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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/33630-8.txt b/33630-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..efb2636 --- /dev/null +++ b/33630-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,681 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Geological Report on Asbestos and its +Indications, in the Province of Quebec, Canada, by Lucius J. Boyd + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Geological Report on Asbestos and its Indications, in the Province of Quebec, Canada + +Author: Lucius J. Boyd + +Release Date: September 4, 2010 [EBook #33630] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOL. REPORT ON ASBESTOS IN QUEBEC *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by the Canadian Institute for +Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org)) + + + + + + + + + + GEOLOGICAL REPORT + ON + ASBESTOS, + AND ITS INDICATIONS, IN + THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC, + CANADA. + + LONDON: + E. FORSTER GROOM, 15, CHARING CROSS, S.W. + 1889. + + [_All rights reserved._] + + + + +GEOLOGICAL REPORT ON ASBESTOS, AND ITS INDICATIONS IN THE PROVINCE OF +QUEBEC, CANADA. + + +Having been called upon to make a close and careful examination of the +geological formations in the eastern townships of Garthby, Wolf'stown, +and Coleraine, situated in the province of Quebec, Canada, I gave +special attention to the distribution of the Asbestos-bearing rocks +(serpentine), which have been, in my opinion, heretofore only partially +traced. Perhaps this was owing to the difficulties which had to be +encountered from the thick undergrowth which in many places rendered it +almost impossible to penetrate sufficiently in order to make a _true_ +report as regards the "existence," "location," and "association" of +these rocks. + +Admirable reports have been written by R. E. Ellis, LL.D., Dr. Hunt, and +others, on the origin and distribution of the serpentines, and have been +fully discussed and ventilated. Still, though various opinions have been +expressed upon the subject, they appear to differ in many respects. I +mention these facts as possibly one inexperienced or unacquainted with +the country might consider it strange that a thorough examination of the +Asbestos properties had not been followed. Yet the causes I have +mentioned above, as well as the difficulties I had to contend with +during the months of heavy snowfall, lead me to believe that my +_confrères_ (geologists) were disinclined to follow up a correct and +actual prospectus of these valuable serpentinous localities. + +Before locating, or going into details of these classes of rock as a +mineral repository, I intend to treat on the subject as regards their +mode of existence and origin. + +Serpentine is diffused under the head of "metamorphic rocks," while, in +the widest sense, according to Studor and others, mineral metamorphism +means every change of aggregation, structure, or chemical condition, +which rocks have undergone subsequently to their deposition and +stratification, or the effects which have been produced by forces other +than gravity and cohesion. + +There fall under this definition the discolouration of the surface of, +for instance, black limestone, by the loss of its carbon, the formation +of brownish red crusts in rocks of limestone, sandstone, many +slatestones, shales, granite, &c., by the decomposition of compounds of +iron, finely disseminated in the mass of the rock, the change in rocks +consequent in the absorption of water, and the crumbling of many +granites and porphyries into gravel, occasioned by the decomposition of +the mica and felspar. + +In its more limited sense the term "metamorphic" is confined to those +changes of rock which are produced directly or indirectly by agencies +seated in the interior of the earth. In many cases the mode of change +may be explained by our physical or chemical theories, and may be viewed +as the effects of temperature or of electro-chemical actions adjoining +rocks or connecting communications with the interior of the earth, also +distinctly point out the seat from which this change proceeds. In many +other cases the metamorphic process itself remains a mystery, and from +the nature of the products alone do we conclude that such a metamorphic +action has taken place. + +Serpentine is generally believed to have been originally deposited as a +sediment, and to have acquired its present compact crystalline character +through the subsequent action of various chemical, or mechanical, +agencies. It is known to be a _hydrated silicate of magnesia_ with about +equal parts of silica and magnesia, and contains 12 per cent. of water +with varying proportions of iron, chromium manganese, alumina and lime, +has a specific gravity of 2.7, and weighs about 169 lbs. to the cubic +foot. It is found both in a soft and very compact state, of a waxy +lustre, with many different shades of beautiful green which give it a +mottled appearance like a serpent, hence the origin of its name +"serpentine," or ophite. It is called "ranocchia" by the Italians, from +the appearance it bears to the "frog," and, on account of its +susceptibility to a high polish, is greatly valued as a marble for +interior ornamental purposes, more than exterior, as it weathers +rapidly. In Galway, Ireland, it is found in large quantities, and called +"serpentinous marble," or "ophi-calcite." It is also to be found in +other parts of the world, as in the Pyrenees, Alps of Dauphing, Mount +St. Gothard, Italy, Sweden, Ural Mountains, Silesia, New South Wales, +Savoy, Corsica, Cornwall, Scotland, and other places too numerous to +mention; but in Canada the finest and most crystalline serpentine is to +be found forming great belts of over 100 miles long and several thousand +feet in breadth. There it associates with the dioretic, or volcanic, +rocks, and is, according to Dr. Ells, without any doubt, "An alteration +product of a dioretic rock rich in olivine." It is sometimes very +difficult to distinguish the mineral constituents in many of the +metamorphic rocks, but diorite is always considered to be composed +chiefly of felspar and hornblende, which composition enters largely into +the serpentines. Actinolite, tremolite, &c., and many other minerals, +are sometimes found associating with it. + +There are many valuable properties attributed to serpentine, and I am of +opinion that the time is not far distant when it will be commercially +considered an invaluable substance, and this on account of its +refractory properties. I may also mention that it can be extensively +used in the manufacture of crucibles, &c. Its soft and unctuous +qualities (especially where it is found associated with "steatite," or +"soapstone," which is often to be seen in large quantities) renders it +easy to be worked, and, if reduced to a powder, could be moulded in +bricks which the most intense heat will not affect. One of the chief +properties it contains, and one which the serpentine of Lower Canada is +so famous for, is the Asbestos, crysotile, or fibrous serpentine. This +valuable and important mineral product is found in paying quantities +only at certain points in the extensive serpentine reefs, and was first +mined as an article of commerce in Canada in 1878, and has now become a +regular and rapidly-developing industry. + +On account of its incombustible and indestructible qualities, is +extensively used in steam, hydraulic, and electrical machinery. It has +been adopted by the Admiralty for engine packing, in Her Majesty's +war-ships. It is spun into six-fold yarn, with a tensile strength of 40 +lbs. and upwards, is manufactured into cloth, as clothing for firemen, +and covering hose-pipes, in fire brigades, and also engine purposes, as +well as drop-curtains, and general stage scenery, and is employed by the +principal railway and steamship companies, collieries, ironworks and all +classes of factories, and, in the manufacture of the new Asbestos grates +and stoves, is finding for itself a large market. Messrs. Bell & +Company of London, who are the largest Asbestos users in the world, +have adopted it in the manufacture of over 50 special purposes in +connection with steam engines and general machinery, and, as a +lubricant, Asbestoline ranks in the first degree. + +There have been many mines started in Canada by people of the farming +class, as well as by companies, and "cotton," as Asbestos is locally +termed, has been found in large quantities within a few feet from the +surface, in veins from 1/4 to 6 inches and more in length of fibre. In +Italy, Asbestos is found, measuring up to 6 feet, in fibre, and +chemically speaking, there is no difference between it and Canadian, +except that the latter, though shorter in fibre, is much more compact +and crystalline, and purer in every sense of the word than can be +obtained in Italy, so much so, as I understand, that users of Italian +material have virtually abandoned it for Canadian. Although I have no +doubt but that Italian Asbestos has its own special purposes. + +The greatest depth reached in Canada is 130 feet in open workings. No +timbering or extensive machinery is used in the manipulation of the +mines, as the "cuts"--being usually in the mountain side--afford a +natural drainage, and dumpage. + +Having blasted the rock, the first process of extraction is termed +"cobbing," which means breaking off the adhering serpentine from the +Asbestos vein, this being manual work done by boys. The fibre is packed +in sacks, each weighing 100 lbs., and in some cases 200 lbs. are shipped +by the local railroad company to Montreal or New York at something about +10 cents and 20 cents per sack. + +Asbestos is sorted into three qualities, and priced thus:-- + + 1st quality, selling at mine $80 to $200, per ton of 2,000 lbs. + 2nd " " " 60 " 70, " " " + 3rd " " " 25 " 50, " " " + +Some inferior quality, at a very low price, is used by the Asbestos +Mining and Manufacturing Company of Quebec. + +The workmen are principally French Canadians belonging to the +neighbouring villages, and the wages paid them are-- + + Miners (without board), $0.90 (3/9) to $1.25 (5/2), per day. + Pickers and cobbers, $0.40 (1/8) " $0.70 (2/11), " + +The cost of extraction is taken from $20 to $25 per ton; this includes +local administrations and all other expenses connected with the mine, +and with the adoption of machinery and the use of air-compressed drills +the cost of actual mining will be reduced to at least 30 per cent.; so +taking an average price of about $70 per ton, a net profit of from £8 to +£9, or $45, is obtainable per ton of raw material. + +In 1886 the total amount of Asbestos, taken from all the mines, may be +estimated at 1,500 tons, and of the amount returned last year (1888), +all but 400 tons were from the Quebec province mines, and of these +Thetford turned out 2,560 tons, and Black Lake 950, or together +three-fourths of the whole out-put. The 400 tons were from Bridgewater, +in the province of Ontario, a somewhat different class of mineral, +which is generally used in the manufacture of fire-proof roofing. + +As regards the indications of Asbestos, it is a general recognised fact, +and one that may be depended on, that not alone in Canada, but indeed +all other places where Asbestos-bearing serpentine is found, the +existence of Asbestos, or "Amianthus," is noticed when the serpentine is +exposed, and presents a rusted, sometimes greyish and broken appearance, +due to decomposition or weathering, or covered with a thin layer of +soil. Small veins of Asbestos are to be seen forming a network on the +surface of the rock. If closely examined there may be noticed the +indications of a fault which, in the eastern townships of Quebec, has +generally a direction of N. 40° E., this fault appearing in all openings +where a good show of mineral is to be seen, presenting a wall either in +a vertical position or at an angle, which is preferred to be not greater +than 30°. From this wall, at a varying distance of from 5 to 20 feet, +will be found another, sometimes parallel to, or at an opposite angle; +in this latter case, if these walls be worked down, they will be found +to either meet, forming a trough-like appearance, or to change their +course in a downward direction, leaving only a few feet from each other +at the narrowest point, and then diverge to an unlimited depth. In this +case their faces will have a slicken appearance, smeared over with thin +layers of imperfect Asbestos, or crysotile, now and then compact, +fibrous hornblende, up to 24 inches in length, of various colours, and +rich deposits of olivine, in rare cases small quantities of "ground +ivory" with many other admixtures. + +The condition of the serpentine within these walls is greatly distorted, +containing many small veins of Asbestos varying from mere threads to 2 +and 3 inches in thickness, and sometimes deposits of grains of magnetic +iron or magnetite with traces of chromic iron, which in some localities +break the continuity of the fibre, veins of rich white crystalline +matter (perhaps calcareous) with large deposits of "soapstone," or +steatite, associated with "serpentite." Such contorted out-crops are +indications of rich veins of Asbestos, which will be found to both +increase in quantity and quality the deeper they are worked. And in the +case where the walls are parallel and the filling matter in the same +contorted condition, it is inevitable, in order to obtain a good fibre, +considerable depth should be reached. + +The serpentine, which constitute these walls, will also be found to +proportionally become more compact, and less associated with impurities, +and contain the finest quality and lustre of fibre. + +A very interesting phenomenon may be noticed at some of the mines in +connection with this contorted matter. It is the transposition of the +serpentine into Asbestos fibre, by the action of the atmosphere. This is +to be seen on the dumps where the filling matter and cobbed rock is +exposed. In one or two cases I have seen large quantities of broken rock +changed into fibre after a few years, by atmospherical chemical +agencies. + +In so many cases I find people are prejudiced from going deeper than a +few feet from the surface, as not finding a copious supply of Asbestos +there, when _good_ indications are shown they become disheartened. + +Therefore, from these practical facts it will be seen that in order to +get the best results it is necessary to work at the lowest possible +level when a favourable out-crop is shown, as, possibly, working at a +high elevation on the out-crop may be a mistake, where a lower point is +available. + +There are good indications of Asbestos where the serpentine is crossed +by quartzose, gneiss, or "traverse dykes," and some valuable finds have +been made at the junction with the dioretic rocks. + +When the serpentine is found dark in colour, to have a granular +appearance, containing many dark grains of, perhaps, felspathic +crystals, the Asbestos will be of a dark, dull, translucent lustre, very +compact, and easily fluffed to a fine silken fibre. The admixtures of +hard and soft serpentine, where not effected by a fault, may sometimes +be regarded as a doubtful indication of an immediate find, but if its +hardness increases on descending, and colour becomes more uniform, from +a light emerald green with a whitish admixture, to a dark olive, and +containing numerous small veins of fibre, the conclusions may be +considered as favourable to rich deposits of Asbestos. + +In conclusion I may add that the foregoing remarks, as regards the +indications of this valuable mineral, are based on my personal +geological experience, and the reliable information of the managers of +the various Asbestos mines in Canada, whose opinions have greatly aided +me in my recent prospection, and I trust that this pamphlet will not +alone be a benefit to them, but to the Asbestos industry, which I feel +assured will be one of the most prominent in the province of Quebec. + + LUCIUS J. BOYD, + C.E., F.R.G.S.I. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Geological Report on Asbestos and its +Indications, in the Province of Quebec, Canada, by Lucius J. Boyd + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOL. 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Boyd + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Geological Report on Asbestos and its Indications, in the Province of Quebec, Canada + +Author: Lucius J. Boyd + +Release Date: September 4, 2010 [EBook #33630] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOL. REPORT ON ASBESTOS IN QUEBEC *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by the Canadian Institute for +Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org)) + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<hr /> + +<h1>GEOLOGICAL REPORT ON ASBESTOS</h1> + +<hr class="hr3" /> + +<p class="center"><span class="title">GEOLOGICAL REPORT</span><br /> +<br /><br /> +ON<br /> +<br /><br /> +<span class="title2">ASBESTOS</span>,<br /> +<br /><br /> +<span class="title3">AND ITS INDICATIONS, IN</span><br /> +<br /><br /> +<span class="title4">THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC,</span><br /> +<br /><br /> +<span class="title5">CANADA.</span></p> + +<hr class="double" /> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">London</span>:<br /> +<span class="pub">E. FORSTER GROOM, 15, CHARING CROSS, S.W.</span></p> + +<hr class="short" /> + +<p class="center">1889.</p> + +<hr class="white" /> + +<p class="center">[<i>All rights reserved.</i>]</p> + + + +<hr /> + +<h2><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span> +<span class="title4">GEOLOGICAL REPORT</span><br /><br /> +ON<br /><br /> +<span class="title">ASBESTOS,</span><br /><br /> +AND<br /><br /> +<span class="title3">ITS INDICATIONS IN THE PROVINCE OF<br /> +QUEBEC, CANADA.</span></h2> + +<hr class="divide" /> + +<p class="cap">HAVING been called upon to make a close and careful examination of the +geological formations in the eastern townships of Garthby, Wolf'stown, +and Coleraine, situated in the province of Quebec, Canada, I gave +special attention to the distribution of the Asbestos-bearing rocks +(serpentine), which have been, in my opinion, heretofore only partially +traced. Perhaps this was owing to the difficulties which had to be +encountered from the thick undergrowth which in many places rendered it +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>almost impossible to penetrate sufficiently in order to make a <i>true</i> +report as regards the "existence," "location," and "association" of +these rocks.</p> + +<p>Admirable reports have been written by R. E. Ellis, LL.D., Dr. Hunt, and +others, on the origin and distribution of the serpentines, and have been +fully discussed and ventilated. Still, though various opinions have been +expressed upon the subject, they appear to differ in many respects. I +mention these facts as possibly one inexperienced or unacquainted with +the country might consider it strange that a thorough examination of the +Asbestos properties had not been followed. Yet the causes I have +mentioned above, as well as the difficulties I had to contend with +during the months of heavy snowfall, lead me to believe that my +<i>confrères</i> (geologists) were disinclined to follow up a correct and +actual prospectus of these valuable serpentinous localities.</p> + +<p>Before locating, or going into details of these classes of rock as a +mineral repository, I intend to treat on the subject as regards their +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>mode of existence and origin.</p> + +<p>Serpentine is diffused under the head of "metamorphic rocks," while, in +the widest sense, according to Studor and others, mineral metamorphism +means every change of aggregation, structure, or chemical condition, +which rocks have undergone subsequently to their deposition and +stratification, or the effects which have been produced by forces other +than gravity and cohesion.</p> + +<p>There fall under this definition the discolouration of the surface of, +for instance, black limestone, by the loss of its carbon, the formation +of brownish red crusts in rocks of limestone, sandstone, many +slatestones, shales, granite, &c., by the decomposition of compounds of +iron, finely disseminated in the mass of the rock, the change in rocks +consequent in the absorption of water, and the crumbling of many +granites and porphyries into gravel, occasioned by the decomposition of +the mica and felspar.</p> + +<p>In its more limited sense the term "metamorphic" is confined to those +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>changes of rock which are produced directly or indirectly by agencies +seated in the interior of the earth. In many cases the mode of change +may be explained by our physical or chemical theories, and may be viewed +as the effects of temperature or of electro-chemical actions adjoining +rocks or connecting communications with the interior of the earth, also +distinctly point out the seat from which this change proceeds. In many +other cases the metamorphic process itself remains a mystery, and from +the nature of the products alone do we conclude that such a metamorphic +action has taken place.</p> + +<p>Serpentine is generally believed to have been originally deposited as a +sediment, and to have acquired its present compact crystalline character +through the subsequent action of various chemical, or mechanical, +agencies. It is known to be a <i>hydrated silicate of magnesia</i> with about +equal parts of silica and magnesia, and contains 12 per cent. of water +with varying proportions of iron, chromium manganese, alumina and lime, +has a specific gravity of 2.7, and weighs about 169 lbs. to the cubic +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>foot. It is found both in a soft and very compact state, of a waxy +lustre, with many different shades of beautiful green which give it a +mottled appearance like a serpent, hence the origin of its name +"serpentine," or ophite. It is called "ranocchia" by the Italians, from +the appearance it bears to the "frog," and, on account of its +susceptibility to a high polish, is greatly valued as a marble for +interior ornamental purposes, more than exterior, as it weathers +rapidly. In Galway, Ireland, it is found in large quantities, and called +"serpentinous marble," or "ophi-calcite." It is also to be found in +other parts of the world, as in the Pyrenees, Alps of Dauphing, Mount +St. Gothard, Italy, Sweden, Ural Mountains, Silesia, New South Wales, +Savoy, Corsica, Cornwall, Scotland, and other places too numerous to +mention; but in Canada the finest and most crystalline serpentine is to +be found forming great belts of over 100 miles long and several thousand +feet in breadth. There it associates with the dioretic, or volcanic, +rocks, and is, according to Dr. Ells, without any doubt, "An<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> alteration +product of a dioretic rock rich in olivine." It is sometimes very +difficult to distinguish the mineral constituents in many of the +metamorphic rocks, but diorite is always considered to be composed +chiefly of felspar and hornblende, which composition enters largely into +the serpentines. Actinolite, tremolite, &c., and many other minerals, +are sometimes found associating with it.</p> + +<p>There are many valuable properties attributed to serpentine, and I am of +opinion that the time is not far distant when it will be commercially +considered an invaluable substance, and this on account of its +refractory properties. I may also mention that it can be extensively +used in the manufacture of crucibles, &c. Its soft and unctuous +qualities (especially where it is found associated with "steatite," or +"soapstone," which is often to be seen in large quantities) renders it +easy to be worked, and, if reduced to a powder, could be moulded in +bricks which the most intense heat will not affect. One of the chief +properties it contains, and one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> which the serpentine of Lower Canada is +so famous for, is the Asbestos, crysotile, or fibrous serpentine. This +valuable and important mineral product is found in paying quantities +only at certain points in the extensive serpentine reefs, and was first +mined as an article of commerce in Canada in 1878, and has now become a +regular and rapidly-developing industry.</p> + +<p>On account of its incombustible and indestructible qualities, is +extensively used in steam, hydraulic, and electrical machinery. It has +been adopted by the Admiralty for engine packing, in Her Majesty's +war-ships. It is spun into six-fold yarn, with a tensile strength of 40 +lbs. and upwards, is manufactured into cloth, as clothing for firemen, +and covering hose-pipes, in fire brigades, and also engine purposes, as +well as drop-curtains, and general stage scenery, and is employed by the +principal railway and steamship companies, collieries, ironworks and all +classes of factories, and, in the manufacture of the new Asbestos grates +and stoves, is finding for itself a large market. Messrs. Bell & +Company<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> of London, who are the largest Asbestos users in the world, +have adopted it in the manufacture of over 50 special purposes in +connection with steam engines and general machinery, and, as a +lubricant, Asbestoline ranks in the first degree.</p> + +<p>There have been many mines started in Canada by people of the farming +class, as well as by companies, and "cotton," as Asbestos is locally +termed, has been found in large quantities within a few feet from the +surface, in veins from 1/4 to 6 inches and more in length of fibre. In +Italy, Asbestos is found, measuring up to 6 feet, in fibre, and +chemically speaking, there is no difference between it and Canadian, +except that the latter, though shorter in fibre, is much more compact +and crystalline, and purer in every sense of the word than can be +obtained in Italy, so much so, as I understand, that users of Italian +material have virtually abandoned it for Canadian. Although I have no +doubt but that Italian Asbestos has its own special purposes.</p> + +<p>The greatest depth reached in Canada is 130<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> feet in open workings. No +timbering or extensive machinery is used in the manipulation of the +mines, as the "cuts"—being usually in the mountain side—afford a +natural drainage, and dumpage.</p> + +<p>Having blasted the rock, the first process of extraction is termed +"cobbing," which means breaking off the adhering serpentine from the +Asbestos vein, this being manual work done by boys. The fibre is packed +in sacks, each weighing 100 lbs., and in some cases 200 lbs. are shipped +by the local railroad company to Montreal or New York at something about +10 cents and 20 cents per sack.</p> + +<p>Asbestos is sorted into three qualities, and priced thus:—</p> + +<table summary="Qualities"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">1st</td> +<td class="tdl">quality,</td> +<td class="tdl">selling</td> +<td class="tdl">at mine</td> +<td class="tdr">$80</td> +<td class="tdl">to</td> +<td class="tdl">$200,</td> +<td class="tdl">per ton of</td> +<td class="tdl">2,000</td> +<td class="tdl">lbs.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">2nd</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +<td class="tdr">60</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +<td class="tdr">70,</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">3rd</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +<td class="tdr">25</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +<td class="tdr">50,</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Some inferior quality, at a very low price, is used by the Asbestos +Mining and Manufacturing Company of Quebec.</p> + +<p>The workmen are principally French Canadians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> belonging to the +neighbouring villages, and the wages paid them are—</p> + +<table summary="Wages"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Miners (without board),</td> +<td class="tdr">$0.90</td> +<td class="tdr">(3/9)</td> +<td class="tdl">to</td> +<td class="tdr">$1.25</td> +<td class="tdr">(5/2),</td> +<td class="tdl">per day.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Pickers and cobbers,</td> +<td class="tdr">$0.40</td> +<td class="tdr">(1/8)</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +<td class="tdr">$0.70</td> +<td class="tdr">(2/11),</td> +<td class="tdc">"</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The cost of extraction is taken from $20 to $25 per ton; this includes +local administrations and all other expenses connected with the mine, +and with the adoption of machinery and the use of air-compressed drills +the cost of actual mining will be reduced to at least 30 per cent.; so +taking an average price of about $70 per ton, a net profit of from £8 to +£9, or $45, is obtainable per ton of raw material.</p> + +<p>In 1886 the total amount of Asbestos, taken from all the mines, may be +estimated at 1,500 tons, and of the amount returned last year (1888), +all but 400 tons were from the Quebec province mines, and of these +Thetford turned out 2,560 tons, and Black Lake 950, or together +three-fourths of the whole out-put. The 400 tons were from Bridgewater, +in the province of Ontario, a somewhat different class of mineral,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +which is generally used in the manufacture of fire-proof roofing.</p> + +<p>As regards the indications of Asbestos, it is a general recognised fact, +and one that may be depended on, that not alone in Canada, but indeed +all other places where Asbestos-bearing serpentine is found, the +existence of Asbestos, or "Amianthus," is noticed when the serpentine is +exposed, and presents a rusted, sometimes greyish and broken appearance, +due to decomposition or weathering, or covered with a thin layer of +soil. Small veins of Asbestos are to be seen forming a network on the +surface of the rock. If closely examined there may be noticed the +indications of a fault which, in the eastern townships of Quebec, has +generally a direction of N. 40° E., this fault appearing in all openings +where a good show of mineral is to be seen, presenting a wall either in +a vertical position or at an angle, which is preferred to be not greater +than 30°. From this wall, at a varying distance of from 5 to 20 feet, +will be found another, sometimes parallel to, or at an opposite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span> angle; +in this latter case, if these walls be worked down, they will be found +to either meet, forming a trough-like appearance, or to change their +course in a downward direction, leaving only a few feet from each other +at the narrowest point, and then diverge to an unlimited depth. In this +case their faces will have a slicken appearance, smeared over with thin +layers of imperfect Asbestos, or crysotile, now and then compact, +fibrous hornblende, up to 24 inches in length, of various colours, and +rich deposits of olivine, in rare cases small quantities of "ground +ivory" with many other admixtures.</p> + +<p>The condition of the serpentine within these walls is greatly distorted, +containing many small veins of Asbestos varying from mere threads to 2 +and 3 inches in thickness, and sometimes deposits of grains of magnetic +iron or magnetite with traces of chromic iron, which in some localities +break the continuity of the fibre, veins of rich white crystalline +matter (perhaps calcareous) with large deposits of "soapstone," or +steatite, associated with "serpentite."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> Such contorted out-crops are +indications of rich veins of Asbestos, which will be found to both +increase in quantity and quality the deeper they are worked. And in the +case where the walls are parallel and the filling matter in the same +contorted condition, it is inevitable, in order to obtain a good fibre, +considerable depth should be reached.</p> + +<p>The serpentine, which constitute these walls, will also be found to +proportionally become more compact, and less associated with impurities, +and contain the finest quality and lustre of fibre.</p> + +<p>A very interesting phenomenon may be noticed at some of the mines in +connection with this contorted matter. It is the transposition of the +serpentine into Asbestos fibre, by the action of the atmosphere. This is +to be seen on the dumps where the filling matter and cobbed rock is +exposed. In one or two cases I have seen large quantities of broken rock +changed into fibre after a few years, by atmospherical chemical +agencies.</p> + +<p>In so many cases I find people are prejudiced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> from going deeper than a +few feet from the surface, as not finding a copious supply of Asbestos +there, when <i>good</i> indications are shown they become disheartened.</p> + +<p>Therefore, from these practical facts it will be seen that in order to +get the best results it is necessary to work at the lowest possible +level when a favourable out-crop is shown, as, possibly, working at a +high elevation on the out-crop may be a mistake, where a lower point is +available.</p> + +<p>There are good indications of Asbestos where the serpentine is crossed +by quartzose, gneiss, or "traverse dykes," and some valuable finds have +been made at the junction with the dioretic rocks.</p> + +<p>When the serpentine is found dark in colour, to have a granular +appearance, containing many dark grains of, perhaps, felspathic +crystals, the Asbestos will be of a dark, dull, translucent lustre, very +compact, and easily fluffed to a fine silken fibre. The admixtures of +hard and soft serpentine, where not effected by a fault, may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> sometimes +be regarded as a doubtful indication of an immediate find, but if its +hardness increases on descending, and colour becomes more uniform, from +a light emerald green with a whitish admixture, to a dark olive, and +containing numerous small veins of fibre, the conclusions may be +considered as favourable to rich deposits of Asbestos.</p> + +<p>In conclusion I may add that the foregoing remarks, as regards the +indications of this valuable mineral, are based on my personal +geological experience, and the reliable information of the managers of +the various Asbestos mines in Canada, whose opinions have greatly aided +me in my recent prospection, and I trust that this pamphlet will not +alone be a benefit to them, but to the Asbestos industry, which I feel +assured will be one of the most prominent in the province of Quebec.</p> + +<p class="right1">LUCIUS J. BOYD,</p> +<p class="right2"><small>C.E., F.R.G.S.I.</small></p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Geological Report on Asbestos and its +Indications, in the Province of Quebec, Canada, by Lucius J. Boyd + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOL. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Geological Report on Asbestos and its Indications, in the Province of Quebec, Canada + +Author: Lucius J. Boyd + +Release Date: September 4, 2010 [EBook #33630] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOL. REPORT ON ASBESTOS IN QUEBEC *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by the Canadian Institute for +Historical Microreproductions (www.canadiana.org)) + + + + + + + + + + GEOLOGICAL REPORT + ON + ASBESTOS, + AND ITS INDICATIONS, IN + THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC, + CANADA. + + LONDON: + E. FORSTER GROOM, 15, CHARING CROSS, S.W. + 1889. + + [_All rights reserved._] + + + + +GEOLOGICAL REPORT ON ASBESTOS, AND ITS INDICATIONS IN THE PROVINCE OF +QUEBEC, CANADA. + + +Having been called upon to make a close and careful examination of the +geological formations in the eastern townships of Garthby, Wolf'stown, +and Coleraine, situated in the province of Quebec, Canada, I gave +special attention to the distribution of the Asbestos-bearing rocks +(serpentine), which have been, in my opinion, heretofore only partially +traced. Perhaps this was owing to the difficulties which had to be +encountered from the thick undergrowth which in many places rendered it +almost impossible to penetrate sufficiently in order to make a _true_ +report as regards the "existence," "location," and "association" of +these rocks. + +Admirable reports have been written by R. E. Ellis, LL.D., Dr. Hunt, and +others, on the origin and distribution of the serpentines, and have been +fully discussed and ventilated. Still, though various opinions have been +expressed upon the subject, they appear to differ in many respects. I +mention these facts as possibly one inexperienced or unacquainted with +the country might consider it strange that a thorough examination of the +Asbestos properties had not been followed. Yet the causes I have +mentioned above, as well as the difficulties I had to contend with +during the months of heavy snowfall, lead me to believe that my +_confreres_ (geologists) were disinclined to follow up a correct and +actual prospectus of these valuable serpentinous localities. + +Before locating, or going into details of these classes of rock as a +mineral repository, I intend to treat on the subject as regards their +mode of existence and origin. + +Serpentine is diffused under the head of "metamorphic rocks," while, in +the widest sense, according to Studor and others, mineral metamorphism +means every change of aggregation, structure, or chemical condition, +which rocks have undergone subsequently to their deposition and +stratification, or the effects which have been produced by forces other +than gravity and cohesion. + +There fall under this definition the discolouration of the surface of, +for instance, black limestone, by the loss of its carbon, the formation +of brownish red crusts in rocks of limestone, sandstone, many +slatestones, shales, granite, &c., by the decomposition of compounds of +iron, finely disseminated in the mass of the rock, the change in rocks +consequent in the absorption of water, and the crumbling of many +granites and porphyries into gravel, occasioned by the decomposition of +the mica and felspar. + +In its more limited sense the term "metamorphic" is confined to those +changes of rock which are produced directly or indirectly by agencies +seated in the interior of the earth. In many cases the mode of change +may be explained by our physical or chemical theories, and may be viewed +as the effects of temperature or of electro-chemical actions adjoining +rocks or connecting communications with the interior of the earth, also +distinctly point out the seat from which this change proceeds. In many +other cases the metamorphic process itself remains a mystery, and from +the nature of the products alone do we conclude that such a metamorphic +action has taken place. + +Serpentine is generally believed to have been originally deposited as a +sediment, and to have acquired its present compact crystalline character +through the subsequent action of various chemical, or mechanical, +agencies. It is known to be a _hydrated silicate of magnesia_ with about +equal parts of silica and magnesia, and contains 12 per cent. of water +with varying proportions of iron, chromium manganese, alumina and lime, +has a specific gravity of 2.7, and weighs about 169 lbs. to the cubic +foot. It is found both in a soft and very compact state, of a waxy +lustre, with many different shades of beautiful green which give it a +mottled appearance like a serpent, hence the origin of its name +"serpentine," or ophite. It is called "ranocchia" by the Italians, from +the appearance it bears to the "frog," and, on account of its +susceptibility to a high polish, is greatly valued as a marble for +interior ornamental purposes, more than exterior, as it weathers +rapidly. In Galway, Ireland, it is found in large quantities, and called +"serpentinous marble," or "ophi-calcite." It is also to be found in +other parts of the world, as in the Pyrenees, Alps of Dauphing, Mount +St. Gothard, Italy, Sweden, Ural Mountains, Silesia, New South Wales, +Savoy, Corsica, Cornwall, Scotland, and other places too numerous to +mention; but in Canada the finest and most crystalline serpentine is to +be found forming great belts of over 100 miles long and several thousand +feet in breadth. There it associates with the dioretic, or volcanic, +rocks, and is, according to Dr. Ells, without any doubt, "An alteration +product of a dioretic rock rich in olivine." It is sometimes very +difficult to distinguish the mineral constituents in many of the +metamorphic rocks, but diorite is always considered to be composed +chiefly of felspar and hornblende, which composition enters largely into +the serpentines. Actinolite, tremolite, &c., and many other minerals, +are sometimes found associating with it. + +There are many valuable properties attributed to serpentine, and I am of +opinion that the time is not far distant when it will be commercially +considered an invaluable substance, and this on account of its +refractory properties. I may also mention that it can be extensively +used in the manufacture of crucibles, &c. Its soft and unctuous +qualities (especially where it is found associated with "steatite," or +"soapstone," which is often to be seen in large quantities) renders it +easy to be worked, and, if reduced to a powder, could be moulded in +bricks which the most intense heat will not affect. One of the chief +properties it contains, and one which the serpentine of Lower Canada is +so famous for, is the Asbestos, crysotile, or fibrous serpentine. This +valuable and important mineral product is found in paying quantities +only at certain points in the extensive serpentine reefs, and was first +mined as an article of commerce in Canada in 1878, and has now become a +regular and rapidly-developing industry. + +On account of its incombustible and indestructible qualities, is +extensively used in steam, hydraulic, and electrical machinery. It has +been adopted by the Admiralty for engine packing, in Her Majesty's +war-ships. It is spun into six-fold yarn, with a tensile strength of 40 +lbs. and upwards, is manufactured into cloth, as clothing for firemen, +and covering hose-pipes, in fire brigades, and also engine purposes, as +well as drop-curtains, and general stage scenery, and is employed by the +principal railway and steamship companies, collieries, ironworks and all +classes of factories, and, in the manufacture of the new Asbestos grates +and stoves, is finding for itself a large market. Messrs. Bell & +Company of London, who are the largest Asbestos users in the world, +have adopted it in the manufacture of over 50 special purposes in +connection with steam engines and general machinery, and, as a +lubricant, Asbestoline ranks in the first degree. + +There have been many mines started in Canada by people of the farming +class, as well as by companies, and "cotton," as Asbestos is locally +termed, has been found in large quantities within a few feet from the +surface, in veins from 1/4 to 6 inches and more in length of fibre. In +Italy, Asbestos is found, measuring up to 6 feet, in fibre, and +chemically speaking, there is no difference between it and Canadian, +except that the latter, though shorter in fibre, is much more compact +and crystalline, and purer in every sense of the word than can be +obtained in Italy, so much so, as I understand, that users of Italian +material have virtually abandoned it for Canadian. Although I have no +doubt but that Italian Asbestos has its own special purposes. + +The greatest depth reached in Canada is 130 feet in open workings. No +timbering or extensive machinery is used in the manipulation of the +mines, as the "cuts"--being usually in the mountain side--afford a +natural drainage, and dumpage. + +Having blasted the rock, the first process of extraction is termed +"cobbing," which means breaking off the adhering serpentine from the +Asbestos vein, this being manual work done by boys. The fibre is packed +in sacks, each weighing 100 lbs., and in some cases 200 lbs. are shipped +by the local railroad company to Montreal or New York at something about +10 cents and 20 cents per sack. + +Asbestos is sorted into three qualities, and priced thus:-- + + 1st quality, selling at mine $80 to $200, per ton of 2,000 lbs. + 2nd " " " 60 " 70, " " " + 3rd " " " 25 " 50, " " " + +Some inferior quality, at a very low price, is used by the Asbestos +Mining and Manufacturing Company of Quebec. + +The workmen are principally French Canadians belonging to the +neighbouring villages, and the wages paid them are-- + + Miners (without board), $0.90 (3/9) to $1.25 (5/2), per day. + Pickers and cobbers, $0.40 (1/8) " $0.70 (2/11), " + +The cost of extraction is taken from $20 to $25 per ton; this includes +local administrations and all other expenses connected with the mine, +and with the adoption of machinery and the use of air-compressed drills +the cost of actual mining will be reduced to at least 30 per cent.; so +taking an average price of about $70 per ton, a net profit of from 8 +pound to 9 pound, or 45 pound, is obtainable per ton of raw material. + +In 1886 the total amount of Asbestos, taken from all the mines, may be +estimated at 1,500 tons, and of the amount returned last year (1888), +all but 400 tons were from the Quebec province mines, and of these +Thetford turned out 2,560 tons, and Black Lake 950, or together +three-fourths of the whole out-put. The 400 tons were from Bridgewater, +in the province of Ontario, a somewhat different class of mineral, +which is generally used in the manufacture of fire-proof roofing. + +As regards the indications of Asbestos, it is a general recognised fact, +and one that may be depended on, that not alone in Canada, but indeed +all other places where Asbestos-bearing serpentine is found, the +existence of Asbestos, or "Amianthus," is noticed when the serpentine is +exposed, and presents a rusted, sometimes greyish and broken appearance, +due to decomposition or weathering, or covered with a thin layer of +soil. Small veins of Asbestos are to be seen forming a network on the +surface of the rock. If closely examined there may be noticed the +indications of a fault which, in the eastern townships of Quebec, has +generally a direction of N. 40 degrees E., this fault appearing in all +openings where a good show of mineral is to be seen, presenting a wall +either in a vertical position or at an angle, which is preferred to be +not greater than 30 degrees. From this wall, at a varying distance of +from 5 to 20 feet, will be found another, sometimes parallel to, or at +an opposite angle; in this latter case, if these walls be worked down, +they will be found to either meet, forming a trough-like appearance, or +to change their course in a downward direction, leaving only a few feet +from each other at the narrowest point, and then diverge to an unlimited +depth. In this case their faces will have a slicken appearance, smeared +over with thin layers of imperfect Asbestos, or crysotile, now and then +compact, fibrous hornblende, up to 24 inches in length, of various +colours, and rich deposits of olivine, in rare cases small quantities of +"ground ivory" with many other admixtures. + +The condition of the serpentine within these walls is greatly distorted, +containing many small veins of Asbestos varying from mere threads to 2 +and 3 inches in thickness, and sometimes deposits of grains of magnetic +iron or magnetite with traces of chromic iron, which in some localities +break the continuity of the fibre, veins of rich white crystalline +matter (perhaps calcareous) with large deposits of "soapstone," or +steatite, associated with "serpentite." Such contorted out-crops are +indications of rich veins of Asbestos, which will be found to both +increase in quantity and quality the deeper they are worked. And in the +case where the walls are parallel and the filling matter in the same +contorted condition, it is inevitable, in order to obtain a good fibre, +considerable depth should be reached. + +The serpentine, which constitute these walls, will also be found to +proportionally become more compact, and less associated with impurities, +and contain the finest quality and lustre of fibre. + +A very interesting phenomenon may be noticed at some of the mines in +connection with this contorted matter. It is the transposition of the +serpentine into Asbestos fibre, by the action of the atmosphere. This is +to be seen on the dumps where the filling matter and cobbed rock is +exposed. In one or two cases I have seen large quantities of broken rock +changed into fibre after a few years, by atmospherical chemical +agencies. + +In so many cases I find people are prejudiced from going deeper than a +few feet from the surface, as not finding a copious supply of Asbestos +there, when _good_ indications are shown they become disheartened. + +Therefore, from these practical facts it will be seen that in order to +get the best results it is necessary to work at the lowest possible +level when a favourable out-crop is shown, as, possibly, working at a +high elevation on the out-crop may be a mistake, where a lower point is +available. + +There are good indications of Asbestos where the serpentine is crossed +by quartzose, gneiss, or "traverse dykes," and some valuable finds have +been made at the junction with the dioretic rocks. + +When the serpentine is found dark in colour, to have a granular +appearance, containing many dark grains of, perhaps, felspathic +crystals, the Asbestos will be of a dark, dull, translucent lustre, very +compact, and easily fluffed to a fine silken fibre. The admixtures of +hard and soft serpentine, where not effected by a fault, may sometimes +be regarded as a doubtful indication of an immediate find, but if its +hardness increases on descending, and colour becomes more uniform, from +a light emerald green with a whitish admixture, to a dark olive, and +containing numerous small veins of fibre, the conclusions may be +considered as favourable to rich deposits of Asbestos. + +In conclusion I may add that the foregoing remarks, as regards the +indications of this valuable mineral, are based on my personal +geological experience, and the reliable information of the managers of +the various Asbestos mines in Canada, whose opinions have greatly aided +me in my recent prospection, and I trust that this pamphlet will not +alone be a benefit to them, but to the Asbestos industry, which I feel +assured will be one of the most prominent in the province of Quebec. + + LUCIUS J. BOYD, + C.E., F.R.G.S.I. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Geological Report on Asbestos and its +Indications, in the Province of Quebec, Canada, by Lucius J. Boyd + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GEOL. 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