by the thought of the adventure that lay +ahead. As the battered <i>Buford</i> plowed its billowy way to the shores +of Finland they reflected on the ironic turn of events which had +transformed Czarist Russia into a land of revolution and converted +the free United States into a citadel of reaction. While still +in jail they had approved the Bolshevik coup as a necessary safeguard +of the revolution. They believed that Lenin and his fellow +leaders, while Marxists and therefore advocates of a strong centralized +government, were devoted to the principles of freedom and +equality and therefore deserved the support of all workers and +libertarians. Now, outcasts from the capitalist stronghold, they +longed to join their Russian comrades in the defense of the revolution. +When she reached the Soviet border, Emma later wrote, "my +heart trembled with anticipation and fervent hope."</p> + +<p>Dismay darkened their days throughout the twenty months of +their sojourn in Russia. Their official welcome quickly spent itself. +They began to look about for themselves, to speak privately with +fellow anarchists, and to seek explanations of events and practices +not to their liking. The twin demons of inefficiency and stupidity—judged +by their American and anarchist standards respectively—leered +at them wherever they went; the black walls of bureaucracy +rose before them at every turn. Perverse cruelty on the part of the +government came to their attention with distressing frequency. All +their early efforts at rationalization failed to excuse the needless +hunger, the mass arrests, the arbitrary executions. They discussed +these events with prominent Bolshevik leaders, including Trotsky +and Lenin, in the hope of persuading them to mitigate conditions +injurious to the revolution. In each instance the response was either +enigmatic or equivocal. Angelica Balabanova, then secretary of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +Third International and later as disaffected an exile as herself, told +Emma that life was "a rock on which the highest hopes are shattered. +Life thwarts the best intentions and breaks the finest spirits." +Alexandra Kollontay, the hard-headed diplomat, chilled her with +the advice to stop "brooding over a few dull gray spots." Even +Lenin impressed her and Berkman as callous and unsympathetic.</p> + +<p>Time only deepened their perturbation. After eight months of +life in Russia, Emma began to doubt the revolution itself. "Its +manifestations were so completely at variance with what I had conceived +and propagated as revolution that I did not know any more +which was right. My old values had been shipwrecked and I myself +thrown overboard to sink or swim." The climax of her quarrel with +the Bolsheviki came a year later during the attack upon the mutinous +Kronstadt sailors. That hundreds of true sons of the revolution +should be shot down for sympathizing with striking workers +seemed to her a crime worse than any committed by the Czarist +regime. Neither she nor Berkman could any longer stomach such +ruthless authoritarianism and both left the country as soon as they +were able to obtain visas.</p> + +<p>Once past the Soviet border, the hapless pair became true Ishmaelites, +without either home or country. No government offered +them asylum, and few were willing to provide them with even temporary +visas. Devoted friends had great difficulty in getting Swedish +officials to permit the two refugees a long-enough stay in Stockholm +to procure visas for a sojourn in Germany.</p> + +<p>Their one great mission now became the unmasking of the Bolsheviki, +and their attacks were more virulent and hysterical than +those of the most extreme reactionaries. Berkman's <i>The Bolshevik +Myth</i> and Emma's <i>My Disillusionment in Russia</i> and <i>My Further +Disillusionment in Russia</i> (the book was published in two separate +volumes as a result of an inadvertent misunderstanding) are +charged with fanatic hatred. Both insisted that Lenin and his monstrous +crew were perverting the Russian Revolution to their own +sinister purposes and must be destroyed at all costs. They made +no effort to view the situation objectively.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> + +<p>In 1924 Emma was permitted to make her home in England. +At once she busied herself with plans to rouse the people against +the Bolsheviki, but found herself either snubbed or scorned. The +liberals refused to support her for fear of endangering Soviet Russia's +precarious relations with Great Britain; the radicals insisted +on the need of bolstering the Bolsheviki during the period of revolutionary +experimentation. Her lectures were poorly attended; her +audiences failed to be impressed. After two years of discouragement +she decided to leave England altogether. Shortly before her +departure she married James Colton, an old rebel, for the convenience +of British citizenship.</p> + +<p>A vacation in France preceded a lecture tour through Canada. +Again on American soil, she resumed the old pattern of agitation. +But the Dominion did not provide sufficient scope for her seething +energy. And when friends, who had long urged her to write her +autobiography, provided her with funds for that purpose, she returned +to France.</p> + +<p><i>Living My Life</i> appeared in 1932. It is a lively story, palpitating +with strong feeling and epitomizing the blazing years of her anarchist +activity. The writing is vivacious, forceful, exciting. The narrative +is colorful and wholly uninhibited. Emma's strong personality +stamps every page. She was as dynamic in her numerous +amours as in her work for human freedom, and she discusses both +with equal zest. Her unrepressed egotism prompts her to relate +personal incidents which have little bearing on her own development +and none on that of anarchism—incidents that sometimes +reveal petty malice and that might better have been left unrecorded. +The final impression, however, is of her generous character, her +profound devotion to the ideal of liberty, her extraordinary energy, +her great courage, and her successful insistence on living her life +in her own way.</p> + +<p>When Emma had completed her long book and was ready to +resume her role as lecturer and agitator, the menace of fascism +drove the Bolshevik betrayal from the forefront of her mind. A +tour through Germany and other parts of Europe convinced her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +that the Nazis were the greater threat to freedom and must be +fought without let. Late in 1933 she returned to Canada and addressed +large audiences on such topics as "Hitler and His Cohorts," +"Germany's Tragedy," and "The Collapse of German +Culture." With Cassandra-like foresight she argued that England +and Germany's neighbors were blind to the danger confronting +them and that if the Nazis were not ousted from power they would +destroy civilization.</p> + +<p>In January 1934 she was granted permission to visit the United +States for ninety days. Friends arranged for a two-month lecture +tour. Her audiences were large, though a good percentage came +more out of curiosity than to pay homage to her anarchist leadership. +Some hotels refused to admit her, and detectives and policemen +were as conspicuous within the halls as in former times. Communists +heckled her, but there was comparatively little of the excitement +and defiance of her previous "tours of agitation." In +truth neither Emma nor her hearers bothered much about the doctrine +of anarchism. The immediate menace had become not the +capitalistic state but fascist authoritarianism (to Emma, Bolshevism +was "only left-wing fascism"); and she attacked it not as the +apostolic anarchist but as the passionate libertarian. The end of +April came all too soon, and again she had to depart from the land +in which she had spent her best years. Nor did the fact that she +was an old woman without roots elsewhere make leavetaking any +easier.</p> + +<p>The following year she sojourned in Canada, lecturing, writing, +hoping in vain for readmission to the United States. In the spring +of 1935 she went to France. Berkman was already there, and the +two old friends again saw much of each other. The day after her +sixty-seventh birthday their lifelong intimacy was abruptly ended +by his suicide; he had been ill for some time and characteristically +preferred death to a wretched old age. The tragic event oppressed +her grievously.</p> + +<p>The Spanish Civil War, beginning shortly after, provided her +with much-needed distraction. With energies renewed she at once<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +went to Spain. Her previous friendly association with Spanish anarchists +made her a welcome addition to their ranks. For the next +two years she devoted herself to bolstering the cause of the Loyalists. +Since England's sympathy was of crucial importance, she went to +London to work in behalf of the Spanish government. The callous +and undiscerning attitude of the ruling Tories deprived her of the +last atom of hope. She returned to Spain in 1938, wishing to stand +beside her comrades during their final futile efforts to hold back the +fascist inundation.</p> + +<p>Early in 1939, with darkness rapidly enveloping the whole of +Europe, Emma returned to Canada. There she died on May 13, +1940, clinging tenaciously to the shreds of her revolutionary ideal +until her last gasp.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>Emma Goldman was unquestionably the most active and audacious +rebel of her time. An idealist to the core of her being, cherishing +liberty as the most precious of human possessions, completely +dedicated to the full and free life for all mankind, she early became +the object of concentrated contumely and brutal abuse on the part +of the defenders of the status quo. Her threat to society lay not so +much in her revolutionary doctrine as in her attacks upon the abuses +of capitalism. B. R. Tucker and other individualist anarchists were +equally opposed to authority, but they were not molested so long +as they did not concern themselves with economic exploitation. +Emma, however, had made it her duty to fight against injustice +toward the worker and the nonconformist. Consequently she organized +mass-meetings and marches against unemployment; she +became a picket-leader and fund-raiser, and protested openly and +persistently against violations of free speech and against police brutality. +This activity, especially effective because of her untiring zeal +and bold eloquence, gave her pre-eminence as a dangerous enemy +of capitalism and subjected her to persecution by the authorities +until she was driven out of the country.</p> + +<p>Quite a few Americans, however, respected her for her honest +idealism and valued her as a goad stinging the social conscience of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +our complacent public. One of them, William Marion Reedy, +called her "the daughter of the dream" after a meeting with her +in 1908 and added: "She threatens all society that is sham, all +society that is slavery, all society that is a mask of greed and lust." +Floyd Dell spoke for many in the blithe year of 1912 when he +wrote: "She has a legitimate social function—that of holding +before our eyes the ideals of freedom. She is licenced to taunt us +with our moral cowardice, to plant in our souls the nettles of remorse +at having acquiesced so tamely in the brutal artifice of present-day +society."</p> + +<p>For all her courage and iconoclasm, she was deeply feminine in +outlook and behavior. Her strongest attribute was of an emotional +rather than intellectual nature: she felt first and thought afterwards. +She had an extraordinary capacity for believing whatever +suited her ideological or personal purposes. Rationalization and +ratiocination merged in her mind very readily. Thus in her autobiography +she was punctilious in recording the details of her love +affairs, presumably in the belief that everything she did and felt +affected her revolutionary development. Yet at all times she was +ready to sacrifice her own happiness for the good of anarchism.</p> + +<p>On her fiftieth birthday, while in prison for obstructing the draft, +she took stock of her past. "Fifty years—thirty of them on the +firing line—had they borne fruit or had I merely been repeating +Don Quixote's idle chase? Had my efforts served only to fill my +inner void, to find an outlet for the turbulence of my being? Or was +it really the ideal that had dictated my conscious course?" She had +not the slightest doubt, however, that her life had not been lived in +vain. She had fought valiantly, and was to remain on the firing line +for another twenty years. And while it is in the very nature of an +ideal to fail of achievement, its mere existence gives life its impetus +and its reward. Emma's quotation from Ibsen, made while waiting +for deportation in 1919—"that it is the struggle for the ideal that +counts, rather than the attainment of it"—may well be her +epitaph.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>ALSO PUBLISHED BY THE LIBERTARIAN BOOK CLUB</h3> + + +<h2>ANARCHISM<br /></h2> +<h3><i>Exponents of the Anarchist Philosophy</i><br /></h3> +<h3>by<br /></h3> +<h2><span class="smcap">Paul Eltzbacher</span><br /><br /></h2> + +<h3><i>with an appended essay</i><br /></h3> +<h3>by<br /></h3> +<h2><span class="smcap">Rudolf Rocker</span><br /></h2> + +<p>Interpretation of the whole range of the anarchist thought, +in one single volume, by world recognized authorities: William Godwin, +Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Peter Kropotkin, Leo Tolstoy, Benjamin +Tucker, Rudolf Rocker, Michael Bakunin, Max Stirner <span class="price">$6.00</span></p> + + +<h2><br /><br />MEN AGAINST THE STATE</h2> + +<p>The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827-1908. +The only fully documented history of anarchism in the United +States ever published in this country <span class="price">$3.25<br /></span></p> + + +<h2><br /><br />NINETEEN SEVENTEEN</h2> + +<h3>The Russian Revolution Betrayed</h3> + +<p>by <span class="smcap">Voline</span><span class="price"> $3.50<br /></span></p> + + +<h2><br /><br />THE UNKNOWN REVOLUTION</h2> + +<h3>Kronstadt 1921 Ukrain 1918-1921</h3> + +<p>by <span class="smcap">Voline</span><span class="price"> $3.50<br /></span></p> + + +<p class ="center"> +<i>Send your orders to</i><br /> +Libertarian Book Club, Inc.<br /> +General Post Office Box 842 New York 1, New York<br /> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>BOOKS BY RUDOLF ROCKER</h2> + + +<h2>NATIONALISM AND CULTURE</h2> + +<h4><i>Translated from the German by</i> <span class="smcap">Ray E. Chase</span><br /></h4> +<h5>SECOND PRINTING<br /></h5> + +<p>"An important contribution to political philosophy, both on +account of its penetrating and widely informative analysis of many +famous writers, and on account of the brilliant criticism of state-worship, +the prevailing and most noxious superstition of our time. +I hope it will be widely read in all those countries in which disinterested +thinking is not yet illegal."—<i>Bertrand Russell</i></p> + +<p>"In my opinion the work <i>Nationalism and Culture</i> is deserving +of the highest respect. I have studied it throughout, and I learn that +specialists in this field are also interesting themselves in its behalf."—<i>Albert Einstein</i></p> + +<p>592 pp. with Bibliography and Index <span class="price">$3.50</span></p> + + +<h2><br /><br />PIONEERS OF AMERICAN FREEDOM</h2> + +<h4><i>Authorized translation from the German MS by</i> <span class="smcap">Arthur E. Briggs</span></h4> + +<p>"Here is a volume that sets forth the contributions toward freedom +that are original to our own soil. However, these are given with +a proper setting of a European background that adds illumination +to the brilliance and creativeness of our greatest leaders of progressive +action toward the dawn of a New Age."—<i>From the Preface by +the late Dr. F. W. Roman, regent of the University of California</i></p> + +<p>215 + XX pp. with extended Bibliography and Index <span class="price">$3.00</span></p> + + +<h2><br /><br />THE SIX</h2> + +<h4><i>Great Characters from World Literature</i></h4> + +<p>"<i>The Six</i> seems to me like a great symphony. A short introduction, +a prelude, sets the theme, sad and enigmatic. This theme is +repeated in each of the six stories, which make up the symphony. +Each has its own mood and tempo. At last comes a jubilant, resolving +finale. The whole work effects me like a great orchestral performance."—<i>From +the Preface by Ray E. Chase</i></p> + +<p>Presentation Copy, 255 pp. green leatherette binding <span class="price">$2.00</span></p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><span class="smcap">Libertarian Book Club</span>, <i>Distributors</i></p> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Emma Goldman, by Charles A. 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