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diff --git a/33743.txt b/33743.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9271744 --- /dev/null +++ b/33743.txt @@ -0,0 +1,19023 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History and Antiquities of the Doric +Race, Vol. 1 of 2 by Karl Otfried Mueller + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: The History and Antiquities of the Doric Race, Vol. 1 of 2 + +Author: Karl Otfried Mueller + +Release Date: September 17, 2010 [Ebook #33743] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE DORIC RACE, VOL. 1 OF 2*** + + + + + + The History and Antiquities + + Of The + + Doric Race + + by Karl Otfried Mueller + + Professor in the University of Goettingen + + Translated From the German by + + Henry Tufnell, Esq. + + And + + George Cornewall Lewis, Esq., A.M. + + Student of Christ Church. + + Second Edition, Revised. + + Vol. I + + London: + + John Murray, Albemarle Street. + + 1839. + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +Extract From The Translators' Preface To The First Edition. +Advertisement To The Second Edition. +Introduction. +Book I. History Of The Doric Race, From The Earliest Times To The End Of +The Peloponnesian War. + Chapter I. + Chapter II. + Chapter III. + Chapter IV. + Chapter V. + Chapter VI. + Chapter VII. + Chapter VIII. + Chapter IX. +Book II. Religion And Mythology Of The Dorians. + Chapter I. + Chapter II. + Chapter III. + Chapter IV. + Chapter V. + Chapter VI. + Chapter VII. + Chapter VIII. + Chapter IX. + Chapter X. + Chapter XI. + Chapter XII. +Appendix I. +Appendix II. Genealogy of Hellen. +Appendix III. The migration of the Dorians to Crete. +Appendix IV. History of the Greek congress or synedrion during the Persian +war. +Footnotes + + + + + + +EXTRACT FROM THE TRANSLATORS' PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. + + +The History, of which an English translation is now offered to the public, +forms the second and third volumes of a work by Professor C. O. Mueller, +entitled, "Histories of Greek Tribes and Cities." The first volume of this +series was published separately under the name of "Orchomenos and the +Minyae;" and contains a most learned examination of the mythology and early +history of Orchomenos and other towns of Boeotia, and of the migrations of +the Minyae, together with other questions more or less connected with these +subjects. It is, in every respect, a distinct and separate work from the +Dorians, comprised in the second and third volumes; nor was it more +incumbent on us to publish a translation of that first volume, because it +is often referred to in the subsequent volumes, than of the many other +admirable works on Grecian history, equally referred to, which are +inaccessible to persons not acquainted with the German language. + +At a time when a large part of the present translation had been completed, +the translators communicated by letter to Professor Mueller their intention +with regard to his work on the Dorians, and requested him to read the +manuscript of their translation before it was printed, in case they should +have anywhere committed any errors, or failed to catch the import of his +words. To this request Mr. Mueller, though not personally known by either +of the translators, not only acceded, but, with an unexpected, and indeed +unhoped-for liberality, expressed his willingness to contribute to our +translation all the alterations and additions which his reading had +suggested since the appearance of the original work. The manuscript was +accordingly transmitted, and carefully revised, corrected, and enlarged by +the author. Of the value of these changes it would perhaps be improper +that we should speak in the terms which they seem to us to deserve: of +their number, however, as this can be brought to a certain test, we will +venture to assert, that few books undergo so great changes after their +first publication; and that the present work may be in strictness +considered, not only a translation, but a new edition of the original. In +making these changes, it was also the author's wish to clear up +ambiguities or obscurity of meaning, either by a change in the expression, +or a fuller development of the thought: and we cannot help hoping, that +even to a person acquainted with German, our translation will thus be +found in many places more explicit and satisfactory than the original +text. + +Besides those alterations, which appear for the first time in the +following translation, the additions and corrections published by the +author in his "Introduction to a scientific System of Mythology" have been +here incorporated; and a Dissertation on the early history of the +Macedonian nation, published separately by the author, some time after the +appearance of the Dorians, has been inserted in the Appendix. + +Not only has the small map of Macedonia, appended to this Dissertation, +been inserted in our translation, in addition to the map of the +Peloponnese, which was alone contained in the original work, but also a +map of northern Greece, which, together with the explanatory article +inserted in the Appendix, is now for the first time given to the public. +These three maps together furnish a complete geographical picture of +ancient Greece, from the promontory of Taenarum to the north of Macedonia; +and we may be allowed to say, that in accuracy and fulness of detail, they +rival, if not excel, all other maps of the same regions(1). + +After the printing of the whole work (with the exception of the Appendix) +had been completed, the sheets were sent to Mr. Mueller, by which means not +only the translation of the original, but also of the manuscript +additions, have received the approbation of the author. Any discrepancies, +therefore, which may appear between the translation and the original must +be considered as sanctioned by the author. The translators at the same +time think it right to state, in case Mr. Mueller should be exposed to any +misrepresentations in his own country, that in making their translation +they did not consider themselves bound to follow the letter of the +original, and have sometimes indulged in a free paraphrase: while in some +places they suggested more considerable changes, on account of the +difference between the opinions on many important subjects which generally +prevail in England and Germany. + +(1830.) + + + + + +ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SECOND EDITION. + + +The First Edition of the present Translation has been revised by the +Author; and he has supplied several corrections and additions, which have +been inserted in their proper places. + +The accounts of the geography of Peloponnesus and Northern Greece, which +were inserted in the Appendix to the First Edition of the Translation, +have been omitted in the present Edition. + +April, 1839. + + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + + § 1. Origin of the Dorians in the North of Greece. § 2. Northern + boundary of Greece. § 3. The Macedonians. § 4. The Thessalians. § + 5. Diffusion of the Illyrians in Western Greece. § 6. The + Phrygians. § 7. The Thracians. § 8. The Hellenes, Achaeans, + Minyans, Ionians, and Dorians. § 9. The Hylleans. § 10. Relation + of the above nations to the Pelasgians. § 11. Difference between + the Pelasgic and Hellenic religions. § 12. Early language of + Greece, and its chief dialects. + + +1. The Dorians derived their origin from those districts in which the +Grecian nation bordered towards the north upon numerous and dissimilar +races of barbarians. As to the tribes which dwelt beyond these boundaries +we are indeed wholly destitute of information; nor is there the slightest +trace of any memorial or tradition that the Greeks originally came from +those quarters. On these frontiers, however, the events took place which +effected an entire alteration in the internal condition of the whole +Grecian people, and here were given many of those impulses, of which the +effects were so long and generally experienced. The prevailing character +of the events in question, was a perpetual pressing forward of the +barbarous races, particularly of the Illyrians, into more southern +districts; yet Greece, although harassed, confined, nay even compelled to +abandon part of her territory, never attempted to make a united resistance +to their encroachments. The cause of this negligence probably was, that +all her views being turned to the south, no attention whatever was paid to +the above quarters. + +2. To begin then by laying down a boundary line (which may be afterwards +modified for the sake of greater accuracy), we shall suppose this to be +the mountain ridge, which stretches from Olympus to the west as far as the +Acroceraunian mountains (comprehending the Cambunian ridge and mount +Lacmon), and in the middle comes in contact with the Pindus chain, which +stretches in a direction from north to south. The western part of this +chain separates the furthest Grecian tribes from the great Illyrian +nation, which extended back as far as the Celts in the south of Germany. +Every clue respecting the connexion, peculiarities, and original language +of this people must be interesting, and the dialects of the Albanians, +especially of those who inhabit the mountains where the original customs +and language have been preserved in greater purity, will afford materials +for inquiry.(2) For our present purpose it will be sufficient to state, +that they formed the northern boundary of the Grecian nation, from which +they were distinguished both by their language and customs. + +3. In the fashion of wearing the mantle and dressing the hair,(3) and also +in their dialect, the MACEDONIANS bore a great resemblance to the +Illyrians; whence it is evident that the Macedonians belonged to the +Illyrian nation.(4) Notwithstanding which, there can be no doubt that the +Greeks were aboriginal(5) inhabitants of this district. The plains of +Emathia, the most beautiful district of the country, were occupied by the +Pelasgians,(6) who, according to Herodotus, also possessed Creston above +Chalcidice, to which place they had come from Thessaliotis.(7) Hence the +Macedonian dialect was full of Greek radical words. And that these had not +been introduced by the royal family (which was Hellenic by descent or +adoption of manners) is evident from the fact, that many signs of the most +simple ideas (which no language ever borrows from another) were the same +in both, as well as from the circumstance that these words do not appear +in their Greek form, but have been modified according to a native +dialect.(8) In the Macedonian dialect there occur grammatical forms which +are commonly called AEolic,(9) together with many Arcadian(10) and +Thessalian(11) words: and what perhaps is still more decisive, several +words, which, though not to be found in the Greek, have been preserved in +the Latin language.(12) There does not appear to be any peculiar affinity +with the Doric dialect: hence we do not give much credit to the otherwise +unsupported assertion of Herodotus, of an original identity of the Doric +and Macednian (Macedonian) nations. In other authors Macednus is called +the son of Lycaon, from whom the Arcadians were said to be descended;(13) +or Macedon is the brother of Magnes, or a son of AEolus, according to +Hesiod and Hellanicus,(14) which are merely various attempts to form a +genealogical connexion between this semi-barbarian race, and the rest of +the Greek nation.(15) + +4. The THESSALIANS, as well as the Macedonians, were, as it appears, an +Illyrian race, who subdued a native Greek population; but in this case the +body of the interlopers was smaller, while the numbers and civilization of +the aboriginal inhabitants were considerable. Hence the Thessalians +resembled the Greeks more than any of the northern races with which they +were connected: hence their language in particular was almost purely +Grecian, and indeed bore perhaps a greater affinity to the language of the +ancient epic poets than any other dialect.(16) But the chief peculiarities +of this nation with which we are acquainted were not of a Grecian +character. Of this their national dress,(17) which consisted in part of +the flat and broad-brimmed hat {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} and the chlamys (which last was +common to both nations, but was unknown to the Greeks of Homer's time, and +indeed long afterwards,(18) until adopted as the costume of the equestrian +order at Athens), is a sufficient example. The Thessalians, moreover, were +beyond a doubt the first to introduce into Greece the use of cavalry. More +important distinctions however than that first alleged are perhaps to be +found in their impetuous and passionate character, and the low state of +their intelligence. The taste for the arts shown by the wealthy house of +the Scopadae proves no more that such was the disposition of the whole +people, than the existence of the same qualities in Archelaus argues their +prevalence in Macedonia. This is sufficient to distinguish them from the +race of the Greeks, so highly endowed by nature. We are therefore induced +to conjecture that this nation, which a short time before the expedition +of the Heraclidae, migrated from Thesprotia, and indeed from the territory +of Ephyra (Cichyrus) into the plain of the Peneus, had originally come +from Illyria. On the other hand indeed, many points of similarity in the +customs of the Thessalians and Dorians might be brought forward. Thus for +example, the love for the male sex (that usage peculiar to the Dorians) +was also common among the Illyrians, and the objects of affection were, as +at Sparta, called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~};(19) the women also, as amongst the Dorians, were +addressed by the title of _ladies_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), a title uncommon in +Greece, and expressive of the estimation in which they were held.(20) A +great freedom in the manners of the female sex was nevertheless customary +among the Illyrians, who in this respect bore a nearer resemblance to the +northern nations.(21) Upon the whole, however, these migrations from the +north had the effect of disseminating among the Greeks manners and +institutions which were entirely unknown to their ancestors, as +represented by Homer. + +5. We will now proceed to inquire what was the extent of territory gained +by the Illyrians in the west of Greece. Great part of Epirus had in early +times been inhabited by Pelasgians,(22) to which race the inhabitants of +Dodona are likewise affirmed by the best authorities to have belonged, as +well as the whole nation of Thesprotians;(23) also the Chaonians at the +foot of the Acroceraunian mountains,(24) and the Chones, OEnotrians, and +Peucetians on the opposite coast of Italy, are said to have been of this +race.(25) The ancient buildings, institutions, and religious worship of +the Epirots, are also manifestly of Pelasgic origin. We suppose always +that the Pelasgians were Greeks, and spoke the Grecian language: an +opinion in support of which we will on this occasion only adduce a few +arguments. It must then be borne in mind, that all the races whose +migrations took place at a late period, such as the Achaeans, Ionians, +Dorians, were not (the last in particular) sufficiently powerful or +numerous to effect a complete change in the customs of a barbarous +population;(26) that many districts, Arcadia and Perrhaebia, for instance, +remained entirely Pelasgic, without being inhabited by any nation not of +Grecian origin; that the most ancient names, either of Grecian places or +mentioned in their traditions, belonged indeed to a different era of the +dialect, but not to another language; that finally, the great similarity +between the Latin and Greek can only be explained by supposing the +Pelasgic language to have formed the connecting link. Now the nations of +Epirus were almost reduced to a complete state of barbarism by the +operation of causes, which could only have had their origin in +Illyria;(27) and in the historic age, the Ambracian bay was the boundary +of Greece. In later times, more than half of AEtolia ceased to be Grecian, +and without doubt adopted the manners and language of the Illyrians;(28) +from which point the Athamanes, an Epirot and Illyrian nation, pressed +into the south of Thessaly.(29) Migrations and predatory expeditions, such +as the Encheleans had undertaken in the fabulous times, continued without +intermission to repress and keep down the genuine population of Greece. + +6. The Illyrians were in these ancient times also bounded on the east by +the Phrygians and Thracians, as well as by the Pelasgians. The PHRYGIANS +were at this time the immediate neighbours of the Macedonians in Lebaea, by +whom they were called Brygians ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~});(30) they dwelt at +the foot of the snowy Bermius, where the fabulous rose-gardens of king +Midas were situated, while walking in which the wise Silenus was said to +have been taken prisoner. They also fought from this place (as the +Telegonia of Eugammon related)(31) with the Thesprotians of Epirus. At no +great distance from hence were the Mygdonians, the people nearest related +to the Phrygians. According to Xanthus, this nation did not migrate to +Asia until after the Trojan war.(32) But, in the first place, the Cretan +traditions begin with religious rites and fables, which appear from the +most ancient testimonies to have been derived from Phrygians of Asia;(33) +and, secondly, the Armenians, who were beyond a doubt of a kindred race to +the Phrygians,(34) were considered as an aboriginal nation in their own +territory.(35) It will therefore be sufficient to recognise the same race +of men in Armenia, Asia Minor, and at the foot of mount Bermius, without +supposing that all the Armenians and Phrygians emigrated from the latter +settlement on the Macedonian coast. The intermediate space between Illyria +and Asia, a district across which numerous nations migrated in ancient +times, was peopled irregularly from so many sides, that the national +uniformity which seems to have once existed in those parts was speedily +deranged. The most important documents respecting the connexion between +the Phrygian and other nations are the traces that remain of its dialect. +It was well known in Plato's time that many primitive words of the Grecian +language were to be recognised with a slight alteration in the Phrygian, +such as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~};(36) and the great similarity of grammatical +structure which the Armenian now displays with the Greek, must be referred +to this original connexion.(37) The Phrygians in Asia must, however, have +been intermixed with Syrians, who not only established themselves on the +right bank of the Halys, but on the left also in Lycaonia,(38) and as far +as Lycia,(39) and accordingly adopted much of the Syrian language and +religion.(40) Their enthusiastic and frantic ceremonies had doubtless +always formed part of their religion: these they had in common with their +immediate neighbours the Thracians: but the ancient Greeks appear to have +been almost entirely unacquainted with such rites. + +7. The THRACIANS, who settled in Pieria at the foot of mount Olympus, and +from thence came down to mount Helicon, as being the originators of the +worship of Dionysus and the Muses, and the fathers of Grecian poetry,(41) +are a nation of the highest importance in the history of civilization. We +cannot but suppose that they spoke a dialect very similar to the Greek, +since otherwise they could not have had any considerable influence upon +the latter people. They were in all probability derived originally from +the country called Thrace in later times, where the Bessians, a tribe of +the nation of the Satrae,(42) at the foot of Mount Pangaeum, presided over +the oracle of Dionysus. Whether the whole of the populous races of Edones, +Odomantians, Odrysians, Treres, &c. are to be considered as identical with +the Thracians in Pieria, or whether it is not more probable that these +barbarous nations(43) received from the Greeks their general name of +Thracians, with which they had been familiar from early times, are +questions which I shall not attempt to determine. Into these nations, +however, a large number of Paeonians subsequently penetrated, who had +passed over at the time of a very ancient migration of the Teucrians, +together with the Mysians.(44) To this Paeonian race the Pelagonians, on +the banks of the Axius, belonged; who also advanced into Thessaly, as will +be shown hereafter. Of the Teucrians, however, we know nothing, excepting +that in concert with (Pelasgic) Dardanians they founded the city of +Troy,--where the language in use was probably allied to the Grecian, and +distinct from the Phrygian.(45) + +8. Now it is within the mountainous barriers above described that we must +look for the origin of the nations which in the heroic mythology are +always represented as possessing dominion and power, and are always +contrasted with an aboriginal population. These, in my opinion, were +northern branches of the Grecian nation, which had overrun and subdued the +Greeks who dwelt further south. The most ancient abode of the HELLENES +Proper (who in mythology are merely a small nation in Phthia(46)) was +situated, according to Aristotle, in Epirus, near Dodona, to whose god +Achilles(47) prays, as being the ancient protector of his family. In all +probability the ACHAEANS, the ruling nation both of Thessaly and of +Peloponnesus, in the mythical times, were of the same race and origin as +the Hellenes. The MINYANS, Phlegyans, Lapithae, and AEolians of Corinth and +Salmone, came originally from the districts above Pieria, on the frontiers +of Macedonia, where the very ancient Orchomenus, Minya, and Salmonia or +Halmopia were situated.(48) Nor is there less obscurity with regard to the +northern settlements of the IONIANS; they appear, as it were, to have +fallen from heaven into Attica and AEgialea: they were not, however, by any +means identical with the aboriginal inhabitants of these districts, and +had, perhaps, detached themselves from some northern, probably Achaean, +race.(49) Lastly, the DORIANS are mentioned in ancient legends and poems +as established in one extremity of the great mountain-chain of Upper +Greece, viz. at the foot of Olympus; there are, however, reasons for +supposing, that at an earlier period they had dwelt at its other northern +extremity, at the furthest limit of the Grecian nation. + +9. We now turn our attention to the singular nation of the HYLLEANS +({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), which is supposed to have dwelt in Illyria, but is in +many respects connected in a remarkable manner with the Dorians. The real +place of its abode can hardly be laid down; as the Hylleans are never +mentioned in any historical narrative, but always in mythical legends; and +they appear to have been known to the geographers only from mythological +writers. Yet they are generally placed in the islands of Melita and +Black-Corcyra, to the south of Liburnia.(50) Now the name of the Hylleans +agrees strikingly with that of the first and most noble tribe of the +Dorians. Besides which, it is stated, that, though dwelling among Illyrian +races, these Hylleans were nevertheless genuine _Greeks_. Moreover they, +as well as the Doric Hylleans, were supposed to have sprung from Hyllus, a +son of Hercules, whom that hero begot upon Melite, the daughter of +AEgaeus:(51) here the name AEgaeus refers to a river in Corcyra, Melite to the +island just mentioned. Apollo was the chief god of the Dorians; and so +likewise these Hylleans were said to have concealed under the earth, as +the sign of inviolable sanctity, that instrument of such importance in the +religion of Apollo, a tripod.(52) The country of the Hylleans is described +as a large peninsula, and compared to Peloponnesus: it is said to have +contained fifteen cities, which, however, had not a more real existence +than the peninsula as large as Peloponnesus on the Illyrian coast. How all +these statements are to be understood is hard to say. It appears, however, +that they can only be reconciled as follows: the Doric Hylleans had a +tradition, that they came originally from these northern districts, which +then bordered on the Illyrians, and were afterwards occupied by that +people; and there still remained in those parts some members of their +tribe, some other Hylleans. This notion of Greek Hylleans in the very +north of Greece, who also were descended from Hercules, and also +worshipped Apollo, was taken up and embellished by the poets; although it +is not likely that any one had really ever seen these Hylleans and visited +their country. Like the Hyperboreans, they existed merely in tradition and +imagination. It is possible also that the Corcyraeans, in whose island +there was an "_Hyllaean_" harbour,(53) may have contributed to the +formation of these legends, as is shown by some circumstances pointed out +above; but it cannot be supposed that the whole tradition arose from +Corcyraean colonies. + +10. Here we might conclude our remarks on this subject, did not the +following important question deserve some consideration. What relation can +we suppose to have existed between the races which migrated into those +northern districts, and the native tribes, and what between the different +races of Greece itself? All inquiries on this subject lead us back to the +Pelasgians, who although not found in every part of ancient Greece (for +tradition makes so wide a distinction between them and many other nations, +that no confusion ever takes place),(54) yet occur almost universally +wherever early civilization, ancient settlements, and worships of peculiar +sanctity and importance existed. And in fact there is no doubt that most +of the ancient religions of Greece owed their origin to this race. The +Zeus and Dione of Dodona; Zeus and Here of Argos; Hephaestus and Athene of +Athens; Demeter and Cora of Eleusis; Hermes and Artemis of Arcadia, +together with Cadmus and the Cabiri of Thebes, cannot properly be referred +to any other origin. We must therefore attribute to that nation an +excessive readiness in creating and metamorphosing objects of religious +worship, so that the same fundamental conceptions were variously developed +in different places; a variety which was chiefly caused by the arbitrary +neglect of, or adherence to, particular parts of the same legend. In many +places also we may recognise the sameness of character which pervaded the +different worships of the above gods; everywhere we see manifested in +symbols, names, rites, and legends, a uniformity of ideas and feelings. +The religions introduced from Phrygia and Thrace, such as that of the +Cretan Zeus and Dionysus or Bacchus, may be easily distinguished by their +more enthusiastic character from the native Pelasgic worship. The +Phoenician and Egyptian religions lay at a great distance from the early +Greeks, were almost unknown even where they existed in the immediate +neighbourhood, were almost unintelligible when the Greeks attempted to +learn them, and repugnant to their nature when understood. On the whole, +the Pelasgic worship appears to form part of a simple elementary religion, +which easily represented the various forms produced by the changes of +nature in different climates and seasons, and which abounded in expressive +signs for all the shades of feeling which these phenomena awakened. + +11. On the other hand, the religion of the northern races (who as being of +Hellenic descent are put in contrast with the Pelasgians) had in early +times taken a more moral turn, to which their political relations had +doubtless contributed. The heroic life (which is no fiction of the poets), +the fondness for vigorous and active exertion, the disinclination to the +harmless occupations of husbandry, which is so remarkably seen in the +conquering race of the Hellenes, necessarily awakened and cherished an +entirely different train of religious feeling. Hence the Zeus Hellanius of +AEacus, the Zeus Laphystius of Athamas, and, finally, the Doric Zeus, whose +son is Apollo, the prophet and warrior,(55) are rather representations of +the moral order and harmony of the universe, after the ancient method, +than of the creative powers of nature. I do not however deny, that there +was a time when these different views had not as yet taken a separate +direction. Thus it may be shown, that the Apollo Lyceus of the Dorians +conveyed nearly the same notions as the Zeus Lycaeus of the Arcadians, +although the worship of either deity was developed independently of that +of the other. Thus also certain ancient Arcadian and Doric customs had, in +their main features, a considerable affinity. The points of resemblance in +these different worships can be only perceived by comparison: tradition +presents, at the very first outset, an innumerable collection of +discordant forms of worship belonging to the several races, but without +explaining to us how they came to be thus separated. For these different +rites were not united into a whole until they had been first divided; and +both by the connexion of worships and by the influence of poetry new +combinations were introduced, which differed essentially from those of an +earlier date. + +12. The language of the ancient Grecian race (which, together with its +religion, forms the most ancient record of its history) must, if we may +judge from the varieties of dialect and from a comparison with the Latin +language, have been very perfect in its structure, and rich and expressive +in its flexions and formations; though much of this was polished off by +the Greeks of later ages: in early times, distinctness and precision in +marking the primitive words and the inflections being more attended to +than facility of utterance. Wherever the ancient forms had been preserved, +they sounded foreign and uncouth to more modern ears; and the language of +later times was greatly softened, in comparison with the Latin. But the +peculiarities of the pure Doric dialect are (wherever they were not owing +to a faithful preservation of archaic forms) actual deviations from the +original dialect, and consequently they do not occur in Latin; they bear, +if I may be allowed the expression, a _northern_ character. The use of the +article, which did not exist in the Latin language or in that of epic +poetry, can be ascribed to no other cause than to immigrations of new +tribes, and especially to that of the Dorians. Its introduction must, as +in the Romance languages, be almost considered as the sign of a great +revolution. The peculiarities of the Doric dialect must have existed +before the period of the migrations; since thus only can it be explained +how peculiar forms of the Doric dialect were common to Crete, Argos, and +Sparta: the same is also true of the dialects which are generally +considered as subdivisions of the AEolic; the only reason for the +resemblance of the language of Lesbos to that of Boeotia being, that +Boeotians migrated at that period to Lesbos. The peculiarities of the Ionic +dialect may, on the other hand, be viewed in great part as deviations +caused by the genial climate of Asia;(56) for the language of the Attic +race, to which the Ionians were most nearly related, could hardly have +differed so widely from that of the colonies of Athens, if the latter had +not been greatly changed.(57) + + + + + +BOOK I. HISTORY OF THE DORIC RACE, FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE END OF +THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR. + + + + +Chapter I. + + + § 1. Earliest Settlement of the Dorians in Thessaly. § 2. + Description of the Vale of Tempe. § 3. Of the Passes of Olympus. § + 4. And of Hestiaeotis. § 5. The Perrhaebians. § 6. The Lapithae. § 7. + Limits of the Territory in Thessaly occupied by the Dorians. § 8. + Contents of the Epic Poem AEgimius. § 9. Doric Migration from + Thessaly to Crete. § 10. Relation of the Dorians to the + Macedonians. + + +1. "From early times the Dorians and Ionians were the chief races of the +Grecian nation; the latter of Pelasgic, the former of Hellenic origin; the +latter an aboriginal people, the former a people much addicted to +wandering. For the former, when under the dominion of Deucalion, dwelt in +Phthiotis; and in the time of Dorus, the son of Hellen, they inhabited the +country at the foot of Ossa and Olympus, which was called Hestiaeotis. +Afterwards, however, being driven from Hestiaeotis by the Cadmeans, they +dwelt under mount Pindus, and were called the Macednian nation. From +thence they again migrated to Dryopis; and having passed from Dryopis into +Peloponnesus, they were called the Doric race."(58) + +This connected account cannot be considered as derived immediately from +ancient tradition; but can only be viewed as an attempt of the father of +history to arrange and reconcile various legends. Nor indeed is it +difficult to discover and examine the steps of the argument which led him +to this conclusion. It is clear that he considers the genealogy of +Hellen,(59) viz. that he was the son of Deucalion and father of Dorus, +Xuthus, and AEolus, as an historical fact; although it is at least more +recent than the poems of Homer, where the name of Hellenes does not +include these races, but is the appellation of a single nation in +Phthiotis: and that his object is to establish the position, that the +Dorians were the genuine Hellenes. Now since Deucalion, the father of +Hellen and grandfather of Dorus, was supposed to have dwelt in +Phthiotis,(60) Herodotus represents the Dorians as also coming from +Phthiotis; although the people meant in these legends by the names of +Deucalion and Hellen were the real ancient Hellenes, the Myrmidons,(61) +who were afterwards under the dominion of the AEacidae,(62) and are entirely +distinct from the Dorians. Dorus was next represented as succeeding Hellen +as king of the same people; and then, since the name of Dorus was in these +fabulous accounts connected with Hestiaeotis, he infers that the Dorians +went thither from Phthiotis. But the modern mythologist must of course +abandon this whole deduction as unfounded; and he can only adopt the datum +from which the historian started; namely, that, according to ancient +tradition, "Dorus dwelt at the foot of Olympus and Ossa." Here then the +real fact presents itself to us. The chain of Olympus, the divider of +nations, whose lofty summit is still called by the inhabitants the +_celestial mansion_, is the place in which the Dorians first appear in the +history of Greece. + +2. The mountain-valley, which in later times bore the name of Thessaly, +was bounded to the west by Pindus, to the south by Othrys, to the east by +Pelion and Ossa, and to the north by Olympus, under which name the ancient +writers, for example Herodotus, also include the chain which in +after-times (probably from an Illyrian word)(63) was called the Cambunian +mount. The course of the Peneus is so situated as to divide the open plain +to the south, the ancient Pelasgic Argos, from the mountainous district to +the north; towards the north-east it breaks through the mountain-ridge, +dividing Ossa from Olympus; here too the river creeps under the loftier +heights of mount Olympus;(64) so that the path passes along the side of +the more rugged and precipitous Ossa. This ravine was known by the ancient +generic name of _Tempea_ or _Tempe_ (the _cut_, from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}), and has been +often poetically described, but seldom sufficiently considered as bearing +upon the history of Greece.(65) + +Before entering the pass, the traveller crosses a small round valley, +agreeably situated; at the end of which on the left hand, where the +mountains approach one another on both sides, was the ancient fortress of +Gonnus (or Gonni), distant 160 stadia from Larissa, the chief city of the +plain.(66) From this point the mountains close upon one another more +rapidly, until they rise on both sides of the glen in two rocky parapets, +forming a gully, where in many places a path has been hewn along the +river. About the middle of this path there stands now, upon a bold +projection of Ossa, a fortress of Roman construction called Horaeo-Castro, +covering also a cross glen of that mountain: it was there probably that +the strong-hold Gonnocondylum stood; which appears to have taken its name +from the "windings" of the valley.(67) Not far from this spot is the +narrowest part of the ravine, hardly 100 feet in width: which is stated in +an inscription to have been fortified by L. Cassius Longinus, the +proconsul and partisan of J. Caesar; but, without the aid of fortification, +a few armed men would probably have been able to stop the progress of a +force many times their number. The region has nothing beautiful or +agreeable in its appearance, but presents rather a look of savage +wildness: the perpendicular masses of rock of the same kind of stone +appear, as it were, to have been rent asunder, and are without any +covering of trees or grass; the blackness of the shadows in the deep +hollow, and the dull echoes, increase the gloominess of the impression: +beneath bubble the silver waters of the Peneus ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(68) Not far +from this narrow passage the defile opens towards the sea, to which the +Peneus flows through marshes; and from hence may be seen the smiling +country of Pieria, on the eastern side of Olympus, particularly the plains +of Phila, Heracleum, and Leibethrum, which lead onwards to the southern +parts of Macedonia. + +3. This is the only road between Thessaly and the northern districts, +which passes in its whole length along a valley; all the others are +mountain-passes. Such was the other road to Macedonia, which crossed mount +Olympus ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}).(69) This road, too, begins at the +strongly-fortified city of Gonnus, the key of the country towards the +north; and it then goes along the southern side of Olympus, till it +reaches the cities of Azorum and Doliche. Between these two towns is a +place where three ways met.(70) The chief road passes in a northerly +direction over the summit of the Cambunian chain to the Macedonian +highlands; and it was here that Xerxes set fire to the woods in order to +open a passage for his army, which the Greeks had expected along the more +practicable way through Pieria and the valley of Tempe; and it was often +in the Roman wars traversed by large armies.(71) From the south of Olympus +two difficult mountain roads led over the heights of Olympus, connecting +Northern Thessaly with Pieria. The one avoided the valley of Tempe, as it +passed by the fortress of Lapathus to the north of that defile,(72) then +along the small lake of Ascurias, whence there was a view of the town of +Dium on the sea-coast, at the distance of 96 stadia; after which it +descended into the plains of Pieria. We should, however, more particularly +notice the other road, taking a more northern direction, and passing over +the lofty sides of Olympus, where formerly there stood the castle of +Petra, and the temple of the Pythian Apollo, commonly called Pythium, +together with a village of the same name,(73) the height of which +Xenagoras, by a geometrical measurement, ascertained to be 6096 Grecian +feet.(74) From this point there was a mountain-pass leading down to the +coast to Heracleum and Phila in Pieria, and another way led along the +ridge of Olympus by difficult and dangerous passages, as far as Upper +Macedonia.(75) + +These mountain-passes and defiles have not been explored by any modern +traveller; but it was important for our subject to discover their position +from the writings of the ancients. Not only did Perseus and AEmilius Paulus +here contend for the fate of Macedonia, but it was in this region that the +Greek nations of the heroic age disputed the possession of the fertile +Thessaly. There was once a time when through these passes the nations +pressed down, to whose lot the finest parts of Greece were once to fall; +here every step was gained with labour, while the sons of the mountain +inured themselves to hardships in their incessant wars. Of the numerous +citadels which in these districts cover every important point, the greater +number were probably built at a very early period. Thus there were three +fortresses(76) to defend the pass of Olympus, or the road from Gonnus to +Azorum and Doliche, which two places, together with Pythium on the +mountain, were comprehended under the name of the Pelagonian Tripolis.(77) + +4. The highlands which border on Macedonia are so rarely mentioned in +Grecian history, that we find in them few names of places, while in the +valley of the Peneus there were always some traditional and historical +memorials extant. For although the northern mountains were not destitute +of fountains, grassy slopes, and fertile pastures, still the nations +continually pressed downward to the fertile lands of the valley. In this +plain Gonnus and Elatea are succeeded by Mopsium upon the right, and +Gyrton and Phalanna on the left of the stream; and soon afterwards Larissa +stood in the midst of the open country,(78) which had been once deposited +from the stagnant waters of the Peneus, and being constantly irrigated, +always produced a plentiful crop. To the west of Larissa, in a narrower +part of the valley, where the hills approach the river more from the north +side, there stood, 40 stadia from Larissa, the town of Argura,(79) and at +the same distance again the fort of Atrax; on the northern bank of the +river were the celebrated city of Pelinna(80) and the castle of +Pharcedon;(81) higher up on the left bank, where the mountains on the +north begin to recede and form another plain, was the ancient city of +Tricca.(82) Between Tricca and Pelinna stood, as it appears, the city of +OEchalia, so celebrated in mythology; the ruins of which have been perhaps +discovered by a traveller in some ancient walls of massive structure,(83) +of which Pouqueville saw many in this district. If now we follow the +Peneus, which runs from the north-west, higher up the stream than Tricca, +we come to the mountain district of Hestiaeotis. At about three and a half +hours from Tricca(84) is now situated the convent Meteora, whose name +alludes to its singular situation upon lofty columns of rock:(85) from +which place there were two ways, one leading higher up the Peneus in a +westerly direction to Epirus, and the other passing through Stymphaea to +Elimiotis in Macedonia,(86) This was about the situation of the ancient +fortress of Gomphi, which was near Pindus, and not very far from the +sources of the Peneus.(87) It is, indeed, probable that the name {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} +expresses the _wedge-shaped_ form of these rocks. According to Strabo, +Gomphi (in the north-west), Tricca (in the south-west), Pelinna (in the +north-east), and the more recent city of Metropolis (in the south-east), +formed a square of fortresses, in the middle of which was the ancient +Ithome; which Homer, from the steepness of the rock on which it stood, +calls the _precipitous_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}).(88) From Meteora the +Peneus may be followed in a northerly direction to its origin from two +small streams; whence there was a path which wound over the high chain of +Pindus, and thus reached the country of Epirus. This was in ancient times +the road which connected the two countries, and there still remain on it +several Cyclopian walls, the strongholds of former ages. + +5. There had dwelt in the valley of the Peneus from the earliest times a +Pelasgic nation, which offered up thanks to the gods for the possession of +so fruitful a territory at the festival of Peloria.(89) Their habits were +doubtless adapted to the nature of the country, which has still the same +effect on the modern inhabitants; those who dwell near the river being of +a soft and peaceable disposition, while the mountaineers are of a stronger +and freer turn of mind.(90) Larissa was the ancient capital of this +nation.(91) But at a very early time the primitive inhabitants were either +expelled or reduced to subjection, by more northern tribes.(92) Those who +had retired into the mountains became the PERRHAEBIAN nation, and always +retained a certain degree of independence. In the Homeric catalogue the +Perrhaebians are mentioned as dwelling on the hill Cyphus under Olympus, +and on the banks of the Titaresius, which, flowing along the western edge +of Olympus, is distinguished by its clear and therefore dark-coloured +stream, from the muddy and white waters of the Peneus.(93) At the present +day the inhabitants of its banks are remarkable for their healthy +complexion, while the Peneus is surrounded by a sickly population.(94) The +ancients however were reminded by the Titaresius of the Styx and of the +infernal regions, not from any natural circumstance, but because both +among these Perrhaebians and the Hellopian Pelasgians the name and worship +of Dodona had been established.(95) Accordingly there seems to have been +in both places a {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, or oracle of the dead. The prince of these +Perrhaebians was called Guneus. So much may be gathered from the passage in +Homer. Afterwards, in historical times, we find the Perrhaebians having +extended their limits to the Cambunian mountains, the pass of Tempe, and +the Peneus; and reaching to the west beyond the chain of Pindus.(96) +Gonnus and Atrax were likewise Perrhaebian towns.(97) The Perrhaebians +maintained themselves in the mountains, even when the Thessalians had +seized upon the plain, not indeed as an independent, but still as a +separate, and, until the Macedonian supremacy, as an Amphictyonic nation. + +6. The plain on either side of the Peneus was however occupied by the +LAPITHAE, a race which derived its origin from Almopia in Macedonia, and +was at least very nearly connected with the Minyans and AEolians of +Ephyra.(98) If it be allowed to speak of this heroic race, of superhuman +strength and courage, in the same terms as of a real nation, we should say +that the towns Elatea, Gyrton, Mopsium, Larissa, Atrax, OEchalia, Ithome, +and Tricca, were under their dominion. Our reason is, that the Lapithae, +Elatus, Caeneus, Mopsus, Coronus, Eurytus and Hippodameia, were considered +by popular tradition as inhabitants of the above towns; a belief indicated +by the names of several of these heroes. The two last of these towns were +the native places of the Asclepiadae, whom the genealogical and other +legends always represent as connected with the Lapithae. In Homer the +inhabitants of Tricca, Ithome, and OEchalia are represented as following +the sons of AEsculapius; those of Argissa, Gyrton, Orthe, Elone, and +Oloosson are headed by the descendants of the Lapithae. Now from the +researches mentioned by Strabo, it would seem that Orthe was the fortress +of Phalanna, Argissa the town Argura, both on the river Peneus; Elone was +a small town on mount Olympus, as also Oloosson;(99) and it appears that +the Homeric catalogue agrees well enough with the other traditions, and +supposes the Lapithae to have occupied the valley of the Peneus, with some +parts of the mountainous country to the north. + +7. Thus much it was necessary to premise, in order to give a faithful +description of the spot in which the Dorians first make their appearance +in the traditions of Greece. They bordered on the Lapithae, but inhabited +the mountain district of Hestiaeotis, according to Herodotus,(100) instead +of the champaign country, like the latter race. Yet the same passage of +that author implies that Tempe was within the territory of Hestiaeotis, and +belonged at that time to the Dorians; we shall see hereafter how much this +account is confirmed by the altar of the Pythian Apollo in this +valley.(101) It will moreover be rendered probable that the Pythium above +mentioned was situated on the mountain heights. Hence we may well suppose +the whole Tripolis to have at one time belonged to the Dorians; since even +Azorium was not always inhabited by Illyrian Pelagones, but had once been +held by the Hellenes.(102) It is also probable that Cyphus, a town said to +have belonged to the Perrhaebians, was under the dominion of the Dorians; +since this race possessed in their second settlement a town called +Acyphas.(103) It is remarkable that no direct and positive account of any +Doric town in this district has been preserved, a circumstance to be +attributed to the loss of the epic poem of AEgimius. + +8. This poem, written in the Hesiodean tone (although the author probably +lived about the 30th Olympiad, 660 B.C. in the last period of epic +poetry),(104) celebrated the most ancient exploits of the Doric race. Thus +it sung how AEgimius, the Doric prince, whilst engaged in a difficult and +dangerous war with the Lapithae, called to his assistance the wandering +Hercules, and by the promise of a third part of the territory obtained his +alliance; by which means the enemies were beaten, their prince slain, and +the disputed territory conquered.(105) The name of the poem is a +sufficient proof that such would have been its contents.(106) Probably the +heroes of Iolcus and the Phthiotans were also introduced as allies of the +Lapithae, and at least the adventures of Phrixus and Achilles.(107) The +scene of the second book was Euboea, the name of which island was there +derived from the cow Io;(108) the attack of Hercules upon the Euboean town +of OEchalia also formed, as I conjecture, part of the subject. AEgimius was, +however, supposed to reign in Hestiaeotis, merely because the Dorians +bordered in this direction upon the Lapithae; he was easily carried over to +the second settlements of the race under mount OEta.(109) This hero is in +general the mythical progenitor and hero of the Doric nation; hence Pindar +called the customs and laws of that people "the ordinances of +AEgimius."(110) Nevertheless only two tribes of the Dorians are stated to +be descended from him, viz. the Dymanes and Pamphylians; the third and +most distinguished, viz. the Hylleans, was supposed to be descended from +Hyllus the son of Hercules, and adopted by AEgimius. And as the land in the +Doric states was equally divided between these three tribes, Hercules was +fabled to have received for his descendants a third part of the territory, +which belonged of right to the Hylleans. This triple division of the land +was expressly mentioned by the epic poet, who used the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} to +express that the Dorians had obtained and shared among themselves, at a +distance from their native country (chiefly in Peloponnesus),(111) a +territory apportioned into three parts. An examination of the opinion, +that the first race was distinguished from the other two as of different +origin, will be found in a following chapter.(112) + +We must also refer our reader to the investigation of the worship of +Apollo, and the mythology of Hercules, in the second book, since from +these alone can be collected the internal history of the Doric race during +its earliest period. + +9. One event which, even if it had not been noticed by tradition, would +still have been felt and recognised from the effects it produced, is the +migration of the Dorians from the district of Olympus to Crete. It is, +indeed, a wonderful migration, being from one end of the Grecian world to +the other, and it presents a striking anomaly in the history of the +ancient colonies. We must suppose that the Dorians, whilst in their first +settlements, excluded from the plain, and pressed by want, or restless +from inactivity, constructed piratical canoes, manned these frail and +narrow barks with soldiers, who themselves worked at the oars, and thus +being changed from mountaineers into seamen--the Normans of Greece--set sail +for the distant island of Crete. The earliest trace of the migration in +question is found in the Odyssey, in which poem it is mentioned that the +_thrice-divided_ Dorians formed a part of the population of Crete.(113) +Andron states, even with geographical accuracy, that these Dorians came to +Crete from Hestiaeotis, at that time called Doris, under Tectaphus, the son +of Dorus, together with Achaeans and some Pelasgians who had remained in +Thessaly.(114) According to Dicaearchus, the Dorians migrated to Crete from +Pelasgiotis;(115) by which is meant the same district as that called by +Andron Hestiaeotis, since Pelasgiotis and Hestiaeotis bordered on each other +in the vicinity of Tempe. Again, Diodorus affirms that Asterius king of +Crete, the adopted father of Minos, the legislator, was the son of +Tectamus (Teutamus).(116) The essential parts of these statements are +rendered certain by two proofs: the first of these is, that the worship of +Apollo was practised in Crete with precisely the same ceremonies as at +Tempe, and connected with many of the same traditions; the second is, the +very remote period at which the principles of the Doric constitution were +systematized and established in Crete, so that they afterwards became a +model and standard for other states of that race. This gives us the +fullest right to consider Minos of Cnosus as a Dorian. We may assert, with +still more reason, that the name of Minos indicates a period in which the +Doric invaders united a part of the island into one state, and, by +extending their power over the Cyclades and many maritime districts, +obtained, according to the expression of Herodotus, Thucydides, and +Aristotle, the dominion of the sea. To discredit this Doric migration +would be to reject the simple explanation of many facts recorded in later +history. At the same time, however, we do not mean to throw any doubt upon +the later migrations from Peloponnesus, when it had already fallen under +the power of the Dorians.(117) We only assert that these took place at too +late a period to account for many unquestionable facts. The portion of +Crete first occupied by the Dorians was, according to Staphylus, the +eastern coast;(118) or, to speak more accurately, the eastern side of the +north coast. Here stood the Minoan town of Cnosus, with its harbour +Heracleum and colony Apollonia. From this point the dominion, customs, and +worship of the Dorians were at a very early period extended over the +districts inhabited by the Eteocretans, Pelasgians, and Cydonians; and, +with the help of later migrations, pervaded the whole island.(119) And +although the different dialects could still be distinguished at the time +of Homer,(120) yet in later times the Doric appears to have been +universally adopted.(121) + +10. We now return to the passage of Herodotus, of which a part has been +already quoted; "When however the Dorians were driven out by the Cadmeans, +they dwelt under Mount Pindus, and were called the Macednian nation." In +this passage the author alludes to the legend, that the Cadmeans, being +expelled from Thebes by the Argives, fled to the Encheleans of Illyria, +where they bordered upon Homole, a Magnesian mountain near the valley of +Tempe. In this settlement they would certainly be in the neighbourhood of +the Dorians. But we should bear in mind how perplexed is the fable which +we have before us.(122) The predatory excursion of the Encheleans to +Phocis and Boeotia appears to admit of no doubt, as it was noticed by a +Delphian oracle of tolerable antiquity, and by the tradition of the +Thebans. The same horde may in its passage have also disturbed the Dorians +in their settlements; but it is no less wonderful, that fugitive Thebans +should have voluntarily taken refuge with the Encheleans in Illyria, than +that this latter nation should have driven the Dorians from their +settlements. It may be true that some northern hordes expelled the Dorians +from mount Olympus, since at a later period we find the Paeonian (Teucrian) +race of the Pelagones, who had descended from the Axius,(123) and made +themselves masters of the Tripolis, Azorum, Doliche, and Pythium, in +possession of their ancient settlements. + +As to the statement of Herodotus, that the Macednians, or ancient +Macedonians (who in his lifetime inhabited the territory between the +rivers Haliacmon and Lydias, from the mountains to the coast),(124) were +derived from the Dorians when dwelling under mount Pindus, he probably +followed some accounts of the Macedonians, who, not satisfied with +establishing the Doric origin of their royal family, wished to claim the +same honour for the whole nation: but there does not appear to be any +historical foundation for this statement. For the Macedonians, as was +above remarked, were indeed for the most part Greeks, but neither their +language or customs authorize us to consider them as Dorians.(125) + + + + +Chapter II. + + + § 1. Migration of the Dorians from Thessaly to the Valley of OEta + and Parnassus. § 2. District of OEta. § 3. Limits of Doris. § 4. + The Dryopians. § 5. The Malians. § 6. The AEnianes. + + +1. "From thence," Herodotus proceeds to relate, "the race of the Dorians +migrated to Dryopis, afterwards called Doris, or the Doric Tetrapolis." +Here also it will be necessary to give some illustration of the geography +of the country; beginning at Thermopylae (the point at which mount OEta +comes in contact with the sea) to the broken ridge where it is swallowed +up in Parnassus, and both ranges are lost in the mountains of Pindus, and +where this latter, the grand chain of Greece, is separated and branches +off in different directions. + +Following the plain of Phocis, which lies between mounts OEta and +Parnassus, and is watered by the Cephisus, we presently find the mountains +approaching each other from both sides, and contracting the valley of the +river. The last towns of Phocis in this direction are, Amphicaea, +Tithronium and Drymaea, still to be recognised in ruins, and places bearing +the name of _Palaeocastro_.(126) Proceeding thence westward to the higher +country, we soon arrive at the sources of the river Cephisus, which cannot +be mistaken, since it immediately forms a stream of considerable size. The +Cephisus indeed rises not in OEta but in Parnassus, and runs first to the +north-east, in order to make a bend afterwards to the south-east.(127) The +situation is particularly indicated by the ancient citadel of a town, +situated close to the source, upon a steep projection of Parnassus; this +place must be recognised as Lilaea. The scenery around is of a grand and +bold description. Twenty stadia from hence was situated Charadra, where a +mountain-torrent joined the Cephisus. But the river Pindus, which falls +into the Cephisus not far from Lilaea, comes down from a much greater +elevation. These valleys, lying to the north-west of Lilaea,(128) +constitute the proper district of Doris, little described in detail by the +ancients, and never till a short time since visited by modern travellers. +The steep citadel, about an hour and a half's distance from Lilaea, +situated upon a projection of Parnassus near the village of Mariolatis, is +perhaps Boeum. The ancient walls in the valley towards the west near Stagni +must be set down as the fortress of Cytinium.(129) Erineus should probably +be sought for in the defiles of OEta, nearer the sources of the stream just +mentioned.(130) Near OEta was situated Acyphas,(131) probably the same as +the city of Pindus(132) above Erineus, and of the same name as the river; +both which names the Dorians had brought with them from their early +settlements. This corner of land, placed under the chief mountain-chain of +Greece, and hanging over the plains which extend from thence, was bounded +by the upper districts of AEtolia, by the territory of the Ozolian +Locrians, Phocis, and southern Thessaly.(133) From Cytinium a +mountain-path led along the side of Parnassus to the country of the +Locrians:(134) this also has been explored by modern travellers. This pass +made the small stronghold of Cytinium so important as a military post, +that Philip of Macedon, when he invaded Northern Greece before the battle +of Chaeronea, immediately occupied Elatea and Cytinium(135), evidently as a +key to the western districts. From Delphi another mountain-path (which was +reckoned by an ancient traveller at 180 stadia(136)) crossed over in the +direction of Lilaea. The modern road to the north, from the valley of +Pindus, likewise goes along a mountain-pass through the defiles and +ravines of OEta, to the opposite side of the valley of the Spercheus, now +called Hellada.(137) If this was passable in ancient times, it formed the +communication between Doris and the country of the Malians. + +2. Mount OEta stretches in a westerly direction for the length of 200 +stadia towards the Malian bay, which it reaches at Thermopylae. It +separates Doris, Phocis, and the Epicnemidian Locrians from the valley of +the Spercheus. The passes connected with it are, first, the one just +mentioned: secondly, another from Phocis to the rocky glen of +Trachinia;(138) and, lastly, that of Thermopylae, together with the upper +path, made famous by the battle with the Persians. The pass of Thermopylae +is formed on one side by the steep declivity of the mountain, and on the +other by a deep and impassable salt-marsh: these in the narrowest part are +only 60 paces distant from each other:(139) in the middle arise the hot +sulphurous springs, which gave the name to the defile. At no great +distance from these lies the little plain of Anthela, breaking into two +narrow parts of the pass. At the northern entrance of the passage there +are still the ruins of a wall, which has perhaps served as a barrier +against the invasions of Thessalian, Persian, and Roman armies. Near this +spot the brook Asopus rises from the side of the mountain. At the southern +end of the pass was the small town of Alpenus, its whole length being +about five miles. From Thermopylae the paved and raised military road leads +northward over the Spercheus to Thessaly, southward by Alpenus, Scarpheia, +and Thronium, and from thence to Elatea, and thus to the land of Phocis. + +Although the broken and precipitous form of both mountain and valley +rendered the chain of OEta little suited for human habitation, yet there +was in ancient times a considerable number of cities reaching in a line +from the Doric Tetrapolis, as far as the sea. Amphanaea must have been +built upon mount OEta, but in the direction of Trachinia; so that, with a +little latitude of expression, it was considered as in Thessaly.(140) +Rhoduntia and Teichius were fortified heights on the road over mount +OEta.(141) Phricium was situated near Thermopylae on the Locrian side; from +this place some colonists went to the AEolian Cume, and Larissa +Phriconis.(142) On the other side, upon the slope of the mountain above +the valley of the small streams Melas and Dyras, lay Trachis. Heraclea was +situated six stadia from the ancient Trachis.(143) Not far from hence +AEgoneia was probably situated.(144) + +3. Having now marked out the topography of this district by traces, which, +although not as clear as could be wished, are yet perfectly accurate, we +will next proceed to inquire concerning the small native tribes which at +different periods settled in these parts, and particularly concerning the +Dorians themselves. Doris, in the limited meaning of the term, was the +valley of the river Pindus. Whenever the Doric _Tripolis_ is mentioned, +the three cities meant are Boeum, Cytinium, and Erineus;(145) which last +place, as being the most considerable, appears to have been also called +Dorium:(146) but when writers speak of a _Tetrapolis_, Acyphas (or Pindus) +is added as a fourth town.(147) This is the country which Dorus the son of +Hellen is said to have inhabited, when he brought together his nation on +the side of Parnassus;(148) a tradition which totally loses sight of the +more ancient settlements of the Doric race. It appears, however, that the +Dorians, whilst confined within these limits, did not rest content with +the possession of this narrow valley, but occupied several places along +mount OEta, of which Amphanaea was one.(149) An unknown writer(150) named +six Doric towns,--viz., Erineus, Cytinium, Boeum, Lilaeum, Carphaea and +Dryope: of which, by Lilaeum is meant the town of Lilaea, by Carphaea +probably Tarphe near Thermopylae,(151) and by Dryope the country which had +once belonged to the Dryopians. There was therefore probably a time when +the heights near the sources of the Cephisus, and a narrow strip of land +along mount OEta, as far as the sea, were in the possession of the Dorians. +Nay this was even partly the case in the Persian war; for even at that +time Doris stretched in a narrow tongue of land thirty stadia broad, +between the Malians and Phoceans, nearly as far as Thermopylae:(152) Scylax +also mentions the Dorians as inhabitants of the sea-coast.(153) This +district, however, near mount OEta is that which the Dryopians had formerly +inhabited (as may be shown from a passage of Herodotus)(154), before they +were entirely dispossessed by the Dorians, their neighbours in the +Tetrapolis. Thus, by means of this geographical investigation we have +arrived at an historical event. It seems probable that the Dorians, having +moved by slow degrees from Hestiaeotis to mount OEta, first gained +possession of the furthest extremity of the mountain-valley, and thence +gradually spread towards the coast over the land of the Dryopians. This +race indeed generally did not press all at once, but passed slowly into +districts which had been seized by some part of them at an earlier +period.(155) + +4. The DRYOPIANS (the fragments of whose history we here introduce) are an +aboriginal nation, which may be called Pelasgic, since Aristotle and +others assign to them an Arcadian origin.(156) Their affinity with the +Arcadians is confirmed by the worship paid by them to Demeter Chthonia, to +Cora Meliboea, and Hades Clymenus: which bore a great resemblance to those +of Phigaleia, Thelpusa, and other towns in Arcadia.(157) Their territory +bordered upon that of the Malians, so that they extended into the valley +of the Spercheus beyond OEta, and in the other direction as far as +Parnassus;(158) to the east their settlements reached to Thermopylae.(159) +Their expulsion is related in a manner entirely mythical, being connected +with the propagation of the worship of Apollo (which is intimately allied +with the migrations of the Dorians), and also with the adventures of +Hercules; but when a clue to this method of narration is once discovered, +it will be found to be equally, or perhaps more, instructive, and to +convey much fuller information than a bare historical narrative. In the +present instance, the Pythian Apollo is represented as the god to whom the +vanquished Dryopians are sent as slaves, and who despatches them to +Peloponnesus;(160) and Hercules, in conjunction with the Trachinians, +subdues and consecrates them to Apollo, or assigns to them settlements in +Argolis, but allots their land to the Dorians or Malians.(161) + +From this tradition we might perhaps infer that the Dryopians accompanied +the Dorians in their migration to Peloponnesus, and settled there with +them. But the situation of the places belonging to the Dryopians makes it +necessary to seek some other explanation; for the colonies of this race +lie scattered over so many coasts and islands, that they can only have +been planted by single expeditions over the sea. In Argolis, for instance, +they built Hermione, Asine, and Eion (Halieis), upon projecting headlands +and promontories; in Euboea, Styra and Carystus belonged to them;(162) +among the islands they had settlements in Cythnos(163) and perhaps +Myconos; they had also penetrated as far as Ionia and Cyprus.(164) Hence +it must be inferred that the Dryopians, harassed or dislodged by their +neighbours, dispersed in various directions over the sea. It is, however, +_historically_ certain that a great part of the Dryopians were consecrated +as a subject people to the Pythian Apollo (an usage of ancient times, of +which there are many instances), and that for a long time they served as +such; for even in the fragmentary history of the destruction of Crissa +(Olymp. 47, 590 B.C.), we find _Craugallidae_ mentioned together with the +Crissaeans,(165) which was a name of the Dryopians derived from a fabulous +ancestor.(166) The condition of the subjects of temples, and consequently +of these Craugallidae, will be treated of at large in another place.(167) + +5. But the Dorians, though hostile to their neighbours the Dryopians, were +on friendly terms with the MALIANS. This people dwelt in the valley of the +Spercheus, enclosed on all sides by rocky mountains, and open only in the +direction of the sea; they were divided into the inhabitants of the coast, +the Sacerdotal, and the Trachinians.(168) The second of these classes +probably dwelt near to the Amphictyonic temple at Thermopylae, the third on +the rocky declivities of mount OEta. These are the people who were in such +close alliance with the Dorians, that Diodorus speaks of Trachis as the +mother-town of Lacedaemon.(169) The friendship between Ceyx and Hercules, +together with that of his sons, is the mythical expression for this +connexion. The Malians were always a warlike people, those persons only +who had served as hoplites being admitted to a share in the +government.(170) Their country was however chiefly famous for its slingers +and darters.(171) + +6. In after-times there came into these districts a nation which the +ancient traditions of the country do not recognise, viz. the Hellenic +AENIANES or OEtaeans; the latter name denoting the region in which that +nation was settled, the former their race;(172) although I do not assert +that the fourteen OEtaean communities(173) constituted the entire nation of +the AEnianes. For they also dwelt on the banks of the Inachus, and about +the sources of the Spercheus, near the city of Hypata.(174) In early times +they had inhabited the inland parts of Thessaly, and about the end of the +fabulous period they descended into those settlements, from which in later +times they were dislodged by the Illyrian Athamanes.(175) Although the +AEnianes did not disavow a certain dependence on the Delphian oracle, and +though they adopted among their traditions the fables respecting Hercules, +anciently prevalent in their new settlements,(176) yet on account of their +geographical position they lived in opposition and hostility to the +Malians and Dorians;(177) who, as Strabo states, had been deprived by them +of a part of their territory.(178) Nay more, it is probable that the +emigration of the Dorians which conquered Peloponnesus, was in some way or +other connected with the arrival of the AEnianes in this region. There was +an _ancient enmity_ between the Lacedaemonians and the OEtaeans.(179) It was +chiefly on this account that Sparta founded the town of Heraclea in the +country of Trachinia; which would doubtless have caused the revival of an +important Doric power in this part of Greece, had not the jealousy of the +Thessalians and Dolopians, and even of the Malians themselves, been +awakened at its first establishment. + +Thus much concerning the situation of the Dorians in their settlements +near mount OEta. The subject however is not yet exhausted; for we have +still to trace the origin of the great influence which the establishment +of the Dorians at Lycorea upon Parnassus had on the religion of Delphi +(for that Lycorea was a Doric town will be made probable hereafter), as +well as to treat of the Amphictyonic league, in the founding of which a +very large share doubtless belonged to the Dorians: but the discussion of +both these points must be deferred to the second book.(180) + +As to the colonies of the Doric cities near mount Parnassus, Bulis on the +frontiers of Phocis and Boeotia, on the Crissaean gulf, was probably founded +from thence at the time of the Doric migration.(181) + + + + +Chapter III. + + + § 1. Migration of the Dorians into Peloponnesus represented as the + return of the descendants of Hercules. § 2. Improbability of the + common account. § 3. Sources of the common account. § 4. Legends + inconsistent with the common account. § 5. Common account. The + Heraclidae fly from Trachis to Attica, and are assisted by the + Athenians against Eurystheus. § 6. Expeditions of the Heraclidae + into Peloponnesus. § 7. Junction of the Heraclidae with the + Dorians. § 8. The Heraclidae pass into Peloponnesus by Rhium. § 9. + Connexion of the Dorians with the Locrians and AEtolians. § 10. + Tisamenus and the Peloponnesians defeated by the Dorians. § 11. + Partition of Peloponnesus. § 12. Immediate consequences of the + immigration of the Dorians. + + +1. The most important, and the most fertile in consequences, of all the +migrations of Grecian races, and which continued even to the latest +periods to exert its influence upon the Greek character, was the +expedition of the Dorians into Peloponnesus. It is however so completely +enveloped in fables, and these were formed at a very early period in so +connected a manner, that it is useless to examine it in detail, without +first endeavouring to separate the component parts. + +The traditionary name of this expedition is "_the Return of the +descendants of Hercules_."(182) Hercules, the son of Zeus is (even in the +Iliad), both by birth and destiny, the hereditary prince of Tiryns and +Mycenae, and ruler of the surrounding nations.(183) But through some evil +chance Eurystheus obtained the precedency, and the son of Zeus was +compelled to serve him. Nevertheless he is represented as having +bequeathed to his descendants his claims to the dominion of Peloponnesus, +which they afterwards made good in conjunction with the Dorians; Hercules +having also performed such actions in behalf of this race, that his +descendants were always entitled to the possession of one-third of the +territory. The heroic life of Hercules was therefore the mythical title, +through which the Dorians were made to appear, not as unjustly invading, +but merely as reconquering, a country which had belonged to their princes +in former times. Hence Hercules is reported to have made war with some +degree of propriety, and subdued the principal countries of the Doric race +(except his native country Argos), Lacedaemon and the Messenian Pylus, to +have established the national festival at Olympia, and even to have laid +the foundation of the most distant colonies. To esteem as real these +conquests and settlements, these mythical forerunners of real history, is +incompatible with a clear view of these matters; and we could scarce +seriously ask even the most credulous, how, at a time when sieges were in +the highest degree tedious, Hercules could have stormed and taken so many +fortresses, surrounded with almost impregnable walls?(184) + +A severer criticism enjoins us to trace the mythical narrative to its +centre, and attempt to ascertain whether the sovereign race of the Dorians +did really spring from the early sovereigns of Mycenae; such being not only +the epic account, but also the tradition countenanced in Sparta itself. +Tyrtaeus said, in his poem called the Eunomia, "_Zeus himself gave this +territory_ (Laconia) _to the race of Hercules; united with whom we_ (the +Dorians) _left the stormy Erineus, and reached the wide island of +Pelops_."(185) And a still more important proof is the reply of king +Cleomenes, mentioned by Herodotus, who, when forbidden by the priestess in +the Acropolis of Athens to enter the temple, as being a Dorian, answered, +"I am no Dorian, but an Achaean," referring to his descent from +Hercules.(186) From this it would appear that there was amongst the +Dorians an Achaean phratria, to which the kings of Argos, Sparta, and +Messenia, and the founders and rulers of Corinth, Sicyon, Epidaurus, +AEgina, Rhodes, Cos, &c., belonged; and which, in conjunction with the +Dorians, only recovered by conquest its hereditary rights.(187) + +2. It is certainly hazardous at once to reject an extensive and connected +system of heroic traditions, for the sake of establishing in its place a +conjecture which sacrifices reports recognised by ages prior to historical +information, and celebrated by the earliest poets, to a mere theory of +historical probability. We must, however, recollect that mythical legends +present in general merely the views and opinions of nations on the origin +of their actual condition; these opinions being at the same time more +often directed and determined by religious and other notions, especially +by a certain feeling of justice, than by real tradition, and therefore +they frequently conceal, rather than express, historical truth. The +following remarks, partly deduced from inquiries which will follow, may +serve to contrast with each other the characteristics of history and +mythology. + +In the first place, if we consider the narrative in question as a plain +historical statement, and consequently suppose the Heraclidae to have been +expatriated Achaeans, the same supposition must be extended to the whole +tribe of Hylleans. For Hyllus, the representative of the Hylleans, is +called the son of Hercules; and it was with reference to that tribe that +the third part of the territory was secured to the descendants of +Hercules: hence also Pindar calls the Dorians universally the _descendants +of Hercules and AEgimius_.(188) In this case, then, the Pamphylians and +Dymanes would alone remain as Dorians proper. It is, however, by no means +probable, that, if the most distinguished part of the Doric people had +been of Achaean descent, the difference between the language, religion, and +customs of these two races would have been so strongly and precisely +marked. + +In the second place, everything that is related concerning the exploits of +Hercules in the north of Greece refers exclusively to the history of the +Dorians; and conversely all the actions of the Doric race in their earlier +settlements are mythically represented under the person of Hercules. Now +this cannot be accounted for by supposing that there was only a temporary +connexion between this hero and the Doric race. + +Lastly, if we compare as much of the fables concerning Hercules related +below as refers to the Dorians, with those current among the ancient +Argives, and if we separate in mind the links by which the epic poets gave +them an apparent historical connexion, we shall find no real resemblance +between the two. The worship of Apollo, which can in almost every case be +shown to have been the real motive which actuated the Dorians, was wholly +foreign to the Argives. If then an Achaean tribe did arrive amongst the +Dorians, bringing with it the story of Hercules, or a hero so called, this +latter people must have applied and developed his mythology in a manner +wholly different from those to whom they owed it. And after all, we should +be obliged to suppose that long before their irruption into Peloponnesus, +these Heraclidae had been so intermixed with the Dorians, that their +traditions were formed entirely according to the disposition of that race, +since Hercules in Thessaly is represented as a complete Dorian. Here, +however, we are again at variance with the fable, which represents the +Heraclidae as having fled to the Dorians a short time only before their +entry into Peloponnesus. + +Thus we are continually met with contradictions, and never enabled to +obtain a clear view of the question, unless we assent to the proposition +that Hercules, from a very remote period, was both a Dorian and +Peloponnesian hero, and particularly the hero of the Hyllean tribe, which +in the earliest settlements of the Dorians had probably united itself with +two other small nations, the Heraclidae being the hereditary princes of the +Doric race. The story of the Heraclidae being descended from the Argive +Hercules, who performed the commands of Eurystheus, was not invented till +after Peloponnesus had been introduced into the tradition. + +3. There is hardly any part of the traditional history of Greece whose +real sources are so little known to us as the expedition of the Heraclidae. +No one can fail to perceive that it possesses the same mythical character +as the Trojan war; and yet we are deprived of that which renders the +examination of a mythical narrative so instructive, viz. the traditional +lore scattered in such abundance throughout the ancient epic poems. This +event, however, early as it was, lay without the range of the epic poetry; +and therefore, whenever circumstances connected with it were mentioned, +they must have been introduced either accidentally or in reference to some +other subject. In no one large class of epic poems was this event treated +at length, neither by the cyclic poets, nor the authors of the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. In +the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} attributed to Hesiod, it appears only to have been alluded to in +a few short passages.(189) Herodotus nevertheless mentions poets who +related the migration of the Heraclidae and Dorians into Laconia.(190) +Perhaps these belonged to the class who carried on the mythical fables +genealogically, as Cinaethon the Laconian, and also Asius, who celebrated +the descent of Hercules, and appears, from the character of his poems, to +have also commemorated his descendants.(191) Or they may have been the +_historical poets_, such as Eumelus the Corinthian, although those alluded +to by Herodotus cannot have composed a separate poetical history (as the +former did of Corinth); since they would doubtless have followed the +national tradition of Sparta; and this, with respect to the first princes +of the Heraclidae, differed from the accounts of all the poets with which +Herodotus was acquainted, and was not the general tradition of +Greece.(192) And doubtless many such local traditions were preserved +amongst particular nations, concerning an event which for a long time +determined the condition of Peloponnesus. Thus the Tegeatans(193) +celebrated the combat of Echemus their general with Hyllus. Whether the +early historians collected these accounts from oral record, or whether +they derived them from the poets above mentioned (although the latter is +more in their manner), cannot be determined; for there are only extant two +fragments of these writers concerning the Heraclidae, one of Hecataeus, the +other of Pherecydes, which connect immediately with the death of Hercules, +and therefore do not prove that these authors wrote any continuous account +of the history of this migration. The early tradition received a fuller +development in the Attic drama; but it was unavoidably represented in a +very partial view. The Heraclidae of AEschylus, and the Iolaus of Sophocles +might, like the Heraclidae of Euripides, have had on the whole the tendency +to celebrate those merits which the Athenians are made to commend in +Herodotus,(194) even before the battle of Plataea, viz., their good offices +towards the Heraclidae, at the time when they took refuge in Attica. The +last-named tragedian, in his Temenidae, Archelaus, and Cresphontes, went +further into the history of the Doric states, and descended lower into the +historical period, than any poet before his time; his reason having, +perhaps, been, the exhaustion of the legitimate mythical materials.(195) +Now these Attic tragedians manifestly took for their basis the narrative +given by Apollodorus, himself an Athenian, as may be shown by some +particular circumstances. Perhaps Ephorus rested more upon the earlier +poets and historians, as far as we are acquainted with their statements; +but his narrative, even if it were extant, could, no more than those of +the former, be considered as proceeding from a critical examination; +since, in the first place, from a total misapprehension of the character +of tradition, he forced everything into history, and then endeavoured to +restore the deficiencies of oral narrative by probable reasoning; of the +fallaciousness of which method we will bring forward some proofs. + +4. After what has been said, we will forbear to apologize for merely +offering a few remarks on the origin and meaning of the traditions which +concern the Doric migration, instead of endeavouring to give a history of +that event. And, indeed, we might bring forward some most marvellous +legends, but on that very account the better fitted to convince every one +what is the nature of the ground on which we stand. + +In the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} attributed to Hesiod, it was stated that Polycaon the son of +Butes, whose name represents the ancient (_i.e._ Lelegean) population of +Messene, married Euaechme ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, viz. _celebrated for the spear_) the +daughter of Hyllus, and grand-daughter of Hercules. In this simple and +unpretending manner the early tradition conveyed the idea that the +Hylleans and Dorians had, by the power of the spear, made themselves +masters of Messene, and united themselves with the original +inhabitants.(196) + +In the Laconian village of Abia, there was a temple of Hercules, which was +said to have been built by Abia the nurse of Glenus, the brother of +Hyllus.(197) It was, therefore, supposed that Hyllus and Glenus themselves +came to Laconia. Pausanias endeavours to reconcile the local tradition +with the received history, and assumes that Abia had fled hither after the +death of Hyllus; which, however, is inconsistent with the common account +that Peloponnesus was in the hands of the enemy, and that the battle in +which Hyllus fell was at the Isthmus. We come now to the common relation +of the order of events. + +5. According to this account, the Heraclidae, after the death of their +father, were in Trachis with their host Ceyx, who generously protected +them for a time, but was afterwards forced, by the threats of Eurystheus, +to refuse them any longer refuge; Ceyx, according to Hecataeus,(198) was +compelled to say to them, "I have not the power to assist you; withdraw +therefore to another nation;" and upon this they sought an asylum in +Attica. Those early historians, however, who stated that Hercules died as +king in Mycenae, gave an entirely different account of this circumstance, +viz., that Eurystheus, after the death of Hercules, expelled his sons, and +again usurped the dominion,(199) and they fled in consequence to Attica. + +At Athens they sat as suppliants at the altar of Pity, received the +protection of Theseus or Demophon, dwelt in the Tetrapolis,(200) and +fought, together with the Athenians, under the command of Hyllus and +Iolaus (to whose prayers the gods had granted a second youth), at the pass +of Sciron, a battle against Eurystheus; Macaria (probably an entirely +symbolical being, but here the daughter of Hercules) having previously +offered herself as an expiatory sacrifice. In this action they conquered +the Argive king, whom Alcmene with womanish vengeance put to death, and +whose tomb the Athenians showed before the temple of the Pallenian +Minerva.(201) This is the fable so much celebrated by the tragedians and +orators, a _locus communis_ as it were, which the Athenians sometimes even +mentioned in their decrees,(202) or wherever it served to show how poorly +the Peloponnesians had requited their ancient benefactors. What credit a +Lacedaemonian would have given to these stories, we know not; Pindar +certainly knew nothing of them, for he states that Iolaus had near +_Thebes_ received a momentary renewal of youthful vigour for the purpose +of putting to death Eurystheus, after which he immediately expired, and +was buried by the Thebans in the family tomb of Amphitryon.(203) In this +account Eurystheus is represented as having been conquered in the +neighbourhood of Thebes, and in consequence by a Theban army. It is not +however necessary to esteem the Athenian tradition as altogether +groundless, and purposely invented: it was probably founded on some actual +event, and afterwards modified and embellished. The connecting link was +without doubt the temple of Hercules in Attica. It was natural that, if +the Athenians worshipped that hero, they should wish to have had the merit +of protecting his descendants. Hence the sons of Hercules were said to +have dwelt in the Tetrapolis at Marathon, where was the chief temple of +Hercules in Attica, and in the neighbourhood of which flowed the fountain +Macaria, represented as a daughter of that hero. It was on this account, +as is reported, that the entire Tetrapolis was during the Peloponnesian +war spared by the Lacedaemonians. Many circumstances, which will hereafter +be brought forward, seem to show that an union and intercourse subsisted +between the Dorians of Peloponnesus and some of the northern towns of +Attica,(204) the foundation of which appears to have been laid in the +times of the Doric migration, by a settlement of Dorians and Boeotians in +these towns. But this settlement had doubtless, when those fables were +invented, been already lost in the mass of the Athenian people. + +6. After this battle, won by the aid of the Athenians, the Heraclidae are +said (and with good reason, as they were assisted by the Athenians) to +have obtained possession of all Peloponnesus, and to have ruled +undisturbed for one year (or some fixed period); at the expiration of +which, a pestilence (like a tragical catastrophe) drove them back again to +Attica. The mythologists make use of this time to send Tlepolemus the +Heraclide to Rhodes, in order that he may arrive there before the Trojan +war. Of all this, however, Pherecydes could have known nothing, as he +relates that Hyllus, having conquered Eurystheus, went to Thebes,(205) +without subduing Peloponnesus, and there with the other Heraclidae formed a +settlement near the gate of Electra, a circumstance which we shall advert +to hereafter.(206) In Peloponnesus, however, according to the traditions +chronologically arranged, Eurystheus was succeeded by the Pelopidae, who +accordingly appear as the expellers of the legitimate sovereigns of the +race of Perseus.(207) Whether any such circumstance was known to the early +poets is very much to be doubted; but it is at least clear, that in this +case we are not in possession of the real tradition itself, but of +scientific combinations of it. Against these new sovereigns were directed +the expeditions of the Heraclidae, of which it is generally stated that +there were three. The account given of them follows the general idea of an +entire dependence of the Dorians on the Delphian oracle;(208) but the +misconception of its injunctions, which embarrasses and perplexes the +whole question, may, we think, be attributed entirely to the invention of +the Athenians. The oracle mentioned the _third fruit_, and the _narrow +passage by sea_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}), as the time and way of the promised return, +which the Athenians falsely interpreted to mean the third _year_, and the +_Isthmus of Corinth_. But the account given in Apollodorus, nearly falling +into Iambic or Trochaic metre, leaves no doubt that he took his account of +the oracle from the Attic tragedians,(209) as was remarked above. Deceived +by these predictions, Hyllus forced his way into Peloponnesus in the third +year, and found at the Isthmus the Arcadians, Ionians, and Achaeans of the +peninsula already assembled. In a single combat with Echemus the son of +Aeropus, the prince of Tegea, Hyllus fell, and was buried in Megara; upon +which the Heraclidae promised not to renew the attempt for fifty or one +hundred years from that time.(210) Here every one will recognise the +battle of the Tegeate with the Hyllean as an ancient tradition. But in the +arrangement, by which it was contrived that the expeditions of the +Heraclidae should not be placed during the Trojan war and the youth of +Orestes, we do not hesitate to suspect the industry of ancient systematic +mythologists. + +7. When the Heraclidae had been once separated from the Dorians as +belonging to a different race, and Hyllus set down as only the adopted son +of the Doric king, it immediately became a matter of doubt at what time +the junction of the Dorians and Heraclidae in one expedition should be +fixed. Sometimes the Dorians are represented as joining the Heraclidae +before the first, sometimes before the second, sometimes before the third +expedition; by one writer as setting out from Hestiaeotis, and by another +from Parnassus.(211) There were doubtless no real traditional grounds for +any one report; and still less any sufficient to place the name Hyllus, +and the events connected with it, at any fixed epoch. Hence also Hyllus is +at one time called the contemporary of Atreus, and at another of +Orestes;(212) Pamphylus and Dymas are stated to have lived from the time +of Hercules to the conquest of Peloponnesus.(213) Nor is there any +absurdity in this, inasmuch as they are the collective names of races +which existed throughout this whole period. The descendants of Hyllus, +however, are no longer races, but, as it appears, real persons; viz., his +son Cleodaeus,(214) and his grandson Aristomachus. These names stood at the +head of the genealogy of the Heraclidae; as, for example, of the kings of +Sparta; and they can hardly have been mere creations of fancy. From their +succession is probably calculated the celebrated epoch of the expedition +of the Heraclidae, viz., 80 years after the Trojan war, which was without +doubt determined by the early historians, since Thucydides was acquainted +with it. The Alexandrine critics generally adopted it, as we know +expressly of Eratosthenes, Crates, and Apollodorus.(215) But all that is +recounted of the expeditions of these two princes, however small in +amount,(216) cannot have been acknowledged by those who, like Herodotus, +and probably all the early writers, stated the armistice after the death +of Hyllus as lasting 100 years.(217) + +8. At length Apollo himself opens the eyes of the Heraclidae to the meaning +of the oracle. It was not across the _Isthmus_, but over the _Straits of +Rhium_, that they were to cross into Peloponnesus, and after the third +_generation_ had died away. They therefore first sailed from Naupactus, to +the Molycrian promontory (Antirrhium), and thence to Rhium in +Peloponnesus, which was only five stadia distant.(218) That the Dorians +actually came on that side into Peloponnesus, is a statement which may be +looked on as certain; agreeing (as it does) with the fact that the +countries near the Isthmus were the last to which the Dorians penetrated. +The name _Naupactus_ implies the existence of ship-building there in early +times;(219) and there was a tradition that the Heraclidae passed over on +rafts, imitations of which were afterwards publicly exposed at a festival, +and called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, _i.e._ _crowned with garlands_.(220) This festival +was doubtless the Carnea, since the Carnean Apollo was worshipped at +Sparta under the name of _Stemmatias_. Now it is also stated that the +Acarnanian soothsayer Carnus (who was reported to have founded the worship +of the Carnean Apollo) was killed at the time of this expedition by +Hippotes the son of Phylas, for which reason the Heraclidae offered +expiatory sacrifices to his memory.(221) We see from this that some rites +of a peculiar worship of Apollo were observed at this passage, which were +probably for the most part of an expiatory nature. Now I have shown +elsewhere, that the Carnean or Hyacinthian worship of the AEgidae originated +at Thebes, and prevailed in Peloponnesus before the arrival of the +Dorians, particularly at Amyclae:(222) consequently, that prevalent near +the straits of Naupactus might have been another, probably an +Acarnanian(223) branch of the religion of Apollo, which was afterwards +incorporated in the Carnean festival; a supposition which, if admitted, +would enable us to explain many statements of ancient authors. The +religious rites and festivals are in fact often so intermingled and +confused together, that it is necessary to trace their component parts to +many and distant sources. + +9. At their passage from Naupactus the Dorians stood in great need of the +friendship and assistance of the native races, the Ozolian Locrians and +AEtolians. The Locrians occupied Naupactus in early times;(224) the +AEtolians were their immediate neighbours, and their powerful city of +Calydon was the mistress of the region. The Locrians are said to have +aided the Dorians in their passage, by deceiving the Peloponnesians with +false beacons;(225) and we shall meet hereafter with traces of a lasting +amity between the Locrians and Sparta. A most singular, but, doubtless for +that very reason, a most ancient dress, has been given by mythology to the +union of the Dorians and AEtolians. This connexion, which was indispensable +for the passage from Naupactus, is also found implied in other legends, +the general character of tradition being to express the same thing in +various ways. Of these we may mention the marriage of Hercules with +Deianira, the daughter of OEneus the Calydonian.(226) At this time the +Dorians were ordered by the oracle to seek a person with three eyes for a +leader. This person they recognised in Oxylus the AEtolian, who either sat +upon a horse, himself having one eye, or rode upon a one-eyed mule. +Difficult as it is to rest satisfied with this interpretation of the +oracle, so casual a circumstance having no connexion with the general +course of events, yet it appears impossible to discover the true meaning +of the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(227) In all probability this expression for the +whole AEtolian race was only delivered in a mythical shape, and the sorry +explanation was not invented until a late period.(228) The family of +Oxylus is stated to have come from Calydon; so that the AEtolians (who in +later times made themselves masters of Elis) appear to have come for the +most part from that place.(229) There existed, however, an ancient +alliance and affinity between the inhabitants of Elis, the Epeans, and the +AEtolians who dwelt on the farther side of the Corinthian gulf; and Oxylus +himself was said to have originally belonged to Elis;(230) hence it does +not appear that there was any actual war between these two states, but +only that the AEtolians were received by the Eleans, and admitted to the +rights of citizenship;(231) and at the same time the same honours were +permitted to the heroes and heroines of the AEtolians as to their own.(232) + +10. The systematised tradition next makes mention of a battle which took +place between the united force of Peloponnesus, under the command of +Tisamenus, the grandson of Agamemnon, and the sons of Aristomachus; in +which the latter were victorious, and Peloponnesus fell into their +possession. According as it suits the object of the narrator, this +engagement is either represented to have been both by sea and land, and to +have taken place at the passage,(233) or after the march through Arcadia. +We may fairly suppose that it was inferred merely on probable grounds that +a battle _must_ have been fought by Tisamenus, whom the tradition +represented as prince of the Achaeans at the capture of AEgialea.(234) Many +traditions agree in stating that the Heraclidae at that time took the road +through Arcadia; Oxylus is said to have led them by this way, that they +might not be envious of his fertile territory of Elis;(235) Cresphontes is +moreover stated to have been the brother-in-law of Cypselus king of +Arcadia, who had his royal seat at Basilis, on the Alpheus, in the country +of the Parrhasians.(236) + +11. Next comes the division of Peloponnesus among the three brothers +Temenus, Cresphontes, and Aristodamus, or his sons. We have to thank the +tragedians alone for the invention and embellishment of this fable;(237) +that it contains little or no truth is at once evident; for it was not +till long after this time that the Dorians possessed the larger part of +Peloponnesus;(238) and a division of lands not yet conquered is without +example in Grecian history. At the same time it is related that, upon the +altars whereon the brothers sacrificed to their grandfather Zeus, there +was found a frog for Argos, a snake for Sparta, and a fox for Messenia. It +seems however probable that these are mere symbols, by which the inventors +(perhaps the hostile Athenians) attempted to represent the character of +those nations. For it cannot be supposed that national arms or ensigns are +meant; unless indeed we give credit to the pretended discovery of +Fourmont, who affirms that he found in the temple of the Amyclaean Apollo a +shield with the inscription of Teleclus as general ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), with a snake +in the middle; and another of Anaxidamus, with a snake and two foxes.(239) +But he has represented the shield of so extraordinary a form, with sharp +ends, and indentures on the sides, that the fraud is at once open to +detection; and consequently the supposition that the snake was the +armorial bearing of Sparta remains entirely unfounded.(240) + +12. Although we cannot here give a complete account of the great +revolution which the irruption of the Dorians universally produced in the +condition of the different races of Greece,(241) it may nevertheless be +remarked, that a very large portion of the Achaeans, who originally came +from Phthia, retired to the northern coast of Peloponnesus, and compelled +the Ionians to pass over to Attica. The reduction of the principal +fortress of this country, the Posidonian Helice, is ascribed to Tisamenus; +and that Helice was in fact the abode of the most distinguished families +of the Achaean nation is evident from the legend, that Oxylus the AEtolian, +at the command of the oracle, shared the dominion with Agorius, a Pelopid, +who was descended from Penthilus the son of Orestes, and dwelt at +Helice.(242) The chronological difficulty of Oxylus being called the +cotemporary of a grandson of Penthilus is not of much importance. At +Helice was also shown the tomb of Tisamenus, whose supposed ashes the +Spartans (doubtless with the idea of thus making amends for the injustice +of his expulsion) afterwards brought to their city, as they also did the +corpse of Orestes at Tegea.(243) But hereupon follows a series of +migrations to AEolis in Asia, which was founded in later times, in which +the numbers of the Achaean race predominated. Although Orestes is called a +leader of the first expedition,(244) he probably is only put for his +descendants: Penthilus also is perhaps put only for that part of his +descendants who went with the colony to Lesbos and AEolis. For all the +Penthilidae did not go; we find indeed Penthilidae in Mitylene;(245) and +others at Helice, as we have just seen. Pisander, a Laconian Achaean, is +also mentioned as having gone with the expedition of Orestes; and there +were men of his family in Tenedos at the time of Pindar.(246) + + + + +Chapter IV. + + + § 1. Physical Structure of Greece and Peloponnesus. § 2. Physical + Structure of Arcadia. § 3. Of Laconia. § 4. Of Argolis. § 5. Of + Achaia and Elis. § 6. Improvement of the Soil by artificial means. + § 7. Early Cultivation of the Soil by the Pelasgians and Leleges. + § 8. Numbers of the Doric Invaders. § 9. Mode by which they + conquered Peloponnesus. + + +1. So wonderful is the physical organization of Greece, that each of its +parts has received its peculiar destination and a distinct character; it +is like a body whose members are different in form, but between which a +mutual connexion and dependence necessarily exists. The northern districts +as far as Thessaly are the nutritive organs which from time to time +introduced fresh and vigorous supplies: as we approach the south, its +structure assumes a more marked and decided form, and is impressed with +more peculiar features. Attica and the islands may be considered as +extremities, which, as it were, served as the active instruments for the +body of Greece, and by which it was kept in constant connexion with +others; while Peloponnesus, on the other hand, seems formed for a state of +life, occupied more with its own than external concerns, and whose +interests and feelings centred in itself. As it was the extremity of +Greece, there also appeared to be an end set by nature to all change of +place and habitation; and hence the character of the Peloponnesians was +firm, steady, and exclusive. With good reason therefore was the region +where these principles predominated considered by the Greeks as the centre +and acropolis(247) of their countries; and those who possessed it were +universally acknowledged to rank as first in Greece. + +2. This character of Peloponnesus will become more evident, if we examine +the peculiar nature of its mountain-chains. Though the Isthmus of Corinth +connected the peninsula with the continent by a narrow neck of land, yet +it was not traversed in its whole length by any continuous chain of +mountains; the OEnean hills being entirely separated from the mountains of +Peloponnesus.(248) The principal elevations in Peloponnesus form very +nearly a circle, the circumference of which passes over the mountains of +Pholoe, Lampe, Aroanius, Cyllene, Artemisium, Parthenium, and Parnon; then +over Boreum, and from thence up to the northern rise of mount Taygetus, +and finally over mount Lycaon along the river Alpheus. The highest ridge +appears to be that part of Cyllene which looks to Parnon: the height of +Cyllene, according to the statement of Dicaearchus,(249) was not quite 15 +stadia; according to another measurement, it was nine stadia wanting 80 +feet;(250) a considerable height, when it is remembered that the sea is +near, and that Peloponnesus is the last link of the great chain, which +runs down from the north of Macedonia. But the eastern plains also, for +instance that of Tegea, are at a great height above the sea, and are often +covered with snow late in the spring.(251) Now from the circle of +mountains which has been pointed out, all the rivers of any note take +their rise; and from it all the mountainous ranges diverge, which form the +many headlands and points of Peloponnesus. The interior part of the +country however has only one opening towards the western sea, through +which all its waters flow out united in the Alpheus. The peculiar +character of this inland tract is also increased by the circumstance of +its being intersected by some lower secondary chains of hills, which +compel the waters of the valleys nearest to the great chains either to +form lakes, or to seek a vent by subterraneous passages.(252) Hence it is +that in the mountainous district in the north-east of Peloponnesus many +streams disappear, and again emerge from the earth. This region is +ARCADIA; a country consisting of ridges of hills and elevated plains, and +of deep and narrow valleys, with streams flowing through channels formed +by precipitous rocks; a country so manifestly separated by nature from the +rest of Peloponnesus, that, although not politically united, it was always +considered in the light of a single community. Its climate was extremely +cold; the atmosphere dense, particularly in the mountains to the +north:(253) the effect which this had on the character and dispositions of +the inhabitants has been described in a masterly manner by Polybius, +himself a native of Arcadia. + +3. LACONIA is formed by two mountain-chains running immediately from +Arcadia, and enclosing the river Eurotas, whose source is separated from +that of an Arcadian stream by a very trifling elevation. The Eurotas is, +for some way below the city of Sparta, a rapid mountain-stream; then, +after forming a cascade, it stagnates into a morass; but lower down it +passes over a firm soil in a gentle and direct course.(254) Near the town +of Sparta rocks and hills approach the banks on both sides, and almost +entirely shut in the river both above and below the town:(255) this +enclosed plain is without doubt the "_hollow_ Lacedaemon" of Homer.(256) +Here the narrowness of the valley, and the heights of Taygetus, projecting +above in a lofty parapet, increase the heat of summer, both by +concentrating the sun-beams, as it were, into a focus, and by presenting a +barrier to the cool sea-breezes;(257) whilst in winter the cold is doubly +violent. The same natural circumstances produce violent storms of rain, +and the numerous mountain-torrents frequently cause inundations in the +narrow valleys.(258) The mountains, although running in connected chains, +are yet very much interrupted; their broken and rugged forms were by the +ancients attributed to earthquakes;(259) one of which caused so great +consternation at Sparta a short time before the war with the Helots. The +country is not however destitute of plains; that indeed along the lower +part of the Eurotas is one of the finest in Greece, stretching towards the +south, and protected by mountains from the north wind: moreover, the +maritime district, surrounded by rocks, from Malea to Epidaurus Limera +(Malvasia), is extremely fertile.(260) Nor are the valleys on the +frontiers of Messenia less productive; towards the promontory of Taenarum +however the soil continually becomes harder, drier, and more ferruginous. +The error of supposing that this country was nearly a desert appears from +the very large number of its vegetable productions mentioned by +Theophrastus and others: Alcman and Theognis also celebrate its wines: +vines were planted up to the very summit of mount Taygetus, and +laboriously watered from fountains in forests of plane-trees;(261) the +country was in this respect able to provide for its own wants. But the +most valuable product, in the estimation of the new inhabitants, was +doubtless the iron of the mountains.(262) More fortunate still was the +situation of the country for purposes of defence, the interior of Laconia +being only accessible from Arcadia, Argolis, and Messenia by narrow passes +and mountain-roads; and the most fertile part is the least exposed to the +inroads of enemies from those quarters: the want of harbours(263) likewise +contributes to the natural isolation of Laconia from other lands. +Euripides has on the whole very successfully seized the peculiar character +of the country in the following lines, and contrasted it with the more +favoured territory of Messenia:(264) + + + Far spreads Laconia's ample bound, + With high-heap'd rocks encompass'd round, + The invader's threat despising; + But ill its bare and rugged soil + Rewards the ploughman's painful toil; + Scant harvests there are rising. + + While o'er Messenia's beauteous land + Wide-watering streams their arms expand, + Of nature's gifts profuse; + Bright plenty crowns her smiling plain; + The fruitful tree, the full-ear'd grain, + Their richest stores produce. + + Large herds her spacious valleys fill, + On many a soft-descending hill + Her flocks unnumber'd stray; + No fierce extreme her climate knows, + Nor chilling frost, nor wintry snows, + Nor dogstar's scorching ray. + + +For along the banks of the Pamisus (which, notwithstanding the shortness +of its course, is one of the broadest rivers in Peloponnesus), down to the +Messenian bay, there runs a large and beautiful valley, justly called +_Macaria_, or "The Happy," and well worth the artifice by which +Cresphontes is said to have obtained it. To the north, more in the +direction of Arcadia, lies the plain of Stenyclarus, surrounded by a hilly +barrier. The western part of the country is more mountainous, though +without any such heights as mount Taygetus; towards the river Neda, on the +frontiers of Arcadia, the country assumes a character of the wildest and +most romantic beauty. + +4. ARGOLIS is formed by a ridge of hills which branches from Mount Cyllene +and Parthenium in Arcadia, and is connected with it by a mountain-chain, +very much broken, and abounding in ravines and caverns (hence called +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~});(265) through which runs the celebrated _Contoporia_,(266) a road +cut out, as it were, between walls of rock, connecting Argos with Corinth. +By similar passes Cleonae, Nemea, and Phlius, more to the south, and +eastwards Mycenae, Tiryns, and Epidaurus, were connected; and this natural +division into many small districts had a considerable effect upon the +political state of Argos. The southern part of this chain ends in a plain, +at the opening of which, and near the pass just alluded to, was situated +Mycenae, and in a wider part of it the city of Argos. The nature of this +anciently cultivated plain is very remarkable; it was, as is evident, +gradually formed by the torrents which constantly filled up the bay +between the mountains; and hence it was originally little else than fen +and morass.(267) Inachus, "_the stream_," and Melia, the daughter of +Oceanus, "_the damp valley_" (where ash-trees, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, grow), were called +the parents of the ancient Argives; and the epithet "thirsty" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), which is applied to Argos in ancient poems, refers only to the +scarcity of spring-water in the neighbourhood of the town. Yet, +notwithstanding the rugged nature of the rest of Argolis, there are, both +in the interior and near the sea, here and there, small plains, which by +the fertility of their soil attract and encourage the husbandman; the +south-eastern coast slopes regularly down to the sea. To the north of the +mountain-ridge which bounded Argolis, extending from the Isthmus as far as +a narrow pass on the boundaries of Achaia, there is a beautiful, and in +ancient times highly-celebrated plain, in which Corinth and Sicyon were +situated.(268) With respect to the progress of civilization at Argos, it +is important to know that the mountains between that town and Corinth +contain copper:(269) accordingly, in the former town the forging of metals +appears to have been early introduced; and hence arose the ancient +celebrity of the Argive shields.(270) But no precious metal has been ever +found in any part of Peloponnesus: a circumstance which greatly tended to +direct the attention of its inhabitants to agriculture and war, rather +than commerce and manufactures. + +5. That region which was in later times called ACHAIA, is only a narrow +tract of land along the coast, lying upon the slope of the northern +mountain-range of Arcadia. Hence most of the Achaean cities are situated on +hills above the sea, and some few in enclosed valleys. The sources of the +numerous streams by which the country is watered lie almost without +exception in Arcadia, whose frontiers here reach beyond the water-line. + +But the lowest slope of Peloponnesus, and the most gradual inclination to +the sea, is on the western side; and it is in this quarter that we find +the largest extent of champaign country in the peninsula, which, being +surrounded by the chain beginning from mounts Scollis and Pholoe, was +hence called the HOLLOW ELIS. It was a most happy circumstance that these +wide plains enjoyed an almost uninterrupted state of peace. Towards the +coast the soil becomes sandy; a broad line of sand stretches along the sea +nearly as far as the Triphylian Pylos, which from this circumstance is so +frequently spoken of by Homer as "_the sandy_."(271) As this tract of +country is very little raised above the level of the sea, a number of +small lakes or lagoons have been formed, which extend along the greatest +part of the coast, and are sometimes connected with one another, sometimes +with the sea. Such being the nature of the country, the river Alpheus runs +gently between low chains of hills and through small valleys into the sea. +Towards the south the country becomes more mountainous, and approaches +more to the character of Arcadia. + +6. If now we picture to ourselves this singular country before the +improvements of art and agriculture, it presents to the mind a very +extraordinary appearance. The waters of Arcadia are evidently more +calculated to fill up the deep ravines and hollows of that country, or to +produce irregular inundations, than to fertilise the soil by quiet and +gentle streams. The valleys of Stymphalus, Pheneus, Orchomenus, and Caphyae +in Arcadia required canals, dams, &c., before they could be used for the +purposes of husbandry. One part of the plain of Argos was carefully +drained, in order to prevent it becoming a part of the marshes of Lerna. +In the lower part of the course of the Eurotas it was necessary to use +some artificial means for confining the river: and that this care was at +some time bestowed on it, is evident from the remains of quays,(272) which +give to the river the appearance of a canal. The ancient Nestorian Pylus +was situated on a river (Anigrus), which even now, when it overflows, +makes the country a very unhealthy place of residence; and no traveller +can pass a night at Lerna without danger. Thus in many parts of +Peloponnesus it was necessary, not merely for the use of the soil, but +even for the sake of health and safety, to regulate nature by the +exertions of art. At the present time, from the inactivity of the natives, +the inevitable consequence of oppression, so bad an atmosphere prevails in +some parts of the country, that, instead of producing, as formerly, a +vigorous and healthy race, one sickly generation follows another to the +grave. And that improvements of this kind were begun in the earliest +periods, is evident from the fact, that the traces of primitive cities are +discovered in those very valleys which had most need of human labour.(273) +This induction is also confirmed by the evidence of many traditions. The +scanty accounts respecting the earliest times of Sparta relate, that +Myles, the son of the earth-born Lelex, built mills, and ground corn at +Alesiae; and that he had a son named Eurotas, who conducted the water +stagnating in the level plain into the sea by a canal, which was +afterwards called by his name.(274) Indeed the situation of Sparta seems +to imply that the standing water was first drained off:(275) nay, even in +later times, it was possible, by stopping the course of the river, to lay +most of the country between Sparta and the opposite heights under +water.(276) + +7. The consideration of these natural circumstances and traditions obliges +us to suppose that the races which were looked on as the ancient +inhabitants of Peloponnesus (the Pelasgians in the east and north, and the +Leleges in the south and west) were the first who brought the land to that +state of cultivation in which it afterwards remained in this and other +parts of Greece. And perhaps it was these two nations alone to whom the +care of husbandry, cattle, and everything connected with the products of +the soil, belonged through all times and changes. For, in the first place, +the numbers of the invading Achaeans, Ionians, and afterwards of the +Dorians, were very inconsiderable, as compared with the whole population +of Peloponnesus; and, secondly, these races conquered the _people_ as well +as the _country_, and enjoyed an independent and easy life by retaining +both in their possession: so that, whatever tribe might obtain the +sovereign power, the former nations always constituted the mass of the +population. By means of these usurpations agriculture was kept in a +constant state of dependence and obscurity, so that we seldom hear of the +improvement of the country, which is a necessary part of the husbandman's +business. Agriculture was, however, always followed with great energy and +success. For in the time of the Peloponnesian war, when the population of +Peloponnesus must have been very great, it produced more corn than it +consumed, and there was a constant export from Laconia and Arcadia +downwards to the coast of Corinth.(277) + +8. It is not with a view of founding any calculation upon them, but merely +of giving a general idea of the numerical force of a Greek tribe (which +many would suppose to be a large nation), that I offer the following +remarks. At the flourishing period of the Doric power, about the time of +the Persian war, Sparta, which had then conquered Messenia, contained 8000 +families, Argos above 6000; while in Sicyon, Corinth, Phlius, Epidaurus, +and AEgina, the Dorians were not so numerous, the constitution being even +more oligarchical in those states. Although in the colonies, where they +were less confined by want of sufficient space, and by the severity of the +laws, the inhabitants multiplied very rapidly, yet the number of original +colonists, as many of them as were Dorians, was very small. Now since in +the states of Peloponnesus, even after they had been firmly established, +the number of inhabitants, particularly of Dorians, never, from several +causes, much increased,(278) it seems probable that at the time of their +first irruption the whole number of their males was not above 20,000.(279) +Nor were the earlier settlements of Achaeans and Ionians more considerable. +For the Ionians, as is evident from their traditions, appear as a military +race in Attica, and probably formed, though perhaps together with many +families of a different origin, one, and certainly the least, of four +tribes (the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}(280)). The arrival of the Achaeans is represented in +ancient traditions in the following simple manner: "Archander and +Architeles, the sons of Achaeus, having been driven from Phthiotis, came to +Argos and Lacedaemon."(281) Their names signify "the ruler," and "the chief +governor." Certainly the Achaeans did not come to till the ground; as is +also evident from the fact that, when dislodged by the Dorians, and driven +to the northern coast, they took possession of Patrae, dwelt only in the +town, and did not disperse themselves into the smaller villages.(282) + +It seems pretty certain that the Dorians migrated together with their +wives and children. The Spartans would not have bestowed so much attention +as they did on women of a different race; and all the domestic +institutions of the Dorians would have been formed in a manner very unlike +that which really obtained. This circumstance alone completely +distinguishes the migration of the Dorians from that of the Ionians, who +having, according to Herodotus, sailed from Attica without any women, took +native Carian women for wives, or rather for slaves, who, according to the +same writer, did not even dare to address their husbands by their proper +names. And this was probably the case with all the early settlements +beyond the sea, since the form of the ancient Greek galley hardly admitted +of the transport of women. + +9. It would have been less difficult to explain by what superiority the +Dorians conquered Peloponnesus, had they gained it in open battle. For, +since it appears, that Homer describes the mode of combat in use among the +ancient Achaeans, the method of fighting with lines of heavy armed men, +drawn up in close and regular order, must have been introduced into +Peloponnesus by the Dorians; amongst whom Tyrtaeus describes it as +established. And it is evident that the chariots and darts of the Homeric +heroes could never have prevailed against the charge of a deep and compact +body armed with long lances. But it is more difficult still to comprehend +how the Dorians could have entered those inaccessible fortifications, of +which Peloponnesus was full; since their nation never was skilful in the +art of besieging, and main force was here of no avail. How, I ask, did +they storm the citadel of Acro-Corinthus, that Gibraltar of +Peloponnesus?(283) how the Argive Larissa, and similar fortresses? On +these points, however, some accounts have been preserved with regard to +the conquest of Argos and Corinth, which, from their agreement with each +other, and with the circumstances of the places, must pass as credible +historical memorials. From these we learn that the Dorians always +endeavoured to fortify some post at a short distance from the ancient +stronghold; and from thence ravaged the country by constant incursions, +and, kept up this system of vexation and petty attack, until the defenders +either hazarded a battle, or surrendered their city. Thus at a late period +the places were still shown from whence Temenus and Aletes had carried on +contests of this nature with success.(284) And even in historical times +this mode of waging war in an enemy's country (called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) was not unfrequently employed against places, which could not be +directly attacked.(285) + + + + +Chapter V. + + + § 1. Reduction of Argos by the Dorians. § 2. Of Sicyon. § 3. Of + Phlius and Cleonae. § 4. Of the Acte, Epidaurus, AEgina, and Troezen. + § 5. Independence of Mycenae and Tiryns. § 6. Ancient homage of the + towns of the Acte to Argolis. § 7. Territory of the Dryopians in + Argolis. § 8. Reduction of Corinth by the Dorians. § 9. Ancient + inhabitants of Corinth. § 10. Reduction of Megara by the Dorians. + § 11. Reduction of Laconia by the Dorians under Aristodemus. § 12. + Resistance of Amyclae. Position of Sparta. § 13. Resistance of + other Laconian towns to the Dorians. § 14. Traditions respecting + Eurysthenes and Procles. § 15. Reduction of Messenia by the + Dorians. § 16. Political state of Messenia. + + +1. Before the time of the Dorians, Mycenae, situated in the higher part of +the plain at the extremity of the mountain-chain, had doubtless been the +most important and distinguished place in Argolis; and Argos, although the +seat of the earliest civilization was dependent upon and inferior to it. +At Mycenae were the Cyclopian hall of Eurystheus,(286) and the sumptuous +palace of Agamemnon; and though, as Thucydides correctly says, the +fortified town was of inconsiderable extent, yet it abounded with +stupendous and richly-carved monuments, whose semi-barbarous but +artificial splendour formed a striking contrast with the unornamented and +simple style introduced after the Doric period.(287) The Doric conquerors, +on the other hand, did not commence their operations upon fortresses +secured alike by nature and art, but advanced into the interior from the +coast. For near the sea between Lerna and Nauplia, on the mouth of the +Phrixus,(288) there was a fortified place named Temenium, from which +Temenus the son of Aristomachus, together with the Dorians, carried on a +war with Tisamenus and the Achaeans, and probably harassed them by repeated +incursions, until they were obliged to hazard an open battle. From thence +the Dorians, after severe struggles, made themselves masters of the town +of ARGOS.(289) It is related in an isolated tradition, that Ergiaeus, a +descendant of Diomed, stole and gave to Temenus the Palladium brought by +his ancestor from Troy to Argos, which immediately occasioned the +surrender of the city.(290) Argos was therefore supposed to have been +taken by Temenus himself. + +2. The further extension of the Doric power is, however, attributed not to +Temenus, but to his sons; for such the Doric tradition calls Ceisus, +Cerynes, Phalces, and Agraeus or Agaeus.(291) Of these, Ceisus is +represented to have governed at Argos, and Phalces to have gone to SICYON. +The ancient Mecone or Sicyon had in early times been in the power of the +Ionians, and afterwards subject to the Achaeans of Argos. The very copious +mythology of this ancient city contains symbolical and historical elements +of the most various nature: we will only touch upon a part of the story +immediately preceding the Doric invasion. Phaestus, a son of Hercules, is +stated to have been king of Argos before that event; and having gone to +Crete, where he founded the town of his name,(292) to have been succeeded +by his descendants Rhopalus, Hippolytus, and Lacestades, the last of whom +lived on terms of friendship with Phalces. Between them, however, +Zeuxippus, a son of Apollo and of the nymph Hyllis,(293) is placed. We +here perceive the traces of a connexion between Phaestus in Crete, and the +introduction of the worship of Apollo and Hercules; this tradition, +however, cannot authorise us to draw any chronological inferences. + +3. Whether PHLIUS (situated in a corner of Arcadia, in a beautiful valley, +whence arise the four sources of the Asopus(294)) was founded from Sicyon +or Argos, was a matter of contention between these two towns: the latter +simply called Phlias the son of Ceisus.(295) This _Phlias_, however, is +nothing else than the country personified; the name being derived from +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}, and signifying "damp," or "abounding in springs," which +appellation was fully merited by the nature of the spot. Hence Phlias was +with more reason called the son of Dionysus ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), who loved to +dwell in such valleys. There is, therefore, greater probability in the +account of the Sicyonians, that Phalces and Rhegnidas were the founders of +the Doric dominion;(296) it being moreover easier to force a way to +Phliasia from Sicyon along the Asopus, than from Argos. It is known, that +Pythagoras the Samian derived his origin from a certain Hippasus, who had +quitted Phlius on that occasion; and the Ionic town of Clazomenae is said +to have been partly founded by some inhabitants of Cleonae and Phliasia, +who had been expelled by the Dorians;(297) from which two facts we are +justified in inferring the existence of a connexion between the early +inhabitants of these places and the Ionians. CLEONAE, situated in a narrow +valley, where the mountains open towards Corinth, and bordering upon +Phlius, appears from this account to have been colonised at the same time +with that town, but probably from Argos. For we find that the ruling power +was there in the hands of the same Heraclide family, of which a branch +went from Argos to Epidaurus.(298) + +4. The ACTE (as the northern coast of Argolis, over against Attica, was +called)(299) was reduced, according to the account of Ephorus, by +Deiphontes and Agaeus.(300) The former of these, who was called a +descendant of Ctesippus, and son-in-law of Temenus, and whose fortunes +afforded materials for the tragic poets, made himself master of the town +of EPIDAURUS, and dislodged the Ionians from thence: these latter, under +the command of their king Pityreus, crossed over to Attica, whence the +king's son Procles went subsequently, at the general Ionic migration, to +Samos.(301) Of the Dorians of Epidaurus, however, a part under the conduct +of Triacon withdrew to AEGINA,(302) in which place Hellenes of Thessaly had +formerly ruled, and united the island and mother-state into one +commonwealth, with equal rights, and the same magistrates. Now since +besides Epidaurus, TROEZEN alone belonged to the Acte, and since both Agaeus +and Deiphontes are mentioned as the Dorian colonisers of this coast, it +was probably this Agaeus who brought Troezen under the rule of the +Dorians.(303) In this city, too, he must have encountered some Ionians; +since both the mythical genealogies and religious rites of the ancient +Troezen attest a close connexion between its earlier inhabitants and the +Athenians.(304) For Troezen even shared with the Ionic cities in the +peculiar worship of the Apaturian Athene, as the goddess of _phratriae_ and +_gentes_;(305) as also in that of Poseidon and his son Theseus. + +5. The accounts already given show that Sicyon, Phlius, Cleonae, Epidaurus, +Troezen, and AEgina received their share of Doric inhabitants either +mediately or immediately from Argos. We can only regret the want of any +accurate accounts respecting Mycenae and Tiryns; the conquest of which +cities must have been most difficult; but, when accomplished, decisive for +the sovereignty of the Dorians. Pindar(306) considers the expulsion of the +Achaean Danai from the gulf of Argos, and from Mycenae, as identical with +the expedition of the Heraclidae; and Strabo states that the Argives united +Mycenae with themselves.(307) Nevertheless we find that in the Persian war +Mycenae and Tiryns were still independent states, and it admits of a doubt +whether they had previously belonged for any length of time to Argos. That +some ancient inhabitants at least still maintained themselves in the +mountains above Argos, is shown by the instance of the Orneatae. The +inhabitants of Orneae, a town on the mountainous frontier of Mantinea, +having long been hostile to the Dorians, and at war with the +Sicyonians,(308) were at length overpowered by Argos, and degraded to the +state of perioeci.(309) Now, since it is more probable that such a +proceeding took place against the people of a different race, than against +a colony of Argos, and also as there is nowhere any mention of a Doric +settlement at Orneae, it is evident that the inhabitants of Orneae had up to +that time been either Achaeans or Arcadians. + +6. Although from the foregoing accounts it appears that Argos almost +entirely lost its power over the towns which it had been the means of +bringing under the rule of the Dorians, yet in early times there existed +certain obligations on the part of these cities towards Argos, which at a +later period became mere forms. There was in Argos, upon the Larissa, a +temple of Apollo Pythaeus, which had probably been erected soon after the +invasion of the Dorians, as a sanctuary of the national deity who had led +them into the country. It was a temple common to all the surrounding +district, though belonging more particularly to the Argives.(310) The +Epidaurians were bound at certain seasons to send sacrifices to it.(311) +The Dryopians in early times, and afterwards also, in their character of +Craugallidae, or servants of the Delphian god, had at Asine and Hermione +erected temples to Apollo Pythaeus, in acknowledgment of a similar +dependence; and this was the only one spared by the Argives at the +destruction of the former town.(312) + +7. The fragments preserved respecting the ancient history of the DRYOPIANS +having been collected in a previous chapter,(313) we shall here only +remark that this people possessed a considerable district in the most +southern part of Argolis, the boundaries of which, so long as they +remained inviolate, were defined by two points, viz. the temple of Demeter +Thermesia on the frontier between Hermione and Troezen, eighty stadia from +Cape Scyllaeum, and a hill between Asine, Epidaurus, and Troezen,(314) and +they may still be pointed out with tolerable certainty. Hercules, who, +according to the Doric tradition, brought the Dryopians hither, had +accurately marked out these boundaries. It is, however, also related that +the Dryopians established themselves beyond these limits at Nemea(315) in +Argolis: this, however, as well as Olympia, was not any particular town, +but merely the name of a valley, and particularly of a temple of Zeus +there situated. + +8. The history of the establishment of CORINTH, though marvellous and +obscure, contains nevertheless some historical traces by no means unworthy +of remark. In the first place, it is stated that this town did _not_ +receive its inhabitants from Argos. The purport of the tradition is as +follows: "When Hippotes at the time of the passage of the Dorians from +Naupactus slew the soothsayer, he was banished (according to Apollodorus +for ten years),(316) during which time he led a roaming and predatory +life;"(317) whence his son was called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or the _Wanderer_.(318) It +is also recorded in the fragment of a tradition(319) that Hippotes, when +crossing the Melian gulf, imprecated against those who wished to remain +behind, "_That their vessels might be leaky, and themselves the slaves of +their wives._" In like manner his son Aletes passed through the territory +at that time called Ephyra, where he received from scorn a clod of +earth;(320) which in the ancient oracular language was a symbol of +sovereignty.(321) We might almost guess from these traditions that the +Dorian warriors had harassed, and at length subdued the ancient Ephyreans, +by ravaging their lands, and by repeated invasions. This is confirmed by +the very credible account of Thucydides relating to this point.(322) There +was in the mountainous country, about sixty stadia from Corinth, and +twelve from the Saronic gulf, a hill called Solygius, of which the Dorians +had once taken possession for the purpose of making war against the AEolian +inhabitants of Corinth. This hill was, however (at least in the time of +Thucydides), entirely unfortified. Here we may recognise the very same +method of waging war as in the account of Temenus given above, a method +which in the Peloponnesian war was adopted by the Spartans at the +fortifying of Decelea. Again, it is related in a tradition connected with +the Hellotian festival, that at the taking of Corinth the Dorians set fire +to the town, and even to the temple of Athene, in which the women had +taken refuge.(323) In another it is stated that Aletes, being advised by +an oracle to attack the city on a "crowned day," took it during a great +funeral solemnity by the treachery of the youngest daughter of Creon: +these, however, are for the most part mere attempts at an historical +interpretation of ancient festival ceremonies. As Aletes (according to his +genealogy) lived one generation after the conquerors of Peloponnesus, the +capture of Corinth was dated thirty years after the expedition of the +Heraclidae;(324) whence probably also arose the error of supposing that +there had previously been Dorians at Corinth; as it was supposed that the +Dorians had obtained their whole dominion over Peloponnesus at _one_ time, +by _one_ expedition. The city appears to have received the name of Corinth +at this time, instead of its former one of Ephyra;(325) and it seems that +the Dorians called it with a certain preference "_The Corinth of Zeus_;" +although ancient interpreters have in vain laboured to give a satisfactory +explanation of this name. + +9. The early inhabitants of Corinth were, according to the expression of +Thucydides,(326) AEolians; and their traditions and religion show that they +were very nearly connected with the Minyans of Iolcus and Orchomenus.(327) +Their kings were the Sisyphidae, whose genealogy closes with Hyantidas and +Doridas. We find in the last name the same confusion which has been +pointed out (amongst others) in the legend of Thessalus the son of +Jason,(328) viz., that the arrival of a different nation was expressed by +connecting the new comers genealogically with the heroes of the ruling +race. Thus Doridas, _i.e._ the Dorians in a patronymic form, is the +descendant of Sisyphus. Here begins the sovereignty of the Dorians; who, +however, did not, as Pausanias(329) states, altogether expel the ancient +inhabitants, but formed the aristocratic class of the new state. Pindar +and Callimachus, indeed, call the whole Corinthian nation _Aletiadae_(330) +but merely by a poetical license; the only lineal descendants of Aletes +being the ruling house, the Bacchiadae, from which for a long time were +taken the kings and Prytanes of Corinth and all its colonies. There were, +however, at Corinth distinguished families of a different origin. The +family of Cypselus, which afterwards obtained possession of the tyranny, +was, according to Herodotus, of the blood of the Lapithae, and descended +from Caeneus.(331) They came, according to Pausanias, from Gonusa, near +Sicyon, to assist the Dorians against Corinth:(332) Aletes, however, at +the advice of an oracle, at first refused to receive them, but presently +admitted them into the city, where they afterwards overthrew his own +descendants. We shall allow this narrative, which contains a _post +eventum_ prophecy of the tyranny of the Cypselidae, to rest on its own +merits, remarking only that the Caenidae had more reason to assist the +ancient AEolians than the Dorians; and shall merely infer from it the +existence of distinguished families in Corinth not of Doric descent. + +10. As in this chapter we have hitherto rather followed a geographical +than a chronological arrangement, we will now pass to the founding of +MEGARA.(333) That event is represented by the ancient tradition as +connected with the expedition of the Peloponnesians against Athens;(334) +which is doubtless a correct statement, since Megara had before that epoch +been closely united with Attica, and comprehended in Ionia. This +expedition was, according to most authors, undertaken by the whole +Peloponnesus; by some, however, the Corinthians are called the real +authors of it, and Aletes the leader, Althaemenes of Argos, the son of +Ceisus, being nevertheless joined with him. The defeat of the Doric +invaders, by the voluntary sacrifice of Codrus, has been a favourite +subject both with poets and rhetoricians.(335) It is sufficient for our +purpose to oppose to this celebrated legend an obscure tradition that some +Athenians, whom Lycophron calls Codri, had a share in the expedition of +the Heraclidae.(336) Whether or not the Ionians and Dorians met at the +borders on this occasion, thus much is certain, that Megara in consequence +of this invasion became a Doric town, and indeed soon afterwards a +Corinthian colony.(337) It also remained for some time in complete +dependence on Corinth, as AEgina upon Epidaurus; in proof of which it is +mentioned that the Megarians were bound to mourn for every death that +occurred in the family of the Bacchiadae at Corinth.(338) When, however, +the internal strength of Megara increased, it ventured to dissolve this +connexion, and, in defiance of the Corinth of Zeus, to rout the +Corinthians in the field.(339) The border-wars of the Megarians and +Corinthians were carried on without intermission.(340) Megara appears not +to have raised itself to the situation of a ruling city till after it had +obtained its independence; since in earlier times it had been one of the +five hamlets ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) into which the country was divided, viz. the Heraeans, +Piraeans, Megarians, Cynosyrians, and Tripodiscians.(341) These small +communities also waged war with each other, but with a singular lenity, of +which some almost marvellous accounts have been preserved; the conquerors +carried their prisoners home, treated them as guests and companions, who +were hence called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, in opposition to {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + +11. We now turn to LACONIA, which, according to the above-mentioned legend +concerning the division of Peloponnesus, fell to the share of Aristodemus +or his sons.(342) According to the common tradition (which was derived +from the epic poets(343)) the twin brothers Eurysthenes and Procles(344) +took possession of Sparta after the death of their father; whereas the +national tradition of Sparta, as Herodotus informs us, represented +Aristodemus himself as having been the first ruler,(345) and the double +dominion of his children as not having been settled till after his death; +the first-born, however, enjoying a certain degree of precedence.(346) +This is, indeed, contradicted by the account of Thucydides,(347) who +mentions as a Lacedaemonian tradition, that the kings who first took +possession of Lacedaemon (_i.e._ Eurysthenes and Procles) were conducted +thither with dances and sacrifices, an honour which at the command of the +Delphian oracle was afterwards given to Pleistoanax at his restoration. +This variation, however, is perhaps merely the effect of a pardonable +negligence in the author. + +12. It is, however, far more difficult to ascertain what was the condition +of Laconia immediately after the invasion of the Dorians. For it is plain +that the history, as it was arranged by Ephorus, and derived from him to +other authors, is in contradiction with many isolated traditions, but +which for that very reason are of the greater importance. So far, indeed, +from the whole of the Laconian territory immediately falling into the +hands of the Dorians,(348) it is certain that a powerful fortress of the +ancient Achaeans, at a short distance from Sparta itself, held out for +nearly three centuries after the Doric invasion. + +There was a saying, well known in antiquity, of the "silent Amyclae;" thus +called because its citizens had been so often alarmed by the report of the +enemy coming, that they at last made a law that no one should give tidings +of the enemy's approach; in consequence of which the town was at length +taken.(349) This proverb, and the story on which it was founded, prove the +existence of a long and determined contest between the two neighbouring +cities. They also confirm the account of Pausanias, that the Dorians in +the reign of Teleclus built a temple(350) to Zeus Tropaeus, because they +had at length, after a tedious and severe struggle, overcome the Achaeans +of Amyclae and taken their city. This city of Amyclae, one of the most +ancient and considerable in Peloponnesus, of which there still remains a +fort situated upon a rock on the side of mount Taygetus, was therefore so +far from being reduced by the Spartans immediately, that it held out until +the reign of Teleclus, 278 years after the invasion, a short time before +the first Messenian war; and then was only taken after a tedious contest, +which, from the proximity of Amyclae and Sparta, must have been very +dangerous to the latter city. Now it is not possible that before this +victory Amyclae and Sparta, distant only 20 stadia (2-1/2 miles) from each +other, should have been engaged in constant war, as it must have soon +ended in the destruction of one or the other city: their truces and +armistices were, however, doubtless interrupted frequently by sudden +incursions. The important territory near mount Taygetus belonged at that +time to Amyclae, and all this country was still in the possession of the +Achaeans, with whom some Minyans from Lemnos, and Cadmean Greeks, known by +the name of AEgidae, had united themselves. This is the territory from which +the colonies of Thera, Melos, and Gortyna proceeded; so, according to +Pindar, Amyclae was the point from which the first colonies to Lesbos and +Tenedos set out, and also (as may be inferred from other notices) those +Achaeans who took possession of Patrae.(351) + +Sparta, on the other hand, must have been of very slight importance before +the Doric migration; by which event alone it was enabled to become the +ruler of all the surrounding states. For, in the first place, Sparta was +not built in the same manner as Mycenae, Tiryns, and other ruling cities +founded before the Doric invasion; the Acropolis is a hill of +inconsiderable height, and easy of ascent, without any trace of ancient +fortifications or walls. Secondly, it is remarkably deficient in monuments +and local memorials of the times of the Pelopidae and other mythical +princes; much as the Spartans in other instances clung to traditions and +records of this kind: while Amyclae and Therapne had these in great +abundance. Amyclae, in a beautiful and well-wooded country,(352) was the +abode of Tyndareus and his family; here were the tombs of Cassandra and +Agamemnon, who, according to a native tradition (preserved by Stesichorus +and Simonides),(353) ruled in this city. At no great distance was situated +the town of Therapne. Alcman calls it the "well-fortified Therapne;"(354) +Pindar mentions its high situation;(355) by which they clearly imply a +position and fortification similar to that of Tiryns. The latter also +calls it the ancient metropolis of the Achaeans, amongst whom the Dioscuri +lived; here were the subterraneous cemeteries of Castor and Pollux,(356) +vaulted, perhaps, in the ancient manner; here also the temples of the +Brothers and of Helen in the Phoebaeum, and many remains of the ancient +symbolical religion.(357) It is also very remarkable, that on the banks of +the Eurotas, in the district between Therapne and Amyclae, there should +have been discovered a building(358) which resembles the well-known +treasury at Mycenae, and which affords a certain proof that the dominion of +the Pelopidae extended to this district. + +But although the local traditions make it probable that the ante-Doric +rulers of the country dwelt in Amyclae and Therapne, yet Homer describes +Sparta as the residence of the Pelopidae, transferring, apparently, the +circumstances of his own time to an earlier period. Homer sometimes calls +Lacedaemon the abode of Menelaus; by Lacedaemon meaning the entire country, +and especially the valley round Sparta, which agrees far better with the +epithet of "_hollow_ Lacedaemon," than the district of Amyclae, which opens +down to the sea.(359) Sometimes he expressly mentions Sparta as the city +in which Menelaus has fixed his abode.(360) + +13. Amyclae, however, is not the only Achaean city which was not reduced by +the Dorians till a late period. AEgys, on the frontiers of Arcadia, is said +to have been taken from the Achaeans by Archelaus and Charilaus a short +time before Lycurgus; Pharis, together with Geronthrae, by Teleclus;(361) +and Helos in the plains, near the mouth of the Eurotas, by Alcamenes, the +son of Teleclus.(362) So long as these places belonged to the Achaeans, the +Spartans were shut out from the sea, and surrounded on all sides by the +possessions of a different race. It appears, however, that other places +besides Sparta were held by the Dorians themselves previously to their +obtaining possession of the whole of Laconia; such were, for instance, Boeae +near Malea,(363) and perhaps also Abia on the confines of Messenia.(364) +But of the numerous contests which doubtless took place at this period, +little information has come down to us, as they just lie between the +provinces of mythology and history. + +Thus much, however, we may with safety say, that Ephorus is clearly in +error when he mentions a division of Laconia made by the Dorians, +immediately after their conquest, for the sake of an undisturbed dominion +over the country.(365) The same historian further states that "Sparta was +reserved by the Dorians as the seat of their own empire; that Amyclae(366) +was granted to Philonomus, who had delivered the country to them by +treachery, and that governors were sent into the other four divisions." +Also, that "the principal towns of these four provinces were Las, +Epidaurus Limera (or Gytheium), AEgys, and Pharis; of which the first +served as the citadel of Laconia,(367) the second as an excellent harbour, +the third as a convenient arsenal for the wars with Arcadia, and the +fourth as an internal point of union. That the perioeci dwelt in these +towns, and were dependent upon the Spartans, though without losing their +freedom." This account doubtless suited the historical style of Ephorus; +but it does not agree with the isolated but genuine traditions already +mentioned. + +The division into six provinces is nevertheless, in my opinion, to be +considered as an historical fact; only the arrangement could not have been +made till a much later period. Of these provinces, the first comprehended +the district of the city; the second, the mountain-chain of Taygetus, with +the western coast; the third, the Laconian gulf; the fourth, perhaps the +modern Zaconia, on the eastern side of the Eurotas; the fifth, the +northern frontier; and the sixth, the lower valley of the Eurotas. The +reality of such a division is also confirmed by the existence of a similar +one in Messenia; which is spoken of by other writers besides Ephorus.(368) +For this country is also said to have been divided by Cresphontes, so that +Stenyclarus was the habitation of the Dorians and their king, under whose +authority were placed the Messenian districts of Pylos, Rhium, Mesola, and +Hyamia; of these, Pylos apparently comprehended the whole western coast; +Rhium is the promontory of Methone and the neighbouring southern coast; +Hyamia may perhaps be the shore of the Messenian bay nearest to the +frontiers of Laconia; Mesola signifies the midland district(369) near the +Pamisus; and Stenyclarus is the northern plain of Messenia. + +14. We have now another instance of the arbitrary manner in which Ephorus +composed his history by probable arguments. He proceeds upon the fact that +Eurysthenes and Procles, although the founders of Sparta, were not +honoured as such (as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), that they did not enjoy any divine +honour, did not give their name to any tribe, &c. (Now the very first of +these statements is false; for Eurysthenes and Procles, according to the +native tradition, were _not_ the founders of Sparta, as was shown above.) +Hence Ephorus infers that they must have offended the Dorians; and he +finds the cause of this offence in the adoption of foreign citizens, +through whose assistance they had extended their power. This instance is a +sufficient justification for our rejecting the historical system of +Ephorus, and neglecting the results which he obtained by it. + +There must have been many stories concerning Eurysthenes and Procles +current in ancient times which have not come down to us. There was a +general tradition of their continual discord; and we know that the +military fame of Procles was as great as that of Eurysthenes was +insignificant.(370) There is, however, something peculiarly worthy of +notice in an incidental remark of Cicero,(371) that Procles died a year +before Eurysthenes. Could there have been chronicles of so early a period, +or is it possible that tradition should preserve such precise dates? It is +also a remarkable statement that the wives of both kings were likewise +twin sisters, Lathria and Anaxandra by name, daughters of Thersander king +of the Cleonaeans, whose descent we mentioned above.(372) Some great heroic +actions of Soues(373) (the "violent"), the son of Procles, were also +celebrated in Sparta.(374) It was even said that he had carried on war +against the Cleitorians; and it was related, that in the narrow valley of +Cleitor, when surrounded by enemies, and oppressed by intolerable thirst, +he promised to give up all his conquests, on the condition of himself and +his army being allowed to drink from the fountain: that upon this he +offered the crown to any one who would abstain from drinking, but, no one +being willing to gain it at this price, he moistened himself with water +from the fountain, and departed without drinking.(375) But a Spartan king +would hardly have ventured, even some centuries afterwards, to lead an +army through the hostile territory of Arcadia, to a place at so +considerable a distance as Cleitor, leaving behind so many hollow defiles, +ravines, and mountains. + +15. In the country which from this time forth obtained the name of +MESSENIA,(376) Pylos was before the Doric migration the most important +town, whither the family of the Nelidae had retired from the Triphylian +territory.(377) The Dorians under Cresphontes(378) at first seated +themselves in the opposite part of the country, at Stenyclarus, in the +midland region; they must however have soon pressed so closely upon Pylos, +that part of the inhabitants was forced to emigrate. For that many of the +noble families, both at Athens and in Asia Minor, came originally from +Pylos, is placed out of doubt by the agreement of many national and family +traditions; and it is equally certain that they did not leave Peloponnesus +long before the Ionic migration. Mimnermus, the most ancient witness to +this fact, says that the founders of his native city Colophon came from +the Nelean Pylos;(379) _i.e._, he calls Andraemon, the founder of Colophon, +a Pylian; where it almost seems that the poet meant a direct migration +from that place. Pylos however (though it is generally considered to have +been in the possession of the Dorians from this epoch) probably remained +for some time an independent town, with a limited territory; even in the +second Messenian war some Nestoridae went as allies to the Messenians;(380) +and, after the defeat of the Messenians, the Pylians and the Methonaeans +were able to harbour them for a considerable time.(381) + +16. Of the internal condition of Messenia we cannot even know so much as +of that of Laconia, since, at the cessation of its political existence, +its monuments, and even its inhabitants, perished; and thus all means of +perpetuating a knowledge of its former state were entirely lost. Yet, +setting aside the accounts of Ephorus, there remain some very simple +circumstances from which we may form an idea of the condition of the +country. It is related, that when Cresphontes was treacherously +assassinated, the Arcadians, in conjunction with the kings of Sparta and +Ceisus king of Argos, re-established in his place his son AEpytus,(382) who +had been brought up with Cypselus the Arcadian, the father of his mother +Merope,(383) and who rendered himself so celebrated, that all his +descendants were called AEpytidae. The name of AEpytus is evidently connected +with AEpytis, a district on the frontiers of Arcadia and Messenia, near the +ancient Andania, the earliest seat of civilization and religious worship +in the country. The names of his descendants, Glaucus, Isthmius, Dotades, +Sybotas (swine-herd), Phintas (or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), are in remarkable contrast +with those of the Lacedaemonian kings, as Eurysthenes (widely-ruling), +Procles (the renowned), Agis (the general), Soues (the violent), +Echestratus (the general), Eurypon (the widely-reigning), Labotas +(shepherd of the people), and so forth; for, whilst the latter signify +powerful warrior princes, there sounds in the former something peaceable +and pastoral. What Pausanias relates of these Messenian princes refers +almost exclusively to a peaceful office--viz., the establishment of +festivals; the gods also to whom they were consecrated agree with the same +general character. Glaucus and Isthmius, we are told, established or +promoted the worship of AEsculapius at Gerenia and Pharae: Sybotas joined to +the ancient worship of the great gods at Andania the funeral sacrifices of +the hero Eurytus, brought over from the Thessalian to the Messenian +OEchalia; and others in the same manner. In fact this Cabirian worship of +Demeter at Andania, allied to that prevalent in Attica at Eleusis and +Phyla, was one of the most ancient in Peloponnesus, and at that time +flourished in Messenia;(384) whereas, according to Herodotus, the Dorians +everywhere exterminated the ancient rites of Demeter.(385) Hence also the +mystical consecration of Andania was discontinued as long as Messenia was +governed by the Spartans, and it fell into oblivion, until many centuries +afterwards Epaminondas solemnly re-established it, either from the mere +recollection of the inhabitants, or, if the account be true, upon the +authority of an inscription on a tin plate found in a brazen urn, +containing some obscure words referring to ancient mystic ceremonies.(386) + +The re-establishment of AEpytus may, however, have been effected by the +threefold alliance of both the princes and nations of Argos, Sparta, and +Messenia, by which they guaranteed their respective rights, an alliance of +which Plato has preserved a faint, though undoubted trace, marked out in +the spirit of his political philosophy.(387) + +From the settlements of the Dorians _within_ Peloponnesus, we now turn to +those _without_ that peninsula. + + + + +Chapter VI. + + + § 1. Doric colonies of Argos, Epidaurus, and Troezen. § 2. Doric + league of Asia Minor. § 3. Mythical accounts of the colonization + of Halicarnassus, Rhodes, Cos, Nisyrus, Carpathos, and Casos. § 4. + Rhodian colonies. § 5 and 6. Legends respecting the foundation of + Mallus, Mopsuestia, Mopsucrene, and Phaselis. § 7 and 8. Colonies + of Corinth. § 9 and 10. Colonies of Megara. § 11 and 12. Colonies + of Sparta. + + +1. On account of the multiplicity of subjects which it will be now +necessary to consider, we shall be compelled to shorten the discussion of +several points, and to take for granted many collateral questions, except +where we may be encouraged to enter into greater detail by the hope of +disclosing fresh fields for the inquiries of others. + +It will be the most convenient method to make the mother-states the basis +of our arrangement, as these are known with far greater certainty than the +dates of the foundation of their respective colonies; by which means we +shall also be enabled to take in a regular order those settlements which +lie near to, and were connected with, one another. + +First, the colonies of ARGOS, EPIDAURUS, and TROEZEN. We will treat of +these together, as they all lie in the same direction, and as the colonies +of the two last states more or less recognised the supremacy of Argos, and +not unfrequently followed a common leader. These extend as far as the +southern extremity of Asia Minor. + +The Dorians on the south-western coast of Asia Minor derived their origin, +according to Herodotus,(388) from Peloponnesus. And indeed they were +generally considered a colony of Argos(389) (from which state Strabo +derives Rhodes, Halicarnassus, Cnidus, and Cos), led by princes of the +Heraclidae, from whom the noble families of Rhodes--for example, the Eratidae +or Diagoridae at Ialysus--claimed to be descended.(390) This emigration was +considered contemporary, and as having some connexion with the expedition +of Althaemenes, the son of Ceisus, from Argos to Crete.(391) Now we know +from Herodotus(392) that the Coans, Calydnians, and Nisyrians came from +Epidaurus; yet, as is evident from arguments already brought forward, two +different expeditions cannot be understood to have taken place. Thus also +AEgina was called a colony of Argos as well as of Epidaurus. The account of +Herodotus is confirmed by the similarity of the worship of AEsculapius at +Cos and at Epidaurus, which was sufficiently great to prove a colonial +connexion.(393) We have also a tradition of some sacred missions between +Cos and Epidaurus; a ship of the latter is said to have brought a serpent +of AEsculapius to the former state.(394) If this is considered as an +historical fact, we may, as it appears, deduce more from it than is +commonly inferred--viz. that the Doric colonists of Cos, Calydna, &c. +remained in Epidaurus a sufficient time before their passage into Asia +Minor to adopt the worship of AEsculapius. And since we find that the +worship of AEsculapius also prevailed in Cnidos and Rhodes,(395) it may be +fairly inferred, that of the inhabitants of these islands a part at least +passed through Epidaurus. This is further confirmed by the orator +Aristides, who, on the authority of the national tradition, states of the +Rhodians, "that from ancient times they had been Dorians, and had had +Heraclidae and Asclepiadae for their princes."(396) Thus also there were +families of the Asclepiadae and Heraclidae at Cos, to the former of which +Hippocrates was related on his father's side, to the latter on his +mother's.(397) Contemporaneous with this migration from Argos and +Epidaurus was that from Troezen,(398) in which Halicarnassus, _the citadel +upon the sea_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}-{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), was founded; which fact also receives +confirmation from the similarity of religious worship.(399) And indeed +there is reason for believing that it was only one Doric tribe, the +Dymanes, which colonized this city,(400) who strengthened themselves by +collecting together the earlier inhabitants, the Leleges and Carians.(401) + +2. Those towns, however, only which composed the Doric Tripolis of Rhodes +(a number which probably originated from the division of the tribes), +together with Cnidos, Cos, and Halicarnassus, formed the regular Doric +league (before the separation of Halicarnassus called the Hexapolis, +afterwards the Pentapolis). The members of this alliance met on the +Triopian promontory to celebrate in public national festivals the rites of +Apollo and Demeter, which last were of extreme antiquity;(402) its +influence in political affairs was however probably very +inconsiderable.(403) But, besides those already mentioned, many towns and +islands in this district were peopled by Dorians.(404) The small island of +Telos, near Triopium, was probably dependent upon Lindos:(405) Nisyrus and +Calydna (or Calymna) have been already mentioned; the inhabitants were +Epidaurian Dorians, who belonged to the colony of Cos:(406) Carpathus also +received some Argive colonists. It is said to have been taken by Ioclus, +the son of Demoleon, an Argive by descent.(407) Syme also was colonised +from Cnidos: of this town we shall make further mention when speaking of +the Laconian settlements. The inhabitants of Astypalaea were partly derived +from Megara;(408) their Doric origin is attested by the dialect of decrees +now extant;(409) and by the same circumstance we are enabled to recognise +as a Doric colony Anaphe,(410) which is situated near the Doric islands of +Thera, Pholegandros,(411) and Melos; the position of these islands, +together forming a chain across the southern part of the AEgaean sea, shows +that they were colonized in a connected and regular succession. Myndus, +however, upon the mainland had received inhabitants from the same town as +Halicarnassus;(412) perhaps Mylasa had also had some connexion with the +Dorians.(413) Cryassa in Caria was colonised by inhabitants of the Doric +island of Melos.(414) Even Synnada and Noricum, further to the interior in +Phrygia, had inhabitants of Doric origin;(415) yet the Spartan settlement +in Noricum is a fact which it is difficult to understand; and with regard +to the former we are wholly unable to state how the Dorians could have +penetrated thus far. + +I have now, though not without in some measure forestalling the regular +course of these investigations, given an account of all the known cities +in this territory which were founded by Dorians of Peloponnesus; and if to +these we add the colonies from Rhodes upon the opposite coast of Asia, and +the cities of Lycia founded from the island of Crete, in which the Doric +dialect was doubtless spoken, we shall have before us a very extensive +range of colonies belonging to that race. Some of these were probably +dependent upon the more considerable; many on the contrary stood entirely +alone, some very early disagreements having, as it appears, separated and +estranged them from the league of the six towns.(416) Hence the Calymnians +(or Calydnians) at a later period, on the occasion of embarrassing +lawsuits, had recourse not to the larger states of the same race, but to +the Iasians (who, though a colony from Argos, had afterwards learned the +habits and character of the Ionic race by a settlement from Miletus),(417) +which nation sent them five judges. This circumstance, however, may be +accounted for by a temporary resemblance of their constitutions.(418) + +3. Having thus put together the most simple historical accounts respecting +the foundation of these Doric cities, we have still to examine the +mythical narrations with which they are accompanied, and which were +invented by representing the same colonies under different names, and +attributing a false antiquity to their establishment. That this was in +fact the case is evident from the mythical account which is connected with +the colony of Troezen, viz. "that Anthes and his son Aetius, ancient +princes of the Troezenians, had in early times founded Halicarnassus."(419) +This tradition, however, contradicts itself, when compared with the +additional account in Callimachus,(420) "that Anthes had taken out Dymanes +with him;" which was _exclusively_ a civil division of the Dorians. It is +therefore far preferable to follow the statement of Pausanias,(421) that +the descendants of Aetius passed over to Halicarnassus and Myndus long +after his death. It must not, however, from this circumstance be inferred +that these descendants of Aetius were leaders of the colony, since it was +necessary that these should be Doric Heraclidae. But they were in all +probability a family which cultivated the worship of Poseidon in +preference to any other, and carried it over with them to the colony. But +that a family of this kind, and with it the tradition and name of Anthes, +actually prevailed in Halicarnassus, is seen also from the poetical name +of the Halicarnassians (Antheadae.)(422) + +There is also a great similarity in the part which Tlepolemus bears in the +history of the colonisation of Rhodes. In this case also the mythical hero +is represented as coming from Argos,(423) as well as the historical +colony, only at an earlier period. But, it may be objected, the colony is +related to have come immediately from Epidaurus, and not the hero. We +have, however, still an evident trace of mythical genealogies of Rhodes, +in which Tlepolemus was represented as immediately connected with the +Heraclidae of Epidaurus. For Pindar celebrates the Diagoridae as descended +on the father's side from Zeus, from Amyntor on the mother's, because both +these were the grandfathers of Tlepolemus.(424) Now Deiphontes of +Epidaurus was also descended on his mother's side from Amyntor, and was +therefore very nearly related to Tlepolemus. We may also probably suppose +that there was in this Argive and Epidaurian colony a family which derived +itself from Tlepolemus the son of Hercules, by which means the traditions +concerning him were connected with this migration.(425) The same want of +consistency which we observed above, may here also be perceived in the +statement of Homer, that the colony of Tlepolemus was divided into three +parts, according to the different races of the settlers;(426) whence it is +evident that he was always considered as a Doric prince. + +Thirdly, the colony of Cos, Nisyrus, Carpathus, and Casos also possessed +leaders or heroic founders, whose expedition is reported to have taken +place at a time different from that at which the colony was founded, and +is placed back in a remote period, viz. Phidippus and Antiphus, sons of +Thessalus the Heraclide, or of Hercules himself. Their origin is derived +by the fable from the irruption of Hercules into Cos, where he made +pregnant the daughter of Euryphylus; afterwards they are said to have +migrated to Ephyra in Thesprotia, and their descendants to have gone from +thence to Thessaly, where the Aleuadae, the most distinguished and the +wealthiest family of Larissa, claimed them as ancestors.(427) Again, I do +not deny that Heraclide families in exile at Cos derived their origin from +both these heroes (it was indeed by this means that the name of Thessalus +found its way into the Asclepiad family of Hippocrates); but that these +families were born in the island of Cos itself, is evidently a patriotic +invention of the Coans. There were, as we have seen, traditions respecting +Phidippus and Antiphus in Cos, and also at Ephyra in Thesprotia; which +traditions the fables and poems respecting the returns of the heroes from +Troy, endeavoured to reconcile, by making Antiphus reach Ephyra, after a +series of wanderings, instead of going directly to Cos; a supposition +which will not gain many believers. It is also plain from the epigram of +Aristotle,(428) that, according to the traditions of Ephyra, that city was +considered as the _native country_, and the domicile of the two heroes; +and therefore was in direct opposition to the Coan tradition. Now that a +Heraclide family should have gone from Cos to Ephyra in Epirus, is +contrary to all other examples of the migrations of Greek races and +colonies, and all that we know of the dispersion of Heraclide clans or +families. On the other hand, a part of the mythology of Hercules, which +appears to be of great antiquity,(429) refers to this Ephyra in Epirus; +and it was then quite natural, that with the conquest of Ephyra (a +fabulous exploit of Hercules) the origin of a branch of the Heraclidae +should be connected, who then came with the Dorians into Peloponnesus, and +by means of the Epidaurian colony to the island of Cos. + +4. The favourable situations of these Doric cities on islands and +promontories, possessing roadsteads and harbours convenient for maritime +intercourse, attracted in early times a considerable number of colonies. +It is remarkable that the RHODIANS should have founded fewer and less +considerable colonies on the coast of Asia Minor than in the countries to +the west: for, with the exception of Peraea, which was not till later times +dependent on this island, the only Rhodian towns in Asia Minor were +Gagae(430) and Corydalla(431) in Lycia, Phaselis,(432) on the confines of +Lycia and Pamphylia, and Soli in Cilicia.(433) On the other hand, in +Olymp. 16. 4. 713 B.C., according to Thucydides, about the time of their +colonising Phaselis, they founded in Sicily the splendid city of Gela, the +mother-town of Agrigentum. This colony was sent from Lindus, which +furnished its leader Antiphemus (or Deinomenes.)(434) It was accompanied +by inhabitants of the small island of Telos;(435) and was at the same time +joined by some Cretan emigrants. That however the numbers of those who +came from the first-mentioned town predominated, is shown by the original +name of the settlement, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, and by the religion there established. +Doric institutions were common to all the founders above mentioned, and +were consequently established in their settlements.(436) The connexion and +intercourse with those islands continued without interruption; hence it +was that, in later times, the family of Phalaris, coming from Astypalaea, +found a welcome reception at Agrigentum;(437) and the family of the +Emmenidae, which overthrew Phalaris, had come from the same region, viz. +from Thera.(438) Moreover, Parthenope, in the country of the Osci, and +Elpiae, or Salapiae, in the territory of the Daunians (in the founding of +which the inhabitants of Cos had a share), were beyond a doubt settlements +of the Rhodians; and indeed this same people penetrated even to Iberia at +an early period, and there founded Rhode; and we have also traces of their +presence at the mouth of the Rhone.(439) Hence also, perhaps, arose the +account of the expedition of Tlepolemus to the Balearic islands; which +account, and the statement that Sybaris was founded by him, may be +understood merely as mythical expressions for the voyages undertaken by +the Rhodians in the western sea. + +5. It is, however, a matter even of still greater difficulty to determine +the true history of several cities in Asia Minor, which are reported by +tradition to have been colonies of Argos, and generally of the greatest +antiquity. But it requires nothing short of absolute superstition to +believe that Tarsus was founded by Io, or Perseus the Argive,(440) who, +with his descendant Hercules, was worshipped in this place as a tutelar +deity;(441) or that Mallus, Mopsuestia, Mopsucrene, and Phaselis were +founded by Argive soothsayers at the time of the Trojan war.(442) To these +may be added Aspendus in Pamphylia, Curium in Cyprus, and even Ione, near +Antiochia, in Syria,(443) the founding of which place is attributed to the +Argives. For, without considering the period at which the ancient +Peloponnesians are represented to have undertaken such distant (and at +that time impossible) voyages round the Chelidonian islands, it is most +singular that Argos, which is at no time mentioned among the maritime +nations of Greece, should have planted upon that one line of coast a +series of colonies in so connected an order, and so completely useless to +herself. We will therefore venture to advance an hypothesis, to which, +though perhaps no complete proofs of it can be adduced, we have still +sufficient traces to lead us, viz. that all these towns were colonised +from Rhodes; but that, by a form frequently in use, they were led out in +the name of Argos, the mother-country of Rhodes, and under the auspices of +Argive gods and heroes.(444) In the first place, Argives and Rhodians are +mentioned together as founders; as in the instance of Soli, which +nevertheless only defended the Rhodians as a sister state before the Roman +senate.(445) Of the manner in which heroes were adopted as founders, the +city just mentioned furnishes a good instance. For the Argive soothsayer +Amphilochus is said to have come hither, who, according to poems that went +under the name of Hesiod, had been put to death by Apollo at Soli.(446) +The following example gives a still clearer notion of the manner in which +these fables were formed. The Rhodians built Phaselis at the same time +with Gela (Olymp. 16. 713 B.C.); the founder is called Lacius, whom the +Delphian oracle had sent to the east, as it had Antiphemus to the +west.(447) Now it is shown in another part of this work(448) that Lacius +is a Cretan form for Rhacius; and this was the name of the husband of +Manto, and father of Mopsus, the ancient mythical prophet of the temple at +Claros. For, leaving no doubt that this person is intended, the tradition +also says, that this Mopsus, the son of Rhacius, founded Phaselis:(449) +Pamphylia itself is called the daughter of Rhacius and of Manto;(450) and +lastly, the same Lacius is represented as a contemporary of Mopsus, and as +having been sent out by Manto as a founder at the same time with the +latter.(451) The inference that we must draw is, that there was no such +individual as Lacius who led the Lindians in person to Phaselis, but that +he was merely a mythical being, and represents the Clarian oracle, which +seems to have co-operated on this occasion.(452) Those who are versed in +the interpretation of mythical narratives will also hence infer, that the +same was the case with his contrary, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. In order, however, to +give the mother-state, Argos, a share in the mythical account of the +foundation of the Pamphylian colonies, it was necessary that Amphilochus, +who belonged to the family of the Amythaonidae, should, together with +Calchas, have some connexion with them all; and, in fact, it is not +impossible that soothsayers from Argos, who called themselves descendants +of this prophet and hero, were procured by the Rhodians for this service. + +6. We may now penetrate somewhat deeper into the obscure traditions of the +Cilician cities Mallus, Mopsuestia, and Mopsucrene. In the fables +concerning the founding of these towns, Amphilochus and Mopsus are always +mentioned together; at the same time that the account of their Argive +origin is very much brought into notice. Cicero calls both these prophets +on this occasion kings of Argos.(453) Here then we may also assume that +soothsayers were brought from the mother-country, and suppose that the +prophets of the Amphilochian oracle of Mallus were actually natives of +Argos; and although, as will be shown below, the influence of the Clarian +worship was also felt,(454) yet the persons who were the real colonisers +could only have been a sea-faring people, such as the Rhodians. In +consequence, however, of these settlements having been founded at a very +early period, when all colonies were as yet entirely dependent upon the +oracles, and therefore were always under the direction of prophets, and as +an inventive and imaginative spirit was then in full vigour, their true +history has been enveloped in a thick cloud of mythological fiction, which +we have at least begun to remove. + +7. We next proceed to the CORINTHIAN colonies, the geographical situation +of which alone affords a remarkable result with regard to the maritime +expeditions undertaken by the mother-country. For although Corinth had two +harbours, Lechaeum in the Crisaean, and Cenchreae in the Saronic gulf, it it +evident that all its colonies were sent out from the western port. They +were founded, almost without exception, on the coasts of the Ionian sea; +at the entrance of which the Corinthians had, perhaps at a very early +period, founded the city of Molycreium.(455) Notwithstanding this, the +very first colony from Corinth, the date of which is known within a few +years (Olymp. 5. 760-757 B.C.),(456) ventured to cross the Ionian sea, and +to found in the most beautiful part of Sicily the renowned city of +Syracuse. The founder was Archias a Heraclide, and probably also of the +family of the Bacchiadae;(457) he was followed by Corinthians, chiefly from +the borough of Tenea;(458) and on the road was joined by some Dorians from +Megara;(459) the expedition was also accompanied by a prophet of the +sacred family of Olympia, the Iamidae, whose descendants flourished at +Syracuse in the time of Pindar.(460) It appears, however, that Syracuse at +that time borrowed many religious institutions from Olympia, as is proved +by the worship of Arethusa, of Artemis Ortygia, and of the Olympian +Zeus.(461) These original founders built a town in the island of Ortygia, +the name of which can be explained only from the worship of the goddess +just mentioned. The lands taken from the aboriginal Sicilians they divided +into lots, according to the number of the colonists. For the method +universally observed in founding these colonies was, that the adventurers +received before-hand a promise of a share in the territory--which also was +called a lot. On the occasion of this very settlement, AEthiops, a +Corinthian glutton, is said to have sold a promise of this kind to a +companion for one honey-cake.(462) Eumelus the Bacchiad, the celebrated +poet of Corinth, seems to have been one of these colonists,(463) as he is +mentioned in connexion with Archias. Although the _demus_, or populace of +the city, chiefly perhaps consisted of inhabitants of various nations, who +put themselves under the protection of this colony, and although the +territory around was peopled by Sicilian bondsmen, yet in its dialect, and +probably for a considerable period in its customs also, Syracuse remained +a purely Doric state: as the women in Theocritus say,(464) "_Our origin is +Corinthian, and therefore we speak the language of Peloponnesus. For it is +permitted, I suppose, to the Dorians to speak Doric._" Hence the +Syracusans were so greatly pleased with an ambassador from Lucania, who +had learnt to speak Doric in order to address them in their native +tongue.(465) Syracuse increased so rapidly in population and power, that +seventy years after its foundation it colonized Acrae, and also Enna, +situated in the centre of the island; twenty years after this, the town of +Casmenae; and in forty-five more, Camarina. Also some Syracusan(466) +fugitives named Myletidae, together with Chalcideans from Zancle, are said +to have founded Himera: hence the dialect there in use was a mixture of +Chalcidean and Doric; but the institutions were entirely Chalcidean. + +8. The other Corinthian colonies, as has been already remarked, were all +situated to the east of the Ionian sea. The nearest of these are, besides +their colony of Molycreium, Chalcis in AEtolia,(467) and Solium in +Acarnania;(468) further on, we find that Ambracia was in very early times +founded by Corinth,(469) and accordingly was governed by a brother of +Periander;(470) by the influence of this settlement Amphilochian Argos +changed its language and customs for those of the Greeks.(471) Anactorium +was founded by the Corinthians, under the command of Periander, in +conjunction with the Corcyraeans. At the same time, and in connexion with +the same persons, they occupied the island of Leucadia;(472) to the +possession of which, however, the Corcyraeans, as they were at that time +subject to Corinth, had no just claim; and Themistocles unquestionably did +wrong in attributing any such right to them;(473) the Leucadians also +always remained firm to their real parent-state. Next comes Corcyra +itself, the founding of which by Chersicrates the Bacchiad(474) is +represented as having been a secondary branch of the colony sent to +Syracuse;(475) but it had at a very early period set itself up as a rival +to the mother-state in the Ionian sea, whose ancient power had been +probably broken before the Persian war. On the opposite coast lay +Epidamnus, which city was chiefly founded by Corcyraeans, but under the +command of Phalius, the son of Eratocleides, a Corinthian Heraclide, whom +the Corcyraeans, according to the ancient colonial law, had sent for, +together with some of his countrymen (in Olymp. 38. 2. 629 B.C. according +to Eusebius), and were afterwards strengthened by emigrants from +Dyspontium in Pisatis.--Lastly, Gylax, a Corinthian, together with 200 of +his own countrymen, and a greater number of Corcyraeans, founded Apollonia +in the time of Periander. Here ends the list of Corinthian colonies, which +formed a strong and continuous chain along the coast; and thus even the +barbarians of the interior, especially the Epirots of Thesprotia, were +forced to maintain a perpetual connexion with Corinth:(476) hence also the +kings of the Lyncestae in Macedonia esteemed it an honour to derive their +origin from the Bacchiadae.(477) At a still further distance lay the island +of Issa, which was colonized from Syracuse.(478) Corcyra, however, +possessed settlements as far as the Flanatian gulf.(479) From these facts +it is evident that there was a time when Corinth predominated in these +seas; and by means of Corcyra and Ambracia, and other towns, ruled over +many nations of barbarians. But the loss of Corcyra, which had been at war +with its mother-state in the 28th Olympiad (about 668 B.C.),(480) even +before the time of Periander (though it was for a short time again reduced +to subjection by the enterprising Cypselidae), was an incurable wound for +Corinth. The other colonies, however, showed a remarkable obedience to +her.(481) It was not till after the loss of their maritime dominion in +these quarters (an event which had nevertheless taken place before the +Persian war) that the Corinthians appear to have founded Potidaea on the +opposite side of Greece in Chalcidice, which colony they sought to retain +in their power by continually interfering in its internal administration, +and for this purpose sent thither every year magistrates named +Epidemiurgi.(482) + +9. MEGARA, on the other hand, was induced by its situation to send even +its first colonies to the opposite side of Greece on the Thracian coast. +Thus in Olymp. 17. 3. 710 B.C. it founded Astaeus in Bithynia;(483) +afterwards Chalcedon, on the entrance of the Bosporus(484) in Olymp. 26. +2. 675 B.C. (according to Eusebius); and 17 years later (Olymp. 30. 3. 658 +B.C.) Byzantium in a more favoured spot, opposite to Chalcedon.(485) The +Argives also had a share in the foundation of this town; for which fact we +may trust the general assertion of Hesychius of Miletus, that his +circumstantial and fabulous history of the early times of this city was +derived from ancient poets and historians. For the transmission of the +worship of Here (whose temple both at Byzantium and Argos was on the +citadel),(486) and the traditions concerning Io, the attendant of the +Argive Here, confirm in a manner which does not admit of a doubt, the +pretensions of Argos to a share in this colony. Io, who was represented +with horns on her forehead, is said to have here produced to Zeus a +daughter, Ceroessa the "Horned" by name (which is, however, only a +different name for Io herself), who being suckled by the nymph Semestra, +afterwards brought forth Byzas.(487) Thence the fable of the cow swimming +over the sea became peculiar to this place.(488) In other respects the +combinations of religious ceremonies as found at Byzantium, almost exactly +resembled that which existed in Megara. Nay, so carefully did the +Byzantians, though far removed from their mother-state, preserve the +remembrance of it, that they carried over almost all the names of their +native country and the neighbouring region. We find on the coast a temple +of Poseidon, whose son was named Byzas; also of Demeter and Cora; the +Scironian rocks, an Isthmian promontory, with the tomb of Hipposthenes a +Megarean hero, the temple of Apollo on the high promontory of Metopum; +also an altar of Saron, a pretended hero, whose name referred to the +Saronic gulf.(489) Thus Byzantium was never estranged from its +Peloponnesian ancestors, although it adopted a large number of additional +colonists,(490) and ruled over Thracian subjects. Moreover, the prevailing +dialect, which occurs in some public decrees still extant, remained for a +long time Doric.(491) The Byzantians, together with the Chalcedonians, +either at the time of the expedition of Darius against the Scythians, or +of the Ionic revolt, founded Mesambria on the Pontus,(492) which some +consider as a colony of Megara. The Megareans had also founded Selymbria +even before the settlement of Byzantium,(493) and probably carried on from +this place a war with the Samians at Perinthus,(494) when that island was +still governed by Geomori, before the time of Polycrates. Moreover, the +Megareans had a large share in the founding of Heraclea on the Pontus; for +although they were strengthened by some Tanagraeans from Boeotia, their +numbers so predominated that this city was in general considered as +Doric.(495) + +10. Megara, however, at the same time founded some very considerable +colonies to the west, viz., in Sicily. It will be sufficient to state in +general terms that Hybla in Sicily was a Megarean colony, established in +the 13th Olympiad (about 728 B.C.), and was even called Megara.(496) It +probably kept up a constant intercourse with the mother-state; since +Theognis, who was a Megarean from Sicily, according to Plato, dwelt +nevertheless for a long time in the Megara near Athens, to which state +many of his poems refer.(497) The founding of the small town of Trogilus, +and of the more important city of Thapsos, preceded the building of +Megara. A century later, some inhabitants of Megara founded Selinus in the +neighbourhood of that part of the island, which town was in early times +held by the Phoenicians, in later times by the Carthaginians. + +11. The colonies of SPARTA, which still remain to be considered, were more +numerous than would be expected of a state so averse to maritime affairs. +In the history of the migrations of the Heraclidae, we find introduced the +colonies of Thera, Melos, Gortyna, and Cyrene; which, although for the +sake of honour they recognised Sparta as their mother-state, had been in +fact founded by Achaeans, Minyans, and AEgidae, who dwelt at that time in a +state of almost entire independence in a district of Laconia.(498) All +these states, however, retained the Doric name; and Cyrene, though even +the founders married Libyan women,(499) always preserved to the utmost of +its power the institutions, customs, and language of its +mother-country.(500) The founding of Cnidos also took place at an early +period, and was generally ascribed to the Lacedaemonians.(501) The leader +of the colony was, according to Diodorus, one Hippotes.(502) Syme also was +at that time peopled from Cnidos.(503) The principal religion of this +city, that of Aphrodite(504) (who was here worshipped in a three-fold +capacity), was without doubt the same as that which existed at Cythera, +having been carried over by the Lacedaemonian colonists. The splendid city +of Cnidos, protected toward the east by an Acropolis, which both its +Cyclopian architecture(505) and fabulous history prove to have existed +before the time of the Dorians, was situated on a neck of land, with a +harbour on each side, one of which was among the largest in Greece. Thus +fitted by nature for commerce, Cnidos also founded colonies of its own, +among which Lipara, established (in Olymp. 50, about 580 B.C.) upon one of +the AEolian islands under the direction of descendants of Hippotes,(506) +overcame the Etruscans in several wars, and adorned Delphi with offerings +of victory.(507) Another colony from Cnidos, remarkable chiefly for its +distance from the mother-country, is Black-Corcyra, on the coast of +Illyria. Lacedaemon herself, however, is said to have sent out colonies to +Phrygia, Pisidia, and Cyprus. In the former country, Pisistratus, a +Spartan, is said to have founded Noricum near Celaenae on the river +Marsyas.(508) Selge in Pisidia is generally considered by the ancients to +have been a Lacedaemonian colony, and we frequently find on coins of a late +date this origin recognised. The representative of the state is Hercules +the Doric hero: moreover, the free spirit, the bravery, and the good laws +of the Selgaeans (although the reverse is sometimes attributed to them) +were derived from their mother-state.(509) The wrestling youths in the act +of grasping one another ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) represented on their coins, +bespeak a love for gymnastic exercises. It should, however, be remembered, +that the founders of this colony were, according to a more exact +statement, Amyclaeans,(510) _i.e._ fugitive Perioeci, who perhaps had passed +through Cnidos in their way to these districts. It appears that the +Selgaeans founded Sagalassus,(511) which city is styled on its coins _The +Lacedaemonian_. Perhaps Praxander went at the same time from Therapne in +Laconia, with Cephas of Olenus (both Achaeans by birth) to the island of +Cyprus, where they founded Lapathus and Ceronia.(512) + +12. But the most celebrated of all the Lacedaemonian colonies, and which +really proceeded from Sparta, was Tarentum. The history of its origin is +buried in fable, in the accounts of the first Messenian war; the +accompanying circumstances will be mentioned below. The leader of this +colony was Phalanthus, son of Aratus, a Heraclide.(513) Taras, on the +other hand, is called the son of Poseidon, because this colony carried +over the worship of that deity from Taenarum to Italy. These emigrants also +brought with them other religious rites, as for instance the worship of +Hyacinthus;(514) likewise many names from their native country, as that of +the Eurotas, which they gave to the river Galaesus.(515) But the fruitful +and luxuriant territory to which they had moved, its soft and voluptuous +climate, and the commerce, for which Tarentum was well situated,(516) and +always open (although it never carried it on in an active manner), helped +to engender that effeminacy of character, which gave countenance to the +fable of the founders having been the sons of unmarried women ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}). +Still, amidst all its degeneracy, Tarentum retained a certain degree of +dependence on its mother-country: at the foundation of Heraclea the +Tarentines allowed Cleandridas a Spartan to be one of the original +colonists.(517) The friendship, moreover, of the Cnidians with the +Tarentines,(518) as well as that with the Cyreneans, was founded on the +recognition of a common origin. The colony of Croton (Olymp. 19. 2. 703 +B.C., according to Eusebius) consisted indeed of Achaeans, who came partly +from the maritime town of Rhypae,(519) and partly from Laconia:(520) it +must, however, have been established under the authority of the Doric +state of Sparta, since Apollo and Hercules, the Doric god and hero, were +here worshipped with especial honour;(521) the early constitution was also +Doric; and although in general we are not to look for truth in the poetry +of Ovid, yet in this instance we may credit his statement that Myscellus +the founder was a Heraclide.(522) In like manner the Locrians, who (in +Olymp. 24. 2. 683 B.C.) founded Locri, must have procured Spartans as +leaders,(523) since (as their coins also show) they paid particular +honours to the Dioscuri, in time of distress in war the statues of these +gods having been sent to them from Sparta, as being a people of the same +origin;(524) and even in the Peloponnesian war they still adhered to the +cause of Sparta.(525) Of a nature wholly different were the rapid and +transitory settlements of Dorieus the son of Anaxandrides, king of Sparta, +which this noble adventurer founded in Sicily and Libya; when, scorning to +submit to a worthless brother, and confiding in his own strength, he hoped +to obtain by conquest a kingdom in a distant country.(526) Finally, the +Lyctians of Crete and other inhabitants of this island called themselves +colonists of Sparta. In all probability many of the ancient Doric cities +of this country received fresh settlers from Lacedaemon; which state, at +the beginning of the Olympiads(527) in the time of Alcamenes, and even +during the life of Lycurgus,(528) exercised a very considerable influence +upon the internal affairs of Crete. + +Having taken a view of the Doric settlements without Peloponnesus, we now +return to the history of that peninsula, which we will divide into two +periods, namely, before and after the 40th Olympiad, or the year 620 B.C. + + + + +Chapter VII. + + + § 1. Sources of the early history of Peloponnesus. § 2. Quoit of + Iphitus, Registers of Victors at the Olympic and Carnean Games, + Registers at Sicyon and Argos. § 3. Registers of the Spartan + Kings. § 4. Spartan Rhetras, Land-marks. § 5. Lyric Poets, Oral + Tradition, and Political Institutions. § 6. Mythical character of + Lycurgus. § 7. Lycurgus founder of the sacred armistice of + Olympia. § § 8. and 9. Messenian wars: sources of the history of + them. § 10. First Messenian war. § 11. Second Messenian war. § 12. + Influence in Arcadia obtained by the Spartans. § 13. Limited + ascendancy of Argos in Argolis. § 14. Disputes between Argos and + Sparta. § 15. Pheidon of Argos. § 16. Further struggles between + Argos and Sparta. + + +1. Before we begin to collect and arrange the accounts extant concerning +the early history of Peloponnesus, it will be first necessary to ascertain +what are our sources of information respecting the events of this period. +For the epic poets, who carried on an uninterrupted series of traditions +on the events of the mythical ages, and have thus thrown over this dark +period some faint glimmerings which may in many places be condensed into a +distinct and useful light, only touch on a few points of the period whose +history we are about to examine. On the other hand, indeed, the art of +writing was during this time introduced among the Greeks through their +intercourse with Asia; but that a long time elapsed before it came into +general use, is evident from the almost surprising imperfection of those +written documents which have been preserved to us of a date anterior to +the 60th Olympiad, in comparison with the great perfection of the works of +Grecian art. For this reason, writing was long regarded in Greece as a +foreign craft, and letters were considered (for example in the Tean +curses) as Phoenician symbols. Nevertheless, these few and scanty registers +are the first materials for real history and chronology now extant. As +such, the following have been made known to us from Peloponnesus. + +2. The _Quoit of Iphitus_, upon which was inscribed in a circle the +formula for proclaiming the sacred armistice of Elis, and in which Iphitus +and Lycurgus were mentioned as the founders of it.(529) There is no reason +for doubting its genuineness, which was recognised by Aristotle, and the +institution which it mentioned was considered by all ancient writers as a +real fact.(530) Secondly, the _lists of the conquerors at the Olympic +games_ brought down uninterruptedly from the victory of Choroebus,(531) +which always recorded the conquerors in the foot-race, and in later times +at least those in the other games.(532) It is probable that they were +originally engraved on single pillars, and afterwards collected under the +inspection of the Hellanodicae.(533) Similar catalogues of conquerors in +other games, besides the four great ones, were also probably not uncommon, +but they were generally inscribed on separate pillars, and were therefore +of little use to the historian.(534) The names of the _conquerors at the +Carnean games_ at Sparta were also registered, so that Hellanicus was +enabled to compose from them a work called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. The _register at +Sicyon_ contained a list of the priestesses of Here at Argos, and the +poets and musicians of the games.(535) But this also contained fabulous +accounts: for example, the invention of playing and singing on the harp by +Amphion. Nor were the _catalogues of the priestesses of Here_, which were +probably kept at Argos, altogether free from fable, as may be perceived +from the fragments of Hellanicus's chronological work on these +priestesses, which was probably founded on the official catalogues.(536) + +3. There were also at Lacedaemon public registers, in which Plutarch found +mention of the daughters of Agesilaus;(537) and in those of the earliest +times the same author discovered the Pythian oracle concerning +Lycurgus,(538) the same that Herodotus refers to in his first book. These +doubtless contained the names of all the kings, and probably also the +years of their reigns, as far back as Procles, who, according to a +statement noticed above, died one year before his brother +Eurysthenes.(539) This fact could hardly have been derived from any other +source than some national annals, though it is not impossible that it was +first transferred to them from oral narrative; in which case, however, it +is difficult to understand how tradition, contrary to its general +character, preserved dates. It was without doubt from these registers that +Charon of Lampsacus, before the time of Herodotus, composed his work +entitled, "_The Prytanes, or Rulers, of Lacedaemon_;"(540) in which he also +noticed the sacred offerings and monuments of ancient times.(541) With +respect to the chronological labours of Timaeus, Polybius(542) says that +"this writer compared the ephors with the kings of Lacedaemon from the +beginning, and the archons at Athens and priestesses at Argos with the +conquerors at the Olympic games, and noted the errors which the cities had +made in the registration, even when they only differed by three months." +Eratosthenes and Apollodorus founded their chronology, especially before +the Olympiads, upon the same list of the kings;(543) they both nearly +agreed in reckoning 327 or 328 years from the expedition of the Heraclidae +to the first Olympiad (776 B.C.),(544) which calculation would have been +impossible if the duration of each king's reign had not been known; for if +this computation is made by generations, reckoning about three to a +century, quite a different number comes out.(545) Lycurgus, however, was +placed by Eratosthenes 108 years before the first Olympiad;(546) in which +computation he certainly went on the authority of the Quoit of Iphitus; +which agrees with the statement of Apollodorus, that Homer, who according +to this chronologist flourished 148 years before the first Olympiad, was a +contemporary of Lycurgus when the latter was a young man.(547)--It appears, +however, that the name of Lycurgus was not preserved in any register of +the kings, since in that case it would have been impossible that he should +have been called by Herodotus the guardian of his nephew Labotas the +Eurysthenid,(548) by Simonides (who lived in great intimacy with king +Pausanias)(549) the son of Prytanis and brother of Eunomus the Proclid, +and by others the son of Eunomus and guardian of his nephew +Charilaus,(550) had there existed any genealogy of him which was +sufficiently accredited. Hence we must infer that these catalogues only +contained the names of the kings, and not even of the royal guardians or +protectors, such as Lycurgus. On the other hand, the variations in the +enumeration of the kings are unimportant, being confined to this, that in +the pedigree of the Proclidae Herodotus(551) (or his transcribers) leaves +out the name of Soues, which occurs in all the rest, and, contrary to +Pausanias, changes the order of Eunomus and Polydectes. Since the name of +Polydectes is entirely wanting in Simonides and Eusebius, it is probable +that Polydectes and Eunomus are only different names of the same king; and +that Polydectes was the proper name, and Eunomus a title of honour.(552) +Upon this hypothesis we obtain the following series of kings of the +Proclid line--Prytanis, Polydectes, Charilaus, with tolerable certainty. +There must also have been registers of the names and years of the princes +of Corinth, and the family of the Bacchiadae, since no one could have had +the boldness to invent them.(553) Indeed there were altogether many +pedigrees, particularly of the Heraclidae: as, for example, of families at +Cyrene,(554) and the Ptolemies;(555) their authority, however, could not +have been very great; in the latter, indeed, we cannot fail to recognise +the unscrupulous hand of Alexandrine flatterers. The ancient chronicles of +Elis, which Pausanias saw, appear to have contained complete pedigrees +from Oxylus down to Iphitus;(556) although the descendants of the former +were not kings. The father of Iphitus was there stated to have been also +named Iphitus, in contradiction to the common account.(557) + +4. None of these registers appear to have contained anything beyond the +names of conquerors at the games (which have seldom any reference to +history), and princes with the years of their reigns. If anything more was +noted down, it was perhaps here and there an oracle, as those belonging to +the history of Sparta in Herodotus,(558) which were without doubt brought +by the Pythians to Sparta in writing, at a very early period. To these may +be perhaps added some ancient _rhetras_;(559) under which term the ancient +Dorians included all political documents, laws, and treaties. The most +ancient instance of the last kind is the treaty between the Eleans and the +inhabitants of Heraea, discovered by sir William Gell,(560) the writing of +which is so extremely rude as to prove that they were little practised in +that art when it was engraved. It is however very doubtful how the Spartan +rhetras of Lycurgus were drawn up. By some it has been supposed that they +were originally composed in metre, in order to be chanted by the youth of +Sparta;(561) but this is contradicted by the certain testimony(562) that +Terpander of Antissa, whom the Spartans so highly esteemed, was the first +who set these laws to music, and first gave them a metrical and poetical +form; and Terpander did not live till after the 26th Olympiad, or 672 +B.C.(563) But the rhetra which Plutarch has preserved as the genuine +constitutional formula bears a truly archaic character, since it contains +a command of the Pythian Apollo to the lawgiver in the infinitive mood, +and does not fall into verse. I do not perceive why it might not have been +written, as well as the contemporaneous inscription on the Quoit of +Iphitus, and the ancient oracles cited by Herodotus; at least we cannot in +any other way account for the preservation of the words. The original +rhetras, however, were very few, and formed merely the nucleus of a system +of laws, more as a help to the memory than as a perfect code; hence the +ancients could with propriety say, that Zaleucus was the first who +committed laws to writing.(564) The three rhetras, which were preserved +besides the former one, were merely certain general formulas, and by no +means explicit laws; they had the form of an oracle, as having proceeded +from the Pythian god,(565) but were written entirely in prose.(566) + +Next in the list of public monuments come the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, or landmarks of +territory. It is well known that we are in possession of such records of a +later period, belonging to the sacred territory of the Pythian Apollo (in +which earlier surveys of the Amphictyonic Hieromnemons, and ancient +inscriptions on boundary-stones are appealed to), belonging to Cretan +towns, and likewise to Samos and Priene, in which the inhabitants of +Priene cite ancient records, preserved from the time of Bias in the temple +of Athene.(567) Historical works were also composed from these +memorials.(568) Now there must also have been records of this kind in +Peloponnesus, although the inscriptions, by which the Messenians wished to +prove to the Romans their original boundary towards Laconia, were +evidently not made till after their re-establishment by Epaminondas.(569) + +5. These documents, if we were in possession of them, would afford a +valuable foundation for an account of the three centuries before regular +history begins; but merely an outline, which would require to be filled up +from other sources. This might partly be done from the writings of the +_Lyric poets_, who flourished at that time, as Eumelus, Thaletas, Tyrtaeus, +Alcman, and Terpander;(570) which writers had frequent intercourse with +the Spartans, and introduced the events of the time into their poetry to a +much greater degree than the epic poets. And in fact we find in the +fragments of Tyrtaeus and Alcman a lively representation of the feelings +and manners of the period. The next source of information is _oral +tradition_, which, though erring continually with regard to names and +numbers, yet always relates something essential; and, finally, the +_political institutions_ continuing to exist in later times, which had +their origin in this period. + +These, and no other than these, can have been the means employed by the +authors who wrote on the affairs of Laconia, in the century when history +was approaching to maturity, such as Hellanicus, Charon, and Herodotus; +and either directly or indirectly must have afforded materials to those +who treated of the times of Lycurgus during the later age of Greek +learning. But how little do we recognise the ancient simplicity and +liveliness which characterise all the genuine remains of that time, in the +historical style of Ephorus and Hermippus,(571) and their followers. The +object of these writers was to assimilate, as much as possible, the +notions of antiquity to those of their own time, and to attempt in some +way or other to represent every act as proceeding from such motives as +would have actuated their own contemporaries. They have with a truly +unsparing hand rubbed off the venerable rust of ancient tradition, and, +totally mistaking the most powerful springs of action then prevalent, +moulded all events of which any records had been preserved, into a +connected form more suited to a modern history. It is almost impossible to +describe with what unlucky zeal Plutarch, where Lycurgus only embodied in +laws the political feelings of his race and nation, ascribes to that +legislator plans and views generally unsatisfactory, and often absolutely +childish. + +6. If now we apply the method above stated to the history of Lycurgus, we +shall find that we have absolutely no account of him as an _individual +person_. Tradition very properly represents him as intimately connected +with the temple of Delphi (by which the Dorians, and especially the state +of Sparta, were at that time entirely led), and with Crete, the earliest +civilized state of the Doric race. This connexion was generally +represented under the form of a journey to both places; his tomb was also +shown both at Cirrha and at Pergamia in Crete. It was easy to imagine that +the reforms of Lycurgus were violently opposed, and produced tumults and +disturbances.(572) But the story of Alcander putting out one of Lycurgus's +eyes (probably a popular tale) is founded on a false explanation of the +title of Pallas Optiletis.(573) It was indeed an ancient tradition that he +was guardian of a Spartan king; but the common report of this being +Charilaus(574) is not quite certain, as we have seen above; and in order +to account for both his travels and regency, he was reported to have +abdicated the latter in order to avoid suspicion.(575) If we set aside all +fictions of this description, which have almost the spirit of a moral +tale, like the Cyropaedia of Xenophon, there remains very little +traditional lore. Of his legislation we will treat hereafter.(576) + +7. It is very singular that historians should have mentioned so little of +the action of Lycurgus, which comes next in importance to that which has +been just discussed;(577) I mean the share that he had in founding the +sacred armistice and games at Olympia, which event was without doubt the +commencement of a more tranquil state of affairs in Peloponnesus. +Lycurgus, as the representative of the Doric race, Iphitus, of the +AEtolians and Eleans, and Cleosthenes,(578) the son of Cleonicus of Pisa, +the city to which the temple of Olympia properly belonged, and which had +not then lost the management of it, in conjunction perhaps with several +others, drew up the fundamental law of the Peloponnesian armistice. This +contained two heads. First, that the whole territory of the Eleans (who +acted as masters of the games, after the expulsion of the Pisatans, every +year with more exclusive power) should remain for ever free from hostile +inroads and ravages, insomuch that even armed troops were only to be +allowed a passage on condition of first laying down their arms;(579) +secondly, that during the time of the festival a cessation of arms should +also be proclaimed throughout the rest of Peloponnesus. But, since there +was little agreement among the individual states in the computation of +time, and as the Eleans alone were acquainted with the exact time at which +the quadrennial festival came round, and perhaps also in order to make the +injunction of the god more impressive, the Eleans always sent _feciales_ +round to the different states, "_heralds of the season, the Elean +truce-bearers of Zeus_;"(580) these persons proclaimed the Olympic +armistice, first to their own countrymen, and then to the other +Peloponnesians: after which time no army was to invade another's +territory.(581) The fine which was to have been paid by the Spartans in +the Peloponnesian war for having sent out soldiers after this period was +two minas for each hoplite, the very sum which by the agreement of the +Peloponnesians was required for the ransom of prisoners of war;(582) +whence it is evident that the transgressors of the truce were considered +as becoming slaves of the god, and were to be ransomed again from him. The +decree was pronounced by the tribunal of the temple at Elis, according to +the "Olympian law."(583) The fine was divided between the Eleans and the +treasury at the temple of Olympia. To this temple also were paid all +penalties incurred by the infraction of treaties;(584) nay, sometimes +whole cities were bound to pay a fixed tribute every year to the god.(585) +By these and similar laws was the armistice protected, which doubtless was +not intended merely to secure the celebration of the games from +disturbance, but also to effect a peaceable meeting of the Peloponnesians, +and thus to give occasion for the settling of disputes, and the conclusion +of alliances. Even in the Peloponnesian war public business was transacted +at this assembly.(586) But one chief effect of the Olympian festival +appears to have been the production of a more friendly connexion between +the AEtolian and Doric races. This fact appears to be established by the +tradition that Iphitus introduced the worship of Hercules at Elis, which +therefore had previously been peculiar to the Dorians.(587) Apollo, the +Doric god, was also at this time regarded as the protector of the sacred +armistice of Olympia, as we shall see hereafter.(588) + +8. We now proceed immediately to the _Messenian wars_, since it is hardly +possible to find one independent event between the commencement of them +and the time of Iphitus. These however are really historical, since we +have in Tyrtaeus a nearly contemporaneous account of the first, and one +actually so of the second. The fragments and accounts of his poems are our +principal guides for obtaining a correct knowledge of these transactions. +And in these alone many circumstances appear in quite a different light +from that in which they are represented in the romance of Pausanias. In +the latter, the Spartans only are the aggressors, the Messenians only the +subjects of attack; but, if we listen to Tyrtaeus, the former also had to +fight for their own country. But, since even the ancients possessed few +remains of Tyrtaeus, and as nearly all the historical part of his poems +appears to have come down to us, whence did Pausanias derive his copious +narrative, and the details with which he has adorned it? Was it from +ancient epic poets? Yet of these there is nowhere any mention: and in +general an historical event, if it could not be put into an entirely +fabulous shape, like the stories of the origin and foundation of many +colonies, lay altogether without the province of the early poetry. It is +indeed possible that in the Naupactia, which are referred to for the +mythical history of Messenia,(589) some historical notices may have +occasionally occurred, perhaps too in the works of Cinaethon and Eumelus: +but the ancients, who disliked the labour of compiling a history from +scattered fragments, probably gave themselves very little trouble to +discover them. On the other hand, there existed a series of traditional +legends, whose character announces their high antiquity; thus, that of the +Messenians, that Aristomenes had _thrice_ offered a _hecatomphonion_, or +sacrifice for a hundred enemies slain in battle;(590) whether or no of +human victims is doubtful.(591) A share in this sacrifice was also +performed by Theoclus, who is called an Elean, because he belonged to a +family of the Iamidae, which, as it appears, was settled in Messenia; but +this clan, though scattered about in different places, yet always retained +their rights at Olympia.(592) The same character may also be perceived in +the legend of Aristomenes thrice incurring the danger of death. On the +first of these occasions, when thrown into the Ceadas, he was preserved by +a fox, the symbol of Messenia; on the second, whilst his guards were +asleep, he turned to the fire and burnt in two the cords that bound his +limbs,(593) a story more certainly derived from tradition than the +love-adventure which supplies its place in Pausanias: the third time +however that he fell into the hands of his enemies, they cut open his +breast, and found a hairy heart.(594) + +9. Traditions of this kind were probably circulating in different forms +among the victorious Lacedaemonians,(595) amongst the refugee Messenians in +Italy and Naupactus, the subject Messenians who remained in the country, +and the other Peloponnesians, when they were recalled into existence by +the re-establishment of the Messenian state by Epaminondas. Even before +the battle of Leuctra, the Boeotians, on the advice of an oracle, hung up +as a trophy the shield of Aristomenes,(596) the device of which was a +spread eagle:(597) and when Epaminondas recalled the Messenian fugitives +from Italy, Sicily, and even from Libya, and had erected them, with +numerous Helots and people collected from various quarters, into a new +state,(598) Aristomenes was especially invoked before the foundation of +the city.(599) In this manner the ancient traditions were enabled to gain +a new footing, and to be developed in a connected form. Several writers +now seized upon a subject which had begun to excite so great interest, of +whom Rhianus the poet and Myron the prose-writer are known to us.(600) +Myron gave an account of the first Messenian war down to the death of +Aristodemus; but, in the opinion of Pausanias, utterly regardless whether +or no he related falsehood and incredibilities; thus, in the teeth of all +tradition, he introduced Aristomenes, the hero of the second war, into the +first; and he wrote with an evident bias _against_ Sparta.(601) Rhianus, +however, a native of Bena in Crete, celebrated the actions of Aristomenes, +in the second war, from the battle near the Great Trench ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), +until the end of the war, as Homer had done those of Achilles; and +although Pausanias has disproved some of his statements of particular +facts from Tyrtaeus,(602) yet he has frequently followed him, and +especially in the poetical embellishments of his narrative.(603) He never +mentions any historians, such as Ephorus, Theopompus, Antiochus, or +Callisthenes.(604) Rhianus, however, though he might not have exclusively +adopted the Messenian account,(605) yet, as far as we can judge from +Pausanias, gave the reins to his fancy, and mixed up many circumstances +and usages of later times with the ancient tradition.(606) It is not +therefore our intention either to divert the reader with a continued +narration of these fictions, at the expense of truth, or fatigue him by a +detailed criticism of them, but merely to lay before him the chief +circumstances, as they are known with historical certainty. + +10. The first war is distinctly stated by Tyrtaeus to have lasted nineteen +years, and in the twentieth the enemy left their country, and fled from +the mountain Ithome.(607) The same authority also gives the time which +elapsed between the first and second wars, viz., that the grandfathers +were engaged in the first, the grandchildren in the second.(608) The date +of the first war is fixed by Polychares, who is stated to have been the +author of it,(609) having been conqueror in the race at the 4th +Olympiad(610) (764 B.C.); and it agrees well with this date that Eumelus, +who was contemporary with Archias the founder of Syracuse (in the 5th +Olympiad), composed a poem for _free_ Messenia. Pausanias places the +commencement (we know not on what grounds) at Olymp. 9. 2, (743 B.C.) the +termination nineteen years later, Olymp. 14. 1. (724 B.C.) The interval +between the two wars he states (though on what authority we know not, and +contrary to Tyrtaeus) to have been thirty-nine years;(611) so that the +second would have lasted from Olymp. 23. 4. to Olymp. 28. 1. (or from 685 +to 668 B.C.)(612) We shall, however, find hereafter that the date of this +war was probably later by several years, though not so late as Diodorus +fixed it, according to whom the war began in Olymp. 35. 3.(613) We also +know from Tyrtaeus that the Spartan king who completed the subjugation of +Messenia was Theopompus.(614) Now, with respect to the origin of this war, +it may be first traced in the increase of power, which Sparta, before the +beginning of the Olympiads, owed to the exertions of its king Teleclus; +this prince having succeeded in subduing the neighbouring city of Amyclae, +and in reducing several other Achaean towns to a state of dependence on +Sparta.(615) Indeed, if we correctly understand an insulated notice,(616) +Teleclus razed the town of Nedon, on the frontiers of Messenia and +Laconia,(617) and transplanted its inhabitants to the towns of Poeessa, +Echeiae, and Tragis. Hence arose border wars between the Dorians at Sparta +and those at Stenyclarus. The temple of Artemis Limnatis,(618) the +possession of which was disputed between the two nations (though its +festival was common to both), afforded, as may be discovered from the +romance of Pausanias,(619) the immediate ground for the war. For even in +the reign of Tiberius the Lacedaemonians supported their claim to this +temple by ancient annals and oracles;(620) while the Messenians, on the +other hand, brought forward the document already quoted, according to +which this temple, together with the whole territory of Dentheleatis, in +which it was situated, belonged to them. Dissensions in Messenia must have +hastened the breaking out of the war, since it is certain that Hyamia, one +of the five provinces of Messenia, was given by the Spartans to the +Androclidae, a branch of the family of the AEpytidae.(621) The history of the +first war contains traces of a lofty and sublime poetical tradition: for +example, that Aristodemus, though ready to appease the wrath of the gods +by the blood of his own daughter,(622) yet was unable to effect his +purpose; that the damsel was put to death in vain; and upon this, +recognising the will of the gods that Messenia should fall, and being +terrified by portentous omens, he slaughtered himself upon the tomb of his +murdered child.(623) The war seems to have been confined chiefly to the +vicinity of Ithome, which stronghold, situated in the midst of the +country, commanded both the plain of Stenyclarus and that of the Pamisus. +The reduction of this fortress necessarily entailed the subjugation of the +whole country, and many of the Messenians began to emigrate. With this +event the Doric colony of Rhegium is connected. Heraclides of Pontus(624) +merely relates, that some Messenians (who happened to be at this time at +Macistus in Triphylia, in consequence of the violation of some Spartan +virgins) united themselves to the Chalcidian founders of this town (who +had been sent out from Delphi). He probably means those Messenians who +wished to make a reparation for the violation of the Spartan virgins in +the temple of Artemis Limnatis, and were in consequence expelled by their +own countrymen.(625) But, according to Pausanias,(626) even this body of +Messenians received the district of Hyamia; and the Messenians did not +migrate to Rhegium until after the taking of Ithome under Alcidamidas, and +again after the second Messenian war under Gorgus and Manticlus, son of +Theoclus, one of the Iamidae.(627) Anaxilas the tyrant (who lived after +Olymp. 70) afterwards derived his family from the Messenians,(628) who +constituted in general the first nobility of the town of Rhegium.(629) + +The establishment of Tarentum is connected with the history of the first +Messenian war; but it is wrapped up in such unintelligible fables (chiefly +owing perhaps to an ignorance of Lacedaemonian institutions), that all we +can learn from them is, that Tarentum was at that time founded from +Sparta.(630) + +11. In a fragment of Tyrtaeus we find some very distinct traces of the +condition of the subject Messenians after the first war, which will be +separately considered hereafter. The second war clearly broke out in the +north-eastern part of the country, on the frontier towards Arcadia, where +the ancient towns of Andania and OEchalia were situated. In all probability +this tract of country had never been subjugated by the Spartans. +Aristomenes, the hero of this war, was born at Andania,(631) from which +town he harassed the Spartans by repeated inroads and attacks. In his +first march he advanced as far as the plain of Stenyclarus; but after the +victory at the Boar's Grave he returned to Andania. But this attempt of +the Messenians to recover their independence became of serious importance +by the share which the greater part of the states in Peloponnesus took in +it. For Strabo,(632) quoting Tyrtaeus, states, that the Eleans, Argives, +Arcadians, and Pisatans(633) assisted the Messenians in this struggle. The +Pisatans were led by Pantaleon the son of Omphalion, who celebrated the +34th Olympiad in the place of the Eleans;(634) which fact enables us +accurately to fix the time (644 B.C.).--At the head of the Arcadians was +Aristocrates, whom Pausanias calls a Trapezuntian, the son of Hicetas, and +mentions his treachery at the battle near the Trench, on the subsequent +discovery of which the Arcadians deprived his family of the sovereignty of +Arcadia.(635) The same account is also given by Callisthenes,(636) and +both writers quote the inscription on a pillar erected near the +mountain-altar of Zeus Lycaeus in memory of the traitor's detection. Now we +know from good authority(637) that Aristocrates was in fact king only of +Orchomenus in Arcadia,(638) of which his family was so far from losing the +sovereignty, that his son Aristodamus ruled over it, and also over a great +part of Arcadia. The date of Aristocrates(639) appears to have been about +680-640 B.C.(640) + +The Lacedaemonians were therefore in this war really pressed by an enemy of +superior force, a fact alluded to by Tyrtaeus. Meanwhile Sparta was +assisted by the Corinthians,(641) perhaps by the Lepreatans,(642) and even +by some ships of the Samians;(643) but chiefly by Tyrtaeus of Aphidnae, whom +an absurd and distorted fable has turned into a lame Athenian +schoolmaster. The fact of Sparta seeking a warlike minstrel in Aphidnae, +may be accounted for from its ancient connexions with this borough in +Attica, which is said to have been in the hands of the Dioscuri. Whether +or not Aphidnae at that time belonged to Attica, and was subject to Athens, +is a question we shall leave undecided; but there does not seem to be any +reason for inferring with Strabo, from the passage of Tyrtaeus itself, that +the whole tradition was false, and that Tyrtaeus was a Lacedaemonian by +birth,(644) though he doubtless became so by adoption. It is to be +regretted that we have very little information concerning the war carried +on by Sparta with the rest of the Peloponnesians;(645) but the Messenians +at a later period withdrew from Andania towards Eira, which is a +mountain-fortress on the Neda, the border-stream towards Arcadia, near the +sea-coast. When obliged to retire from this stronghold, they were received +first by the Arcadians, their ancient and faithful allies (who, according +to the tradition, gave them their daughters in marriage(646)); afterwards +the exiles sought an asylum with their kinsmen at Rhegium. Aristomenes +himself (if he was not put to death by the Spartans) is said to have died +at Rhodes, in the house of the noble family of the Eratidae.(647) + +12. Besides the possession of Messenia, nothing was of such importance to +the Spartans as the influence which they gained over the towns of Arcadia. +But in what manner these came into their hands is very little known.(648) +During the Messenian war Arcadia was always opposed to Sparta. Hence, in +the year 659 B.C., the Spartans suddenly attacked and took the town of +Phigalea, in a corner of Messenia and Triphylia; but were soon driven out +again by the neighbouring Oresthasians.(649) But the place chiefly dreaded +by Sparta, as being one of the most powerful cantons in Arcadia, and +commanding the principal entrance to Laconia, was Tegea. Charilaus, one of +the early kings of Sparta, is said to have been compelled, by the valour +of the Tegeate women, to submit to a disgraceful treaty.(650) At a later +period also, in the reigns of Eurycrates and Leon the Eurysthenid,(651) +Sparta suffered injury from the same state,(652) until it at last obtained +the superiority under the next king, Anaxandridas. It was not, however, +merely the ingenuity of a mountain-tribe, in protecting and fortifying its +defiles, that made victory so difficult to the Spartans; but, although the +pass which separates Tegea from Laconia, and even at the present time +retains the vestiges of defensive walls, was of great service in repelling +invasions from Laconia,(653) yet Tegea was also formidable in the open +field from her heavy-armed troops, which in later times always maintained +the second place in the allied army of Peloponnesus.(654) + +13. Argos never obtained so great authority in Argolis as Sparta did in +Laconia, since, in the former country, the Dorians divided themselves into +several ancient and considerable towns;(655) and to deprive Dorians of +their independence seems to have been more contrary to the principles of +that race, than to expel them, as the Spartans did the Messenians. Argos +was thus forced to content itself with forming, and being at the head of a +league, which was to unite the forces of the country for common defence, +and to regulate all internal affairs. An union of this kind really +existed, although it never entirely attained its end. It was probably +connected with the temple of Apollo Pythaeus, which, as we remarked above, +was considered as common to the Epidaurians and Dryopians. An Argive +Amphictyonic council is mentioned in the account of the Messenian +war,(656) and is evidently not a fiction, although erroneously there +introduced. That it still continued to exist in the 66th Olympiad is clear +from the fact, that, when the inhabitants of Sicyon and AEgina furnished +Cleomenes with ships to be employed against Argos, each town was condemned +to pay a fine of 500 talents.(657) These penalties could not have been +imposed by Argos as a single town, but in the name of a confederacy, which +was weakened and injured by this act. We find that the Eleans could impose +similar penalties in the name of the Olympian Zeus.(658) But the very case +here adduced shows how refractory was the conduct of the members of this +alliance with regard to the measures taken by the chief confederate. + +14. To this internal discord were added the continual disputes with +Lacedaemon. Herodotus states, that in ancient times (_i.e._ about the 50th +Olympiad, or 580 B.C.) the whole eastern coast of Peloponnesus as far as +Malea (comprising the towns of Prasiae, Cyphanta, Epidaurus Limera, and +Epidelium), together with Cythera, and the other islands, belonged to the +Argives.(659) According to the account of Pausanias the territory of +Cynuria, a valley between two ranges of mountains, on the frontiers of +Laconia and Argos, inhabited by a native Peloponnesian race, had been from +early times a perpetual subject of contention between the two states. The +Lacedaemonians had subdued this district in the reigns of Echestratus and +Eurypon.(660) During the reigns of Labotas and Prytanis, the Spartans +complained of an attempt of the Argives to alienate the affections of +their Perioeci in Cynuria:(661) as, however, we know not by what authority +this statement is supported, we shall allow it to rest on its own merits. +In the reign of Charilaus the Lacedaemonians wasted the territory of +Argos.(662) His son Nicander made an alliance with the Dryopians of Asine +against Argos. Accordingly this people were expelled by Eratus, the Argive +king, from their town,(663) and fled to their allies in Laconia; from whom +they obtained, after the end of the first Messenian war, a maritime +district, where they built a new Asine, and for a long time preserved +their national manners,(664) as well as their connexion with the ancient +religious worship of their kinsmen, the inhabitants of Hermione.(665) + +15. A clearer point in the Argive and Peloponnesian history is the reign +of Pheidon. The accounts respecting this prince having been collected and +examined in another work, it is merely necessary to repeat the +result.(666) Pheidon the Argive, the son of Aristodamidas, was descended +from the royal family of Temenus, the power of which had indeed since the +time of Medon, the son of Ceisus, been much diminished, but yet remained +in existence for a long time. Pheidon broke through the restrictions that +limited his power, and hence, contrary however to the ancient usage of the +term, was called a _tyrant_. His views were at first directed towards +making the independent towns of Argolis dependent upon Argos. He undertook +a war against Corinth, which he afterwards succeeded in reducing. In all +probability Epidaurus, and certainly AEgina, belonged to him; none of the +other towns in the neighbourhood were able to withstand the bold and +determined conqueror.(667) The finishing stroke of his achievements was +manifestly the celebration of the Olympic games, over which he, as +descendant of Hercules (the first conqueror at Olympia), after having +abolished the AEtolian-Elean Hellanodicae, presided, in conjunction with the +inhabitants of Pisa, the ancient town of Pelops, which at this time, and +many centuries after this time, had not relinquished its claims to the +management of the festival. This circumstance also enables us to fix with +certainty the period of his reign, since, in the Elean registers, the 8th +Olympiad was marked as having been celebrated by him (747 B.C.). But it +was this usurpation that united the Eleans and Lacedaemonians against him, +and thus caused his overthrow. While the undertakings of Pheidon thus +remained without benefit to his successors, he has been denounced by +posterity as the most rapacious of tyrants in Greece; but, had he +succeeded in establishing a permanent state of affairs, he would have +received equal honours with Lycurgus. Yet, notwithstanding his failure, +some of his institutions survived him, which adorn his memory. He is known +to have equalized all weights and measures in Peloponnesus, which before +his time were different in each state; he was also the first who coined +money. He was enabled to undertake both with the greater success, since +the only two commercial towns at that time belonging to Peloponnesus lay +in his dominions, viz. Corinth (whence he is sometimes called a +Corinthian) and AEgina. According to the most accurate accounts he first +stamped silver-money(668) in AEgina (where at that time forges doubtless +existed), and, after having circulated these, he consecrated the ancient +and then useless bars of metal to Here of Argos, where they were exhibited +in later times to strangers.(669)--Many of the most ancient drachmas of +AEgina, with the device of a tortoise, perhaps belong to this period, since +the Greek coins struck before the Peloponnesian war appear to indicate a +progress of many centuries in the art of stamping money. Those however +which we have are sufficient to show that the same standard was prevalent +throughout Peloponnesus,(670) a difference in weight, measure, and +standard not having been introduced till after the Peloponnesian war. This +again was a second time abolished by the Achaean league, and an equality of +measures restored.(671) + +16. After the fall of Pheidon the old dispute with Lacedaemon still +continued.(672) In the 15th Olympiad (720 B.C.) the war concerning the +frontier territory of Cynuria broke out afresh;(673) the Argives now +maintained it for some time,(674) and secured the possession of this +district chiefly by the victory at Hysiae in Olymp. 27. 4. (669 B.C.(675)) +And they kept it until the time of Croesus (Olymp. 58.), when they lost it +by the famous battle of the three hundred, in which Othryadas, though +faint with his wounds, erected the trophy of victory for Sparta:(676) a +history the more fabulous, since it was celebrated by sacred songs at the +Gymnopaedia.(677) Inconsiderable in extent as was the territory(678) for +which so much blood was shed, yet its possession decided which should be +the leading power in Peloponnesus. It was not till after this had taken +place that Cleomenes, in whose reign the boundary of Lacedaemon ran near +the little river Erasinus, was enabled to attack Argos with success. + +The power of Argos in the neighbourhood of the city was very insecure and +fluctuating. Towards the end of the second Messenian war Argos had +conquered the neighbouring town of Nauplia; the Lacedaemonians gave Methone +in Messenia to the expelled inhabitants.(679) The temple of Nemea, in the +mountains towards Corinth, was, from its situation, the property of the +independent Doric town Cleonae; the Argives took it from them before Olymp. +53. 1. 568 B.C.,(680) and henceforth celebrated the games of Zeus. The +Argives however again lost it; and some time before the 80th Olympiad the +Cleonaeans again regulated the festival,(681) a privilege which they +probably did not long retain. It is likely that about 580 B.C. the town of +Orneae, between Argos and Sicyon, which had anciently carried on wars with +the latter city, was rendered subject to the former, from which +circumstance the Perioeci of Argos obtained the general name of +_Orneatans_; to which class the Cynurians also belonged before the battle +of Thyrea.(682) But these events properly belong to the period, on the +history of which we are now about to enter, and which we will designate in +general as _the time of the tyrants_. + + + + +Chapter VIII. + + + § 1. The Doric principles of government opposed to despotic (or + tyrannical) power. § 2. Tyrants of Sicyon. § 3. Of Corinth. § 4. + Of Epidaurus and of Megara overthrown by Sparta. § 5. Other + tyrants overthrown by Sparta. § 6. Expedition of Cleomenes against + Argos. § 7. Internal history of Argos. § 8. Contests between + Megara and Athens. + + +1. The subject of this chapter may be best expressed in the words of +Thucydides:(683) "The tyrants of Athens, and of the rest of Greece, of +which many states had been governed by tyrants before the Athenians, were, +with the exception of those in Sicily, in most instances, and especially +in later times, overthrown by the Lacedaemonians, whose state was never +under a despotic government, and who, having become powerful through the +early establishment of their own constitution, were enabled to arrange to +their own liking the governments of other states." It is a remarkable +circumstance in the history of Greece, that at the same period of time +tyrants everywhere obtained the supreme authority in Doric, Ionic, and +AEolic cities; a proof that, although these nations were derived from +different races, the same stage in the progress of social life was every +where attended with the same phenomena. Those states alone in which the +features of the Doric character were most strongly marked, viz., Sparta +and Argos, resisted this influence; and we shall in general find that it +was by a subversion of the Doric principles that the tyrants obtained +their power. This will be made evident by a consideration of the absolute +monarchies in the Doric states of Peloponnesus. + +2. The inhabitants of SICYON appear in ancient times to have been +distinguished from other Dorians by a lively and excitable temperament, +and by a disposition which they had at an early period transferred to +their mythical hero Adrastus, whose "tongue was softly persuasive."(684) +This very disposition, however, under the actual state of circumstances, +opened the way to tyranny. In this instance of Sicyon, as in many others, +the tyrant was the leader of the lower classes, who were opposed to the +aristocracy. It was in this character that Orthagoras came forward, who, +not being of an ancient family, was called by the nobles a cook.(685) But, +notwithstanding its low origin, the family of this person maintained the +supremacy for a longer period than any other, according to Aristotle(686) +for a century, as they did not maltreat the citizens, and upon the whole +respected the laws. Their succession is Orthagoras, Andreas, Myron, +Aristonymus, and Cleisthenes,(687) of whom, however, the second and fourth +never ascended the throne, or only reigned for a short time. Myron was +conqueror at Olympia in the chariot-race in the 33d Olympiad (648 B. C), +and afterwards built a treasury, in which two apartments were inlaid with +Tartessian brass, and adorned with Doric and Ionic columns.(688) Both the +architectural orders employed in this building, and the Tartessian brass, +which the Phocaeans had then brought to Greece in large quantities from the +hospitable king Arganthonius,(689) attest the intercourse of Myron with +the Asiatics; we shall presently see that this same correspondence was of +considerable importance for the measures of other tyrants. Cleisthenes +appears to have employed violence in obtaining the sovereignty,(690) which +he held undisturbed, partly by creating terror through his military fame +and exploits in arms, and partly by gaining the support of the people by +the introduction of some democratic elements into the constitution. With +regard to the latter measure, the singular alterations which he made in +the tribes of Sicyon will be explained hereafter.(691) We will here only +remark that Cleisthenes himself belonged to the subject tribe, which was +not of Doric origin; and while he endeavoured to raise the latter, at the +same time he sought to depress, and even to dishonour the Doric tribes, so +that he entirely destroyed and reversed the whole state of things which +had previously existed. For this reason Cleisthenes was at enmity with +Argos, the chief Doric city of this district.(692) For the same reason he +proscribed the worship of the Argive hero Adrastus, and favoured in its +place the worship of Dionysus, a deity foreign to the Doric character; and +lastly, prohibited the Homeric rhapsodists from entering the town, because +Homer had celebrated Argos, and, we may add, an aristocratic form of +government. These characteristic traits of a bold and comprehensive mind +are gathered from the lively narrative of Herodotus. The same political +tendency was inherited by his son-in-law Megacles, the husband of the +beautiful Agariste, to obtain whose hand many rival youths had assembled +in the palace of Cleisthenes, like the suitors of old, for that of +Helen;(693) and it was particularly manifested in Cleisthenes of Athens, +who changed the Athenian constitution by abolishing the last traces of +separate ranks. With regard, however, to the warlike actions of +Cleisthenes, he must have been very celebrated for his prowess; since in +the war of the Amphictyons against Cirrha, although denounced as a +stone-slinger (that is, a man of the lowest rank),(694) by the Pythian +priestess, he shared the chief command of the army with the Thessalian +Heraclid, Eurylochus, and helped to conquer the city.(695) This took place +in the third year of the 47th Olympiad, or 592 B.C.(696) Out of the +plunder of the town Cleisthenes built a portico for the embellishment of +Sicyon;(697) he was also conqueror in the chariot-race at the second +Pythiad (Olymp. 49. 3. 584 B.C.)(698) It may perhaps be possible from the +scattered accounts concerning this prince to form a notion of his +character. Cleisthenes was undoubtedly a man who was able to seize the +spirit of the time, which aimed at great liberty and excitement--the very +contrary of the settled composure of the Dorians; and, combining talents +and versatility with the love of splendour and pageantry, ridiculed many +things hitherto looked upon with awe, and set no limits to his love of +change. Notwithstanding these qualities, he was, as is probable from the +general testimony of Thucydides, overthrown by Sparta, perhaps soon after +580 B.C.;(699) nor was the ancient state of things restored at Sicyon till +60 years afterwards,(700) during which interval another tyrant named +AEschines reigned, belonging however to a different family. + +3. The CORINTHIAN tyrants(701) were nearly allied with those of Sicyon; +since the former, not belonging to the Doric nobility, were placed in the +same situation as the latter with regard to this class. In Corinth, before +the commencement of the dynasty of tyrants, the ruling power was held by +the numerous(702) Heraclide clan of the Bacchiadae, which had changed the +original constitution into an oligarchy, by keeping itself distinct, in +the manner of a caste, from all other families, and alone furnished the +city with the annual prytanes, the chief magistrates. Cypselus the son of +Aetion, the grandson of Echecrates, from a Corinthian borough named +Petra,(703) and not of Doric descent, although connected on his mother's +side with the Bacchiadae, overcame, with the assistance again of the lower +classes,(704) the oligarchs, now become odious through their luxury(705) +and insolence, the larger part of whom, either voluntarily or by +compulsion, quitted Corinth;(706) and Cypselus became tyrant about the +30th Olympiad (660 B.C.),(707) from the inability of the people to govern +itself independently. However violently the Corinthian orator in Herodotus +accuses this prince, the judgment of antiquity in general was widely +different. Cypselus was of a peaceable disposition, reigned without a +body-guard,(708) and never forgot that he rose from a demagogue to the +throne. He also undertook works of building, either from a taste for the +arts, or for the purpose of employing the people. The treasury at Delphi, +together with the plane-tree, was his work.(709) To him succeeded his son +Periander, who was at first equally or more mild than his father.(710) +Soon, however, his conduct became sensibly more violent, and, according to +Herodotus, he was instigated by his correspondence with Thrasybulus, the +tyrant of Miletus, who counselled him by every method to weaken, or even +to exterminate, the nobility of his city.(711) Many of his actions were +evidently prompted by the wish of utterly eradicating the peculiarities of +the Doric race, which were closely connected with an aristocratic spirit. +For this reason he abolished the public tables, and prohibited the ancient +education.(712) He awed the people by his military splendour, and +maintained triremes on both coasts of the Isthmus;(713) his person he +protected by three hundred body-guards.(714) To maintain the city at +peace, and to avoid all violent commotions, was a principle, on the +observance of which the security of his dominion depended, and upon which +a complete system of regulations was founded. With this view he abolished +a criminal court(715) for the condemnation of such as wasted their +patrimony, inasmuch as persons in this situation were likely to become +innovators. He interdicted immoderate luxury, and an extravagant number of +slaves. Idleness he considered as especially dangerous. So little true did +he remain to the democratic principles of his father, that he expelled the +people from the city;(716) and in order the more readily to accustom them +to agricultural and mechanical labour, only permitted them to wear the +dress of peasants.(717) His own expenses were trifling, and therefore he +required no other taxes than harbour-dues and market-tolls. He also +avoided, where his projects did not require it, all violence and open +injustice; and was even at times so strict a maintainer of public +morality, that the numerous procuresses of the luxurious Corinth were by +his orders thrown into the sea;(718) the hospitable damsels of +Aphrodite(719) being protected by religion. He, as well as his father, +made the construction of splendid monuments of art(720) a means of taxing +the property of the rich, and of employing the body of the people; though +indeed his own refined taste took pleasure in such works. And in general, +if considered in reference to the cultivation of taste and intellect, and +the interests of agriculture and trade, the age of the tyrants was +productive of a very great advancement in the Grecian states. The unpliant +disposition, strict in the observance of all ancient customs and usages, +was then first bent and subdued, and more liberal and extended views +became prevalent. The tyrants were frequently in intimate connexion with +the inhabitants of Asia Minor, whom Sparta despised for their luxury and +effeminacy; and from the Lydian sultan in his harem at Sardes, a chain of +communication, most important in its consequences, was established through +the princes of Miletus and Samos with the countries in the immediate +neighbourhood of Sparta. Periander was in correspondence not only with +Thrasybulus, but also with Halyattes, the king of Lydia, and sent to the +latter prince some Corcyraean youths to be castrated according to the +oriental custom.(721) The names of his kinsmen, Psammetichus and Gordias, +the latter Phrygian, the former Egyptian, are proofs of an hospitable +intercourse with those countries. On the other side of Greece, the policy +of the Cypselidae led them to attempt the occupation of the coast of the +Ionian sea as far as Illyria, and to establish a connexion with the +barbarous nations of the interior.(722) Periander was of a daring and +comprehensive spirit, and rivalled by few of his contemporaries, bold in +the field, politic in council, though misled by continual distrust to +undertake unworthy measures, and having too little regard for the good of +the people when it interfered with his own designs; a friend of the arts, +of an enlightened mind, but at the same time overcome by the strength of +his passions; and, although devoid of awe for all sacred things, yet at +times a prey to the most grovelling superstition. After the death of +Periander, Psammetichus(723) the son of Gordias, of the same family, +succeeded to the sovereignty, but only reigned three years, having been, +without doubt, overthrown by the Spartans in Olymp. 49. 3. 582 B.C.(724) + +4. Periander was married to the fair Melissa, whose beauty had captivated +him in the house of her father, the tyrant Procles, while she was +distributing wine to the labourers in a thin Doric dress.(725) Procles was +ruler of EPIDAURUS and the island of AEgina, which were at that time still +closely united; he himself was related by marriage to the princes of +Orchomenus, and appears from this circumstance, and from his connexion +with the family of Cypselus, to belong to the number of tyrants, who, +being hostile to the Dorian aristocracy, obtained their power by the +assistance of the lower ranks. + +And when we also add that Theagenes of MEGARA, the father-in-law of Cylon +the Athenian,(726) precisely resembled the princes already mentioned in +his conduct (since he likewise obtained his power by attacking the rich +landed proprietors, and had killed their flocks upon the pastures of the +river),(727) and that like the others he endeavoured to please the people +by embellishing the city, by the construction of an aqueduct, and of a +beautiful fountain;(728) it is easy to perceive in the dynasties of the +Sicyonian, Corinthian, Epidaurian, and Megarian tyrants, a powerful +coalition against the supremacy of the Dorians, and the ancient principles +of that race, the more powerful, as they knew how to render subservient to +their own ends the opinions which had lately arisen; and it is a matter of +wonder that Sparta should have succeeded in overthrowing this combination. + +5. If, indeed, it is also borne in mind that the Ionic, as well as the +AEolic and Doric(729) islands and cities of Asia, and also Athens, together +with Phocis, Thessaly, and the colonies in Sicily and Italy, were all in +the hands of tyrants, who doubtless assisted one another, and knew their +common interest; and that Sparta alone, in most instances at the +instigation of the Delphian oracle, declared against all these rulers a +lasting war, and in fact overthrew them all, with the exception of the +Sicilian tyrants; it must be confessed, that in this period of Grecian +history no contest took place either greater, or, by its extent as well as +its principles, of more important political and moral consequences. The +following tyrants are stated by ancient historians to have been deposed by +the Spartans:(730) the Cypselidae of Corinth and Ambracia, the former in +Olymp. 49. 3. (584 B.C.), the latter probably somewhat later; the +Pisistratidae of Athens, who were allied with the Thessalians, in Olymp. +67. 3. (510 B.C.);(731) their adherent Lygdamis of Naxos,(732) probably +about the same time: AEschines of Sicyon, about the 65th Olympiad(733) (520 +B.C.); Symmachus of Thasos; Aulis of Phocis; and Aristogenes of Miletus, +of whom we know only the names;(734) the larger number were dethroned +under the kings Anaxandridas and Ariston, Cleomenes and Demaratus. Of +these tyrants, some they deposed by a military force, as the Pisistratidae; +but frequently, as Plutarch says, they overthrew the despotism without +"moving a shield," by despatching a herald, whom all immediately obeyed, +"as, when the queen bee appears, the rest arrange themselves in +order."(735) In the time of Cleomenes also (525 B.C.) Sparta sent out a +great armament, together with Corinthian and other allies, against +Polycrates of Samos, the first Doric expedition against Asia, not, as is +evident from the trivial reason stated by Herodotus, (viz. in order to +revenge the plunder of a cauldron and a breastplate,) but with the intent +of following up their principle of deposing all tyrants.(736) But the +besieging of a fortified town, situated upon the sea, and at so great a +distance, was beyond the strength of Peloponnesus. The last expedition of +Sparta against the tyrants falls after the Persian war, when king +Leotychidas, the conqueror at Mycale, was sent for the purpose of ejecting +the Aleuadae of Thessaly, who had delivered up the country to the Persians +in 470 B.C. or somewhat later. Aristomedes and Angelus were actually +dethroned, but the king suffering himself to be bribed by others, the +expedition did not completely succeed.(737) + +We may suppose with what pride the ambassador of Sparta answered Gelon the +tyrant of Syracuse (however brilliant and beneficial his reign may have +been), when he required the command in the Persian war: "Truly the Pelopid +Agamemnon would lament, if he heard that the supremacy was taken from the +Spartans by Gelon and the Syracusans!"(738) + +6. To these important changes in the political history of that time we may +annex the subordinate events in the interior of Peloponnesus. + +Sparta, by the conquest of Cynuria, had obtained the key of the Argive +territory. Soon after this, Cleomenes, the eldest son of Anaxandridas the +Eurysthenid, succeeded to the throne, a man of great boldness and strength +of mind, sagacious, enterprising, accustomed, after the manner of his age +and country, to express himself in a concise and emphatic language, only +too much inflated by family and personal pride, and in disposition more +nearly resembling his contemporaries the tyrants than beseemed a king of +Sparta. The first exploit of this prince(739) was the expedition against +Argos. He landed in some vessels of Sicyon and AEgina on the coast of +Tiryns, overcame the Argives at the wood of Argos,(740) slew the greater +part of the men able to bear arms, and would have succeeded in capturing +their city, had he not, from an inconceivable superstition, dismissed the +allied army without making any further use of the victory, and contented +himself with sacrificing in the temple of Here.(741) At the same time +Argos, in consequence of this defeat, remained for a long time crippled, +and it was even necessary that a complete change in her political +condition should take place, in order to renovate the feeble and +disordered state into which she had fallen. + +7. For after the bond-slaves or _gymnesii_(742) of Argos had for a time +governed the state thus deprived of its free inhabitants, until the young +men who had in the mean time arisen to manhood overcame and expelled them, +the Argives, as Aristotle(743) relates, saw themselves compelled, in order +to restore the numbers of their free population, to collect about them the +surrounding subjects of their city, the Perioeci, and to distribute them in +the immediate neighbourhood.(744) The completion of this plan took place +one generation after the fatal battle with Cleomenes, at the time of the +Persian war, in which Argos, whose attention was wholly occupied with +strengthening her affairs at home, took no part. At that time the Argives, +in order to increase their own numbers, dispeopled nearly all the large +cities in the surrounding country, and transplanted the inhabitants to +Argos;(745) particularly Tiryns, Mycenae, Hyseae, Orneae, and Midea.(746) +Tiryns and Mycenae were in the time of the Persian war free, and even +independent communities, which followed the command of Sparta without the +consent of Argos; the latter town indeed contested with Argos the right to +the administration of the temple of Here, and the presidency at the Nemean +games.(747) The destruction of their city, which the Argives undertook in +concert with the Cleonaeans and Tegeates,(748) was effected in the year 464 +B.C. (Olymp. 79. 1). But of the Mycenaeans, a few only followed the +Argives, as the larger number either took refuge at Cleonae (which city was +at that time independent, and had for some time the management of the +Nemean games)(749), at Ceryneia in Achaia, and even in Macedonia.(750) Of +the Tirynthians also some fled to Epidaurus, and some to Halieis in the +territory of the Dryopians, in which place the expelled Hermioneans also +found an asylum.(751) For Hermione, which Herodotus during the time of the +Persian war considers as a Dryopian city,(752) was subsequently taken by +the Argives.(753) The other cities which have been mentioned, had however, +as we know of Orneae and also Hysiae, previously belonged to Perioeci, being +subjects of Argos, and were only then incorporated for the purpose of +enlarging the metropolis.(754) The Argives, by these arbitrary +proceedings, secured themselves as well against external foes as against +their former enemies the bond-slaves, and also acquired a large number of +laborious and industrious inhabitants, who, by the continuance of peace, +soon re-established the prosperity and wealth of Argos.(755) The oracle +has well marked out the principles which were then expedient for the +welfare of that state, when it recommended it, as "_the enemy of its +neighbours, and friend of the gods, to draw in its arms, and __ remain in +watchful quiet, guarding its head; for that the head would save the +body_."(756) At the same time, however, by these proceedings, a complete +change in the constitution was brought about, and Argos, as we shall see +hereafter, gradually lost the peculiar features of the Doric character. + +The other actions of Cleomenes of which we have any knowledge refer to the +political changes at Athens, and could only be connectedly related in a +history of the Athenian constitution, or in reference to the events in +AEgina, which we have narrated elsewhere. + +8. It is remarkable that during this whole time, in which Sparta founded +her empire, we read of no serious contest between Dorians and Ionians. For +although the border-states, Megara and AEgina (the latter after its revolt +from Epidaurus), carried on a continued war with Athens, the whole race +took no part in the contest, and Sparta herself fulfilled the office of an +impartial arbitrator between Athens and Megara. Even before the time of +Solon, the Athenians and Megarians fought in the territory of +Eleusis.(757) The chief struggle was for the island of Salamis, which +Solon is supposed to have gained by the well known stratagem,(758) a fact +however which was denied by Daimachus of Plataea.(759) According to the +Megarian account, some refugees from their own city (named {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) +betrayed the island to the Athenians.(760) So much is certain, that five +Spartan arbitrators (Critolaidas, Amompharetus, Hypsechidas, Anaxilas, and +Cleomenes), in obedience to ancient traditions and fables respecting the +original owners of Salamis, adjudged the possession of Salamis to the +Athenians. Yet in the troubles which succeeded the banishment of Megacles, +this island was again lost, as well as the harbour Nisaea, which had been +before conquered.(761) They soon however regained it, and Megara appears +from that time forth to have given up all hopes of recovery: as in this +age the power of Athens increased so rapidly, that Megara could no longer +think of renewing her ancient contests. + +Since it is not my object to give a continuous and general narration of +facts, but only to extract what is most instructive for the condition of +the Doric race, I shall not carry on the history of the Dorians out of +Peloponnesus to a lower point, as their local connexions would lead us far +astray into other regions. For the same reason I will only touch upon a +few events of the Persian wars, confining myself to the internal affairs +of Peloponnesus during that period, among which the supremacy of Sparta is +the most important and remarkable. + + + + +Chapter IX. + + + § 1. Sparta the head of the Peloponnesian confederacy. Its members + and their order of precedence. § 2. Mode in which the supremacy of + Sparta was exercised. § 3. Congress of the confederacy. § 4. + Non-interference of the confederacy with the internal affairs of + the confederate States. § 5. Sparta the head of the confederacy by + general acknowledgment. § 6. Hellenic league during the + Peloponnesian war. § 7. Sparta withdraws from the command of the + Allied Army. § 8. Ionia never completely liberated by Athens from + the power of Persia. § 9. War between Sparta and Arcadia. § 10. + Revolt of the Helots; third Messenian war. § 11. Dissolution of + the alliance between Sparta and Athens. Battles of Tanagra and + OEnophyta. Five years' truce. Thirty years' truce. § 12. Origin of + the Peloponnesian war. § 13. Opposite principles of the contending + parties in the Peloponnesian war. § 14. Its influence upon Sparta. + + +1. Sparta, by the conquest of Messenia and Tegea, had obtained the first +rank in Peloponnesus, which character she confirmed by the expulsion of +the tyrants, and the overthrow of Argos. From about the year 580 B.C. she +acted as the recognised commander, not only of Peloponnesus, but of the +whole Greek name. The _confederacy_ itself however was formed by the +inhabitants of that peninsula alone, on fixed and regular laws; whereas +the other Greeks only annexed themselves to it temporarily. The order of +precedence observed by the members of this league may be taken from the +inscription on the footstool of the statue of Zeus, which was dedicated at +Olympia after the Persian war, the Ionians, who were only allied for a +time, being omitted.(762) It is as follows: Lacedaemon, Corinth, Sicyon, +AEgina, Megara, Epidaurus,(763) Tegea, Orchomenus, Phlius, Troezen, +Hermione, Tiryns, Mycenae, Lepreum, and Elis; which state was contented +with the last place, on account of the small share which it had taken in +the war. The defenders of the Isthmus are enumerated in the following +order;(764) Lacedaemonians, Arcadians, Eleans, Corinthians, Sicyonians, +Epidaurians, Phliasians, Troezenians, and Hermionians, nearly agreeing with +the other list, only that the Arcadians, having been present with their +whole force, and also the Eleans, occupy an earlier place; and the +Megarians and AEginetans are omitted, as having had no share in the +defence. This regular order of precedence is alone a proof of a firm +union. The Tegeates, since they had joined the side of Lacedaemon, enjoyed +several privileges, and especially the place of honour at the left wing of +the allied army.(765) Argos remained excluded from the nations of +Peloponnesus, as it never would submit to the command of Sparta; the +Achaeans, indifferent to external affairs, only joined themselves +momentarily to the alliance:(766) but the Mantineans, though latterly they +followed the policy of Argos,(767) were long attached to the Peloponnesian +league; for at the end of the Persian war they sent an army, which arrived +too late for the battle of Plataea;(768) having before, together with the +other Arcadians, helped to defend the Isthmus;(769) they had also been +engaged in the first days of the action at Thermopylae;(770) and they were +at this time still the faithful allies of the Lacedaemonians.(771) Their +subsequent defection from Sparta may be attributed partly to their +endeavours to obtain the dominion of Parrhasia, which was protected by +Lacedaemon;(772) to their hostility with Tegea,(773) which remained true to +Sparta after the great war with Arcadia, which began about 470 B.C. and to +the strengthening of their city ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), and the establishment of a +democratic government, through the influence of Argos.(774) + +2. The supremacy of Sparta(775) was exercised in the expeditions of the +whole confederacy, and in transactions of the same nature. In the first, a +Spartan king--after it had been thought proper never to send out two +together--was commander-in-chief, in whose powers there were many remains +of the authority of the ancient Homeric princes. Occasionally, however, +Sparta was compelled to give up her privilege to other commanders, +especially at sea, as, for instance, the fleet at Salamis to Eurybiades. +When any expedition was contemplated, the Spartans sent round to the +confederate states,(776) to desire them to have men and stores in +readiness.(777) The highest amount which each state could be called on to +supply was fixed once for all, and it was only on each particular occasion +to be determined what part of that was required.(778) In like manner, the +supplies in money and stores were regularly appointed;(779) so that an +army, with all its equipment, could be collected by a simple summons. But +agricultural labour, festivals, and the natural slowness of the Doric +race, often very much retarded the assembling of this army. The +contributions, chiefly perhaps voluntary, both of states and individuals, +were registered on stone: and there is still extant an inscription found +at Tegea, in which the war supplies of the Ephesians, Melians, &c, in +money and in corn, are recorded.(780) But the Lacedaemonians never exacted +from the Peloponnesian confederacy a regular annual contribution, +independent of circumstances; which would have been in fact a tribute: a +measure of this kind being once proposed to king Archidamus, he answered, +"that war did not consume according to rule.(781)" Pericles, however, +properly considers it as a disadvantage to the Peloponnesians that they +had no paid troops, and that neither in common nor in the several states +they had amassed any treasure.(782) The object of an expedition was +publicly declared: occasionally however, when secrecy was required, it was +known neither to the states nor to their army.(783) The single allied +states, if necessity demanded it, could also immediately summon the army +of the others;(784) but it is not clear to what extent this call was +binding upon them. The Spartan military constitution, which we will +explain hereafter, extended to the whole allied army; but it was doubtless +variously combined with the tactics of the several nations.(785) To the +council of war, which moreover only debated, and did not decide, the +Spartan king summoned the leaders of the several states, together with +other commanders, and generally the most distinguished persons in the +army.(786) + +3. According to the constitution of the Peloponnesian league, every common +action, such as a declaration of war, or the conclusion of a peace or +treaty, was agreed on at a congress of the confederates. But, as there was +no regular assembly of this kind, the several states sent envoys +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), like the deputies ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) of the Ionians, who generally +remained together only for a short time.(787) All the members had legally +equal votes;(788) and the majority sometimes decided against a strong +opposition;(789) Sparta was often outvoted, Corinth being at all times +willing to raise an opposition.(790) We have however little information +respecting the exact state of the confederacy; it is probable indeed, from +the aristocratic feelings of the Peloponnesians, that, upon the whole, +authority had more weight than numbers; and for great undertakings, such +as the Peloponnesian war, the assent of the chief state was necessary, in +addition to the agreement of the other confederates.(791) When the +congress was summoned to Sparta, the envoys often treated with a public +assembly ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~})(792) of the Spartans; although they naturally withdrew +during the division. Of these envoys, besides Sosicles the Corinthian, we +also know the name of Chileus of Tegea, who prevailed upon the ephors, +after a long delay, to send the army to Plataea, and who did much to allay +the differences existing between the members of the then numerous +confederacy.(793) + +4. But upon the _internal_ affairs, laws, and institutions of the allied +states, the confederacy had legally no influence. It was a fundamental law +that every state ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) should, according to its ancient customs ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), be independent and sovereign ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~});(794) and +it is much to the credit of Sparta, that, so long as the league was in +existence, she never, not even when a favourable opportunity offered, +deprived any Peloponnesian state of this independence. Nor were disputes +between individual states brought before the congress of the allies, +which, on account of the preponderance of Sparta, would have endangered +their liberty; but they were commonly either referred to the Delphian +oracle, or to arbitrators chosen by both states.(795) When Elis claimed an +ancient tribute from Lepreum, both states agreed to make Sparta their +arbitrator by a special reference. In this character Sparta declared that +Lepreum, being an independent member of the confederacy, was not bound to +pay the tribute: and Elis acted unjustly in refusing to abide by her +agreement, on the plea that she had not expected the decision.(796) For +disputes between citizens of different states there was an entirely free +and equal intercourse of justice (_commercium juris dandi +repetendique_).(797) The jurisdiction of the states was also absolutely +exempt from foreign interference ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}).(798) These are the chief +features of the constitution of the Peloponnesian confederacy; the only +one which in the flourishing times of Greece combined extensive powers +with justice, and a respect for the independence of its weaker members. + +5. Sparta had not become the head of this league by agreement, and still +less by usurpation; but by tacit acknowledgment she was the leader, not +only of this, but of the whole of Greece; and she acted as such in all +foreign relations from about the year 580 B.C. Her alliance was courted by +Croesus: and the Ionians, when pressed by Cyrus, had recourse to the +Spartans, who, with an amusing ignorance of the state of affairs beyond +the sea, thought to terrify the king of Persia by the threat of +hostilities. It is a remarkable fact, that there were at that time +Scythian envoys in Sparta, with whom a great plan of operations against +Persia is said to have been concerted; which it is not easy to +believe.(799) In the year 520 B.C. the Plataeans put themselves under the +protection of Cleomenes,(800) who referred them to Athens; a herald from +Sparta drove the Alcmaeonidae from their city:(801) afterwards Aristagoras +sought from the protector of Greece(802) aid against the national enemy: +and when the AEginetans gave the Persians earth and water, the Athenians +accused them of treachery before the Spartans: and lastly, during the +Persian war, Greece found in the high character of that state the only +means of effecting the union so necessary for her safety and success.(803) + +6. In this war a new confederacy was formed, which was extended beyond +Peloponnesus; the community of danger and of victory having, besides a +momentary combination, also produced an union destined for some duration. +It was the assembly of this league--a fixed congress at Corinth during, and +at Sparta after, the war--that settled the internal differences of Greece, +that invited Argos, Corcyra, and Gelon to join the league, and afterwards +called upon Themistocles to answer for his proceedings.(804) So much it +did for the present emergency. But at the same time Pausanias, the regent +of Sparta, after the great victory of Plataea (at which, according to +AEschylus, the power of Persia fell by the Doric spear),(805) prevailed +upon the allies to conclude a further treaty. Under the auspices of the +gods of the confederacy, particularly of the Eleutherian (or Grecian) +Zeus, they pledged themselves mutually to maintain the independence of all +states, and to many other conditions, of which the memory has been lost. +To the Plataeans in particular security from danger was promised.(806) The +Ionians also, after the battle of Mycale, were received into this +confederacy.(807) + +7. The splendid victories over the Persians had for some time taken +Sparta, which was fitted for a quiet and passive existence, out of her +natural sphere; and her king Pausanias had wished to betray his country +for the glitter of an Asiatic prince. But this state soon perceived her +true interest, and sent no more commanders to Asia, "that her generals +might not be made worse:" she likewise decided to avoid any further war +with the Persians, thinking that Athens was better fitted to carry it on +than herself.(808) The decision of the Spartans was doubtless influenced +by the defection of the Ionians from Pausanias, and their refusal to obey +Dorcis, whom the Spartans had sent with a small body of men in his place. +Nevertheless, the chief motives which determined them must have lain +deeper; for without the Greeks of Asia Minor, they could, by the +assistance of the naval powers of Peloponnesus, Corinth, AEgina, &c, have +continued a war which promised more gain and plunder than trouble and +danger. If the speech were now extant in which Hetoemaridas the Heraclid +proved to the councillors that it was not expedient for Sparta to aim at +the mastery of the sea,(809) we should doubtless possess a profound view, +on the Spartan side, of those things which we are now accustomed to look +on with Athenian eyes. Nor is it true that the supremacy over the Greeks +was in fact transferred at all from Sparta to Athens, if we consider the +matter as Sparta considered it, however great the influence of this change +may have been on the power of Athens. But Sparta continued to hold her +pre-eminence in Peloponnesus, and most of the nations of the +mother-country joined themselves to her: while none but the Greeks of Asia +Minor and the islands, who had previously been subjects of Persia, and +were then only partially liberated, perhaps too much despised by Sparta, +put themselves under the command of Athens.(810) + +8. But the _complete_ liberation of Asia Minor from the Persian yoke, +which has been considered one of the chief exploits of Athens, was in fact +never effected. Without entering into the discussion respecting the +problematical treaty of Cimon,(811) we will merely seek to ascertain the +actual state of the Asiatic Greeks at this period. Herodotus states, that +Artaphernes, the satrap at Sardes under Darius, fixed the tribute to be +paid by the Ionians as it remained until the time of the writer,(812) +_i.e._ about the end of the Peloponnesian war. It is evident that this was +a tribute to be paid to the king of Persia: the exactions of the Athenians +were clearly not regulated by any Persian register of property. Again, in +the nineteenth year of the war, Tissaphernes sought for assistance against +Athens, that he might be able to pay to the king of Persia the tribute due +from the Grecian maritime towns, which the Athenians had prevented him +from collecting.(813) From this it is plain that the shah of Susa was +ignorant that the majority of those cities had for more than sixty years +paid to the Athenians and not to him, and attributed the arrears only to +the negligence of his viceroys. I say only the majority; for the Athenians +had been far from completing the glorious work of the great Cimon; and +after the war-contributions had become a most oppressive tribute, these +cities might not themselves be very desirous to change their master. Hence +Themistocles, as a vassal of Persia, possessed undisturbed, at the +accession of Artaxerxes, the beautiful towns of Magnesia on the Maeander, +Lampsacus, Myus, Percote, and ancient Scepsis.(814) At a still later +period the descendants of king Demaratus, Eurysthenes, and Procles, ruled +by the same title over Halisarna in Mysia.(815) The neighbouring towns of +Gambrium, Palaegambrium, Myrina, and Grynium had been given by Darius to +Gongylus, and his descendants still dwelt there after the Peloponnesian +war.(816) When Athens unjustly expelled the Delians from their island, +they found a place of refuge at Adramytteum, on the coast of AEolis, which +was granted them by the satrap Pharnaces.(817) Thus the Athenian empire +did not prevent the vassals and subjects of the king of Persia from ruling +over the Greeks of Asia Minor, even down to the very coast. We need not go +any further to prove the entire falsehood of the account commonly given by +the panegyrical rhetoricians of Athens. + +9. Peloponnesus took the less concern in these proceedings, as internal +differences had arisen from some unknown cause, which led to an open war +between Sparta and Arcadia. We only know, that, between the battle of +Plataea (in which Tegea, as also later still, showed great fidelity towards +Sparta) and the war with the Helots (_i.e._ between 479 and 465 B.C.), the +Lacedaemonians fought two great battles, the one against the Tegeates and +Argives at Tegea, the other against all the Arcadians, with the exception +of the Mantineans, at Dipaea in the Maenalian territory. Tisamenus, an +Elean, of the family of the Iamidae, was in both battles in the Spartan +army; and in both Sparta was victorious.(818) Yet, in an epigram of +Simonides, the valour of the Tegeates is praised, who by their death had +saved their city from destruction;(819) probably after the loss of the +first battle. As we find that Argos had a share in this war,(820) it is +possible that the views of that state were directed against the ascendancy +of Sparta; perhaps also the independence of the Maenalians, Parrhasians, +&c. had been, as was so often the case, attacked by the more powerful +states of Arcadia, and was defended by the head of the Peloponnesian +confederacy. + +10. This war had not been brought to a termination, when, in the year 465 +B.C., in the reign of Archidamus(821) and Pleistoanax, a tremendous +earthquake (which is said to have been predicted by Anaximander(822)) +destroyed Sparta, and a sudden ruin threatened to overwhelm the state of +Greece. For, in the hope of utterly annihilating their rulers, many Helots +(perhaps doubly excited by the late outrage on the suppliants at the altar +of the Taenarian god),(823) especially the ancient inhabitants of Messenia, +and two cities of the Perioeci, revolted from Sparta; these rebels were all +named Messenians, and the war was called the third Messenian war.(824) The +circumstances of this terrible contest are almost unknown to us; and we +can only collect the few fragments extant of its history. Aeimnestus the +Spartan, who had killed Mardonius, fought with 300 men at Stenyclarus +against a body of Messenians, and was slain with all his men.(825) This +was followed by a great battle with the same enemy at Ithome,(826) in +which the Spartans were victorious. Most of the conquered Messenians then +intrenched themselves on the steep summit of Ithome, which was even then +sacred to Zeus Ithomatas; and they probably restored the ancient walls and +defences which had fallen down. Upon this the Lacedaemonians, foreseeing a +tedious siege, called in the aid of their allies; and this call was +answered among others by the AEginetans,(827) the Mantineans,(828) the +Plataeans,(829) and the Athenians, who, at the request of the Spartan envoy +Periclides, sent 4000 hoplites(830) under the command of Cimon; the +Spartans, however, dismissed them before the fortress was taken, in which +they expected to be aided by the superiority of the Athenians in the art +of besieging, not without showing their suspicion of the innovating spirit +of their ally.(831) In the tenth year of the siege, 455 B.C., Ithome +surrendered on terms; and the Messenians, together with their wives and +children, quitted Peloponnesus, under a promise of never again entering +it. It appears that the war between Lacedaemon and Arcadia was concluded +upon conditions, of which one was, that no person should be put to death +for the sake of the Lacedaemonian party at Tegea; and another, that Sparta +was to expel the Messenians from the country, but not kill them--which were +inscribed on a pillar on the banks of the Alpheus.(832) The Athenians, +however, gave the fugitives the town of Naupactus, which they had shortly +before conquered, and which was conveniently situated for tempting them, +against their promise, to make inroads and forays in Peloponnesus. The +Messenians still continued, in the Peloponnesian war, to be distinguished +from the neighbouring people by their Doric dialect.(833) + +11. Immediately after the dismission of the Athenians from Ithome, the +people of Athens, in order to resent the affront, annulled the alliance +with Sparta, which had subsisted since the Persian war;(834) entered into +a treaty with Argos, the enemy of Sparta, and also with the Thessalians; +and even joined to itself Megara, which was dependent on its commercial +intercourse. Then followed the war with the maritime towns of Argolis, in +which Athens, after many reverses, at length succeeded in destroying the +fleet of AEgina, and subjugating that island (457 B.C.).(835) Sparta was +compelled to be a quiet spectator of the subjection of so important a +member of her confederacy, as she was still occupied with the siege of +Ithome, and in the same year had sent out an army to liberate her mother +country, Doris, from the yoke of the Phocians. But when, after the +execution of this object, the Spartans were hastening back to +Peloponnesus, they were compelled to force their passage home by the +battle of Tanagra, which, with the assistance of the Thebans, they gained +over an army composed of Athenians, Ionians, Argives, and Thessalians. +This aid was afforded to them on the condition that they would help the +Thebans to regain their supremacy in Boeotia, which the Thebans had lost by +their defection from the Grecian cause in the Persian war.(836) Sparta, +however, after so decisive a victory, concluded a four months' armistice +with Athens, during which that state conquered the Thebans at OEnophyta, +finished the blockade of AEgina, subdued all Boeotia with the exception of +Thebes, and Phocis, and extended its democratical constitution, which +after the battle of Tanagra was nearly threatened with destruction,(837) +even to the city of Thebes. The inactivity of Sparta during these +astonishing successes of her enemy (for when she concluded the armistice +with Athens she must have partly foreseen its consequences) seems to prove +that she was entirely occupied with the final capture of Ithome, and the +settlement of her interests in Arcadia.(838) But that the war, which was +now renewed by Athens, nevertheless extended to the whole Peloponnesian +league, is shown by the connected attacks of Tolmides on the Spartan +harbour Gytheium, and the cities of Sicyon and Corinth, and also by the +expedition of Pericles in the Corinthian gulf. The five years' truce in +451 B.C. was only an armistice between Athens and the Peloponnesian +confederacy, which left Boeotia to shake off the Athenian yoke by its own +exertions. This was also the time of the Sacred war, in which a Spartan +and an Athenian army, one coming after the other, the first gave the +management of the temple to the Delphians, and the second, against all +ancient right,(839) to the Phocians. At the end of these five years Megara +revolted from the Athenians, and in consequence an invasion of Attica by +the Peloponnesians took place, which, though it did not produce any +immediate result, was soon followed by the thirty years' truce, in which +Athens ceded her conquests in Megaris and Peloponnesus,(840) and on the +mainland returned within her ancient boundaries; but she preserved the +same power over her other confederates. For when the Athenians soon +afterwards attacked the revolted island of Samos, the Peloponnesians +indeed debated whether they should protect it, but the proposal of Corinth +was adopted, that Athens should be allowed to deal with her allies as she +pleased.(841) + +12. If now we consider the events which have been briefly traced in the +foregoing pages, it will be perceived, that the principle on which the +Lacedaemonians constantly acted was one of self-defence, of restoring what +had been lost, or preserving what was threatened with danger; whereas the +Athenians were always aiming at attack or conquest, or the change of +existing institutions. While the Spartans during this period, even after +the greatest victories, did not conquer a foot of land, subjugate one +independent state, or destroy one existing institution; the Athenians, for +a longer or for a shorter time, reduced large tracts of country under +their dominion, extended their alliance (as it was called) on all sides, +and respected no connexion sanctioned by nature, descent, or antiquity, +when it came in conflict with their plans of empire. But the astonishing +energy of the Athenian people, which from one point kept the whole of +Greece in constant vibration, almost paralysed Sparta; the natural +slowness of that state became more and more apparent: which having been, +as it were, violently transplanted into a strange region, only began by +degrees to comprehend the policy of Athens. + +But when Athens saw the Peloponnesian confederacy again established, and +as she could not, on account of the truce, attack it directly, she looked +to the colonial law, which rested rather on hereditary feelings than on +positive institution, for an opportunity of an indirect attack. This was +soon found in the defensive treaty with Corcyra, which state was engaged +with its mother country Corinth in a war, according to ancient Greek +principles, wholly unlawful and unjust. Besides this, however, it was an +actual breach of the thirty years' truce.(842) And the same principles +were expressed in the demand that Potidaea should, for the sake of the +Athenian confederacy, give up its original connexion with the parent +state. In both these cases it is manifest that the maxims of the Athenian +policy were directly at variance with the general feeling of justice +entertained by the Greeks, and especially with the respect for affinity of +blood; and this fundamental difference was the true cause of the +Peloponnesian war. + +13. As it would not be consistent with the plan of this work to give a +detailed account of the influence of the Peloponnesian war upon the +political and private character of the Greeks, we must be content to point +out the following obvious points of opposition between the contending +parties. In the first place, then, _Dorians were opposed to Ionians_; and +hence in the well-known oracle it was called the Doric war.(843) The +individual exceptions are for the most part merely apparent;(844) also +when the Athenians attacked Sicily, all the Doric cities were opposed to +them.(845) On the side of Athens were ranged all the Ionians of Europe, of +the islands, and of Asia, not indeed voluntarily, but still not altogether +against their inclination. _The union of the free Greeks against the evil +ambition of one state._ At the beginning of the war the general voice of +Greece was in favour of Sparta(846) (which was heard through the Delphian +oracle, when it promised that state assistance);(847) nor did she compel +any one to join in it. The allies of Athens, having previously been +Persian subjects, were accustomed to obey; and on the present occasion +forced to submit; the public assembly of Athens was the only free voice in +so large a combination. _Land-forces against sea-forces._ According to the +speech of Pericles, Peloponnesus was able, in an action with heavy-armed +troops, to resist all the rest of Greece together; and Athens avoided +coming to this mode of engagement with singular ingenuity. The fleet of +the Peloponnesians, on the other hand, was at the beginning of the war +very inconsiderable.(848) Hence it was some time before the belligerent +parties even so much as encountered one another. The land was the means of +communication for one party, the sea for the other: hence the states +friendly to Athens were immediately compelled to build _long walls_ for +the purpose of connecting the chief city with the sea, and isolating it +from the land; as Megara before, and Argos and Patrae during the war.(849) +_Large bodies of men practised in war against wealth._ The Peloponnesians +carried on the war with natives: whereas Athens manned her fleet--the basis +of her power--chiefly with foreign seamen; so that the Corinthians said +justly that the power of Athens was rather purchased than native.(850) It +was the main principle of Pericles' policy, and it is also adopted by +Thucydides in the famous introduction to his History, that it is not the +country and people, but moveable property, ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, in the proper sense +of the word,) which makes states great and powerful. _Slow and deliberate +conviction against determined rashness._ This is evident both from the +different direction taken by the alliances of the two parties, and from +their national character. It was with good reason that the oracle +admonished Sparta to carry on the war with decision and firmness; for that +state was always cautious of undertaking a war, and ready for peace.(851) +_Maintenance of ancient custom as opposed to the desire of novelty._ The +former was the chief feature of the Doric, the latter of the Ionic race. +The Dorians wished to preserve their ancient dignity and power, as well as +their customs and religious feelings: the Ionians were commonly in pursuit +of something new, frequently, as in the case of the Sicilian expedition, +but obscurely seen and conceived. _Union of nations and races against one +arbitrarily formed._ As has been already shown, this difference was the +cause of the war; and indeed Athens in the course of it hardly recognised +any duty in small states to remain faithful to cities of the same race, +and to their mother countries; otherwise, why was Melos so barbarously +punished, for remembering rather that it was a colony of Sparta than an +island? Thus also in the interior of states the Athenians encouraged +political associations or clubs ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), while the Spartans trusted to +the ties of relationship.(852) _Aristocracy against democracy._(853) This +difference was manifested in the first half of the war by Athens changing, +while Sparta only restored governments; for in this instance also the +power of Sparta was in strictness only employed in upholding ancient +establishments, as an aristocracy may indeed be overthrown, but cannot be +formed in a moment. + +14. These obvious points of difference are sufficient to substantiate the +result which we wish to arrive at. It is manifest that the second of the +two forces, which in each of these instances came into collision, must +necessarily have always overcome the first. The slow, cumbrous, unwieldy +body of the Spartan confederacy was sure to suffer under the blows of its +skilful, forward, and enterprising antagonist. The maxims which, according +to Thucydides, were current at this time,(854) that rashness was to be +called courage in a friend's cause, provident foresight hidden cowardice, +moderation a cloak for pusillanimity, and that to be prudent in every +thing was to be active in nothing, necessarily impeded and shackled the +beneficial effects of the measures of the Doric party. The "honesty and +openness" of the Doric character, the noble simplicity of the ancient +times of Greece, soon disappeared in this tumultuous age.(855) Sparta +therefore and the Peloponnesians emerge from the contest, altered, and as +it were reversed; and even before its termination appear in a character of +which they had before probably contained only the first seeds. + +But in the second half of the war, when the Spartans gave up their great +armaments by land, and began to equip fleets with hired seamen; when they +had learnt to consider money as the chief instrument of warfare, and +begged it at the court of Persia; when they sought less to protect the +states joined to them by affinity and alliance, than to dissolve the +Athenian confederacy; when they began to secure conquered states by +harmosts of their own, and by oligarchs forced upon the people, and found +that the secret management of the political clubs was more to their +interest than open negotiation with the government; we see developed on +the one hand an energy and address, which was first manifested in the +enterprises of the great Brasidas, and on the other a worldly policy, as +was shown in Gylippus, and afterwards more strongly in Lysander; when the +descendants of Hercules found it advisable to exchange the lion's for the +fox's skin.(856) And, since the enterprises conducted in the spirit of +earlier times either wholly failed or else remained fruitless, this new +system, though the state had inwardly declined, brought with it, by the +mockery of fate, external fame and victory.(857) + + + + + +BOOK II. RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY OF THE DORIANS. + + + + +Chapter I. + + + § 1. Apollo and Artemis the principal deities of the Doric race. § + 2. Traces of the worship of Apollo in Tempe. § 3. Route of the + Theoria from Tempe to Delphi. § 4. Establishment of the worship of + Apollo at Delphi; § 5. Crete; § 6. And Delos. § 7. Early history + of Crissa. § 8. Doric population of Delphi. § 9. Opposition to the + worship of the Delphian Apollo. + + +1. In turning from the history of the external affairs of the Dorians to +the consideration of their intellectual existence, our first step must be +to enquire into their religion; and for this purpose we will proceed to +analyse and resolve it into the various worships and ceremonies of which +it was composed, and to trace the origin and connexion of these as they +successively arose. + +Now it may with safety be asserted, that the principal deities of the +Dorians were Apollo and Artemis, since their worship is found to have +predominated in all the settlements of that race; and conversely the Doric +origin can be either proximately or remotely traced wherever there were +any considerable institutions dedicated to the worship of Apollo; insomuch +that the adoration of this god may be shown from the most ancient +testimonies of mythology to have gradually advanced with the extension of +the Doric nation. Yet we are not to understand that the worship of Apollo +and the Doric race were so exactly co-extensive that the presence of the +latter always proves either the previous or actual existence of the +former. Indeed it is certain that in ancient as well as in modern times +the worship of particular gods was not only propagated by migration and +conquest, but that religious belief was also extended by peaceful +intercourse, and, as it were, by moral contact. + +In order to rest the claims of the Doric race to the worship of Apollo on +a secure foundation, it is necessary first to give a direct contradiction +to all those statements which assert its connexion with any race not of +Hellenic descent. In the first place, then, Apollo was not a national +deity of the aboriginal _Pelasgic_ nations of Greece.(858) Had this been +the case, he would certainly have enjoyed frequent and distinguished +honours in those countries where the numbers of that race remained +undiminished; for example, in Arcadia. Now there were very few temples of +Apollo in Arcadia; and moreover, the founding of most of these was either +connected with a foreign hero, or else attributed to some external +influence.(859) Secondly, it has been supposed that the worship of this +god was introduced from the _East_ (an opinion founded chiefly on the +establishments of his religion in Lycia); but we shall presently show that +its institution in this quarter was in fact derived from the Dorians. To +this we may add, that amongst none of the _half-Grecian_ nations, for +example, the Leleges, Carians, AEtolians, Phrygians, and Thracians, the +worship of this god can be proved to have been national. The same may be +affirmed of the _Italian_ nations. Apollo never occurs in the ancient +_Etruscan_ religion. Nor was _Rome_ acquainted with this worship, until it +was introduced by the Sibylline oracles; a sacred spot was then allotted +on the Flaminian meadow; and the temple erected there (324 A.U.C.) was, up +to the time of Cicero, the only one in Rome.(860) Nay, that the Italians +adopted Apollo altogether as a foreign deity is proved by the circumstance +of their not having united him with their native Jupiter, or Mercury, as +they did the Grecian Zeus, Hermes, &c. In our inquiries therefore into the +origin of the worship of Apollo, we are limited to the races of purely +Greek offspring. It remains only to be shown why we have selected the +_Dorians_ in particular from all these different tribes. And we merely +make this preliminary remark, that the mythical genealogy, in which Dorus +is called the son of Apollo,(861) was a simple expression for this fact. + +2. The most ancient settlements of the Doric race, of which any historical +accounts are extant, were, as we before ascertained,(862) the country at +the foot of Olympus and Ossa, near the valley of TEMPE. In this district +there were two sanctuaries, bearing the character of the highest +antiquity, viz., the Pythium, on the ridge of Olympus, near a steep +mountain-pass leading to Macedonia; and the altar in the ravine of the +Peneus,(863) from which the god himself was called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; and in an +inscription discovered near this spot, on the banks of the river between +Tempe and Larissa, are the words {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}, "To Apollo of +Tempe."(864) From another inscription found in this district we gather an +account of certain native Thessalian festivals, at which branches of +laurel were carried round, that were doubtless procured from the groves in +the valley of Tempe; whither also the Delphians every eight years, at the +expiration of the sacred period, sent the Pythian theori, who, after the +performance of a sacrifice, broke the expiatory branch from the sacred +laurel-tree.(865) According also to the admission of the Delphians +themselves, the temple of Apollo at Tempe was more ancient than their own, +since a perfect expiation could only be performed in that sanctuary. In +accordance with the tradition that Apollo himself, after having slain the +Python, fled to the altar at Tempe to be purified from the pollution, the +sacred boy, at each return of the appointed day, went to Tempe by a +certain path,(866) in imitation of the god whom he honoured, in order to +return home amidst the joyful songs of the choruses of virgins, as +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or _laurel-bearer_. The religious usages at this festival will +be investigated hereafter; here we will only consider the route which the +procession took. It led through Thessaly and Pelasgia (that is, through +the plain of the Peneus, which stretches to the south as far as Pherae); +then through the country of the Malians and AEnianes, over mount OEta, +through Doris and the western part of Locris;(867) avoiding in a +remarkable manner the shorter and more frequented road from Thessaly +through Thermopylae, over Phocis, and through the pass of Panopeus and +Daulis to Delphi. The reasons of this deviation may have been the +opposition offered in early times by hostile tribes from the eastern side +of Delphi to the peaceable march of sacred processions; and also that the +theoria might in its progress pass through the second settlements of the +Dorians, between OEta and Parnassus, where doubtless the worship of Apollo +had likewise prevailed.(868) + +3. The first half of the Pythian road, which goes through Thessaly, is +very accurately determined by a combination of different testimonies. Its +first stage was from Tempe to Larissa. Near this place was a village named +Deipnias, where the boy who carried the laurel-branch first broke his long +fast;(869) as Apollo himself was reported also to have done. That the +place received its name from this circumstance is a sufficient proof of +the antiquity of the usage. The theoria next proceeded to Pherae, where the +boy, on his way to Tempe, and before his purification, represented the +servitude of Apollo when a refugee at the palace of Admetus. This use of +slavery as a preparative for the expiation of guilt, is doubtless taken +from some very ancient tradition; and it is alluded to by the earliest +epic poets; in the Iliad the horses of Eumelus, the son of Admetus, are +stated to have derived their excellence from having been under the care of +Apollo at Pherae.(870) The harbour of Pherae was Pagasae, in the furthest +recess of the Pagasaean bay, in which place there was a celebrated altar of +the Pagasaean Apollo, situated in an extensive grove,(871) where there were +large numbers of sacred ravens.(872) This sanctuary is the theatre of +Hesiod's poem of the Shield of Hercules; and at no great distance the +river Anaurus runs into the sea,(873) which stream, swollen by violent +storms of rain carried away the tomb of Cycnus, the son of Mars; "_for +thus Apollo, the son of Latona, willed it, because Cycnus had plundered +the hecatombs which the nations brought to the temple of Pytho._"(874) +Hence it is evident that the Pagasaean sanctuary was situated on the road +consecrated by the processions to and from Delphi; and we may perceive +also in these words of Hesiod an allusion to a fable perhaps much +celebrated by early poets, viz., that Cycnus was slain for having profaned +the temple of Apollo.(875) Moreover, the legend related by Heraclides +Ponticus, that Trophonius founded the temple of Apollo at Pagasae,(876) +points to the connexion with Delphi; the same Trophonius, a renowned +architect of the mythical age, is also said to have built the most ancient +temple of Pytho. + +4. We thus arrive at DELPHI, the second grand station of the worship of +Apollo, and, as it were, a focus, from which it diverged in numberless +directions, and to which it was again partially reflected. Now although +from early times the singular and striking character of the place might +often have raised the feelings to ecstasy, and excited in the spectator +dim and shadowy forebodings of the future; yet the establishment of a +_fixed_ institution, with its sacred regulations and rights, was +intimately connected with the introduction of the worship of Apollo. At +what time, however, did this first obtain a footing at Delphi? Probably +when the Doric race came from Hestiaeotis to Parnassus, and settled above +Delphi, which event took place at a very early period. This supposition, +to which we are led by the preceding inquiry, is not inconsistent with the +celebrated tradition that Cretan navigators landed on this coast in the +time of Minos, and there introduced the worship of Apollo. In order, +however, to reconcile these two accounts, we must first examine the Cretan +worship of that god. + +5. The population of CRETE having been in early times composed of a +heterogeneous mixture of different nations, it was natural that the +worships of many different gods should prevail there; yet in many cases it +is possible to ascertain the nation from which they severally originated. +Amongst these, the Dorians, whose chief settlement was on the +north-eastern coast near Cnosus (from which point, however, they very soon +spread over other parts of the island), had brought over the worship of +Apollo from their settlements under Olympus. According to a tradition +preserved in the Homeric hymn to Apollo, the ship, which Apollo in the +shape of a dolphin conducted to Delphi, set out from the city of Cnosus. +Of this city the chief temple was that of Apollo Delphinius.(877) In its +territory was situated a place called Apollonia; and the remarkable town +of Amnisus, with the grotto of Eileithyia, where it was supposed that this +goddess, who assisted at the birth of Apollo, was herself born.(878) On +the same coast are Miletus, where (as will be mentioned hereafter) the +worship of Apollo prevailed, and Lato (Camira), whose name reminds us of +the goddess Latona. It cannot be doubted that the same worship also +prevailed in the ancient Doric town of Lyctus, in the interior of the +island.(879) Nearer to the southern coast was Gortyna, which, though +founded by a different race, yet in later times recognised the dominion +and worship of the same nation as Cnosus: accordingly, the most central +point of this city was called _Pythium_.(880) Immediately bordering on it +was Phaestus, the birthplace of Epimenides, which town was said to have +derived its origin and name from a Heraclid of Sicyon.(881) Here, together +with Hercules, Apollo and Latona received particular honours.(882) Further +on towards the west, in the mountains, was Tarrha, one of the most ancient +and considerable temples of Apollo.(883) Here, according to the Cretan +tradition, dwelt Carmanor the father of the minstrel Chrysothemis, a +priest who was said to have purified Apollo himself from the blood of the +Python;(884) which legend, when compared with the account of his expiation +at the altar in the valley of Tempe, shows how the legends connected with +the worship of Apollo crossed over to Crete, and there again took root. +With the residence of Apollo when a refugee in the house of Carmanor, +there is connected a tradition of his amour with Acacallis, who bore him +Naxos,(885) or Miletus,(886) or Phylander and Phylacis, who, in a sacred +offering of the Elyrians at Delphi, were represented as sucking the teat +of a she-goat.(887) This Elyrus, like most of the ancient towns of Crete, +was situated in the mountains of the interior, probably not far from +Tarrha.(888) Although there have not been preserved accounts sufficient to +lead to any general conclusion, yet those which we have adduced establish +the position that it was not the original inhabitants of mount Ida or any +supposed colonists from Phoenicia, but the Dorian invaders alone who made +Crete the head-quarters of the worship of Apollo: we therefore assert that +this worship (as originally founded in Crete), had not the slightest +connexion with the enthusiastic (and probably Phrygian) orgies of the +Idaean Zeus, with the Corybantes, &c. Yet from these ceremonies being +celebrated at so short a distance from each other, confusions soon arose; +so that in later times the Curetes were called the sons of Apollo.(889) +According to some writers, Corybas was the father of Apollo, and he was +reported to have disputed the sovereignty of Crete with Zeus.(890) + +6. From Crete, we will now proceed to DELOS. Virgil, on the authority (as +it appears) of some ancient epic poet, calls the Cretans ministers of the +Delian altars.(891) The voyages of Theseus from Cnosus to Delos is also +founded on the same connexion, as will be more fully explained +hereafter.(892) We must not, however, too hastily conclude, that in the +age of Minos, when the Cretans were the dominant nation in the Greek +Archipelago, Delos received the worship of Apollo from a Cretan +colony.(893) It may with greater probability be conjectured, that the +Dorians in their first expedition to Crete (which could hardly have +traversed so great a distance without leaving behind some traces of its +existence) had founded the sanctuary at Delos; since the tradition of the +transmission of sacred presents from the country of the Hyperboreans to +that island, is most simply explained as a memorial of a religious +connexion, which had once been long maintained, by means of sacred +processions, with the northern settlements of the Dorians. + +7. Now respecting the presence of Cretans at Delphi, it was nothing more +than an attempt of these islanders, who dwelt on the very verge of the +Grecian territory, to gain for themselves the credit of a reciprocal +influence upon the early settlements of their own race and religion. We +find in the Hymn of Homer, that Apollo, descending from Olympus, himself +founded his temple at Pytho, and afterwards obtained experienced priests, +minstrels, and prophets(894) from Cnosus; for which purpose he, in the +shape of a dolphin, conducted a Cretan vessel to Crissa. Crissa, or Cirrha +(for that the same place was originally signified by both names I consider +as certain(895)), a fortified town in the inmost recess of the Crissaean +bay, was probably a settlement of this Cretan colony, as the name {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} +seems to signify nothing else than a _Cretan_ city ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(896) +Although the Pythian sanctuary itself was situated in the territory of +Crissa,(897) yet the town of Crissa possessed, besides an altar of Apollo +Delphinius on the shore, in early times one of the chief temples of +Apollo:(898) hence in Homer's Catalogue the _sacred_ Crissa is mentioned, +together with the rocky Pytho; and the Pythian sanctuary is called +_Crissaea templa_, on the faith of some ancient tradition, by a Roman poet. +This expression must have been borrowed from poems anterior to the +destruction of Cirrha (about 585 B.C.) before this town had by its +extortions and oppression of pilgrims deserved the wrath of the +Amphictyonic confederacy; nor is it probable that it retained a share in +the management of the Delphian temple up to the very last moment of its +political existence, when it was visited with a destruction so complete, +as nearly to deprive us of all knowledge of its previous history. The +unfortified town of Delphi, which, with the Amphictyons, obtained after +that war the sole management of the temple, previously perhaps had not +been a place of any importance; at least it is not mentioned in any +earlier writings than one of the most recent hymns of Homer, and by +Heraclitus of Ephesus.(899) + +8. In ancient times the service of the temple, as appears from the Homeric +Hymn, was performed both at Delos and Delphi by Cretans; but it is +scarcely possible that they should have constituted the whole population +of the country. For, in the first place, the extensive territory of the +temple was cultivated by a subject people, of whom we shall speak +hereafter, and who were certainly not of Doric, and probably in few cases +of Cretan descent;(900) besides whom there was a native nobility, whose +influence over the temple was very considerable. These are the persons +who, according to Euripides, "_sat near the tripod, the Delphian nobles, +chosen by lot_;"(901) called also "_the lords and princes of the +Delphians_." They also formed a criminal court, which, by the Pythian +vote, sentenced all offenders against the temple to be hurled from a +precipice.(902) To the same persons also doubtless belonged the permission +and superintendence of the ancient rite of expiation; and it was their +duty (as it was that of the court of the Samothracian priests) to +determine whether a homicide was expiable or not. Their influence over the +oracle was so great, that they may be considered to have been the actual +managers of it. Their political bias may be inferred from the fact, that +Timasitheus the Delphian distinguished himself by his boldness and +resolution among the aristocratical party of Isagoras at Athens.(903) It +appears that these families originally came to Delphi from the mountainous +country in the interior. Thus the chief-priests of the god, the five +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, were chosen by lot from a number of families who derived their +descent from Deucalion,(904) by which they probably meant to denote their +origin from Lycoreia on the heights of Parnassus, founded (as was +supposed) by Deucalion, the father of Hellen;(905) from which town it is +known that great part of the population of Delphi had proceeded.(906) Now +this place, of which traces still remain in the village of _Liacura_ (now +only inhabited in summer by mountain shepherds)(907) was in all +probability of Doric origin, since it formed the communication between the +Tetrapolis and Delphi.(908) The language spoken at Delphi was likewise a +Doric dialect.(909) + +If then this was the case, Doric mountaineers from the heights of +Parnassus, and Cretan colonists on the sea-coast, met together (according +to a very uncertain computation about 200 years before the Doric migration +into Peloponnesus), in order to establish the Delphian worship. The Doric +dialect, it may be observed, which prevailed at Delphi, was common to both +parties. It is known from many traditions and historical traces, that the +connexion established by the Cretans continued for a long time.(910) The +ancient tents made of feathers, and a wooden statue of Apollo, perhaps one +of the most ancient specimens of rude carving, were also reported to have +been brought from Crete. The fabulous series of Delphic minstrels began +with Chrysothemis, the son of Carmanor, the above-mentioned priest of +Tarrha.(911) Crete, however, did not merely send works of sculpture and +hymns to Delphi, but sometimes even men,(912) for the service of the +Pythian Apollo. + +9. I know not whether these accounts are sufficient to afford an +intelligible description of a time when the worship of Apollo, being +established at the foot of Olympus, Parnassus, and in the distant island +of Crete, and producing a certain degree of communication between these +points, had not as yet penetrated to any part of Greece which lay to the +south of OEta and Parnassus. + +It is evident, moreover, that the extension of this worship met with a +long opposition. Apollo is in ancient traditions represented as himself +protecting his own temple.(913) The Phlegyans to the east, and the +AEtolians to the west, appear to have been particularly adverse to the +worship of the Delphian Apollo. That there was a national opposition +caused by the Phlegyans possessing the stronghold of Panopeus in the +mountain-passes towards Boeotia, is shown by the legends, that Phorbas +their leader wrestled there with Apollo; that Phlegyas burned the temple +to the ground; and lastly, that Apollo exterminated their whole race with +thunder and lightning.(914) The same people is here represented as waging +war with the great deity of the Dorians, which, under the name of Lapithae, +opposed the Dorians themselves in Thessaly. And on the other side, Apollo +was related in the Poems of Hesiod, and the Minyad, to have assisted the +Locrian Curetes against the AEtolians, and slain their prince +Meleager.(915) + + + + +Chapter II. + + + § 1. Propagation of the worship of Apollo from Crete. § 2. in + Lycia. § 3 and 4. in the Troad. § 5. in Thrace. § 6 and 7. on the + Coast of Asia Minor. § 8. at Troezen, Taenarum, Megara. § 9. + Thoricus. § 10. and Leucatas. § 11 and 12. in Boeotia. § 13. 14. + and 15. and in Attica. + + +1. But whilst the worship of Apollo was experiencing so much opposition in +the north of Greece, the sea, with the neighbouring coasts and islands +afforded ample opportunities for its propagation from the shores of Crete. +This serves to account for the singular fact, that the most ancient +temples of Apollo throughout the south of Greece, are found in maritime +districts, and generally on promontories and headlands. + +The colonies of Apollo branched out in various directions from the +northern coast of Crete, carrying every where with them the expiatory and +oracular ceremonies of his worship.(916) The remarkable regularity with +which these settlements were established cannot, however, be regarded as +the work of missions systematically carried on, or as part of the policy +of Minos.(917) They are to be accounted for by the natural desire of the +tribes of Crete, whilst migrating along the coast of the AEgean sea, to +erect, wherever they touched, temples to that god, whose worship was +blended with their spiritual existence. + +We shall first advert to those settlements which (taking the coast of +Crete as our centre) were founded in the direction of LYCIA, MILETUS, +CLAROS, and the TROAD; the first and last of which were the most ancient, +the others being perhaps a century later.(918) + +2. It is stated by Herodotus that Sarpedon migrated with some _barbarous_ +nations from Crete to Lycia or Milyas.(919) This unsupported and singular +account is however probably not founded on tradition, the popular idea +being that he was a brother of Minos the Cnosian, whom it represented as a +prince of purely Hellenic blood. By these means the Cretan laws (that is, +the Doric customs, which had been first fully developed in Crete), and +also the Doric worship of Apollo, were spread over Lycia. For the +situation of the chief temples is a sufficient proof that the settlers of +Lycia came, not from the inland countries of Asia, but over the sea to the +coast. Xanthus, a city renowned for the valour of its inhabitants,(920) +and situated on the river of the same name, was a Cretan settlement.(921) +It seems to have been a Lycian tradition, that Xanthus was the father of +Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon:(922) in this town was a temple sacred +to Sarpedon;(923) but it is uncertain whether to the elder Sarpedon, the +brother of Minos, or to the younger, a hero of the same family mentioned +in Homer, whose corpse Apollo rescued from the Greeks, and conveyed to his +native country.(924) Apollo was also worshipped under the title of +Sarpedonius.(925) Sixty stadia below the town, and ten from the mouth of +the river Xanthus, was a grove sacred to Latona, near an ancient temple of +the Lycian Apollo.(926) To this spot the goddess had been conducted by +wolves; here also she had bathed her new-born babes in the river,(927) and +been hospitably received by an old woman in a wretched hovel.(928) These +are the only remains of the national tradition, which in its general +character was perhaps only another version of that prevalent at Delos. But +the chief temple was one at Patara, in the southern extremity of +Lycia,(929) the winter habitation of the god, where he also gave out +oracles through the mouth of a priestess.(930) The oblations of cakes in +the shape of lyres, bows and arrows, which were made to Apollo at Patara, +remind us of similar customs at Delos, and furnish a fresh proof of the +close connexion between the worships of these two countries.(931) + +Further to the east was the oracle of Apollo Thyrxeus, near the Cyanean +islands;(932) to the west lay Telmissus, with its interpreters of dreams, +who attributed their origin to Apollo.(933) Not only the towns just +mentioned, but almost every other on the coast of Lycia, honoured the god, +from whom even the name of the country was derived.(934) + +Amongst these settlements we must probably also reckon that on the +promontory of Corycus in Cilicia, since we find in its vicinity the temple +of Zeus Sarpedon. The name of the place, if compared with that of the +Corycian grotto on Parnassus, is of itself sufficient evidence that the +worship of Apollo prevailed there, which is still further proved by the +tradition that stags swam over from thence to Curium in Cyprus.(935) Here +also stood an altar of Apollo, of particular sanctity, which no one was +allowed to touch on pain of being thrown from the rocks of the +neighbouring promontory. In this punishment we shall presently recognise +one form of the expiatory rites, which every where accompanied the worship +of Apollo. + +3. No place contained so many temples of Apollo within so small a space as +the coast of Troy; Cilia, in the recess of the Adramyttian gulf; Chryse, +in the territory of the Hypoplacian Thebes;(936) the Smintheum, in its +immediate neighbourhood;(937) the island of Tenedos (whose religious +ceremonies were by some unaccountable means transplanted to Corinth and +Syracuse),(938) are all mentioned in a few verses of the Iliad.(939) No +less celebrated was Thymbra, situated at the confluence of the Thymbrius +and Scamander, where Cassandra was reported to have been brought up in the +temple of Apollo, and thus to have learnt the art of prophecy.(940) On the +Trojan citadel of Pergamus itself was a temple of Apollo, with Artemis and +Latona; and hence Homer represents these three deities as protecting the +falling city.(941) It is however important to remark, that the inhabitants +of Zelea, a town on the northern foot of mount Ida, and the native place +of the archer Pandarus, the son of Lycaon, worshipped Apollo under the +title of Lycius, or Lycegenes; and that Zelea was also called Lycia;(942) +for these facts show that there was a real connexion between the name of +Lycia and the worship of Apollo, and that it was the worship of Apollo +which gave the name to this district of Troy, as it had done to the +country of the Solymi. In Chryse also Apollo was called Lycaeus.(943) The +origin of this worship can neither be attributed to the native Trojan and +Dardan race, nor yet to the later AEolians, although these for the most +part adopted it into their religious ceremonies.(944) It is however +certain, from an ancient tradition, that the Cretans also colonized this +coast; though we are not aware what was the precise account of Callinus, +the ancient elegiac poet,(945) who preserved it. It was however the +popular belief that Apollo Smintheus, and indeed the whole Trojan nation, +were derived from Crete.(946) The last notion, that all the Trojans were +of Cretan origin, is in the highest degree improbable; but it will hardly +be denied that there came to Troy a Cretan colony in connexion with Apollo +Smintheus. Indeed the Cretans who inhabited the district of Troy must +often have been mentioned in ancient traditions, as a strange account of +their strict administration of justice has been preserved.(947) Could we +but obtain a more authentic source of traditions relating to the religious +worship than the deceitful accounts of poets, we might perhaps discover in +it many confirmations of the historical traces to which we have just +adverted. Even now we may perceive that the servitude of Apollo under +Laomedon(948) is the same fable as that of Admetus at Pherae, the locality +alone being changed. + +4. By observing Homer's accounts of the worship of Apollo in different +Trojan families, we may discover a remarkable consistency and connexion in +the ancient tradition. + +In the first place he represents it as belonging chiefly to the family of +the Panthoidae. Panthus (from whom a tribe in modern Ilium derived its name +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})(949) was a priest of the god,(950) and hence his sons were +protected by Apollo in battle.(951) Hence also Euphorbus, the descendant +of Panthus, is selected to kill Patroclus, who, as well as all the other +AEacidae, was in the heroic mythology represented as odious to Apollo.(952) + +The other family, described in the Iliad as connected with Apollo, is that +of AEneas, whom, when wounded by Diomed, the god himself conducted to his +temple on the citadel of Troy, and delivered over to the care of Latona +and Artemis.(953) Now that this history was not a mere arbitrary fiction +of the poet may be distinctly proved. For we know that, after Troy had +fallen, the remaining Trojans still maintained themselves in the +mountains; they are mentioned by Herodotus as a separate state existing in +the stronghold of Gergis, in the defiles of Ida;(954) and, even after the +Peloponnesian war, Dardan princes reigned here and at Scepsis.(955) It +can, we think, be shown that Homer's prophecy(956) respecting the future +dominion of the descendants of AEneas over the remnant of the Trojan +nation, refers solely to the town of Gergis, and perhaps to the +neighbouring valleys. Now the chief temple at Gergis was that of +Apollo,(957) and in the same town there was an ancient Sibylline oracle, +known by the name of the _Hellespontine_ or _Mermessian_. We now see that +the ancient poet, being well acquainted with the existence of the AEneadae +at Gergis, their festivals and sacrifices, felt himself bound, according +to the spirit of mythology, to represent Apollo as the ancient guardian of +that family. + +We shall seize this opportunity of briefly pointing out the results which +may be drawn from these facts, in illustration of the fable of AEneas. We +must first assume that the above oracle of Apollo at Gergis announced to +the Trojan Gergithians the re-establishment of their nation under the +dominion of the descendants of AEneas. Such a prophecy, in fact, agrees so +exactly with the spirit and system of the ancient oracles, that its +existence can scarcely be doubted. The hopes, the longing after a +restoration of their ancient power, must necessarily have assumed this +form among the distressed and conquered Trojans. Now a colony of +Gergithians also inhabited the territory of the AEolian Cume,(958) where +Apollo possessed a magnificent temple;(959) and if these oracles had been +known to the Cumaeans, they would readily have passed over to their kinsmen +the Cumans of Campania. At this last place there was, on the summit of a +rock, a temple of Apollo (one of the most ancient in the whole settlement, +and, as it was pretended, built by Daedalus);(960) underneath was the +grotto of the sibyl. Here it was said that AEneas landed; and here, +according to Stesichorus, he remained, and never went further to the +north.(961) Nothing was more probable than that these oracles should in +both cases have been applied locally, and that a new Troy should in +consequence have been founded both in Asia and Italy. Hence, when the +Greek sibylline oracles, in connexion with the worship of Apollo, became +the state-oracles of Rome, all that had been prophesied of districts near +the Hellespont was, without scruple or ceremony (though not without the +ingenuity of commentators and interpreters), applied to Rome. It is +evident that the origin of the strange fable of AEneas, the father of +Romulus, and all that was afterwards added to it, may be explained in this +simple manner. + +5. The most ancient temple of Apollo in THRACE was also founded by +Cretans, as well as that at Ismarus or Maroneia;(962) Maron its priest +being, according to tradition, a Cretan adventurer.(963) With this +sanctuary was probably connected the ancient oracular temple of Apollo at +Deraea near Abdera,(964) alluded to in the device on the coins of Abdera; +on one side of which Apollo is seen with the arrow in his hand; and on the +reverse is a griffin, a symbol which appears to have been adopted by the +Teians in consequence of their having resided for some time in their +colony of Abdera. + +6. The Cretan worshippers of Apollo also established some considerable +temples on the Ionian coast. The principal of these was the Didymaeum, in +the territory of Miletus. Before the Ionic migration, Miletus was a Cretan +fortress, on the coast, in a country at that time called Caria.(965) The +disagreement of traditions as to whether Sarpedon or Miletus (the Cretan) +was the founder, confirms, rather than weakens, the principal fact of its +settlement from Crete, both traditions describing the same fact in a +different manner. With the founding of this stronghold was connected that +of a temple, which is ascribed to Branchus, an expiatory priest(966) of +Delphi, whose name (which was well fitted for a prophet),(967) moulded +into a patronymic form, was afterwards adopted by the priests of the +temple;(968) the temple itself, and even the place (which was also called +Didyma). Thus we here again see a fresh connexion between the Delphians +and Cretans, there being indeed hardly any distinction between them before +they were dispersed by the different migrations of the Doric race. The +worship at Didyma was in fact the same with that of Crete and Delphi; +expiatory ceremonies and prophecies being united, and the latter delivered +with rites very similar to those observed at the Pythian oracle. Apollo +was here called _Philesius_ and _Delphinius_, which names were afterwards +adopted by other Ionians;(969) with him was connected Zeus, both, +according to Callimachus, being the ancestors of Didyma; and also Artemis, +who, in an ancient hymn ascribed to Branchus, is with Apollo addressed +under the titles of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}.(970) The ruins of this temple, +so highly honoured in Asia, still bear witness to its ancient fame and +splendour. From the temple to the harbour(971) Panormus there was a sacred +road adorned on both sides with more than sixty statues in a very ancient +style of workmanship: amongst these, an Egyptian lion attests the +connexion of king Necho with the oracle.(972) The Ionians of Miletus, +however, acknowledged the god of Branchidae as the principal deity in their +town, and introduced him into their numerous colonies, from Naucratis(973) +to Cyzicus,(974) Parium,(975) Apollonia Pontica,(976) and the distant +Taurica: the coins and inscriptions of which place agree in representing +him as the guardian deity ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(977) + +7. The twin brother of the Didymaean god, both in origin and in the +similarity of worship, is the Clarian Apollo. However fabulous the +particular circumstances of its foundation, still it was impossible in +ancient times to invent a religious colonial connexion where none in fact +existed. The traditions manifestly imply a double dependence of the +establishment at Claros: viz., upon Delphi and Crete. Manto, the daughter +of Teiresias the Theban soothsayer, was, according to the epic poets, +consecrated by the Epigoni to the Delphian Apollo after the taking of +Thebes,(978) and she was afterwards sent by Apollo to the spot on which +the Ionians at a later period founded the city of Colophon; having, in +obedience to the commands of the oracle, married on her way Rhacius the +Cretan, whose name, according to the dialect of Crete, had the double form +Rhacius and Lacius.(979) Augias, the Cyclic poet, mentioned the tomb of +her father Teiresias at Colophon,(980) which was generally supposed to be +in Boeotia. The offspring of this marriage was Mopsus, who was probably +called the progenitor of the family from which, even in the Roman time, +the priests of the oracle were selected.(981) The forms of prophecy were +in this temple also similar to those at Delphi. + +The other temples of Apollo on the coast of Asia Minor were generally +connected with some one of the four already mentioned. The temple of +Leucae, between Smyrna and Phocaea (where the Cumaeans celebrated a +festival),(982) was probably a member of the Trojan family, to which the +Grynean Apollo, in the territory of Myrina near Cume (where there was also +an oracle), appears to be related.(983) Apollo Malloeis, in the territory +of Mytilene, in Lesbos, was an off-shoot of the Clarian worship:(984) to +the same branch also belonged the oracle of Apollo at Mallus in +Cilicia,(985) inasmuch as it was said to have been founded by Mopsus the +son of Manto. + +8. The worship of Apollo also penetrated to several parts of European +Greece, where it was established by Cretan adventurers on capes and +headlands--particularly at Troezen, Taenarum, Megara, and Thoricus. + +TROEZEN, as has been above remarked,(986) shared with Athens both the race +of her inhabitants and her worship, together with the connexion between +Athens and Crete; the meaning of which will be explained hereafter.(987) +Hence we may conjecture the Cretan origin of the nine families, which were +in existence at a late date at Troezen, and in early times performed the +rites of atonement and purification (of which Orestes was said to have +been the first subject) near a laurel-tree in front of the temple of +Apollo, and a sacred stone in front of the temple of the Lycean +Artemis.(988) + +The expiatory establishment(989) on the promontory of TAENARUM was also +said to have been founded by Tettix, a Cretan,(990) who is merely a +personified symbol of Apollo, like Lycus, Corax, Cycnus, &c, in other +places. Callondas is said to have purified the soul of the murdered +Archilochus at this gate of the infernal regions. Considering the +proximity of Delium in Laconia(991) and of the little island of Minoa to +this temple, we may conclude that the origin of the above sanctuary was +connected with these places. + +In front of the harbour of MEGARA was another island called Minoa, and +numerous legends had been there preserved in which the Cretans of Minoa +(though probably only by a corruption of the original tradition) were +represented as enemies and plunderers. Megara had two citadels: the Carian +with the temple of Demeter, and a more modern one towards the sea, +surmounted by temples of Apollo. This is said to have been built by +Alcathous the son of Pelops, while Apollo stood by and played upon his +lyre. A sounding-block of stone was exhibited at the place where the god +lay down his lyre.(992) The same fable is also alluded to by Theognis of +Megara.(993) Here then there is a worship and temples of an earlier date +than the Doric migration, and which certainly proceeded from Crete. On the +former citadel stood a statue of Apollo Decatephorus,(994) "the receiver +of tithes," whose name is explained by the fable that the daughter of +Alcathous was once sent as a tribute to Crete, like the Athenian youths +and maidens. Thus a fact which will be soon proved with respect to Athens, +is also true of Megara--viz., that these missions always conveyed a sacred +tithe.(995) + +9. The process of our investigation will shortly lead us to examine the +Attic legends, consisting of a confused mass of tradition, with which the +worship of all the gods, including that of Apollo, was in that country +perplexed. + +To commence then with the legends which are connected with the temple of +Apollo at THORICUS. Thoricus, situated on the south-eastern coast of +Attica, was one of the ancient twelve towns of that country, and always +remained a place of consequence, of which there are still extant +considerable remains. Favoured by its situation, it soon became a +commercial station; Cretan vessels were accustomed in ancient times to +anchor in its harbour.(996) The fable of Cephalus and Procris appears, +from some poetical and mythological accounts, to have been connected with +Crete and the worship of Apollo.(997) We know for certain that the +Cephalidae, who existed at a still later period in Attica,(998) preserved +some hereditary rites of Apollo: for when in the tenth generation +Chalcinus and Daetus, the descendants of the hero, returned to the country +which their ancestor had quitted in consequence of murder, they +immediately built a temple to that god on the road to Eleusis.(999) + +10. But the fable of Cephalus was also connected with another great temple +of Apollo, which in the west of Greece looked down from the chalky cliffs +of the promontory of Leucatas over the Ionian sea, and of which there are +ruins still extant.(1000) Now Cephalus, the hero of Thoricus, is said to +have gained these regions in company with Amphitryon:(1001) he is also +said to have first made the celebrated leap from the rock of +Leucatas.(1002) This leap, doubtless, had originally a religious meaning, +and was an expiatory rite. At the Athenian festival of Thargelia, a +festival sacred to Apollo, criminals, crowned as victims, were led to the +edge of a rock, and thrown down to the bottom; and the same ceremony +appears to have been performed on certain sacred occasions at +Leucatas.(1003) Here, however, the fall of the criminal was broken by +tying feathers, and even birds, to his body; below, he was taken up, and +conveyed to a distance, that he might carry away with him every particle +of guilt. This was without doubt the original meaning of the leap of +Cephalus, who was stained with the guilt of homicide, and on that very +account a fugitive from his country. According to a legend noticed in an +ancient epic poem, his purification took place at Thebes;(1004) whereas +the Leucadian tradition doubtless represented his leap from the rock as +the act of atonement. + +In later times, indeed, the object of this leap was totally altered; it +was supposed to be a specific for disappointed love.(1005) This singular +application of the ancient custom gave a romantic colour to the legend +connected with it. Cephalus and Procris were also represented in +after-times as tormented by love and jealousy. Probably the story partly +obtained this form in Cyprus, the island of Aphrodite, whither the fable +of Cephalus(1006) was early carried by Attic settlers. But in whatever +manner it was perverted, we cannot doubt that the leap of Cephalus from +the Leucadian rock was a part of the expiatory worship of Apollo. + +These considerations refer to the Cretan rites solemnized at Thoricus. In +Athens itself, the traditions of Crete and Delphi being found united +together, it is necessary that we should first return to the latter place, +and follow the Pythian worship through BOEOTIA. + +11. This indeed is neither the time nor place to relate how the Pythian +worship, in spite of the opposition of hostile races, traced the route of +the procession through the passes of Parnassus. The fact is indeed evident +from an almost unbroken chain of temples and oracles, the links of which, +viz., Thurium, Tilphossium, the temple of Galaxius, the oracle of +Eutresis, the Ismenium, Tenerium, Ptoum, and Tegyra, are all connected +either by tradition or religious rites with Delphi. Delium is probably the +only place on the eastern coast founded from Delos. Pindar represents the +establishment of several such temples under the form of a migration of the +god himself.(1007) + +I shall content myself with noticing a few of the temples above-mentioned. + +The first in order is the oracle at the fountain of Tilphossa under Mount +Helicon, famous for the grave of Tiresias and the monument of +Rhadamanthus, who is said to have dwelt here with Alcmena the mother of +Hercules.(1008) To this spot were attached some remarkable traditions of +the Cretan worshippers of Apollo, forming a branch of the colonization of +Cirrha; which is alluded to in Homer's account of the Thracians' bringing +Rhadamanthus to Euboea for the purpose of seeing Tityus;(1009)--a remarkable +passage, which I can only understand to mean that the Cretan hero was +desirous to see Tityus, who was vanquished by Apollo. + +Tegyra was a place of great importance in the Boeotian tradition, as being +the birthplace of Apollo.(1010) The Delphian oracle was more favourable to +this tradition than to that of Delos. Pindar(1011) represents the youthful +god as coming to take possession of Pytho from Tegyra, not, as the Attic +poets, from Delos. + +12. The identity of the Boeotian with the Delphian worship of Apollo was +particularly striking in the temple of Ismene at Thebes. As at Delphi the +Python was slain and the laurel broken anew every eight years, so at +Thebes a procession of laurel-bearers took place at the same periods, the +use of which, as a measure of time, is evident.(1012) Here also, as at +Delphi, the statue of Athene was placed in front of the temple +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(1013) Tripods were the sacred vessels in both temples, though +never employed in the latter for the purpose of prophecy. In later times +the priests were contented with observing omens from the flame and ashes +of sacrifices,(1014) like the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} of Delphi;(1015) although the mode +of delivering oracles, from a mental enthusiasm, was prevalent also in +Thebes at an earlier period; at least Tiresias (whom we may consider as a +prophet of the temple of Ismene)(1016) does not, either in Homer or the +tragedians, appear as a diviner from fire. + +That, however, the whole worship of Apollo was not one of those originally +instituted at Thebes, will be evident from the following observations. In +the ancient legends respecting Cadmus, in which Demeter, Cora, Cadmus, and +afterwards Bacchus, predominate in succession, Apollo never appears in a +conspicuous character. For particular additions of the poets may be easily +distinguished from the genuine popular tradition. The fable, that Cadmus, +after the slaughter of the serpent, was, like Apollo, compelled to live +_eight_ years in slavery,(1017) must be considered as a poetical +transposition. Cadmus and Apollo had originally no points of resemblance +to each other. The situation of the temple of Apollo at Thebes is a most +convincing proof that his worship was totally distinct from any other. +Those of the ancient national gods were built on the citadel of Cadmeia, +whilst Apollo was not only not worshipped in the citadel, but even without +the gates, in the temple of Ismene,(1018) which, according to Pausanias, +must have been situated opposite to the temple of Hercules and the house +of Amphitryon. This proximity of the hero and god, as well as all other +points of union between the two at Thebes, will be employed for the +purpose of establishing further conclusions, when we explain the legend of +Hercules.(1019) + +To settle with any accuracy, from the traditions concerning Tiresias and +Hercules, the time at which the Boeotian temples of Apollo were founded, +seems hardly possible, since the former contain no chronological +information, and the latter are entirely unconnected with the rest of the +Theban mythology. A tradition respecting the establishment of the festival +of the Daphnephoria places it at the time of the AEolian migration,(1020) +whence it might perhaps be inferred that the AEolians introduced the +worship of Apollo into Boeotia. This hypothesis would however involve us in +endless perplexities; and it is most probable that its diffusion was +gradually effected, soon after the settlement at Cirrha, about the time at +which the worship of Apollo rose to importance at Athens. + +13. The introduction of this worship into ATTICA coincides exactly with +the passage of the Ionians into that country. The traditions respecting +the most ancient kings, Cecrops, Erichthonius, and Erechtheus, chiefly +refer to the temples, symbols, and festival rites of Athene; and this +goddess, together with the other deities of the Acropolis, plays the +principal part in them, particularly in her connexion with the blessings +of husbandry. But with the reign of Ion the Attic mythology assumes quite +a different character.(1021) This seems to me a complete refutation of the +assertion of the Ionians as to their identity with the aboriginal nation +of the Pelasgians.(1022) Still more evident is it then, that in proportion +as the Ionians, being a warlike nation,(1023) separated themselves from +the original inhabitants, whose employment was agriculture and pasturing, +their Hellenic worship deviated from the ancient one of the country. +Aristotle indeed speaks of the paternal Apollo ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) as being +a son of Athene and Hephaestus;(1024) but this is nothing more than an +endeavour to create a family connexion between the principal gods of the +same town: for where do we ever find a temple dedicated conjointly to +Athene and Apollo? what ceremonies and sacrifices were offered to them in +common? and in what legends are they found connected? Till such an union +of the two deities is discovered, we must consider Athene as an ancient +and native deity, Apollo as one of much later introduction. The Athenians, +indeed, maintained that an ancient hero of their country, Erysichthon, a +son of Cecrops himself, erected the first statue of Apollo at Delos:(1025) +but it is easy to recognise in this account the attempt of the Athenians +to fortify their claims to the dominion of the Delian temple, and to +represent their rights as prior to all others. In all that is related of +the Ionian princes (to whom AEgeus(1026) and Theseus belong) with reference +to religious institutions, mention is seldom made of the ancient Athenian +deities, Athene and Hephaestus. The whole is taken up with accounts either +of the establishment of the worship of Poseidon (which prevailed in the +Ionian cities and in the places of their national assemblies), or the +establishment and maintenance of an intercourse with the temples of Apollo +at Delos, Delphi, and Cnosus. + +14. In the second place, the fabulous history of these heroes also +concerns the worship of Apollo, in so far as the origin of the Pythian +Theorias is contained in it. Ion is even a real son or adopted disciple of +the Pythian god; and in all probability there was no more difference +originally between his two fathers, Apollo and Xuthus,(1027) than between +the two fathers of Theseus, AEgeus and Poseidon. Theseus consecrated his +hair to the same god; a place at Delphi was called Thesea.(1028) It is +also related of AEgeus, that his kingdom, embracing the plain of Attica, +stretched as far as Pythium, where it bordered on Megaris.(1029) This +Pythium was situated in the "sacred OEnoe,"(1030) a fortified borough town +of the tribe Hippothoontis, on the frontiers of Megaris, Boeotia, and +Attica,(1031) to the north of the plain of Eleusis, and in a district of +remarkable fertility.(1032) + +This temple was manifestly built on the frontiers in order to afford a +resting-place to the sacred procession, which in the beginning of the +spring went from Athens to Pytho. For if favourable omens had been +observed in the town itself, and it was intended to despatch the +procession, the prophet in the Pythium at OEnoe performed sacrifices every +day, in order to procure a favourable journey, just as the Delian +procession was regulated by omens observed in the Delium at +Marathon.(1033) The families charged with the preparations for sending the +procession (probably all of ancient Ionian extraction) were called +Pythaistae and Deliastae.(1034) The omens looked for were the _Pythian +lightnings_, a very unusual mode of divination in Greece. The Pythaistae +took their station in the town, near the altar of Zeus Astrapaeus, between +the Olympieium and Pythium, both of which were among the earliest +sanctuaries, although they first owed their magnificence to +Pisistratus.(1035) From this spot it was the custom to watch for nine +nights, during three months, a lofty peak of mount Parnes,(1036) called +Harma; and it was only in case the wished-for lightnings flashed +favourably over the heights that the embassy could proceed along the +Pythian road. This road led from Athens, near mount Corydallus (on which +there was a temple of Apollo),(1037) through the Eleusinian plain to OEnoe; +from thence through the pass of Dryoscephalae to Boeotia, where it touched +either Thespiae or Thebes, then Lebadeia and Chaeronea, and then passed on +by Panopeus and Daulis through the defile between Parnassus and Cirphis to +Delphi: a mountain road which the Athenians declared that they had +themselves opened,(1038) and which Theseus is said to have freed from +robbers,(1039) in the same manner that he purified the road to the Isthmus +from monsters. This was also the sacred road for the Peloponnesians, if we +except that part of it which traversed Attica.(1040) + +There still remains to be mentioned a remarkable fact respecting OEnoe, +which will greatly assist us in explaining the fable of the voyage of +Theseus to Crete: I allude to the existence of a tomb of Androgeus, the +son of Minos, whom the natives had put to death as he was passing on the +Pythian road.(1041) A Cretan was murdered in the sacred way of the Cretan +worship; Minos came to take vengeance for the violation of the sacred +armistice; and hence Athens was obliged to send a tribute to Cnosus. Now +the nature of this tribute may be perceived from a tradition preserved by +Aristotle,(1042) that the boys who were sent to Crete by the Athenians +lived at Cnosus as slaves; and that afterwards, when the Cretans, in +consequence of an ancient vow, sent a tithe of men to Delphi, the +descendants of these slaves went with them, and subsequently passed from +thence to Italy. From this it appears that the Athenians were compelled to +send sacred slaves to the chief temple at Cnosus, viz., that of Apollo. +For this reason these missions took place every eight years ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~});(1043) that is, probably at every Ennaeteris of the Cretan and +Delphic festival; and for the same reason they consisted of seven young +men and women, as this number was especially sacred to Apollo.(1044) + +It is well known how much this tradition was disfigured by the Athenians +(originally perhaps in their popular legends, and afterwards by the +poets), in what an odious light it was represented, and so mixed up with +extraneous matter, that we should only render the problem too difficult if +we attempted to investigate the whole of its component parts. + +We may however affirm with certainty that the voyage of Theseus to Crete +had originally no other meaning than the landings at Naxos(1045) and +Delos, which were connected with it--viz., a propagation of religious +worship. + +The landing at Delos is a mythical type of the theorias, which the +Athenians, in common with all the Ionian islands, had from early times +sent to this place;(1046) moreover, the ship which conveyed Theseus home +was always regarded as a sacred vessel. It was sent out at the Thargelia, +after the priest, on the sixth day of Thargelion, had crowned the +poop.(1047) + +Amongst other Delian rites the worship of Eilithyia was also at that time +brought over to Athens, probably from the island of Crete, where an +ancient cavern of the goddess, near Amnisus, has been already +mentioned.(1048) One point at which the procession from Attica to Crete +touched was the borough town and harbour of Prasiae, on the eastern coast +of Attica, where, besides the temple of Apollo, was the tomb of +Erysichthon, the Delian and Athenian hero; and tradition represented the +gifts of the Hyperboreans to have been transported from this port to that +sacred island.(1049) + +Lastly, the origin of the Delphinian expiatory festival from Delphi and +Crete is as evident as its introduction by the Ionian princes; for AEgeus +dwelt in the Delphinium, and was there buried. To him was also ascribed +the establishment of the Delphinian tribunal. Theseus, previously to his +expedition to Crete, here placed the olive-branch, bound with wool, on the +sixth day of Munychion,(1050) and purified himself from the murder of the +Pallantidae.(1051) + +15. The political situation of the worship of Apollo at Athens still +requires to be noticed. From our previous observations it is clear that +the Ionians had adopted it from the Dorians; hence Ion himself is called +the son of the Pythian god. The paternal deity of Athens was, as +Demosthenes says, no other than the Pythian Apollo.(1052) We may then +assert, without hesitation, that the Ionians were the only race who had +gentilitious rites of Apollo, and that they alone could properly be called +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. Thus, when the archons at the scrutiny swore, +that besides Zeus Herceus, the household god, they worshipped also Apollo +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~};(1053) this form of oath originated at a time when the Eupatridae, +that is, the noble Ionic and Hellenic families, were alone eligible to the +dignity of the archonship. Nor was it till, by the timocracy of Solon and +democracy of Aristides, the richer class in general and the whole people +were admitted to this office, that Apollo {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was considered as a +deity common to all families.(1054) The democratical judges of Athens also +yearly took an oath before this deity:(1055) this ceremony was at first +perhaps only required of the criminal judges of aristocratical descent, +viz., the Ephetae. It is however clear that originally the religion of +Apollo was adapted for the military caste alone, the ancient Hopletes; +hence he was not a god of artisans and husbandmen, but of warriors. Hence +also Ion or Xuthus adopted him as the Athenian god of war ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) at +the festival of Boedromia,(1056) the name of which is derived from the +onset of armed troops in battle. + +As originally the Eupatridae alone cultivated the worship of Apollo, they +alone possessed the ceremony of purification, which is here, as elsewhere, +mixed up with the rites of the Cretan worship. According to +Plutarch,(1057) Ion had instructed the Athenians in religion, _i.e._, in +that of Apollo; and the same author relates,(1058) that Theseus +established the Eupatridae as administrators of the government, judges, and +interpreters of the sacred rites ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). + +By this we are to understand that it was their duty to give information +respecting every thing which regarded the _jus sacrum_; which in ancient +times especially comprehended expiations and excommunications for +homicide. The rites necessary at purification were also entirely in the +hands of the Eupatridae, ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~});(1059) and this is the reason why in old +times they took cognizance of every homicide, and in later times of +manslaughter, the connexion of which duties with the worship of Apollo +will be shown hereafter.(1060) + +I have been induced to place these points in as strong a light as +possible, from the democratical tendency of Athenian poetry, which +endeavoured to obliterate all traces of the forcible occupation of Attica, +and of the foreign extraction of the families of the Eupatridae. On this +account the vacant period between the times of the Erecthidae and AEgidae was +notoriously supplied by arbitrary insertions, and the fable of Ion +represented in a thousand various ways. This tendency is also recognised +in the tragedy of Ion by Euripides, the artful and ingenious plan of which +cannot be sufficiently admired. According to the ancient tradition, Ion +was the son of the hero Xuthus, or of the Pythian Apollo (who were +originally considered as identical), and probably of Creusa, a native of +Attica, which was a mode of expressing his new settlement there. +Euripides, on the other hand, separates Ion from Xuthus,(1061) who is +always represented as somewhat rude and coarse, and even tyrannical,(1062) +and so alters the whole story, that the hero does not appear as a +newcomer, but as the legitimate offspring of the female line of the race +of the Erecthidae. By this device the poet preserved the idea that the +Athenians were an aboriginal nation, on which they so prided +themselves,(1063) and set aside, in a manner most agreeable to their +feelings, the fable which contradicted this claim to antiquity. Ion +himself in the tragedy gives utterance to some very popular sentiments; +and of the power of aristocracy, once so firmly established, the last +faint memorial is almost buried in oblivion.(1064) + + + + +Chapter III. + + + § 1. Diffusion of the worship of Apollo in Peloponnesus by the + Dorians. § 2. His Introduction by the Dorians at the Olympic + festival. § 3. Influence of the Delphian oracle of Apollo. + Subjects of the oracle. § 4. Migrations caused by the oracle. § 5. + Connexion of the temple of Delphi with the Amphictyons of + Thermopylae. § 6. Worship of Apollo in Asia Minor and the islands. + § 7. In Italy and Sicily, in Apollonia and Cyrene. + + +1. We now come to the _third_ epoch of the propagation of the worship of +Apollo. The first embraced the earliest migrations of the Doric nation, +when the great temples at Delphi, Cnosus, and Delos were founded from +Tempe. The second period is that of the maritime supremacy of Minos, when +the coasts of Asia and Greece were covered with groves and expiatory +altars of this god. The third comprehends the chief migration of the +Dorians, and others occasioned by it. Through these means Apollo became +the principal deity in Peloponnesus, where, in early times, we find few +traces of his existence. That the Carnean Apollo of the Lacedaemonians, and +the Apollo Nomius of the Arcadians, form no exceptions to our assertion, +will be proved in a subsequent inquiry into the nature and origin of these +worships.(1065) + +After the Doric conquest of Peloponnesus, the chief temples were every +where consecrated to Apollo. We have already spoken of the sanctuary of +Apollo Pythaeus, in which the Argive confederacy held their +meetings;(1066) nor was the temple of Apollo Lyceus in the market-place +less celebrated.(1067) The Spartans also worshipped this deity under the +former name,(1068) and the inhabitants of Sicyon under the latter.(1069) +Hecatus, it is pretended, was a soothsayer, who came with the sons of +Aristodemus to Sparta; and his descendant, in the second Messenian war, +held the same office:(1070) the name of this family refers to the worship +of Apollo Hecatus (the far-darting god). At Sparta Apollo was the national +deity; the kings sacrificed to him on the first and seventh days of every +month;(1071) the influence of the capital city had also caused its general +extension throughout the country.(1072) Corinth,(1073) Epidaurus,(1074) +AEgina,(1075) and Troezen(1076) followed the same example. + +The name of the Delphian god had now attained throughout Peloponnesus the +universal respect which it so long enjoyed: it had even led the way to the +settlement and conquest of that peninsula, and hence Apollo was called by +the Dorians their _leader_ and _founder_.(1077) It was not till a later +period that the kings of Messenia (who upon the whole adhered less +strictly to the Doric customs than the Spartans) entered into a connexion +with the sanctuary at Delos, which had then already fallen into the power +of the Ionians. About the fifth Olympiad (760 B.C.) Eumelus, the +Corinthian poet, composed an ode for a Messenian chorus to that holy +island.(1078) On the other hand, it was owing to the Dorians (particularly +to the Spartans) that the Pythian sanctuary remained independent, in the +hands of the Delphians; to preserve it in this state was one of the duties +which they inherited from their fathers;(1079) and they protected it more +than once, particularly against the Athenians. + +2. The political power of the Dorians over the whole of Peloponnesus +necessarily ensured the preponderance of their religious institutions; +nevertheless we find that the Achaeans and Arcadians possessed few temples +of Apollo, and those not the principal ones in their cities.(1080) The +worship of Apollo was however, through Spartan influence, held in great +respect at Tegea (the customs of which town had indeed become almost +entirely Doric), where there was also a tribe called Apolloneatis.(1081) +The country moreover being intersected in every direction by roads to +Olympia and Delphi (to which place Peloponnesus despatched her hecatombs +in the beginning of the spring),(1082) must have been by this very +circumstance induced to establish temples in honour of Apollo, an instance +of which appears in that at Onceum. + +The principal deity of the Doric name soon obtained a conspicuous place in +the national festival, held equally sacred by all Peloponnesians; I mean +that of Olympia. The establishment of this festival is probably of early +date; perhaps it took place during the time when the dominion of the +Pelopidae spread from Pisa and Olympia over most parts of the peninsula. +Hence the Elean AEtolians, when they seized upon the presidency of these +games, were, by the command of the oracle, at the same time obliged to +take one of the Pelopidae from the Achaean town of Helice for their +prince.(1083) Moreover, the ancient rivalry between the Olympian and +Isthmian worship, which occasioned the prohibition against any Elean +contending at the Isthmus,(1084) can hardly have arisen at any other time +than when (previously to the Doric usurpation) the Olympian Zeus was the +chief god of the Achaeans,(1085) the Isthmian Poseidon of the Ionians. + +But it was not till the Dorians, for the purpose of assembling all the +Peloponnesians, at least every four years, under the protection of their +god, had taken possession of the temple at Olympia; nor till Iphitus the +AEtolian, and Lycurgus the Dorian, had renewed these contests, or given +them a greater degree of importance, that Apollo and Zeus are found in +connexion with each other, and even contending in the course at Olympia. +And as a further instance of change, the sacred armistice of Olympia went +by the local name of Therma;(1086) and hence Apollo, as the patron and +guardian deity of the institution, was called Thermius, and worshipped +under that title in the grove of Altis.(1087) At this time Hercules (whose +worship, once entirely unknown in Elis, was introduced by Iphitus)(1088) +is also reported to have brought the wild olive-tree from the Hyperboreans +to the Alpheus, and planted the sacred grove of Altis with it.(1089) The +important influence of the Delphian oracle on the Olympian games also +occasioned the time of their celebration to be regulated by the Pythian +cycle of eight years.(1090) For whereas the whole cycle of eight years +consisted of ninety-nine lunar months, at the expiration of which time the +revolutions of the moon and sun again nearly coincided; this period was at +Olympia divided into two unequal parts of fifty and forty-nine months, so +that the festival took place sometimes in the month of Apollonius, +sometimes in Parthenius. + +The introduction of the worship of Apollo must have had no less influence +on the families of the soothsayers, who ministered at the altars of the +Olympic deities. These were the Clytiadae, Iamidae, and Telliadae;(1091) of +which the Clytiadae considered themselves as belonging to a clan, which +produced very many soothsayers, viz., the Melampodidae.(1092) This explains +the fable that Melampus received the gift of prophecy from Apollo on the +banks of the Alpheus,(1093) in the place where it was exercised by his +descendants the Clytiadae. + +3. The Doric migration gave rise to many others, which spread the worship +of Apollo in various directions; no longer, however, as a peculiar deity +of the Dorians and Cretans, but, in a more extended sense, as the national +god of the Greeks. This was chiefly occasioned by the influence of Delphi, +which seems to have given the chief stimulus to that great migration. In +fact, it became from this time invested with a power which hardly belonged +to any subsequent institution. Apollo is represented as governing nations +with an arbitrary power, compelling them, however unwilling, to undertake +distant expeditions, and pointing out the settlements which they are to +occupy. In order to convey a more distinct idea of this singular +phenomenon, it is necessary that the condition of the immediate subjects +of the Pythian temple should be more closely examined. + +When the district of the Cirrhaeans had, by the Amphictyonic war, become +forfeited to the temple of Delphi, the sacred lands belonging to it formed +a very considerable territory. Two inscriptions contain surveys of the +Hieromnemons respecting its boundaries: one relating to those towards +Anticirrha in the east, the other to those in the direction of Amphissa to +the west.(1094) Now it certainly appears that in ancient times, when +Cirrha was in existence, none of these lands belonged to the temple, which +must therefore have possessed little or no territory. But in spite of the +generally received accounts of the Amphictyonic war, it can be +satisfactorily proved, that in earlier times Cirrha and the temple, with +its appendages, formed one state.(1095) Their territory indeed consisted +for the most part of rock, mountain, and narrow glens;(1096) yet towards +the south it embraced the spacious plain of Crissa, and in the north at +least the luxuriant vineyards of Parnassus. By whom then was this +territory cultivated? certainly neither by the Doric nobles nor the Cretan +colonists, who in the Homeric hymn are derided by the god for thinking of +the labours of agriculture, and commanded to employ themselves merely in +sacrificing victims.(1097) Thus it is evident, that there were subjects of +the temple, who, besides the humble employment of cultivating the soil, +were also obliged to tend the herds belonging to the temple. These were +the servants of the temple whom we so frequently find mentioned.(1098) The +same class also existed in Crete, as we have before proved from the +tribute sent by Athens; and Crete, in its turn, as well as Eretria and +Magnesia,(1099) sent such "human firstlings" to the temple of Pytho. +Mention is also made of a town in Crete composed of a thousand men, all +sacred slaves.(1100) Now these slaves of Delphi may have been procured in +different ways, either as tribute (and that either of a city or of +individuals), as voluntary bondsmen, or by purchase:(1101) the latter mode +was probably of rare occurrence in early times. There still remain a +considerable number of Delphian monuments, in which private individuals +present or sell to the god those slaves whom they wish to favour.(1102) +The condition of these vassals corresponds to that of the Doric +bondsmen;(1103) but their servitude was probably of a milder nature; for +we find it frequently stated that the sacred slaves lived inviolate under +the protection of the god, although (at least in early times) they were +entirely dependent on the sacred council of the temple. Originally, a +great part consisted of prisoners taken in war. We collect from ancient +epic poems that Manto the daughter of Tiresias was, after the war of the +Epigoni, sent to the Pythian god as a share of the spoil(1104) +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}): one individual, as is usual in the language of mythology, +standing for many. The Gephyraeans also are said to have been at that time +decimated, sent from Thebes to Delphi, and thus to have arrived at +Athens.(1105) After the Persian war, an idea was actually entertained of +reviving this punishment against the Thebans, whose enemies considered +them, at a still later period, as in the eye of justice decimated, and +given as slaves to Apollo.(1106) + +4. When the Pythian god was either unwilling or unable to retain within +his territory the crowds who had been collected in this manner, he sent +them out as colonists; without, however, entirely giving up all claim to +their obedience. The early Grecian history affords several examples of +this proceeding: the earliest is a Doric tradition respecting the Dryopes, +which differs in some respect from their own account. Hercules, here +represented as a Doric hero, had subjugated the Dryopes, and brought them +to Delphi as an offering to Apollo, by whom he was commanded to settle +them on the southern coast of Argolis.(1107) That this nation, probably of +Pelasgic origin, did not in early times worship the Doric god, is evident +from the tradition that Leogoras the Dryopian violated the temple of +Apollo.(1108) But it is equally certain that they were henceforth +compelled to serve Apollo as their chief deity, especially in his +character of Apollo Pythaeus at Argos.(1109) A part of this nation however +remained at Delphi, where it is frequently mentioned in later times under +the name of Craugallidae, who, together with the Cirrhaeans, appear as +enemies to the temple;(1110) from which circumstance it may be inferred +that most of these Cirrhaeans were revolted subjects of the temple. + +The migration of the Magnesians approaches rather nearer to the historical +age. This race, dwelling under mount Pelion, felt itself, about the time +of the Thessalian migration, so pressed for want of territory, that it had +recourse to the Delphian oracle, by whose advice it decimated its numbers; +that is, it sent off a tenth part of the young male population, who (like +a _ver sacrum_ in Italy)(1111) renounced their native land.(1112) These +young colonists were mostly despatched to the worshippers of Apollo in +Crete, where they founded the town of Magnesia, which Plato speaks of as a +place that had been destroyed, and considers as a prototype of his ideal +state, Apollo having been its only legislator.(1113) The intercourse of +Crete with the coast of Asia Minor soon carried over these sojourners to +the banks of the Maeander and the Lethaeus, at the confluence of which +rivers they had been settled some time before the Ionic migration;(1114) +being, as was afterwards declared by a Panhellenic decree, the first +Greeks who settled in Asia Minor.(1115) Still, although thus separated +from their mother country, they maintained, as sacred colonists ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), a perpetual connexion with Delphi, and were bound, in ancient +times, to provide all travellers with food and lodging.(1116) The +Delphians could expect a similar reception at Delos:(1117) and indeed an +extended exercise of the duties of hospitality formed one of the principal +objects of this worship. Pausanias(1118) gives an account of this very +important worship of Apollo in Magnesia as follows:(1119) "At Hylae, a +place in the territory of the Magnesians,(1120) is a cavern consecrated to +Apollo; not, indeed, remarkable for its size; but it contains a statue of +Apollo of great antiquity, and which confers strength for every kind of +work. Certain devotees throw themselves, by the assistance of this image, +from steep and lofty precipices; or tearing large trees up by the roots, +walk with their burden down the steepest paths." We would attempt to trace +more minutely the connexion of Magnesia with Crete and Delphi, had not all +clue to history been necessarily broken off by the conquest of this proud +and prosperous city by the Ephesians, and its complete destruction by the +Treres, a Cimmerian tribe, in the time of the Lydian monarch Ardys.(1121) + +We have only time to notice some few other events of a similar nature. +Thus the AEnianes came to the oracle about the same time, and on a similar +emergency as the Magnesians; dwelt for some years in the territory of +Cirrha, and were afterwards sent to the banks of the Inachus in southern +Thessaly.(1122) An example of historical authority is furnished by the +Chalcideans in Euboea, the youthful part of whose population was despatched +by Apollo to Rhegium in Italy;(1123) hence this town also celebrated the +worship of the god with expiatory rites and festivals,(1124) to which the +Messenians of Sicily sent choruses of thirty-five boys across the +straits.(1125) + +5. These events, which from their connected form cannot be poetical +fictions, give some idea of the extensive influence of the temple of +Delphi, the power of which was probably at its highest pitch in the time +immediately succeeding the Doric migrations. Hence also this was the epoch +of the greatest influence of the Amphictyons of Thermopylae;(1126) which +confederation of Thessalian tribes, and of tribes derived from Thessaly, +united the worship of the Doric temple of Apollo with that of Demeter at +Thermopylae, and thus an Hellenic and ancient Pelasgic worship were +combined together,(1127) probably not without a view of forming a more +intimate union between the different races of Greece. The assembling in +the spring of the year at Delphi was probably copied from the meeting of +the neighbouring towns, in the spring festival, at Tempe, at which +business of a political kind was sometimes transacted.(1128) The power, +however, of the Amphictyons of Thermopylae was at no time actually +political, and, with a very few exceptions, all their regulations and +undertakings concerned the protection of the two temples in their rights +and possessions, the rights of other temples in Greece, and the +maintenance of some principles of international law ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}), +founded upon religious notions. + +6. The Dorian colonies introduced Apollo into Asia Minor as the principal +deity of their national and federal festival on the promontory of +Triopium,(1129) where they probably first planted his worship, without, +however, excluding the more ancient Pelasgic rites of Demeter and the +infernal gods, which, although of a different nature, were united in the +ceremonies at Triopium with those of Apollo.(1130) In the same manner the +twelve towns of the AEolians, with whom Apollo was by no means so nearly +connected, celebrated in his honour, as it seems, their federal festival +in the grove of Gryneum near Myrina.(1131) And though when the Ionians +crossed over from Athens to Asia Minor they remained so constant to the +worship of Poseidon that they consecrated to him their national festival +at Mycale, and also built in the island of Tenos a splendid temple of +Poseidon and Amphitrite, honoured with festivals and sacred +embassies;(1132) yet the Cretan worship was so prevalent at Delos, when +first overrun by the Ionians, that this island was itself the religious +metropolis of the Cyclades,(1133) at whose festivals and contests the +higher classes of the islanders attended with their families, even in +ancient times; which naturally gave rise to the establishment of temples +to Apollo, the principal deity, in the rest of the Cyclades; as +Cythnus,(1134) Siphnus,(1135) Ceos,(1136) Naxos,(1137) &c. + +7. The principal places to be mentioned in Italy besides Rhegium are +Croton and Metapontum. The former was an Achaean and Lacedaemonian colony; +in the founding of which, according to tradition, the oracle had an +important share;(1138) the memory of which is preserved by temples of +Apollo Pythius, Hyperboreus,(1139) and Alaeus,(1140) within, and close to +the town. Croton was peculiarly subject to the influence of Apollo, whose +worship operated to an unusual extent on the character and customs of its +inhabitants. On the founding of Metapontum our information is scanty. The +inhabitants generally supposed themselves to be of Achaean origin; yet +Ephorus has preserved a remarkable, though confused tradition, that +Daulius the tyrant of Crissa was the founder of that town.(1141) It seems, +then, that inhabitants of Daulis, in the narrow valley of Parnassus, and +Crissaeans, from the coast, had passed over to Italy in very early times. +The inhabitants of Metapontum, as ancient subjects of Apollo, sent him +golden ears of corn ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) as a tithe of their harvest; we find +on their coins the full ears of barley, which were paid as tribute, and on +the reverse the god himself, armed with his helmet, arrow and bow, as a +conqueror, and holding a branch of laurel; exactly coinciding with the +symbols used in the temple of Delphi.(1142) Thus historical tradition and +religious symbols both point to the same conclusion.(1143) + +During the period of which we are treating, the regulation of colonies by +the Delphian oracle was the chief instrument which extended the worship of +Apollo on the coast of the Mediterranean. In honour of this deity the +Chalcideans who founded Naxos, the first Greek colony in Sicily (Olymp. 5. +2. 759 B.C.), erected on the coast an altar of Apollo Archegetas, upon +which the Sicilian Theori always sacrificed when they sailed to the temple +of Apollo in their mother-country.(1144) + +Apollonia, the Corinthian settlement on the Ionian sea, was also supposed +to have been founded by Apollo;(1145) hence the above-mentioned custom of +sending "_the golden summer_" to Delphi prevailed in this town.(1146) We +have in a former work(1147) shown that the worship at Thera and Cyrene was +paid to the deity of the Theban AEgidae, viz., the Carnean Apollo; who, +however, at the founding of the colony (Olymp. 37), was already considered +as the same with the Dorian god; hence the fountain of Apollo at Cyrene, +its colony of Apollonia, &c. Mythology, which often first clothes the +events of history in a fabulous garb, and then refers them to an early and +unknown time, expressed the founding of Cyrene, under the guidance of the +temple of Apollo, in the following elegant personification--That Cyrene, a +Thessalian nymph, the favourite of Apollo, was carried by her divine lover +to Africa, in his chariot drawn by swans.(1148) + +We shall abstain from bringing down the colonization of this religion to a +later period, since in after-times the lively principle which at first +actuated the worshippers of Apollo was lost; and, instead of considering +their actions as the effect of supernatural compulsion, men were rather +disposed to regulate their conduct according to the dictates of reason and +free-will. + + + + +Chapter IV. + + + § 1. Connexion of the fable of the Hyperboreans with the worship + of Apollo. § 2. Its connexion with the temples at Delphi; § 3. and + Delos. § 4. Original locality of the Hyperboreans. § 5. Localities + subsequently assigned by Poets and Geographers. § 6. The + Hyperboreans considered a sacred people. + + +1. Wearisome as it is to follow up the chain of remote events which gave +rise to the wide diffusion of the worship of Apollo, nevertheless the +fable of the Hyperboreans, by referring a number of particular +circumstances to one head, is very well qualified to arrest and fix our +attention. + +We assert, then, the connexion of this tradition with the original worship +of Apollo. No argument to the contrary can be drawn from its not being +mentioned either in the Iliad or Odyssey; these poems not affording any +opportunity for its introduction. Moreover, the Hyperboreans were spoken +of in the poem of the Epigoni, and by Hesiod.(1149) The fable, indeed, may +not have come till late within the province of poetical mythology; as a +local tradition, it must have arisen whilst that primitive connexion +between the temples of Tempe, Delphi, and Delos (which was afterwards +entirely dissolved) still existed in full vigour. + +2. According to a Doric hymn of Boeo, a poetess of Delphi, quoted by +Pausanias,(1150) Pagasus, and the godlike Agyieus, the sons of the +Hyperboreans, founded the celebrated oracle at Delphi. Agyieus is merely +another name for Apollo himself. Pagasus refers to the Pagasaean temple on +the sacred road.(1151) With them came Olen, the first prophet and bard of +Apollo. Two other Hyperborean heroes, Hyperochus and Laodicus, assisted in +the slaughter of the Gauls at Delphi;(1152) and, in accordance with +similar traditions, Mnaseas of Patara called all the inhabitants of Delphi +descendants of the Hyperboreans.(1153) + +Alcaeus,(1154) in a hymn to Apollo, related how "Zeus adorned the new-born +god with a golden fillet and lyre, and sent him, in a chariot drawn by +swans, to Delphi, in order to introduce justice and law amongst the +Greeks. Apollo, however, ordered the swans first to fly to the +Hyperboreans. The Delphians, missing the god, instituted a paean and song, +ranged choruses of young men around the tripod, and invoked him to come +from the Hyperboreans. The god remained an entire year with that nation, +and at the appointed time, when the tripods of Delphi were destined to +sound, he ordered the swans to resume their flight. The return of Apollo +takes place exactly in the middle of summer; nightingales, swallows, and +grasshoppers sing in honour of the god; and even Castalia and +Cephisus(1155) heave their waves to salute him." + +If Alcaeus consecrated this paean, as Pindar did his paean, to the worship of +the Delphian god, he would hardly have dared to do more than embellish the +local traditions. Supposing, however, that this was not the case, he would +still have taken the principal event (viz., the arrival of Apollo from the +Hyperboreans) rather from a fable universally acknowledged, than the +unauthorized fictions of poetry. The whole account, and even the time, are +clearly drawn from the mysteries of the worship. According to the +tradition of Delphi, Apollo, at the expiration of the great period, +visited the beloved nation of the Hyperboreans, and danced and played with +them from the vernal equinox to the early setting of the Pleiades; and +when the first corn was cut in Greece, he returned to Delphi, as I +suppose, with the full ripe ears, the offerings of the Hyperboreans.(1156) +Even the story of the swans was no addition of Alcaeus; for the painted +vases in the south of Italy (the extremity of the Grecian world) represent +the same fiction as the Lesbian poet; nay, so exactly do they correspond, +that we do not indeed recognise Alcaeus, but the traditions upon which the +account was founded, as they were perhaps related at Metapontum and +Croton. The boy Apollo, the sceptre and goblet in one hand, and full ears +of barley in the other (which allude to the offerings of the Hyperboreans, +and the "golden summer"), is seated, with a mild aspect, on a car, the +axles of which are bound with swans' feathers. Hyperborean women, with +torches, and pitchers for sacred libations, conduct him.(1157) The swans, +with which Apollo here comes, occur elsewhere in the legends of Delphi, +which refer to the Hyperboreans. The most ancient temple of Delphi, +according to the assertion of the priests, was merely a low hut, built +with branches of the sacred laurel of Tempe; the second was a tent, which +either the Hyperboreans or Pteras of Crete formed of swans' feathers and +wax.(1158) The Peneus flowed by the altar of Tempe; the notes of the swans +on the banks of this river are mentioned in a short hymn attributed to +Homer.(1159) And allowing that these birds were here particularly +numerous, it is evident that their brilliant colour and majestic motion +peculiarly adapted them for symbols of Apollo. + +3. We find the same tradition, with merely a few local alterations, at +Delos.(1160) Latona, in the first place, is said to have arrived in that +island from the country of the Hyperboreans as a she-wolf, having +completed the whole journey, pursued by Here, in twelve days and +nights.(1161) Afterwards the young virgins, Arge and Opis, came with +Apollo and Artemis; a lofty tomb was erected to their memory at Delos, +upon which sacrifices were offered; an ancient hymn, which was attributed +to the ancient minstrel Olen, celebrated their appearance.(1162) +Afterwards the Hyperboreans sent two other virgins, Hyperoche and Laodice, +the same names as occur above, and with them five men, who are called +_perpherees_(1163) (from their bringing the sacred gifts enveloped in +wheaten straw): this exactly corresponds with "the golden summer" of the +Delphians. The perpherees received great honours at Delos; and the Delian +maidens before marriage laid on the tomb of the two Hyperborean virgins a +spindle, the young men a branch, both entwined with locks of hair. The +offering, however, of the Hyperborean women was, it was said, really +intended for Ilithyia, the protectress of women in labour, in order to +fulfil a vow made to that goddess for the birth of Apollo and Artemis. Now +these missions, according to Delian traditions, always continued to be +carried on. The Hyperboreans were supposed to pass them on to their +neighbours the Scythians; from them they were transmitted through a chain +of nations on the coast of the Adriatic, by Dodona,(1164) through +Thessaly, Euboea, and the island of Tenos, and came accompanied with flutes +and pipes,(1165) to Delos.(1166) This story cannot have been a mere +poetical fiction; it doubtless originated in the active connexion kept up +by means of sacred missions with the ancient settlements of the worship of +Apollo in the north of Thessaly.(1167) In Delos also, as at Delphi, there +was a story of the god resting for some time amongst the Hyperboreans; +though the scene was generally changed to Lycia.(1168) A painted vase +exhibits the god with a lyre in his hand, alighting near the palm-tree of +Delos: a young woman, representing a whole chorus, receives him, playing +upon a stringed instrument.(1169) + +As the temple at Olympia was connected with Delphi, we find also here some +traditions respecting the country of the Hyperboreans, as the native land +of the wild olive-tree which flourished in the grove of Zeus. + +4. Thus much concerning the places where the fable of the Hyperboreans +really existed; we must next notice the situation generally assigned to +that sacred nation. In this the name is our chief guide. In the first +place it indicates a _northern_ nation; which idea is sufficiently +accounted for by the fact that the worship of Apollo came from the most +northern part of Greece, from the district of Tempe;(1170) and although +the actual distance was not great, yet the imagination might have been +moved by this circumstance to conceive Apollo as coming from the most +remote regions of the north. But, in the second place, the Hyperboreans +are said to dwell _beyond_ Boreas; so that this happy nation never felt +the cold north wind: in the same manner that Homer represents the summit +of Olympus as rising above the storms, nor ever covered with snow, but +surrounded by an atmosphere of cloudless and undisturbed serenity. + +5. This is nearly the whole of our information on the origin of this +fabulous people. Poets, however, and geographers, dissatisfied with such +accounts, attempted to assign to it a fixed habitation in the catalogue of +nations: and for this purpose connected multifarious and foreign accounts +of the northern regions of the world with the religious fable of the +Hyperboreans, and moulded the whole into an imaginary picture of a +supposed real people. + +Among these stories the most remarkable is that which connects the +Hyperboreans with the Scythians. Herodotus found them mentioned in the +Arimaspea of Aristeas the Proconnesian, in which poem his ideas of the +worship of Apollo were interspersed with obscure accounts of the northern +regions.(1171) He came, led by the spirit of Apollo, through Scythia to +the Issedones,(1172) the one-eyed Arimaspians, the Griffins that kept +watch over the gold, and thus at last reached the Hyperboreans who +inhabited the shores on the further side of the ocean. Now Aristeas must +have collected the tradition concerning these nations and monsters from +the same sources as Herodotus; viz., from the Greeks dwelling on the +Pontus and Borysthenes, and through these from the Scythians. + +In the list of the fabulous nations of the north, the ancient Damastes +exactly agrees with the Arimaspea of Aristeas.(1173) Beyond the Scythians +he places the Issedones, then the Arimaspians, then the Rhipaean mountains, +from which the north wind blows, and on the other side of these, on the +sea-coast, the Hyperboreans.(1174) Without doubt this geographer placed +the Issedones in the districts to the north of the Euxine sea, and rather +to the east of Greece.(1175) And indeed neither Issedones, Arimaspians, +nor Griffins could be placed in any other region than that which lies to +the north of the Euxine sea, as all this tract had become known to the +Greeks by means of the Scythians, who dwelt in these parts; it was only in +this district that the Greeks heard of Arimaspians. The case is entirely +different with respect to the Hyperboreans and Rhipaeans. Of the former the +Scythians, as Herodotus tells us, knew nothing; and the latter are a mere +political fiction of Greece, since they derived their names from +_hurricanes_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}), issuing from a cavern, which they warded off from +the Hyperboreans, and sent to more southern nations. For this reason the +Hyperboreans could also be placed in another part, remote from Scythia; +still however they kept their original position in the _north_. Thus +Pindar,(1176) and also AEschylus in the Prometheus Unbound,(1177) place the +Hyperboreans at the source of the Ister. Now, if, with Herodotus, the +Ister is conceived to be a river which runs through all Europe from its +_western_ extremity, the Hyperboreans, in spite of their name, must be +placed in the regions of the _west_.(1178) But there was in ancient times +also an idea that the Ister was a vast stream descending from the extreme +_north_;(1179) and this notion was evidently entertained by the two poets +just mentioned; thus AEschylus, in the Prometheus Unbound, represented +Hercules as penetrating to the place where Boreas rushes from the +mountains; and with this the Rhipaean mountains, the Hyperboreans, and the +Ister were doubtless mentioned. Sophocles also placed the "_ancient garden +of Phoebus_" _i.e._, the country of the Hyperboreans, at the extremity of +the earth, and near the dwelling of Boreas.(1180) This natural conception +of the Hyperboreans, and agreeing so well with the origin of the legend, +is universal among the early poets; it is only in the works of later +writers that we find certain traces of a translation of the Hyperboreans +to Italy and other western countries, and of a confusion of the Rhipaeans +with the Alps and Pyrenees. + +6. We see then that notwithstanding the arbitrary license assumed by +poets, the religious ideas respecting the Hyperboreans were every where +preserved without the slightest variation. They were represented as a +pious nation, abstaining from the flesh of animals, and living in +perpetual serenity, in the service of their god, for a thousand +years.(1181) "The muse," says Pindar, "is not estranged from their +manners. The choruses of virgins and sweet melody of the lyre or pipe +resound on every side; and, twining their hair with the glittering laurel, +they feast joyfully. Neither disease nor old age is the lot of this sacred +race; while they live apart from toil and battles, undisturbed by the +revengeful Nemesis."(1182) + +Respecting their festivals, which were supposed to take place in the open +air,(1183) it was related by Hecataeus the younger, of Abdera, that these +were celebrated by three gigantic Boreadae, whose songs and dances were +accompanied by innumerable flocks of swans.(1184) But the strangest +account is that of Pindar, that whole hecatombs of asses were sacrificed +at these festivals:(1185) this however is borrowed from the real worship, +from one of the sacred rites of Delphi, where asses were sacrificed at the +Pythian festival.(1186) Lastly, the account given of the death of the +Hyperboreans strongly reminds us of the rites of the Thargelia, and the +leap at Leucate; we are told that, tired of a long existence, they leapt, +crowned with garlands, from a rock into the sea.(1187) + + + + +Chapter V. + + + § 1. The Apollo of Tempe, Delphi, Delos, Crete, Lycia, Troy, + Athens, and Peloponnesus, the same deity. § 2. Apollo Nomius of + Arcadia rightly distinguished from the preceding. § 3. Apollo the + father of AEsculapius likewise a distinct deity. § 4 and 5. Apollo + not originally an elementary deity, or god of the sun. § 6. Origin + of this idea. § 7. Rites of Apollo unlike those of the elementary + deities. + + +1. Having treated of the extension and propagation of the worship of +Apollo, and some of the most remarkable legends and fables connected with +it, we next turn our attention to the nature and character of the religion +itself. + +In the first place, then, we shall remind the reader of a position +sufficiently established by the foregoing inquiries; that the Apollo of +Tempe, Delphi, Delos, Crete, Lycia, Troy, Athens, and Peloponnesus, is the +same god, and not, as was very frequently the case in the religions of +Greece, a combination of several deities under one name. This conclusion +we supported as well by historical accounts respecting the foundation of +his numerous temples, as by the evidence derived from a recurrence of the +same names, rites, and symbols; such, for example, as the titles of Lycius +and Lycia, Delphinius and Pythius; the oracles and sibyls; the +purifications and expiations; the custom of leaping from rocks; +decimations; the golden summer, and bloodless oblations; the +laurel-berries; the legend of the Hyperboreans, and the cycle of eight +years. Hence the theologians mentioned by Cicero(1188) were wrong in +endeavouring without any authority to distinguish between the Athenian, +Cretan, and Hyperborean Apollo. + +2. It appears, however, that they were warranted in distinguishing from +the rest the Apollo Nomius of Arcadia; although in their etymology of the +name,(1189) which made him a divine _lawgiver_, they by no means followed +the most authentic sources of religious history. The correct account is +without doubt that given by Pindar,(1190) who calls Aristaeus, conjointly +with Zeus and Apollo, a protector of flocks, and guardian of huntsmen. In +fact, Aristaeus and his son Actaeon were ancient deities of the early +Pelasgic inhabitants of Greece.(1191) That god also protected agriculture +and pasturing, warded off the scorching heat of summer, charmed by +incantations the mild Etesian winds, and loved hunting and the care of +bees. His chief haunts were the plains under mount Pelion and Iolcus--from +which place his worship was introduced into Cyrene--the fertile valley of +Thebes, Parrhasia in Arcadia,(1192) and the Parrhasian island of +Ceos;(1193) at Cyrene, Apollo and Cyrene were called his parents.(1194) +The genealogy attributed to Aristaeus varied considerably in different +places; through the prevalence of Greek worship in Arcadia he was +considered identical with Apollo. It was remembered that the Delphian god +had also tended the herds of Admetus; and perhaps the national worship of +Aristaeus at Pherae had partly contributed to the formation of this +fable.(1195) Deities, whose worship at an early period fell into disuse, +were adapted and modified in various ways to suit the ruling powers: and +even if a complete and consistent system of mythology was eradicated and +destroyed as a whole, yet particular portions of it would combine +themselves with the prevailing religion, and thus obtain a new existence. +Thus also the ancient elementary deity, which had received the name of +Apollo Nomius, was called the son of the ancient Silenus,(1196) because +his attributes seemed to resemble those of the attendants of +Bacchus.(1197) I shall take occasion hereafter to explain the connexion +between the Carnean Apollo and this deity.(1198) + +3. It should also be observed that Apollo and AEsculapius were connected in +fable and mythology; and this at an early period, for Hesiod called +AEsculapius the son of Apollo;(1199) but, as it appears, only in mythology, +and not in any religious worship. Thus neither at Tricca, Lebadea, +Epidaurus, nor Cos, were Apollo Paean and AEsculapius intimately connected; +nor do we ever find that they had altars, festivals, or sacrifices in +common, except perhaps in a temple at the modern town of +Megalopolis.(1200) This practical difference may be accounted for by the +national origin of the two worships. For Phlegyas, the ancestor of +AEsculapius, and the sons of AEsculapius mentioned in the Homeric Catalogue, +belonged to races which were hostile both to the Dorians and the temple of +Delphi; and the dispersion of the schools of the Asclepiadae through Greece +had nothing in common with the foundation of the temples of Apollo. + +4. Having made these distinctions, we now return to the principal position +established by the preceding inquiries; viz., that it was the Dorians +among whom the religion of Apollo was the most ancient, important, and +truly national worship. + +The Dorians being an active and heroic people, it is natural that their +peculiar religious feelings should have had a like tendency. Hence, as +they displayed a perpetual aversion to the innocent employments of +husbandry, and a love for active and military exertion, their national god +was exactly the reverse of the elementary deities worshipped by the +agricultural races. + +But this inference seems to be invalidated by an opinion entertained by +many at least of the later Greeks, and by most modern writers on +mythology, that Apollo was an elementary deity, the deified +personification of the sun. On the whole of this difficult and doubtful +subject it is not my intention now to enter; but I shall be satisfied with +laying before the reader the principal arguments on both sides, and +afterwards stating my own views on the subject. + +5. In the first place, then, the accounts above given of Apollo returning +from the Hyperboreans with the ripe ears of corn, and the tribute of the +golden ears, certainly suggest the idea of a guardian of +agriculture.(1201) On the coins of Metapontum we frequently see these ears +of corn, with the grasshopper, or mouse both in the act of creeping, upon +the reverse. The same explanation is applicable to both symbols. The mouse +and grasshopper are animals hurtful to the corn, which the god was +supplicated to protect from their attacks. In like manner the Cretan +Apollo {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was doubtless a destroyer of field mice ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~});(1202) +and his statue was represented with one foot upon a mouse.(1203) + +Again, in Rhodes he was called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "the averter of mildew;"(1204) +which attribute was peculiarly suitable to him, as being one of the +Triopian deities, one of whom was Demeter, the destroyer of Erysichthon. +These are probably the chief reasons which can be adduced in favour of the +position that Apollo was an elementary deity; reasons which are founded on +the symbols and ceremonies of the real worship, and not on the opinions of +later philosophers. But, first, the argument that Apollo was an elementary +god, because he was a patron and protector of agriculture, is +inconclusive; for he performs this office in his character of guardian and +averter of misfortune generally. The case indeed would be otherwise, had +Apollo been supposed either to call forth the seed from the earth or bring +it to maturity; no trace however of these functions being attributed to +him ever occurs. It is therefore unnecessary on this account to identify +him with the sun. And it may be remarked likewise, that the chief +festivals of Apollo were not connected with any remarkable epochs of the +sun's course, but rather with the rising of the stars, particularly of the +pleiads, and with the phases of the moon. Thus the new moon was sacred to +Apollo, who hence received the name of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~};(1205) and so likewise +the first quarter, or the seventh day; and, finally, the full moon +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), particularly in the island of Zacynthus.(1206) From these +circumstances, however, no one will infer that Apollo was a god of the +moon. + +We do not, however, deny that Apollo and the god of the sun admitted in +particular points of a comparison and parallel with each other; the source +of external light might be a symbol of the "bright and pure" god; and +indeed the Platonists favoured this supposition,(1207) which is not, +however, supported by any historical authority. The worship of the sun was +practised in the Acropolis of Corinth, at Rhodes, Athens, and in earlier +times also at Calauria and Taenarum; but in none of these places was it +connected with the rites of Apollo.(1208) + +6. This naturally leads us to inquire how any ideal connexion between +Apollo and the sun, if it really existed, should have been entirely +overlooked for so many centuries; how was it that these deities were not +identified till the Grecian mythology had ceased to have any influence +upon the ideas and feelings of mankind? Even when the Egyptian +interpreters identified Horus with Apollo, they were in all probability +guided only by the resemblance between the destroyer of the Python and the +vanquisher of Baby (Typhon in Greek).(1209) The Persian magi, however, in +discovering a connexion between the worship of Apollo and their religion +(on which account Xerxes preserved from injury the island where Apollo and +Artemis were born),(1210) were influenced by a well-grounded comparison, +which we shall find occasion to confirm in a subsequent chapter;(1211) +yet, in all probability, it was not the sun, but Ormuzd, whom they +supposed to be Apollo. It was not until the philosophers of the Ionic +school identified the deities of the popular creed partly with material +powers and objects, and partly with the attributes of the universal +intellect ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), that the doctrine was advanced of Apollo being the sun. +From them Euripides, who called Zeus the air, and Vesta the earth, was +naturally among the first to receive it. In the tragedy of Phaethon, the +mother of the unfortunate youth complained against his father Helius as +follows; "_Rightly does he who knows the secret names of the gods call +thee Apollo_" (the destroyer);(1212) referring, without doubt, not to any +doctrine connected with, or revealed in the mysteries, but to a +philosophical interpretation. This opinion, thus adopted by Euripides, +became still more general at Alexandria; and Callimachus blames those "who +separate Apollo from the sun, and Artemis from the moon."(1213) Soon +afterwards it was said to have originated in very early times; and the +author of the astronomical treatise attributed to Eratosthenes(1214) +relates, that Orpheus the Thracian had from the top of a mountain, at +break of day, prayed to the sun, whom he also called Apollo, as the +greatest of all the deities.(1215) Nevertheless, this statement does not +authorize us to infer, that in the ancient Orphic Hymns, previous to +Herodotus, Apollo and the sun were identified. For this system of +religious speculation was chiefly concerned about Bacchus; and in all the +Orphic fragments of any antiquity Apollo is hardly ever noticed.(1216) + +7. It seems, therefore, that whatever might have been the poetical +attributes of Apollo in late times, in his religious character he was +never an elementary deity, the essence of whose godhead is a +personification of the creative powers of nature. None of the +characteristic marks of such a religion are discoverable in his worship. +So far from being a god of generation(1217) and production, he remains +unmarried and youthful; for it is easy to see that his poetical amour with +the nymph Daphne, and his sons, mentioned in poetry and prophecy, have no +connexion with his worship. In his sacred rites and symbols there is no +trace of the adoration of the generative powers, like those occurring in +the ancient Arcadian worship of Hermes, the Argive fables of Here, or the +Attic legends of Hephaestus and Athene. The worship of Apollo is even still +more widely removed from the boisterous and frantic orgies so conspicuous +in the Thracian rites of Dionysus. And although this latter worship +flourished by the side of Helicon and Parnassus, near the Pythian temple, +and both kinds of religious worship were practised in the immediate +neighbourhood of each other,(1218) yet the religious feelings and rites +which distinguished the services of the two gods always remained +dissimilar. + +In the subsequent discussion we shall accordingly take for granted the +original diversity of Apollo and the sun; and though the rites of the +worship of Apollo, as preserved and recorded in later times, are doubtless +of greater antiquity than any written documents which either we or the +Greeks possessed, it will be convenient first to state the clearer and +more intelligible accounts of Homer on the subject of Apollo, his divine +character and worship. + + + + +Chapter VI. + + + § 1. Homer's Conception of Apollo. § 2. Apollo as a punishing + deity. § 3. Apollo as a beneficent deity. § 4. Explanation of the + name Paean. § 5. Of the name Agyieus. § 6. Of the name Apollo. § 7. + Of the name Phoebus. § 8. Of the name Lyceus. § 9. Religious + Attributes of Apollo. + + +1. Homer, as we have already seen, had, both from hearsay and personal +observation, acquired a very accurate knowledge of the Cretan worship of +Apollo in the Smintheum, in the citadel of Troy, in Lycia near mounts Ida +and Cragus, as well as of Pytho and the Delian palm-tree. His picture of +Apollo is, however, considerably changed by the circumstance of the god +acting as a friend to the Trojans and an enemy to the Greeks, although +both equally honour him with sacrifices and paeans. Yet he generally +appears to the Greeks in a darker and more unfavourable view. "_Dread the +son of Zeus_," says the priest of Chryse to the Greeks, "_he walks dark as +night; the sure and deadly arrows rattle on his shoulders_." His +punishments are sudden sickness, rapid pestilence, and death, the cause +and occasion of which is generally unseen; yet sometimes he grants death +as a blessing.(1219) His arrows are said to wound from afar, because they +are unforeseen and unexpected. He is called the far-darting god;(1220) his +divine vengeance never misses its aim. He appears in the terror of his +might when from the heights of the citadel he stimulates the Trojans with +a loud war-cry to the combat;(1221) and leads them on, a cloud around his +shoulders, and the aegis in his hand, into the thick of the battle,(1222) +like Ares himself,(1223) though far from showing the boisterous confidence +of that deity. Achilles, to whom he is indeed particularly hostile, calls +him the most pernicious of all the gods. Even when he appears amongst the +gods, "_all tremble before him in the palace of Zeus, and rise from their +seats; while Latona alone rejoices that she has produced so strong a son +and so powerful an archer_."(1224) + +It is remarkable how seriously Homer (who otherwise speaks of the gods, +and particularly of those friendly to Troy, with some levity of +expression)(1225) describes the character of Apollo. He is never +represented as hurried on by blind fury. He never opposes the Greeks +without reason, or through caprice, but only when they disregard the +sacred rights of priests and suppliants, or assume an unusual degree of +arrogance. But when the gods separate into two bodies, and descend to the +contest, he, unmoved by passion, shuns the combat, and speaks of the quick +succession of the race of man in a manner which betokens the oracular +deity of Pytho.(1226) A similar spirit is perceivable in his address to +the daring Diomed: "_The race of the immortal gods resembles not that of +mortals._" Thus Apollo appears as the minister of vengeance, the chastiser +of arrogance. Consistently with this character he destroys the proud +Niobe,(1227) the unruly Aloidae,(1228) Tityus and the Python, the enemies +of the gods. His contests with Eurytus of OEchalia, and with Phorbas the +Phlegyan, were grounded on historical facts; the former alluded to the +enmity between the Dorians and OEchalians, the latter to that between the +Pythian sanctuary and the Phlegyans.(1229) + +2. We will now examine the notions of other poets on the character of +Apollo as a revenging and punishing deity, in which light he is introduced +by Homer. Archilochus calls upon Apollo to "_punish and destroy the guilty +as he is wont to destroy them_."(1230) Hipponax, the successor of +Archilochus in vituperative satiric poetry, prays that "Artemis and Apollo +may destroy thee;"(1231) and AEschylus, with manifest allusion to the name, +says, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~};(1232) which, however, can hardly entitle us to +infer that the name of Apollo was really derived from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~};(1233) for +we should lose sight of one main point, viz., the object against which his +destructive powers were directed, or be reduced to consider him an +universal destroyer, a character which is ill adapted to mark the nature +of a divine being of any kind whatsoever. Apollo slays, indeed, but only +to inflict deserved punishment. At Megara was exhibited the tomb of +Coroebus, who had slain the Fury sent by Apollo against that town, to +punish the crimes of the fathers by destroying their children.(1234) After +this action, Coroebus was ordered to carry in his arms a tripod from Pytho, +and erect on the spot where he should fall down from exhaustion, a town +(Tripodiscus) and a temple to the god. This explains why many sacred fines +were at Corinth, Patara, and Amphipolis,(1235) paid into the temple of +Apollo, who thus appears, in some measure, as enforcing his own judgments. +AEschylus refers to his office of avenging murder, where he speaks of +Apollo, Pan, and Zeus, as the gods who send the Furies;(1236) Zeus as +ruler of the world, Pan as the daemon that disorders the intellect, Apollo +as the god of punishment. Hence it was not without reason that the Romans +believed Apollo to be represented in a statue of the god Vejovis, a +terrible god, equipped with arrows.(1237) At least there is some connexion +between him and Apollo {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "who darts down in the lightning;" to +whom the Thessalians vowed every year a hecatomb of men.(1238) At Argos it +was the custom immediately after death for the relations to sacrifice to +Apollo as a god of death; the priest of Apollo (the amphipolus) offered up +the victim, and for consuming the fragments of the sacrifice a new fire +was always kindled. On the thirtieth day afterwards a sacrifice was +offered to Hermes as the conductor of souls.(1239) + +3. Although we have thus dwelt upon the gloomy side of Apollo's character, +it must not be supposed that he was considered in the light of a +malevolent and destroying power. Thus Pindar declares that of all the gods +"he is the most friendly to men."(1240) His titles, also, as connected +with different temples, serve to remove that impression. Thus he was +called the Healer at Elis,(1241) the Assister at Phigaleia,(1242) the +Defender, the Averter of Evil,(1243) at Athens, and in many oracles.(1244) +Although some of these names were perhaps not introduced until the +Peloponnesian war, and the restriction of his avenging power to physical +evil is first perceptible in Pindar and the tragedians,(1245) yet the idea +of the healing and protecting power of Apollo must have been of remote +antiquity. Under all these names Apollo does not so much appear bestowing +positive good as assuaging and warding off evil; and in this character he +was invoked (according to an oracle) to send health and good +fortune.(1246) + +4. The preceding arguments may perhaps receive confirmation from a +description of the god PAEAN ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) in Homer. The name clearly betokens a +healing deity, and though the poet indeed speaks of him as a separate +individual, and the physician of Olympus,(1247) yet this division appears +to have been merely poetical, without any reference to actual worship; +since from very early times the paean had, in the Pythian temple,(1248) +been appointed to be sung in honour of Apollo.(1249) The song, like other +hymns, derived its name from that of the god to whom it was sung. The god +was first called paean, then the hymn, and lastly the singers +themselves.(1250) Now we know that the paean was originally sung at the +cessation of a plague, and after a victory, and generally, when any evil +was averted, it was performed as a purification from the pollution.(1251) +The chant was loud and joyous, as celebrating the victory of the +preserving and healing deity.(1252) Besides the paeans of victory,(1253) +however, there were others which were sung at the beginning of +battle;(1254) and there was a tradition that the chorus of Delphian +virgins had chanted "_Io Paean_" at the contest of Apollo with the +Python.(1255) The paean of victory varied according to the different +tribes; all Dorians, viz., Spartans, Argives, Corinthians, and Syracusans, +had the same.(1256) This use of the paean, as a song of rejoicing for +victory, sufficiently explains its double meaning; it bore a mournful +sense in reference to the battle, and a joyous sense in reference to the +victory. Apollo, under this name, was therefore either considered as a +destroying (from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}), or as a protecting and healing deity, who frees +the mind from care and sorrow;(1257) and accordingly the tragedians, by an +analogical application of the word, also called Death, to whom both these +attributes belonged, by the title of Paean.(1258) And thus this double +character of Apollo, by virtue of which he was equally formidable as a +foe, and welcome as an ally,(1259) was authorized by the ambiguity of his +name. + +5. On the other hand, the title AGYIEUS had a single signification.(1260) +This appellation of Apollo was peculiar to the Dorians,(1261) and +consequently of great antiquity at Delphi;(1262) from which place, +however, it was brought over to Athens at a very early period, and indeed +partly at the command of an oracle.(1263) His statue was erected in +court-yards, and before the doors of houses; that is, at the boundary of +private and public property, in order to admit the god as a tutelary +deity, and to avert evil. The symbol or image of the god was most simple, +being a conical block of stone. The ancients knew not whether to consider +it as an altar or statue.(1264) The worship consisted of a constant +succession of trifling services and marks of adoration.(1265) Frankincense +was burnt before the pillar;(1266) it was bedecked with wreaths of myrtle, +garlands, &c. This was sufficient to remind, and at the same time to +assure, the ancient Dorians of the protecting presence of their deity. The +Athenians represented their Hermes in a similar manner. This god, although +fundamentally distinct from Apollo, was invested by them with the same +offices: thus the statues of both gods were placed, as protecting powers, +in front of the houses: both gods were supposed to confer blessings on +those who either entered or left the house: both were represented by +simple columnar statues. With Apollo, however, this protection was rather +of a spiritual and inward nature: while the phallic form, which always +distinguished the Hermae of Athens, shows that this god was considered to +afford, by increasing the fruitfulness of the fields and cattle, and +generally all the products of nature, a more external and physical +assistance. + +6. To these titles may perhaps be added the name of APOLLO itself. That we +must search for its etymology in the Greek language alone, and that it +could have been derived from no other source, is evident from the +preceding investigations. In the first place, then, we cannot derive it +from the sun, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~},(1267) since the digamma is never changed into {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}. +The derivation from {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~} we have already rejected, as being founded on a +partial and occasional attribute of the god.(1268) On the other hand, we +may observe that the ancient Doric AEolian form of the name was not {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +but {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},(1269) which also obtained amongst the ancient Latins,(1270) +and from which the Macedonian and Delphian month _Apellaeus_ evidently +derived its name. Now if this is admitted to be the original form, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +simply means the _averter_ or _defender_,(1271) and belongs to the same +class as {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and other names mentioned above. + +7. All these names, however, only indicate the attributes and actions of +the deity; but the name PHOEBUS expresses more nearly his peculiar nature. +From its original sense of "_bright_," "_clear_," its secondary sense of +"_pure_," "_unstained_," is easily derived;(1272) and hence the term +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (which perhaps is connected with the Latin _februare_), "to +expiate." Phoebus therefore is the clear and spotless god, often +emphatically called the "pure and holy" ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(1273) This name is +particularly applied to him when he returns purified from Tempe.(1274) The +same meaning is implied in the epithet {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which also signifies +"pure," and "clear;"(1275) hence the streams near the temples of Apollo in +Troy and Lycia were called Xanthus,(1276) and amongst the Macedonians the +expiatory festival of the army bore the title of _Xanthica_.(1277) In +allusion to Apollo as a god of joy and gladness, Aeschylus frequently +forbids that he should be invoked in sorrow.(1278) Several other passages +from poets and grammarians might be adduced to support this idea.(1279) + +8. We now come to the most enigmatical of all the titles of Apollo, viz., +"LYCEUS." It was shown above, that Apollo Lycius was worshipped at Lycorea +on mount Parnassus, in Lycia at the foot of mount Cragus, in Lycia under +mount Ida, at Athens, Argos, Sparta, and Sicyon. This religion must have +been of greater antiquity than the Greek colonies in Asia Minor, having +been carried over thither at the time of their establishment. Homer was +also acquainted with this title of Apollo. + +In explanation of this epithet we every where find traditions concerning +wolves. The descendants of Deucalion, who survived the deluge, following a +wolf's roar, founded Lycorea on a ridge of mount Parnassus. Latona came as +a she-wolf from the Hyperboreans to Delos: she was conducted by wolves to +the river Xanthus. Wolves protected the treasures of Apollo; and near the +great altar at Delphi there stood an iron wolf with ancient +inscriptions.(1280) The attack of a wolf upon a herd of cattle occasioned +the worship of Apollo Lyceus at Argos, where a brazen group of figures, +commemorating the circumstance, was erected in the market-place.(1281) The +Sicyonian tradition of Apollo "the destroyer of wolves" is certainly of +less antiquity, as also the epithet {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (_Lupercus_), which occurs +in Sophocles and other authors.(1282) + +Now in inquiring into the meaning of the symbol of the wolf in this +signification, it may be first remarked that it is a beast of prey. In +this point of view it cannot but appear a remarkable coincidence that +Apollo should in the Iliad assume the form of a hawk,(1283) and a species +of falcon should be called his swift messenger.(1284) Thus also the +tragedians frequently represented Apollo, in his character of a destroyer, +under the title of Lyceus.(1285) We are not, however, to suppose that it +was this character of Apollo as a destroying power which gave a name, not +only to innumerable temples, but even to whole countries; such a +supposition would, contrary to history and analogy, make the early state +of this religion to have been one of the grossest barbarism and +superstition. It is far more probable that the name Lyceus is connected +with the ancient primitive word _lux_ (whence {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). The Greek word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} +is preserved most distinctly in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _i.e._ _course of the +light_;(1286) and by the epithet {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, applied to Apollo by +Homer,(1287) and probably taken from some ancient hymns, we should (from +the idiom of the Greek language) rather understand _one born of light_, +than _the Lycian god_. That light and splendour are frequently employed, +both in the symbols of worship and language of the poets, to express the +attributes of Apollo, cannot be denied;(1288) and we only remind the +reader of the belief that the fire which burnt on the altar of Apollo +Lyceus at Argos had originally fallen from heaven:(1289) and thus the +epithet Lyceus would seem to belong to the same class as _AEgletes_, +_Phoebus_, and _Xanthus_.(1290) + +It is not to be supposed that the wolf was made use of as a symbol of +Apollo merely from an accidental similarity of name; but it is difficult +to discover what analogy even the lively imagination of the Greeks could +have found between the wolf and light. At a later period it was attempted +to explain this symbol by the circumstance that all wolves produced their +young within twelve days in the year, the precise time during which Latona +was wandering as a she-wolf from the Hyperboreans to Delos.(1291) This +physical interpretation was, however, grounded on the fable, and not the +fable on it. Perhaps the sharp sight of the wolf(1292) (if we can trust +the accounts of the ancients), or even the bright colour of the animal, +may afford a better explanation.(1293) + +In the ancient Grecian worship, however, there is another example, and one +in the highest degree remarkable, of the connexion between light and the +wolf. On the lofty peak of Lycaeum, a mountain of Arcadia, above the +ancient Lycosura, there stood (as Pindar says) a lofty and splendid altar +of Zeus Lycaeus, with which were in some way connected all the traditions +concerning Lycaon, who sacrificed his child to Zeus, and was in +consequence transformed into a wolf. Now not only does the symbol of the +wolf occur in this place,(1294) but there is also a reference to light. +There stood here a sacred shrine or _adytum_, supposed to be inaccessible; +and the popular belief was, that whoever entered it cast no shadow; and in +order to escape being sacrificed, the aggressor was obliged to escape as a +deer: hence the pursuing god naturally appeared to the imagination as a +wolf.(1295) We perceive that light was supposed to dwell within the +sanctuary. Thus in this very ancient worship of the Parrhasians, which in +other respects has little in common with the Doric worship of Apollo, we +discover the same combination of ideas and symbols that exists in the +latter, and cannot but consider it a vestige of some very ancient +symbolical idea peculiar and general among the Greeks. + +9. Having proceeded so far, we shall endeavour to unite and harmonize the +different facts already collected. Apollo, as he is represented by Homer, +exhibits the character of a destroying and avenging, as well as a +delivering and protecting power. But he is the avenger of impiety and +arrogance, and the punisher of injustice and sin, and not the author of +evil to mankind for evil's sake. He was therefore always considered as +attended with certain beings whose nature was contrary to his own; his +character could only be shown in opposition with a system of hostile +attributes and powers. As the _warring_ and _victorious_ god, he required +enemies to combat and conquer: as the _pure_ and _bright_ god, he implies +the existence of a dark and impure side of nature. In this manner the +worship of Apollo resembled those religions, such as the ancient Persian, +which were founded on the doctrine of _two principles_, one of good, the +other of evil. At the same time he is no deified personification of the +creative or generative powers of nature, nor of any natural object or +phenomenon; and he has therefore nothing in common with the deities of the +elementary religions. + +These ideas, which seem to be expressed with tolerable distinctness, in +the most ancient epithets and symbols connected with the worship of +Apollo, as well as in the images and fictions of poets down to the time of +Euripides, we will first examine with reference to the mythical history +and adventures of Apollo, and secondly we will endeavour to point out the +influence which these notions exercised upon the worship itself. + + + + +Chapter VII. + + + § 1. Zeus and Apollo originally the only two male deities of the + Dorians. § 2. Birth of Apollo. § 3. Sanctity of the island of + Delos. § 4. Pains of Latona. § 5. Spot of Apollo's birth. § 6. + Battle with the Python. § 7. Apollo sings the Pythian strain. § 8. + Bondage of Apollo. § 9. Combat with Tityus. § 10. Apollo's + assumption of the oracular power. + + +1. Our present investigation renders it necessary to ascend to a period in +which the primitive religion of the Dorians exhibited a distinct and +original character, before it had been combined with the worship of other +deities. At that time this nation had only two male deities, Zeus and +Apollo: for the existence of the latter everywhere supposes that of the +former, and both were intimately connected in Crete, Delphi, and +elsewhere; though the Doric Zeus did not receive great religious honours. +In the temple of Delphi, Zeus and Apollo were represented as Moiragetae, +accompanied by two Fates.(1296) The supreme deity, however, when connected +with Apollo, was neither born, nor visible on earth, and perhaps never +considered as having any immediate influence upon men. But Apollo, who is +often emphatically called the son of Zeus,(1297) acts as his intercessor, +ambassador, and prophet with mankind.(1298) And whilst the father of the +gods appears, indistinctly and at a distance, dwelling in ether, and +enthroned in the highest heavens, Apollo is described as a divine hero, +whose office is to ward off evils and dangers, establish rights of +expiation, and announce the ordinances of Fate. It is our purpose to +investigate these latter attributes, more especially in the mythology of +Delos and Delphi. + +2. The legend of the birth of Apollo at Delos was indeed recognised by the +Ionians and Athenians, but neither by the Delphians, Boeotians, nor +Peloponnesians;(1299) as is plain from the indifference which they +generally showed for the temple in that island. We also know that the +Boeotians represented Tegyra as the birthplace of Apollo. + +Apollo, says Pindar, was born with time;(1300)--alluding to the many +obstacles and delays experienced at his birth. These had been occasioned +by the influence of an hostile power, the same which produced Typhaon from +the depths of Tartarus,(1301) called by the poets Here. + +This power refused its assistance at the birth of Apollo, and compelled +Latona to wander in the pains of childbirth over earth and sea until she +arrived at the rocky island of Delos. + +3. Hence the island of Delos itself became one of the subjects of +mythology. Pindar, in an ode to Delos, addresses it as "_the daughter of +the sea, the unshaken prodigy of the earth, which mortals call Delos, but +the gods in Olympus the far-famed star of the dark earth_;"(1302) and +related how "_the island, driven about by the winds and waves, as soon as +Latona had placed her foot on its shore, became fast bound to the roots of +the earth by four columns_."(1303) The fable of the floating island(1304) +(which is, however, of a more recent date than the Homeric hymn to Apollo) +indicated merely the restless condition which preceded the tranquillity +and brightness introduced by the manifestation of the god. Henceforth +Delos remained fixed and unshaken, immoveable, according to the belief of +the Greeks, even by earthquakes; for which reason, the whole of Greece was +alarmed when this phenomenon happened before the Persian war.(1305) By the +words "_the star of the dark earth_," Pindar alludes to the idea that +Delos (as the name shows) was considered as a pure and bright island, +whose shores, too holy for pollution, were ever kept free from corpses, +the sight of which is odious to the god. Hence also the tradition that +Asteria, whose name is derived from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, the offspring of the Titans, +had cast herself into the sea, and been petrified on the shore. + +4. The birth of Apollo, being an epoch in mythology, was without doubt +celebrated in ancient hymns, whose simplicity presented a striking +contrast to the higher polish of the Homeric poems. A hymn of this +description, ascribed to Olen, was addressed to Eileithyia, the worship of +which goddess, together with other religious ceremonies, was brought over +(as has been above remarked)(1306) from Cnosus to Delos, and from thence +to Athens.(1307) In calling Eileithyia the mother of the god of +love,(1308) Olen exceeded the regular bounds of tradition respecting +Apollo, by confusing the worship of a strange god with that deity, and +probably identified her with the ancient Aphrodite ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), +whose altar Theseus is said to have erected at Delos.(1309) In either +case, the establishment of this ancient Attic worship on the sacred +island, and its connexion with the Delian rites, illustrate the mention of +Eros in the Delian hymn. + +_Nine days and nine nights Latona writhed in hopeless pains of childbirth, +surrounded by the benevolent Titanidae, Dione, Rhea, Themis, and +Amphitrite, who finally_ (according to the hymn of Homer) _prevailed upon +Eileithyia by the promise of a golden necklace. Then the pains seized +Latona; she cast her arms around the palm-tree, and brought forth her +divine son._ The explanations of the bribe offered to Eileithyia are all +too far-fetched: probably pregnant women at Delos consecrated their +necklaces to that goddess. + +5. The exact spot where the birth of Apollo took place was shown in Delos, +since the least circumstance connected with so important an event could +not fail to excite interest. It must be looked for in the place where the +torrent Inopus flows from mount Cynthus.(1310) Here there was a circular +pool (the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), the form of which is often carefully +mentioned.(1311) By its side grew two sacred trees, the palm and the +olive, which are not elsewhere reckoned among those sacred to Apollo; as +in Greece Proper the first does not grow at all, and the second not +without great care. The Delian temple alone could boast of the palm, the +use of palm-branches at the games having also originated in Delos.(1312) + +This island acquired so much sanctity by the birth of Apollo, that no +living being was permitted either to be born or die within its +boundary.(1313) Every pregnant woman was obliged to go over to the +neighbouring island of Rheneia, in order to be delivered. One of the ideas +of the Greeks respecting religious purity (which may in general be traced +to the worship of Apollo) was, that all intercourse with pregnant women +polluted in the same manner as the touch of a corpse. The prohibition +against keeping dogs had the same origin.(1314) On the whole, the Delian +traditions are not to be considered as of very great antiquity or credit; +they contain, indeed, hardly any original source of information respecting +Apollo, being generally composed of descriptions of the sanctity of the +island itself; several legends, as that of its having once floated on the +ocean, &c., appear to have been the invention of the Ionians; this race, +even in fiction, allowing itself far greater latitude than the Dorians. + +6. Apollo, according to the Attic legend, passed to Delphi from Delos +through Attica and Boeotia; the Homeric Hymn to Apollo makes him come from +the northern districts, but likewise through Boeotia: according to other +traditions he came from the Hyperboreans. According to another, Latona was +carrying the two babes, Apollo and Artemis, in her arms, when assailed by +the Python,(1315) the mother seeking refuge on a sacred stone near the +plane-tree at Delphi:(1316) in another, Apollo was a child at the time of +this event;(1317) and, accordingly, a Delphian boy, both whose parents +were alive, represented the actions of the deity at the great festival. +The destruction of the Python, however, always formed the chief event of +the sacred fable. It was by this feat that Apollo gained possession of the +oracular chasm, from which the goddess Earth had once spoken. It was not, +however, without some resistance that she gave way to the claims of the +youthful god, whom, according to Pindar, she even attempted to hurl down +to Tartarus.(1318) The serpent Python is represented as the guardian of +the ancient oracle of the Earth,(1319) and a son of the Earth itself, +sprung from the warm clay that remained after the general deluge, and +dwelling in a dark defile near a fountain, which was said to be supplied +from the Styx.(1320) The serpent, as usual, represents an earthly being, +by which is personified the rough and shapeless offspring of nature. It +was supposed to be connected with the nature of water and the sea; and +hence was called _Delphin_, or _Delphine_,(1321) like the fish of the same +name, which was particularly sacred to Apollo, and in all probability was +also conceived to have been subdued by him. After this, the serpent that +watched the oracle remained, although conquered, as a memorial of the +ancient struggle, and of the victory of the god, and was placed near the +rocky chasm at the foot of the tripod, in the inner sanctuary.(1322) + +7. The battle with the Python being finished,(1323) Apollo himself breaks +the laurel, to weave a crown of victory.(1324) Here too he was said first +to have sung the paean, as a strain of triumph. In the dramatic exhibition, +by which the Delphians represented the adventures of Apollo, the Pythian +strain ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) was here introduced. This air, which was originally +nothing more than a simple melody, soon received all the embellishment of +art; and, being raised by Timosthenes to the dignity of a great musical +composition,(1325) was (contrary to the ancient custom) performed with +flutes, lyres, and trumpets, without the accompaniment of the voice. The +accounts concerning this festival are indeed copious, but unluckily of too +late a date to give us an idea of its ancient and genuine character. In +Plutarch's time(1326) it was not a hollow serpent's den, but an imitation +of a princely house ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), that was erected in a court ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), at every +octennial festival.(1327) Into this building the women of a Delphian +family(1328) led the boy by a secret passage ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) with lighted +torches, and fled away through the door, overturning the table, and +setting fire to the house. + +8. Although the destruction of the Python is characterized as a triumph of +the higher and divine power of the deity, yet the victorious god was +considered as polluted by the blood of the monster, and obliged to undergo +a series of afflictions and woes. Tradition represented him as going +immediately after the battle by the sacred road to Tempe; which the boy, +who personified Apollo, afterwards took as leader of the religious +procession.(1329) The direction of this road has been accurately stated +above. The chief circumstance in this wandering was the bondage {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +of Apollo under Admetus the Pheraean, to which the god subjected himself in +order to expiate his guilt. This too was represented by the boy, who +probably imitated the manner in which the god, as a herdsman and slave, +submitted to the most degrading services.(1330) Perhaps it was the piety +of Admetus, celebrated in tradition, which entitled him to the privilege +of possessing such a slave; yet it must be doubted, whether, conformably +to the spirit of the ancient mythology, an ideal being, and not a mortal +hero, was not originally intended to be represented under this name. +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is an usual name for the god of the infernal regions; to whom, +according to the original idea, Apollo became enslaved. The worship of +this deity is connected with that of Hecate, who was called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, +and the daughter of Admetus.(1331) Cannot we, in the rescuing of Alcestis +from the infernal regions by Apollo(1332) and Hercules, find some clue +which may lead us to suppose that the fable of Admetus refers to a worship +of the infernal deities? An ancient dirge, called the song of Admetus, was +chanted in Greece, having, as was pretended, been first sung by Admetus at +the death of his wife, originally perhaps addressed to {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(1333) How well does it suit the sublime character of the +religious poetry in question, that the god, who had been polluted by the +combat with the impure being, should be obliged, in order to complete his +penance, to descend into the infernal regions. In confirmation of this, +there have been preserved some obscure traditions, which represent Apollo +as actually dying, that is, descending into the infernal regions.(1334) +However, after eight years, the appointed time of bondage, the god wanders +to the ancient altar of Tempe, where, sprinkling with laurel-branches, and +other expiatory rites, symbolically restore his purity,(1335) After this, +the purified deity returns by the same road to Deipnias, near Larissa, and +there breaks his long fast. + +9. These Delphian traditions in very early times became the theme of epic +poetry, in which however another cause was assigned for the slavery of +Apollo; it was represented as a punishment inflicted by Zeus for slaying +the Cyclops, who forged the lightning with which Zeus struck his son +AEsculapius, because, not satisfied with recovering the sick, he even +recalled the dead to life.(1336) Yet some of the poets also state that +Pherae was the place of his servitude, alluding to the Pythian road, and +mention a _great year_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) as the time of his bondage;(1337) +by which they mean the Delphian period. We may perhaps find a trace of a +more ancient tradition in the story of amber being a petrified tear, which +Apollo shed during the time of his slavery in his ancient abode amongst +the Hyperboreans, in the land of the Celts.(1338) + +The combat with Tityus is nearly allied to that with the Python. This +earth-born monster, dwelling at Panopea, a town situated on the sacred +road, and hostile to the Delphians, laid hands upon Latona when passing +through that place: but her children soon overcome the ravisher, and send +him to the shades below; where a vulture incessantly preys upon his +liver,(1339) the seat of inordinate desire. + +10. The hostile part of nature now lying vanquished, and quiet having +gained the victory over disturbance, Apollo begins to exercise the other +office for which he was sent into the world. He mounts the tripod of the +Delphian oracle, no longer to give utterance to the dark responses of the +earth, but to proclaim the "unerring decree of Zeus."(1340) For it is +evident that, in the language of this religion, fate was considered as the +will of Zeus ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), who was at Delphi called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, +"leader of fate;" whilst the epic poets, from their custom of making each +god a separate individual, generally (though the glimmering of a more +exalted idea may be sometimes traced) made Zeus, like all other +individuals, subject to fate. The prophetic powers of Apollo will be more +fully treated of in the following chapter. + + + + +Chapter VIII. + + + § 1. Ritual worship of Apollo. Bloodless offerings. § 2. Expiatory + rites. § 3. Peace offerings. § 4. Festivals of Apollo. § 5. Traces + of a festival calendar. § 6. Expiations for homicide. § 7. Rites + of purification--use of the laurel therein. § 8. Prophetic + character of Apollo. § 9. His modes of divination. § 10. Use of + music in the worship of Apollo. § 11. Apollo represented as + playing on the cithara. § 12. Contest of Apollo and Linus. Ancient + plaintive songs. § 13. Ancient hymns to Apollo. § 14. The paean and + hyporcheme. § 15. The Hyacinthian and Carnean festivals. § 16. + Apollo as represented by the sculptors. § 17. Ancient statues of + Apollo. § 18. Apollo as represented by successive schools of + sculptors. § 19. Political influence of the worship of Apollo. § + 20. Its connexion with the Pythagorean philosophy. + + +1. Our intention in this chapter is to show that, besides the mythology, +the ceremonies also of the worship of Apollo so agree and harmonize +together, as to furnish a decisive proof of its regular and systematic +development; after which we will endeavour to point out this agreement, +and elucidate its relative bearings; although an attempt of this kind must +necessarily be very imperfect, since the religion, which, in order to +comprehend, we should regard with the ardour of devotion, is now merely +the subject of cold and heartless speculation. + +First, with regard to the sacrifices, it is remarkable, that in many of +the principal temples a particular sanctity and importance was attributed +to _bloodless_ offerings. At Delphi cakes and frankincense were +consecrated in holy baskets;(1341) at Patara, cakes in the form of bows, +arrows, and lyres, emblems both of the wrath and placability of the +deity.(1342) At Delos, an altar, called the altar of the pious, stood +behind the altar built of horns, on which were deposited only cakes of +wheat and barley; this, according to tradition, was the only one on which +Pythagoras sacrificed.(1343) In this island also at festivals were offered +mallows and ears of corn;(1344) the simplest food of man, in remembrance +of primitive simplicity and temperance. At Delphi the young women of +Parnassus are said to have brought the first-fruits of the year to Apollo, +immediately after the destruction of the Python.(1345) The pious offerings +of the Hyperboreans, as has been remarked above, were the same as those +last enumerated. And perhaps we may add to our list the custom, at the +Attic autumnal festival of the Pyanepsia, of hanging grapes, fruits, and +small jars of honey and oil, to branches of olive or laurel bound with +wool, and carrying them to the doors of a temple of Apollo;(1346) though +perhaps this rite belonged rather to Bacchus, the Sun, and the +Hours,(1347) who shared the honour of this festival with Apollo. + +2. The above offerings doubtless express the existence of a pure and +filial relation, like that in which the Hyperboreans stood to Apollo; it +being quite sufficient for persons in so innocent a state to give a +constant acknowledgment of the benevolence and power with which the god +defends and preserves them. But as the pure deity was himself supposed to +be stained with blood, so might the minds of his worshippers become +tainted with sin, and lose their internal quiet. When in this state, being +as it were under the influence of a fiendlike and corrupting power ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}), +the mind naturally wishes to put an end to its unhappy condition by some +specific and definite act. This is effected by the solemn expiation and +purification of the religion of Apollo. Expiatory rites were thus +introduced into the regular system of worship, and formed a part of the +ancient _jus sacrum._ It was soon however perceived that the usual routine +of life sometimes needed the same ceremony, and hence expiatory +_festivals_ were connected with the public worship of the god; by which +not only individuals, but whole cities were purified. These festivals were +naturally celebrated in the spring, when the storms of winter disappear, +and nature bursts into fresh life.(1348) But in these the pious gifts of +individuals no longer sufficed, nor even the sacrifice of animals; and the +troubled mind seemed to require for its purification a greater sacrifice. +At Athens, during the Thargelia, two men (or a man and a woman), adorned +with flowers and fruits, having been rubbed over with fragrant herbs, were +led in the most solemn manner, like victims, before the gate, and thrown +with imprecations from the rock; but were in all probability taken up +below, and carried beyond the borders. The persons used for these +expiations ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}) were condemned criminals, whom the city provided for +the purpose.(1349) This festival was common to all Ionians; it is +particularly mentioned at Miletus(1350) and Paros;(1351) and the same +rites were also practised in the Phocaean colony of Massalia.(1352) In +Ionia the victims were beaten with branches of the fig-tree and with +sea-onions; at the same time there was played on the flute a strain +(called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), which, according to the testimony of Hipponax, was +reduced by Mimnermus into elegiac measure.(1353) At Athens also the +victims were crowned with figs and fig-branches, being probably the symbol +of utter worthlessness. The antiquity of this manner of purification has +been shown above, in our remarks upon the religious ceremonies of +Leucadia.(1354) + +3. The _peace-offerings_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}), by which Apollo was first appeased, +and his wrath averted, should, as it appears, be distinguished from the +_purifications_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}), by which he was supposed to restore the mind +to purity and tranquillity. At Sicyon (where the religion of Apollo +flourished at a very early period) it was related, that Apollo and Artemis +had, after the destruction of the Python, wished to be there purified, but +that, being driven away by a phantom (whence in after-times a certain spot +in the town was called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), they proceeded to some other place. Upon +this the inhabitants were attacked by a pestilence; and the seers ordered +them to appease the deities. Seven boys and the same number of girls were +ordered to go to the river Sythas and bathe in its waters, then to carry +the statues of the two deities into the temple of Peitho, and from thence +back to that of Apollo.(1355) The Attic festival of Delphinia (on the +sixth of Munychion) had evidently the same meaning; in this seven boys and +girls reverently conveyed the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, an olive-branch bound with white +fillets of wool, into the Delphinium.(1356) This took place exactly one +month before the Thargelia; and in all probability the peace-offerings and +purifications ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}) were celebrated at the same period +throughout the whole of Greece. + +4. By comparing and arranging the scattered fragments of information +respecting the time of the festivals belonging to these two classes, we +shall obtain the following clear and simple account.(1357) + +In the commencement of the Apollinian year, in the first month of spring, +called Bysius (_i.e._ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) at Delphi, Munychion at Athens, Apollo was +supposed to come through the defile of Parnassus to Delphi, and begin the +battle with the Delphine. He next assumes the character of the wrathful +god, whom it was necessary to appease; and hence, on the sixth day of the +month, the expiatory festival of Delphinia took place at Athens, and +probably also at Miletus and Massalia; we may likewise suppose that it was +the same month which in AEgina and Thera went under the name of +Delphinius:(1358) on the seventh Apollo destroyed the Python.(1359) The +paean was now sung. This too was the day on which, according to immemorial +custom, the oracle first broke silence; at a late period it was also +esteemed at Delphi as the birthday of Apollo.(1360) Immediately after, the +Delphian procession moved on to Tempe; and at the same time the tithes of +men were once despatched to Apollo in Crete.(1361) + +In the second month of spring, called by the Ionians Thargelion, Apollo +was purified at the altar at Tempe, and probably on the seventh day of the +month; for the great expiatory festival of both deities, Apollo and +Artemis, was at Athens celebrated on the sixth and seventh days; and Delos +was at the same time purified; this ceremony was immediately followed by a +feast of thanksgiving in honour of the god of light. According to Delian +tradition, Artemis and Apollo ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~})(1362) were born on the sixth +and seventh days of this month.(1363) On the same day however on which the +Delphian boy broke the laurel and turned homewards, the purifying +laurel-boughs (from which the festival of the Daphnephoria derived its +name)(1364) were probably also carried round in Boeotia, and throughout the +rest of Greece.(1365) Soon after this, the setting of the Pleiades took +place (the day before the ides of May, according to the statement of +Eudoxus);(1366) at which time Hesiod makes the harvest begin; then, as has +been above remarked, on the testimony of Diodorus and ancient works of +art,(1367) Apollo, having been presented with the first ears of corn, +leaves the Hyperboreans, and appears in a milder and more noble character +at Delphi. + +If it was wished that the setting of the Pleiades should occur at a +regular interval from the preceding festival, this could have been +effected only by cycles, by which the lunar and sidereal years were made +to agree. Now it was not difficult to observe, that, after ninety-nine +lunar months, the setting of the Pleiades coincided pretty exactly with +the same phase of the moon. From this circumstance arose the period of +_eight years_, called by the Greeks {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in conformity with which +the great festivals of Apollo at Delphi, Crete, and Thebes were from the +earliest times arranged.(1368) + +5. These data afford a sufficient proof of a remarkable and by no means +fortuitous connexion between the expiatory festivals of Apollo: we may +discover the vestiges of a sacred calendar, once, without doubt, preserved +entire, but which, through the various combinations introduced into the +Grecian worship, became disjointed and broken. This was particularly the +case in the Attic festivals, where the same festival is frequently, as it +were, doubled, and placed in different portions of the year. A remarkable +instance, illustrative of the above remark, immediately occurs to us. As +the months Munychion and Thargelion succeeded each other in the _second_ +half of the year, so did Boedromion and Pyanepsion in the _first_. The +sixth of Boedromion was sacred to Artemis; the seventh, without doubt, to +Apollo Boedromius, _the martial god_; who therefore corresponds with the +Delphinian Apollo, and the festival with the Delphinia. The Pyanepsia, +however, were very similar to the Thargelia; the laurel-boughs wrapt with +wool, carried round at the celebration of both, remind us of the +Daphnephoria;(1369) only, as was above remarked, the worship of Bacchus, +which Theseus is said to have established at Naxos, after his return from +the islands, was mixed up with it, and is to be recognised in the carrying +of boughs ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), which was introduced into this festival. Thus these +four seventh days ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) correspond with each other as follows: + +7th Munychion. +7th Thargelion. +7th Boedromion. +7th Pyanepsion. + +6. We turn from these expiatory festivals of universal occurrence to the +expiations which the religion of Apollo enjoined for those who had +incurred the guilt of homicide.(1370) We previously noticed some +establishments of this nature connected with the temples at Taenarum, at +Troezen, and of Branchidae: a similar one also existed at Delphi, as may be +gathered from the fable of Orestes, related by AEschylus, in which Apollo +appears at the same time as leader of the avenging Furies, and as purifier +of the murderer. Immediately after this deed, the matricide takes an +olive-branch bound with woollen fillets,(1371) and flies _like a +frightened stag_(1372) to Delphi, where Apollo himself purifies his +blood-stained hands by the sacrifice of swine and ablutions;(1373) and +thus liberates him from the Furies, as a defence against whom he had +(according to Stesichorus) also given him a bow and arrows.(1374) After +the purification of Orestes at Delphi, the Athenian poets affirm that he +went to Athens, and, under the protection of the god, placed himself +before the Areopagus, where Cephalus had also stood in a similar +situation.(1375) + +At Athens likewise, as was remarked above, the expiatory rites of the +worship of Apollo were connected with the criminal courts of justice, the +aristocratic ephetae being intrusted both with the ceremony of purification +and the duties of judges. These were fifty-one men, of noble birth,(1376) +who in early times had jurisdiction in five courts of justice (amongst +which the Areopagus was of course included) over every description of +homicide.(1377) Solon probably first separated the Areopagus from the +other four courts; and in order to make it a timocratic tribunal, with +cognizance over cases of wilful murder, he gave it great political, though +not religious power; the latter he was not able to bestow. The +jurisdiction of the ephetae was now confined to cases of unintentional or +justifiable homicide, and some others of no importance; thus remaining a +singular remnant of the ancient judicial forms, in the midst of an +universal change. We shall now describe the ceremonies in use at the +expiation of homicides. It is necessary, however, in the first place, to +distinguish the wilful murderer, who either left for ever his native land, +losing all privileges and property therein, or who suffered the penalty of +the laws, from the man who killed another without design, or with some +good cause, to be approved by the sentence of the ephetae. A person in the +latter situation left his country by a particular road for a certain time; +during which he also kept at a distance from places of public resort +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(1378) Afterwards, the reconciliation took place either +with the kindred or certain chosen phratores; but only in case they were +willing,(1379) and that it was only a homicide of the second +description.(1380) The term used was {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, because an offender of +this kind was an unfortunate person, and therefore, according to the +opinion of the ancient Greeks, worthy of respect. Afterwards, the +perpetrator was purified from all guilt by sacrifices and expiatory rites. +In early times the purification probably always took place abroad, +frequently in the ancient settlements of the injured family. At Athens it +was performed after the return of the criminal; and there the cases of +atoneable murders were of course less frequent than in the heroic age; +since, under a less regular government, and with closer family ties, there +were more incitements and excuses for that crime. Hence at that time those +institutions must have been of double importance, which checked the +fearful consequences of an unlucky act, quieted the workings of an uneasy +conscience, and moderated the too eager thirst for revenge.(1381) + +From this ancient connexion of the religious expiations and criminal +jurisdiction, we easily perceive why at Athens Apollo should have presided +over all the courts of justice;(1382) and why he was also represented at +Tenedos as armed with a double hatchet,(1383) the instrument used in that +island for the execution of adulterers.(1384) + +7. Apollo was likewise supposed to preside over purifications of houses, +towns, and districts;(1385) and accordingly they were performed by +Tiresias, the prophet of the Ismenium, at Thebes;(1386) as also in later +times by Epimenides, in his character of a Cretan worshipper of Apollo, at +Athens (after Olymp. 46. 1.), and at Delos at a still earlier +period.(1387) This is the first purification of Delos of which we have any +account; the second is that instituted by Pisistratus (about the 60th +Olympiad); the third, that set on foot by Athens (Olymp. 88. 3. 426 B.C.), +when the island was entirely freed from the corpses so odious to +Apollo.(1388) + +In all these rites we find frequent use of the _laurel_ (the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}),(1389) to which a power of warding off evil was ascribed, both +when employed in sprinkling, and when merely carried round in +procession.(1390) This tree also served several purposes in the delivery +of oracles; a branch of it in ancient times distinguished the +prophets,(1391) and even the god himself as such;(1392) hence his nurses +were said by some to have been {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~},(1393) _i.e._ "_the laurel +itself_;" and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, or "_the fulfilment of oracles_."(1394) The reason +why the laurel was supposed to have these powers is as obscure as the +origin of the ancient symbolical language in general. Perhaps it was +merely the appearance of the evergreen-tree, with its slender form and +glittering leaves, that made it a symbol of Apollo. The laurel will bear a +tolerably severe winter,(1395) and therefore nourished in the north of +Greece; while the olive, the tree of Athene, belongs to its more southern +regions. But, be this as it may, the situation of Tempe, where this shrub +still grows with great luxuriance, certainly added much to the sanctity of +the symbol:(1396) and for this reason the amour of the god with Daphne is +often placed on the banks of the Peneus.(1397) Indeed Apollo was supposed +to love all groves, particularly of forest-trees, laurels, wild-olives, +&c. The freshening coolness and holy silence of such places were thought +to be proper preparatives for entering the sanctuary.(1398) + +8. It has appeared incomprehensible to many, why Apollo should be a god of +prophecy, and how this office can be reconciled with his other attributes. +Many have been satisfied with supposing an accidental association of +music, prophecy, and archery, without being able to discover any principle +of union. In the following pages we shall endeavour to account for the +combination in the same deity of attributes apparently so unconnected. + +Prophecy, according to the ideas of the ancients, is the announcement of +fate (of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}). Now fate was considered to be the right order of +things, the established physical and moral harmony of the world, in which +every thing occupies the place fitted for its capacities and function. +Fate therefore coincides with supreme Justice ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}); which notion Hesiod +expressed by saying that Zeus married Themis, who produced to him the +Fates. The pious, religious mind could not separate Zeus and Destiny: Fate +was the will and thought of the highest of the gods. A man whose actions +agreed with this established harmony, and who followed the appointed +course of things, acted _justly_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}); the violent and +arrogant man endeavoured at least to break through the laws of Fate. Now +it was this right order of events which the ancient oracles were supposed +to proclaim; and hence they were called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, ordinances or laws of +_justice_.(1399) They were not imagined to be derived from a foreknowledge +of futurity; but merely to declare that which, according to the necessary +course of events, must come to pass. It cannot indeed fail to surprise us +that the oracle was delivered by a woman in a state of ecstasy, and not as +the result of serious reflection. But do we not find in the earlier period +of Grecian philosophy (especially in the Ionic school) every new and +profound discovery appearing as the work of sudden illumination and +ecstasy, and indeed often accompanied with miraculous circumstances? And +would not the mind in that age have naturally been raised to such an +excited and rapturous state, when, endeavouring to escape from the narrow +bounds of daily life, it recognised in the general course of events the +influence of the gods? The means adopted to promote this inspiration, the +vapour of the chasm, the chewing of the laurel-leaves, the drinking of the +water of the well, are of the most innocent description. We do not however +mean to deny that these ceremonies soon became an unmeaning form, the +oracle being made subservient to political purposes. + +The custom of a woman giving utterance to the decrees of the god +originated partly from the peculiar estimation in which women were held by +the Dorians, and partly from the natural tendency of the female sex (so +often remarked by the ancients) to fits of ecstasy. Prophetesses were +elsewhere also frequently connected with temples of Apollo; as, for +instance, Manto, during the fabulous age, with the Ismenian and Clarian +temples, and Cassandra with that of Thymbra, whose nature was nearly +allied to that of the sibyls, who likewise were always connected with +temples of the same god. As to the manner in which the responses of the +Pythian priestess were delivered, Heracleitus of Ephesus says, that "_the +god, whose oracle is at Delphi, neither utters nor conceals any thing, but +gives signs_;"(1400) which at least serves to contradict the common idea +of the designed ambiguity of this oracle. + +This temple must however have lost much of its dignity, when it +condescended, for the sake of rich offerings from the Lydian monarch, to +answer enigmatically the insidious questions which Croesus put to the +Grecian oracles. In earlier times a Greek would not have dared, without +the greatest faith in its responses, to approach the temple, which had +regulated almost the whole political state of Greece, conducted its +colonies, instituted the sacred armistices, and established by its +authority the legislation of Lycurgus. For in general the god had not to +announce what _would_, but what _should_ take place; and he frequently +declared events not as to happen independently of his injunction, but as +the consequence of his answers. All Dorians were in a certain state of +dependence on the Pythian temple; and as long as that race possessed the +ascendency in Greece, the hearth in the centre of the earth ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), with its eternal fire, at Pytho,(1401) was considered as the +Prytaneum and religious centre of the whole of Greece.(1402) + +9. In ancient Greece, however, prophecy was by no means derived altogether +from Apollo, but merely that species of it which proceeded from a +rapturous and entranced state of the soul. Nevertheless, the enthusiastic +and imaginative frame of mind, in which cool grottos, with their flowing +waters and hollow echoes, seemed to transport the votary into a former +world, was derived from the Nymphs: and the Bacidae, who were considered as +under the influence of the Nymphs ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), have no more to do with +Apollo than the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, among whom Musaeus is reckoned. + +Of the various modes of divination from omens,(1403) only two or three +were referred to this god, and that rather accidentally than in accordance +with any fixed principle:(1404) for example, divination from +lightning,(1405) from birds,(1406) from sacrifices,(1407) and from the +drawing of lots, which, however, was either disdained by him, as below his +dignity, or transferred to Hermes.(1408) + +Connecting the idea of Apollo, which we have now acquired, with our +preceding inquiries, we find the whole combine in an easy and natural +manner. Apollo, as a divine hero, overcomes every obstacle to the order +and laws of heaven; and those are heavenly regulations and laws which he +proclaims as the prophet of Zeus. By these, also, tranquillity, +brightness, and harmony, are every where established, and every thing +destructive of them is removed. The belief in a fixed system of laws, of +which Apollo was the executor, formed the foundation of all prophecy in +his worship. + +10. We have next to consider for what reason and to what extent _music_ +was included among the solemnities ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}) in honour of Apollo. On this +point, however, we must guard against inferring too much from the poets. +By the ancients he was represented as playing on the cithara ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}), +frequently in the midst of a chorus of Muses, singing and dancing;(1409) +whose place in the Hymn to the Pythian Apollo is filled by ten goddesses, +among whom "_Ares and Hermes vault and spring_" (perhaps like Cretan +tumblers or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), "_whilst Apollo, in a beautifully woven +garment, plays, and at the same time dances with quick motion of the +feet_;" for Apollo was not considered as merely a god of music; thus +Pindar addresses him as the god of dance.(1410) But we are not warranted +from this _poetical_ fiction to infer a _religious_ union of the Muses and +Apollo, nor can such a connexion be any where traced; indeed the worship +of these goddesses was, both in origin and locality,(1411) entirely +different from that of Apollo. Besides, amongst the early writers, Apollo +is never considered as the patron of poets, or invoked, as the Muses are, +to grant poetical inspiration: players on the cithara alone were under his +protection. The cithara was his attribute, both in many ancient +statues(1412) and also on the coins of Delphi; it is his ancient and +appropriate instrument; the deeper-toned lyre, with its arched +sounding-board, Apollo received from Hermes:(1413) the instances in which +he is represented as bearing it are very rare. + +11. But for what reason is Apollo described as playing upon the cithara? +for no other, assuredly, than that the music of the cithara was from times +of remote antiquity connected with his worship; and that, because it +appears best fitted to express a tranquil and simple harmony; the worship +of Apollo, as we have frequently remarked, always endeavouring to produce +a solemn quiet and stillness of the soul. Pindar beautifully says of this +god that he "_invented the citharis and bestows the muse on whom he wills, +in order to introduce peaceful law into the heart_."(1414) To this also +refer the golden {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which, according to the account of the same +poet,(1415) were suspended from the roof of the brazen temple at Delphi; +and they were without doubt intended as emblems of the mild and soothing +influence of the god. This was naturally the chief object of music when +used in purifications, and as an incantation ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}); when passions were +to be overcome, and pain soothed; and in ancient times this was one of its +most important applications.(1416) Chrysothemis, an ancient Pythian +minstrel of mythology, was hence called the son of Carmanor, the expiatory +priest of Tarrha;(1417) as also Thaletas, the Cretan poet, purified Sparta +by music, when attacked with the plague.(1418) The Pythagoreans, who paid +an especial honour to Apollo, went still further, and employed music as a +charm to soothe the passions, attune the spirit to harmony, and cure both +body and mind. Hence they much preferred the cithara to the flute,(1419) +as, according to Grecian ideas, there was something in the sound of the +flute wild, and at the same time gloomy; this, too, is the reason why +Apollo disliked the music of that instrument.(1420) This also explains his +contest with Marsyas, the Phrygian Silenus and flute-player, whose tough +skin, having been stript off by the conqueror, always moved (according to +the report of the inhabitants of Celaenae), with joy, as was believed, at +the sound of flutes.(1421) + +The flute was not an instrument of much antiquity among the Greeks; Homer +only mentions it as used by the Trojans.(1422) In the time of Hesiod it +had been introduced at the _comus_, the band of noisy revellers.(1423) But +the cithara alone for a long time kept its place as the instrument for the +chorus: even in the time of Alcman flute-players came mostly from Asia +Minor; and their names (Sambas, Adon, Telos(1424)) frequently had, from +this circumstance, a barbarous sound. This kind of music was principally +adopted in places where Dionysus was worshipped; for instance, in Boeotia. +It was of course also much used in the rites of the Phrygian Magna Mater, +and of the Phrygian Pan:(1425) hence Pindar, who inherited the character +of a flute-player from his father, dedicated a shrine to the mother of the +gods, and to Pan.(1426) When, however, it had become common throughout +Greece, it could not be excluded from a place so celebrated for music as +Delphi, and Apollo's ear became less fastidious. Alcman and Corinna, +indeed, were too partial to that art (the former as being a Lydian, the +latter a Boeotian), when they represented Apollo himself playing on the +flute.(1427) This instrument, however, had at that time been adopted even +in the sacred exhibition of the Delphian worship: a dirge on the death of +the Python(1428) (nominally the production of Olympus a Phrygian musician, +contemporary with, or somewhat later than, Terpander),(1429) was played on +the flute in the Lydian strain, and probably formed a part of that +dramatic representation. Moreover, this instrument was used to accompany +Prosodia (songs which were sung on the way to a temple) in the procession +to Tempe, and in the Pentathlon at the gymnastic contests.(1430) A +peculiar species of flute, from being used in paeans, obtained the name of +the _Pythian_:(1431) yet the music of the flute, combined with singing +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), in lyric and elegiac measures, was excluded from the Pythian +games, after it had once been heard, as making too gloomy an +impression:(1432) for all sadness, and therefore all plaintive strains, +were every where excluded from the worship of Apollo; and the music in his +temples was always intended to have an enlivening and tranquillizing +effect upon the mind. + +12. From this view of the subject we may explain the singular story of the +contest of Apollo with Linus, and of the defeat and consequent death of +the latter.(1433) For this purpose it will be necessary to state shortly +my ideas respecting the real character of Linus. Linus, then, the subject +of the song called by his name, was originally a god of an elementary +religion (in which there were numerous symbols to signify the death of all +animated life): he was nearly connected with Narcissus (_i.e._, _the +Torpid_), whose tomb was shown at Thebes and Argos, at which last place +matrons and maidens bewailed him in the month Arneius, as a boy brought up +among lambs and torn in pieces by dogs.(1434) The song of lamentation for +the untimely death of Linus, the much-loved boy,(1435) was sung to the +harp in a low and subdued voice, and listened to with pleasure in the +times of Homer and Hesiod,(1436) although then, perhaps, the air was not +always very melancholy. But in after times this was its predominant +character, as is proved by the names {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.(1437) It was a +great favourite with the husbandmen,(1438) who were generally aboriginal +inhabitants. In this point there was a resemblance between the usages of +ancient Greece and Asia Minor, where religious dirges of this description, +different, indeed, in different districts, but having every where the same +mournful tune, were customary.(1439) Such were, for instance, the lament +of the tribe of Doliones;(1440) the Hylas, sung at fountains in the +country of the Mysians and Bithynians(1441) (probably the same as the +Mysian song);(1442) the song of the beautiful Bormus, whose watery death +was deplored by the husbandmen of Mariandyne on the flute in the middle of +summer;(1443) of Lityerses, whom the Phrygians bewailed yearly during the +time of harvest at Celaenae, the native place of Marsyas;(1444) and which, +with the melancholy Carian strain, was played to the Phrygian flute.(1445) +Besides these there were the Gingras, or song of Adonis, and the Maneros, +the rustic song of Pelusium in Egypt, which Herodotus compares with the +Linus.(1446) And even at Cyprus the contest of the two opposite kinds of +music was in some measure renewed; there being a tradition that Cinyras, +the priest of Aphrodite, and composer of the mournful strains in honour of +Adonis, had, like Marsyas and Linus, been overcome and put to death by +Apollo.(1447) + +Thus we behold Apollo the representative of the severe, even, and simple +music of the Greeks, in contest with that impassioned spirit, alternating +between the extremes of fury and apathy, which the professors of an +elementary religion sought to represent even in their music; and +consequently this fable also harmonizes with the fundamental principles of +the religion of Apollo. + +13. Having now ascertained the general character of the music employed in +the worship of Apollo, we shall endeavour to obtain a more accurate +knowledge of its varieties. + +One of the most ancient species of composition (in which Chrysothemis the +Cretan and Philammon were said to have contended at Delphi) was a hymn to +Apollo;(1448) which we must suppose to have been composed in the ancient +Doric dialect, and sung simply to the cithara. In reference to its musical +execution, this hymn was also called a _nome_,(1449) the invention of +which was ascribed to Apollo himself.(1450) At Delos also there were +nomes, which were sung at the cyclic choral dances, and were attributed to +Olen, another representative of the ancient poetry of hymns.(1451) The +general character of these was composure and regularity;(1452) the measure +was anciently (as we know from certain testimony) only hexameter:(1453) +which agrees well with the fact that the origin of the hexameter was +derived from Pytho.(1454) In the account that Philammon, the ancient +composer of hymns, had placed choruses of young women round the altar, who +sang the birth of Latona and her children in lyric measures ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}),(1455) the nomes of Philammon,(1456) as improved by Terpander the +ancient lyric poet, appear to be confounded with the original ones; since +these, after the fashion of the most ancient composers, contained only +hexameters.(1457) The ancient religious poets mentioned in these accounts, +Chrysothemis, Philammon, and Olen, may be looked on as Dorians with the +same certainty as the founders of the temples of Tarrha, Delphi, and +Patara, to which they particularly belonged.(1458) The language also of +the poems ascribed to them must have been Doric; though indeed the fact of +a poetical use of this dialect before the historic times will not agree +with the predominant, though perhaps not well-grounded notions respecting +the progress of poetry in Greece. + +14. That the _paean_ was a song of thanksgiving for deliverance has been +mentioned above. With respect, however, to the manner in which it was +performed, we learn from Homer that it was sung after the sacrificial +feast,(1459) when the goblets were carried round after the sacred +libation; and this was also the case at Sparta and Athens.(1460) It was +generally sung in a sitting posture, although in the Homeric Hymn to +Apollo that god is represented as accompanying the Cretans who sing in a +measured step.(1461) At Sparta it was danced in choruses.(1462) On the +whole it required a regular and sedate measure,(1463) even when it assumed +a more lively air, as for the nome, and the solemn {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, sung at +libations.(1464) + +But the most lively dance which accompanied the songs used in the worship +of Apollo, was that termed the _hyporcheme_.(1465) In this, besides the +chorus of singers who usually danced around the blazing altar, several +persons were appointed to accompany the action of the poem with an +appropriate pantomimic display ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}). Homer himself bears witness +to the Cretan origin of this custom, since the Cnosian dance, represented +by Hephaestus on the shield of Achilles, appears from the description to +have been a kind of hyporcheme,(1466) and hence all dances of this +description were called Cretan.(1467) From that island they passed at an +early period over to Delos, where, even in Lucian's time, the wanderings +of Latona and her island, with their final repose, were represented in the +above manner.(1468) At the same time also probably took place the custom +mentioned in the hymn to the Delian Apollo as characterizing the songs of +the young women of that island; viz., that they represented the voices and +gestures of every nation:(1469) perhaps they introduced the peculiar +dances of the various countries which Latona visited in her wanderings. +The ludicrous, and at the same time complicated dance ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) which +Theseus is said first to have danced with his crew round the altar at +Delos,(1470) was probably of the same description. All that can be clearly +ascertained respecting the rhythm of these compositions is that the +hexameter was altogether unfitted to their playful and joyous +character.(1471) But both the hyporcheme and paean were first indebted for +their systematic improvement to the Doric musicians, Xenodamus of Sparta, +and Thaletas of Elyrus in Crete (about 620 B.C.),(1472) who first brought +the Cretic or Paeonic metre into general use; which names point out beyond +doubt its Cretan origin, and its use in paeans.(1473) Cretics form a quick +and lively, though a pleasing and by no means inharmonious(1474) rhythm, +being particularly adapted to rapid motion. Thus a joyous and agreeable +harmony was added, at the festivals of Apollo, to the serious and solemn +music, although the softness and insipidity of several Ionian and Asiatic +tunes were, without doubt, always rejected. + +Thus, if we except the purifying and propitiatory rites, the festivals of +Apollo bore the character of a serene and joyful mind, every other +attribute of the deity being lost in those of victory and mercy. Hence in +his statues at Delphi(1475) and Delos(1476) he was represented as bearing +in his hand the Graces, who gave additional splendour and elegance to his +festivals by the dance, music, and banquet.(1477) + +15. We have as yet omitted the mention of two great national festivals +celebrated at Amyclae by the Spartans in honour of the chief deity of their +race,(1478) viz., the _Hyacinthia_ and the _Carnea_, from a belief that +they do not properly belong to Apollo. That the worship of the Carnean +Apollo, in which both were included, was derived from Thebes, whence it +was brought over by the AEgidae to Amyclae, has been proved in a former +work;(1479) our present object is to show, from the symbols and rites of +this worship, that it was originally derived more from the ancient +religion of Demeter than from that of Apollo. The youth Hyacinthus, whom +the Carnean Apollo accidentally struck with a quoit,(1480) evidently took +his name from the flower (a dark-coloured species of iris), which in the +ancient symbolical language was an emblem of death; and the fable of his +death is clearly a relic of an ancient elementary religion. Now the +hyacinth most frequently occurs, in this sense, in the worship of Demeter; +thus, for example, it was under the name {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} sacred to Demeter +Chthonia at Hermione.(1481) We find further proof of this in the ancient +sculptures with which the grave, and at the same time the altar of +Hyacinthus, was adorned: the artists indeed appear to have completely +comprehended the spirit of the worship. We find Demeter, Cora, Pluto, and +the Cadmean Dionysus, with Ino and Semele, and Hyacinthus himself, +together with a sister named Polyboea.(1482) Polyboea is hardly, if at all, +distinct from Cora,(1483) whom Lasus of Hermione called Meliboea. To this +may be added the sacrifices to the dead, and lamentations customary on the +first day(1484) (which were forbidden at all other festivals of Apollo); +nightly processions,(1485) and several other detached traces of the +symbols of Demeter and Dionysus,(1486) which, by an attentive observer, +may be easily distinguished from those of Apollo. The time of the festival +was also different: it took place on the longest day of the Spartan month +Hecatombeus, which corresponds to the Attic Hecatombaeon,(1487) at the time +when Hylas was invoked on the mountains of Bithynia, and the tender +productions of nature droop their languid heads. + +The Carnean festival took place, as it appears, in the following month to +the Hyacinthian, equally in honour of Apollo of Amyclae. But the Doric +religion seems here to have preponderated, and to have supplanted the +elementary symbols so evident in the Hyacinthia. The Carnea was, as far as +we know, altogether a warlike festival, similar to the Attic Boedromia. It +lasted nine days, during which time nine tents were pitched near the city, +in each of which nine men lived, for the time of the festival, in the +manner of a military camp. There is no reference to an elementary religion +except some obscure ceremonies of the priest Agetes and the +Carneatae.(1488) This leads us to suppose that at the union of the Amyclaean +worship, introduced by the AEgidae, with the Doric worship of Apollo at +Sparta, the Hyacinthia preserved more of the peculiarities of the former, +the Carnea of the latter, although the sacred rites of both were +completely united. At the same time we do not deny the difficulty of +inquiring into the origin and primitive form of ceremonies the history of +which is so complicated; and this alone must excuse the shortness of our +account respecting these two festivals. + +16. Finally, the manner in which Apollo is represented in _sculpture_, +particularly by the ancient artists, may assist our investigation into the +ideas and sentiments on which his worship was founded. Apollo was a +subject peculiarly adapted for sculpture. Since his connexion with +elementary religion was slight, and there was nothing mystic in his +character, the sculptors were soon able to fix upon a regular cast of +features, to distinguish him from other deities: for Apollo, not only in +poetry, but in the fables most nearly connected with his worship, is +generally represented as a human god, and in all his actions and +sufferings more nearly connected with the heroes than any other divinity. +But before this perfection and conventional uniformity of the art, the +early sculptors were much assisted in characterizing the statues of Apollo +by his numerous and significant symbols, such as the bow, the cithara, the +laurel, &c.: and thus they were able, in some measure, to give an idea of +the power and properties of Apollo, though merely in stiff and rude images +of wood and stone. + +17. The simple Cippus of Apollo Agyieus did not represent any particular +attribute, but was merely intended as a memorial of the presence of the +protecting god.(1489) In endeavouring more fully to express his character, +the symbols of power would naturally come next. His attributes of +vengeance doubtless preceded those of mercy, although both, in fact, +harmonized together: it must, however, have been long, before the +surpassing beauty of the god (celebrated even in the Theogony of Hesiod) +could be the subject of sculpture. The attribute, then, of strength, as +also that of omniscience, the ancient Lacedaemonians wished to represent by +the Apollo with four hands and four ears at Amyclae.(1490) But the chief +statue on the above spot was an image, which, besides the bow, bore a +helmet and lance: of the same nature was also the statue on mount Thornax, +the face of which had been gilded by the Lacedaemonians.(1491) The +Megarians also consecrated at Delphi a statue of Apollo bearing a +lance;(1492) and at Tenedos he was armed with the double hatchet,(1493) +like the Labrandenian Zeus of the Carians.(1494) In a very ancient +bas-relief, discovered by Dodwell on the mouth of a well at Corinth, and +which we shall hereafter examine further, Apollo holds the cithara in his +hand;(1495) his whole form too, as in all the ancient sculptures, is +stouter and more manly than usual. + +18. On inquiring concerning the artists of the most ancient symbolical +statues of Apollo, we find that the Cretans were the first sculptors, as +well as musicians, of that worship. From Crete, an ancient wooden statue +of Apollo, of the rudest style of workmanship, was brought to +Delphi:(1496) from hence, too (about Olymp. 50, 580 B.C.), there came +Dipoenus and Scyllis the Daedalidae, who made for the Sicyonians statues of +Apollo, Artemis, Hercules, and Athene, of which we will speak hereafter. +The Pythian oracle greatly interested itself in the labours of these +artists; for when the envy of the native artists had driven them from +Sicyon, it compelled the inhabitants to recall them. The managers of the +temple of Delphi appear indeed to have been, from very early times, great +patrons of the art of sculpture, particularly in brass. The subterranean +temple at Pytho (the existence of which has been doubted, but, in my +opinion, without sufficient grounds) was covered with brass, as were +several treasuries of the ancient princes of Greece. The temples and +courts were fitted with numerous tripods; caldrons, goblets, and arms of +brass were there arranged promiscuously, from periods of the highest +antiquity. There was also a knife used in sacrifice called the _Delphian +knife_,(1497) nor do the singing golden {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which Pindar represents +as suspended from the roof of the brazen temple, seem to be a mere +poetical fiction. + +But the Cretan school of sculpture produced Tectaeus and Angelion, who +erected the celebrated, and probably colossal statue of Apollo at Delos, +which (as was before mentioned) held the Graces in one hand and a bow in +the other. With the same school also, though in a more distant degree, was +connected Canachus of Sicyon, who, about the seventy-third Olympiad, made +a famous bronze statue for the Didymaeum,(1498) and one of wood for the +Ismenium. From the accounts and various imitations of this work of art we +are enabled to form some idea of its character. The god was represented +with a manly form, his breast broad and prominent, the trunk square, the +legs almost like pillars, and in a firm position, the left leg being a +little advanced. The hair, encircled with a fillet, lay in slender twisted +curls over the forehead; over each shoulder were three platted tresses, +and behind the hair fell in a broad cluster down the back. The countenance +nearly resembled those in the marbles of AEgina. In the right hand, which +was stretched straight forward, was a fawn (an obscure symbol which we +shall not here attempt to explain); the left, not quite so much elevated, +grasped a bow. The whole must have had an awful and imposing appearance, +conveying the idea of sublimity and dignity far more than of grace or +loveliness.(1499) We cannot suppose the style of the colossal statue of +Apollo to have been very different which, several Olympiads later, was +modelled in brass by Calamis for Apollonia on the Pontus, and which was +afterwards brought to Rome by Lucullus:(1500) nor that of Apollo +Alexicacus, erected at Athens by the same artist at the beginning of the +Peloponnesian war.(1501) The Apollo which Onatas of AEgina, the +contemporary of Calamis, executed for the inhabitants of Pergamus, was a +colossal statue displaying great beauty of form, and, as it appears, of a +more youthful appearance than was common for statues of Apollo at that +time.(1502) In this, Apollo was represented as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as the +beautiful son of Latona; under which name he was worshipped at +Pergamus.(1503) It is not improbable that the union of strength and beauty +so conspicuously exhibited in the ideal forms of the two children of +Latona was suggested by the peculiar character of the Doric education; and +that the artist represented the god as an Ephebus, whose skill in the +chorus and on the field of battle was exactly equal. + +But the figure which we are accustomed to consider as properly belonging +to Apollo did not originate even in the school of Polycletus and +Myron,(1504) but was the creation of a later period; since both the coins +of a date prior to the time of Alexander,(1505) and single heads, which +must be referred to the same period,(1506) do not indeed preserve the +features ascribed to the work of Canachus, but still are quite different +from the most celebrated of the statues now extant, having broader cheeks, +a shorter and thicker nose; in a word, the proportions are what the +ancients termed _quadrate_, or square. It was not till the times of +Scopas, Leochares, Praxiteles, and Timarchides, that the Apollo appeared +whom we may call the twin-brother of Venus, so similar are the forms of +both deities. The expression of inspiration and ecstasy, which several of +the best statues exhibit, may also be shown to have first originated in +the school of Scopas, since the earlier artists aimed rather at producing +the appearance of tranquillity and composure than of transient excitement; +and the exquisite taste with which these sculptors were able to express +inspiration without extravagance, deserves the highest praise. Without +detailing the particular productions of these and later artists, we shall +only show how they may be best classified. The Apollo Callinicus of +Belvedere stands by itself, swelling with the pride of victory:(1507) next +comes the Apollo resting from the fight, with the right arm bent over the +head, the left leaning on a pillar, holding the bow, which has evidently +been used, or a cithara: being evidently a statue of the _resting Apollo_ +({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}); but from the circumstance that a statue of this +kind stood in the Lyceum at Athens(1508) it is usually called the "Apollo +of the Lyceum:" then follows the Apollo Citharoedus (playing on the harp), +either naked, in different positions, or covered with the Pythian stola, +and in an almost theatrical attitude.(1509) It would be foreign to our +subject to enter into details respecting this class of statues, and those +derived from them, as the Sauroctonus, Nomius, &c. + +19. Finally, we would endeavour to trace the influence of the worship of +Apollo on the policy and philosophy of Greece, if the question did not +embrace so wide a field, lying, as it does in great measure, beyond the +confines of history. We may, however, select, from what has been already +said, as proofs of the influence of this worship on political concerns, +the armistice connected with the festivals of Apollo, the truce observed +in the sacred places and roads, the soothing influence of the +purifications for homicide, together with the idea of the punishing and +avenging god, and the great influence of the oracles in the regulation of +public affairs.(1510) It has, moreover, been frequently remarked how by +its sanctity, by the dignified and severe character of its music, by all +its symbols and rites, this worship endeavoured to lull the minds of +individuals into a state of composure and security, consistently, however, +with an occasional elevation to a state of ecstatic delight. + +20. Lastly, the worship of Apollo was so nearly connected with a branch of +Grecian philosophy that the one frequently established and explained +scientifically that which the other left merely to the feeling; I mean the +_Pythagorean system_. Pythagoras possessed hereditary rites of Apollo; he +dwelt at Croton, where that god received such various honours;(1511) he +lived mostly among Dorians, who were everywhere partial to that worship; +and a Delphian priestess, by name Aristocleia, is mentioned among his +followers.(1512) Thus it is not without reason that the Pythagorean +philosophy has in modern times been considered as Doric: in its political +doctrines it followed Doric principles, and with the Doric religion it was +united both externally and internally: besides which, the attempt to +realize and disseminate national ideas and opinions may perhaps illustrate +the rapid growth of the power of the Pythagorean league. The recondite +principle of this philosophy always is, that the essence of things lies in +their due measure and proportion, their system and regularity; that +everything exists by harmony and symmetry alone; and that the world itself +is an union of all these proportions ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or order). The same +abstraction from materiality also belonged to the religion of Apollo; for +this too suggests the idea of order, harmony, and regularity, and in these +it makes the nature and actions of the Deity to consist. Hence, too, music +was one chief ingredient of the Pythagorean philosophy, as well as a +necessary element of the worship of Apollo, as best expressing the harmony +on which both were founded. In both the soothing and appeasing of the +passions was aimed at and effected, that the mind might be quieted and +strengthened at the same time.(1513) But we must leave the full +investigation of this subject to those who have acquired a profounder +knowledge of the philosophy of Pythagoras. + + + + +Chapter IX. + + + § 1. Worship of Artemis. § 2. The Artemis connected with Apollo + distinct from the other goddesses of that name. Her attributes. § + 3. The Arcadian Artemis. § 4. Fable of Alpheus and Arethusa. The + Peloponnesian Artemis. § 5. The Attic Artemis. § 6. Artemis + Orthia, or Iphigenia. § 7. Rites of the worship of Artemis Tauria. + § 8. The Artemis of Asia Minor. § 9. Her connexion with the + Amazons. + + +1. We now proceed to consider the worship of Artemis; a subject which need +not be so fully examined as that of Apollo, as it does not, like the +worship of that god, everywhere present the same fundamental notions, and +therefore cannot, in all its first beginnings, be derived from the +religion of the Dorians. But as in general the Grecian mythology adopted +the most various and inconsistent religious views and ideas, so in the +name of the single goddess Artemis were united almost opposite branches of +ancient worship, which we must attempt to separate. Lest, however, it +should be supposed that we are unable to trace the association of ideas, +which saw a simple character in the "various forms of that great goddess, +who, having her origin in the interior of Asia, passed from thence into +Greece, and was worshipped as the moon, the goddess of the woods, the +huntress, the nurse of children, and a nurse of the universe, as well by +the choruses of the virgins of Caryae, as in the dances of the +temples;"(1514) we will endeavour to ascertain some historical criterion, +which may distinguish the worship of Artemis from that of any other deity, +and which must not be one of the ideas or symbols of the worship itself, +since it is concerning the possibility or impossibility of their connexion +that we are to inquire. + +2. For this purpose it may be assumed, that the Artemis connected with +Apollo belongs alone to the same system of religious notions: and +consequently, the Artemis of Ephesus, Artemis Orthia, and Artemis +Tauropolus, are of a different nature, as Apollo is never represented as +their brother: of this, however, more hereafter. Here we will first show, +that in all the chief temples of Apollo, Artemis was worshipped as his +sister, as the partner of his nature and of his actions, and, as it were, +a part of the same deity. Thus both were children of Latona, and were +equally the rulers of the temple of Delphi;(1515) the victory over the +Python, the flight, and the expiation, concern both;(1516) both were +honoured at the Pythian games of Sicyon, together with Latona;(1517) as +also in Crete,(1518) Delos, Lesbos,(1519) at Carthaea,(1520) in the +Didymaeum,(1521) on the citadel of Troy,(1522) in the worship of +Lycia,(1523) as well as in that of Metapontum.(1524) The worship both of +Apollo and Artemis is said to have been derived from the +Hyperboreans;(1525) and the names of the Hyperborean priestesses, who +brought the rites to Delos, _Arge_ and _Opis_, according to others +_Hecaerge_ and _Loxo_, are only epithets of Artemis. Arge probably means +"the rapid;" Opis(1526) ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _Ionice_ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, the same as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) well +characterises the spirit of this religion, as it signifies the constant +watch and care of the goddess over human actions,(1527) while at the same +time she inspires fear and veneration of herself.(1528) She was known also +by the same name among the Dorians of Sparta,(1529) and celebrated as such +in sacred chants:(1530) thus almost all the attributes and actions of +Apollo are referred also to Artemis. She is also the goddess of sudden +death;(1531) which she sometimes inflicts in wrath, but sometimes without +anger;(1532) and hence she is represented as armed, not only with bow and +arrows, but in the Doric states with a complete panoply.(1533) In ancient +poets she is not only the destroyer of wild beasts, but also, like her +brother, of sacrilegious men.(1534) Thus, with Apollo, she killed Tityus, +and, by herself, the Aloidae,(1535) and Orion, who dared to violate Opis +when bringing the ears of corn to Delos.(1536) Hence she was to be +appeased by expiatory rites; and had an equal share in Thargelia, and +similar festivals.(1537) And for the same reason the laurel was likewise +sacred to Artemis.(1538) She was honoured with the song of the paean.(1539) +She is at the same time the destroyer and the preserver ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}(1540) and +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}).(1541) And even her name {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}(1542) clearly corresponds with +that of the protecting Apollo, since it signifies the "healthy," the +"uninjured."(1543) Whether the art of music belonged to Apollo alone is +not certain; at least the Lacedaemonians celebrated in honour of Artemis a +musical contest called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~};(1544) and her singing is represented in +the Iliad as delighting both gods and men.(1545) On reliefs which +represent the victors in musical contests, Apollo is always accompanied by +his mother and sister.(1546) Artemis had also a claim to the gift of +prophecy, at least if we can attribute any antiquity to the tradition of +her being a sibyl.(1547) Like Apollo, she is always represented as +unmarried; and therefore not as the deity of an elementary religion, and +originally not as goddess of the moon, although it cannot be denied that +the worship of the moon was very nearly connected with other branches of +the worship of Artemis. + +But, it may be asked, if this Artemis always has the same characteristics +as Apollo, and has none that are peculiar to herself, why should there be +two deities to express one idea? Wherefore both a male and female, if +neither have any relation to sex? It is difficult to give a satisfactory +answer to these questions. + +This consideration may, however, in some measure assist; namely, that as +soon as Apollo was once supposed to be as an earthly god, as the ideal of +all human strength, it was necessary to add also a female being. And the +near approximation of the male to the female deity may be accounted for by +the condition of the Doric women, who were much more considered as +independent beings, and possessed a capability for all those other things +which adorn the other sex. + +3. But the most difficult part of our problem still remains unsolved; viz. +to ascertain what was the worship of Artemis, which had not the same +origin and nature with that of Apollo. First of all we should mention the +Arcadian. That goddess has nowhere so many temples as in Arcadia; she was +there the national deity, and had been long revered, under the title of +"_Hymnia_", by all the races of that people.(1548) She was also introduced +under the name of Callisto into the national genealogies, and called the +daughter of Lycaon(1549) (_i.e._ of the Lycaean Zeus), and mother of Arcas +(_i.e._ of the Arcadian people). For that Callisto is only another form of +the name of Artemis Calliste, which is a common epithet of Artemis, is +plain from the fact that the tomb of that heroine was shown in the temple +of the goddess,(1550) and that Callisto was said to be changed into a +bear, which was the symbol of the Arcadian Artemis.(1551) Afterwards, +indeed, the fable was much altered; and it was related that Artemis +changed Callisto into a bear merely from anger.(1552) But that this +ancient Arcadian deity was not the Doric Artemis is proved by the +above-mentioned criterion; viz. that she has no connexion with Apollo. + +Another circumstance, however, speaks even still plainer. Apollo and his +sister seldom received any particular surnames from places where they were +worshipped;(1553) whereas the other Artemis has almost innumerable names +from the mountains, hills, fountains, and waters of Arcadia, and the other +regions of Peloponnesus. Hence Alcman remarks that the goddess bears the +names of thousands of hills, cities, and rivers.(1554) There must have +been, therefore, something in the attributes of this Arcadian Artemis +which produced such a number of local names; she must have been considered +as united and connected with the country in which she was worshipped. This +leads to the notion of an elementary goddess, of a similar, though more +universal nature than nymphs of the mountains, rivers, and brooks. +Accordingly we find that this ancient Peloponnesian Artemis was nearly +connected with lakes, fountains, and rivers. She was worshipped in several +places under the titles of Limnatis and Heleia.(1555) There were +frequently also fountains in the temples of Artemis: viz., at Corinth, +Marius, Mothone,(1556) and near the district of Derrhiatis in +Laconia.(1557) She likewise received great honours at the Clitorian +fountain of Lusi.(1558) Among rivers, those she was most connected with +are the Cladeus and the Alpheus.(1559) The moist and watery district, +through which this latter stream flows into the sea, was filled with +temples of the nymphs of Aphrodite and Artemis, among which the sanctuary +of the Alphean Artemis(1560) is most remarkable. There were in that temple +paintings of Cleanthus and Aregon of Corinth, which were chiefly on +subjects relating to religion; as, for instance, that of Poseidon +presenting a thunny-fish to Zeus while in the act of producing +Athene.(1561) All this naturally suggests the idea of a goddess who +produced a flourishing and vigorous life from the element of water; and +hence we would not entirely reject the popular faith of the Phigaleans, +that Eurynome, the goddess of fish, and herself represented as half a +fish, was an Artemis.(1562) + +4. The mention of the river Alpheus reminds us of Sicily, whither, in +order to catch the fountain Arethusa, which was swallowed up in the land +of Elis, he is said to have followed her under the sea, and to have first +reached her in the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse.(1563) This singular +fable may perhaps be explained by the following considerations. Syracuse +was founded in the 5th Olympiad by Corinthians, with whom were some +settlers from the district of Olympia, and particularly some members of +the family of the Iamidae, who held a sacred office at the altar of the +Olympian Zeus.(1564) These joint colonists ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} according to the +expression of Pindar) appear to have had sufficient weight in the new city +to introduce their own religion and mythology. For, as we have seen above, +Artemis was worshipped at Olympia as the goddess of the Alpheus, being +generally considered in that country as presiding over lakes and rivers. +She had in the grove of Altis an altar, together with Alpheus;(1565) and +there was there a popular legend, that Alpheus had once loved Artemis. Now +the settlers that went from this district to Syracuse, in their first +expedition, confined themselves to the island of Ortygia. Here they built +a temple to the river-goddess Artemis; a sanctuary of so great fame, that +Pindar calls the whole island "the seat of Artemis, the +river-goddess.(1566)" There was, however, no river in Ortygia, and +therefore Artemis was supposed to regret her beloved Alpheus. Hence arose +the belief that Arethusa, a fountain near the temple, contained the sacred +water of the Alpheus;(1567) a belief which was strengthened by the +circumstance that large fish were found in the spring;(1568) and from this +arose the fable that Alpheus had followed the goddess to Sicily. But +Artemis was supposed to fly from the pursuit of Alpheus.(1569) This at +least was the fiction followed by Telesilla, a poetess who lived in the +64th Olympiad;(1570) and the same fable was perhaps adopted by +Pindar.(1571) Afterwards, however, the precise meaning and origin of this +fable were forgotten; and the fountain-nymph Arethusa took the place of +Artemis, and became the object of the pursuit of the river-god.(1572) Such +appears to have been the origin of the elegant fable of Alpheus and +Arethusa. + +We now return to the Peloponnesian Artemis, and will mention some of her +other symbols and attributes. Her statue stood next to that of Demeter, at +Megalopolis, dressed in the skin of a deer, with a quiver on her back, +holding a torch in one hand, and two serpents in the other, with a dog by +her side.(1573) The connexion which existed between her and the Arcadian +Demeter is probably more ancient than this statue; and indeed the symbol +of the deer seems to have been common in Arcadia to both Artemis and Cora, +called in Arcadia _despoena_.(1574) She was also worshipped with +Bacchus;(1575) and, like him, had phallic festivals.(1576) From her +connexion with fountains and rivers, and other rural objects, it was +natural that this Artemis should be considered as the patron of wild +animals. Thus AEschylus calls her "the protectress of young lions, and the +whelps of other wild beasts."(1577) In like manner she was supposed to +preside over the breeding of horses,(1578) and generally over the nurture +of infants and children;(1579) it was therefore by a perversion of the +original idea that she took the character of a huntress, the enemy and +destroyer of wild animals. An analogous inconsistency to that before +pointed out in the attributes of the _Doric_ Apollo and Artemis, who were +represented as both protecting and destroying.(1580) + +5. By the mythological symbol of Artemis Callisto, the bear, we are +reminded of some ceremonies at Athens, where young girls, between the ages +of five and ten years (who were consecrated to the Munychian and +Brauronian Artemis), were called _bears_;(1581) and the goddess herself, +in some singular traditions, is represented as a bear calling for human +blood.(1582) When the Ionians went from Athens to Asia, they carried the +worship of the Munychian goddess to Miletus and Cyzicus;(1583) and to the +former city the kindred worship of Artemis Chitone, as the goddess +presiding over birth, whose wooden statues were made of fructiferous +wood.(1584) + +6. The consideration of the Attic festival of Artemis leads again to +another variety of the worship of Artemis; viz., to that of Artemis +Orthosia, Orthia, or Iphigenia. We will first give the traditions and +facts as we find them. Iphigenia, coming from Tauria to Attica, was +supposed to have landed at Brauron, and at the neighbouring Halae +Araphenides, and left behind her the ancient wooden image of +Artemis.(1585) Here she was immediately interwoven with the heroic +genealogy, and called the daughter of Theseus.(1586) In Sparta there was a +temple of Artemis Orthia in a damp part of the city, called Limnaeum, where +was also shown a wooden statue, which had come from Tauria.(1587) As to +the introduction of the worship, it is said that Astrabacus and Alopecus +(the ass and fox), the sons of Irbus, descendants of Agis in the fourth +generation (about 900 B.C.), had found the image in a bush, and had been +struck mad by the sight of it; that the Limnatae, and other villages of +Sparta, had upon this offered sacrifices to them, when a quarrel arose, +and murder ensued. A number of men were killed at the altar; and +accordingly the goddess called for victims to atone for the pollution; +instead of which, in later times, the scourging of boys was instituted, +over the severity of which the priestess presided.(1588) It is remarkable +that this was immediately followed by a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, a Lydian +procession.(1589) + +From this narration it follows that the scourging was considered as a +substitute for human sacrifice; and further, that the worship was looked +upon as of a foreign origin: notwithstanding this, it was completely +interwoven into the Lacedaemonian mythology. For it can be shown that the +pretended daughter of Agamemnon, Iphigenia, is no other than the Taurian +goddess, who was actually worshipped in several cities of Greece under the +name of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Considered as a heroine, indeed, she became first, +instead of the goddess thirsting for human sacrifice, the virgin +sacrificed to her; and, secondly, her sacrificing priestess.(1590) +According to the Cyprian poems (for Homer knew nothing of her) Iphigenia +was sacrificed to Artemis; but was by her brought to Tauria, and made +immortal, a deer (or, according to others, a bear, and also a bull) having +been left in her place;(1591) Hesiod also represented her as immortal, +viz., as Hecate.(1592) The sacrifice was supposed to have taken place at +Aulis, because there was a temple (probably of the Orthosian Artemis) near +the port, to whom sacrifices were made at the passage.(1593) + +This worship probably came to Laconia from Lemnos,(1594) one of its +principal seats. In early tradition Lemnos was probably identical with +Tauria,(1595) and the latter country derived its poetical name from the +symbol of the bull, in the same manner as Lycia in later times took its +name from the symbol of the wolf. In Lemnos also a great goddess was +anciently worshipped with sacrifices of virgins; to which place the wooden +image is said to have been brought from Brauron. This opinion becomes more +evident by a comparison with the worship of Chryse. Agamemnon is said to +have been the father of Chryse as well as of Iphigenia,(1596) and also, +according to others, of a son Chryses, who went to Tauria with +Orestes.(1597) Now it is certain that Chryse was a goddess, who had from +early times been worshipped both at Lemnos and Samothrace. The Argonauts +under Hercules and Jason were said to have sacrificed to her; and her +ancient wooden image, raised over an hearth of unhewn stones, is often +represented on ancient vases.(1598) Philoctetes is said to have been +bitten by the viper(1599) when he discovered this altar.(1600) This +goddess Chryse, who is also called Athene, was probably only a different +form of her sister Iphigenia. + +The worship of both these goddesses spread to other places, to the north +of the AEgean sea. Thus on the coast of Byzantium there was an altar of +Artemis Orthosia;(1601) and opposite to it, at Chrysopolis, was the tomb +of Chryses, the son of Agamemnon, who, in his search after Iphigenia, was +said to have died there.(1602) It is evident that this system of religious +names was arbitrarily transferred to the genealogy of the Lacedaemonian +kings, and most curiously interwoven with the Trojan mythology. The Greeks +first became acquainted with Tauria by their voyages to Miletus; and they +gave it a name already celebrated in their mythology. They found there +some sanguinary rites of a goddess, which, by partly softening the name, +they called _Oreiloche_;(1603) they also found human sacrifices, which +they supposed to be offered to Iphigenia;(1604) their own worship of that +deity bore so many marks of ancient barbarism, that they were willing to +consider the northern barbarians as its authors. Yet it is certain that +the Tauric Artemis was no more derived from the Taurians, than the +AEthiopian Artemis from the AEthiopians,(1605) &c. In Asia Minor(1606) also +there were modes of worship, which the Greeks compared with the rites of +the Orthosian Artemis, of the similarity of which we shall presently +treat. + +7. Hitherto we have merely collected the fabulous narrations of the +ancients, and attempted to show their connexion; we shall next speak of +the ceremonies which attended the worship of this goddess or goddesses. + +In the first place we will treat of the meaning and character of this +truly mystical worship.(1607) We have a goddess adored with frantic and +enthusiastic orgies, certain signs of an elementary religion, as well as +with human sacrifices, which the character of the Greeks endeavoured only +to moderate and to ennoble; it appears to have originally resembled the +Arcadian worship of Callisto; but that it acquired at Lemnos, from the +proximity of the Asiatic religion, a wilder and more extravagant form, +which it retained after its return to Attica and Laconia. It cannot be a +matter of doubt that Artemis Tauropolus is nearly identical with the +Taurian goddess; this name of the goddess was established in Samos (where +cakes of sesamy and honey were offered to her on solemn festivals),(1608) +in the neighbouring island of Icarus,(1609) and at Amphipolis.(1610) The +ceremonies were undoubtedly enthusiastic, as the goddess herself was +considered as striking the mind with madness;(1611) and bloody, because +the worship at Aricia was considered like it.(1612) + +8. We are now to consider those temples of Artemis which had a purely +Asiatic, and not a Grecian origin, and are wholly distinct, not only from +the Doric, but also from the Arcadian worship of Artemis. + +The Ephesian Artemis was doubtless found by the Ionians, when they settled +on that coast, as already an object of worship, in her temple,(1613) +situated in a marshy valley of the Cayster.(1614) From some real or +accidental resemblance in the attributes of the Munychian and Ephesian +goddesses, they called the latter "Artemis;" yet, wherever her worship +spread, she was always distinguished by the additional title of +"Ephesian."(1615) Every thing that is related of the worship of this deity +is singular and foreign to the Greeks. Her constant symbol is the bee, +which is not otherwise attributed to Artemis; the other attributes, which +adorned her statues in later times, are too far-fetched to admit of any +conclusion being drawn from them. The bee, however, appears originally to +have been the symbol of nourishment;(1616) the chief priest himself was +called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, or the king-bee: some of the other sacerdotal names are of +barbarous, and not Greek derivation.(1617) The gods, by whom this great +goddess(1618) was surrounded, must also have been of a peculiar +description. It is not probable that Latona was _originally_ called her +mother,(1619) as Apollo is never joined with her.(1620) Her nurse appears +to have been called _Ammas_.(1621) Hercules is said to have proclaimed her +birth from mount Ceryceum.(1622) This Hercules may perhaps be some native +demigod, possibly one of the Idaean Dactyli, whose names were, according to +some, contained in Ephesian incantations, which were inscribed at the foot +of her statues.(1623) + +9. Thus much concerns the character of this worship, which appears, like +an isolated point, projecting from a religious system, otherwise confined +to the western parts of Greece. + +As to its origin, the unanimous tradition of antiquity is that it was +founded by the Amazons, This legend had probably been mentioned in some of +the ancient epic poems before it was alluded to by Pindar;(1624) and that +it was also preserved on the spot appears from the celebrated contest of +Phidias, Polycleitus, and other artists, to make statues of Amazons for +the Ephesian temple: lately also a sarcophagus was found near Ephesus +representing the battle of the Amazons.(1625) The traditions respecting +the foundation of the cities of Smyrna, Cume, Myrlea, Myrina, AEolis, +Priene, Mytilene, and Pitane also make mention of the Amazons.(1626) With +respect to the meaning of Amazons, it has rightly (in my opinion) been +supposed that the idea of them was suggested by the sight of the +innumerable female slaves ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) who were employed about the temples +of Asia Minor.(1627) According to Callimachus also the Amazons danced to +the sound of the pipe round the statue which had been newly raised on the +trunk of an elm-tree. It is also stated as an historical fact, that, even +in the times of the Ionians, women of the Amazon race dwelt round the +temple;(1628) although virgins only were permitted to enter the sanctuary +itself.(1629) It appears therefore that the goddess upon whom these +Amazons attended, being represented as a beneficent and nourishing deity, +was likewise supposed to have the attributes of war and destruction; a +double and opposite character, which we have traced in other branches of +the worship of Artemis. As to the native country of the Amazons, who were +supposed to have founded this worship, it does not seem to have been +Phrygia, as they are stated in the Iliad to have come from the east of the +Sangarius, and to have fought with the Phrygians.(1630) The Syrians, +however, bordered on that people: and Pindar, who says that the Amazons +led the Syrian army,(1631) fully coincides with those who fix their origin +on the banks of the Thermodon, Chadesius and Lycastus along the coast of +Themiscyra.(1632) The striking agreement of several authors in this +statement, and its singular precision, render it of double importance. And +what country could have been more probably the native place of the +Ephesian Artemis, as well as of the warlike Hierodulae, than Cappadocia; +where there were, in the historical age, large numbers of sacred slaves, +both male and female; where also there was an elementary religion, with +frantic rites, and the principal divinity was at the same time a _Bellona_ +and a _Magna Mater_? + +This same oriental worship had also been in other places adopted by the +Greeks of Asia Minor. Among these are _Leucophryne_, who was worshipped in +Phrygia, near a warm spring,(1633) and thence particularly honoured along +the banks of the Maeander in Magnesia; and therefore also by +Themistocles.(1634) She was represented in the same form as the Ephesian +goddess.(1635) Her sacred animal was the buffalo.(1636) The Artemis of +_Sipylus_ was worshipped with wanton games, from which she was also called +at Olympia (according to Pausanias) Cordaca.(1637) The _Pergaean_ Artemis +known all over Greece by her itinerant priests,(1638) and of the same form +as the Artemis Leucophryne;(1639) with many others.(1640) It was in the +true spirit of this worship that the musician Timotheus called Artemis +"the raging and foaming, like a Bacchanalian;"(1641) and the tragic poet +Diogenes in a beautiful though not a very accurate passage of his Semele +speaks of the Lydian and Bactrian virgins, who with soft strains +worshipped the Tmolian Artemis on the banks of the Halys.(1642) + +I have now endeavoured to give the reader a general view of the different +branches and forms of the worship of Artemis; in which some difficult and +doubtful questions have of necessity been passed over: but I have +preferred rather to reckon on the acquiescence of the reader in some +uncertain propositions than to weary his patience by a detailed +examination of all the debatable points. + + + + +Chapter X. + + + § 1. On the worship of deities other than Apollo and Artemis in + Doric states. Worship of Zeus and Here. § 2. Of Athene. § 3 and 4. + Of Demeter. § 5. Of Poseidon. § 6. Of Dionysus. § 7. Of Aphrodite, + Hermes, Hephaestus, Ares, and AEsculapius. § 8. Of the Charites, + Eros, and the Dioscuri. § 9. General character of the Doric + religion. + + +1. Having considered the worship of those deities which either wholly or +partially owed their origin to the Dorians, we must now, in order to +complete our account of the religion of that race, point out the various +worships which they adopted from other nations. + +This inquiry will be of value in two other respects than the plain and +immediate result to which it leads; viz., from the light it throws on the +history of the Doric colonies, and likewise on the Doric character upon +which the mode of worship had a most powerful influence. + +But since the subject embraced in its full extent would be almost endless +(there being no part of ancient history on which there are such ample +accounts as on the local worships), we must give up all attempt at +completeness, and rest satisfied with a narrower view. + +To begin then with ZEUS. It is remarkable that there was no great +establishment of the worship of this god (except the Phrygian in Crete) in +any Doric country, but wherever it occurred was connected with and +subordinate to that of some other deity. The worship at Olympia(1643) +appears to have been established by the Achaeans, who in other places +(_e.g._, at AEgium) consecrated temples to Zeus alone: the worship of Zeus +Hellanius at AEgina was introduced by the Hellenes of Thessaly. But the +whole of Argolis and also Corinth were, from early times, under the +protection of HERE, the character of whose worship resembled that of Zeus, +although it was more pronounced. The chief temple was twelve stadia from +Mycenae, and forty from Argos, beyond the district of Prosymna;(1644) its +service was performed by the most distinguished priestesses, and +celebrated by the first festivals and games, being also one of the +earliest nurseries of the art of sculpture. It appears that Argos was the +original seat of the worship of Here, and that there it first received its +peculiar form and character: for the worship of the Samian Here, as well +as that at Sparta,(1645) was supposed to have been derived from Argos, +which statement is confirmed by the resemblance in the ceremonies; and the +same is true of the worship of the same goddess at Epidaurus,(1646) AEgina, +and Byzantium. In the early mythology of Argos her name constantly occurs; +and the traditions concerning Io, so far as they were native, are only +fabulous expressions for the ideas and feelings excited by this religion. +Thus also the Corinthian fables of Medea refer to the indigenous worship +of Here Acraea.(1647) Hence the Corinthians introduced into their colony of +Corcyra, together with the religion of Here,(1648) the mythology and +worship of Medea.(1649) The peculiarities of the worship of Here must +partly be looked for in the symbolical traditions respecting Io and Medea, +and other mythological personages of the same description, and partly in +the various rites of the Samian festival. It was doubtless founded on some +elementary religion, as may be plainly seen from the tradition that Zeus +had on mount Thornax in southern Argolis seduced Here in the shape of a +cuckoo (whose song was considered in Greece as the prognostic of fertile +rains in the spring). The marriage with Zeus (called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) is +always a prominent feature in the worship of Here; she was represented +veiled, like a bride; and was carried, like a bride, on a car, with other +similar allusions.(1650) At Samos it was related that the statue of the +goddess had been once entirely covered with branches; and this, as it +appears, was also represented at festivals.(1651) The Argive festival of +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, _i.e._, of the "bed of twigs," had the same meaning.(1652) + +2. In Argolis also the worship of ATHENE was of great antiquity, and +enjoyed almost equal honours with that of Here; her temple was on the +height of Larissa: and doubtless she had the same character and origin as +the Athene Chalcioecus of Sparta.(1653) Their names were in both places +nearly the same, as at Sparta she was called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},(1654) and in +Argolis {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _the quick-sighted_;(1655) and though in both places +the names were explained from historical events, it seems more accurate to +compare them with the title of Athene at Athens and Sigeum, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and +others of the same kind. At Argos a large part of the heroic mythology is +associated with the worship of Athene: for Acrisius was fabled to have +been buried in her temple on the citadel;(1656) and since {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} was a +title of the goddess herself,(1657) it appears to me that the name +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} may be satisfactorily explained in this manner: especially as it +is plain from an analysis of the mythology of Acrisius, Perseus, and the +Gorgons, that it is entirely founded on symbols of Athene. Corinth also +had a part in these fables, as is clearly shown by the figures of Pegasus, +of the head of Medusa and Athene herself upon the coins of this state and +of its colonies Leucadia, Anactorium, and Amphilochian Argos.(1658) + +There is also another branch of the worship of Athene in the Doric states, +viz., that which extended from Lindus in Rhodes to Gela in Sicily, and +from thence to Agrigentum and Camarina.(1659) In all these places Athene +was the protectress of the citadel and the town, and was associated with +Zeus Polieus (also with Zeus Atabyrius.(1660)) As to the ceremonies with +which she was honoured, we only know from Pindar that at Rhodes they +offered fireless sacrifices to her, and that the ancient sculpture of +Rhodes was connected with her worship. That of Hierapytna in Crete (the +coins of which city have the Athenian symbols of Athene) more resembled +the Rhodian worship, if what the envoys from Praesus stated at Rhodes was +correct, viz., that at Hierapytna the Corybantes were called the offspring +of the sun and of Athene.(1661) + +3. Although the worship of these deities, and of Here in particular, had +probably been more prevalent before than after the Doric invasion, the +religion of DEMETER was still more depressed. This worship was nearly +extirpated by the Dorians, a fact which we know from Herodotus, who, in +speaking of some rites of Demeter Thesmophoria which were supposed to have +been founded by the daughters of Danaus, states that when the +Peloponnesians were driven out by the Dorians, these rites were +discontinued, and were only kept up by those Peloponnesians who remained +behind, and by the Arcadians.(1662) Consequently we meet with few traces +of the worship of Demeter in the chief cities of the Doric name.(1663) +Thus it appears that in Argos the ceremonies in honour of this goddess +were on one side driven into the marshes of Lerna, and on the other to the +eastern extremity of the peninsula, inhabited by the Dryopes. In the +former of these two places some mystical rites were long performed, and in +the latter the chief worship was that of the deities of the earth and the +infernal regions ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}). Some inscriptions found at Hermione, +which besides Demeter and Cora mention the name of Clymenus,(1664) an +epithet of Pluto, agree well with the beginning of the hymn which Lasus +the Hermionean addressed to the deities of his native city: "I sing of +Demeter and the Meliboean Cora, the wife of Clymenus, sounding the +deep-toned AEolic harmony of hymns."(1665) And that the Hermioneans +considered the temple of the earthly Demeter (which was connected with the +entrance of the infernal regions supposed to be at Hermione) as the first +in the city, is also evident from the fact that the Asinaeans, expelled +from Argolis and resident in Messenia, sent sacrifices and sacred missions +from thence to their national goddess at Hermione.(1666) + +In ancient times also a worship was prevalent at Argos which we will +designate by the name of the Triopian Demeter.(1667) All the fables +concerning Triopas and his son Erysichthon (from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, _robigo_) belong +to an agricultural religion, which at the same time refers to the infernal +regions. The places where this religion existed in ancient times are the +Thessalian plains of Dotium, Argos, and likewise Attica;(1668) and from +the first-mentioned place it was transmitted to the south-western coast of +Asia Minor by an early national connexion which is indicated in the +account of an ancient Pelasgic colony from Dotium to Cnidos, Rhodes, and +Syme;(1669) and here it formed the basis of the Triopian worship, on which +were afterwards founded the federative festivals of the six Doric cities. +In front of Triopium is the small island of Telos, whence a single family +joined the Lindian colony that founded Gela in Sicily, and earned with it +the _sacra Triopia_. A member of this family named Telines advanced this +private worship of the infernal gods so greatly that it was incorporated +in the national religion, and he was appointed to administer it as +Hierophant; it was from this person that Hiero the king of Syracuse was +descended.(1670) + +4. By this history of the colonial connexions, well attested from without, +and having great internal probability, we have ascertained the origin of +one of the branches of the worship of Demeter in Sicily. Another was +probably introduced by the clan of the Emmenidae,(1671) which being +originally of Theban origin came into Sicily with the colony of Gela: for +it was probably owing to the traditions of this family alone that +Agrigentum, as well as ancient Thebes, was called "a gift from Zeus to +Persephone at their nuptial festival."(1672) + +But from neither of these two sources can the celebrated worship of +Demeter at Syracuse and its colony Enna (which in the eyes both of the +inhabitants and of the Romans had made Sicily the native country of Ceres) +be derived, since it differed in certain respects from both the +above-named worships.(1673) From its importance we may infer that it was +one of the most ancient religions of Syracuse, and established at the +first foundation of that town; and since of these some came from +Olympia,(1674) but the larger part from Corinth, and there is no reason +for supposing that it was derived from the former place, it must have been +brought over from the parent state. Now it is true that there was at +Corinth a temple of Demeter and Cora, the priestesses of which also +prophesied by means of dreams;(1675) but the worship of those goddesses +was there of far less importance than in Sicily, where its preponderance +may perhaps be accounted for by the fertility of the soil, which enabled +it to produce wheat, while the Greeks had in their own country been +accustomed to eat barley, and therefore stimulated the colonists to be +especially thankful to the goddess of corn. When, however, it is +remembered that Megara also had a large share in the colonising of +Syracuse, it will hardly be doubted that this state was the real source +from which the worship in question originated, since Demeter was there an +ancient national deity, and was not disturbed in her sanctuary on the +citadel of Caria even by the Doric invaders.(1676) + +In Laconia also the worship of Demeter had been preserved from ancient +times, although it could not have been much respected by the Dorians in +Sparta. For the Eleusinia of that country were chiefly celebrated by the +inhabitants of the ancient town of Helos, who on certain days carried a +wooden statue of Cora to the Eleusinium on the heights of Taygetus.(1677) +The Lacedaemonians had also adopted the worship of Demeter under the title +of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, or earthly, from the Hermioneans, some of whose kinsmen had +settled in Messenia.(1678) + +5. POSEIDON was not originally a god of the Doric race, but was suited +rather to the character of the Ionians, who, from dwelling near the sea, +had acquired a love for foreign communication and a great spirit of +enterprise. We therefore find it only in a few places, for example, at +Taenarum(1679) (whence it was carried to Tarentum), at Cyrene,(1680) in +AEgina,(1681) and particularly on the Corinthian isthmus; also at Troezen +and Calauria, which places (as has been already shown) were among the +ancient settlements of the Ionians on the Saronic gulf,(1682) to which the +legends concerning Theseus chiefly refer.(1683) From Troezen the worship of +Poseidon was transmitted to Posidonia in Magna Graecia, and also to +Halicarnassus, chiefly by the family of the Antheadae. + +6. The worship of DIONYSUS did not enjoy equal honours among all the +Dorians. It had indeed penetrated as far as Sparta, where it had driven +even the Lacedaemonian women to phrensy;(1684) and the Delphic oracle +itself had ordered the institution of a race of Bacchanalian +virgins.(1685) But nothing is known of any sumptuous or regular ceremonies +in honour of Dionysus; and we might indeed have supposed _a priori_ that +the austere and rigid notions of the Spartans would have been very averse +to that deity. The same is probably true of Argos, which had for a long +time wholly abstained from the worship of Dionysus, but afterwards +dedicated to him a festival called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} (_turba_).(1686) The conduct of +Corinth and Sicyon was in this respect altogether different. The former +city had received from Phlius(1687) the worship of this god under the +title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _i.e._, "_exciting to phrensy_;" and also under that of +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, the "_appeasing_" or "_soothing_," from Thebes, whence it was said +to have come at the time of the Doric invasion,(1688) and where it was +celebrated with festivals, of which we have very ample accounts.(1689) In +early times some rude beginnings of tragedy had been formed from the +dithyrambic choruses(1690) there performed, as the tradition of Epigenes +informs us; though these were not regular dramas; there were likewise the +tragic choruses transferred from Bacchus to some of the heroes, and +Adrastus had been made the subject of these songs before the tyranny of +Cleisthenes.(1691) The worship of this god had also produced a native kind +of comic and ludicrous entertainment, the Phallophori.(1692) In the +neighbouring city of Corinth, the same worship, with its musical and +poetical accompaniments, prevailed;(1693) and it was in this town that, +according to Pindar,(1694) the dithyramb was first established, although +indeed under the direction of a foreigner (Arion). In the Doric colonies +of Magna Graecia this worship preserved the same character of irregularity +and excess; the whole town of Tarentum was (as Plato says) drunk at the +festival of Bacchus. The painted vases give a perfect representation of +the antics and masques of this ancient carnival. + +7. In Corinth, however, and Sicyon, the worship of APHRODITE as well as of +Dionysus was established. It seems probable that the worship of that deity +had indeed a native origin in Greece, but that it had been extended and +modified by Phoenician settlers in some of the maritime towns. The +institution of the "hospitable damsels,"(1695) whom the goddess their +mistress herself ordered to be at the disposal of strangers,(1696) was +undoubtedly of Asiatic origin, and unknown to the ancient Greeks.(1697) +Sicyon, however, appears to have derived the worship of these two deities +from Corinth, the coins of which city generally have a dove,(1698) and +frequently also a head of Aphrodite of ancient workmanship; and the native +poetess Praxilla (452 B.C.) addressed Aphrodite as the mother of +Dionysus,(1699) and sang of the joys and woes of the Phoenician +Adonis.(1700) While again the Dorians of these maritime cities had a +certain susceptibility, flexibleness, and softness of character, the very +contrary of all these qualities distinguished the Spartans. For although +that state came into connexion with a Phoenician establishment of the +worship of Aphrodite in the island of Cythera, they transformed it while +they adopted it, and had their own armed Aphrodite, and the chained and +veiled goddess of marriage.(1701) From the same island also they received +the god Adonis under the name of Ciris.(1702) Aphrodite, however, enjoyed +greater honours in the Spartan colony of Cnidos, whence she went to +Halicarnassus under the title of Acraea, and from thence to the mother city +Troezen.(1703) The worship of Aphrodite at Selinus in the west of +Sicily(1704) was doubtless derived from the neighbouring town of Eryx, and +was consequently also Phoenician; and the temple was probably one of the +wealthiest of that once flourishing city.(1705) + +The worship of HERMES does not appear to have prevailed in any Doric +state; in one respect he was superseded by Apollo Agyieus. The same may +nearly be said of HEPHAESTUS and ARES, the latter of whom was worshipped by +the Spartans under the names of Theritas and Enyalius. Of the worship of +AESCULAPIUS it has been already(1706) mentioned that it was derived to Cos, +Cnidos, and Rhodes, from Epidaurus, which state again had in ancient times +received it through the Phlegyans from Tricca.(1707) From Epidaurus, +according to Pausanias,(1708) also came the worship of Sicyon, and the +Cyrenaean at Balagrae,(1709) with which, as at Cos, an ancient school of +physicians was connected.(1710) + +8. We will just notice the worship of the CHARITES established in Crete +and Sparta; first, as a fresh proof of the early religious connexion +between those two countries,(1711) and as a sign of that hilarity and +gladness which was the most beautiful feature of the religion of the +Greeks. These goddesses were at Sparta called Cleta and Phaenna; their +temple was on the road from the city to Amyclae, on the river Tiasa.(1712) +Allied to this was the worship of EROS, as practised by the Cretans and +Spartans, with whom, before every battle, the most beautiful men assembled +and sacrificed to that god:(1713) not as the great uniter of heaven and +earth, but as awaking mutual esteem and affection, which produce that fear +of the disapprobation of friends which is the noblest source of +valour.(1714) + +The most obscure, perhaps, of all the branches of religion whose origin we +have to investigate is the worship of the DIOSCURI, or the sons of Zeus. +It appears probable that it had a double source, viz., the heroic honours +of the human Tyndaridae, and the ancient Peloponnesian worship of the great +gods or Cabiri; and in process of time the attributes of the latter seem +by poetry and tradition to have been transferred to the former, viz., the +name of the sons of Zeus, the birth from an egg, and the egg-shaped caps, +the alternation of life and death, the dominion over the winds and the +waves. As belonging to their worship at Sparta I may mention the ancient +images called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, two upright beams with two others laid across them +transversely;(1715) the custom in military expeditions of taking either +one or both of the statues of the Dioscuri according as one or both kings +went with the army;(1716) which places the Tyndaridae in the light of gods +of war; and the belief that they often appeared as assistants in time of +need, or even merely as friendly guests,(1717) which distinguishes them +from most other heroes. Upon the whole we know that the Dorians found the +worship and mythology of the Tyndaridae established at Amyclae, Therapne, +Pephnos, and other places; and they adopted it, without caring to preserve +its original form and meaning; rather, indeed, attempting to give to the +worship of the sons of Tyndareus a _military_ and _political_ reference. + +9. Before we proceed to consider the heroic mythology of the Dorians, +which is chiefly confined to Hercules, we will first attempt to sketch the +principal features of the religious character of the Dorians, as seen in +the several worships already enumerated. Both in the development of modes +of religion peculiar to that race, and in the adoption and alteration of +those of other nations, an ideal tendency may be perceived, which +considered the deity not so much in reference to the works or objects of +nature, as of the actions and thoughts of men. Consequently their religion +had little of mysticism, which belongs rather to elementary worships; but +the gods assume a more human and heroic form, although not so much as in +the epic poetry. Hence the piety of the Doric race had a peculiarly +energetic character, as their notions of the gods were clear, distinct, +and personal; and it was probably connected with a certain degree of +cheerfulness and confidence, equally removed from the exuberance of +enthusiasm and the gloominess of superstition. Funeral ceremonies and +festivals with violent lamentations, as well as enthusiastic orgies, were +not suited to the character of the Dorians; although their reverence for +antiquity often induced them to adopt such rites when already established. +On the other hand, we see displayed in their festivals and religious +usages a brightness and hilarity, which made them think that the most +pleasing sacrifice which they could offer to their gods was to rejoice in +their sight, and use the various methods which the arts afforded them of +expressing their joy. With all this, their worship bears the stamp of the +greatest simplicity, and at the same time of warmth of heart. The Spartans +prayed the gods "to give them what was honourable and good;"(1718) and +although they did not lead out any splendid processions, and were even +accused of offering scanty sacrifices, still Zeus Ammon declared that the +"calm solemnity of the prayers of the Spartans was dearer to him than all +the sacrifices of the Greeks."(1719) They likewise showed the most +faithful adherence to the usages handed down to them from their ancestors, +and hence they were little inclined to the adoption of foreign +ceremonies;(1720) although in commercial towns, as, for instance, at +Corinth, such rites were willingly admitted, from a regard for strangers +of other races and nations.(1721) + + + + +Chapter XI. + + + § 1. Legends respecting Hercules in the earliest settlements of + the Dorians. § 2. Servitude of Hercules. § 3. Legends respecting + Hercules in the second settlements of the Dorians. § 4. Legends + respecting Tlepolemus, Antiphus, and Phidippus. § 5. Legend of + Geryoneus. § 6. Legends respecting Hercules in the neighbourhood + of Thermopylae. § 7, 8, and 9. Boeotian legends respecting Hercules. + § 10. Attic legends respecting Hercules. + + +1. In the following attempt to unravel the complicated mythology of +Hercules, we will begin with those fables in which this hero appears +evidently as the progenitor of the Doric Heraclidae,(1722) as +representative of the heroes of the Hyllean tribe, the highest order in +the Doric nation. + +We will first direct our attention to the locality described in the +beginning of the first book, the ancient country of the Dorians in the +most mountainous part of Thessaly, where this nation was continually at +enmity with its immediate neighbours, the Lapithae. In this war Hercules +appears as the hero of the Hyllean tribe, according to the epic poem +AEgimius, and gained for them a third part of the conquered territory. With +this contest is, as it appears, also connected the celebrated conquest of +OEchalia, the subject of an epic poem called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which was +ascribed to Homer or Creophylus.(1723) In this poem it was related how +Eurytus of OEchalia, the skilful archer, who was said to have surpassed +Hercules himself in this mode of fighting, and who dared to engage with +Apollo,(1724) promised his daughter Iole as a prize to the person who +should excel himself and his sons in archery; but Hercules having accepted +the challenge, Eurytus refused to perform his engagement: upon which +Hercules collected an army, conquered OEchalia, killed Eurytus and his +sons, carried away Iole prisoner, and gave her in marriage to his son +Hyllus.(1725) + +The situation of this "well-fortified"(1726) OEchalia is an ancient subject +of controversy. There were three places of this name; one on the banks of +the Peneus in Thessaly, in the ancient country of the Lapithae, between +Pelinna to the east and Tricca to the west, not far from Ithome:(1727) +another in the island of Euboea, in the district of Eretria.(1728) The +third was a town in Messenia, which in latter times was called Carnasium, +upon the boundary of Arcadia;(1729) in which region there was also a town +named Ithome; and, as it is stated, another named Tricca; so that we must +suppose that there was some early connexion between the inhabitants of +this district and the tribes near the Peneus. Now it may be presumed that +each of these OEchalias was considered by the respective inhabitants as the +celebrated town of the great Eurytus; whence among the early poets there +was a difference of statement on the subject. For the Messenian OEchalia is +called the city of Eurytus in the Homeric catalogue,(1730) and in the +Odyssey,(1731) which statement was followed by Pherecydes;(1732) the +Euboean city was selected by the writer of the poem called the Taking of +OEchalia;(1733) as also probably in the AEgimius,(1734) and afterwards by +Hecataeus of Miletus;(1735) the Thessalian, in another passage in the +catalogue of the ships, apparently of considerable antiquity.(1736) Since, +then, this question cannot be settled by authority, we can only infer (but +with great probability) from the connexion of the traditions that the +last-mentioned OEchalia was the city of the original fable. The contest for +this city is evidently closely connected with the war with the Lapithae; +Eurytus, as well as the Lapithae, was hated by Apollo. If OEchalia is placed +on the banks of the Peneus, the conquest of it naturally falls in with the +other tradition; if not, it stands isolated and unconnected. Again; +Hercules, according to all traditions, conquers Iole for his son Hyllus; +now Hyllus never occurs in mythology except in connexion with the Dorians; +consequently the place of the battle must be looked for in the vicinity of +the Doric territory. + +Even before the time of this war (according to the common narration) +Hercules had embroiled himself with the OEchalians by killing Iphitus, the +son of Eurytus, who demanded of him the restitution of some plundered +cattle or horses. In the common version of this story, Peloponnesus was +the scene of the encounter; for Hercules is said to have hurled him from +the walls of Tiryns.(1737) But to expiate this murder, and the violation +of the rights of hospitality, Hercules became a slave; and, in order to +release himself from the guilt, he was compelled to pay to the father of +Iphitus his own ransom. + +2. The meaning of this servitude cannot be rightly explained without +observing the remarkable coincidence between some parts of the mythology +of Hercules and Apollo, which we will here shortly elucidate. As Eurytus +is represented sometimes as killed by Apollo, sometimes by Hercules, so in +the poem of the Shield of Hercules(1738) this hero punishes Cycnus for +profaning the Pagasaean temple; thus, in another tradition, he slays Phylas +and Laogoras, princes of the Dryopes, for violating the shrine of Delphi +and other temples;(1739) and consecrates the whole nation to the Pythian +Apollo.(1740) Nor do I believe that Euripides invented the fable of the +restoration of Alcestis, and the contest between Hercules and death.(1741) +It is also perhaps fair to infer, from the legends of epic poets, in which +Hercules is represented as a hero in brazen armour, who defended the +sacred roads with his sword, and overthrew the violent sons of Ares that +waylaid the sacrificial processions in the narrow passes and defiles, that +in ancient fables he was considered not only as the defender of the Doric +race, but also of the Doric worship. + +We may now proceed to consider the sale and servitude of Hercules; a point +of primary importance in the various forms which the legends concerning +this hero assume. In the present instance this degradation originated from +the killing of Iphitus. Here also the parallel with the servitude of +Apollo at Pherae cannot fail to strike every one. The god and the hero were +chosen, as examples, to impress the people in early times with a strong +sense of the sacred character, and necessity of expiation for +homicide.(1742) By whom Hercules was supposed to have been purchased in +the original legend of northern Thessaly we know not; at a later period +Omphale was called his mistress, who (according to Pherecydes)(1743) +bought him for three talents. + +3. We will now proceed to the second settlements of the Dorians, which +comprehend the towns between the ridges of OEta and Parnassus; viz., +Erineus, Cytinium, Boeum, and Pindus.(1744) + +The neighbours of the Dorians in these settlements were, as has been +already stated, the Dryopes, the Melians of Trachis, and the AEtolians. The +first were hostile to the Dorians; the other two were for the most part +friendly to them. These facts again are expressed with much clearness in +the mythology of Hercules. Of the relation between the Dorians and +Dryopians, and the manner in which it is expressed in the fables of +Hercules, we have already given an account.(1745) Ceyx, the Trachinian, +was a faithful friend of Hercules, and of his descendants; in one account, +indeed, he is called the nephew of Hercules,(1746) who is said to have +founded for him his town of Trachis.(1747) In this place was shown a grave +of Deianira,(1748) the daughter of OEneus, whose marriage with Hercules is +evidently a mythological expression for the league which existed between +the AEtolian and Dorian nations before the invasion of Peloponnesus.(1749) +For Deianira was an inhabitant of Calydon;(1750) and the Calydonians had +the principal share in this expedition. To this marriage is annexed a +series of connected AEtolian fables concerning Hercules. For the +peculiarity of this part of the heroic mythology is, that they readily +passed from one nation to another; and wherever they obtained a firm +ground, formed a large mass of traditions. Among these is the conquest of +the bull Achelous,(1751) and the adventure at the ford of the +Euenus,(1752) which afterwards occasioned the death of Hercules. It is +also probable that the residence of Hercules at Olenus, in the house of +Dexamenus, was connected with the AEtolian adventures; although even Hesiod +does not in this legend mention the ancient AEtolian town Olenus in the +neighbourhood of Calydon, but the Achaean city of the same name on the +banks of the Pirus.(1753) Now Dexamenus is frequently placed in connexion +with the Calydonian family of OEneus;(1754) the wife of OEneus came from +Olenus, and was of the same family. The ancient legend represented him as +a hospitable hero: which quality is also expressed in his name ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, +from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}); in return for which, Hercules released him from his +brutal guests, the Centaurs;(1755) to which fable the ancient battle of +the Centaurs in the mythology of Hercules probably annexed itself. Lastly, +Hercules is said to have led the AEtolians against the Thesprotians of +Ephyra. This expedition was perhaps as much celebrated in ancient lays as +the taking of OEchalia. Ephyra, which is here spoken of, is an ancient city +of Thesprotia,(1756) situated on the spot where the Acherusian lake flows +into the sea through the river Selleeis (Acheron). In later times the name +of this city was Cichyrus; but even at the present day remains of the +original Cyclopian style of building, not unlike those of Tiryns, are +extant.(1757) The whole district is celebrated in fables as the +dwelling-place of Aidoneus: as the seat of an oracle where departed +spirits were questioned, it was always regarded by the inhabitants with an +awe, which was further increased by a belief that the natives were very +skilful in the preparation of poison.(1758) This city Hercules is said to +have attacked as an ally of the AEtolians; whence it appears probable that +this circumstance gave occasion for introducing his contest with Hades, +and his adventures in the infernal regions, such as the carrying away of +Cerberus, the liberation of other heroes,(1759) &c. It must not, however, +be thought, that in the style of Euhemerus, I suppose a king Aidoneus to +have really once reigned in this district, who had a dog, or rather a +general, named Cerberus, whom Hercules overcame in a battle, &c. The +following appears to be a more probable method of accounting for the +origin of this fable. The gloomy religious rites on the banks of the +Acheron, which had always deterred the neighbouring nations from a +participation in them, were at an early period contrasted with the free +and active habits of the heroic tribes; the awe inspired by the presence +of the unearthly spectres with the proud spirit and bold thoughts of a +military life. If now the people themselves came into collision with each +other, their gods necessarily did the same; the result of which was +traditions of contest and war between themselves. On the other hand, it +must not be thought that the fable has a purely symbolical meaning; and +that Hercules was worshipped, together with Hades, merely as an enemy of +Death, as a deity alleviating and removing the terrors of the infernal +regions. + +4. The rest of this fable, however, entirely loses its symbolical +character; viz., the manner in which the birth of several Doric heroes is +connected with the taking of Ephyra; who, though out of the confines of +history, are nevertheless to be considered as real individuals. In the +first place, Hercules is stated to have begotten Tlepolemus on Astyocheia, +whom, according to Homer, he carried away from Ephyra, on the river +Sellecis, after having destroyed many cities;(1760) Antiphus and +Pheidippus also were said to have come from Ephyra in Thesprotia, the sons +of Thessalus, and grandsons of Hercules, to whom the noblest families of +Thessaly, as well as the Heraclidae of Cos, referred their origin;(1761) +the latter, however, according to another and later tradition, sprang from +the union of Hercules and the daughter of Eurypylus in Cos itself.(1762) +The origin of this intricate fable appears to be as follows: There were in +the ancient country of the Dorians some noble families which referred +their origin to the conquest of Ephyra; and these were designated by the +names of Tlepolemus, Antiphus, and Pheidippus; those families went with +the other Dorians to Peloponnesus, and passed through Argos and Epidaurus +to Rhodes and Cos, where they partly new-modelled their original family +legends. Now it was always admitted that the Thessalian people came also +from Ephyra and Thesprotia; and when it settled among the Greeks, and +sought to participate in their traditions, it was natural that Hercules, +the conqueror of Ephyra, should be placed at the head of its genealogies. + +5. To the combat of Hercules and Pluto at Ephyra we will now annex the +legend of Geryoneus. The cattle of Geryoneus and Pluto grazed together in +the island of Erytheia;(1763) but they were supposed to belong to the +Sun,(1764) and therefore were of a bright red colour. Now Erytheia was +anciently believed to be near the kingdom of Hades. For the statement of +Hecataeus, that Erytheia and Geryoneus belonged to Epirus and the region of +Ambracia,(1765) could not have been owing to an attempt to give to +mythology an appearance of reality: but he seems to have availed himself +of some real tradition. This is certain, from the datum of Scylax, who +would never have laid down Erytheia in his Periplus(1766) on the authority +of a logographer. According to this writer it is situated between the +territory of the Atintanes and the Ceraunian mountains, north of Epirus, +on the borders of Greece, at no great distance from the earliest seats of +the Dorians. Now it is a remarkable fact, that, even in historical times, +there were in the same country, viz., near the Aous, a river running from +mount Lacmon, herds sacred to the Sun, which were guarded in the daytime +on the banks of that river, and in the night in a cave of the mountain, by +men whom the inhabitants of the Greek city of Apollonia intrusted with +this office as a particular honour.(1767) It is not probable that the +Corinthians, who founded Apollonia, should have been the first to +introduce this usage, although there are traces of an ancient worship of +the Sun in the territory of Corinth;(1768) but we may fairly assume that +the colonists merely retained a native custom. This hypothesis clears away +all difficulty. The empire of Hades on this earth was conterminous with a +district in which the worship of the Sun prevailed, and which contained +innumerable herds of cattle, under the protection of the god; but the +Greek hero, little caring for their sanctity, had driven them away, and +devoted them to _his own_ gods. Epirus was always distinguished for its +excellent breed of cattle, which were said to have sprung from the herds +of Geryoneus, which Hercules offered to the Dodonaean Zeus.(1769) + +6. We were led to these considerations by the AEtolian legends respecting +Hercules, from which we will now return to the Dorians, who possessed the +mountainous tract along mount OEta towards Thermopylae. There was perhaps no +region in the whole of Greece which abounded more in local fables of +Hercules. It was in the pass of Thermopylae that he caught those strange +monsters the Cercopes;(1770) here it was that Athene caused a hot spring +to issue for him from the ground;(1771) on the top of mount OEta, on the +Phrygian rock,(1772) was raised the fatal pile, which the brook of Dyras +in vain strove to extinguish;(1773) and many adjacent cities claimed a +connexion with his exploits:(1774) even the AEnianes (who at a later period +settled in this district) attempted to appropriate to themselves these +traditions;(1775) and Heraclea Trachinia, not founded till the +Peloponnesian war, and the neighbouring Cylicrani, were referred to the +mythology of Hercules.(1776) It is certain that local traditions of this +kind must have originated with the inhabitants of this district. Is it at +least probable that the natives of Argos would have placed the death of +their deified hero in a foreign region, if they had been the original +inventors of this fiction? The career of the Doric hero doubtless closed +on the funeral pile of OEta; and this adventure ended a series of fables, +of which there are now extant only some fragments. In this point of view +we may perceive a connexion between many of the legends detailed above. + +The general tendency and spirit of these legends may be described in the +following proposition: The national hero is represented as everywhere +preparing the way for his people and their worship; and as protecting them +from other races. Thus he opens a communication between Tempe and Delphi, +between the fabulous worshippers of Apollo, the Hyperboreans, and the +worshippers of his own age. At the same time his own person is an outward +symbol of the national worship; he complies with its rites of expiation +for homicide, being himself both the victim and the sacrificer. + +7. We will next consider the Theban legends of Hercules; and will, for the +sake of clearness, first state the propositions which the following +discussion is intended to establish. + +Hercules at Thebes is not to be considered as a Cadmean; and has no +connexion with the ancient gods, and traditions of the Cadmeans; but his +mythology was introduced into Boeotia partly by the Doric Heraclidae, and +partly from Delphi, together with the worship of Apollo. + +To prove that Hercules has no connexion with the Cadmean gods, temples, +and princes, it is only necessary to refer to a genealogical table of the +Theban mythology, and a plan of Thebes sketched after Pausanias. From the +former we perceive that Hercules (whose father is represented as having +arrived as a fugitive from Mycenae) is not made the relation either by +blood or marriage of the Cadmeans, Creon ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, the ruler), his supposed +father-in-law, being only a fictitious personage, invented to fill up a +chasm in the pedigree;(1777) from the latter, that the temples of Hercules +were not only not in the citadel (like those of Cadmus, Harmonia, and +Semele), or within the walls of the city, but were all without the gates. +This fact is of great importance as to the antiquity of any worship in a +city. The ancient and original deities, which enjoyed the honours of +founders, possessed the citadel as their birthright; while all gods +afterwards introduced enjoyed a less honourable abode in the suburbs of +the town. Now it is known that the house of Amphitryon and the Gymnasium +of Hercules stood in front of the gate of Electra, opposite the +Ismenium;(1778) and to this we may add the account of Pherecydes(1779) +respecting a village near that same gate, which the Heraclidae had founded +before their invasion of Peloponnesus, and where there was a statue of +Hercules in the market-place. What can be clearer than that these +Heraclidae established the worship of their hero at Thebes? Near this place +(it should be observed) was the Ismenian sanctuary of Apollo. Opposite to +this temple Hercules was said to have been educated; and at a festival of +Apollo to have carried the laurel before the chorus of virgins; and +afterwards to have consecrated a tripod in the temple, as was the general +custom in later times. This tripod is represented on the famous relief of +the Argive apotheosis of Hercules, with the inscription {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.(1780) + +With this is evidently connected the story of the robbery of the Delphian +tripod, of which the common version is as follows: Hercules was visited +with a severe illness, as a punishment for the murder of Iphitus; and, in +consequence, he had recourse for relief to Delphi; but as the Pythian +priestess refused to answer the questions of one guilty of homicide, he +threatened to plunder the temple, and carry off the tripod. Apollo +accordingly pursued him, till Zeus separated the combat of his two sons by +lightning.(1781) The fable went on to say that a new consecration of the +Delphian tripod took place, and a reconciliation of the god and hero: of +this part we are only informed by works of art, these being indeed of +tolerable antiquity.(1782) But it is manifest that this is not the +genuine, ancient, and sacred tradition. How could this hero, who in other +respects was entirely dependent on the mandates of the oracle, and who in +so many ways protected and promoted the worship of Apollo,(1783) suddenly +become a sacrilegious violator of his most holy and ancient temple? This +carrying away of the tripod appears from other traditions to signify +nothing else than a propagation of the worship of Apollo.(1784) Whither, +then, is this tripod stated to have been first moved? By the Arcadians +Hercules was said to have brought it to Pheneus, but was compelled again +to restore it to Apollo.(1785) The hero, on his journey to Elis, is said +to have built a temple to the Pythian Apollo;(1786) which, however, can +scarcely be more ancient than the Doric migration. The foundation of this +temple, as dependent on the Delphic oracle, was therefore by the tradition +expressed under this image of the transportation of the tripod, the bearer +of it being Hercules. But it is more important to our present purpose +that, according to the Boeotian account,(1787) Hercules was supposed to +have brought the tripod to Thebes, that is probably to the Ismenium. This +fable therefore shows the connexion between the Ismenium and the great +sanctuary of Apollo; and represents Hercules as the intermediate link +between these two temples. + +8. Several other traditions current in Boeotia are connected with the above +explanation of this tradition. The Cretan colony, which, setting out from +Cirrha, established the Tilphosian temple at Ocalea in Boeotia, was +represented under the person of Rhadamanthus.(1788) Rhadamanthus is said +to have there dwelt with Alcmene, and to have instructed the youthful hero +in the Cretan art of archery.(1789) For this reason also Zeus raised +Alcmene from the dead, and conducted her to the islands of the blest as +the wife of Rhadamanthus. A stone remained in her tomb, which was set up +in her sacred grove at Thebes.(1790) + +9. The Theban traditions of Hercules are not all equally significant; but +some, such as those just mentioned, had a religious, some a +political(1791) import, and others only express the bodily strength of +that hero. The education of Hercules is confided to certain fabulous +personages, most of whom were supposed to reside in Boeotia.(1792) His most +remarkable instructor is the minstrel Linus, whom (probably in execution +of the will of Apollo) he put to death,(1793) justifying himself by the +law of Rhadamanthus. The destruction of the lion of Cithaeron is an +imitation of the legend of Nemea, of which we shall speak hereafter.(1794) +After this adventure he went to Thespiae, to the house of Thestius, where +he deflowers in one or in fifty-seven nights the fifty daughters of his +host, a fable which has perhaps an astronomical reference.(1795) + +With respect to the singular legend of Hercules murdering his children by +Megara by throwing them into the fire,(1796) it cannot be denied that this +had some symbolical meaning, derived from an ancient elementary religion. +In general, however, this temporary fury is merely an exaggerated picture +of that heroic mind whose courage and endurance had carried Hercules +through so many dangers and difficulties for the good of mankind.(1797) +According to the Boeotian version, it was a melancholy madness, in which +Hercules, regardless even of all that was most dear to him, murdered his +children, and was even on the point of slaying his father.(1798) Upon this +the hero, oppressed with a deep melancholy, turned for relief to the +atoning Apollo; and either to the god of the Ismenium(1799) or of +Pytho.(1800) The oracle commands him to serve as a slave, in the same +manner as Apollo himself had served after the destruction of the Python. +In the broken narrative of Apollodorus a remarkable trace has been +preserved as to the time during which, according to the Boeotian tradition, +the slavery of Hercules lasted, viz., eight years and one month.(1801) +This cannot be considered as an accidental number; but it is probable that +the Ennaeteris is signified, which was a period of eight years and three +intercalary months; of which only the last month is here mentioned, +because the two inserted in the middle were less conspicuous. Hercules, +therefore, like Apollo at Pherae, was supposed to have served for an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, for the octennial period of mythology and ancient +astronomy.(1802) + +10. We will here add some observations on the Attic worship of Hercules, +which was celebrated chiefly at Marathon in the Tetrapolis,(1803) in the +three villages of Melite, Diomea, and Collytus,(1804) which lay close to +one another in the vicinity of Athens; at Cynosarges(1805) in particular, +which belonged to the demus of Diomea; at Acharnae(1806) and +Hephaestia,(1807) and in the city itself; and likewise near the sea in the +Tetracomae, or "Four Hamlets."(1808) The circumstance that those temples +which were not situated in the vicinity of the city were all in the +northern part of Attica, seems to prove that the worship was derived from +the northern frontiers; and it was attributed to the presence of the +Heraclidae in Attica, though the fable of the great assistance which Athens +lent to the Heraclidae was peculiar to the Athenians.(1809) It is probable, +however, that at some early period a division of the Doric people passed +through Attica, and there founded that worship which, by the supremacy of +the Dorians and their various connexions with other nations, increased in +character and importance. If the Lacedaemonians really spared the +Tetrapolis in the Peloponnesian war,(1810) their forbearance must be +attributed to the respect which they showed to their national hero. There +is a tradition worthy of notice, that Theseus consecrated to Hercules all +the temples which had been dedicated to himself;(1811) whence it may be +inferred that the worship of the former demigod was thus transferred at +some early period; only not, it should be observed, at the time of Theseus +himself. That the worship of Hercules was only half-nationalized may (as +it appears) be inferred from the custom of the Parasiti of that hero at +Cynosarges being always Athenians, of whose parents one only was a +citizen; a symbolical allusion to the half-foreign origin of their +worship. + +Of the same description are the traditions which were peculiar to the +villages of Aphidna, Decelea, and Titacidae (likewise situated in the north +of Attica), respecting the expedition of the Tyndaridae; who were said to +have conquered Aphidna with the aid of Decelus and Titacus.(1812) From +this plunder, according to a Spartan legend, the very ancient temple of +Pallas Chalcioecus at Sparta was built. In this instance, likewise, the +tradition was recognised as real history; for the Lacedaemonians always +kept up a friendly intercourse with Decelea; nor was it, we may be +assured, without some particular reason that in the Messenian war at the +command of the oracle they called to their aid Tyrtaeus, the man of +Aphidna. But as the Tyndaridae, _i.e._, their images (as was mentioned +above),(1813) accompanied every Spartan army on its marches, it is +probable that these stories originated in some Doric expedition into the +northern parts of Attica, which left behind it these permanent traces and +recollections. + + + + +Chapter XII. + + + § 1. Peloponnesian mythology of Hercules. Adventures of Hercules: + his combats with wild beasts. § 2. His martial exploits. § 3. His + establishment of the Olympic games. § 4. Complexity of the + mythology of Hercules. § 5. Worship of Hercules carried from + Sparta to Tarentum and Croton. § 6. Coan fable of Hercules. § 7. + Hercules and Hylas. § 8. Identification of Hercules and Melcart. § + 9. Human character of Hercules. § 10. His joviality and love of + mirth. + + +1. We must now entreat the indulgence of our readers when we enter upon an +obscure and difficult part of our subject, and one lying beyond the limits +of historical record. We allude to the Peloponnesian mythology of +Hercules; a collection of legends doubtless for the most part invented +subsequently to the Doric invasion, and intended by that nation in great +measure to justify their conquest of the peninsula, and to make their +expedition appear, not as an act of wrongful aggression, but as a +re-assertion of ancient right. Some hero (perhaps even of the same name) +must have existed in the Argive traditions in the time of the Persidae, and +the resemblance may have been sufficiently striking to identify him with +the father of the Doric Hyllus. We shall therefore consider the destroyer +of the Nemean lion as a native Argive hero; but the delay experienced at +his birth, and his consequent exposure to want and toil, evidently belong +to the Doric tradition, as well as the enmity of Here; fables which were +partly borrowed from the worship of Apollo, and may partly have been +intended to indicate the contrast between the ancient worship of Argos and +that of the invading race.(1814) + +We shall now proceed without further preface to consider the different +adventures of Hercules, which may be divided into two classes; the first +consisting of his warlike exploits, the second of his combats with wild +beasts. We shall commence with the examination of the latter.(1815) + +Nemea was separated from the Argive temple of Here, the most ancient one +in the country, by a chain of mountains and a long rocky ravine. It cannot +be denied that the moon was often invoked in this worship, although it +would not be safe to consider Here as the goddess of the moon. Now Nemea +is called the daughter of the moon,(1816) from which deity the Nemean lion +is also said to have sprung; the antiquity of which fable may be inferred +from the circumstance that Anaxagoras availed himself of it, as being +generally received, to account for the physical hypothesis of the +Antichthon.(1817) Connected with this is Hesiod's tradition that the +goddess Here had herself brought up the lion, which she is by that poet +represented as having done out of enmity to Hercules. Hence we detect the +symbolical character of the fable, which resembles that of Perseus and +Gorgo, &c.; although we can scarcely attempt to explain the whole legend +in a similar manner. The combat with the Lernaean hydra may also be thus +explained. Hercules is represented as employing in this contest the same +sickle with which Perseus beheaded Medusa.(1818) + +Whatever meaning we may attach to these combats, whether we consider them +as symbolical, or as memorials of a remote antiquity, in which it was the +hero's principal occupation to free Greece from monsters and wild beasts, +it is nevertheless evident that they are as little adapted to the time +assigned to them (shortly previous to the Pelopidae) as to the character of +the other parts of the fable. A mere consideration of Hercules' costume +will sufficiently convince us of this fact. It is certain that the +Hercules of the early poets was either a hero armed with a spear and +buckler, as in the poem attributed to Hesiod,(1819) or with a bow and +sword, as in the Odyssey.(1820) The latter description occurs particularly +in the battle of the giants; the former is founded on all the traditions +which represent Hercules as the first of warriors and conquerors. Pisander +and Stesichorus were the first who introduced him as a half-naked savage, +with the lion's skin round his loins, the jaws covering his head instead +of a helmet, and merely a club in his hand.(1821) There were extant so +late as the time of Strabo some ancient wooden statues of Hercules very +different from this description. Pisander, too, was (as far as we know) +the first who represented in detail the combats of Hercules with wild +beasts, collected from scattered accounts in the Theogony, and who +composed the "Labours of Hercules;" for which he perhaps availed himself +of different local traditions. + +2. We now come to the martial exploits of Hercules, which, as it appears, +were intended to represent the conquests of the Dorians in Peloponnesus. +We have only to direct our attention to the account that Hercules, towards +the close of his life, being prince of Mycenae,(1822) delivered Sparta from +the Hippocontidae into the hands of Tyndareus, and, after conquering Pylos +from Neleus, transferred, it to Nestor,(1823) in order to perceive the +coincidence of tradition and history. The circumstances which have chiefly +contributed to the formation of these traditions may best be traced in the +combat at Pylos. The share which Hades had in this adventure, when that +god was himself wounded by the bold son of Zeus,(1824) may be considered, +according to the connexion established above, as having been transferred +from Ephyra, where Hades had a greater inducement to the protection of +oppressed cities than at Pylos.(1825) But Hercules is said to have +destroyed Pylos because Neleus would not purify him from the murder of +Iphitus;(1826) an act which Deiphobus afterwards performed in the temple +of Apollo at Amyclae.(1827) Here it seems to be assumed that OEchalia, the +native city of Iphitus, was situated in Messenia, which, as we have shown +above,(1828) was not the original tradition. + +3. The influence of historical facts upon mythology is most clearly +perceivable in the legend of Hercules having founded the Olympic games +when he returned victorious from his expedition against Augeas of +Elis.(1829) Afterwards the same hero celebrates the first Olympiad as a +festival of all Peloponnesus, with various combats, in which heroes from +Tiryns, Tegea, Mantinea, and Sparta were victorious.(1830) It was also +Hercules who fixed the quinquennial period, and established the sacred +armistice.(1831) His bringing the wild olive-tree from the Hyperboreans, +and planting it in the grove of Altis, was probably derived from the +traditions of Northern Greece;(1832) in which Hercules was represented as +more closely connected with Apollo than in the common Peloponnesian +legends. It should, moreover, be remarked that Hercules in his expedition +against Elis is reported to have founded or visited several temples of +Apollo at Pheneus and Thelpusa;(1833) both lying on the road which +connected the isthmus and the north of Greece with Olympia.(1834) It +would, however, involve us in no slight difficulties to date the tradition +of Hercules founding the Olympic games later than the Olympiad of Iphitus; +for as since that period the Eleans conducted the festival, and therefore +showed a particular veneration for Hercules, it is scarcely probable that +a war _against Elis_ should have been considered as the cause of the +establishment of this festival, had not the report been handed down from +an earlier period. The continual claim of Pisa, that the presidency of the +games should be restored to her as an ancient right, is, however, one of +several circumstances which render it probable that she had once enjoyed +this privilege before the festival had acquired its subsequent celebrity; +and that Hercules, to whom a very ancient wooden statue had been erected +at Pisa,(1835) was, even at this early period, regarded as the founder: to +which facts the story of a war against Elis was easily subjoined. The +combat with Augeas, a son of Helius, seems to have been in great part +borrowed from some Epirotan fable respecting Geryon. + +4. In tracing the various steps which led to the formation of the +Peloponnesian mythology of Hercules, it has by no means been our aim to +enter minutely into the details of the subject, which would carry us far +beyond the limits of the present inquiry; the distinction between the +ancient and recent parts of the tradition being so undefined that an +accurate separation of the two is almost impossible. Enough has been said +to show how frequently the same legend reappears in different shapes; and +consequently that some original version was variously modified in +different places. We shall once for all remind those who imagine the +northern legend of Hercules to have been of later date than the +Peloponnesian because the latter is mentioned by the early epic poets, +that some higher source must be sought for than a few passages of those +poets which have been accidentally preserved: that it should be looked for +(if anywhere) in some connected mythological tradition, to which the +particular fables owed their rise and development. + +The task is comparatively easy to examine the history of fables, the scene +of which lies in colonies or countries with which the Greeks did not +become acquainted till a late period, as the events on which they are +founded took place within the era of our historical knowledge. At the same +time the analogy of these facts, sufficiently ascertained, enables us to +conjecture as to those which are enveloped in fabulous obscurity; we can +reason from what we know to what we do not know. + +5. From Sparta the worship of Hercules spread to her colonies, +particularly Tarentum(1836) and Croton. In the latter city Hercules +enjoyed the honours of a founder,(1837) being reported to have established +it on his return from Erythea.(1838) Afterwards the tradition of his +purification and atonement was transferred from Amyclae in Laconia to +Croton, an event to which the high reputation enjoyed by the worship of +Apollo in the latter town greatly contributed. Hence we perceive on the +coins of this place the youthful hero sitting with a bow, quiver, and +arrows before a blazing altar, on which he scorches a branch of +laurel.(1839) Connected with the above is the tradition of Philoctetes +having deposited the arrows of Hercules in the temple of Apollo Alaeus at +Croton, from whence they were said to have been brought by the Crotoniats +into the temple of Apollo within the precincts of their town.(1840) On the +coins of that city Hercules is frequently seen with a goblet in his hand, +either in a recumbent or erect posture. The allusion is explained by the +following story: Hercules, who was always thirsty, had asked for some wine +at Croton; but the woman of the house dissuaded her husband from tapping +the cask for a stranger; on which account the women of that country never +drank wine.(1841) + +6. Our readers are, we take for granted, well acquainted with the fable of +Hercules in the island of Cos, as related by Homer.(1842) The events which +contributed to its formation are, in the first place, the existence of +several noble families of Heraclide descent, whose origin, according to +ancient traditions, was connected with the conquest of Ephyra, though they +were afterwards said to have sprung from the supposed residence of +Hercules in the island itself, where the ancestor of these families sprang +from his connexion with a daughter of the king of the Meropians. This +fiction of his abode in Cos took its rise in a mistaken view of certain +ceremonies there practised: for the peculiarity of the worship in +question, in which the priest at the festival {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, celebrated in the +spring, put on a female dress (as Hercules is said to have disguised +himself in woman's clothes,)(1843) betrays an Asiatic origin; which +induced the poets of ancient times to consider Hercules of Cos as +identified with the Idaean Dactyli.(1844) This dress was also probably worn +in the Lydian worship of Sandon(1845) (who was called Hercules by the +Greeks); for Omphale is said to have attired the effeminate hero in a +transparent garment dyed with sandyx, a custom which evidently originated +in the practice of some festival. The man described as the slave of a +lascivious woman was a symbolical representation of a soft and voluptuous +elementary religion; while the same allegory was by the Greeks referred to +the servitude of Hercules in the house of Eurystheus. This legend is first +mentioned by Pherecydes, then by Hellanicus of Lesbos (who refers to the +traditions current in the city of Acele),(1846) and also in Herodotus, +whose genealogy of the ancient kings of Lydia--Hercules, Alcaeus (from the +Greek mythology, Belus, the god of Babylon), Ninus (Nineveh), Agron, &c., +refers to the Assyrian origin of the ancient Lydian kings, and agrees +remarkably with the statement that Hercules-Sandon or Sandes, was +originally an Assyrian deity belonging to the same religious system as +Belus.(1847) + +7. We now come to a fable of kindred origin, the fable of Hylas. Hylas was +invoked during midsummer at the sides of fountains by the aboriginal +inhabitants of Bithynia,(1848) long before the Greeks founded their city +of Cios; but the latter adopted the story of the boy falling into the +water, connecting it (as they worshipped Hercules as their founder)(1849) +with the fable of that hero. Indeed a legend very similar had previously +existed, the minion of Hercules being (according to Hellanicus) +Theiomenes, the son of Theiodamas the king of the Dryopes.(1850) The death +of Lityerses was in Phrygia the subject of an ancient song; and who else +should have slain him, according to the tradition of the Greeks, than he +whose power was dreaded throughout the countries of the barbarians?(1851) +The Greeks introduced such heterogeneous matter without hesitation into +their mythology. Hercules, even in the spot where his worship originated, +was represented as a hero of great power abroad: he was the protector of +boundaries and (if I may be allowed the expression) of marches: +afterwards, when his worship was adopted by the whole of Greece, he was +considered as the general guardian of the Grecian colonists. Thus he is +represented as contending for the territory of Heraclea on the Pontus, +against the aboriginal Bebryces, and in defence of Cyrene against the +native Libyans. For it seems very probable that the combat with +Antaeus,(1852) who derived new vigour from touching the earth, was merely +emblematical of the contests sustained by the Greek colonists against the +Libyan hordes, which, though often conquered, always sallied forth from +the deserts in increased numbers. Thus the fable of Hercules and Busiris +was invented at a time when the Greeks first became known in Egypt, and +had as yet only an imperfect acquaintance with that country; for which +reason Herodotus ridicules it as a silly invention of the Ionians. Busiris +appears to me to have been the name of the principal deity with the +addition of the article. In this story he is described as a ferocious +tyrant, who orders Hercules to be sacrificed, until the latter, recovering +himself suddenly, slays the tyrant and his cowardly retinue. + +8. While attempting to reconcile these discordant traditions, and mould +them into one connected story, it was natural that the Greeks should find +some affinity of character between Hercules and the Phoenician god Melcart, +the son of Baal and Astarte ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}). It was to the existence of a temple +of Hercules at Gadira that the fable of this hero having there terminated +his voyage after the battle of Geryon, owed its origin; and the +neighbouring pillars of Hercules or Briareus(1853) were originally +considered as the work of Melcart. The Hercules of the Carthaginians was +also represented as a wanderer and conqueror;(1854) his particular +province was the island of Sardinia;(1855) which island became also +included in the Grecian mythology: he is likewise said to have passed +through Spain.(1856) The discoverer of the purple dye, in the Tyrian +tradition, is the same personage;(1857) the quail was sacred to him, the +smell of that bird having resuscitated him from death.(1858) Great as the +confusion soon became between the Doric and Phoenician traditions +respecting Hercules, they may still be easily distinguished from each +other; and the first effect of their union may perhaps be traced in the +wish of Dorieus, the son of Anaxandridas, to found a kingdom near mount +Eryx, because Hercules had formerly conquered that country;(1859) now the +worship and name of the Phoenician Aphrodite (Astarte) existed on mount +Eryx, and probably also that of her son Melcart. + +9. Notwithstanding the long digression into which the examination of our +subject has led us, we are afraid that the following positions, attempted +to be established as the result of the preceding investigation, will by no +means carry with them conviction to all readers. We may, however, rest +assured, that whatever traces of an elementary religion can be discovered +in this fable, they were additions totally at variance with its original +structure. The fundamental idea of all the heroic mythology may be +pronounced to be a proud consciousness of power innate in man, by which he +endeavours to place himself on a level with the gods, not through the +influence of a mild and benign destiny, but by labour, misery, and +combats. The highest degree of human suffering and courage is attributed +to Hercules: his character is as noble as could be conceived in those rude +and early times; but he is by no means represented as free from the +blemishes of human nature; on the contrary, he is frequently subject to +wild, ungovernable passions, when the noble indignation and anger of the +suffering hero degenerate into phrensy.(1860) Every crime, however, is +atoned for by some new suffering; but nothing breaks his invincible +courage, until, purified from earthly corruption, he ascends mount +Olympus, and there receives the beauteous Hebe for his bride, while his +shade threatens the frightened ghosts in Hades.(1861) As in the fable of +Apollo, the godhead descends into the circle of human life, so in Hercules +a purely human power is elevated to the gods. Hercules also corresponds to +the last-mentioned deity, in his divine attributes, as an averter of evil +({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~});(1862) which the OEtaeans carried so far as to +worship him as the destroyer of grasshoppers ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), and the +Erythraeans as the killer of the vine-worm ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}).(1863) We cannot, +however, agree with Herodotus, who derives the deification of Hercules +from a combination of the Phoenician or Idaean god, and the hero of Thebes, +since Hercules also enjoyed divine honours at places (as Messene and +Marathon(1864)) where such an amalgamation can scarcely be imagined. But +he is a deity representing the highest perfection of humanity, and +therefore the model and aim of human imitation; and the summit of heroic +energy was seen where the human passed into the divine nature. His life +and actions on earth are in ancient mythology perfectly human; and those +fables, which raise him above humanity, for instance, those alluding to +the combat with the giants,(1865) betray a later origin. + +10. How little the ancient mythology was desirous of divesting Hercules of +any feelings of humanity may be collected from various features in his +character. Hercules, whether invited or not invited, is a jovial guest, +and not backward in enjoying himself. This explains the frequent allusions +to him as a great eater ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) and tippler, and also the Herculean +goblets and couches. The original source of all these fictions was the +ancient tradition of the residence of Hercules with Ceyx and Dexamenus: +nay, they may be traced to the ceremonies observed at his worship and +festivals.(1866) The Doric,(1867) like the Athenian comic poets and +satirists, merely adopted the general outline of the story, filling up the +details to suit their own fancy and humour: the latter adding some jokes +upon the gluttony of their Boeotian neighbours.(1868) It was Hercules, +above all other heroes, whom mythology endeavoured to place in ludicrous +situations; and sometimes made the butt of the buffoonery of others. This +was the case in the fable of the Cercopes (treated of in a ludicrous epic +poem ascribed to Homer),(1869) who are represented as alternately amusing +and annoying the hero. In works of art they are often represented as +satyrs, who rob the hero of his quiver, bow, and club.(1870) Hercules, +annoyed at their insults, binds two of them to a pole, in the manner +represented on the bas-relief of Selinus,(1871) and marches off with his +prize. Happily for the offenders, the hinder parts of Hercules had become +tanned by continued labours and exposure to the atmosphere: which reminded +them of an old prophecy, warning them to beware of a person of this +complexion;(1872) and the coincidence caused them to burst out into an +immoderate fit of laughter. This surprised Hercules, who inquired the +reason, and was himself so diverted by it, that he set both his prisoners +at liberty. And in general no company better agrees with the character of +Hercules, even in his deified state, than that of satyrs and other +followers of Bacchus, as might easily be proved by many works of Grecian +art. It also seems that mirth and buffoonery were often combined with the +festivals of Hercules: thus there was at Athens a society of sixty men, +who, on the festival of the Diomean Hercules, attacked and amused +themselves and others with sallies of wit.(1873) We shall hereafter show +how these exhibitions originated in the propensity of the Doric race to +the burlesque and comic.(1874) + + + + + +APPENDIX I. + + +_On the settlements, origin, and early history of the Macedonian nation._ + +_General outline of the country._(1875) + +1. In the Thermaic bay, the modern _gulf of Salonichi_, three rivers of +considerable size fall into the sea at very short distances from one +another, but which meet in this place in very different directions. The +largest of the three comes from the north-west, and is now called (as +indeed it was in the time of Tzetzes and Anna Comnena) the _Bardares_ (or +_Vardar_), and was in ancient days celebrated under the name of Axius. Its +stream is increased by large tributary branches on both sides, and chiefly +by the Erigon, which flows from the mountains of Illyria.(1876) The river +next in order runs from the west; it is now called in the interior of the +country _Potova_, and on the coast _Carasmac_: its ancient name, as is +evident from passages in Herodotus and Strabo, was Lydias, or +Ludias.(1877) And, lastly, after many turnings and windings, the +Haliacmon, now called _Bichlista_, flows from the south-west; in the time +of Herodotus it fell into the sea through the same mouth as the Lydias, +probably being widened by marshes; and in modern maps the interval between +the two rivers is represented as very small.(1878) It may be easily +conceived that this whole maritime district must have been low and marshy; +and by this means Pella, as Livy remarks, was of all towns in the country +best fitted for being the fortress of the Macedonian kings, and the place +of deposit for their treasure, since it lay, like an island, in the +morasses and swamps formed by the neighbouring lakes and rivers. These +marshes were called by the expressive name of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or _mud_.(1879) + +2. Although the mouths of these rivers were so near together, the extent +of mountains, valleys, and plains which they encompassed in their course +was very considerable, amounting, according to modern maps, to 140 +geographical miles from north and south, and more than 60 from east to +west. The Axius, together with its minor branches, runs from the great +Scardian chain, which further on receives the names of Orbelus, Scomius, +and Haemus; while the course of the Haliacmon is close to the heights of +mount Olympus (part of which ridge in later times was called the Cambunian +mountains), and therefore to the borders of Thessaly. Both ridges run at +right angles from the great mountain-chain which cuts the upper part of +Greece in a direction from north-west to south-east, its southern parts +bearing the name of Pindus, the ridge towards Thessaly and Epirus of +Lacmon,(1880) and further to the north-west it is called the Candavian +chain(1881) and mount Barnus.(1882) It stretches behind the whole of the +district just named, and forms, as it were, the spine, to which the +mountains of Illyria, Epirus, Macedonia, and Thessaly are attached like +ribs. From this chain the two lines of mountains proceed, which separate +the valleys of the Haliacmon and the Axius. The name of the ridge between +the Haliacmon and the Lydias is known by the mention of mount Bermius +above Beroea;(1883) and Beroea is certainly the modern Veria, or Cara +Veria,(1884) near the northern bank of the Haliacmon. It will be shown +presently that Dysorum was the name of the mountain which divided the +Lydias and the Axius.(1885) And the ridge, which, stretching southward +from the Scardian chain, parted the valley of the Axius from the plains to +the east, was called (in one point at least), as we know from +Thucydides'(1886) account of the Odrysian king's march, Cercine. + +3. The valleys beyond the last-mentioned ridge are those of the Strymon +and the Angites. As the Axius falls into the sea in a gulf to the west, so +does the Strymon join the sea to the east of the Chalcidian peninsula. Not +far from its mouth the Strymon forms a lake, into which the Angites runs; +a stream of considerable size, its course lying westward of the Strymon. +For that the eastern stream is the ancient Strymon (notwithstanding the +opinion of most modern geographers) is, in the first place, evident from +its size; secondly, from the name _Struma_, which it now bears; and, +thirdly, from the statement of Herodotus,(1887) that the district of +Phyllis reached southwards to the Strymon, and westward to the Angites; it +lay, therefore, above the confluence of the two rivers and the lake which +they formed by their junction. The ridge which lies to the east of the +Strymon was called, at least where it widens along the coast, +Pangaeum.(1888) + +Thus much is sufficient to give a general notion of the geographical +structure of the region, the ancient inhabitants of which form the subject +of the present inquiry. + +_Ancient names of the several districts._ + +4. We will now chiefly follow the full and accurate accounts of Herodotus +respecting the districts situated near the mouths of the three rivers just +mentioned. First, MYGDONIA, on the Thermaic bay, and round the ancient +city of Therma, extended, according to Herodotus, to the Axius, which +divided this district from Bottiais;(1889) and it agrees with this +statement that the small river Echeidorus (probably the modern _Gallico_), +which fell into the sea at the marshes near the Axius, in the lower part +of its course passed through Mygdonia.(1890) To the east this district +extended still further; lake Bolbe, beyond Chalcidice, was either in or +near Mygdonia.(1891) Thucydides, indeed, makes Mygdonia reach as far as +the Strymon;(1892) but this cannot be reconciled with the account of +Herodotus (who appears to have possessed a very accurate knowledge of this +region), that both the maritime district, west from the Strymon, in which +was the Greek city of Argilus, and the land further to the interior, was +called BISALTIA.(1893) On the other side, above Mygdonia, was situated +(according to Herodotus) the district of CRESTONICA, from which the river +Echeidorus flowed down to the coast.(1894) + +5. Beyond the Axius, to the west of the stream, immediately after +Mygdonia, came BOTTIAIS, which district was on the other side bounded by +the united mouth of the Haliacmon and the Lydias;(1895) and thus towards +the sea it terminated in a narrow wedge-shaped strip. On this tongue of +land were the cities of Ichnae and Pella,(1896) the first of which was +celebrated for an ancient temple;(1897) while Pella became afterwards the +royal residence, situated on the lake of the Lydias, at the distance of +120 stadia from the river's mouth,(1898) and may now be recognised by +these marks of its position and some ruins. According to Strabo,(1899) +also, the river Axius made the boundary of Bottiaea, and divided it from +the district of Amphaxitis, which was the name of the opposite and more +elevated side of the Axius.(1900) Thucydides also calls this tract of +country Bottiaea;(1901) and distinguishes it from the more recent +settlements of the Bottiaeans, near Olynthus, in Chalcidice,(1902) which he +calls _Bottica_.(1903) + +6. The united mouth of the Lydias and Haliacmon, according to +Herodotus,(1904) divided Bottiais from MACEDONIS; for he can only mean +this common mouth when he says that "the rivers Lydias and Haliacmon +divide the districts of Bottiais and Macedonis, uniting their waters in +the same channel." Further on in the interior the Lydias alone must have +been the boundary of Bottiais, since otherwise this district would not end +in a narrow strip of land; Macedonis, therefore, began on the western bank +of the Lydias. In this place nothing more can be said as to the meaning of +the word _Macedonis_, before the precise signification of some other names +has been determined. + +7. Proceeding along the coast, PIERIA borders upon Macedonis, the district +under Mount Olympus,(1905) which ridge, where it approaches this coast, +splits into two branches, the one stretching towards the mouth of the +Peneus, the other towards those of the three rivers. Herodotus cannot make +Pieria reach as far as the Haliacmon,(1906) as they are here separated by +Macedonis Proper;(1907) he probably supposes it to begin just at the rise +of mount Olympus, and divides the narrow plain on the sea-coast from the +tracts to the interior. The southern boundary of Pieria is stated by +Strabo(1908) and Livy(1909) to have been the district of Dium;(1910) so +that these writers leave a narrow and mountainous strip of land, +stretching towards Tempe, which belonged neither to Pieria nor Thessaly. +The chief place in Pieria was Pydna, also called Cydna (according to +Stephanus Byz.), and in later times Citron (according to the epitomizer of +Strabo),(1911) which name still remains in the same place. + +8. Now that we proceed from the divisions of the coast to the interior, we +are deserted, indeed, by the excellent account of Herodotus; but there are +nevertheless statements sufficiently accurate to determine the ancient +name of each district. The high and mountainous valley of the Haliacmon +was, according to Livy,(1912) called ELIMEIA; the inhabitants Elimiots, +who are included by Thucydides(1913) among the Macedonians: the district +is also called after their name Elimiotis.(1914) From thence proceeds the +road to Thessaly over the Cambunian mountains;(1915) and another almost +impracticable road to AEtolia over the mountainous country to the south of +Elimeia.(1916) To Elimeia succeeded PARAUAEA, a fertile district, near the +sources of the river called Aous, AEas, or Auus;(1917) and to the south +again lay PARORAEA, which was crossed by the river Arachthus at the +beginning of its course from under mount Stympha:(1918) the country near +this mountain was called STYMPHAEA (or Tymphaea), extending to the sources +of the Peneus and the land of the AEthicians.(1919) The ATINTANIANS reached +beyond the country of the Parauaeans, and within that of the Chaonians as +far as Illyria.(1920) All these districts are indeed divided from Elimeia +by the great chain of Pindus; but, from their connexion with that region, +some account of them in this place was indispensable. + +9. A small valley in the district of Elimeia, which lay to the north +towards the Illyrian Dassaretians,(1921) was inhabited by the Orestian +Macedonians,(1922) who doubtless were so called from the _mountains_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}) +in which they dwelt, and not from _Orestes_, the son of Agamemnon. The +valley of Orestis(1923) contained a lake, in which was the town Celetrum, +situated on a peninsula.(1924) Its position coincides with that of the +modern Castoria;(1925) and it cannot be doubted that the wild +mountain-valley near the source of the Haliacmon was the ancient Orestis. +Another valley in Elimeia was called ALMOPIA, or Almonia, an ancient +settlement of the Minyans, situated on the confines of Macedonia and +Thessaly, apparently not far from Pieria.(1926) + +10. Elimeia, together with the surrounding highlands, was cold and rugged, +and difficult of cultivation.(1927) The same was the case with the +neighbouring district of LYNCESTIS, the country of the Lyncestae, who had +received their name, according to a Macedonian inflexion,(1928) from +Lyncus.(1929) Lyncus was the name of the whole district, and not of any +one city, as in early times there were only unfortified villages in this +part.(1930) It was surrounded on all sides by mountains; a narrow pass +between two heights being the chief road to the coast.(1931) The position +of Lyncus is accurately determined by the course of the Egnatian Roman +road from Dyrrachium, which, after crossing the Illyrian mountains at +Pylon (or the gateway), led by Heraclea Lyncestis, and through the country +of the Lyncestae and Eordians, to Edessa and Pella;(1932) as well as by the +fact that the _mons Bora_ of Livy, _i.e._ the Bermius, lay to the south of +it.(1933) Consequently the Lyncestae must have inhabited the mountains +south of the Erigon, and a part of the valley in which that river flowed; +which is confirmed by other accounts of ancient writers.(1934) The country +of the EORDIANS is also determined by the direction of the Egnatian way; +viz., to the east of Lyncus and west of Edessa, and therefore in the +valley of the Lydias, to the north of Elimea(1935) and the Bermius.(1936) +In order to go from the valley of the Erigon to Thessaly, the way passed +first through Eordaea and then through Elimiotis.(1937) + +11. DEURIOPUS ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) was the name of a tract of country along the +Erigon,(1938) which was considered as belonging to Paeonia,(1939) and +probably lay to the east of Lyncestis and north of Eordaea.(1940) In Paeonia +also was situated the rugged district of PELAGONIA, to the north of +Lyncestis,(1941) having on its northern frontiers narrow passes, which +protected it from the incursions of the Dardanians.(1942) As to other +parts of the extensive territory of PAEONIA (in comparison with which +Macedonia was originally very inconsiderable in size), it is only +necessary to observe, that, beginning near the source of the Axius, the +banks of which river had from early times been occupied by Paeonian tribes, +a narrow strip of land extended down to Pella and the coast;(1943) though, +according to Herodotus, it could not have actually reached the edge of the +sea, as the frontiers of Bottiais and Mygdonia at this point came into +contact with one another.(1944) Immediately to the north of Lower +Macedonia, _i.e._, to the north of Macedonian Paeonia, Bottiais, and +Mygdonia, but without the confines of these provinces, was situated, as we +learn from Thucydides,(1945) the Paeonian city of DOBERUS.(1946) The king +of the Odrysians arrived, according to the same writer,(1947) at this +place after having come from his dominions, which were bounded by the +Strymon, over mount Cercine; in which passage he left the Paeonians to the +right, and to the left the Sintes and Maedi (Thracian races, supposed by +Gatterer to have penetrated hither when the Siropaeonians and others +crossed over to Asia).(1948) From which notices I have ventured to set +down the mountain, the city, and nations just mentioned, as may be seen in +the accompanying map.(1949) + +_Early history of the kingdom of Macedonia._ + +12. The subject of this dissertation made it necessary for us to enter +into the above detail as to the several provinces and divisions of Upper +and Lower Macedonia. We must now proceed to inquire into the gradual +extension of the kingdom of Macedon; an investigation in which we are +fortunately assisted by the clear and accurate account of Thucydides, who +lived at no great distance from the country which he describes; and whose +words I now transcribe as follows (II. 99.): + +"Accordingly, the subjects of Sitalces mustered at Doberus, and prepared +for a descent into Lower Macedonia, which country was under the rule of +Perdiccas. For to the Macedonians belong(1950) the Lyncestae and the +Elimiots, and other nations in the upper parts of the country, which are +the allies and subjects(1951) of these Macedonians,(1952) but have +nevertheless princes of their own. The present kingdom of Macedonia, +extending along the sea,(1953) was first occupied by Alexander the father +of Perdiccas, and his ancestors of the family of Temenus, who came +originally from Argos; and ruled over it, having by force of arms expelled +the Pierians from Pieria,(1954) and the Bottiaeans from the district called +Bottiaea. They also obtained in Paeonia a narrow tongue of land, extending +along the river Axius down to Pella and the sea: and on the further side +of the Axius they possess the district called Mygdonia, as far as the +Strymon, of which they dispossessed the Edones. They also dislodged the +Eordians from the country still called Eordia, and from Almopia the +Almopians. These Macedonians also subdued those other nations which they +now possess; viz., Anthemus, together with Crestonia and Bisaltia, and a +large part of the Macedonians themselves. The whole of this country +together is called Macedonia; and Perdiccas, the son of Alexander, was +king of it when Sitalces made his invasion." + +13. This chapter has not by any means been exhausted by those who have +written on the growth and size of Macedonia; and therefore it will be +convenient to set down some of the chief inferences which may be drawn +from it. + +In the first place, it is plain that the Macedonians, who made the +conquest, and founded the kingdom of Macedon, were _not the whole +Macedonian nation_, but only a part of it. There were in the mountainous +districts Macedonian tribes, which had their own kings, and originally +were not subject to the Temenidae. These are the Macedonian highlanders of +Herodotus,(1955) from whose district the road passed over mount Olympus +(the Cambunian chain) into the country of the Perrhaebians;(1956) and it +began, as has been already remarked, in Elimeia.(1957) The Elimiots were, +according to Thucydides, one portion of these Macedonians, the Lyncestae +another; both which appellations were merely local, and the full title was +"_the Macedonians in Lyncus_," or "the Macedonian Lyncestae."(1958) Of the +_remaining_ Macedonian nations in the mountain-districts we only know the +name of the Orestae;(1959) at least there are no others who can with any +certainty be considered as Macedonians. + +14. The name of Macedonia was not therefore, as some have supposed, +confined to the royal dynasty of Edessa, but was a _national appellation_; +so much so, that it is even stated that those very kings subdued, among +other nations, a large portion of the Macedonians. The tribes of Upper +Macedonia were long governed by their own princes; thus Antiochus was king +of the Orestae at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war;(1960) the +Lyncestae were under the rule of Arrhibaeus, the son of Bromerus,(1961) the +great grandfather, by the mother's side, of Philip of Macedon, who derived +his descent (not altogether without probability) from the Bacchiadae, the +ancient rulers of Corinth;(1962) and these kings, though properly +recognising the supremacy of the Temenidae, were nevertheless at times +their nearest, and therefore most dangerous, enemies.(1963) + +15. The Macedonian kingdom of the Temenidae, on the other hand, began from +a single point of the Macedonian territory, concerning the position of +which there are various traditions. According to Herodotus, three brothers +of the family of Temenus, Gauanes, Aeropus, and Perdiccas, fled from Argos +to Illyria, from thence passed on to _Lebaea_ in Upper Macedonia, and +served the king of the country (who was therefore a Macedonian) as +shepherds. From this place they again fled, and dwelt in another part of +Macedonia, near the gardens of Midas, in mount Bermius (near _Beroea_), +from which place they subdued the neighbouring country.(1964) Thucydides +so far recognises this tradition, that he likewise considers Perdiccas as +the founder of the kingdom, reckoning eight kings down to Archelaus.(1965) +The other account, however, that there were three kings before Perdiccas, +is unquestionably not the mere invention of later historians, but was +derived, as well as the other, from some local tradition. According to +this account the Macedonian kingdom began at _Edessa_,(1966) which had +been taken by Caranus, of the family of the Temenidae, and by him named +after a goatherd, who rendered him assistance, AEgae (or AEgeae).(1967) Both +narrations have equally a traditional character, and were doubtless of +Macedonian origin, only that the latter appears to have been combined with +an Argive legend of a brother of the powerful Phido having gone to the +north. The claim of Edessa is also confirmed by the fact, that, even when +it had long ceased to be the royal residence, it still continued the +burial-place of the kings of Temenus' race, and, as Diodorus says, the +_hearth_ of their empire.(1968) + +16. Edessa and the gardens of Midas were both situated between the Lydias +and the Haliacmon, in the original and proper country of Macedonia, +according to the account of Herodotus.(1969) The manner in which the +dominions of the Temenidae were extended along the sea-coast, and towards +the interior, we learn from Thucydides, who comprises in one general view +all the conquests of these princes until the reign of Alexander. For to +suppose that Alexander, the son of Amyntas, made _all_ these conquests, is +an error which is even refuted by the words of Thucydides; although it is +very possible that this prince, who began his reign about 488 B.C., at the +time of the Persian power, and was the brother-in-law of a Persian +general,(1970) added considerably to the territory which he had +inherited.(1971) But when Xerxes undertook his great expedition against +Greece, the power of Macedon was as great as it is described by +Thucydides; nor was its territory much enlarged during the interval +between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars.(1972) For at the time of the +Persian war (481 B.C.) the Pierians were already settled in New Pieria, +especially in the fortified towns of Phagres and Pergamus, at the foot of +mount Pangaeum,(1973) whither they retired, after having been driven out of +Old Pieria by the Macedonian kings;(1974) in fact, this extension of the +territory of Macedon must have taken place at an early period.(1975) +Moreover, Olynthus was, according to Herodotus,(1976) at least _before_ +480 B.C., in the hands of the Bottiaeans, who had, as we learn from both +Herodotus and Thucydides, expelled the Macedonians from the ancient +Bottiais; consequently this district had been under the rule of the +Macedonians _before_ the expedition of Xerxes. Thirdly, Amyntas the +Macedonian, in 510 B.C., offered Anthemus in Chalcidice to the +Pisistratidae;(1977) the same argument therefore applies in this case also. +Anthemus, however, could hardly have been obtained without Mygdonia: and +that this district was then a part of the Macedonian dominions is probable +also from the following reasons.(1978) According to Thucydides, the +Macedonians drove out the nation of the Edonians(1979) from Mygdonia, +between the rivers Axius and Strymon; and accordingly we find the Edonians +always mentioned as dwelling to the east of the Strymon, at the foot of +mount Pangaeum. Now Ennea Hodoi, situated on the eastern bank of the +Strymon, was, according to Herodotus,(1980) in the possession of the +Edonians in the year 481 B.C.; and Myrcinus, in the same region, was found +by Histiaeus, when he visited it, to be an Edonian district,(1981) as it +was at a later period by Brasidas.(1982) The latter argument is not indeed +of itself decisive, as it might be said that the Edonians were only driven +together by the conquests of the Macedonians, and had _previously_ been in +possession of the further side of the Strymon; but when combined with the +former facts, it offers an almost certain proof that the whole country, +from lake Bolbe to within a short distance from the Peneus, was subject to +the Macedonians before the expedition of Xerxes.(1983) Methone(1984) was +on this coast the only interruption to the series of Macedonian +possessions; this Eretrian colony had been, about 746 B.C.,(1985) together +with the numerous Euboean settlements in Chalcidice,(1986) at a period when +the power of the Macedonians on this line of coast was very insignificant; +and it preserved its independence until the reign of Philip the son of +Amyntas.(1987) + +17. From the facts now ascertained, we may deduce a result of some +importance with regard to the language of Herodotus. This historian +clearly and precisely distinguishes between Bottiais and Macedonia in the +time of Xerxes,(1988) although it is certain that Bottiais was then in the +power of the Macedonians;(1989) Macedonia he classes as a district with +Bottiais, Mygdonia, and Pieria. He uses the word, therefore, not in a +_political_, but in a _national_ sense; _i.e._, he restricts it to the +territory originally possessed by the Macedonian nation, not applying it +to countries which had been obtained by conquest or political +preponderance. The Macedonia of Herodotus is consequently the territory of +the Macedonians _before_ all the conquests of the Temenidae. It extended, +according to Herodotus, in a narrow tongue down to the sea;(1990) a fact +disregarded by Thucydides, when he states that the coast of Lower +Macedonia was first reduced by the Temenidae.(1991) Further from the sea, +however, the ancient Macedonia had a much wider extent, and included the +districts of Edessa and Beroea, Lyncestis, Orestis, and Elimeia: for +Macedonia is stated by Herodotus to have been on the one side bounded by +mount Olympus (which ridge, where it borders on Pieria,(1992) was called +the Macedonian mountains),(1993) and on the other by mount Dysorum. This +last fact is evident from the statement of the same writer, that a very +short way led from the Prasian lake to Macedonia, passing first to the +mine from which Alexander obtained an immense supply of precious metal; +and then, that having crossed mount Dysorum, you were in Macedonia;(1994) +_i.e._, evidently in the _original_ Macedonia, since he expressly excludes +from it the mine which had been a subsequent accession. The Prasian lake +was in Paeonia;(1995) but in what district of it is not known;(1996) mount +Dysorum, however, can only be looked for to the north of Edessa and to the +west of the Axius, Macedonia Proper not extending so far as that river. In +this manner it is placed in the accompanying map; in which also the +ancient boundaries of the Macedonian race are laid down according to the +results obtained by these researches. + +18. On the other conquests of the Macedonians little need be said. The +occupation of Bisaltia and Crestonica was subsequent to the expedition of +Xerxes. The Thracian king of these districts fled away,(1997) and left his +kingdom a prey to the ambition of Alexander, who thus extended his empire +to the mouth of the Strymon, which was the boundary of Macedonia in the +days of Thucydides and of Scylax, and remained so until the time of +Philip. At what time the Macedonian kings reduced that part of Paeonia +which stretched along the Axius, Eordaea, Almopia, and a large part of the +Macedonians themselves, we are nowhere informed; and to infer from +Thucydides that these conquests succeeded that of Mygdonia and preceded +that of Anthemus, would be laying too much weight upon the order in which +he arranges the events; in which, although he doubtless paid some regard +to chronology, the context required that the conquests on the coast should +be mentioned before those of the interior. Eordaea was probably subjugated +at a very early period, since it lay, as it were, in a bay of the +Macedonian territory; and a very credible tradition has been preserved by +Dexippus,(1998) that Caranus had in early times made an alliance with the +Orestae against the Eordians, and founded his kingdom by the subjugation of +that nation. In fact, the first nation with whom the king of Edessa had to +contend was these Eordians. They were, according to Thucydides, nearly +annihilated by a war of extermination; a small number of them escaped to +Physca in Mygdonia;(1999) which district therefore was not as yet under +the power of the Macedonians. + +19. Among those parts of Macedonia Proper which were reduced by the +Temenidae, Elimeia may be particularly mentioned, as is evident from the +following circumstances. Perdiccas, the son of Alexander, was at war with +his brother Philip, with whom he was to have divided his kingdom,(2000) +and also with Derdas.(2001) The brothers of Derdas, before the beginning +of the Peloponnesian war, in alliance with the Athenians, made a descent +from the highlands, that is, from one of the districts Elimeia, Orestis, +or Lyncus, into the dominions of Perdiccas.(2002) Now Derdas(2003) was the +son of Arrhibaeus, and cousin of Perdiccas; and it is plain that the +Temenidae reduced Elimeia; and a branch of the same family received this +district as their peculiar possession.(2004) A separate king of Elimeia +also existed in the time of Archelaus,(2005) who doubtless belonged to the +same family. For a later Derdas occurs as prince of the Elimiots in the +time of Agesilaus,(2006) who perhaps was the same as, or rather was the +father of, the Derdas, whose sister Phila Philip married.(2007) In like +manner, there was a separate sovereignty in Stymphaea and the neighbouring +AEthicia, which was held by the family of Polysperchon, the general and +guardian of the kingdom.(2008) Although in later times all these separate +sovereignties, both of the Temenidae and of other princes, were suppressed, +and Upper and Lower Macedonia were equally ruled from the city of Pella; +yet the tribes of the highlands still remained to a certain degree +distinct. Even at the battle of Arbela, the Elimiots, Lyncestae, Orestae, +and Tymphaeans fought in separate bodies;(2009) and several persons are +denoted in the history of Macedon by the surname of Lyncestes. Perdiccas +came from Orestis, Ptolemy from Eordaea.(2010) Those in the lowlands, on +the other hand, were known by the general name of Macedonians; and it +should be observed, that there were also Macedonians dwelling in Pieria, +Bottiais, Mygdonia, Eordaea, and Almopia,(2011) who had, according to +Thucydides, driven out the native inhabitants; while Paeonia and Bisaltia, +together with Anthemus and Crestonica, remained in the possession of those +tribes which had been settled there before the conquest of +Macedonia.(2012) + +_On the national affinity of the original Macedonians._ + +20. From what has been already said it is plain that there was, +independently of the extension of the empire of the Temenidae, a Macedonian +nation possessing from early times a territory of considerable size, viz., +the Macedonia of Herodotus; the area of which in the accompanying map +amounts to 2400 geographical square miles. + +We now proceed to the most important question to be considered in this +treatise, viz., to what national family these Macedonians belonged. + +21. The ancient writers distinguish in these regions the following +nations; and in so marked a manner that it is evident that they differed +from one another in their costume, language, and mode of living.(2013) + +First, the THRACIANS. This great nation extended to the north as far as +the Danube, where it included the Getae;(2014) to the east beyond the sea, +since the Thynians and Bithynians were Thracians;(2015) to the west within +mount Haemus as far as the Strymon, where it bordered on the Paeonians, +widening still more as it receded from the coast, since it also included +the Triballians.(2016) On the west bank of the Strymon the Sintians and +Maedians were of Thracian origin;(2017) to which nation the Bisaltae and +Edones must also be referred.(2018) Thrace is often represented as having +in early times extended to Thessaly and Boeotia(2019) but merely in +reference to the settlements of the Pierians at the foot of Olympus and +Helicon; and there are many reasons against considering these Pierians as +of the same race as the _other_ Thracians,(2020) although they were called +Thracians at an early period.(2021) Homer at least distinguishes between +these two nations when he makes Here go from Olympus to Pieria, then to +Emathia, and afterwards to the snowy mountains of the Thracians;(2022) by +which he must mean the mountains of the Bisaltae to the north of Edessa, +since the goddess next rests her foot on mount Athos and the island of +Lemnos. + +Secondly, the PAEONIANS. A numerous race divided into several small +nations,(2023) inhabiting the districts on the rivers Strymon and Axius +and the countries to the north of Macedonia,(2024) together with Pannonia, +according to the Greeks.(2025) This race, according to _their own +tradition_ (if Herodotus's account is correct),(2026) derived their origin +from the ancient Teucrians in the Troad; in their passage from which +country they had been accompanied, according to Herodotus, by the Mysians, +the same people that afterwards gave their name of Moesians to a great +province.(2027) + +Thirdly, the ILLYRIANS extended southward as far as the Acroceraunian +mountains, eastward to the mountain-chain known in its southern parts by +the name of Pindus, and northward as far as the Save and the Alps, if +Herodotus is correct in considering the Venetians as of Illyrian +origin.(2028) + +Fourthly, _Nations of Grecian descent_. + +22. Since the Macedonians evidently belonged to some one of these four +races, our present object is to ascertain _which_. Now in the first place +the _Greeks_ may be excluded, since, although it is certain that a large +portion of the Macedonian nation was of Grecian origin, the Macedonians +were always considered by the Greeks as barbarians.--Alexander the +Philhellene,(2029) the father of Perdiccas, represented himself to the +Persians (according to Herodotus)(2030) as a Greek, and satrap over +Macedonians; the same person who was driven off the course at Olympia for +being a barbarian, until he proved his Argive descent.(2031) The mouth of +the Peneus, or the Magnesian mountain of Homole, was on the eastern side +considered as the boundary of Greece,(2032) unless Magnesia also was +excluded. Fabulous genealogies, representing Macedon as the son of Zeus +and Thyia the daughter of Deucalion, or of a descendant of AEolus, are of +no weight against the prevailing opinion of the Greeks; nor are they +necessarily of greater antiquity than the fortieth Olympiad (620 +B.C.),(2033) at which time Danaus and AEgyptus, and other races equally +unconnected, were made the members of the same family, when the Scythians +were derived from Hercules,(2034) and even the whole known world was +comprised in extensive genealogies. It would be unreasonable to suppose, +on the credit of these genealogies, that there was any other migration of +Greeks into Macedonia except that of the Temenidae. + +23. Secondly, with regard to the PAEONIANS: it may be shown that the +Macedonians did not belong to that nation.(2035) The possessions of the +Macedonians in Paeonia are accurately described by ancient writers; these +were, until the time of Perdiccas, only a narrow strip of land;(2036) +Pelagonia and Paeonia on the Axius were subdued at a later date. As the +Paeonian race was not aboriginal in this district, its peculiarities were +probably easy to be recognised in the time of Thucydides, and hence this +national name occurs more frequently than those of the separate provinces. +For this reason great importance should be attached to the circumstance +that the ancients never refer the Macedonians themselves to the Paeonian +race; and it should perhaps be considered as decisive. On the other hand, +with aboriginal races having a large territory and numerous connexions, +such a separation hardly warrants this inference, since otherwise the +Macedonians, whom both Herodotus and Thucydides mention _together with_ +Thracians and Illyrians,(2037) could not have belonged to either of those +two tribes, and therefore to no great national division of the human race. +It is, however, plain that the ancients frequently used the national name +in a limited sense, merely for the chief mass of the people, and did not +apply it to particular _portions of it_ which had acquired a character +different from that of the rest of their nation,(2038) without by this +meaning to express a diversity of origin. We have therefore now only to +ascertain whether the Macedonians were of _Thracian_ or _Illyrian_ +descent. + +24. We shall gain one step towards a conclusion by inquiring in what +region were the original settlements of the Macedonians; a question which +should carefully be distinguished from the former investigation as to the +first station of the Temenidae. Now in pursuing this inquiry, we soon +perceive that even of Macedonia Proper, from which Bottiaea, Pieria, and +Eordaea were conquered, a large part was not always in the possession of +the Macedonians. Homer, for example, places Emathia, not Macedonia, +between Pieria and Chalcidice.(2039) Several writers state in general that +Macedonia had anciently been called Emathia;(2040) but, as will be +presently shown, they do not so much mean the highlands as the country +about the mouths of the three rivers and near Edessa.(2041) The fabulous +name was renewed in later times; and Ptolemy(2042) even mentions the +district of Emathia, in which were the towns of Cyrrhus,(2043) Eidomenae, +Gordynia, Edessa, Berrhoea, and Pella. According to Thucydides(2044) and +others, Eidomenae and Gordynia must have been situated in the region near +the Axius, in the early subdued country of Paeonia;(2045) whence it may be +understood how Polybius(2046) could say that Emathia, at a distance from +the coast, had in early times been called Paeonia. For the ancient name of +Emathia had evidently been extended to a tract of land belonging to +Paeonia, which had, perhaps, previously to the Paeonian conquests, once +borne the name of Emathia. + +25. Now although the country round Edessa, and nearer to the sea, was not +originally called Macedonia, yet we find traces of the existence of the +name of the Macedonians under its ancient forms of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, +in the hill-country near the ridge of Pindus. Herodotus says that the +Doric race, having been driven from Hestiaeotis, and dwelling under mount +Pindus, was called the _Macedonian nation_.(2047) By this statement he +plainly means that the Dorians were first known by that name in +Peloponnesus;(2048) and indeed his other notions on the progress of this +people are only suited to the childhood of history. But notwithstanding +the erroneous conclusions of the narrator, it is allowable to infer from +his statement that the Macedonians had once dwelt at the foot of +Pindus--_i.e._, probably in one of the districts of Upper Macedonia; of +which provinces Orestis may be considered (on the faith of a conjectural +emendation) as the ancient Maceta.(2049) For it cannot be a Thessalian +district that is alluded to, since Maceta was, as we know from certain +testimony, in fact a part of Macedonia. This hypothesis is also supported +by the ancient patronymic surname of the Macedonian kings, "Argeadae;" if +it is rightly derived by Appian from Argos in Orestis.(2050) + +The fact that the ancient country of the Macedonians was near the ridge of +mountains on the confines of Illyria, and was at a considerable distance +from Thrace, renders it probable that the Macetae were of Illyrian blood; +but this probability would yield to arguments drawn from the language, +costume, and manners of the three nations. The question therefore is, whom +did the Macedonians in the points most resemble, the _Illyrians_ or the +_Thracians_? + +26. There is a passage in Strabo(2051) which, on account of its +importance, I will give nearly at full length, omitting only those parts +which are not necessary to the context. It contains an account of the +population of Epirus. + +"Of the nations of Epirus the Chaonians and Thesprotians inhabit the coast +from the Ceraunian mountains to the Ambracian gulf; behind Ambracia is +Amphilochian Argos. The Amphilochians also are Epirots, together with the +tribes lying more in the interior, and joining the mountains of +Illyria--viz., the Molotti, the Athamanes, the AEthices, the Tymphaei, the +Orestae, the Paroraei, and the Atintanes, some dwelling nearer to the +Macedonians, and others to the Ionian sea. With these the Illyrian nations +were mixed which dwelt to the south of the hill-country, as well as those +beyond the Ionian sea. For between Epidamnus and Apollonia and the +Ceraunian mountains there are the Bylliones,(2052) the Taulantii,(2053) +the Parthini,(2054) and the Brygi,(2055) and at a short distance, about +the silver mines(2056) of Damastium,(2057) the Perisadies have established +their dominion; the Enchelii(2058) and Sesarasii(2059) are also named as +dwelling in these parts; and besides these, the Lyncestae, the land of +Deuriopus, the Pelagonian Tripolis,(2060) the Eordi, Elimea, and +Eratyra.(2061) Now in early times these tribes had severally rulers of +their own; the Enchelians were governed by the descendants of Cadmus, the +Lyncestae were under Arrhibaeus, and of the Epirots the Molotti were ruled +by Pyrrhus and his descendants, while all the other nations of that tribe +were governed by native princes. In process of time, however, as one +nation obtained the dominion over others, the whole fell into the +Macedonian empire, except a small tract beyond the Ionian sea. Also the +country about Lyncestus, Pelagonia, Orestias and Elimea was once called +Upper Macedonia, and at a later period the Independent. Some persons, +moreover, give to the whole country as far as Corcyra the name of +Macedonia, assigning, as their reason, that the inhabitants nearly +resemble one another in the mode of wearing the hair, in their dialect, in +the use of the chlamys, and in other points of this kind: some of them +likewise speak two languages." + +27. Now, although the historical accounts of Strabo, collected at a time +when these regions had been ravaged by conquest, and had undergone +manifold changes, have not the value which the statements of Herodotus and +Thucydides possess, yet it is possible to extract from them much +information. In the first place it should be observed that the Epirots and +the Illyrians are not considered as two wholly distinct nations. The +Epirots, although in early times allied by blood with the Greeks, were +always considered as barbarians,(2062) and Ambracia as the last city in +Greece;(2063) which fact, since the original inhabitants were the same as +in Arcadia, that is, Pelasgians, can only be explained by supposing that +there had been a mixture of Illyrians. Hence it might be at that late time +difficult to distinguish between the Epirots and the Illyrians; and thus +Strabo includes the Atintanes, who according to Scylax(2064) and +Appian(2065) were Illyrians, among the Epirot nations. It is more singular +that he should consider the Orestae, whom Polybius(2066) recognises as a +Macedonian people, as Epirots; but it may be probably accounted for by the +circumstance of their separation from the cause of the Macedonian kings, +which procured them their independence in the year of the city 556.(2067) +But the other inhabitants of Upper Macedonia, the genuine Macedonians, +such as the Lyncestae and Elimiots (who probably, from being mountaineers, +had preserved their national distinctions more than the civilised tribes +of the lowlands), were considered by Strabo, as the context plainly shows, +as original Illyrians; and it can hardly be doubted that they still bore +the characteristic marks of that nation. + +28. "Some again," as Strabo says, "give to the whole country as far as +Corcyra the name of Macedonia." What country this is, is accurately known +both from the testimony of other writers, and even of Strabo himself. The +Romans called the whole region which opened to them the way to +Macedonia(2068) by the name of Macedonia; and made it reach from Lissus +(now _Alessio_) on the river Drilon (now the _Drin_) either to the +Egnatian road,(2069) which begins between Dyrrhachium (or Epidamnus) and +Apollonia, or, as Strabo states in the passage quoted in the text, for a +short distance beyond.(2070) The inhabitants of this tract of country were +beyond all question Illyrians (Taulantii, Parthini, Dassaretii, +&c.(2071)); and it is of _their_ dress and language that Strabo here +speaks. The importance of these points for the discovery of national +affinity is easily perceived. Indeed, many Grecian tribes might be +distinguished merely by their mode of wearing the hair.(2072) The chlamys +had come to the Greeks from the Thessalians, and Sappho was the first +Grecian writer who mentioned it:(2073) afterwards it became a military +dress, and supplanted the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, as in Italy the _sagum_ took the place +of the _toga_, which was originally girt up for military use.(2074) From +this passage of Strabo we learn that it was the national habit of the +Illyrian tribes above Epirus. In like manner the broad-brimmed, low, flat +fur-cap, known by the name of _causia_, which was equally unlike the +conical(2075) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} of the Boeotians and the low, tapering(2076) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, +was worn by these northern nations; it was the ancient dress of state +among the Macedonians, and worn by their kings;(2077) and it was likewise +the dress of the AEtolians(2078) and Molossians.(2079) But the most +remarkable circumstance is, that the same cap which is borne by the riders +on the tetradrachms of the first Alexander also adorns the head of the +Illyrian king Gentius.(2080) Lastly, the similarity of dialect is a +decisive proof. Now that all these things should have been introduced by +the Macedonian kings seems highly improbable, when it is remembered that +their rule did not even extend over the whole of this tract, that it was +also often interrupted, and in general not of a nature to alter the +character, language, and costume of the natives.(2081) + +From these facts it may, I think, be safely inferred that the Macedonians, +viz., the people originally and properly so called, belonged to the +ILLYRIAN race. + +_On the mixture of the Macedonians with other, particularly Greek, races._ + +29. It is, however, certain, notwithstanding the result which has been +established, that the Macedonians in their advance from the highlands +dislodged, and partly incorporated other, and particularly Grecian, +tribes. + +The first to fall in their hands was the ancient Emathia, near Edessa, and +downwards to the sea, which Herodotus includes in _his_ Macedonia. The +name of the country appears to be Grecian;(2082) and since Justin(2083) +distinctly affirms that the ancient inhabitants of Emathia were +Pelasgians, and as AEschylus, a poet greatly versed in traditional lore, +also makes the kingdom of the Pelasgians extend through Macedonia as far +as the Strymon,(2084) it must be considered that, according to ancient +tradition, the early inhabitants of this country were of the Pelasgic +race. It is likewise fair, by the guidance of several parallel cases in +the Greek mythology, to interpret the legend that Lycaon the Arcadian hero +had once ruled in Emathia, and was the father of Macedon,(2085) as +signifying merely the succession, _according to order of time_, of the +Pelasgians and Macedonians in the occupation of this country; which the +language of mythology expressed by placing the respective races in a +_genealogical_ connexion. So Thessalus is called a son of Jason, although +the Thessalians belonged to a different race from the early rulers of the +country, the Minyae of Iolcus, of whom Jason was one. Hence it is highly +probable that at the first conquest of this tract of land, viz., of +Macedonia Proper, nations akin to the Greeks were mixed with the +Illyrians. + +30. One of the earliest conquests of the Macedonians was the country of +their neighbours(2086) the Phrygians; _i.e._, according to the most exact +statements, the district about mount Bermius, where in the ancient gardens +of king Midas, the son of Gordias (in which Silenus had been once taken +prisoner), the hundred-leaved rose still flourished at the time of +Herodotus.(2087) It is exceedingly probable that, as Herodotus states, +this district had been occupied by the Macedonians before the arrival of +the Temenidae;(2088) with which the tradition of an ancient migration of +the Phrygians coincides:(2089) yet it is also stated that Caranus the +Temenid expelled Midas.(2090) That the Phrygians or Brygians were entirely +incorporated in the Macedonian nation cannot be supposed, as we hear quite +in late times of a tribe of Brygians ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) in these regions, who then +dwelt near the Illyrian mountains beyond Lychnidus, not far from the +Erigon, together with the Dassaretians.(2091) The tribe of Mygdonians, +which was allied to the Phrygians,(2092) must have been lost in other +nations at an early period, since their territory had been occupied by the +Edones before it became a part of the Macedonian empire. + +31. In their further extension the Macedonians fell in with Grecian, with +Paeonian, and with Thracian tribes, which they either subdued or dislodged; +but no expulsion was probably so complete that some part of the former +population was not left behind. Among the tribes thus driven out were the +Bottiaeans, who were reported to have come from Athens and Crete;(2093) a +tradition which could hardly have arisen, if they had not been a Grecian +people. Notice should also be taken of the Grecian and Pelasgic names of +the cities on the Axius, viz., Ichnae, Eidomenae, Gortynia, Atalante, and +Europus,(2094) which cannot have been given by the Paeonians, and therefore +must be referred to the ancient Greek population of this region. Beyond +the Axius, according to Herodotus,(2095) was Creston, a settlement of +Thessalian Pelasgians, whence they do not appear to have been expelled by +the victorious Macedonians; which fate befell the Almopians, an ancient +branch of the Minyae.(2096) It has been already shown that the common +population of Leibethrum and Pieria was at least nearly related to the +Greeks: the names of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, for a well-watered valley, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} for a +full fountain, and of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} for a winding stream, are evidently +Grecian.(2097) + +As to the Eordians, the ancient foes of Macedon, it is uncertain whether +they should be considered as belonging to the Illyrian or the Paeonian +race;(2098) of this latter tribe, in earlier times, a small, and, in +later, a considerable portion obeyed the Macedonian kings. And, lastly, +the subjection of the Bisaltae, who even in the time of Perseus formed one +of the chief parts of the kingdom of Macedon,(2099) joined to that nation +a people of purely Thracian descent; and the Macedonians, in the political +meaning of the word, ceased more and more to be a regular nation, or a +body of men of the same origin and language.(2100) + +_On the customs and language of the Macedonians._ + +32. In order to trace the national character and origin of the +Macedonians, it is necessary to distinguish three things; first, their +Illyrian descent; secondly, their extension over other, for the most part +Grecian countries; and thirdly, the introduction by the ruling family, of +the civilisation and refinements of the Greeks; which must have gained +great ground when Alexander the Philhellene offered himself as a combatant +at the Olympic games, and honoured the poetry of Pindar;(2101) and when +Archelaus, the son of Perdiccas,--the same person who first established +many fortresses and roads in his dominions, and formed a Macedonian +army,(2102) nay, even had it in view to procure a navy,(2103)--had +tragedies of Euripides acted at his court under the direction of that +poet. These changes must have chiefly affected the regions near the sea; +for they could not have equally extended to the Macedonians of Lyncus, +&c., who, even in the time of Strabo, had the greatest resemblance to the +Dassaretians, Taulantians, &c., and, until the overthrow of the Macedonian +monarchy, preserved their ancient savage habits; which Livy only partially +accounts for by their intercourse with neighbouring barbarians.(2104) + +33. Since the Illyrian tribes were never distinguished for that original +invention which imagined new gods and established new modes of worship; +while, on the other hand, they readily adopted strange deities;(2105) we +find among the Macedonians more traces of foreign than native religion. +Certain deities which the Greeks compared with the Sileni they called +Sauadae,(2106) as the Illyrians called them Deuadae;(2107) a native +Macedonian god of health was named Darrhon;(2108) there was also a god +called Deipatyrus among the neighbouring Stymphaeans.(2109) The wide +extension of the worship of Bacchus must be ascribed to the vicinity of, +and early intercourse with Pieria: the Macetian women were celebrated as +wild and raging Bacchantes.(2110) The worship of Zeus appears to have been +early introduced among the Macedonians from mount Olympus.(2111) Hercules, +the heroic progenitor of the royal family, was worshipped in their first +residence at Edessa:(2112) he was called in Macedonia Aretus.(2113) The +worship of Apollo, which was prevalent in Macedonia at an early +period,(2114) probably was introduced from Pythium on mount Olympus:(2115) +that of Pan, at Pella, was perhaps derived from the Pelasgians.(2116) + +34. Many barbarous customs of the northern nations, as, for example, that +of tattooing, which prevailed among the Illyrians and Thracians,(2117) +must have fallen into disuse in Macedonia at a very early date: for the +Greeks would not have forgotten to mention such evident proofs of +barbarian descent. Even the usage of the ancient Macedonians, that every +person who had not killed an enemy should wear some disgraceful badge, had +been discontinued in the time of Aristotle.(2118) Yet at a very late date +no one was permitted to lie down at table who had not slain a wild boar +without the nets.(2119) It is greatly to be lamented that we know much +less of the ancient customs of the Illyrians than of the Thracians, of +whose singular and almost Asiatic usages we are sufficiently well +informed. The doctrine of the immortality of the soul in the worship of +Zalmoxis, the lamentations of the Trausi at the birth of a man,(2120) and +the slaughter of the dearest wife on the grave of her husband among the +Sintes and Maedi,(2121) point to a particular view of human life, foreign +to the Grecian character, but familiar to many eastern nations.(2122) The +prevailing custom of polygamy,(2123) the buying and inheriting of women, +the selling of children as slaves,(2124) and the delight in +intoxication,(2125) are traces of a genuine barbarian character; no one of +which, as far as I am aware, can be discovered among the Macedonians: with +whom, moreover, the Thracian names (_e.g._, Cotys, and those ending in +_cetes_ and _sades_) never occur. + +35. On the other hand, a military disposition, which still distinguished +the Macedonians in the time of Polybius, personal valour, and a certain +freedom of spirit, were the national characteristics of this people. Long +before Philip organised his phalanx, the cavalry of Macedon was greatly +celebrated, especially that of the highlands, as is shown by the +tetradrachms of Alexander the First. In smaller numbers they attacked the +close array of the Thracians of Sitalces, relying on their skill in +horsemanship and on their defensive armour.(2126) Teleutias the Spartan +also admired the cavalry of Elimea;(2127) and in the days of the conquest +of Asia the custom still remained that the king could not condemn any +person without having first taken the voice of the people or of the +army.(2128) + +36. It is difficult to treat of the Macedonian language, as not only the +_ancient_ period of the native dialect must be distinguished from the +_second_, in which the Grecian language was partially introduced, after +Archelaus, Philip, and Alexander made their people acquainted with +Athenian civilisation, but also from a _third_, in which many barbarous +words were adopted from the mixture of the Macedonians with Indians, +Persians, and Egyptians.(2129) Nevertheless it is possible to form a +well-grounded opinion as to the form of the Macedonian language in the +first period. In the first place, they had many barbarous words for very +simple and common objects,(2130) which may be certainly considered as +Illyrian, since among the _very scanty_ relics of the Illyrian and +Athamanian dialects(2131) there are some words which are also mentioned as +Macedonian.(2132) Indeed, without supposing some barbarous foundation of +this kind, we could hardly account for the Macedonian language being still +unintelligible to the Greeks in the time of Alexander the Great.(2133) Yet +it cannot be doubted that the Greek had passed into the Illyrian dialect +_before_ the introduction of Athenian literature, and that their +combination produced the mongrel language which was afterwards called +Macedonian. The nominatives in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, such as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, &c., could not +have been derived from the Athenians; but the Thessalians, the Dryopians, +and probably all the Pelasgians, used that form.(2134) That some mixture +of Greek had taken place at an early period seems also to be proved by the +great and almost inexplicable change which the Grecian words experienced +in the mouth of the Macedonians, who appear to have been unable to +pronounce the letters {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}, and hence they always substituted {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~} for the +former, and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~} for the latter,(2135) perhaps from a peculiarity of the +Illyrian nation. On the other hand, the Macedonian language had a +consonant {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~} or V, as _Volustana_, the name of the country round +Olympus,(2136) the _Candavian_ mountains,(2137) &c., prove; and thus both +in this and the former respect it approximated to the vocal system of the +Latin. + +_Note on the Map of Macedonia._ + +Since the annexed Map is entirely copied from that of Barbie du Bocage, as +far as the country is concerned, I will only remark some important points +in which Arrowsmith's great Map of Turkey, which is in part founded on +quite different authorities, differs from it. In this Map the small lake +to the east of Lychnis, or Lychnitis (the lake of Ochrida), is not +connected with any river running to the coast, and the mountains to the +west of it stretch uninterruptedly to the south. (Perhaps this is correct: +see p. 453, note g. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to +"Candavian chain," starting "Ptolemy."]) The Haliacmon rises rather more +to the north than in Barbie du Bocage's Map. The Cara-Sou, which is +certainly the Erigon, runs into the lake of the Lydias. (Incorrect, +according to Strabo, quoted in p. 451, note b. [Transcriber's Note: This +is the footnote to "mountains of Illyria," starting "Its rise in these +mountains."]) The Lydias has a longer course, and rises in the Illyrian +mountains. The modern river Gallico, which I make the Echeidorus, flows at +some distance from the sea through a lake into the Axius. The tributary +branch of the Achelous, called by the ancients the Inachus, rises further +to the south, under the Pindus-chain (contrary to the authors quoted in p. +452, note f. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "Epirus of +Lacmon," starting "Or Lacmus."]). Upon the whole, Barbie du Bocage's Map +is without doubt the more accurate. + + + + + +APPENDIX II. GENEALOGY OF HELLEN. + + +There is a particular tendency which may be traced throughout all the +accounts that have come down to us of early Grecian history, viz., of +reducing everything to a _genealogical_ form. It was much encouraged by +the opinion of the later historians, that every town and valley had +received its name from some ancient prince or hero; thus even Pausanias +meets with persons who explained everything by means of genealogies;(2138) +who, for example, out of the Pythian temple at Delphi made a son of +Delphus Pythis, a prince of early times. This tendency, however, is +manifestly founded on the genuine ancient language of mythology. With the +inventors of these fabulous narratives, nations, cities, mountains, +rivers, and gods became real _persons_, who stood to one another in the +relation of human beings, were arranged in families, and joined to one +another in marriage. Now although such fictions are in many cases easily +seen through, and the meaning of the connexion may be readily deciphered, +yet these genealogies, as there was nothing of arbitrary and fanciful +invention in them, in after-times passed for real history; and were, both +by early and late historians, with full confidence in their general +accuracy, made use of for the establishment of a sort of chronology. On +these principles, then, the genealogies which were formed in the age of +the later epic poets, and perhaps even of the early historians, cannot be +considered as pure invention; these too must have been founded on certain +arguments and facts, which were generally believed at that time. We will +endeavour to point this out in the famous genealogy of the chief races of +the Greeks, which was taken from the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} of Hesiod.(2139) + +[Transcriber's Note: Here are the relationships shown in the table: + +Prometheus and Pandora had Deucalion. + +Deucalion and Pyrrha had Hellen. + +Hellen had Dorus, Xuthus, and AEolus. + +Xuthus had Achaeus and Ion.] + +Now the passage of Hesiod only mentions the three brothers, Dorus, Xuthus, +and AEolus, without naming the sons of Xuthus; but it is evident that in +this series Xuthus must also represent some race or races; and since no +tribe ever bore the title of _Xuthi_, this name must have been used by +Hesiod to signify the Ionians and Achaaens, as in Apollodorus, and other +writers.(2140) According to another tradition, perhaps of equal antiquity, +Zeus, the father of gods and men, was, instead of Deucalion, the husband +of Pyrrha.(2141) + +It is evident that the above genealogy was intended to represent the chief +races of the Hellenes, or Greeks, as belonging to one nation; and +consequently could not have been made before the name Hellenes was applied +to the whole nation; which in the Iliad(2142) is only the name of a small +tribe in Phthia.(2143) The more extended use of the name falls in the +period of the poems which went under the name of Hesiod:(2144) it is first +thus used in the "Works and Days" of the real Hesiod,(2145) before which +time, therefore, the above genealogy cannot have been formed. But that the +author of it did not make an arbitrary fiction is evident from the +circumstance that he put Xuthus instead of Achaeus and Ion; by which he +greatly deranged the symmetry of his genealogy. It is clear that he +thought himself bound to respect the tradition, that Achaeus and Ion were +the sons of Xuthus; which prevented him from making Hellen their father. +As yet, therefore, the other brothers were not recognised in tradition as +having any fathers; and some obscure legends, such as that of Dorus, the +son of Apollo,(2146) had not obtained a general belief. There can be no +doubt that Hellen was recognised in the most ancient tradition. Now in the +fictions of mythology the invention was bound by a sort of fanciful +regularity; and in a fabulous genealogy the part was deduced from the +whole, the species from the genus, as an inferior and subordinate being: +thus in the Theogony the hills are the children of the earth, and the sun +and the moon of light.(2147) Accordingly the poet (or whoever was his +authority) sang of AEolus, Dorus, and Xuthus, the progenitors of nations, +being the sons of Hellen, the son of Zeus, or grandson of Prometheus. It +is possible that before this entire genealogy others had been invented, +_e.g._, that _Dorus_ was a son of Hellen; since, as early as the time of +Lycurgus, the Spartans were commanded by the Pythian oracle to worship +Zeus Hellanius and Athene Hellania;(2148) and since both the judges in the +Spartan army(2149) and the judges of the Olympic games were called +Hellanodicae. And when I consider the celebrated oracle just quoted, and +the close connexion of Sparta and Olympia with Delphi, the sacred families +of the Delphians (the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), who referred their origin to +Deucalion,(2150) and on the other hand remember that a Boeotian poem, +composed in the neighbourhood of the Pythian oracle, first uses the word +"Hellenes" in this extended sense; I cannot help conjecturing that this +national sanctuary of the Hellenic name had a large share in the formation +of that really beautiful legend; by which all the different races of +Greece, separated for so many centuries by violent and unceasing +contention, were united into the peaceable fellowship of brotherly +affection and concord. + + + + + +APPENDIX III. THE MIGRATION OF THE DORIANS TO CRETE. + + +Cnosus,(2151) the Minoian Cnosus, was, even so late as the time of Plato, +the first city in Crete, and the chief domicile of the Cretan laws and +customs: and Plato, in his Treatise on Laws, takes a Cnosian as the +representative and defender of the Cretan laws in general;(2152) although +Cnosus about his time had declined from internal corruption, and the fame +of having preserved the good laws of ancient Crete soon passed from her to +Gortyna and Lyctus.(2153) In earlier times, however, the Cretan laws +({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), which Archilochus even mentions as being of a distinct +character,(2154) were preserved in the greatest purity at Cnosus. Now when +modern writers admit indeed that the Cretan laws were founded upon the +customs of the Doric race, but affirm that this race did not penetrate +into Crete before the expedition of the Heraclidae, and that migrations +subsequently took place from Peloponnesus; it is necessary for them first +of all to show that _Cnosus_ received its Doric inhabitants from that +country, that is, probably either from Argos or Sparta. But had such been +the case, the memory of these migrations would assuredly never have been +lost: Argos and Sparta would have been too proud to possess such a colony. +Cnosus must therefore have received its Doric inhabitants at an earlier +date, in the dark ages of mythology; and the subsequent colonies from +Peloponnesus to Lyctus, Gortyna, and other places, helped to increase the +Doric population, which in Homer's time(2155) was confined to a _part_ of +the island, over the _whole_ of Crete; as was the case in late ages. And +at the time which Homer describes, not only the language, but the customs +and laws were probably also different; whereas Archilochus appears to +mention the Cretan laws as prevalent over the whole island. Upon the +whole, the Dorians in Crete--and this is a fact of great importance--never +seem to stand, with regard to the Dorians of Peloponnesus, in the relation +of a colony to its mother country. In Greece, the parent state--so great +was the pride of higher antiquity--never condescended to take the +institutions of a colony as models for its own, as was the case with +Sparta and Crete; nor did the mother country ever procure priests from its +colony, as was the case when the Pythian Apollo sent Cretan priests to +Sparta.(2156) In short, everything seems to prove that the Doric +institutions were of great antiquity in Crete, and that the distinction +which has lately been taken between the laws of Minos and the Doric +institutions and customs of Crete--a distinction directly opposed to the +unanimous testimony of antiquity--is false and untenable. + +But in retaining his conviction respecting a Doric settlement in Crete +before the migration of the Heraclidae, and in viewing it as the only means +of explaining many facts in the religious and political history of the +Greeks, the Author does not imply that this Doric colony was exactly +similar to a later migration of Dorians from Argos and Sparta. The +condition of the Dorians in Hestiaeotis must have been very different from +that to which the same race attained in Peloponnesus. The mixture with +other races, which had gone so far, that the head of the mythical +settlement bears a Pelasgic name (Teutamus), does not agree with the +character of the later Dorians. At that time no line of princes, calling +themselves Heraclidae, could have stood at the head of the Dorians; for in +Crete, Heraclidae only occur in cities which were colonised from +Peloponnesus; for example, they do not occur in Cnosus. Moreover, a +maritime, and especially a piratical life (upon which the maritime +supremacy of Minos was founded) does not agree with the principles +followed by the Dorians in Peloponnesus, where they relied upon a tranquil +and secure possession of land. These principles, however, could not be +developed so long as the Dorians were excluded from the rich plain of +Thessaly, and were forced to eke out their scanty means by hunting and +piracy. How different was the rough and perilous life of the ancient +sea-kings of the Normans from the proud and secure existence of the barons +in Normandy! Yet the eye of the observant historian can trace a unity of +national character even in the most different circumstances. By a similar +analogy, this remarkable expedition of Doric adventurers from Hestiaeotis +to Crete will explain the zeal of the Cretans for the worship of Apollo, +the ancient connexion of Crete and Delphi, and the early existence in +Crete of notions respecting a strict regulation of public life ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). + + + + + +APPENDIX IV. HISTORY OF THE GREEK CONGRESS OR SYNEDRION DURING THE PERSIAN +WAR. + + +1. In the present article it will be my object to trace the foreign +influence which Sparta possessed at the time of the Persian war, and for +what length of time her supremacy in Greece remained uncontested and +unshaken. This is chiefly seen in the proceedings of the congress of the +allied Greek states: to ascertain which with precision, it will be first +necessary to fix the chronology of the successive stages of the Persian +war. + +In the course of the year 481 B.C. (Olymp. 74. 3/4) Xerxes set out from +his residence at Susa (Herod. VII. 20), found the great army assembled in +Cappadocia, and marched to Sardis, from which town he sent ambassadors to +the Greek cities (ib. 32). Having wintered here, the army marched in the +spring of 480 B.C. (Olymp. 74. 4) to Abydos;(2157) when it had reached the +passes of Pieria, the Persian envoys returned (ib. 131). Soon after this +they met at Thermopylae the Greek forces, which had set out before the 75th +Olympiad and the Carnean games, about June 480 B.C. Battles of Thermopylae +and Artemisium in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (VIII. 12.) both perhaps a short time before +the Olympic festival (VIII. 26). Conquest of Attica, four months after the +beginning of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} (VIII. 51). Battle of Salamis, a +little after the time of the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, after the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of Boedromion Olymp. +75. 1., as the Etesian winds were either blowing or had ceased to blow +(they last from the summer solstice to the rising of the dog-star), VII. +168. Mardonius winters in Thessaly and Macedonia, the Persian fleet at +Cume and Samos. Battle of Plataea on the 26th or 27th of Panemus +(Metagitnion), Olymp. 75. 2. 479 B.C. at the same time as that of Mycale. +The year ends with the taking of Sestos. + +2. The Greeks certainly received early intelligence of the preparations in +Persia (VII. 138), even if the story related by Herodotus (VII. 239.) +about the secret message of Demaratus is not true. They either refused or +gave earth and water to the envoys late in the year 481 B.C. (VII. 138.). +The states which refused to submit held a congress;(2158) and they are now +called by Herodotus, "the Greeks allied against the Persians," ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, VII. 148.). This assembly of course was +formed by deputies from the different cities: the manner of its formation +may be inferred from the place at which it sat; and it will be shown +presently that it first assembled at Corinth, which city belonged to the +Peloponnesian confederacy. It appears therefore that Sparta must have +convened an assembly at Corinth, to which the extra-Peloponnesian states, +which had refused earth and water, sent envoys. This congress first put an +end to the internal dissensions of Greece (VII. 145.), in which good +service Chileus of Tegea and Themistocles are said to have earned the +gratitude of their countrymen (Plutarch Themist. 6.). Secondly, when they +heard that Xerxes was at Sardis, they despatched spies thither, and at the +same time envoys to Argos, Sicily, Corcyra, and Crete. (VII. 145. 199.) +The envoys are stated by Herodotus to have been sent by the Lacedaemonians +and their allies.(2159) They also made a vow to decimate to the Delphian +God all those Greeks who had unnecessarily given earth and water to the +Persians (VII. 132.); the persons who made this vow are called by Diodorus +XI. 3. "the Greeks assembled in congress at the Isthmus," {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + +3. In this narrative taken from Herodotus there still remains one +contradiction, viz., that if the Greeks did not assemble till after they +had refused earth and water (as appears from VII. 138. cf. 145.), the +Argives had no longer any option whether they would join the league or +not. Likewise the dismission of the Greek envoys would fall too late in +the unfavourable season for sailing, and there would scarcely be time for +the messages to the oracles (c. 148, 169.), and the other proceedings. It +is therefore probable that this congress was formed _before_ the arrival +of the Persian envoys, which was late in 481 B.C.: and Diodorus seems to +be correct in stating that of the nations some gave earth and water, while +the Persian army was in the valley of Tempe, and others after its +departure (XI. 3.); and therefore none till early in 480 B.C.: previously +the ambassadors were probably in the north; Herodotus in VII. 138. appears +to mean only the ambassadors of Darius. With this the following statements +agree, which he adds in VII. 172. "_As soon as_ the Thessalians had heard +that the Persians wished to invade Europe"--which they must have known in +the winter of 481-80 B.C.--"they sent envoys to the Isthmus." {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} (_i.e._, in the village which had grown up about the temple of +Neptune), {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (plenipotentiaries, VI. 7.) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Now this assembly, while the Persian king was at Abydos, and +therefore very early in 480 B.C., sent the army to Tempe, which soon +returned (VII. 173.), and indeed returned to the Isthmus, which must +therefore have been the head-quarters of the allied army. When it +returned, the congress was still sitting at the Isthmus.(2160) This +synedrion or assembly (which is again mentioned in this place by Diodorus +XI. 4.) now resolved to defend the passes of Thermopylae and Artemisium: +and when the intelligence arrived that the Persians were in Pieria, +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} (_i.e._, departing from the Isthmus) +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} +{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. But that the Isthmus was still the place in which the congress +sat, is evident from the fact, that Sandoces, Aridolis, and Penthylus, who +fell into the hands of the Greeks before the battle of Artemisium, were +sent thither (VII. 195.). At this time indeed the Peloponnesians were +celebrating the Olympiad, and the Spartans the Carnea, at their respective +homes,(2161) after which, as had been previously arranged, they were to +take the field with all their forces ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, VII. 206. VIII. 26.). +Nevertheless, the decree that the ships which came too late for Artemisium +should assemble in the Troezenian Pogon (VIII. 42.), as well as the other, +that the Isthmus should be fortified (VIII. 40, 71.), which measure was +not thought of before the battle of Thermopylae, must have been passed in +this interval. Diodorus (XI. 16.) mentions the synedrion in connexion with +this decree. The fortification began after the Carnea (VIII. 72.). The +fleet was commanded (as is evident from VIII. 2, 9, 56, 58, 74, 108, 111. +IX. 90.) by the Spartan admiral and a council, a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} of the +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (IX. 106.), in which the admiral {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} +{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (VIII. 59.) put the question to the vote ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, c. 61.), +and gave out the decree. This commander was armed with very large powers, +and Leotychidas concluded an alliance with the Samians (IX. 92.), and even +the captains of the fleet debated on the projected migration of the +Ionians (IX. 106.). Nor is it ever mentioned that the fleet received +orders from the Isthmus. But the circumstance of the fleet's sailing to +the Isthmus, after the battle of Salamis, for the decree on the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} +(VIII. 123.), is a proof that the Isthmus was still the seat of the +confederate assembly. Diodorus likewise represents this decree as +proceeding from the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (XI. 55.); probably the "Greeks," who +refused to confirm the vote of the commanders (VIII. 124.), were the +members of the league. The ships which had been engaged in the battle +returned home without any decision. Late in the year, after the eclipse of +the sun on the 2nd of October, Cleombrotus had led the great allied army +from the Isthmus, and soon afterwards died (IX. 10.). The decree for the +following year, that the fleet should go to AEgina (VIII. 131.), may have +proceeded either from the synedrium of the preceding year, or from +_Sparta_. For that there were no longer any deputies assembled at Corinth +is evident from the circumstance that the Ionian envoys only went to +Sparta and AEgina (VIII. 132.); nor is the Isthmus afterwards mentioned as +the seat of an assembly, although it was fortified until the middle of +summer, till the time of the Hyacinthia (IX. 7.). After this time, Athens, +Plataea, and Megara sent their envoys to Sparta, where there were also +Peloponnesian envoys, as for instance Chileus of Tegea (IX. 9.), who was +mentioned above among the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}; and all these, together with the +ambassadors of the three states just mentioned, are, as it appears, called +by Herodotus {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, IX. 10. There must +probably have been some joint act of the allies,(2162) by virtue of which +Pausanias was able to collect the great Peloponnesian army. After the +battle of Plataea there was in the army a kind of council of war, doubtless +a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, which regulated the number of the sacred +offerings, divided the booty (IX. 81, 85.), and determined on the +expedition against Thebes (c. 86.): the persons who were given up, +Pausanias seems at Corinth to have ordered to execution on his own +authority (c. 88.). + +4. Such is the substance of the narrative of Herodotus; in which we can +only be surprised, that of the most remarkable event, viz., the treaty of +Pausanias, he should say not a word: a silence which can only be explained +by supposing that he had intended to mention it in another passage of his +unfinished work. When Pausanias, with the assistance of the allies, had +won the battle of Plataea, he sacrificed in the market-place of Plataea to +Zeus Eleutherius, and convened an assembly of all the Greeks, in which the +Plataeans (who annually performed certain honorary rites to those who had +fallen in the battle, Thuc. III. 58.) were promised that their country and +city should remain independent, and that no one should attack them without +lawful reason, or with intention to reduce them to subjection: and that, +in case these conditions were not observed, all the allies then present +would protect them (Thuc. VI. 71. cf. III. 56, 59.); an engagement which +the Spartans themselves afterwards broke, on the ground that the Plataeans +had first unjustly given up {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (II. 74.). For in "the ancient +treaty of Pausanias after the Persian war," it was ordered that the allies +in general, and the Plataeans among them, should remain at peace with each +other (Thuc. III. 68. cf. II. 72.). The further conditions of this treaty +may be collected from Thucyd. I. 67, (for it is evidently this treaty +which is in question,) where the AEginetans complain that they are not +independent, "according to the treaty;" for the thirty years' truce (I. +115.) cannot be meant, as it was not concluded till after the subjection +of AEgina (the former in Olymp. 83. 3. the latter in Olymp. 80. 4.); whence +it is likewise evident that the treaty, which was violated by the siege of +Potidaea, and the exclusion of the Megarians from the market of Attica, (I. +67, 87. cf. c. 144.) was the same ancient act, only renewed by later +treaties. Thus Plutarch states that the latter prohibition was "contrary +to the common principles of justice, and the solemn oaths of _the +Greeks_."(2163) And in another place he mentions that, in a general +assembly of the Greeks after the battle of Plataea, Aristides proposed a +decree that the Greeks should annually send deputies and sacred messengers +to Plataea, and that the Eleutheria should be solemnised every five +years.(2164) Also, that it was agreed that an allied Greek armament should +be organised against the Persians, consisting of 10,000 heavy-armed +infantry, 1000 cavalry, and 100 ships: and that the Plataeans should be +considered sacred and inviolable. From what has been stated above, it is +clear how much of this account is true, and how much added by Athenian +partiality. + +5. In the following years, when Sparta still continued the war against the +Persians and their allies by means of Pausanias and Leotychidas, there +must have been a congress, though not constantly sitting; since the +Spartans would not have determined the amount of "the war +contribution"(2165) on their own authority; and there is much probability +in the account of Diodorus (XI. 55.), that the Spartans summoned +Themistocles for his share in the treason of Pausanias before the +common-council of the Greeks, which used at this time to assemble at +Sparta. At least it is not contradicted by Thucydides; indeed his +narrative (I. 135.) perfectly agrees in this point with that of Diodorus. +The words {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, which are omitted in some MSS. of Diodorus, and +suspected by Wesseling (yet, it should be observed, _only_ these words), +cannot be well spared; and, even if they were expunged, the whole chapter +would show that the congress was sitting at Sparta; for it was evidently +under Lacedaemonian influence, and therefore met in the Peloponnese; and, +since the instance mentioned above, it does not appear that any of its +meetings were held at the Isthmus. + +This account likewise proves that, after Pausanias had occasioned the +defection of the Ionians and AEolians from Sparta, who were now considered +as the separate allies of Athens, a confederate council, which included +other states besides the Peloponnesians, continued to sit at Sparta; and +affords fresh grounds for supposing that this abandonment of the Spartan +alliance was not considered as a transfer of the chief command to Athens, +but that Sparta only intrusted the Athenians, together with those Greeks +who dwelt in the territory of the Persian king, with the continuation of +the war in Asia, and the management of all affairs connected with it; and +still considered Athens as under her command, until that state revolted in +Olymp. 79. At last the internal wars of Peloponnesus, Olymp. 79-81, +subverted all the relations of Athens and Sparta. + +End Of Vol. I. + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: The following images are sections of the large map +attached to the binding of the book. To allow it to be represented in +this e-book, it has been divided into 16 sections. They are laid out in +this manner:] + +A1 A2 A3 A4 +B1 B2 B3 B4 +C1 C2 C3 C4 +D1 D2 D3 D4 + + [Map section A1.] + + Map section A1. + + + [Map section A2.] + + Map section A2. + + + [Map section A3.] + + Map section A3. + + + [Map section A4.] + + Map section A4. + + + [Map section B1.] + + Map section B1. + + + [Map section B2.] + + Map section B2. + + + [Map section B3.] + + Map section B3. + + + [Map section B4.] + + Map section B4. + + + [Map section C1.] + + Map section C1. + + + [Map section C2.] + + Map section C2. + + + [Map section C3.] + + Map section C3. + + + [Map section C4.] + + Map section C4. + + + [Map section D1.] + + Map section D1. + + + [Map section D2.] + + Map section D2. + + + [Map section D3.] + + Map section D3. + + + [Map section D4.] + + Map section D4. + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + + 1 The map of Northern Greece was not received until that of the + Peloponnese had been engraved; and being intended by the author for + circulation in Germany, as well as in England, the names are given + in Latin. This must serve as an apology for this want of uniformity + in the two maps. + + 2 See particularly Pouqueville's list of Albanian words. Compare + Thunmann's Geschichte der Europaeischen Voelker, p. 250. Concerning + the Illyrians, see App. 1, § 21, 28. + + 3 Strabo VII. p. 321 A. + + 4 Illyrian words in use among the Macedonians: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (_Sileni_) in + Macedonian, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in Illyrian; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _bread_, in Macedonian, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} among the Athamanes. _Orchomenos_, p. 254. Compare + Hesychius in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. See the copious collection in Sturz de Dialecto + Macedonica. + + 5 As this expression is often used in the following pages, I take this + opportunity of stating, that by _an aboriginal people_, I mean one + which, as far as our knowledge extends, first dwelt in a country, + _before_ which we know of no other inhabitants of that country. + + 6 Justin, VII. 1. Compare AEsch. Suppl. 261. + + 7 Herod. I. 57. See _Orchomenos_, p. 444. + + 8 Compare, for example, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} _to kill_, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _death_, with {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} in Homer) with {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, in + which {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~} loses its aspiration, as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~} does in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} (so in German + _haubet_ for _haupt_), {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (_brow_), {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c. The aspirate is also frequently lost; + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, _furniture_ (in Polybius), with a change of + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}. + +_ 9 E.g._ the nominatives {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, &c., which are also called + AEolico-Boeotic, Doric, and Thessalian. Sturz _ut sup._ p. 28. + +_ 10 E.g._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + +_ 11 E.g._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}, _the leading of the Tagus_, as in Thessaly; + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, _dainties_, a Thessalian, Macedonian, and also Spartan word. + +_ 12 E.g._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}, _hirsutus_, _hirtus_; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, _virgam_; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}, _ilex_. + The want of aspirates also forms a point of comparison. + + 13 Apollodorus, III. 8, 1. + + 14 Ap. Constant. Porph. de Themat. II. 2, p. 1453. Sturz Hellan. Fragm. + p. 79. The passage of Hesiod is probably from the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, and there + is no reason for supposing it spurious. The second verse should be + read, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 15 Concerning the Macedonians, see Appendix I. + + 16 I allude here particularly to the ending of the genitive case of the + second declension in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}, which the grammarians quote as Thessalian. + + 17 See Appendix I. § 28. The ancient Macedonian coins represent + precisely the same dress as the Thessalian. + + 18 Compare {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} in several grammarians, with Didymus in + Ammonius in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. More will be found on this subject in book IV. + c. 2, § 4. + + 19 Compare Theocritus XII. 14, with Alcman quoted in the Scholia, and + b. IV. c. 4, § 6. + + 20 Hesychius in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. See book IV. c. 4, § 4. + + 21 According to AElian, V. H. III. 15, the women of Illyria were present + at banquets and wine-parties; Herod. V. 18, says the contrary of the + Macedonians. + + 22 Strabo, V. p. 221. + + 23 See particularly Stephan. Byzant. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 24 Alexander Ephesius ap. Stephan. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 25 Niebuhr's Roman History, vol. i. p. 46, ed. 2, English tr. Hence + many names were the same in both countries; as, _e.g._, Pandosia + (Justin, XII. 2), Acheron, Acherontia, &c. + + 26 Herodotus also says, that the Ionians and AEolians had formerly been + Pelasgians, having, as it were, swallowed up that nation; he must + however assume that they changed their language ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), as the language of the Pelasgi who dwelt near Creston and + Placia (which was probably nothing more than an ancient dialect) + appeared to him barbarous. AEschylus (Suppl. 911) opposes them, as + genuine Greeks, to the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, or barbarians. + + 27 Thus, _e.g._, the Amphilochians and Chaonians, according to Thucyd. + II. 68, 80. The following ancient Greek forms occur in the Epirot + dialect: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~} (Maittaire, p. 141), {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}, nosco, + Orion p. 42, 17. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} Achilles, Plut. Pyrrh. 1. ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}-{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}.)--The + account in Strabo VII. p. 327, of two languages being spoken in some + districts, doubtless refers to the coexistence of Grecian and + Illyrian dialects. + + 28 Polyb. XVII. 5, 8. + +_ 29 Orchomenos_, p. 253. + + 30 According to Hesychius, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) is the same word as + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}. _Bruges_ was also used by Ennius, and, as it appears, by + Marcus Brutus (Plutarch, Brut. 45). + + 31 See the Chrestomathia of Proclus. _Briges_, or _Phryges_, in the + region of Dyrrachium, Appian, Bell. Civ. II., 39. + + 32 Creuzer Fragment. Histor. p. 171. Strabo XIV. p. 680. Compare Conon + in Photius I. + + 33 Concerning this point, see Hoeck's History of Crete, vol. I. p. 109, + sqq. + + 34 According to the opinion of their colonists, Herod. VII. 73. Eudoxus + ap. Steph. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Compare Heeren _De Linguarum Asiaticarum in + Persarum Imperio Cognatione_, Comment. Gotting. vol. XIII. + + 35 The Armenians frequently occur in the ancient traditional history of + the oriental kingdoms; _e.g._, in Diod. II. 1 as conquered by Ninus. + They are likewise represented as the original inhabitants in the + native legends collected by Moses of Chorene. + + 36 Plato, Cratyl. p. 410 A. It is remarkable that these words are also + in the German language. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} (see Grimm's Deutsche Grammatik, vol. I. + p. 584, 2d ed.) in ancient High German was _viuri_, in Low German + _fuer_. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, _canis_, _hund_ (_d_ added as in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--Phrygian for + _moon_--and _mahnd_, _mond_). {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, in High German _wazar_, in Low + German _water_; the digamma is present the genuine Phrygian form + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}e{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, which, on account of ancient vicinity, was also a Macedonian + and _Orphic_ word (see Neanth. Cyzicen. ap. Clem. Alexand. Strom. V. + p. 673. Jablonsky de Lingua Phrygia, p. 76), and is sometimes + translated _water_, and sometimes _air_. + + Lastly, the Phrygian inscription in Walpole's Memoirs, especially + the words {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}, prove that it had a great + resemblance, both in radical forms and inflexion, with the Greek. + + 37 Thus the verb _sum_ keeps in the Armenian or Haicanian the same + fundamental form which it has in all the languages allied to the + Greek (_yem_, _yes_, _e_--_sum_, _es_, _est_). And it is remarkable, + that the three Phrygian Greek words noticed in the text have been + likewise preserved in the Haicanian: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} is _hur_ (as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} _hair_, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}e{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} _hink_); {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, _tschur_ (as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} tscherm); {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is _shun_. + See Klaproth, Asia Polyglotta, p. 99. + + 38 See Jablonsky de Lingua Lycaon. Opusc. vol. III. p. 119. + + 39 That is, if the epic poet Choerilus spoke of Lyctian Solymi in the + well-known passage preserved in Josephus cont. Apion. vol. II. p. + 454, ed. Haverc. &c. See Naeke's Choerilus, p. 130, sq. + +_ 40 E.g._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, an androgynous deity (Hesych. in v.), from _Dagon_; + the name _Adon_ (Athen. XIV. p. 624); {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} _king_, (Hesych. in v. + Eustath. ad Od. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}. p. 680. Bas.) from _Baal_, &c. See Blomf. ad + AEsch. Pers. 663. + + 41 See _Orchomenos_, p. 379-390. + + 42 Herod. VII. 111. + + 43 All their words with which we are acquainted are very unlike the + Greek; _e.g._ the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} for _city_, which frequently + occurs, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} _wine_, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _treasure_, Schol. Apollon. Rhod. I. + 933, &c. + + 44 Herod. V. 13. VII, 20, 75. Compare Hellanicus _ut sup._; where read, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. This + at the same time probably refers to the tradition, that the Mysians + (as well as the Thynians and others) came from Thrace to Asia, + according to Strabo, and Pliny H. N. V. 32, 41. VII. 57. + + 45 Homer, Hymn. Ven. 113. + + 46 AEginetica, pp. 12, 155. Compare also Phavorinus in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + In the later times they were probably still in the territory of the + Molossians, who were considered as Greeks, Herod. VI. 127. + + 47 Il. XVI. 233. + + 48 See _Orchomenos_, pp. 139, 248, sqq. Buttmann, indeed, in his Memoir + on the Minyae (Berlin Transactions for 1820, p. 13), denies the + existence of these places; but several of the passages which I have + quoted are decisive. + + 49 According to the genealogy from the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}--Dorus, Xuthus (from whom + Achaeus and Ion), and AEolus; see Appendix II. The genealogy in + Euripides, Ion 1608. viz. Xuthus, father of Ion, Dorus, and Achaeus, + is distorted to suit the national feelings of the Athenians. The + passage from the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, however, although in a poetical garb, is + more credible than the testimony of Herodotus, who considers the + Ionians as _aborigines_. + + 50 Concerning what follows, see Apollonius Rhod. IV. 521, sqq. Schol. + ad 1. et ad IV. 1125, 1149. Apollodorus ap. Stephan. Byzant. in + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (p. 434, ed. Heyn.) Scylax, p. 7. ed. Voss. Scymnus Chius + 404, from Timaeus (Fragm. 121. ed. Goeller) and Eratosthenes. Dionys. + Perieg. 386, with Eustathius and the Scholia. Etymol. Magn. p. 776. + 39, where they are called a Celtic nation ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). Compare + Schoenemann Geograph. Argonaut. p. 53, and book III. c. 5. + + 51 Apollon. Rh. IV. 538, and others. Panyasis appears from the + Scholiast to Apollonius Rhod. IV. 1149, to have mentioned two + Hylluses, viz. the son of Melite and the son of Deianira. Compare + Schol. Soph. Trachin. 53. Vales, ad Harpocrat. p. 126. In the + Scholiast to Pindar Pyth. I. 120, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, where Hemsterhuis reads {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Raoul-Rochette + (Histoire de l'Etablissement des Colonies Grecques, tom. II. p. 280) + proposes, not without some probability, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 52 Apollon. Rh. IV. 528. + + 53 Thucyd. III. 81. + + 54 Especially the connected chain of AEtolians, Epeans, Locrians + (concerning whose affinity see Boeckh ad Pind. Olymp. IX. 61. p. + 191), and Lelegians (Hesiod ap. Strab. VII. p. 322); and if these, + as some say, are the same as the Carian nation, to which the Lydians + and a part of the Mysians belonged, they would seem to compose a + very numerous race. + + 55 See book II. ch. 7. + + 56 The ancients frequently say, that the Ionians in Asia {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Photius in v. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 57 Concerning the Doric dialect, see Appendix VI. + + 58 Herod. I. 56; concerning which passage see Salmasius, de Lingua + Hellenica, p. 276, and Memoires de l'Academie des Inscriptions, tom. + XXV. p. 11-28. Compare VIII. 43. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 59 See, on the subject of this genealogy, Appendix II. + + 60 Apollod. I. 7, 2. + + 61 Thus Pindar, Olymp. VIII. 30, calls the Myrmidons {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in + order, as I conceive, to oppose them as genuine Greeks to nations of + a different origin. + + 62 From the circumstance that, in Homer, Achilles the AEacides is + represented as chief of the Hellenes, and that the AEacidae were also + ancient princes of AEgina, the author has in a former work + (AEginetica, p. 18) explained the name of the temple of Zeus in + AEgina, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, in later times called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. For this temple + is assuredly more ancient than the time when all the Greeks were + called Hellenes; and it must therefore be considered as a sanctuary + of the original Hellenes, who also dwelt in Phthia, as an ancient + national temple of the Myrmidons. + + 63 Appendix I., last note. + + 64 The height of mount Olympus, according to Bernouille, is 1017 + toises, or 6501 English feet; of Ossa, according to Dodwell, about + 5000 feet. + + 65 A more accurate description of this valley than those of AElian and + Barthelemy is given by Bartholdy, Bruchstuecke zur Kentniss + Griechenlands, p. 112; Clarke, Travels, part II. sect. iii. p. 273; + Hawkins, in Walpole's Memoirs relating to European Turkey, p. 528; + Holland, Albania, p. 291; Dodwell, Travels, vol. I. p. 103; and + Pouqueville, tom. III. c. 73. Among the ancients, Theopompus, in his + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}, gave an accurate description of Tempe. See Theo. Sophist. + Progymn. II. p. 19; Frommel, in Creuzer's Meletemata, III. p. 141, + 6. + + 66 XX. _m. p. in ipsis faucibus saltus_, Livy from Polyb. XVIII. 10, 2, + on the side of Olympus. Meletius mentions here a place called + Goniga. + + 67 Liv. XXXIX. 25. + + 68 Il. B. 753. + + 69 Herod. VII. 128, 173. + + 70 Liv. XLIV. 6. Polyb. XXVIII. 11. 1. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 71 See, besides Herodotus, Liv. XLIV. 2, and Plutarch, AEmil. 9. + + 72 Concerning the situation of this place see Liv. XLIV. 2 and 6. + + 73 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} Plutarch. AEmil. 15. + _Pythoum_ ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) _et Petra_ Liv. XLIV. 2, 32, 35. XLII. 53. That + there was only _one_ Pythium in this district is evident from an + accurate examination of the marches. Mannert (vol. VII. p. 520, 563) + has placed Pythium on the pass through the Cambunian mountains + (above the modern Alesson and Sarviza), of which it lay far to the + right. His opinion is contradicted by Liv. XLIV. 2. and Plutarch, + ubi sup. Compare Stephanus in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, and in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 74 960 toises. See above. + + 75 See Plutarch ubi sup. Liv. ubi sup. and XLIV. 7. comp. Polyb. + XXVIII. 11. + + 76 Liv. XXXI. 41. XXXVI. 10, 13. XLII. 67. XLIV. 2. + + 77 Ptolemy includes it in Pelasgiotis. Unfortunately we have not the + Greek original of the passage in Livy concerning the Tripolis, XLII. + 53. + +_ 78 Orchomenos_, p. 126. + + 79 Liv. XXXII. 15. Strabo IX. p. 438, 440. + + 80 Concerning Pelinna, see, besides Cellarius, Spanheim de Usu Numm. + IX. p. 902. Salmasius ad Solin. p. 687. Wesseling ad Diodor. XVIII. + 11. and Boeckh Comment. ad Pind. Pyth. X. p. 335. + + 81 Besides Strabo, see Diodorus XVIII. 56. In Polyaenus IV. 2, 18, + should be written, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}o{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 82 Concerning Tricca (Tricala 12-3/4 leagues from Larissa, according to + Pouqueville) see Mannert, p. 569, and also Eustathius, vol. II. p. + 250. ed. Basil. Tzetzes Chil. IX. 28. + + 83 See II. B. 370, with the Scholia, and Eustathius. Pelinnus, a son of + OEchalieus, Steph. Byzant. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 84 Thus Pouqueville: according to Holland twelve miles, according to + Vaudoncourt four hours. + + 85 See Meletius, Pouqueville, Holland, Cockerell in Hughes' Travels, + vol. I. p. 504. + + 86 The latter according to Arrian I. 7; the former according to Liv. + XXXI. 41. XXXII. 15. XXXVIII. 2. Compare Caesar B.C. III. 80. + + 87 Tempe was about 500 stadia from Gomphi, Plin. H. N. IV. 8, which + distance should be thus divided: the length of Tempe 40 stadia, then + to Larissa 160, to Tricca about 240, and to Gomphi 60. + + 88 Strabo IX. p. 437. II. B. 729. Pausan. IV. 9, 1. Meteora cannot be + Ithome; more probably the ruins of Kastraki. But the passage + concerning Curalius and the temple of the Itonian Minerva, is a + confusion of the geographer. Otherwise de la Porte du Theil + Eclaircissemens sur Strabon I. 76, p. 248. + + 89 Athen. XIV. p. 639, 640. + + 90 Pouqueville, p. 37. + +_ 91 Orchomenos_, p. 126. Here also Acrisius of Argos dwelt. That it is + this Larissa is plain from Schol. Apoll. Rhod. I. 40, compare + Hellanicus fragm. 116. Pausan. II. 16. Tzetzes ad Lycoph. 836. + + 92 Strabo, IX. p. 439. + + 93 According to modern travellers. The ancients frequently + misinterpreted Homer. In later times Eurotas, or Europus, as in the + Excerpta of Strabo, _i.e._ the _dark-coloured_. + + 94 Pouqueville. + + 95 Thus the writers in Strabo VII. p. 328. Steph. Byzant. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. + See book II. ch. 11, § 3. + + 96 Hieronymus, ap. Strab. IX. p. 443. + + 97 Steph. Byzant. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} Liv. XXXII. 15. + +_ 98 Orchomenos_, pp. 248 sqq. + + 99 If _Oloosson_ is the modern _Alassona_ on the road from Larissa to + Macedonia, according to the opinion of the bishop of Thessalonica on + Il. B. p. 333. ed. Rom. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 100 See above, § 1. Andron ap. Strab. X. p. 475 E. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The Dorians also dwelt in Hestiaeotis + to the west of Pindus, according to Charax ap. Steph. Byzant. in + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. According to Schol. Pind. Pyth. I. 124, and Schol. Aristoph. + Plut. 385 (as emended by Hemsterhuis, p. 115), they dwelt in + Perrhaebia; and Perrhaebia nearly coincides with Hestiaeotis. + + 101 See book II. ch. I, § 2. + + 102 There was a hero named Azorus, Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 103 Hemsterhuis incorrectly considers them as identical, ubi sup. p. + 116. + + 104 Athen. XI. p. 503 D. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The confusion of the names of Hesiod and + Cercops may, as it appears to me, be accounted for as follows. A + verse concerning the desertion of Ariadne by Theseus for the sake of + AEgle, is ascribed by Plutarch (vit. Thes. 20) to Hesiod, and by + Athenaeus (XIII. p. 557 A.) to Cercops; it is evidently from the + AEgimius which was attributed to both these names. This verse was + expunged from the poem by Pisistratus, as we learn from Hereas, + quoted by Plutarch. The AEgimius therefore was at that time arranged + and set down in writing, together with other epic poems. + Consequently Cercops, an Orphic Pythagorean, who lived about the + time of Pisistratus, cannot have been the author of it, though he + might have been the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} who arranged it in the same manner + that Onomacritus did the other poems. Now it might easily happen, + especially if his interpolations could be now and then discerned, + that the _whole_ poem should be attributed to him. + + 105 Wesseling. ad Diod. IV. 37, p. 282. + + 106 See Valckenaer ad Eurip. Phoen. p. 735. + + 107 Schol. Apoll. Rhod. III. 584. IV. 816. The character of the ancient + epic poetry, which never admitted of history arranged in a + chronological order, cannot allow us to suppose that the AEgimius + contained an account of the expedition of the Dorians, and of their + colonies, down to the founding of Cyrene. + + 108 This is the meaning of the passage in Steph. Byzant. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; + + --{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + These are followed by the four verses concerning Argos and Io quoted + by Schol. Eurip. Phoen. 1151. Apollodorus II. 1, 3, alludes to this + passage. Also what he mentions from this poem in II. 1, 5, belongs + to the Euboean fables. Apollodorus, in both passages, quotes the + AEgimius under the name of Cercops. Compare Fabric. Bibliothec. vol. + I. p. 592. ed. Harles. + + 109 See Ephorus ap. Steph. Byzant. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (p. 96. ed. Marx.), + followed by Strabo IX. p. 427. + + 110 Book III. ch. 1, § 7. + + 111 Etymol. Magn. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The last words must be considered as a mere + ignorant addition; for the Dorians did not divide _their_ territory + into three parts, _because_ two _other_ Greek races went to Crete. + It is, indeed, evident that a threefold division of the land + conquered by the Dorians is here spoken of, which, as is plain from + the fables concerning AEgimius and Hercules, took place according to + the three tribes. According to the present reading, this division + took place at a distance from the native country of the Dorians. + There might seem some difficulty in this, since Hercules is said to + have given AEgimius the third part of the territory as a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} + in Hestiaeotis, the most ancient habitation of the Dorians (Diod. IV. + 37, compare Apollodorus II. 7, 3). Hence {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} might be + read in this sense: "The Dorians divided their territory into three + parts _for the families_ (of which the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} or tribes consisted)," + so that they then dwelt separately from one another (similarly + Pindar Olym. p. VII. 74). This alteration, however, appears to be + unnecessary; and the old reading is defended by the following + explanation, viz., that according to the ancient fable Hyllus and + his descendants did not _dwell_ either near mount OEta, or in + Hestiaeotis _together_ with the Dorians, but that they first received + in the Peloponnese the third part of the territory, whither they + came as colonists at a distance from their more ancient abodes ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). + + 112 Below, ch. 3, § 1. + + 113 Hom. Od. XIX. 174. + + 114 Ap. Strab. X. p. 475 D. and Stephan. Byzant. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Diodorus IV. + 60. V. 80, gives nearly the same account, on the authority of Cretan + historians, whom he mentions in V. 80. + + 115 This may be collected from the passage of Dicaearchus (which, indeed, + is much mutilated) cited in Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. It is given most + faithfully in Montfaucon's Biblioth. Coislin. p. 286, 59. + + 116 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} appears to be the correct name, the same as that of an + ancient prince of Larissa, on which the ancient Dorians bordered. + The princes of the allied nations were doubtless confounded in + tradition. See the author's _Etrusker_, vol. I. p. 94. + + 117 The settlements which here come into consideration are, 1. the + immigration, after the death of Minos (in the third generation + before the siege of Troy), of various races, chiefly Hellenes, + according to Herod. VII. 170; this is a mere tradition of the towns + of Polichna and Praesus, and not a very credible one. 2. The colony + of Althaemenes after the expedition of the Heraclidae from Argos and + Megara, and in connexion with Rhodes. 3. Dorians from Peloponnesus, + Lyctus, Lampe, and other places settled from Sparta; Pharae a colony + of the Messenians; Gortyna of Amyclaeans (Minyans); Phaestus colonized + from Sicyon; other towns from Argos (Scylax, p. 18, Diod. V. 80). 4. + AEginetans in Cydonia. + + 118 Strabo X. p. 475 C. + + 119 The Cretan cities were generally considered as Doric; Menander de + Encom. XXXII. 1, p. 81, ed. Heeren. and others. + + 120 Od. XIX. 175. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. + + 121 On this migration of the Dorians from their early settlements in the + north of Greece to Crete, see Appendix III. + +_ 122 Orchomenos_, pp. 233, 234. According to Andron (Strabo X. p. 475) + they came directly from Hestiaeotis under mount Parnassus. According + to Diodorus IV. 67, the Cadmeans drove out the Dorians, who then + _returned_ to Doris (Erineus, Cytinium, Boeum). Lycophron v. 1388, + might be quoted in confirmation of Herodotus, since he calls the + Dorians {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), + Lacmon being the name of the ridge of Pindus and the Cambunian + mountains. But Lycophron only alludes to their settlements in + Hestiaeotis. + + 123 Il. II. 849, XXI. 159. It is to this that Herodotus alludes, when he + says that the Teucrians, to which race he refers the Paeonians, had + penetrated as far as the Peneus (see the Introduction, and Appendix + I. § 4). + + 124 See Appendix I. § 17. + + 125 Introduction, § 3; Appendix I. § 25. + + 126 Amphicaea near Dadja. See Leake in Walpole's Travels, p. 509. Clarke, + p. 227. Gell, Itinerary, p. 210. + + 127 I here chiefly follow Dodwell, vol. II. p. 133, and Gell: compare + _Orchomenos_, p. 41. Pouqueville is completely in error. According + to him the Cephisus rises 11-1/2 hours N.E. of Artotina, which he + supposes to be Erineus, and flows from the north into the Pindus, + which river (he says) runs into the Gulph of Corinth, contrary to + all accounts of ancient writers. + + 128 The old maps are all incorrect; see now Gell's map to his Itinerary. + According to Strabo the Tetrapolis lay chiefly to the east of + Parnassus, but it extended also round to the west, IX. p. 417. The + river Pindus is now, according to Dodwell, the _Aniani_. + + 129 See p. 40, note i. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote below + to "the Locrians," that starts with "Thucyd. III. 95".] + + 130 See Strabo IX. p. 427. X. p. 476 A. Strabo distinguishes Erineus in + Phthiotis from this town, IX. p. 434. Etymol. Mag. p. 373, 56, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is the correct form. Mela however, and the scholiasts to + Pindar and Aristophanes quoted below, call it _Erineum_. + + 131 Strabo IX. p. 427 B. p. 434. Steph. Byz. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}.--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Gen. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, _Dorice_, see Bekker's Anecdota, + vol. III. p. 1313. + + 132 Scymnus Chius v. 591. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Comp. Conon. hist. 27. In answer to + those who deny that Pindus was situated in this Tetrapolis, it is + sufficient to quote Herod. VIII. 43. Comp. du Theil Eclairc. sur + Strabon IX. tom. III. p. 118. Raoul-Rochette, tom. II. p. 252, IV. + p. 392. + + 133 Strabo IX. p. 427 C. arranges them in this manner: AEtolians, Locri + Hesperii, Dorians, AEnianes, Locri Epicnemidii; compare pp. 425, 430 + B. + + 134 Thucyd. III. 95, 102. It is the Kakiscala between Stagni and Salona. + Dodwell, vol. I. p. 149, and Gell, p. 206. + + 135 See Philochorus ap. Dionys. ad Ammaeum c. 11. Philoch. Fragm. ed. + Siebelis p. 76. + + 136 Pausan. X. 33, 2. + + 137 This road through Camara, Palaeochori, and Neuropoli, is described by + Dodwell, vol. II. p. 126. Gell, p. 241. + + 138 Holland went over this road near Eleutherochori, p. 383, comp. + Dodwell, p. 74. It is also the way alluded to by Procopius de AEdif. + IV. 2. + + 139 Liv. XXXVI. 15. For a description of Thermopylae see _Orchomenos_, p. + 486. Clarke, ch. 8, p. 240. Holland, ch. 18, p. 315. Gell, + Itinerary, p. 239. + + 140 See Stephan. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} from Theopompus. Eurip. Herc. Fur. 386. + + 141 Strabo IX. p. 428. Liv. XXXVI. 16. + + 142 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, and Hellanicus, ibid. + + 143 Strabo ubi sup. + + 144 See Lycophron, Hecataeus, Rhianus quoted by Stephanus. + + 145 Thus Andron in Strabo X. p. 476. Thucyd. I. 107. + + 146 AEschin. de Fals. Leg. p. 43, 24, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. + [Dr. Cramer, Description of Ancient Greece, vol. II. p. 103, + corrects {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} in AEschines, after Thucydides, who in III. + 95, speaks of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Transl.] + + 147 Theopompus ap. Steph. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Scymnus Chius ubi sup. + + 148 Strabo VIII. p. 383. Conon. 27. Scymnus. To this also refers the + statement in Apollodorus I. 7, 3. that Dorus the son of Hellen {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Vitruvius IV. 1, however, gives a + different account, _Achaia Peloponnesoque tota Dorus Hellenis et + Orseidis nymphae_ (a mountain nymph) _filius regnavit_. + + 149 Hecataeus ap. Stephan. + + 150 In the scholia to Pindar, Pyth. I. 121, in which, however, there is + some transposition and confusion. There is nowhere else any mention + of a city in Perrhaebia named Pindus. In Pindar {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is used + generally for the earlier settlements; for Hestiaeotis and Doris both + touch on the chain of Pindus. See Boeckh. Explic. p. 235. These + scholia are probably followed by the scholiast on Aristoph. Plut. + 385, and by Tzetzes ad Lycophr. v. 980. comp. v. 741; but without + separating the erroneous parts. + + 151 Tarphe was near the Doric Tetrapolis between OEta and Parnassus. It + is mentioned in Iliad II. 533, as a Locrian town; according to + Strabo IX. p. 426, it was afterwards called Pharygae, which Plutarch, + Phocion 33, includes in Phocis, and names near it a hill called + Acrurion. Tarphe and Carphaea may be considered as different forms of + the same name, _t_ and _k_ being often interchanged. Thus the + mythological hero Talaus is sometimes Calaus. (Schol. Soph. OEd. Col. + 1320.) + + 152 Herod. VIII. 31, comp. Plutarch. Themistocl. 9. + + 153 P. 24. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 154 Herod. VIII. 31 and 43. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. According + to this passage, therefore, Cytinium and Boeum may both have been + inhabited by the Dryopians. + + 155 According to Strabo IX. p. 434, there was a Dryopian Tetrapolis as + well as a Dorian. + + 156 Ap. Strab. p. 373. The scholia to Apollon. Rhod. I. 1283, furnish a + genealogy, viz. Lycaon, Dia, Dryops. Followed by Tzetzes ad Lyc. + 480, and Etymol. Mag. p. 288, 32. Pherecydes, however, quoted in the + scholia to Apollonius, gives a different account. + + 157 See book II. ch. 11, § 3. + + 158 In the neighbourhood of the Malians and Myrmidonian Achaeans, + Pherecydes ap. Schol. Apoll. Rh. I. 1823, pp. 93, 107, ed. Sturz. + Aristotle ubi sup. At the foot of Mount Parnassus, Aristotle and + Pausan. IV. 34, 6. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} from the + Spercheus to Trachis is merely a confusion of the scholiast to + Apollonius. Callimachus had only mentioned the migration to + Peloponnesus, Schol. Paris. Clavier's remarks (ad Apollod. p. 323) + are very inaccurate. Dryops, the son of Spercheus, dwelt at the foot + of mount OEta, according to Antoninus Liberalis, 32. + + 159 Ibid. 4. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND VARIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. In this strange account Melaneus, the son of Apollo, a + king of the Dryopes, is represented as taking Epirus and Ambracia. + It is a part of the same history as the migration of the AEnianes and + Neoptolemus to Molossis, _AEginetica_, p. 18. + + 160 Book II. ch. 3, § 3. + + 161 Aristot. ap. Strab. ubi sup. Apollod. II. 7, 7. Diod. IV. 37. + Pausan. IV. 34, 6. Servius ad AEn. IV. 146. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, p. + 152. Marini Ville Albani. comp. _AEginetica_, p. 33. Heyne Exc. ad + AEn. IV. 2, p. 610. Raoul-Rochette, tom. I. p. 434. Herod. VIII. 43, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. A peculiar application of the + tradition in Suidas in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The verse of Callimachus + preserved in Etymol. Magn. p. 154, 7, should apparently be thus + written, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, the explanation + is given by the etymologist himself. See above, p. 45, note k. + [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "Parnassus," starting + "In the neighbourhood of the Malians."] + + 162 Herodot. VIII. 46. Diodor. IV. 57. Thucydides VII. 57, however, + considers the Styrians as Ionians. + + 163 Herodot. ubi sup. Diodor. ubi sup. The fabulous war of Amphitryon + against Cythnus is probably connected with it. + + 164 Herodot. VII. 90. Diodor. ubi sup. Asine in Cyprus, Stephan. Byz. + Also in Cyzicus, according to Strabo XIII. p. 586. + + 165 See _Orchomenos_, p. 496. In AEschines adv. Ctesiph. p. 68, 40, + according to Didymus and Xenagoras in Harpocration, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + should be written. + + 166 Antonin. Liberal. 4. + + 167 Book II. ch. 3, § 3. + + 168 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} Thucyd. III. 92. comp. Dodwell, II. p. + 71. I may also remark that Scylax and Diodorus, XVIII. 11, appear to + make a distinction between Melians and Malians; but in both places + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} should be written for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Wesseling's + opinion concerning the last passage is untenable, since there never + was a town of the name of Malea. Diodorus is not quite accurate. + + 169 Diodor. XII. 59. + + 170 Aristot. Polit. IV. 13. + + 171 Thucyd. IV. 100. + + 172 See Tittmann's Amphiktyonenbund, p. 41. + + 173 Strabo IX. p. 434. + +_ 174 AEginetica_, p. 17. + +_ 175 Orchomenos_, p. 253. + + 176 Book II. ch. 3, § 12. + + 177 Thucyd. III. 92. + + 178 Strab. IX. p. 442. + + 179 Thucyd. VIII. 3. Concerning the founding of Heraclea, see also + Stephan. Byz. in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, after the hiatus. + + 180 Book II. ch. 1. § 8, ch. 3. § 5. + +_ 181 Orchomenos_, p. 238. Compare in general with this chapter, + Raoul-Rochette, tom. II. p. 249. + + 182 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK THETA SYMBOL~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Thucydides I. 12, says {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}i{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Isocrates Archidam. p. 119 C. mentions an oracle + enjoining them {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}i {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 183 XIX. 105. + + 184 See Pausan. VII. 25. 3. + + 185 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is Laconia. _We_ mean the Dorians: Erineus the + Tetrapolis. Strabo VIII. p. 362 has not correctly understood and + applied these verses. (See below, note to ch. 7. § 10.) Tyrtaeus also + calls the Dorians generally {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--whence Plutarch de Nobil. + 2. p. 388. + + 186 Herodot. V. 72. According to VI. 53, he might also have said, "I am + an Egyptian." + + 187 A similar idea is entertained by Plato in his Laws, III. p. + 682--viz., that the Dorians were properly Achaeans, expelled from + their own country after the Trojan war, and afterwards collected and + brought back by one Dorieus. + + 188 Pind. Pyth. V. 70. In Pyth. I. 61, he calls them descendants of + Pamphylus and the Heraclidae, not mentioning Dymas. Compare the + fragment of the Isthmians, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 189 See Pausan. IV. 2. 1. There are two other passages of Hesiod + referring to the expedition of the Heraclidae. Schol. Apollon I. 824. + + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}, + + the connexion of which is very obscure (see Bentley ad Callim. Cer. + Calath. 48); and Schol. Pind. Olymp. XI. 79. _e cod. Vratisl_. + + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + From this passage Apollod. III. 10. 6. Pausan. VIII. 5. 1. draw + their materials. This, however, might also occur among the actions + of Hercules, particularly at the first Olympian festival, as may be + seen from Pindar. + + 190 VI. 52. + + 191 Compare Pausan. IV. 2. 1. with V. 17. 4. and Valckenar. Diatrib. + Eurip. pp. 58, 59. + + 192 Herod. ubi sup. et c. 51. Wesseling misinterprets the first passage; + its purport is, "_The Lacedaemonians give a different account from + all the poets, who make Eurysthenes and Procles first come to + Sparta._" Schweighaeuser does not see the exact meaning of the + second; the sense is, "_So far is the national tradition of the + Lacedaemonians; in what follows, I relate the common tradition of + Greece._" + + 193 Herodot. IX. 26. + + 194 IX. 26. + + 195 In general the tragic poets successively descend, according to their + age, to a later date of mythological history. + + 196 Pausan. IV. 2. 1. + + 197 I take this opportunity of renewing the memory of one of these + Doric-Heraclide leaders, who has been so far forgotten, that in the + passage of Pausanias IV. 30. 1. his name has been driven from the + text. It should be thus written from the MSS.: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, &c. This Glenus occurs as the son of + Deianira in Apollod. II. 7. 8. and Schol. Soph. Trachin. 53. + Diodorus IV. 37. calls him Gleneus. Pherecydes ap. Schol. Pind. + Isth. IV. 104. reckons him among the children of Megara by Hercules. + + 198 Ap. Longin. 27. Creuzer. Fragment. p. 54. Apollodorus II. 8. 1. + almost makes it appear that the Heraclidae had been entertained by + Eurystheus; but this does not agree with what precedes. Euripides + Heraclid. 13. 195. represents them as flying first from Argos to + Trachis, and to Achaia in Thessaly, and then to Athens. + + 199 Thus Pherecydes in Antonin. Liber. 33. Sturz (Fragm. 50. p. 196.) + does not quite understand this passage. + + 200 At Marathon, according to most authors. Diodorus IV. 57. mentions + Tricorythus; Compare XII. 45. + + 201 The outline of the narrative is furnished by Pherecydes and Herod. + IX. 27. the details by Euripides in the Heraclidae, whose account was + influenced by the circumstances of the time (Boeckh. trag. Gr. + princ. p. 190). Whether the Heraclidae of Pamphilus (Aristoph. Plut. + 385. Schol. ad I. p. 112, Hemsterh.) was a _tragedy_ or a _picture_, + was frequently contested by the ancients. The latter appears to be + most probable: see Winckelmann and Meyer Kunstgeschichte, p. 166. + Pamphilus painted the battle of Phlius, one of those which took + place in the 102nd or 103rd Olympiad; and it may be fairly supposed + that he flourished about Olymp. 97, 4, the year in which the second + edition of the Plutus was brought forward, and he might have lived + to be the master of Apelles, who had obtained great celebrity in the + reign of Philip.--Concerning the battle, see Elmsley ad Eur. + Heraclid. 860; concerning the death of Eurystheus, Wesseling. ad + Diod. IV. 57. and Staveren. Misc. Obs. vol. X. p. 383. Pallene is + between Marathon and Athens;--according to Strabo VIII. p. 377. the + tomb was at Gargettus on the western coast; according to Pausanias + I. 40. in Megaris. Concerning Macaria, see Pausan. I. 32. Schol. + Aristoph. Eq. 1148. Zenob II. 61. and other grammarians in v. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}i{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. A totally different tradition is preserved by Duris + ap. Schol. Plat. p. 134, Ruhnk. In the above quoted passage of + Strabo, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} should probably be written {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}; thus in VIII. p. 383. one MS. has {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. (In this + correction I now find that I was anticipated by Elmsley ad Eurip. + Heracl. 103.) Heyne indeed (_ad Apollod._ II. 8. 1.) explains {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} of the tomb of Eurystheus in Pausan. I. 44. 14.; but this + was in Megaris, and there never was any change in the boundaries of + Corinth and Megaris. Heyne also considers the tomb near the temple + of the Pallenian Minerva and that at Gargettus as identical; but + this is not possible, on account of the situation of the two + places.--Concerning Gargettus see the article _Attika_ in Ersch's + Encyclopaedia, p. 222. + + 202 Demosth. de Corona, p. 147. + + 203 It does not follow from Pindar Pyth. IX. 82. that Iolaus was + restored to life, which must have been alluded to elsewhere. I + follow the second Scholiast, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, + &c. Compare Ovid. Met. IX. 408. + + 204 See book II. ch. 11. § 10. + + 205 Ap. Antonin. Lib. 33.--There is also a trace of another tradition in + Apostolius XVIII. 7. + + 206 See book II. ch. 11. § 7. + + 207 Thus also Thucyd. I. 9. Plat. Leg. III. p. 686. In Schol. Eurip. + Orest. 5. write {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (the Atridae) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Polyaenus I. 10. is singular in mentioning + Eurysthidae in Sparta at the time of the migration; but by Eurysthidae + must be meant "_descendants_ of Eurysthenes," not "Eurysthenes and + his party." See Clinton F. H. vol. I. p. 333. + + 208 See particularly Plato ubi sup. + + 209 Apollod. II. 8. 2. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. With the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} compare {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, AEschyl. Theb. 478. and 1026. In later times, however, + these oracles were put into an epic form, as may be seen from + OEnomaus ap. Euseb. Praep. Ev. V. 20. + + 210 See Herod. IX. 26. Pausan. I. 41. 3. I. 44. VIII. 5. 1. VIII. 45. 2. + Diod. IV. 58. Schol. Pind. Olymp. N. 80. Van Staveren Misc. Observ. + X. 3. p. 385. + + 211 Pausan. VIII. 5. Apollod. II. 7. 7. Diod. IV. 58. Strabo IV. p. 427 + C. Isocrat. Archidam. p. 119 B. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 212 Manso, Sparta, vol. I. p. 61. + + 213 Apollod. II. 8. 3. In Pausan. II. 28. 3. Orsobia, a daughter of + Deiphontes of Epidaurus, is the wife of Pamphylus. + + 214 He was mentioned by Hesiod; see above, p. 55. note k. [Transcriber's + Note: No such note on that page, nor any reference to Cleodaeus.] A + different genealogy is given by Tzetzes ad Lycophr. 804, viz., that + Cleodaeus was the son of Hyllus, the brother of Lichas and Ceyx, the + husband of a certain Peridea, and the father of Temenus. + + 215 See Crates ap. Tatian. cont. Graecos, p. 107. ed. Oxf. Interpret. ad + Vellei. I. 1. + + 216 See particularly OEnomaus ap. Euseb. Praep. Ev. V. 20.; and concerning + the second see Apollod. II. 8. 2. Pausan. II. 7. + + 217 Isocrates Archidam, p. 119, only supposes one expedition. + + 218 Pausan. V. 3. Eusebius ubi sup. Polyaen. I. 9. Compare Heyne ad + Apollod. p. 208. + + 219 See Strab. IX. p. 427. Ephorus, p. 105. ed. Marx. Compare Stephanus + and Suidas in Na{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}pakto{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 220 Bekk. Anecd. Graec. p. 305. 31. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Hesychius, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (as should be + read for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, rather than {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} with Siebelis ad + Pausan. III. 20. 9). {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is explained by Hesychius to be a + Lacedaemonian word for "statue." These {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, the + "conducting deities," were probably Zeus Agetor (book III. ch. 12. § + 5.) and the Carnean Apollo: and their festival doubtless was + connected with the Carnea. At this solemnity then (as it seems) a + boat was carried round, and upon it a statue of the Carnean Apollo + ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), both adorned with lustratory garlands, called + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, in allusion to the passage from Naupactus. + Compare book II. ch. 3. § 1. ch. 8. § 15. + + 221 Paus. III. 20. 9. + + 222 See _Orchomenos_, p. 333. To the passages there quoted may be added + Etymol. in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. And see book II. ch. 8. § 15. + + 223 There were in later times Acarnanian soothsayers at Thermopylae, + Herod. VIII. 221. in the case of Pisistratus, and elsewhere. + + 224 Thucyd. I. 103. The city was afterwards AEtolian: Boeckh. Corp. + Inscript. Gr. No. 1756. + + 225 Polyb. Excerpt. lib. XII. ap. Mai, Script. Vet. Nov. Coll. vol. II. + p. 386. + + 226 And of Pleuron with Xanthippe the daughter of Dorus, Apollod. I. 7. + 7, although AEtolus is also represented as killing Dorus the son of + Apollo. + + 227 Perhaps the AEtolians had from early times worshipped the three-eyed + Zeus ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), which Sthenelus the AEtolian brought from + Troy, according to Pausanias II. 24. 5. + + 228 Oxylus is said to have contracted an alliance with the Heraclidae in + the island of Sphacteria (Steph. Byzant.); but this story is + probably founded merely on the etymology of the name Sphacteria. + + 229 As also Pausanias, V. 1. says. + + 230 Pausan. ubi sup. Strabo X. p. 463. Compare Il. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}. 630. + + 231 This is the representation given by Pausanias V. 4. 1. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 232 Pausan. V. 15. 7. Concerning the Tyrrhenians who accompanied them, + see _Orchomenos_, p. 443. note 3, together with Pausan. II. 31. 3. + Of the Thebans, who are said to have joined under Autesion, see a + detailed account in the same place. + + 233 As, _e.g._, Apollodorus evidently. + + 234 The name of Tisamenus, as an epithet of his father ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), + corresponds to Eurysaces the son of Ajax, Telemachus and + Ptoliporthus of Ulysses, Astyanax of Hector, Nicostratus the + youngest son of Menelaus according to Hesiod, Gorgophone the + daughter of Perseus, Metanastes the son of Archander, Aletes of + Hippotes; but it cannot be inferred from this that it was mere + fiction, since this method of giving names existed in historic times + (Polyaen. VI. 1, 6) even in the royal family of Macedon. See also + what Plutarch de Malignit. Herodot. 39, says on the names of the + children of Adeimantus the Corinthian. Names derived from a + characteristic of the parent (an example of which occurs in Iliad + IX. 562) were called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, according to Schol. Steph. in Dionys. + Gramm. ap. Bekker Anecd. Gr. vol. II. p. 868. + + 235 Pausan. V. 4, 1. See below, ch. 7, § 6, note. + + 236 Pausan. VIII. 29, 4. It is related as a stratagem of Cypselus by + Polyaenus I. 7. Perhaps _Cypsela_, a fort in Parrhasia, near Sciritis + in Laconia, is the same as Basilis, Thucyd. V. 33. It would not + however be very accurate to say of Basilis that it lies {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. An oracle referring to the amity with the Arcadians is + preserved in Schol. Aristid. Panathen. p. 191, ed. Steph.; p. 33, + ed. Frommel. + + 237 See _AEginetica_, p. 39, note e, and Euripides ap. Strab. VIII. p. + 366. Sophocl. Aj. 1287. (comp. Suidas in v. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), Hesychius in + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}.--Plato Leg. III. p. 686. Apollodorus, Polyaen. + I. 6. The vase in Tischbein I. 7, represents an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + and not this casting of lots, as Italinsky supposes. The same group + indeed sometimes occurs on gems _armed_ (Gemmae Florentinae, tom. II. + tab. 29; compare Winckelmann Monum. ined. n. 164, vol. III. of his + works, p. xxvii.); but I believe that an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is equally + meant, as, _e.g._, that of the Argonauts in Apollon. Rhod. IV. 1767, + since the expedition of the Heraclidae, early as it was, was not one + of the usual subjects of art. + + 238 See below, ch. 5. + + 239 Boeckh Inscr. I. p. 81, 82. + + 240 In an oracle preserved by Plutarch de Pyth. Orac. 24, p. 289, the + Spartans are called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. The word of the oracle itself + doubtless was {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), as in Aristot. Mirab. + Auscult. 23, which however might have been explained to have the + same meaning as the former word, viz. "_drawing back the skin of + serpents in order to eat them_." The frog was the emblem of the + Argives, as never coming out of their hole; compare ch. 8, § 7. + + 241 Isocrates, Panath. p. 286 A., says far too generally, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, which he afterwards modifies considerably. + + 242 V. 4, 2. An _Achaean_ from Helice occurs as the cotemporary of + Hercules in Theocrit. XXV. 165; a greater inconsistency with the + received chronology than poets usually permit themselves. + + 243 Pausan. VII. 1. + +_ 244 Orchomenos_, pp. 398, 477. + + 245 Aristot. Pol. V. 8, according to the most probable reading. + + 246 Pind. Nem. XI. 32. + + 247 Peloponnesus is called the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Phlegon de Olymp. p. + 129, in Meurs. Op. vol. VII. + + 248 As Pouqueville several times remarks. The mountain-chains are more + connected by the OEnean promontory, and the mountains running + westward from Sicyon and joining mount Cyllene. + + 249 Ap. Gemin. Elem. Astron. XIV. p. 55, in Petavius Uranolog. The + passage is from the work of Dicaearchus, entitled {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, concerning which see Pliny N. H. II. 65, and + Suidas in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 250 Apollodorus ap. Steph. Byz. (p. 400, ed. Heyne.) Eustath. ad Hom. p. + 1951, 15. According to Capt. Peytier Cyllene is 7266 Paris feet in + height, Taygetus 7434, Parthenion (Zagura) 6095. These measurements + make Taygetus somewhat higher than Cyllene. + + 251 Holland in Walpole's Travels, p. 426. + + 252 Aristot. Meteorol. I. 13. + + 253 See Polybius IV. 21, 1, who particularly mentions Cynaetha. Close by + was the cold spring of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}; and Sprengel in his + translation of Theophrastus, vol. II. p. 383, well corrects in + Theophrast. IX. 15, 8, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 254 From the Journal of Fourmont the younger. + + 255 Polyb. V. 22. + + 256 According to the interpretation of the Venetian Scholiast and + others. + + 257 Abaris is said to have appeased a pestilence, which had been + occasioned by this heat; Jamblich. in Vit. Pythagor. 19. Compare + Apollon. Dyscol. Hist. Mirab. c. 4, p. 9, ed. Meurs. + + 258 Theophrastus calls Laconia {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (de causis + pluviae III. 3, 4). + + 259 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Eustath. ad Hom. p. 294, 10, p. 1478, + 43, ed. Rom. + + 260 See Des Monceaux in Corneille le Bruyn, tom. V. p. 465. + + 261 Alcman ap. Athen. I. p. 31 C. Theognis, v. 879 sq. ed. Bekker. + + 262 Book III. ch. 2, § 3. Boeckh's Economy of Athens, book IV. ch. 19. + + 263 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Xenoph. Hell. IV. 8, 7. + + 264 In Strabo VIII. p. 366. See Cresphont. fr. 1, ed. Dindorf. + + 265 It has been beautifully said of this district that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Strabo VIII. p. 381. + + 266 Polybius XVI. 16. 4. places it about west-south-west from Corinth. + Comp. Athenaeus II. p. 43 E. Pindar Olymp. XI. 30. means the same + place. + + 267 Aristot. Meteor. I. 14. p. 755 C, and Aristides, AEgypt. vol. II. p. + 351, ed. Jebb. + + 268 Athen. V. p. 219 A. Lucian. Icaromenipp. 18. Nav. 20. Liv. XXVII. + 31. Schol. Aristoph. Av. 969. Zenobius III. 57. + + 269 According to Fourmont's Journal and Gell's Argolis. + + 270 See Schol. Pind. Olymp. VII. 152. Boeckh Comment. Pind. p. 175. + Siebelis ad Pausan. II. 25, 6. + + 271 Elis in general is a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, according to Theophrastus, Hist. + Plant. I. 6. + + 272 I here follow the Journal of the younger Fourmont, which appears + deserving of credit: he also states that he saw iron rings on the + blocks of stone. + + 273 Compare with this _Orchomenos_, chap. 2. + + 274 See Schol. Eurip. Orest. 626. comp. Manso, Sparta, vol. I. p. 11. + + 275 Strabo VIII. p. 363 A. + + 276 Polyb. V. 22. 6. + + 277 Thucyd. I. 120. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 278 See book III. ch. 10. § 2, 5. + + 279 Isocrates Panath. p. 286 C, says, that in the most ancient times + there were only 2000 Dorians in Sparta; but his statement is too + uncertain to found any calculation upon. + + 280 See Boeckh on the four ancient tribes of Attica, Museum Criticum, + vol. II. p. 608. + + 281 Pausan. VII. 1. 6, 7. + + 282 Pausan. VII. 18. 3, book III. ch. 4, § 8. + + 283 Clarke's Travels, II. 2. p. 646, &c. + + 284 Below, ch. 5. § 1 and 8. + + 285 See Thucyd. I. 122. III. 85, and the example of Decelea. + + 286 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Pindar. Fragment. Incert. 48, ed. + Boeckh. + + 287 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Homer. Compare book IV. ch. 1. + + 288 Fourmont supposes that he has recognised Temenium in a citadel to + the south of Lerna, but it must lie to the north. + + 289 See Callimach. Fragm. 108. ed. Bentl. from Schol. Pind. Nem. X. 1. + Concerning the taking of Argos see Polyaen. II. 12. + + 290 Plutarch. Qu. Gr. 48. p. 404. Cf. Schol. Callim. Pall. 37. + + 291 Pausan. II. 28. 3. The names given by Apollodorus II. 7. 6., viz. + Agelaus, Euryphylus, and Callias, are probably from the Temenidae of + Euripides. Ceisus and Phalces are mentioned by Ephorus ap. Strab. + VIII. p. 389. Scymn. Chi. V. 525 sq. Pausan. II. 6. 4. II. 12. 6. + II. 13. 1. Ceisus is also mentioned by Hyginus, Fab. 124 (where read + _Cisus_ Temeni filius); but his account is very confused. See + _AEginetica_, p. 40. + + 292 Pausan. II. 6. 3. Eustath. ad Il. V. p. 520. Stephanus Byzant. says + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 293 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; I conjecture {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 294 Fourmont's Journal contains a detailed and accurate account of this + river. + + 295 Pausan. II. 11. 2. + + 296 Pausan. II. 13. 1. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}s. + + 297 Pausan. ubi sup. and VII. 3. 5. + + 298 Pausan. III. 16. 5. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Since + some Doric state must be here meant, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}, the conjecture of + Kuehn, seems most probable; and all doubt is removed by a comparison + of AElian N.A. XII. 31., where, however, Thersander is called the son + of Cleonymus, not of Agamedidas. Perhaps Pausanias means + "Thersander, the son of the son of Agamedes." + + 299 Sophocl. Acris. ap. Hesych. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Scymnus Chius 526. from + Ephorus, Polyb. V. 91. 8. Conon. 7. Diodor. XII. 43. XV. 32. XVIII. + 11. Strab. VIII. p. 389. AElian. V. H. VI. 1. Plutarch. Demetr. 25. + Pausan. II. 8. 4. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. It is different from the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which is the + south coast. + + 300 Concerning these doubtful names ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), see _AEginet_. p. + 40. The name was common in Macedonia in later times; see Harpocrat. + in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 301 This is stated by Pausanias. See also Jamblichus Pythagor. 2. + concerning the Epidaurian colony in Samos. Aristotle ap. Strab. + VIII. p. 314, states that the Ionians came _together with_ the + Heraclidae from the Attic Tetrapolis to Epidaurus. The former account + is by far the most probable. + +_ 302 AEginet_. p. 43. + + 303 Pausan. II. 30. 9. + + 304 Book II. ch. 2, § 8. According to Pausanias II. 30. 9. Anaphlystus + and Sphettus, the sons of Troezen, passed over to Attica, and gave + their names to the two boroughs so called. See Appendix II. + + 305 Pausan. II. 33. 1. + + 306 Pyth. IV. 49. + + 307 Strab. VIII. p. 312. 377. + + 308 Plutarch. de Def. Orac. p. 620. Paus. X. 18. 4. + + 309 See book III. ch. 4, § 2. + + 310 This is evident from Thucyd. V. 53. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 311 Ibid. According to Diodorus XII. 18. the Lacedaemonians were bound to + send sacrifices to Apollo Pythaeus ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}); but his account is + confused. + + 312 Pausan. II. 35. 2. 36. 5. Compare book II. ch. 3. § 4. + + 313 Above, ch. 2, § 4. + + 314 Pausan. II. 28. 2. 34. 6. + + 315 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, where, from the context, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} should + be written for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 316 II. 8. + + 317 Conon. 26. Etymol. Mag. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 318 Compare p. 72, note f. + + 319 Aristot. ap. Proverb. Vatic. IV. 4. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Compare + Apostol. XIX. 89, and Suidas, Diogenianus VII. 31, explains it + differently. + + 320 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. See Duris in Plutarch. Prov. Alex. 48. p. + 593. Diogenian IV. 27. Zenobius III. 22. Suidas in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Schol. + Pind. Nem. VII. 155. Perhaps Suidas in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} refers to this + story. + +_ 321 Orchomenos_, p. 352. See also Plutarch. Qu. Gr. 13. The delivery of + a clod of earth (a common symbol of transfer of possession of land, + Grimm Rechtsalterthuemer, p. 110-21) also occurs in the history of + the Ionic colony, Lycophron 1378. and Tzetzes Chil. XIII. p. 468. v. + 112. + + 322 Thucyd. IV. 42. Compare Polyaen. I. 39. + + 323 Schol. Pind. Olymp. XIII. 56. + + 324 Didymus Schol. Pind. Olymp. XIII. 17. Conon ubi sup. Compare + Diodorus in Euseb. Chronic. p. 35. (Fragment. 6. p. 635. Wessel.) + Ephorus in Strab. VIII. p. 389 D, and Scymnus Chius, 526. + + 325 According to Velleius Paterc. + + 326 IV. 42. + +_ 327 Orchomenos_, p. 140. According to Conon ubi sup. Aletes found + Sisyphidae and Ionians mixed with them. + +_ 328 Orchomenos_, p. 257. + + 329 II. 4. 3. + + 330 Pindar. Olymp. XIII. 11. Compare Boeckh's Commentary, p. 213. + Callimachus ap. Plutarch. Symp. Qu. V. 3. p. 213. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}. + + 331 Herodot. V. 92. 2. This perhaps may afford some explanation of the + ancient affinity between the Cypselidae and Philaidae (see Herodot. + VI. 128.), by a comparison of the table, _Orchomenos_, p. 465. + + 332 II. 4. 4. compare V. 18. 2. + + 333 See Blanchard Recherches sur la ville de Megare, Mem. de l'Acad. des + Inscr. tom. XVI. p. 121. + + 334 Herodot. V. 76. Lycurg. in Leocrat. p. 196. Strabo IX. p. 293. XIV. + p. 653. Conon 26. Scymnus Chius, 503. + + 335 See Raoul-Rochette III p. 56. who has omitted the remarkable passage + of Pausan. VII. 25. according to which the Lacedaemonians had partly + taken Athens. There was at Athens a Delphian _gens_ named + Cleomantidae, whose ancestor was said to have communicated to the + Athenians the prophecy concerning the king's death, Lycurgus in + Leocrat. p. 196. + + 336 Lycophr. 1388. and Tzetzes' note. + + 337 See particularly Schol. Pind. Nem. VII. 155. Schol. Aristoph. Ran. + 440. Pausan. I. 39. 4. + + 338 Schol. Pind. et Aristoph. ubi sup. According to Zenobius V. 8. the + Megarians mourned for a daughter of their own king Clytius, and of + Bacchius the Corinthian. + + 339 This event is always narrated in explanation of the proverb; see + Schol. Pind. ubi sup. Schol. Plat. Euthydem. pag. 97. edit. Ruhnken. + and Schol. Aristoph. Ran. 440 (from Demon). Compare Aristoph. + Eccles. 828. Zenob. III. 21. Vatic. Prov. III. 13. Apostolius VII. + 17. XIV. 97. Suidas, Hesychius, Dissen ad Pind. ubi sup. It is + probably of this victory of the Megarians that Pausanias (VI. 19. + 9.) had read in some document that it took place before the + commencement of the Olympiads, when Phorbas was archon for life at + Athens; but in my opinion he is incorrect in referring it to a + treasury of Dontas the Lacedaemonian (Olymp. 60.), the inscription of + which spoke indefinitely of a victory of the Megarians over the + Corinthians, in which the Argives were supposed to have had a share. + Phorbas was archon from the 173rd to the 148th year before the first + Olympiad, according to Eusebius. + + 340 Thucyd. I. 103. Diod. XI. 79. Plutarch Cimon. 17. It was probably in + some war of this kind that Orsippus of Megara enlarged the territory + of his native city, according to Etymol. M. p. 242; he was conqueror + in the 15th Olympiad, see book IV. ch. 2. note. Pausan. I. 44. 1. + and the epigram in Anthol. Pal. II. App. 272. See Siebelis ad + Pausan. ubi sup. + + 341 See the account in Plutarch. Qu. Gr. 17. p. 387. + + 342 Above, ch. 3. § 11. + + 343 See above, ch. 3. § 3. + + 344 Called in the Doric dialect {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Kuehn ad Pausan. III. 1. + According to Polyaenus I. 10. Procles and Temenus together conquered + Lacedaemon. + + 345 Herod. VI. 52. and it is followed by Xen. Agesil. 8. Plutarch. + Agesil. 19. [The same is preserved in a fragment of Alcaeus (Mus. + Crit. I. p. 432) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, as Niebuhr has remarked. History of Rome, vol. + I. note 94. ed. 2.] + + 346 The words of the oracle, which Herodotus paraphrases, probably were + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 347 V. 16. Also in Plato Leg. III. p. 683. Megillus the Spartan, to the + question {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; + answers, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}, against his national tradition. + + 348 Pindar Pyth. I. 65. says that the Dorians, "coming down from Pindus, + immediately took Amyclae." Compare Boeckh Comment, p. 479. This is + equally fallacious with his other statement, that Pylos fell at the + invasion, see below, § 15. According to Ephorus ap. Strab. p. 364 + D., Philonomus the Achaean, who had betrayed Lacedaemon to the + Dorians, received Amyclae from them as a reward for his treachery, + and held the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (to which his name seems to allude) as + a vassal. Compare Conon Narr. 36. Nicol. Damasc. p. 445. Vales. + + 349 Servius ad AEn. X. 564. and Lucilius, ibid, compare Heyne Excurs. II. + ad AEn. X. Sosibius ap. Zenob. Prov. I. 54. + + 350 Pausan. III. 2. 6. ib. 12. 7. ib. 19. 5. The temple was still + standing in his time. Compare _Orchomenos_, p. 313-321. + + 351 Pausan. VII. 6. 2. where Preugenes, their leader, is stated to have + been descended from Amyclas. + + 352 Polyb. V. 19. 2. + + 353 Ap. Schol. Eurip. Orest. 46. Simonides fragm. 177. ed. Gaisford. + + 354 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, ap. Priscian. p. 1328. Fragm. 1. ed. Welcker. + + 355 Isthm. I. 31. + + 356 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} Pindar Nem. X. 55. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} were, according to + some, tombs of this description. + + 357 See Dissen's Commentary to Pindar ubi sup. p. 471.--Concerning Helen + at Therapne, see Euripid. Hel. 211. and Tryphiod. 520. Schol. + Lycophr. 143. Isocrat. Encom. Hel. p. 218 D. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Concerning the Menelaia, see + Athenagoras Leg. p. 14. A. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} Apollon. Rhod. II. + 162. Therapne, according to some, was {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, Schol. Apollon. et + Pind. ubi sup.; according to other authors, referred to by Steph. + Byz., it was Sparta itself. Both are in the wrong. + + 358 It was first discovered by Gropius. + + 359 Polyb. ubi sup. See ch. 4. § 3. + + 360 Od. B. 327. 359. A. 459. N. 412. 414. The passage in Od. A. 10. is + also to be explained in this manner. + + 361 Pausan. III. 2. 6. + + 362 Pausan. III. 2. 7. Phlegon Trallianus ap. Euseb. Arm. p. 130. + According to Strabo VIII. p. 365 A. however it was conquered by + Agis. Concerning a war between Sparta and its perioeci in the time of + Lycurgus, see Nicol. Damas. fragm. + + 363 Pausan. III. 22. 9. + + 364 See above, ch. 3. § 4. + + 365 This is now evident from the restoration of the fragment of Ephorus + in Strabo VIII. p. 364 D. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}[{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + (or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} [{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} [{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}], + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} [{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. Polybius + II. 54. 3. calls {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} a boundary-district of Sparta, where no + alteration is required. See Meursius ad Lycophr. 831. + + 366 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} according to Nicol. Damasc. + + 367 See Steph. Byz. and Pausanias. The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} are derived + from this town. + + 368 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, Stephanus Byz. Compare Pausan. IV. + 14. 3. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, + Stephanus. From this Ephorus in Strabo VIII. p. 361 C. should be + thus restored, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} [{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}] {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Compare {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Strab. VIII. p. 360; + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, ibid. + + 369 The same termination may be observed in the name of the ancient + Laconian city {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}-{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Pausan. III. 26. 6. Steph. Byz.; and in the + ancient gentile name of Argos, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}-{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 370 See Herodotus, Pausanias, Cicero de Divin. II. 43. + + 371 Cicero ut sup. + + 372 See above, p. 90. note n. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote + to "Epidaurus," starting "Pausan. III. 16. 5.]" + + 373 See Valckenaer. ad Theocrit. Adoniaz. p. 266. + + 374 Plutarch. Lycurg. 2, 3. + + 375 Plutarch. Lycurg. 2. Lac. Apophth. p. 234. + + 376 From what is not clear, though probably from the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} of the + Homeric Catalogue, the position of which is however quite uncertain, + since it is not connected with the _city_ of Messene. + +_ 377 Orchomenos_, p. 366. The territory of Pylos had, according to the + tradition in Pausan. IV. 15. 4. once extended as far as {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, + near Stenyclarus. + + 378 Cresphontes, as well as Aristomenes, were names in Messenia in late + days, Boeckh Inscript. No. 1291. + + 379 Ap. Strab. p. 633 B. He was one of the Colophonians who had settled + in Smyrna. + + 380 Strabo, p. 355 D. Pausanias IV. 3. 3. and others speak too generally + of the expulsion of the Nestoridae. + + 381 Pausan. IV. 18. 1. IV. 23. 1. Pindar Pyth. V. 70. is not so + accurate; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}). + + 382 Apollod. II. 8. 5. Pausan. IV. 3. VIII. 5. 5. Isocrates Archidam. p. + 120. represents the Lacedaemonians as having long governed Messenia, + which had been given them by the sons of Cresphontes. Euripides in + the Merope told the story as follows:--viz. that Polyphontes killed + Cresphontes, and obtained possession of his queen Merope and of his + empire: that on this her son Telephon, whom Merope had sent to a + friend in AEtolia, returned, and, after various tragic scenes, slew + the usurper by stratagem. See the fragments of the Merope, and + Hyginus, Fab. 137, with the continuation in Fab. 184. The narrative + of Apollodorus is made to coincide more with the national tradition. + + 383 The pedigree is, AEpytus--Cypselus--Merope--AEpytus--AEpytidae. + + 384 As it is evident from several passages in the 4th book of Pausanias. + + 385 II. 171. + + 386 Pausan. IV. 20. 2. 26. 5, 6. 27. 4. 33. 5. It is to this time + probably that Methapus the Athenian belongs, who restored the + ancient worship of Andania, with some few changes, Pausan. IV. 1. 5. + + 387 Leg. III. p. 684. + + 388 In the following discussion, although beginning somewhat in advance, + I still take for granted what is stated in my _AEginetica_, p. 42. + The ancient expression {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was referred to this migration. + See Hesychius, Plutarch, Prov. 34. p. 590. Yet Didymus in Hesychius + calls the Dorians who dwelt under mount OEta {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. See above, + page 44. note e. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to + "Dorians as inhabitants of the sea-coast."] + + 389 The Rhodians came from Argos, according to Thucyd. VII. 57. The + Coans were also of Argive origin, according to Tacit. Ann. XII. 61. + + 390 The Eratidae refer to Argos, according to the note of Boeckh, Explic. + ad Pind. Olymp. VII. p. 165. Cleobulus also was a Heraclide, + according to Diog. Laert. I. 6. § 89. + + 391 There were different ways of making the 100 towns of Crete mentioned + in the Iliad agree with the 90 in the Odyssey, as may be seen from + Schol. Venet. Catal. 156.--According to Ephorus, Althaemenes founded + 10 cities in Crete, so that in the time of Ulysses there were only + 90, but in Homer's time 100. Strabo X. p. 479. This was the manner + in which Ephorus wrote history. "Pylaemenes the Lacedaemonian" in the + Venetian Scholiast is probably only a corruption of the name. Conon + 47. derives the Tripolis of Rhodes from Althaemenes. + + 392 VII. 99. + + 393 We find in both the worship of serpents, incubation, the custom of + votive tablets, &c. + + 394 Pausan. III. 23. 4. + + 395 Sprengel's Geschichte der Medicin, vol. I. pp. 343. 326. new edit. + + 396 Rhod. Orat. II. p. 396.--Concerning the Asclepiadae in Cnidos, see + particularly Theopompus in Phot. cod. 176. + + 397 Sprengel, ibid. p. 554. + + 398 Vitruvius II. 8. 12. _Cum Melas et Areuanius ab Argis et Troezene + coloniam communem eo loco induxerunt, barbaros Caras et Lelegas + ejecerunt_.--The 1200 years, mentioned by Tacitus, from the time of + its founding to Tiberius, must be taken as a round number. + + 399 The religious ceremonies of Halicarnassus, as shown on its coins, + can be completely traced up to their origin. The head of Medusa, and + of Athene, the trident, and head of Hephaestus, belong to the worship + of Athene and Hephaestus at Troezen and Athens: the tripod, lyre, and + heads of Apollo and Demeter to the _sacra Triopia_. At _Cos_ the + insignia of AEsculapius predominated, besides those of Hercules as + father of Pheidippus. + + 400 Callimach. ap. Steph. in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. compare _AEginetica_, p. + 140. + + 401 Vitruvius, ubi sup. + + 402 See book II. ch. 3. § 5. + + 403 Dionys. Hal. Rom. Hist. IV. 25. probably ascribes to it too much + influence. + + 404 Herodot. I. 144. + + 405 According to the account of Gelon's ancestors in Herodot. VII. 153. + + 406 Compare Herodotus with Diod. V. 54. + + 407 Diod. ubi sup. + + 408 Scymnus Chius, 549. Probably with the colony of Althaemenes. + +_ 409 E.g._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} [{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~} ... {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} [{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}], &c. from Villoison's papers. + + 410 See the quotations in Villoison in the Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr. + tom. XLVII. p. 287. An inscription among his papers refers to the + building of the temple of Apollo and Aphrodite at that place. The + worship of Aphrodite appears to indicate a Laconian colony. + + 411 Concerning Pholegandrus, see Mem. de l'Acad. tom. XLVII. p. 307. + 339. + + 412 Paus. II. 30. 8. Raoul-Rochette is wrong in stating that Scylax + declares Caryanda to have been Doric. + + 413 Herodot. V. 121. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} as leader of + the Carians. + + 414 Plut. de Mul. Virt. p. 271. 4. Polyaen. VIII. 56. According to + Lycophron, v. 1388. the Doric colony also possessed Thingrus and + Satnium, which were places in Caria, according to Tzetzes, in whose + notes {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} should be twice altered into {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 415 Concerning Noricum, see below, § 11. The coins of Synnada have + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}; also {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}, and both together; also the + expression {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} (better {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Stephan. Byz. + Xenophon mentions it twice in the Anabasis, without precisely + stating its position. + + 416 Compare Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (this is false. They were + situated between Syme and Cnidos, Athenaeus VI. p. 262.) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. According to Dieuchidas in Athenaeus, + the curse was in the time of Triopas and Phorbas. + + 417 Polyb. XVI. 12. 1. + + 418 See the decree of the Jasians, which includes that of the + Calymnians, in the Doric dialect: Boeckh. Corp. Ins. Gr. No. 2671. + + 419 Strabo VIII. p. 374, endeavours to give the tradition an historical + colouring by supposing that Pelops drove away _Anthes_. compare XIV. + p. 656. Apollod. ap. Steph. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 420 Ap. Steph. Raoul-Rochette also perceives this, tom. III. p. 31. + + 421 II. 30. 8. + + 422 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Hence Athens is called the son of Poseidon, + Paus. II. 30, &c. Concerning the Antheadae as priests of Poseidon see + an Halicarnassian inscription in Corp. Inscript. No. 2655, and + Boeckh's Commentary. It is well known that Posidonia in the south of + Italy received the worship of Poseidon and also its name, from a + Troezenian colony. + + 423 Indeed Pindar appears to represent him as dwelling at Argos, the + native place of the descendants of Hercules, at a time when all the + Heraclidae were there living together undisturbed; and from Argos he + sails to Rhodes. + + 424 Olymp. VII. 24. Concerning the mother of Tlepolemus, see the + epigram, quoted below, p. 121 note s. [Transcriber's Note: This is + the footnote to "epigram of Aristotle," starting "Peplus Troj.".] + + 425 In Iliad E. 628 sqq. there is no necessity for assuming that the + poet intended to represent Tlepolemus as a Rhodian. In the + catalogue, indeed, four insular Greeks are mentioned, Nireus of + Syme, Antiphus and Phidippus of Cos, and Tlepolemus of Rhodes (Il. + B. 653-680). But of these the three first are not elsewhere + mentioned. Tlepolemus therefore remains the only Greek, of the + Asiatic colonies, on the Achaean side, in the Iliad; and the + connexion of the catalogue with the other parts of the poem does not + seem to intimate as to prove this exception to have been intended by + the writer of the fifth book. Tlepolemus must therefore be + considered as a Grecian of the mother country. I feel convinced, + that, according to Homer, no enemy of Troy comes from the eastern + side of the AEgaean sea. Concerning the numerous differences between + the catalogue and the genuine Homeric traditions, see the author's + History of the Literature of ancient Greece, ch. 2, § 9. + + 426 Il. B. 668. When Strabo XIV. p. 653, states that Tlepolemus did not + lead out Dorians, but Achaeans and Boeotians (as a Heraclide of + Thebes), he does not follow any ancient tradition, but the + chronological system of his times. The ancestors of Theron of Rhodes + (Schol. Pind. Olymp. II. 14.) have no reference to this: and + Raoul-Rochette, tom. II. p. 272, mixes various accounts. + + 427 See book II. ch. 12. § 6. + + 428 Peplus Troj. Her. Epig. 27. + + 429 Book II. ch. 11. § 4. + + 430 See particularly Etymol. Mag. p. 219. 8. also Raoul-Rochette, tom. + III. p. 157. + + 431 Hecataeus ap. Stephan. Byz. + + 432 As Raoul-Rochette, tom. III. p. 251. clearly shews from Herodotus + and Aristaenetus {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ap. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} and other + words. + + 433 Eckhel D. N. III. p. 68. According to Strab. XIV. p. 671 D. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, which Raoul-Rochette, tom. III. p. 379, proposes to + refer to Achaea in Rhodes, and leave out {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, but the Gentile name + would be rather {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} than {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Solon, the Lindian, of Rhodes, + is called the founder of this Soli in Cilicia, Vita Arati, vol. I. + p. 3. vol. II. p. 444. Buhle. + + 434 Both names in Etymol. Magn. in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 435 Herodot. VII. 153. The coins of Telos have the head of Jupiter and + the _Crab_, like those of Agrigentum; the last symbol is also on + those of Cos and Lindus. + + 436 Thucyd. VI. 4. + + 437 According to the spurious letters, which are correctly treated of by + Bentley in several passages of his Dissertation (without, however, + noticing the historical connexion), and also by Lennep in the notes. + + 438 According to Hippostratus ad Pind. Pyth. VI. 4. + + 439 Compare, besides Meursius, Heyne, Nov. Comment. Gotting. II. cl. + philol. p. 40 sqq. That Lyons was a Rhodian colony, has, though + without any grounds, been lately maintained, after Father Colonia, + by count Wilgrin de Tailefer, Antiquites de Vesone. + + 440 See Raoul-Rochette, tom. II. p. 124. who also believes in the + victory of Perseus over Sardanapalus. + + 441 See particularly Dio Chrysost. Orat. Tars. 33, pp. 394, 406, 408. + Hercules was called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and on the day of his festival a + funeral pile was built to his honour; compare Athenaeus V. p. 215 B. + on the Stephanephorus or priest of Hercules at Tarsus. + + 442 Raoul-Rochette, tom. II. p. 403 sqq. + + 443 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. + + 444 The arrival of Diomede the Argive among the Daunians may likewise + refer to the founding of Elpiae. He is said to have come with + _Dorians_. Antonin. Liber. 37. + + 445 Polyb. Exc. Leg. XX. 7. Il. Liv. XXXVII. 56. + + 446 Ap. Strab. XIV. p. 676. + + 447 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Compare Athen. VII. p. 297, from the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} of Heropythus, and Philostephanus {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 448 Book II. ch. 2, § 7. + + 449 Pompon. Mela I. 14. The tradition is very ancient. Strab. XIV. p. + 668. from Callinus. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Concerning Mopsus in Pamphylia, see also Clem. + Alex. Strom. I. p. 334. + + 450 Strab. XIV. p. 675, and others. + + 451 Philosteph. ubi sup. + + 452 Rhodia, near Phaselis, is also without doubt a Rhodian colony; and + Mopsus (Theopompus ap. Phot. cod. 176) was the founder merely in the + above sense. In the same manner probably Lyrnessus; compare + Raoul-Rochette, tom. II. p. 404 sqq., who, however, has not + perceived any thing of all this. + + 453 De Div. I. 40. + + 454 Book II. ch. 2. § 7. + + 455 Thucyd. III. 102. + + 456 See § 10. + + 457 For what Plutarch. Amator. and Diodor. Exc. II. 228. p. 548. Wess. + relate of the expulsion of Archias, is stated by the Scholiast to + Apollonius IV. 1211, of the family of the Bacchiadae. The former + affirm the accidental murder of the son of Melissus to have been the + cause of the founding of Syracuse, the latter of that of Corcyra. + Yet this is contradicted by the Parian Marble, I. 47. Archias + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, since the Bacchiadae derived themselves from + Aletes, not Temenus. In either case Archias is an Heraclide. See + Boeckh. Explic. ad Pind. Olymp. 6. p. 153. Compare Goeller de situ + Syracusarum, p. 5. sq. + + 458 Strab. VII. p. 380 D. + + 459 Strab. VI. p. 269. Compare Scymnus Chius, v. 274. + + 460 See Boeckh's Introduction to the sixth Olympiad. + + 461 Book II. ch. 9. § 4. ch. 10. § 1. + + 462 Athen. IV. p. 167. from Demetrius Scepsius. Archilochus made mention + of this AEthiops (Siebel. Fragm. p. 233). + + 463 Clem. Alex. Strom. I. p. 298. His {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} was composed before the + Messenian wars, about the same time. + + 464 Adoniaz. 53. compare Thucyd. VI. 77. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~},--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 465 Dio Chrys. Or. XXXVIII. 4. + + 466 According to Thucyd. VI. 5. Raoul-Rochette, III. p. 319. supports + the contrary opinion. + + 467 Thucyd. I. 108. where this Chalcis is evidently intended. + + 468 Raoul-Rochette, ib. p. 290. The coins of Alyzia do not necessarily + prove it to be of Corinthian origin, since barbarous towns + frequently adopted the devices of the neighbouring Greek cities. + Herodotus IX. 28. does not afford any reason for supposing that Pale + was a Corinthian colony; yet both here and in Thucyd. I. 27. it + appears as closely united with Corinth. + + 469 This I believe, because it was founded by Heraclidae, _i.e._ by + Bacchiadae, according to Anton. Lib. 4; hence also the worship of + Hercules existed there. Compare also concerning the Doric migration + to Ambracia, the Epigram of Damagetus in the Palat. Anthol. VII. + 231. + + 470 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is probably the most correct form of those in Plut. Conv. + VII. Sap. 17. p. 42. Strab. X. p. 452, 7. p. 325. Scymn. Ch. 427. + Antonin. Lib. I. 4. p. 23. Teuchn., who alone considers him as the + brother of Cypselus. See book III. ch. 9. § 6. note. The form {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} + is also confirmed by a coin of Ambracia. See Raoul-Rochette, Annali + dell' Instituto di corrisp. archeol. 1829, p. 316. + + 471 Thucyd. II. 68. + + 472 See Boeckh. Corp. Inscript. No. 43. + + 473 Plutarch. Themist. 24.; but the whole history is inaccurately + related. + + 474 Thus Schol. Apollon. IV. 1212., and from Timaeus at V. 1216. + + 475 Yet Timaeus ubi sup. places Chersicrates 600 years after the Trojan + war, the date of which he fixed (according to Censorinus de Die Nat. + 21.) 417 years before the first Olympiad; consequently the date + which he gives to Chersicrates is Olymp. 46. 3. 594. B.C. in the + time of the Cypselidae. But since it is scarcely credible that Timaeus + could place the foundation of Corcyra so low down, it is probable + that he fixed an earlier date for the Trojan war, according to + Clinton F. H. vol. I. p. 135. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}. III. p. 490. Compare Mustoxidi + Illustrazioni Corciresi, I. 5. p. 65. + + 476 Thucyd. I. 47. + + 477 Strab. VII. p. 326. Scymn. Ch. 620. + + 478 Scymn. Ch. 412. According to Raoul-Rochette, IV. p. 86. it was + founded at the same time that Dionysius founded Lissus. + +_ 479 Orchomenos_, p. 297. + + 480 Thucyd. I. 13. + + 481 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, the words of the Corinthians in + Thucyd. I. 38. compare I. 26. Plutarch Timol. 3. + + 482 I. 56. See book III. ch. 8. § 5. + + 483 According to Eusebius. See Raoul-Rochette, III. p. 233. + + 484 According to Hesychius Milesius de Constant, p. 48. the founder's + name was Dineus. + + 485 The situation of Byzantium, in a political and commercial point of + view, is well described by Polybius IV. 44. + + 486 Dionys. Byzant. de Thracio Bosporo in Hudson's Geogr. Min. vol. III. + sacrifices were offered to her on the first day of the year. Heyne + Comment. Rec. Gotting. tom. I. p. 62. has treated of the fables of + Io at Byzantium with sufficient fulness, but without tracing the + origin of the traditions. + + 487 Ibid. + + 488 See, besides others, Palat. Anthol. VII. 169. Why does not + Raoul-Rochette admit here as elsewhere, the supposition of an + ancient colony under the guidance of Io, an Argive princess? + + 489 See Dionysius. There is something on this head also in Hesychius. + Besides the names in the text, there are Athene Ecbasia--Artemis + Dictynna (also _Lucifera in piscinis_), Ajax Telamonius, and + Achilles--Rhea--Hecate and Fortune--The Dioscuri--Amphiaraus {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + Aphrodite the preserver of peace, and Aphrodite {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 490 With whom there were at times dissensions. See Aristot. Pol. V. 2. + 10. + + 491 See, besides the decrees in Demosthenes, Constantin. Porph. Them. I. + p. 1452. in Meursii Opp. + + 492 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} on coins. + + 493 According to Scymnus Chius, v. 714. + + 494 Plut. Qu. Gr. 57. _AEginetica_, p. 67. It is probable that Perinthus + also at that time received a party of Doric colonists, as it is + called an allied town by the Byzantians (Demosth. de Corona, p. + 255), and the worship of Hercules was prevalent there. Compare + Panofka Res Samiorum, p. 22, where, however, several passages are + incorrectly applied. + + 495 Arrian, Periplus of the Pontus Euxinus, p. 14. Hudson. Compare + Orelli Heracleot. p. 115. Raoul-Rochette places it as far back as + the 30th Olympiad, but according to Scymnus Chius, 231, the founding + took place in the time of Cyrus. + + 496 Megara was founded in the same year as Naxus, Olymp. 11. 3, + according to Ephorus (in Strabo and Scymnus); according to the more + exact Thucydides some time after, 245 years before its destruction + by Gelon. Gelon reigned from Olymp. 72. 2, in Gela, from Olymp. 73. + 4, till 75. 3, in Syracuse (Boeckh ad Pind. Olymp. I. Explic. p. + 100). From the narrative of Herodotus VII. 156, it appears that he + conquered Megara in the interval of Olymp. 74. 1-3; in which case + the foundation would fall about Olymp. 13. 1, 728 B.C. According + then to the account of Thucydides, the arrival of Lamis the Megarean + must have been some years before. This event was contemporary with + the founding of Leontini, which was five years after that of + Syracuse: this cannot, therefore, be reconciled with the account of + Eusebius, who dates the building of Syracuse Olymp. 11. 4. (Hieron. + Scal.) The statement of the Parian Marble agrees better, viz. Olymp. + 5. 3. Raoul-Rochette, III. p. 214, reckons on false suppositions. + Compare Heyne Opusc. Academ. tom. II. pp. 259. sq. + + 497 See Passow ad Theogn. 773. Welcker ad Alcman. p. 85, adds Schol. + Platon. p. 220. See also Welcker's Theognis, p. 14. In literary + history many instances occur of the same persons being called + citizens of the mother-state, and of the colony; _e.g._, Archilochus + was a Parian and Thasian; Protagoras and Hecataeus the younger were + citizens both of Teos and Abdera; Terpander belonged to Arne in + Boeotia and Lesbos at the same time; Mimnermus was both a Colophonian + and citizen of Smyrna, &c. + + 498 See _Orchomenos_, pp. 313-359. Thrige's _Res Cyrenensium_ (1828), + pp. 23-35. Concerning a family of the Heraclidae, see the interesting + passages of Synesius, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}. (p. 10. Morell.) and of Theodorus + Metochita in the Supplem. ad Nicol. Damasc. Orellii. The account of + the latter is very confused. + + 499 Pind. Pyth. IX. Boeckh Explic. p. 325. Thrige ibid, 121 sq. + + 500 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Synesius, ubi sup. + + 501 Herodot. I. 174. Diodorus V. 53. speaks of an Argive-Lacedaemonian + colony in this district. + + 502 V. 9. 53. Tzetzes ad Lycophr. 1388, calls him {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, but + I can hardly think that he is the same as the ancestor of the + Corinthian Heraclidae. + + 503 Diodor. V. 53. + + 504 Also at Nisyrus, according to its coins. + + 505 I here speak on the authority of some beautiful drawings by M. + Huyot, amongst which is a plan of Cnidos; an accurate plan of the + harbour was shown me by Captain Beaufort. Compare Clarke, part II. § + 1, plate 13. + + 506 It is stated by Diodorus V. 9, that the Cnidians in the 50th + Olympiad (580 B.C.) sent a colony to Lipara under the guidance of + three descendants of their countryman Hippotes, Gorgus, Thestor, and + Epithersidas, who, in conjunction with 500 of the former + inhabitants, founded a state. Now it was natural to call AEolus the + god of the winds, who was supposed to reside on these islands, a son + of the new national hero, Hippotes; and hence he became {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. If this is true, then the name {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in the Odyssey + (K. 2. 36.) is certainly _later_ than the Homeric age; which might + be almost supposed from the statement of the learned Asclepiades, + that the AEolus of Homer was the son of Poseidon (not of Hippotes), + which he could hardly have said, if all the copies of the Odyssey + had {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 507 See particularly Pausan. X. 11. 3, from Antiochus, and Diodorus V. + 9, probably from the same author. + + 508 Pseud-Plutarch, de fluv. Mars. Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. 321. + + 509 See Strab. XII. p. 570. The inscription on their coins is {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Compare Mionnet Descript. III. p. 525. + Raoul-Rochette, tom. II. p. 427, with whom I do not entirely agree. + See also Nicephorus Blemmidas, ed. Spohn. p. 13. + + 510 Dionys. Perieg. 860, where I consider that "the Amyclaeans" is not a + mere poetical ornament, although the testimony is not to be much + depended upon. Compare Eustathius ad 1. + + 511 See Raoul-Rochette's argument, tom. II. p. 428. + + 512 Lycophr. vv. 452, 593. Strab. XIV. p. 682. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + Eustath. ad Homer. p. 293. 45. ed. Rom. Golgi in Cyprus was founded + by _Sicyonians_ (Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), and it was the _only_ + colony sent out by that state, with the exception of Phaestus in + Crete, whither a Heraclide of Sicyon is said to have gone; see ch. + 5. § 2. + +_ 513 Ut fertur, octavus ab Hercule_, Schol. Vetust. ad Hor. Carm. II. 6. + 12; and so likewise Servius ad Virgil. Georg. IV. 125. AEn. III. 551. + Compare, concerning the Phalantiadae, Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + Callimachus is referred to in a verse quoted by Schol. ined. ad + Dionys. Perieg. (Spohn. Opusc. Niceph. Blemm. 29.) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} according to Goettling's conjecture. + + 514 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Polyb. VIII. 30. 2. + + 515 Ib. VIII. 35. 8. + + 516 Scymn. Ch. 330. + + 517 Strabo VI. p. 264, from Antiochus. + + 518 Herodot. III. 138. IV. 164. + + 519 Strabo VIII. p. 387. + + 520 Pausan. III. 3. 1. Jamblichus Vit. Pythag. 10. Raoul-Rochette, III. + p. 187. + + 521 See book II. ch. 3. + + 522 Metam. XV. 15. _Grates agit ille parenti Amphitryoniadae._ + + 523 See Pausan. ubi sup. The newly discovered fragments of Polybius + confirm the participation of Sparta in the colonization of Locri, p. + 384. Mai, inasmuch as they mention the sending of Locrian + auxiliaries to the Spartans as the cause of the foundation of Locri + in Italy. + + 524 Justin XX. 2. + + 525 Thucyd. VI. 44. Raoul-Rochette, p. 194, derives it from Dorians, who + had previously settled at Cape Zephyrium: but even if there were + Dorians there, they must have been Megareans. + + 526 It would lead us too far from our subject to explain the tradition + concerning the Lacedaemonians among the Sabines and Samnites. It is + remarkable that, according to Silius Italicus, these Lacedaemonians + came from Amyclae and Therapne, the ancient settlements of the + Achaeans. I must also pass over the Cretan colonies, for many + reasons. + + 527 Paus. III. 2. 7. + + 528 A war with Cnosus is very improbable and almost impossible; Paus. + II. 21. III. 11. Vell. Paterc. I. 4. (_Lacedaemonii in Asia + Magnesiam_), had probably some account of the share of the Spartans + in these Cretan colonies, which will be discussed book II. ch. 3. + + 529 Pausan. V. 20. I, according to Clavier, Plutarch. Lycurg. I. + + 530 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Athen. XIV. p. + 635 F. + + 531 Pausan. V. 8. 3. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}-- + + 532 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Pausan. V. 21. 5. VI. 2. 1. + + 533 See Aristodemus ap. Syncell. Chron. p. 196 C. Compare Goeller de + Situ Syracusarum, p. 198. + + 534 Pind. Olymp. VII. 86. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Compare Boeckh Explic. + + 535 Plutarch de Musica, 3. 8. + + 536 Sturz. Hellanici fragment. p. 79 sqq. ed. 2. + + 537 Agesil. 19. + + 538 In Colot. 17. p. 268. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Concerning this oracle see + Theodoret Graec. Affect. 9. 10. Max. Tyr. Diss. XXIX. p. 72. The + oracle in OEnomaus (Euseb. Praep. Ev. V. p. 113.) is evidently a + modern forgery. + + 539 Above ch. 5. § 14. Eurysthenes, according to Eusebius, reigned 42 + years. + + 540 Suidas in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 541 Athen. XI. p. 475 B. concerning the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 542 XII. 12. 1. + + 543 Plutarch. Lycurg. I. Diod. I. 5. who calls the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} of the kings + a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Eusebius says that at the beginning of the Olympiads + _Lacedaemoniorum reges defecerunt_, which error arose from the lists + ending here, which had been made for computing the preceding + periods. + + 544 Apollod. ap. Diod. ubi sup. Eratosthenes ap. Clem. Alex. Strom. I. + p. 336. ed. Colon. Compare Tatian. adv. Graecos, p. 174. Censorinus + de Die Natali 21. Euseb. Scalig. p. 23. Cicer. de Rep. II. 10. who + also followed the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} of Apollodorus. + + 545 I do not contend that the chronological statements in the Spartan + lists form an _authentic document_, more than those in the + catalogues of the priestesses of Here and in the list of + Halicarnassian priests (Boeckh Corp. Ins. Gr. No. 2655). The + chronological statements in the Spartan lists may have been formed + from imperfect memorials; but the Alexandrine chronologists must + have found such tables in existence, since they could not have been + produced by mere computation; and yet the date of 328 years before + the 1st Olympiad was entirely founded upon them. + + 546 Ap. Clem. comp. Diod. de Virt. et Vit. p. 547, ed. Vales. + + 547 P. 411. Fragm. ed. Heyn. from Tatian and Clemens I. p. 327. comp. p. + 309. Pausan. III. 2. 4. Eusebius's quotation of Apollodorus at the + 18th year of Alcamenes is incorrect, as may be seen from Plutarch. + Lycurg. I. + + 548 I. 65. Pausan. III. 2. 3. + + 549 AElian. V. H. IX. 41. + + 550 Simonid. ap. Plutarch. Lyc. 2. and compare Schol. Plat. Rep. X. p. + 474. 21 Bekker. The latter, also, according to Aristot. Polit. II. + 7. 1. Ephorus ap. Strab. X. p. 482. Compare Dieuchidas, ap. + Plutarch. Lycurg. 2. et Clem. Alex. Strom. I. p. 328. ed. Colon, (p. + 390 Potter). cf. Strab. X. p. 481. He took Lycurgus for a son of + Polydectes and a younger brother of Eunomus, and placed him 290 + years after the taking of Troy. Dionys. Hal. Arch. Rom. II. 49. + calls Lycurgus the uncle of Eunomus, whom he probably places with + Herodotus (VIII. 131.) _after_ Polydectes. Thucydides I. 18. places + Lycurgus not long before 800 B.C. Timaeus escaped the difficulty by + supposing that there were two Lycurguses. Xenophon disagrees the + most (Rep. Lac. 10. quoted by Plutarch. Lyc. I.), as he says that + Lycurgus lived {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _i.e._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 551 VIII. 131. + + 552 See Clinton, F. H. vol. I. p. 144. The same explanation also + diminishes the difficulty about the relationship of Lycurgus; yet + there still remains the great discrepancy between Herodotus (where + the emendation proposed by Marsham does not suit the context) and + Xenophon. + + 553 The dates of these are given, doubtless from Alexandrine + chronologists, by Diodorus, fragm. 6 p. 635, where (with Wesseling + after Didymus) 30 years must be assumed from the return of the + Heraclidae to the reign of Aletes, by which the computation comes out + right. This has been overlooked by Eusehius, since he makes Aletes + contemporary with Eurysthenes. See the Armenian Eusebius, p. 16. + Mai. + + 554 See above, p. 136. note t. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote + to "district of Laconia."] + +_ 555 AEginetica_, p. 62. Comp. Theocritus XVII. 27. + + 556 As may fairly be inferred from V. 4. 3. + + 557 V. 4. 4 In an inscription at Olympia (Brunck. Anal. II. p. 193.) he + was called the son of Haemon; according to common tradition, he was + the son of Praxonides. In Eusebius (Hieronym.) should be written, + _Iphitus Praxonidis vel AEmonis f_. + + 558 I. 66, 67. + + 559 Concerning this word see Boissonade, Classical Journal, vol. XX. p. + 289. + + 560 Boeckh Inscript. No. 11. + +_ 561 E.g._ by Wolf Proleg. Homer. p. 67. + + 562 Of Clem. Alexand. Strom. I. p. 308. + + 563 For the date of Terpander, see book IV. ch. 6. § 1. note. + + 564 Scymnus Chius, v. 313. Strabo VI. p. 259. + + 565 Plutarch. Lyc. 13. whose words should be thus understood, "_Lycurgus + did not enact any written laws, but merely sanctioned existing + customs._" The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} however were evidently not mere {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, but + oracular dicta, expressed in definite words, which had been + preserved from ancient times. Plutarch. Agesil. 26. calls them {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, and also de Esu Carn. II. 1. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; consequently this was in a certain + degree a fixed number.--One of these very regulations was {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 566 Plutarch, de Pyth. Orac. 19. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 567 The Delphian Inscription in Boeckh Corp. Inscript. n. 1711. The + Cretan in Chishull Ant. Asiat. p. 135. The Samian and Prienian in + Chandler Inscript. p. 1. 38. 1, 2, 3. Marm. Oxon. p. 25. + + 568 I agree with Creuzer Histor. Ant. Fragm. p. 122. that it is + unnecessary _always_ to alter writers concerning {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} into + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, _i.e._ chronologists. The above Samian inscriptions + expressly refer to historical works; and are we then to alter in + Herodian p. 7. (where see the passages quoted), and in p. 39. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}? + +_ 569 Monumenta saxis sculpta et aere prisco_, Tacitus Annal. IV. 44. + + 570 I mention Eumelus in this place, as being a Lyric poet in the modern + sense of the word, on account of his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} for the + Messenian Theoria to Delos, Pausan. IV. 4. 1. + + 571 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. He must however have either invented himself, or + adopted the inventions of others, if he mentioned the _names_ of the + twenty assistants and friends of Lycurgus, Plutarch. Lyc. 5. + + 572 Plutarch. Lyc. 31. and 11. + + 573 See book II. ch. 10. § 2. + + 574 He was anciently celebrated for his mildness. Plutarch in the Life + of Lycurgus, and de Adul. 16. On the other hand, Heraclides Ponticus + 2. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}. + + 575 Plutarch. Lyc. + + 576 Book III. ch. 1. The names of _Eunomus_ as the father and of + _Eucosmus_ as the son of Lycurgus (Pausan. III. 16. 5.) belong to + the class pointed out above, p. 69. note g. [Transcriber's Note: + This is the footnote to "capture of AEgialea," starting "The name of + Tisamenus."] + + 577 Only Plutarch. Lycurg. 23. and Heraclid. Pont. 2. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (the Pythian are probably meant) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}. The + account of Hermippus is evidently, in part at least, invented. + + 578 This Cleosthenes is mentioned in Phlegon Trallianus ap. Meurs. + Opera, vol. VII. p. 128. and Schol. Plat. Rep. V. p. 246, 7. Bekker. + + 579 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Polyb. IV. 73. + who calls the peaceable existence of the Eleans in early times a + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; Strab. VIII. p. 357. Diod. Excerpt, p. 547. Wessel., + where very absurd motives are attributed to the Lacedaemonians. + + 580 Isthm. II. 23. Boeckh Explic. p. 494. Schneider Lexicon in v. et ad + Xen. Hell. IV. 7. 2. + + 581 The determination of this time was somewhat ambiguous. See Thuc. V. + 49. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is the proper word for the announcement. + + 582 Herod. VI. 19. see also V. 77. + + 583 Thucyd. V. 49. comp. Pausan. V. 6, 4. VI. 3, 3. + + 584 As in the well-known treaty between the Eleans and Heraeans, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. + + 585 Thuc. V. 31. + + 586 Thuc. III. 8, 14. + + 587 Pausan. IV. 4. + + 588 Book II. ch. 3, § 2. + + 589 Pausan. IV. 2. 1. + + 590 Plutarch Romul. 25. Sympos. Qu. IV. 1. 1. Sept. Sap. Conviv. 16. + Polyaen. II. 31. 2. Plin. H. N. XI. 70. + + 591 See Fulgentius in Staveren Mythograph. Latin, p. 770. _Si quis enim + centum hostes interfecisset, Marti de homine sacrificabat apud + insulam Lemnum, quod sacrificatum est a duobus, Aristomene + Gortynensi et Theoclo Eleo, sicut Sosicrates scribit._ Apollodorus + ap. Porphyr. de Abstin. II. 55. p. 396. (comp. Meursius, Misc. Lac. + II. 14.) says that the Lacedaemonians also had sacrificed a man to + Mars. + + 592 Paus. IV. 15. 5. + + 593 Polyaen. II. 31. 3. Plin. XI. 70. Valer. Maxim. I. 8. ext., 15. + + 594 Stephanus Byz., who quotes Herodotus, Rhianus, and Plutarch. + Herodotus, however, does not mention the subject. What Stephanus + says is taken from Plutarch de Herodot. Maled. 2. p. 291. where + however for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} should probably be written {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 595 Isocrates (Archidam. 11.) connects the Messenian war with the + assassination of Cresphontes; and relates that the Spartans were + much encouraged by the oracle: the narrative evidently had not at + this time received the form in which it was afterwards represented. + Yet he mentions the twenty years' siege (on the authority of + Tyrtaeus), § 66. + + 596 See Antip. Sidon. VII. 161. Anthol. Palat. + + 597 Pausan. IV. 16. 4. VI. 32. 5. IX. 39. 5. + + 598 Lycurgus in Leocrat. 15. p. 155. comp. Isocrates Archidam. 10. + + 599 Pausan. IV. 27. 4. + + 600 Also AEschylus of Alexandria wrote Messeniaca, Athen. XIII. p. 599 E. + + 601 See Athen. XIV. p. 857 D. Diodorus probably follows him, since he + represents Cleonnis in the first war and Aristomenes as fighting + together, Fragm. N. p. 637, Wessel. In XV. 66. he means him among + the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Boivin and Wesseling endeavour in vain to reconcile the + contradictions. The genuineness of the fragment of Diodorus is + however doubtful. + + 602 IV. 15. 1. + + 603 Concerning Rhianus see Jacobs in the Index Auctorum to the + Anthology. + + 604 See Strabo, VIII. p. 362. + +_ 605 E.g._ it was a _Messenian_ account which Myron followed (Pausan. + IV. 6. 2), that Aristomenes killed the king Theopompus (contrary to + Tyrtaeus, as may be seen from Plutarch Agid. 21.). + + 606 I will now point out some instances of modern fiction in the + narrative of Pausanias. The account of Polychares and Euaephnus + supposes a greater power in the Areopagus than it ever possessed; + nor did the quarrel come at all within the province of the Argive + Amphictyons. Besides Pausanias, see Diodorus Excerpt, p. 547, who + generally follows the same authorities. The Cretan bowmen must have + been introduced by Rhianus from his own country; it is certain that + there were no mercenaries at so early a period. How could the + Corinthians have gone to Laconia without passing through an enemy's + country, and who would have allowed them a free passage? The flight + of the initiated to Eleusis is contrary to all probability; and this + the more, as in the second war they were quiet spectators, Pausan. + IV. 16. 1. Yet we are told the sacred torchbearers ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) fought + at Athens in military array. The disposition of the light-armed + troops in separate bodies (IV. 7. 2.) is contrary to the account of + Tyrtaeus and to ancient usage, compare IV. 8. 4. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} (IV. 18. 1.) is contrary to Herodotus + (VI. 112). Many events are attributed to very improbable causes, + _e.g._ that they left the fortified cities (IV. 9. 1.) from want of + money. There is absolutely no reason given for the subjection of + Messenia. That the Argives came in a private capacity, and not at + the command of the state, appears from Herodot. VI. 92. The oracle + in IV. 9. 2. in iambic verses is of a late date, but nevertheless + _more_ ancient than the corresponding one in hexameters preserved by + Eusebius Praep. Ev. V. 27. p. 130. ed. Steph. The verse in Pausan. + IV. 12. 1. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, refers to the + fraud of Cresphontes at the original division. In the oracle in + Pausan. IV. 12. 3. and Eusebius ubi sup. should be written, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Whence these oracles were derived does not appear: nor is it + easy to decide concerning the date of such short pieces. (The above + oracle is differently, and perhaps more correctly, emended by Lobeck + ad Phrynich. Par. p. 621.) + + 607 See the Fragments as arranged by Frank, _Callinus_, p. 168. + + 608 Ap. Strab. VIII. p. 362. + + 609 By Pausauias and Diodorus de Virt. et Vit. p. 540. + + 610 Pausan. IV. 4. 4. + + 611 Justin. III. 5. says eighty years. Thirty-nine years are probably + too short a period; for, as the Spartans did not marry before the + age of thirty (book IV. ch. 4. § 3.), the difference between + grandfathers and grandchildren must have been on an average sixty + years. If the interval had been only thirty-nine years, most of + those engaged in the second war would have been the _sons_ of the + conquerors of Ithome. + + 612 The same date is in the Parian Marble, Ep. 34. But Pausanias IV. 15. + 1. proves _only from Tyrtaeus_ that Rhianus was incorrect in calling + Leotychides a contemporary of the _second_ war; consequently the + numbers cannot have much authority. Pausanias had however various + means of judging: _e.g._ after the expulsion and subjugation of the + inhabitants no Messenian occurred in the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Pausan. VI. + 2. 5. Different writers however vary remarkably. Dinarchus in + Demosth. p. 99. 29. places the subjection of the Messenians 400 + years before their restoration (370 B.C.); Lycurgus in Leocrat. p. + 155. 500; Isocrates Archidam. p. 121 B. only 300; but Bekker reads + 400 from a manuscript, which agrees better with the early date of + Isocrates for the subjection of the Messenians. Plutarch Reg. Apoph. + p. 126. only 230 years before the liberation by Epaminondas. + + 613 It has been proved by the succession of the excerpts of Diodorus + that he placed the second Messenian war at the same time as + Eusebius: Krebs Lectiones Diodoreae, Epimetrum. Now Eusebius places + the beginning of the second war at Olymp. 35. 3. (638 B.C.), and + Tyrtaeus at Ol. 36. 3. (636). + + 614 Pausan. IV. 6. 2. (comp. Frank, _Callinus_, pp. 172, 196. who + proposes Polydoro without any reason); see Polyaen. I. 15. + + 615 See above, ch. 5. § 12, 13. + + 616 Strabo VIII. p. 360. + + 617 In the time of Augustus it was in Messenia. The name Nedon was only + preserved in that of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 618 IV. 4. 2. + + 619 Strabo V. p. 257. has nearly the same account as that of the + _Lacedaemonians_ in Pausanias; and so also Heraclides Ponticus, and + Justin. III. 4. + +_ 620 Annalium memoria vatumque carminibus_, Tacit. Annal. IV. 43. + + 621 Pausan. IV. 14. 2. See above, ch. 5. § 13. + + 622 Probably tradition had preserved some report of a sacrifice to + Artemis Orthia (Iphigenia), concerning which see book II. ch. 9. + + 623 Plutarch also mentions the same expedition, de Superstit. 7. p. 71, + Hutten. + + 624 Fragm. 25. + + 625 Pausan. IV. 4. Strabo VI. p. 257. + + 626 IV. 14. 2. 23. 3. + + 627 Hence Hercules Manticlus was worshipped at Messana, Pausan. IV. 23. + 5. IV. 26. 3. + + 628 See particularly Thucyd. VI. 5. + + 629 Strabo ubi sup. The Rhegini considered the Messenians of Naupactus + as kinsmen, Pausan. IV. 26. We may pass over the often corrected + error of Pausanias concerning Anaxilas (last by Jacobs, Amalthea, I. + p. 199. where Bentley is forgotten). + + 630 Yet it should be observed that Dionysius Perieg. 376. mentions + Amyclaeans as colonists in Tarentum, which is probably not a mere + poetical embellishment. + + 631 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}.--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}, Steph. Byz. The words {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, &c. contain two errors; comp. Pausan. + IV. 26. 5. + + 632 The whole of the following passage is evidently taken from Tyrtaeus, + VIII. p. 362. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} [{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} addendum] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. It is stated by Strabo, p. 355 C. that at the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} the Eleans assisted the Spartans. They must + therefore have espoused the cause of the latter out of hatred + towards Pisa. With Strabo agrees the article of Phavorinus in v. + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, p. 134. viz. that "the Lacedaemonians deprived the Pisatans + of this privilege for siding with Messenia, and gave it to the + Eleans, who took their part." But if Elis was friendly and Pisa + hostile to the Spartans, Pantaleon can hardly have obtained the + agonothesia, when Sparta had overcome all her enemies, and had ended + the war victoriously. Accordingly, the 34th Olympiad, which + Pantaleon celebrated without the Eleans, probably fell in the period + of the second war. + + 633 According to Pausanias also the _Sicyonians_. + + 634 Pausan. VI. 22. 2. + + 635 Plutarch de sera Num. Vind. 2. p. 216. agrees with Pausanias, and + states that the war lasted for more than twenty years. + + 636 Ap. Polyb. IV. 33. 2. The words of the inscription are as follows:-- + + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 637 See _AEginetica_, p. 65. + + 638 Which city was still governed by kings in the Peloponnesian war, + Plutarch Parallel. 32. p. 430. In this strange composition, + arbitrary fictions are curiously mixed with learned notices. + + 639 See the genealogy of the Orchomenian, Epidaurian, and Corinthian + princes below, ch. 8. § 3. note. + + 640 The battle {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (Polyb. IV. 33. Pausan. + IV. 6. 1. 17. 2.), in which Aristocrates is supposed to have + betrayed the Messenians, was also mentioned by Tyrtaeus; but the + account which he gave of it quite differs from that in Pausanias, + viz. that the Spartans were intentionally posted in front of a + trench, that they might not be able to run away. Eustratius ad + Aristot. Eth. Nic. III. 8. 5. fol. 46. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 641 According to Pausanias. + + 642 Pausan. IV 15. 4. What he says in IV. 24. 1. does not, however, + agree well with this. + + 643 Herod. III. 41. That the Lacedaemonians, at the beginning of the + second war, dedicated a statue of Jupiter, twelve feet in height, at + Olympia, with the inscription in Pausan. V. 24. 1. is merely a + conjecture of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. + + 644 The passage of Strabo VIII. p. 362. should be arranged thus: + "Tyrtaeus says that the second conquest of Messenia took place," + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + (for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}. some MSS. have {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}), {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Comp. p. 52. n. d., and Porson's Adversaria, + p. 39. But there is nothing surprising in Tyrtaeus, who lived among + the Dorians, speaking of the whole nation in the first person + plural, without mentioning his own different origin. In the same + manner Tyrtaeus says of the Spartan nation as of a whole, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Pausan. IV. 6. 2. Compare the verses of Mimnermus + in Strab. XIV. p. 634. The Laconian town of Aphidnae, from which the + Leucippidae are supposed to have come, has probably arisen from some + misunderstanding. (Steph. Byz. in v.) Archimbrotus also, the father + of Tyrtaeus (Suidas in v.), looks like an etymological invention; + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "the ruler of men." + + 645 Concerning a defeat of the Spartans by the Argives, see below, § 13. + + 646 Callisthenes ap. Polyb. IV. 33. 2. Aristomenes, according to Pausan. + IV. 24. married his sister and daughters to persons at Phigalea, + Lepreum, and Heraea. This is alluded to in a verse from the fifth + book of Rhianus in Steph. Byz. in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, viz. Tharyx. + + 647 This circumstance was narrated by Rhianus in the sixth (probably the + last) book, in which Atabyrum, a town in Rhodes, was mentioned, + Steph. Byz. in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 648 Aristotle Polit. II. 6. 8. speaks of wars with Argos, Arcadia, and + Messenia, before the time of Lycurgus; but probably he is incorrect. + According to Polyaen. VIII. 34. the Tegeatans took king Theopompus + prisoner (provided the _king_ is meant): and the same authority + states II. 13. that Mantinea was taken by Eurypon. + + 649 Pausan. VIII. 39. 2. + + 650 Pausan. VIII. 48. 3. concerning {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, compare III. 7. + 3. + + 651 Herod. I. 67. Pausan. III. 3. 5. comp. Dio Chrys. Orat. XVII. p. + 251. C. the speech of the Tegeatans in Herodotus IX. 26. Polyaenus I. + 11. + + 652 At this time probably the oracle was delivered, which held out such + deceitful promises to the Spartans, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Herod. I. 66. + The ambiguity lies in the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, which may be derived from + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Also {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} signifies the condition of a Helot, or a + Clarotes, who receives a measured-out piece of land to cultivate. + + 653 See the stratagem of king {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} Casaubon) in Polyaen. I. 8. + + 654 See below, ch. 9. § 1. + + 655 Above, ch. 5. § 1, 4, 5. + + 656 Pausan. IV. 5. 1. The Amphictyons decided concerning Thyrea, + Plutarch Parallel. Hist. Gr. et Rom. 3. + + 657 Herod. VI. 92. sqq. + + 658 Concerning these Amphictyons, see Ste Croix _Governemens federatifs + anciens_, p. 100. who, however, treats the subject with his usual + carelessness. See Boeckh Corp. Inscript. n. 1121. cf. n. 1124. + Maffei in Muratori, 561. + + 659 I should not now venture to make such positive assertions as those + made in my _AEginetica_, p. 54. + + 660 III. 2. 2. III. 7. 1. + + 661 Paus. III. 2. 2. III. 7.1. + + 662 III. 7. 3. and hence perhaps OEnomaus ap. Euseb. Praep. Ev. p. 133. + Steph. + + 663 II. 26. 5. III. 7. 5. IV. 8. 1. IV. 14. 2. IV. 43. 6. + + 664 Thus, according to Herodotus, Hermione and Asine {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, which then probably was the nearest place of importance, + belonged to the Dryopians; comp. Theopompus ap. Strab. p. 373. + + 665 See Boeckh. Inscript. n. 1193. + + 666 AEginetica, pp. 51-63. + + 667 With regard to the dominion of his brother in Macedonia, the + relation of this narrative to that in Herodotus VIII. 137. appears + to me to be as follows. Both describe the same event; but the latter + is the rude native tradition of Macedon, formed among a people which + had few historical memorials; the former is derived from an Argive + tradition, and, though as well as the other not purely historical, + is yet connected together in a more probable manner. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is + perhaps only another form of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; see Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + The account of Euripides, that Archelaus, the son of Temenus, took + the city of AEgae in Macedonia, whither he had come as a goatherd in + great distress (Hyginus Fab. 219; Dio Chrysost. p. 70.), is the most + unfounded. Whether Isocrates (ad Philipp. p. 88. D.) was acquainted + with the tradition concerning Caranus, or followed the account of + Herodotus, does not appear. There is also a discrepancy in the + account of Constant. Porphyr. Them. I. p. 1453. See Appendix I. § + 15. + + 668 AEginetica, p. 57. cf. Addenda, p. 199. + + 669 And _only_ silver (not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, as Strabo says), + since copper was not coined till a much later period, and gold was + first coined in Asia. In the Etymologicum Gudianum, p. 549. 58. it + is stated inaccurately that Phido reduced the measures. + + 670 See book III. c. 10. § 12. The ancient Macedonian coins were struck + according to the same standard. + + 671 Polyb. II. 37. 10. + + 672 See in general Julian. Epist. ad Arg. 35. p. 407. + + 673 According to Eusebius, p. 1297. ed. Pont. Pausanias places {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at the end of the reign of Theopompus, at the + same date; Solinus, c. 13. in the seventeenth year of Romulus. + + 674 Otherwise Herodotus could not have said of the Cynurians, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Compare + AEginetica, p. 47. + + 675 Pausan. II. 24. 8. + + 676 In addition to the passages in AEginetica ubi sup. see the Epigrams + of Simonides VIII. 431. of Dioscorides VII. 430. Damagetus 432. + Nicander 526. Chaeremon 720. Gaetulicus 244. in the Palatine + Anthology. According to Isocrates Archid. p. 136. D. 300 Spartans + destroyed all the Argives. It is a remarkable continuation of the + legend, that Perilaus, the son of Alcenor, who went away too soon + (Herod. I. 82.), a conqueror at the Nemean games, slew Othryadas, + Pausan. II. 20. 6.--The offerings of the Argives for the battle of + Thyrea, as well as those of the Tegeatans for a victory over Sparta, + at Delphi (Pausan. X. 9. 3, 6.), cannot, from the dates of the + artificers, have been made before the 100th Olympiad (380 B.C.). + + 677 Hence their institution (according to Eusebius, Olymp. 27. 3. 678 + B.C.) is derived from that event. See Athen. XIV. p. 631. Ruhnken ad + Tim. p. 54. Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Apostolius VI. + 56.--Compare Manso, Sparta, I. 2. p. 211. + + 678 Lucian Icaromenipp. c. 18. calls Cynuria, taking indeed a bird's-eye + view, a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, "not wider + than a bean." + + 679 Pausan. IV. 24. 1. IV. 35. 2. + + 680 According to Eusebius in Olymp. 51. 6. ed. Pontac. comp. Corsini + Dissert. Agon. p. 51. + + 681 As Dissen has shown, ad Pind. Nem. IV. p. 381. + + 682 From this I have explained Herod. VIII. 73. in my AEginetica, p. 47, + where however the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} after the Persian war are not different + from the former Perioeci. + + 683 I. 18. and compare I. 76. and I. 122. See also Herodotus V. 92. 1. + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Sosicles the Corinthian says to the Spartans, "Heaven and + earth will be changed, before you abolish free governments + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}) in order to introduce tyrannies." See also Dionys. + Halicarn. Lys. 30. p. 523. The Syracusans also overthrew many + tyrants, before they had one of their own, Aristot. Polit. V. 8. 18. + + 684 Tyrtaeus Fragm. 3. v. 8. Gaisford. + + 685 Libanius in Sever, vol. III. p. 251. Reisk. + + 686 Polit. V. 9. 21. + + 687 The series is not, however, quite certain, as Herodotus VI. 126. + only goes down as far as Andreas. Aristotle merely says, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and Plutarch, de sera Num. Vind. 7 (see + Wyttenbach. p. 44). {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. From the new Excerpta of Diodorus, VII-X. 14. Script. + Vet. Nov. Coll. vol. II. p. 11. Mai, it appears that Andreas and + Orthagoras are probably the same person: for Andreas is stated also + to have been a cook, by whom the dynasty was first raised. + + 688 Pausan. VI. 19. 2. II. 8. 1. where for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} write {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 689 Herod. I. 163. and others. + + 690 Aristot. Pol. V. 10. 3. For what Aristotle says, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, implies that the tyranny did not pass quietly from + Myron to Cleisthenes, but that the latter re-acquired it by force. + + 691 Book III. ch. 4. § 3. + + 692 Herod. V. 67. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 693 See, besides Herodotus, Diodor. Exc. 2. p. 550. with Wesseling's + Notes. + + 694 Herodotus, followed by Dio Chrysost. III. p. 43 B. I would now in + this passage of Herodotus (V. 67.) retain {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, where Casaubon + proposed {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}; not, however, in a passive sense, but according + to its grammatical form, for a stone-slinger, _i.e._ a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, the great mass of light-armed soldiers being furnished with + slings. Compare _e.g._ Thuc. I. 106. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}.--"Adrastus + is king of the Argives, but thou art a common bond-slave," says the + oracle to Cleisthenes. + + 695 Pausan. II. 9. 6. X. 37. 4. Schol. Pindar. Nem. IX. 2. Polyaen. III. + 5. It is remarkable that Sparta took no part in this war. + + 696 See Boeckh Explic. Pindar. Olymp. XII. p. 206. + + 697 Pausan. II. 9. 6. + + 698 Pausan. X. 7. 5. + + 699 For the tyranny lasted, according to Aristotle and Diodorus, p. 11. + Mai, 100 years, _i.e._ from about the 26th to the 51st Olympiad, + 676-576 B.C. + + 700 Herod. V. 68. + + 701 Herod. VI. 128. + + 702 Strab. p. 378. About 200 men according to Diodorus ap. Syncell. + Cronograph. p. 178. Par. + + 703 Herod. V. 92. 2. + + 704 Aristot. Pol. V. 8. 4. V. 9. 22. + + 705 AElian. V. II. I. 19. + + 706 Concerning a stratagem of Cypselus on this occasion, see Polyaenus V. + 31. 1. That a Bacchiad, Demaratus, should have gone at this time to + Italy, is very probable; but that the Tarquins were descended from + him is a fiction. See Niebuhr's History of Rome, vol. I. p. 215. + + 707 According to Eusebius, which agrees with the 447 years in Diodorus + (Fragm. 6. p. 635. Wessel.), from the return of the Heraclidae until + Cypselus. It is not easy to see what were Strabo's grounds for + reckoning the dominion of the Bacchiadae at 200 years, VIII. p. 378. + According to Diodorus they were Prytanes for only 90 years. + + 708 Aristot. ubi sup. + + 709 Plutarch. Sept. Sapient. 21. cf. Sympos. Qu. VIII. 4. 4. p. 361. + + 710 Herod. V. 92. 6. according to Schol. Plat. Hipp. Maj. p. 135 Ruhnk. + he was {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as should be read in Apostol. XX. 47. + + 711 Herod, ubi sup. Aristot. Pol. III. 8. 3. V. 8. 7. V. 9. 2. + + 712 Aristot. Pol. V. 9. 2. + + 713 Nicolaus Damascenus. + + 714 Aristot. Pol. V. 9. 22. Heraclid. Pont. 5. Nicol. Damasc. + + 715 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Heraclides. Compare Aristot. Pol. V. 6. + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 716 Ibid. + + 717 Book III. ch. 3. § 3. + + 718 Heraclides. Perhaps for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} should be written {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} (like + the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of Sicily, book III. ch. 9. § 7. note). + + 719 See Book II. ch. 10. § 7. + + 720 Concerning the Colossi and offerings of the Cypselidae, see Aristot. + Polit. V. 9. 2. Theophrast. ap. Phot, in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Ephorus + ap. Diog. Laert. I. 96. Pausan. V. 2. 4. Plato Phaedr. p. 236 et + Schol. p. 313. ed. Bekker. Strabo VIII. p. 353. 378. Plutarch de + Pyth. orac. 13. See book III. ch. 10. § 12. + + 721 Herodotus. Compare Antenor and Dionysius of Chalcedon, in Plutarch, + de Malign. Herod. 22. p. 302. and the elegant legend in Pliny H. N. + IX. 41. + + 722 See above, ch. 6. § 8. Besides Gorgus, there was also at Ambracia a + tyrant named Periander, Aristot. Polit. V. 8. 9. Plutarch. Amator. + 23. p. 60. perhaps the son of Gorgus. + + 723 Either to this person, or to Periander, or to Cypselus, the + beautiful Rhadina of Samos was, according to Stesichorus (ap. Strab. + VIII. p. 347.) sent as a bride, but she was killed out of jealousy. + That it was the Ionic Samos is proved against Strabo by Pausan. VII. + 5. 6. + + 724 There is some difficulty in the chronology of this family; the + following is a genealogical table:-- + + [Transcriber's Note: Here are the relationships shown in the table: + + Aristocrates of Orchomenus: Father of Aristodemus and Eristhenea. + + Eristhenea married Procles of Epidaurus, and bore Melissa. + + Aetion fathered Cypselus, who fathered Gorgus and Periander, who + married Melissa. + + Melissa and Periander parented Cypselus and Lycophron.] + + There are also Gordias and Psammetichus, as to whom nothing is + known. See AEginetica, p. 64. sqq. Periander ruled from Olymp. 38. 1. + (Eusebius) to Olymp. 48. 4. (Sosicrates ap. Diog. Laert. I. 74.), 44 + years according to Aristotle. This is not inconsistent with the fact + mentioned by Herodotus V. 95 and Apollodorus (p. 411. Heyn. comp. + Timaeus ap. Strab. 13. p. 600. A. Aristot. Rhet. I. 15. 14.) that he + decided between Athens and Mytilene concerning Sigeum, since Phrynon + of Athens (victor in the 36th Olympiad, Afric.) had contended on + this same point with Pittacus in Olym. 43. 1. (Eusebius), before the + time of Pisistratus. Compare Polyaenus I. 25. Plutarch de Herod. + Malign. 15. Diog. Laert. i. 74. Festus in Retiarii. Schol. AEsch. + Eumen. 401. The narrative of Herodotus is not arranged _entirely_ in + a chronological order. Periander, however, was reigning, according + to Herodotus I. 20. in the fifth year of the reign of Halyattes + (Olymp. 41), and before his death sent him a present of Corcyraean + boys, in the third generation (_i.e._ in the 16th Olympiad), before + the siege of Samos by the Lacedaemonians (Olymp. 63.), as Panofka + (_Res Samiorum_, p. 30.) has rightly corrected in Herod. III. 48. + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) from Plutarch, de Malign. Herod. 22. Cypselus, + according to Herodotus, reigned thirty years, and therefore ascended + the throne in Olymp. 30. 3.; the Cypselidae ruled altogether 76-1/2 + years (according to my emendation of Aristot. Pol. V. 9. 22); + Procles reigned from about the 35th to the 49th Olympiad; + Aristocrates goes as far back as the 25th Olympiad. + + 725 AEginetica, p. 64. + + 726 Who himself had aimed at the tyranny of Athens so early as the 42d + Olympiad. Thucyd. I. 126. Heinrich, Epimenides, p. 83. + + 727 Aristot. Rhet. I. 2. 19. Polit. V. 4. 4. + + 728 Like the Enneacrunus of the Pisistratidae. Pausan. I. 40. 1. I. 41. + 2. Theognis v. 894. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} cannot well + refer to a _factio Cypselidarum_, especially if it has any connexion + with what precedes, concerning the Persian war; but {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} must + mean "to be deaf," "to have the ears closed," from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. + + 729 I will only mention the tyrants in Doric states.--Cleobulus at + Lindos, who was similar to Periander, Plutarch, de EI 3. p. 118. + comp. Clem. Alex. Strom. IV. p. 523 B. (the Diagoridae however still + continued at Ialysus). Cadmus in the island of Cos, whose history + must, from Herod. VI. 23. and VII. 164. be as follows. Scythes, the + tyrant of Zancle, being driven out by the Samians (Olymp. 70. 4. 497 + B.C.), fled to the king of Persia, and remained chiefly at his + court. To Scythes' son, Cadmus, the king of Persia probably gave the + island of Cos. For though it might be objected that Cadmus could not + have been the son of Scythes _of Zancle_, since the latter, + according to Herodotus, died in Persia ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}), whereas Cadmus + inherited the tyranny from his father ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}); it may be + answered that Scythes, _notwithstanding_ that the king had given him + the government of Cos, yet did not reside there, but at the Persian + court, as we know to have been the case with Histiaeus. Afterwards, + however, before the 75th Olympiad (480 B.C.), having made a treaty + with the Samians, he returned to his ancient country. He was + followed by Epicharmus the comic poet, Suidas, in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. At + his departure from Cos he gave the state its liberty, and instituted + a senate ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}). He was a contemporary of Hippolochus the + Asclepiad, and the ancestor by the mother's side of Thessalus. See + the 7th Epistle of Hippocrates. In Sicily, Oleander and the family + of Hippocrates, Gelon and Hieron, at Gela and then at Syracuse; + Phalaris, and afterwards Theron, and Thrasidaeus at Agrigentum; + Anaxilas at Rhegium and Zancle; Panaetius (Olymp. 41. 3. 614 B.C.) at + Leontini. See Aristot. Pol. V. 8. 1. V. 10. 4. Perhaps also + Aristophilidas of Tarentum (Herod. III. 136.) was a tyrant. Tyrants + also existed in Italy, in Croton, Sybaris, and Cyme. + + 730 Ap. Plutarch, de Herod. Malign. 21. p. 308. Compare Manso, Sparta, + I. 2. p. 308. + + 731 Although they were the guests of Sparta, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Herod. V. 63. 90. Thuc. VI. 53. Aristoph. + Lysist. 1150, &c. + + 732 See Aristot. Pol. V. 5. 1. and his {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in Athenaeus VIII. + p. 348. According to Herod. I. 61. 64. Lygdamis was established in + his government by Pisistratus, about the 60th Olympiad (540 B.C.). + Comp. Heyne Nov. Comment. Gott. II. Class. Phil. p. 65. + + 733 See above, § 2. Sicyon gave ships to Cleomenes about the 65th + Olympiad, or 520 B.C. + + 734 Before the time of Histiaeus. + + 735 Lycurg. 30. + + 736 Herod. III. 54. Plutarch. de Herod. Malign. 21. + + 737 This follows from Plutarch ubi sup. and Cimon c. 16. Herod. VI. 12. + Pausan. III. 7, 8. + + 738 Herod. VII. 159. + + 739 According to Pausan. III. 4. 1. Therefore _before_ Olymp. 65. 1. or + 520 B.C. for Cleomenes was then king, as is evident from a + comparison of Herod. VI. 108. with Thucyd. III. 68. He was in that + year in the neighbourhood of Plataea. According to Plutarch. Lacon. + Apophth. p. 212. Cleomenes was regent in the 63rd Olympiad (525 B. + C), when the Samians came to Sparta: this however would give too + great a length to his reign, (which Herodotus states to have been of + _short_ duration,) viz., from about 525 to 491 B.C. + + 740 It appears that this wood was near Sepea in the territory of Tiryns. + Apostolius IV. 27. states that the battle took place on the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The stratagem of Cleomenes is narrated after Herodotus by + Polyaenus I. 14. + + 741 The marvellous narrative of Herodotus VI. 77 sqq. is also + unconnected, from there being no explanation of the two first verses + of the oracle, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, which however must have referred + to some real event. Or does Herodotus refer {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} to Juno? + Pausanias II. 20. doubts whether Herodotus understands it. But the + story of Telesilla in Pausanias, Plutarch. de Mul. Virt. 5. p. 269. + and Polyaenus VIII. 33. is very fabulous. The festival {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} + could not have had this historical origin, but must have belonged to + the mystical rites of some elementary deities. The number of the + Argives who were slain is stated by Plutarch and Polyaenus to have + been 7777; by others 6000 (also a tradition of a seven days' + armistice in Plut. Lac. Apoph. p. 211.). This is the battle {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, but of _what_ month we are ignorant, Pol. V. 2. 8. + Plut. Mul. Virt. ubi sup. Others placed it at the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of the + fourth month, anciently Hermaeus, but only because the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} were + then celebrated. See Clem. Alex. Strom. IV. p. 522. ed. Sylb. Suidas + in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 742 Concerning these slaves, see book III. ch. 3. § 2. + + 743 Polit. V. 2. 8. Plutarch confounds bond-slaves and Perioeci. + + 744 See Schol. Ven. ad Il. B. 108. concerning the nine hamlets (islands) + near Argos. + + 745 Pausan. VIII. 27. 1. + + 746 Strabo VIII. p. 376. distinguishes Orneae {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} from the + city near Sicyon, as also in the same place a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} named Asine, p. + 373 B. + + 747 Diod. XI. 65. + + 748 Strabo p. 377. Yet Cleonae soon occurs again as a friendly state. + + 749 Ch. 7. § 15. Cleonae was at that time engaged in a war with Corinth, + Plutarch. Cimon. 17. + + 750 Pausan. VII. 25. 3. Comp. Diodorus XI. 65. It is remarkable how + rapidly Mycenae fell into oblivion among the Athenians. AEschylus does + not once mention it; succeeding poets frequently confound it with + Argos. In the Electra of Sophocles there is throughout the play the + most confused notion of the locality; compare Elmsley ad Eurip. + Heraclid. 188. Concerning the destruction of Mycenae, see Brunck + Analect. tom. II. p. 105. n. 248. + + 751 Pausan. II. 25. 7. cf. II. 17. 5. VIII. 46. 2. Concerning the + emigration, see Strabo VIII. p. 373 B. and Ephorus lib. VI. ap. + Steph. Byz. in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, &c. In + Stephanus in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as well as in Strabo ubi sup. the + Hermioneans in Halieis are spoken of. There is much that is very + singular in the oracle, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. See App. V. § 11. + + 752 Herod. VIII. 43. The Hermioneans however maintained their ancient + connexions at a later period; see above, ch. 7. § 13. + + 753 Pausan. II. 34. 5. Strabo adds the destruction of Asine; but this + took place at a much earlier period. The statement of Strabo (p. 373 + D.) that the Mycenaeans used Eiones as their {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, must, if it + is correct, refer to some time before the 75th Olympiad, or 480 B.C. + + 754 Pausan. II. 25. 1. + + 755 Diod. XII. 75. + + 756 Herod. VII. 148. + + 757 Herod. I. 30. where the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} are the Megarians, not the + Eleusinians. + + 758 Pausan. I. 40, 45. Strabo IX. p. 271. Herod. Vit. Homer. c. 28. + Polyaen. Strateg. I. 20. 1, 2. Diogen. Laert. I. 48. Quinctil. V. 11. + + 759 Plutarch. Comp. Solon, et Public. 4. + + 760 Pausan. I. 40. 4. + + 761 Plutarch. Solon. 10. 12. confirmed by AElian. V. H. VII. 19. There + was at Delphi a statue of Apollo armed with a lance, mentioned by + Plutarch Pyth. Orac. 16. p. 273. and Pausan. X. 15. 1. which was + offered up by the Megarians after a victory over Athens, _i.e._ + after that gained in Olymp. 83. 3. see book III. ch. 9, § 10. + + 762 Pausan. V. 23. 1. compare _AEginetica_, p. 126. + + 763 They occur in the following order; Corinth, Sicyon, Megara, and + Epidaurus, at a later period, after the destruction of AEgina. + + 764 Herod. VIII. 72. + + 765 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}--IX. 26. Thucyd. V. 67. Concerning the + fidelity of Phlius towards Sparta, see Theodoret. Graec. Affin. IX. + 16. + + 766 Thuc. II. 9. + + 767 Thuc. V. 29. + + 768 Herod. IX. 77. + + 769 Herod. VIII. 72. + + 770 Herod. VII. 202. + + 771 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Diod. XV. 12. See also Xen. Hell. V. 2. 3. + + 772 Thuc. V. 29. 33. + + 773 Thuc. IV. 134. Concerning this internal war, see below, § 9. + + 774 Thuc. V. 29. See book III. ch. 4, § 7. + + 775 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Thuc. I. 71. The Corinthian orator says to + the Spartans, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (_ad + finem_) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 776 Thuc. II. 10. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 777 Likewise ships, implements for sieges, &c. Thucyd. III. 16. VII. 18. + + 778 For expeditious without Peloponnesus {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, _i.e._ two thirds + of the whole, appear to have been the common proportion, Thuc. III. + 15. Demosth. in Neaer. p. 1379. + + 779 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Thuc. II. 7. + + 780 Boeckh Inscript. No. 1511. It is probably of the time of Lysander. + + 781 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Plutarch. Cleomen. 27. ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _i.e._ the second, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}.) Compare Plutarch. Demosth. 17. Crassus 17. Reg. Apophth. + p. 126. and Lacon. Apophth. p. 202. Hutten. In this passage the + apophthegm is incorrectly attributed to Archidamus the Third, + although the Peloponnesian war is mentioned in connexion with it. + + 782 Thuc. I. 141. + + 783 Thuc. V. 54. Cleomenes also, Herod. V. 14. conceals the real object; + but the army is soon separated. + + 784 Thuc. ubi sup. + + 785 See book III. ch. 12. The army of the 10,000, although composed + entirely of mercenaries, was in many respects like an allied army, + and was under Spartan discipline. + + 786 Thucyd. II. 10. + + 787 I. 141. + + 788 Ibid. + + 789 Thucyd. I. 125. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}. V. 30. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. V. + 17. the Megarians, Eleans, Corinthians, and Boeotians are outvoted. + But, according to I. 40, 41, the vote of the Corinthians _alone_ + prevented the Peloponnesians from succouring the Samians, _i.e._ + they gave the preponderance to the party opposed to war. + + 790 Besides Herodotus V. 93. see Dio Chrys. Orat. XXXVII. p. 459. 15. + + 791 Thucyd. I. 67. + + 792 Thuc. ubi sup. Xenoph. Hell. V. 2. 11. 20. + + 793 Herod. IX. 9. where however he is distinguished from the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + Compare Plutarch de Malign. Herod. 41. Polyaen. V. 30. 1. Plutarch + Themistocl. 6. + + 794 See the treaty in Thucyd. V. 77, 79. + + 795 Thucyd. I. 28. cf. V. 79. + + 796 V. 31. + + 797 V. 7, 9. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The + expression {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} does not at all refer to ancient treaties of + the Dorians. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} in Pausan. III. 5. 8. probably + refer to the tradition mentioned above, ch. 5. § 16. + + 798 Thucyd. ubi sup. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 799 Herod. VI. 84. + + 800 VI. 108. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 801 V. 70. + + 802 V. 49. 70. + + 803 According to Justin XIX. 1. the Sicilian states also applied to + Leonidas for assistance against Carthage. How general the respect + for Sparta was at that time in Greece, is shown by several passages + in Pindar, which are not otherwise intelligible, _e.g._ Pyth. V. 73. + + 804 See Appendix IV. + + 805 Pers. 819. + + 806 Thuc. II. 71. III. 58. 68. + + 807 Herod. IX. 106.--These {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} are also probably the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, + according to which the Athenians wished {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} at the + beginning of the war, Thuc. I. 144, 145. + + 808 Thuc. I. 95. + + 809 Diod. XI. 50. + + 810 Thuc. VI. 82. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 811 Of this Eichstaedt has treated in his Notes to the translation of + Mitford's History of Greece; also Mosche in a Dissertation _De eo + quod in Cornelii Vitis faciendum restat_. Francof. 1802; and lastly, + Dahlmann in his _Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Geschichte_, vol. I. + p. 1-148. with great clearness and accuracy. + + 812 Herod. VI. 42. See my Review of a work of Kortuem's, _Goettingische + Anzeigen_, 1822. p. 117. + + 813 Thuc. VIII. 5. cf. 46. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, an + official expression of frequent occurrence. + + 814 Plutarch. Themist. 29. Thucyd. I. 138. Diod. XI. 57. His sons also + appear to have possessed them, according to Pausan. I. 26. 4. + + 815 Xenoph. Hell. III. 1. 6. To this family Procles also belongs, who + married the daughter of Aristotle (when the latter was at Atarneus), + and had by her two sons, Procles and Demaratus, Sextus Empiricus + adv. Mathem. p. 51 B. ed. Col. + + 816 Xenoph. ubi sup. + + 817 Thucyd. V. 1. + + 818 Herod. IX. 35. Pausan. III. 11. Isocrat. Archid. p. 136 A. Hence + also Leotychides in 469 B.C. went to _Tegea_ in exile, Herod. VI. + 72. Herodotus IX. 37. also mentions a dissension between Tegea and + Sparta before the Persian war. + + 819 Fragm. 21. Gaisford. + + 820 At that time also Tegea assisted Argos against Mycenae; above, ch. 8. + § 7. + + 821 Polyaenus I. 41. 5. confounds Archidamus III. and II. Plato Leg. III. + p. 692. has not an accurate idea of the time of this war, of which + Diodorus XI. 64, has given altogether an incorrect and inconsistent + representation. + + 822 Plin. H. N. II. 79, 81. Cicero de Divin. I. 50. + + 823 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. See Thucyd. I. 128. AElian. V. H. VI. 7. Suidas + in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Apostolius XVIII. 92. Prov. Vat. IV. 12. + Plutarch. Prov. Al. 54. Pausan. IV. 24. 2. who mentions + Lacedaemonians instead of Helots. + + 824 Thucyd. I. 101. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 825 Herod. IX. 64. + + 826 If in Herod. IX. 35. the alteration {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} may be ventured. The + expression of Pausanias III. 11. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is compounded of the passage of Herodotus, which he + reads as we now have it, and Thucyd. I. 101. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 827 Thucyd. II. 27. IV. 56. + + 828 Xenoph. Hell. V. 2. 3. + + 829 Thucyd. III. 54. + + 830 Aristoph. Lysistr. 1138. The 4000 hoplitae, here mentioned by + Aristophanes, were about the third part of the disposable forces of + Athens (Thuc. II. 13); and since the Plataeans likewise sent {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of their numbers to the assistance of the Spartans (ib. + III. 54. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} as opposed to the rest of Boeotia), this was probably a + contingent fixed for such cases. Plataea, it should be observed, had + been on friendly terms with Sparta after the time of Pausanias, and + been connected with that state by {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, to which the son of the + Plataean general Arimnestus owed his name of Lacon, Thuc. III. 52, + where we should read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, or _vice versa_ in Plutarch + Aristid. 11. and 19. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} should be read for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 831 Thucyd. Compare Manso, Sparta, vol. I. p. 377. They must also at + that time have been angry with the Athenians on account of Thasos. + + 832 These {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} may, I believe, be safely referred to this time; from + which Aristotle, quoted in Plutarch, Qu. Rom. 52. p. 343. and Qu. + Gr. 5. p. 380. cites the passages in the text on account of the + expression {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, for "to kill." Compare Hesychius: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. That the Arcadians in a certain manner carried + on war for the Helots is also implied in Zenobius Prov. I. 59. + + 833 Thucyd. III. 112. IV. 3. cf. VII. 57. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 834 Thucyd. I. 102. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} still, however, remained in + force (the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in cap. 144). + + 835 AEginetica, p. 179. and see Boeckh ad Pind. Pyth. VIII. Dissen ad + Nem. VIII. 15. + + 836 See the excellent explanation of Boeckh ad Pind. Isthm. VI. p. 532. + + 837 On the oligarchical troubles in Olymp. 80. 4. (457 B.C.) and the + probable share of Cimon in them, see the accurate discussion in + Meier's Historia Juris Attici de Bonis damnatis, p. 4. n. 11. + + 838 Thuc. I. 118. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 839 See Boeckh's Public Economy of Athens, vol. II. p. 396, note. + + 840 Thucyd. I. 115. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; for in + this order the words should be read. Achaia therefore is the + district on the north of Peloponnesus, which indeed did not _belong_ + to Athens, but was enumerated in the lists of the contending parties + as belonging to the Athenian side (concerning these lists see + Thucyd. I. 31, 40.), and at this time passed over to that of the + Lacedaemonians. See Thucyd. IV. 21. Compare the very confused account + in Andocides {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and that of AEschines borrowed from it. + + 841 Thucyd. I. 40. See above, p. 200. note e. [Transcriber's Note: This + is the footnote to "strong opposition," starting "Thucyd. I. 125."] + + 842 The meaning of the article in the thirty years' truce, Thucyd. I. + 35. can only be, States not included in the alliance may join + whichever side they please, by which means they come within the + treaty, and the alliance guarantees their safety. But if a state + already at war with another state party to the treaty ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) is + assisted, a war of this description is like one undertaken by the + confederacy of the assisting state. + + 843 Thucyd. II. 54. + + 844 The Asiatic cities are not exceptions; in Rhodes also the Doric + spirit rose against Athens in the person of the noble Dorieus. + + 845 Thucyd. III. 86. with the exception of Camarina. + + 846 Thucyd. II. 8. cf. 11. + + 847 Thucyd. I. 118. 123. Plutarch. Pyth. Or. 19. p. 276. + + 848 The Spartans were at first quite contemptible by sea; Alcidas in + particular was destitute of all talent, Thucyd. III. 30, 31. sq. + + 849 Thucyd. I. 103. V. 82. + + 850 I. 121. cf. Isocrat. de Pace, p. 174, E. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 851 See particularly Thucyd. II. 11. V. 6. + + 852 Thucydides has with great ingenuity, but with the most bitter + coldness, laid down the principles of the Athenian policy in the + Melian conference. + + 853 According to Thucyd. III. 82. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} and + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} are {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} as at that time they truly were; + but not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 854 Ubi sup. + + 855 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, is the beautiful + expression of Thucydides, ib. 83. + + 856 Plutarch, Reg. Apophth. p. 127. + + 857 In conclusion, I remark, that the possessions of the Peloponnesian + states in this war, as they had agreed with one another at the + commencement of it, and as Sparta maintained them (Thucyd. V. 31. + cf. V. 29.), are represented in the accompanying map of + Peloponnesus. + + 858 Against Myrtilus in Dionysius Halic. I. 23. who however was probably + deceived by confounding a Cabirus with Apollo (see _Orchomenos_, p. + 455). + + 859 The temples are, first, that of Apollo Oncaeus at Thelpusa, in + connexion with Hercules, Pausan. VIII. 25. 3. Antimach. p. 65. ed. + Schellenberg. The native gods are in this case Demeter, Erinys, and + Poseidon. Secondly, to the north of Pheneus the temples of Apollo + Pythius and Artemis; they were said to have been built by Hercules + after the conquest of Elis, Pausan. VIII. 15. 2.: compare Aristot. + Mirab. Auscult. 59. and below, ch. 12. § 3. Thirdly, in Tegea the + temple of Apollo Agyieus, in connexion with Crete, Pausan. VIII. 53. + 1. Fourthly, the temple of Apollo Epicurius at Phigalea, built at + the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, Pausan. VIII. 41. 5. + Fifthly, the Pythian or Parrhasian Apollo, near mount Lycaeum, Paus. + VIII. 38. 6. (the temple {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in Paus. ibid. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in an Arcadian + inscription, Boeckh, No. 1534.) would doubtless more properly be + called Aristaeus. Sixthly, Apollo Cereatas in AEpytis, near Carnium, + probably came from Messenia, Paus. VIII. 34. 3. + + 860 Liv. III. 63. IV. 25, 29. Asconius in Cicer. Orat. in toga cand. + vol. II. p. 1. p. 525. ed. Orelli. The _sacra_ of the Falisci on + mount Soracte were, as well as others of that city, half Grecian, + Virg. AEn. XI. 785. Plin. H.N. VII. 2. compare Spangenberg de Rel. + Latin. p. 38. The Salian priests did not mention the name of Apollo, + Arnobius adv. Gent. II. 13. _Aplu_ upon Etruscan Pateras (Demster + Etrusc. Reg. tab. 3. 4. Gori II. p. 93.) is the Thessalian name. + + 861 Apollodorus I. 7. 6. + + 862 Book I. ch. 1. + + 863 The valley of Tempe was a favourite place of Apollo; see Callimachus + Hymn. in Del. 152. Horat. Carm. I. 21. 9. Melisseus also, in his + historical work on Delphi, appears to have derived the worship of + Apollo from the borders of Macedonia, as may be conjectured from the + fragment cited by Tzetzes ad Hesiod. Op. 1. p. 29. ed. Gaisford. On + account of the vicinity of this great temple, the worship of Apollo + was very prevalent in Macedonia, on the coins of which country his + symbols frequently occur. + + 864 Boeckh. Corp. Inscript. No. 1767. The other inscription, found near + the ancient Atrax (_Turnovo_) may be thus written in the common + dialect: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}.... {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. See Boeckh. Corp. Inscript. No. + 1766. and Expl. Pind. p. 336. Classical Journal, vol. XXVI. p. 393. + + 865 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Hesychius p. + 1040. ed. Alberti. _Laurus Penei filius_, Fulgent. 13. + + 866 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Plut. Quaest. Graec. 12. + + 867 AElian V. H. III. 1. mistakes the succession of the districts. + + 868 A temple of Apollo and Diana at Libaea, Pausan. X. 33. 2. + + 869 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, with a fragment of Callimachus. The + connexion of Larissa and Delphi is proved by the ancient offering + mentioned by Pausan. X. 16. 4. It is not known whether Phyllus, with + its temple of Apollo Phyllaeus, and Ichne, with a temple of Themis, + both towns in Thessaliotis, were situated on this road, Strabo IX. + p. 435. + + 870 Iliad. II. 766. cf. XXIII. 383 sqq. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} is mentioned as a place + of pasturage; and is cited by the Scholia to this passage, Stephanus + Byz. and Hesychius, as a place in Thessaly, but probably only from + this passage. In the Orphic Argonautics the pastures are placed on + the banks of the Amphryssus, which is near Pherae. + + 871 Hesiod, Scut. 17, 58. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Hesychius. In Apollon. Rhod. I. 404, 411. the + Argonauts are represented as building a temple of Apollo Actius and + Embasius at Pagasae. + + 872 Schol. Aristoph. Nub. 133. where for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} write {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, a common + corruption, as both words were denoted by the same abbreviation. See + Gaisford ad Hesiod. Theog. 709. + + 873 Scut. 477. Eurip. Herc. Fur. 389. Compare _Orchomenos_, p. 251. + Cycnus dwelt {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, according to Stesichorus ap. + Schol. Pind. Olymp. X. 19. (Mus. Crit. vol. II. p. 266.) Schol. Il. + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI~}. 346. from the Cyclic poets, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, (read with Heinrich {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, see Scut. 469). + Pausanias places the battle on the Peneus, I. 27. 7. See also + Schellenberg's Antimachus, p. 67. + + 874 Scut. Herc. ad fin. + + 875 It is fair to suppose that Stesichorus so far altered the fable as + to make Cycnus build _Apollo_ a temple of sculls; and it is not + necessary with Heyne ubi sup. to substitute Mars for Apollo. See + also Sturz ad Hellanic. Fragm. 121. p. 137. + + 876 Tzetzes ad Hesiod. Scut. p. 194. ed. Heins. + + 877 Chishull Antiq. Asiat. p. 134. AEginetica, p. 154. The coins of + Cnosus have the head of Apollo. The Omphalian plain near Cnosus + (Callim. Hymn. Jov. 45.) is connected with the stone of the Omphalos + at Delphi, but _both_ belong to the worship of Zeus. + + 878 Odyss. XIX. 188. Pausan. I. 18, 5. Strabo X. p. 476. See Boettiger's + Ilithyia, p. 18. Einatus, whence Ilithyia Einatine, was probably in + the neighbourhood. + + 879 Callim. Hymn. Apoll. 33. The geographical position of the places is + partly founded on the investigation in Hoeck's Kreta, vol. I. ch. 1. + + 880 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Its coins have on them the head of Apollo. + + 881 See book I. ch. 5. § 2. + + 882 The latter under the title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, with a festival named {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, + Antonin. Liberal. 17. The wolf on its coins also refers to Apollo. + + 883 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Compare Theophrast. Hist. Plant. II. 2. An + oracle (preserved by OEnomaus, Euseb. Praep. Evang. p. 133 ed. Steph.) + calls upon the inhabitants of Phaestus, Tarrha, and Polyrrhum, to + make expiations ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}) to the Pythian Apollo. + + 884 Pausan. II. 7. 7. X. 16. 3. comp. Tibullus IV. 1, 8. + + 885 Alexander's {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}, lib. I. ap. Schol. Apoll. Rhod. IV. 1492. comp. + Pausan. VIII. 53. 2. + + 886 Antonin. Liber. 30. comp. Verheyk. + + 887 Pausan. X. 16. 3. Hence the goat upon the coins of Elyrus. Also a + she-wolf upon the coins of Cydonia, suckling the little Cydon. + + 888 Tarrha is the parent state of _Zappa_, the coins of which city have + therefore Apollo or a lyre. Perhaps this place derived from this + worship the right of asylum: see Spanheim de Praest. Num. p. 342. + There are also other traces of the worship of Apollo in Crete, + _e.g._ the temple of Allaria. Chishull. Ant. Asiat. p. 137. Oaxus + was called the son of Apollo, Servius ad Virg. Ecl. I. 66. Upon the + ancient coins of Eleutherna Apollo is holding in his right hand a + ball (viz. an apple, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, Luc. Anach. 9), and in the + left a bow. Also the coins of Rhitymna. On those of Tylissus is a + youth with a goat's head in the right, and a bow in the left hand; + which is certainly an Apollo. The same god is also on the coins of + Praesus, Aptera, Chersonesus, and Rhaucus. + + 889 According to Apollodorus I. 3. 4, by Thalia; according to Strabo X. + p. 473. by Rhytia (which refers to the city of Rhytium under mount + Ida). + + 890 The statement of the _Theologi_ in Cicero de Nat. Deor. III. 23. p. + 616. ed. Creuzer. + + 891 AEn. IV. 146. compare Heyne, vol. II. p. 736. + + 892 Ch. 2. § 14. + + 893 Anius, the son and priest of Apollo, is called the viceroy of + Rhadamanthus at Delos. Diod. V. 62. 79. Comp. Pherecydes Fragm. 74. + ed Sturz. + + 894 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 895 See _Orchomenos_, p. 493. + + 896 This etymology was known to ancient mythologers, Cornuficius Longus + ap. Serv. ad AEn. III. 332. _In memoriam gentis ex qua profectus + erat_ (Cretae,) _subjacentes campos Crisaeos vel Cretaeos appellasse_. + + 897 In the Homeric Hymn to the Pythian Apollo, in vv. 90. 103. and other + passages, Pytho is stated to be {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, that is, "in the + territory of Crissa, within the Crissaean boundaries." + + 898 It is to this that verse 265 of the hymn probably refers. Concerning + the tripod in the adytum at Crissa, see Epist. Hippocrat. VIII. + There were statues of Latona, Artemis, and Apollo remaining in the + time of Pausanias, X. 37. 6. + + 899 Hymn. XXVII. 14. Heraclitus ap. Plutarch. Pyth. Orac. p. 404. + + 900 Below, ch. 3. § 3. + + 901 Ion v. 418. (Matthiae). {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ... {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 902 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, v. 1219. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, v. 1222. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, v. + 1250. cf. v. 1111. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 903 Herod. V. 72. Compare VI. 66. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is also used by + Herodotus of the Attic Eupatridae (VI. 35.); compare VII. 141. + + 904 Plutarch. Quaest. Graec. 9. p. 380. + + 905 Pausan. X. 6. 2. + + 906 Strabo IX. p. 418. Schol. Apoll. Rhod. II. 711. Compare Callimachus + ap. Steph. Byz. + + 907 Dodwell's Travels, vol. I. p. 189. + + 908 Lycorea appears to have taken its name from the worship of Apollo + Lyceius, or Lycoreus; see Callimach. Hymn. Apoll. 19. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, frequently in the Anthology, Suidas, &c. + + 909 See Appendix V. ad fin. + + 910 Concerning this connexion see Zoega, Bassirilievi, tom. I. on tav. + 81. AEginetica, p. 154. Raoul-Rochette, Etablissement des Colonies + Grecques, tom. II. p. 164. The name of Coretas also, the supposed + discoverer of the oracle ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} _Dorice_) is Cretan, + Plutarch, de Defect. Orac. 21. 46. It appears that the names {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + (otherwise {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~},) {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Ceos, with a temple of Apollo + Smintheius, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, in Crete (Steph. Byz.), {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, a + sacred hill near Ephesus, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, an Ephesian hero (Paus. VII. 2. + 4.), and the name of Crete itself, are all etymologically connected. + + 911 Pausan. X. 7. 2. + + 912 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}, Plutarch, Thes. 16. + + 913 Orac. ap. Pausan. X. 6. 6. + + 914 According to the Cyclic poets, see _Orchomenos_, pp. 188. sqq. + + 915 Cited by Pausan. X. 31. 2. + + 916 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Photius. + + 917 As Raoul-Rochette supposes, although his work contains very valuable + materials for this inquiry, Histoire de l'Etabl. des col. Grecques, + tom. II. p. 137-173. + + 918 On the connexion of Crete and Asia, see Heyne, Excurs. ad AEn. III. + 102. + + 919 I. 173. cf. VII. 92. According to Herodotus, Europa also came to + Lycia (IV. 45.), _i.e._ the tradition. + + 920 Herod. I. 173. Comp. Boeckh ad Platon. Min. p. 55. Heraclid. Pont. + 15. + + 921 See Steph. Byz. in v. cf. Herod. I. 176. + + 922 Augustinus de Civ. Dei XVIII. 12. + + 923 Appian, Bell. Civ. IV. 78. + + 924 II. XVI. 666. + + 925 Transplanted to Cilicia, Zosimus I. 57. Diodorus ap. Phot. Biblioth. + cod. 244. p. 377. ed. Bekker. + + 926 On the former see Strabo XIV. p. 666. cf. p. 651., on the latter + Diod. V. 56. + + 927 Menecrates in Lyciacis ap. Antonin. Liber, c. 35. + + 928 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}. Steph. Byz. + + 929 Both the derivations of the name _Patara_, the one from a son of + Apollo (Hecataeus ap. Steph. Byz. in v. Cf. Eustath. ad Dionys. + Perieg. 129. Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 920.), and the other from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, refer to the worship of Apollo. + + 930 Callim. Hymn. Del. 1. and Spanheim's note. Herodotus says + indefinitely, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, I. 182. Cf. Serv. ad AEn. IV. 143. + + 931 Alexander ap. Steph. Byz. in v. Eustath. ubi sup. On the temple, see + the inscriptions in Walpole's Travels, p. 541. and Beaufort's + Caramania. + + 932 Pausan. VII. 21.3. + + 933 Herod. I. 78. Apostolius XVIII. 25. from Dionysius {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, + Herodian. ap. Eustath. ad Dion. Perieg. 860. + + 934 The coins of Patara, Phaselis, Xanthus, Cydna, Cragus, Apollonia, + Corydalla, Limyra, and Olympus, have a head of Apollo, the tripod, + lyre, the deer, and similar symbols. Cf. Steph. Byz, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. + Apollo {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} among the Lycians, Hesych. in v. Perhaps this is a + corruption of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as Apollo was called in Rhodes, Strabo + XIII. p. 613. See below, ch. 5. § 4. + + 935 See Strabo XIV. p. 683. from Hedylus, or some other poet. On the + sacred deer of Apollo at Curium, see AElian. Nat. Anim. XI. 7. + + 936 Strabo XIII. p. 611. Scylax, p. 26. Compare the obscure gloss of + Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 937 On this temple, see Heyne ad Il. A. 39. According to Strabo XIII. p. + 604. there were Sminthea near Hamaxitus in AEolis, near Parium, at + Lindus in Rhodes, and elsewhere. A certain Philodemus, or + Philomnestus, wrote a treatise on the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} in Rhodes, Athen. + III. p. 74 F. 445 A. + + 938 The inhabitants of Tenea, a village near Corinth, were said to have + been transplanted by Agamemnon from Tenedos. That they really + worshipped Apollo _in the same manner_ as the Tenedians, is + testified by Aristotle ap. Strab. p. 380. Paus. II. 5. 3. And the + worship of Apollo was carried by means of Archias from Tenea to + Syracuse, Strabo, ibid. See book I. ch. 6. § 7. + + 939 A. 37-39. + + 940 Strabo XIII. p. 591. Hesych. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Schol. Il. X. 430. Servius + ad AEn. III. 85. compare Choiseul Gouffier, Voyage Pittoresque, tom. + III. to pl. 25. Walpole's Memoirs, p. 609. The fable of Pan, the son + of Thymbris, and teacher of Apollo in divination (Apollodor. I. 4. + 1.), has also reference to this story. + + 941 Il. V. 446. VII. 83. + + 942 Il. II. 827. IV. 119. V. 105. with the Schol. Min. + + 943 Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. There are likewise many other signs of the + worship of Apollo on this coast, Strabo XIII. p. 618; in Priapus, + Schol. Lycophr. 29; Apollo {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Parium and Pergamum (Hesych. + in v.); on the coins of Gargara, Germe, Lampsacus, Atarneus, + Neandria, Abydos, and New Troy. + + 944 The AEolians built a temple to the _Cillaean_ Apollo at Colonae, Strabo + XIII. p. 613. from Daes of Colonae. + + 945 Strabo XIII. p 604. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c. It does not appear that this can, with + Frank, Callinus, p. 31, he understood only of a mention of the + _name_ of the Teucrians. + + 946 The latter fact is supported by the ancient name of Cephalion, an + inhabitant of the Teucrian city of Gergis (ap. Steph. Byz. in + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. Eustath. ad Il. p. 894.): but his {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} was the forgery of + an Alexandrine writer named Hegesianax (Athen. IX. p. 393 B). + Lycophron, v. 1302. calls Teucer, Scamander, and Arisbe, Cretans. + + 947 In the fragments of Nicolaus Damascenus, p. 442. ed. Vales. + + 948 Iliad. VII. 452. XXI. 442. which passages do not agree. Hesiod in + Her. Geneal. ap. Schol. Lycophr. 393. Hellanicus ap. Schol. Il. XX. + 145. Coluthus v. 309. + + 949 Inscription in Walpole's Memoirs, p. 104. + + 950 AEneid. II. 318. 430. + + 951 Iliad. XV. 522. + + 952 Achilles was slain by Apollo, according to Homer; Aretinus and + AEschylus in the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (Heyne ad Il. XXII. 359. Tychsen ad + Quint. Smyrn. Comment. p. 61); Neoptolemus was killed at Pytho. For + the same reason Achilles slays Tennes, the son of Apollo (Tzetzes ad + Lycophr. 232.), in whose temple it was forbidden to pronounce the + name of the Phthian hero (Plutarch Quaest. Gr. 28. p. 933). + + 953 Iliad. V. 446. + + 954 Herod. V. 122. VII. 43. It was situated in the territory of + Lampsacus (Strabo XIII. p. 589.), in mount Ida (Athen. VI. p. 256 + C.), opposite Dardanus (Herod.); the village of Mermessus, 240 + stadia from Alexandria Troas (Pausan. X. 12. 2), was a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Suidas in v. Also in Schol. Plat. Phaedr. p. 61. Ruhnken. + p. 315. Bekker. write, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 955 Xenoph. Hell. III. 1. 10. + + 956 Iliad. XX. 307. Compare the remarks of A. W. Schlegel on this point + in his celebrated Review of Niebuhr's Roman History. + + 957 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, from Phlegon. + + 958 This may be collected from the confused account of Clearchus of Soli + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, in Athen. VI. p. 256. cf. XII. p. 524 A. Strab. XIII. + p. 589 D. + + 959 Plin. H. N. XXXIV. 8. + + 960 Heyne Exc. ad AEn. VI. 3. The rock was called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + (Lycoph. 1278), as the Attic promontory with the temple of Apollo. + + 961 See the _tabula Iliaca_, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}. + + 962 Od. IX. 197. + + 963 Diod. V. 79. compare Raoul-Rochette, tom. II. p. 160. + + 964 Pindar, in Paean. ap. Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 445. + + 965 Ephorus ap. Strab. XIV. p. 634 D. + + 966 Callimachus apud Clem. Alex. Strom. V. p. 570. Strab. IX. p. 421. + Conon Narr. c 33, 44. Stat. Theb. VIII. 198. Gesner Comment. Soc. + Gotting. vol. IV. p. 121. Ionian Antiquities, vol. II. new ed. + + 967 Quintilian. Inst. Orat. XI. 3. p. 305. Bipont. _Est interim et + longus et plenus et clarus salis spiritus, non tamen firmae + intentionis, idemque tremulus. Id_ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} _Graeci vocant_. This is + exactly the voice of enthusiastic priests and prophets. + + 968 There was likewise a family of diviners named {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Conon + Narr. c. 44. + + 969 Strabo IV. p. 139 B. AEginetica, p. 151. + + 970 Clem. Alex. Strom. V. 8. + + 971 On this see D'Orville ad Chariton. p. 349. and Quintus Smyrnaeus I. + 283. + + 972 Herod. II. 159. + + 973 Pythius and Comaeus. Athen. IV. p. 149 E. Ammian. Marcellin XXIII. 6. + + 974 Schol. Apoll. Rh. I. 966. Hence the offerings of the Cyzicenians in + the Didymaeum, Chishull Ant. Asiat. p. 67. In the character of + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Apollo has on coins his foot resting on a _fish_. + + 975 A coin of Parium, in the cabinet of M. Allier de Hauteroche, shows + the statue of Apollo on the seashore, with the circumscription, + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}, agreeing with Strabo XIII. p. 588. + + 976 Strabo VII. p. 319 B. Apollo {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} on the island of Thynias + (Apollonia, Daphnusa). Apoll. Rhod. II. 686. Schol. ad 1. Plin. + Hist. Nat. VI. 12. is probably Milesian: also Apollo {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} at + Trapezus on the Euxine sea, Arrian. Peripl. p. 2. + + 977 Collected in Raoul-Rochette's Antiquites Grecques du Bosphore + Cimmerien, pl. 5, 7, 8. + + 978 The Cyclic Thebaid in Schol. Apoll. Rh. IV. 308. Apollod. III. 7. 4. + Diod. IV. 66. Pausan. VII. 3. 1. IX. 33. 1. + + 979 He was called both {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, because in the Cretan dialect + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} were exchangeable forms, Schneider ad Nicand. + Alexipharm. 11. p. 83. Compare book I. ch. 6. § 5. + + 980 Proclus Chrestomath. + + 981 Strabo XIV. p. 675. Conon Narr. 6. Tacit. Ann. II. 54. On the temple + see Locella ad Xenoph. Ephes. p. 128. ed. Peerlkamp. + + 982 Diod. XV. 18. Strabo ubi sup. + + 983 Hecataeus ap. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Strabo XIII. p. 622. Hermeias of + Methymna wrote a treatise on the Grynean Apollo, Athen. IV. p. 149. + E. Hence the temple of Apollo, the sibyl, and the Apollo {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + on the coins of Myrina, which city also sent {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} to Delphi, + Plutarch. de Pyth. Orac. 16. p. 273. + + 984 Malus the son of Manto, Hellanicus {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} apud Steph. Byz. in + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Thucyd. III. 3. Likewise in Lesbos, Apollo {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + (Hellanicus ap. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. cf. Strab. IX. p. 429. Suid. in + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Macrob. Sat. I. 17. coins of Nape with the image of Apollo + in Mionnet's work), {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Antigon. Caryst. 17. and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + Hesych. in v. In Schol. Aristoph. Nub. 144. for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + write {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 985 Strabo XIV. p. 675 C. Arrian. II. 5. Hence perhaps the worship of + Apollo came to Tarsus, Osann. Syllog. Inscr. p. 141. + + 986 Book I. ch. 5. § 4. + + 987 Pausan. II. 32. 2. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, brought from Crete to Troezen, + ib. 31. 1. + + 988 Paus. II. 31. 7. 11. The temple of Apollo Thearius at Troezen was, + according to Pausan. ib. 31. 9. the most ancient in Greece. Apollo + joined with Leucothea, AElian. V. H. I. 18. + + 989 Called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, like the institutions in Thesprotia, at + Phigalea and Heraclea Pontica. See book I. ch. 1. § 6. + + 990 Plutarch, de sera Num. Vind. 17. p. 256. Hesych. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 991 Thus Strabo VIII. p. 368. the name being derived from Delos. Also + called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 992 Pausan. I. 42. 1. 2. conf. Epigram. Adespot. 3. p. 193. Brunck. + Analect. Meziriac ad Ovid. Epist. vol. I. p. 448.--Also, Megareus the + son of Apollo, in Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. comp. Dieuchidas of Megara + in Schol. Apoll. Rhod. I. 517. + + 993 V. 773. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 994 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, _i.e._ here, "he who _receives_ it," + Paus. I. 42. 1. 5. Compare an Argive inscription (Boeckh No. 1142. + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}--.) Apollo was likewise worshipped + at Megara under the titles of Pythius (Schol. Pind. Nem. V. 84. + Philostrat. Vit. Soph. I. 24. 3.), Archagetas, Prostaterius, Carnius + and Agraeus. The tripod and the Delphine on the coins of Megara see + Pouqueville, tom. IV. p. 131. against Clarke, vol. II. sect II. p. + 768. + + 995 From Megara _Calchedon_ (see the coins) derived its worship and + oracle of Apollo (Dionys. Byz. p. 23.) Not far off was Demonesus; + and an Apollo of Demonesian brass is mentioned in Pseud. Aristot. de + Mirab. 59. Jungermann ad Poll. V. 5. 39. _Byzantium_ likewise, a + Megarian colony, had a temple of Apollo on the promontory of + Metopon, according to Dionysius de Bosp. Thrac. Byzantium, moreover, + had evidently derived from its parent city, but in an exaggerated + form, the tradition of the foundation of the city by Apollo, and + that this god placed his lyre upon a tower. Hence the seven + resounding towers (Hesych. Miles, ap. Codin. p. 2. 3. Dionys. Byz. + p. 6. Dio Cass. LXXIV. 14): also the fable of the dolphin charmed by + the sound of the lyre (Dionysius pag. 9. Gyllius de Constantinop. + pag. 285.) evidently belongs to the Megarian worship. + + 996 Homer. Hymn. Cer. 126. + + 997 See Pherecydes ap. Schol. Od. XI. 320. Apollod. II. 4. 7. Observ. ad + Apollod. p. 333. + + 998 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Hesychius. + + 999 Paus. I. 37. 4. + + 1000 See Strabo X. p. 452. Thuc. III. 94. Propert. III. 9. ad fin. + Servius ad AEn. III. 271. Dodwell, vol. I. p. 53. Hughes, vol. I. p. + 402. has a Leucadian inscription, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1001 Aristot. in Ithac. Rep. ap. Etymol. M. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Heraclid. Pont. + 17 and 37. ed. Koehler. Heyne ad Apollod. II. 4. 7. + + 1002 Apollod. III. 15. 1. According to the ancient Charon of Lampsacus, + Phobus of Phocaea was the first who took this leap, Plutarch. Virt. + Mul. p. 289. + + 1003 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Strabo X. p. 452. Ovid. Fast V. 630. Tristia + _Leucadio_ sacra peracta _modo_. Photius Lex. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1004 Photius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, from the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1005 Stesichorus apud Athen. XIV. p. 619. D. and Sappho. Compare Hardion. + _Sur le sault de Leucade_, Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscript. tom. VII. + p. 245. + + 1006 See Hesych. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Ptolem. Hephaest. 7. + + 1007 Fragment of the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, p. 595. ed. Boeckh. + + 1008 See below, ch. 11. § 8. + + 1009 Od. VII. 322. + + 1010 Plutarch, de Def. Orac. 5. + + 1011 According to the emendation {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in fragm. incert. + 14. Boeckh. + + 1012 See _Orchomenos_, p. 220. Boeckh in the Berlin Transactions on the + Oration against Midias, below, ch. 8. § 4. + + 1013 Pausan. IX. 10. See Stanley ad AEsch. Eum. 21. + + 1014 Herod. VIII. 134. Soph. OEd. T. 21. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, Philochorus ap. + Schol. ad 1. + + 1015 Hesych. in v. Also the lots burnt in the sacred fire, according to + the same grammarian, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Compare Boeckh Explic. + Pind. Ol. VIII. 2. and Plutarch de Frat. Am. 20. To this custom + likewise refer the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in Eurip. Phoen 292, and the name + of the ancient priest of the Delphic oracle {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. See the + Eumolpia in Paus. X. 5. 3. + + 1016 The stone of Manto in front of the temple, Paus. IX. 10. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Pind. Pyth. XI. 6. + + 1017 The serpent of Cadmus is also by later writers called Castalius and + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Creuzer ad Nonni Narr. in Melet. vol. I. p. 93. + + 1018 Apollo Polius was also without the gates at Thebes, Paus. IX. 12. 1. + Apollo was likewise worshipped in the village of Calydna near + Thebes, Androtion ap. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 1019 Below, ch. 11. § 7. + + 1020 See _Orchomenos_, pp. 234, 393. + + 1021 See the author's work _De Minerva Poliade_, p. 2. + + 1022 Herodot. I. 56. VII. 94. VIII. 44. + + 1023 Hence Ion is called the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of the Athenians, + Herod. VIII. 44. Paus. I. 31. 2. II. 14. 2. VII. 1. 2. &c. hence + also Euripides says (Ion 1319) that "the shield and spear was the + whole patrimony of Xuthus." + + 1024 Cicero de Nat. Deor. III. 22. 23. Lydus de Mens. p. 105. + + 1025 See Phanodemus ap. Athen. IX. p. 392. Plutarch, ap. Euseb. praep. ev. + II. p. 99. fragm. 10. p. 291. ed. Hutten. Euseb. Canon. 497. comp. + Paus. I. 18. 5. Legends of this kind were greatly amplified by Attic + orators, who, like Hyperides before the Amphictyons, had to defend + the claims of Athens upon Delos. + + 1026 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Plutarch Thes. 13. + + 1027 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is the "bright" "shining" god, another form of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. See + below, ch. 6. § 7. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "the waves of the sea" is + equivalent to {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1028 Plutarch Thes. 5. + + 1029 Strabo IX. p. 392. after Sophocles and Philochorus. Cf. Schol. + Aristoph. Lys. 58. Vesp. 1218. Schol. Eurip. Hipp. 35. + + 1030 Philochorus apud Schol. Soph. OEd. Col. 1047. ed. Elmsl. + + 1031 Compare Barbie du Bocage's _Histoire de la bourgade d'OEnoe la + sacree_ at the end of Stanhope's Plan of Plataea. + + 1032 Hence Sophocles ubi sup, calls the district of Eleusis {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + The Scholiast confounds the OEnoe of the tribe Hippothoontis with + that of the tribe Aiantis. The situation of the Pythium is correctly + treated by Reisig Enarr. OEd. Col. p. 134. + + 1033 In the passage of Philochorus ubi sup. read {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1034 The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} occurred in the laws of Solon, Athen. VI. p. 234 E. + the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} are mentioned in Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}. + + 1035 Strabo IX. p. 404 C. Eurip. Ion. 285. On the Pythium, see Thuc. II. + 15. VI. 54. Isaeus p. 113. 187. Suidas in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Suidas, Hesychius, + Prov. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. + + 1036 Strabo IX. p. 404. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Eustath. ad Il. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}' 499. + Hesych. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Prov. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1037 Pausan. Dodwell vol. II. p. 170. + + 1038 See AEsch. Eum. 12. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. Compare Ephorus ap. Strab. IX. p. 422 + D. Aristid. Panath. vol. I. p. 329. _Orchomenos_ p. 36. 188. + + 1039 This rare tradition is preserved in the Schol. AEsch. Eum. 13. Schol. + Aristid. p. 107. ed. Frommel. + + 1040 This explains Herod. VI. 34. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1041 There is a trace of the correct tradition in Diod. IV. 60. cf. Serv. + ad AEn. VI. 14. The funeral games of Laius were made by the poets the + motive for this journey. + + 1042 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} ap. Plutarch. Thes. 16. cf. Qu. Gr. 35. Conon. + Narr. c. 25. + + 1043 Plutarch Thes. 15. Diod. IV. 61. Ovid. Metaph. VIII. 171. + + 1044 The chief passage on the septenary number of the boys and girls sent + to Crete is Servius ad. AEn. VI. 21. _Septena quotannis_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) _quidam septem pueros et septem puellas accipi volunt, + quod et Plato dixit in Phaedone_ (p. 58.) _et Sappho in Lyricis_ (p. + 255. in Wolf's Poetr. Gr.) _et Bacchylides in Dithyramhis_ (p. 17. + ed. Neue.) _et Euripides in Hercule_ (v. 1331.), _quos liberavit + secum Theseus_. + + 1045 The visit to Naxos originally signified a transmission of the + worship of Dionysus and Ariadne to that island, which rites had been + kept up at the festival of the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, though confounded with the + laurel-bearing procession of Apollo. + + 1046 Boeckh Economy of Athens, vol. II. p. 150. Erysichthon is said to + have sent the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} with theorias to Delos, Plutarch Fragm. 10. p. + 291. ed. Hutten. + + 1047 This confirms a fact which we collected from other sources, viz., + that the Thargelian Apollo was the same god as that worshipped at + Delos and Crete.--There was an ancient writing on this subject + preserved in the Daphnephoreum at Phyle in Attica, Theophrastus ap. + Athen. X. p. 424 F. The origin of the Thargelia is also referred to + Crete by a tradition, that this festival arose from the expiatory + rites for the murder of Androgeus, Helladius ap. Phot. in Gronov. + Thes. Ant. Gr. vol. X. p. 978. + + 1048 Paus. I. 18. 5. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}. See above, ch. 1. + § 5. + + 1049 Pyth. I. 31. Compare Dodwell, vol. I. p. 532. + + 1050 Plutarch Thes. 12. 14. 18. cf. Paus. I. 19. 1. On his return Theseus + sacrifices to Apollo and Diana as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, Pherecydes ap. + Macrob. Sat. I. 17. frag. 59. ed. Sturz. comp. Spanheim ad Callim. + Hymn. Apoll. 40. 46. + + 1051 See Pollux VIII. 10. 119. + + 1052 Demosth de Coron. p. 274. cf. Aristot. ap. Harpocrat. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The Achenians had {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} at Delphi, Demosth. Epist. + p. 1481. Apollo's Attic title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is explained from his being + the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} of Ion; it is possible, however, that he was so called as + being the god of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} of the Ionians. Apollo was also called + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} at Athens (Plutarch {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~} 2. p. 217. Suidas in v.); perhaps + as being the titular deity of the 360 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} of the 360 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} at + Athens, Proclus ad Hesiod. Op. et Di. p. 116. Heins. Cleanthus ap + Harpocrat. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Meursius ad Lycophr. 543. + + 1053 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, Demosth. adv. Eubulid. + p. 1315. 15. Pollux VIII. 85. + + 1054 As appears from Plato, Euthyd. p. 302 B. cf. Schol. et Heindorf. p. + 404. + + 1055 Pollux VIII. 122. + + 1056 Callim. Hymn. Apoll. 69. with the Schol. and Spanheim. Harpocrat. in + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Suidas and Etym. M. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Hence the archon + Polemarchus administered justice in the Lyceum, the temple of Apollo + Lyceus, near the statue of a wolf, Suidas in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Bekker Anecd. + vol. I. p. 449. Hesych. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} of the + polemarch, according to Cratinus, Hesych. in v. And in general all + the courts at Athens were under the protection of the wolf, viz., + Apollo, Eratosth. ap. Harpocrat. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Lexic. and Paroemiogr. + in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Etymol. M. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 1057 In Colot. p. 31. + + 1058 Thes. 25. According to Plato Rep. IV. p. 427. Apollo is the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of the Athenians. + + 1059 Hence Dorotheus (ap. Athen. IX. p. 410 A.) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + (not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} treated of the purification of + suppliants. + + 1060 Below, ch. 8. § 6. + + 1061 By representing the notion that Xuthus was the father of Ion as a + mere deceit of Xuthus. + + 1062 For example v. 668. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1063 V. 591. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c. + + 1064 The view taken in the text on the Ion of Euripides has been + approved, since the first publication of this work, by Hermann, in + the preface to his edition of that tragedy, p. 32. + + 1065 Below, ch. 5, § 2. ch. 8. § 15. + + 1066 Book I. ch. 5, § 3. comp. Pausan. II. 24. 1. He was also called + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, from the height. There was likewise divination there, + Telesilla ap. Pausan. II. 35. 2-36. 5. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} are + Doric forms; the hero Pythaeus cannot be separated from the god. + Zeus, Apollo, and Hercules, were the deities of the city of Argos, + Liv. XXXII. 33. + + 1067 Thucyd. II. 47. Sophocl. Electr. 7. Hence {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Sophocles, + Hesych. in v. The Argive coins with the wolf refer to this statue, + comp. Pausan. VIII. 40. 3. Here was also an oracle, Plut. Pyrrh. 31. + 31. where write, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. At Argos also + stood the statue of Apollo {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Hesych. in v. A temple of + Latona, Pausan. II. 21. + + 1068 Alcman Fragm. 35, 36. ed. Welcker. Herod. I. 69. comp. Bast. ad + Gregor. Corinth, p. 187. At Sparta, according to Hesychius, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (a + kind of Hydrophoria). + + 1069 Pausan. II. 9. 7. Respecting the ancient temple of Apollo there, and + a brass statue, see Pseud.-Aristot. Mirab. Auscult. p. 59. Pausan. + II. 11. 2. Polyb. XVII. 16. 2. The tradition respecting its + foundation by Epopeus is not worth notice. Cleisthenes was the + person who instituted the Pythian games, Schol. Pind. Nem. IX. 49, + 76. comp. Boeckh and Dissen Explic. p. 451. Apollo had there an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}; Polyb. ubi sup. Liv. XXXII. 40. + + 1070 Pausan. IV. 15. 5. The Messenians at Naupactus had also a temple of + Apollo (Thucyd. II. 91.); and the coins of the Messenians of Sicily + afford proof of the same worship. Concerning the ancient temple at + AEpea, Pausan. IV. 34. 4. + + 1071 Herod. VI. 57. + + 1072 Apollo Acreitas, Pausan. III. 12. 7. At Thornax Apollo Pythaeus, + III. 11. 2. Hesych. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}, cf. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Apollo Maleates, + Pausan. III. 12. 8. Thucyd. VII. 26. Apollo {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Steph. Byz. + Suid. in v. comp. Pausan. II. 27. 8. Apollo at Geronthrae, Boeckh + Inscript. No. 1334. + + 1073 Herod. II. 32. Plutarch Arat. 40. Pausan. II. 5. 4. Hesych. in + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. At Corinth, Apollo, as at Argos, was {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Simonides in Palat. Anthol. VI. 212. On the temple of + Apollo at Sicyon, likewise in the market-place, Ampel. Liber. Memor. + 8. + + 1074 Pausan. II. 26. 3. comp. the inscriptions of the temple of + AEsculapius, Boeckh. Inscript. Nos. 1175, 1176. The temple of Apollo + AEgyptius belongs to the time of the Antonines. + + 1075 In this island a temple of Apollo was connected with the Thearion + (see Dissen ad Pind. Nem. III. p. 376.), with the worship of Apollo + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and the festival of the + Hydrophoria. AEginetica, p. 150. cf. 135. + + 1076 Above, ch. 2. § 8. The Pythian games, according to Pausan. II. 32. + 2. founded by Diomed, are probably of a later date. + + 1077 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (AEginetica, p. 150, note k); for, as + Callimachus says (Hymn. Apoll. 55.), {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1078 Pausan. IV. 4. 1. 33. 3. cf. V. 25. 1. + + 1079 Thucyd. V. 18. IV. 118. + + 1080 Among the Achaeans of Patrae. Pausan. VII. 21. 4.--of AEgira. id. VII. + 26. 3. comp. the tradition respecting Bolina, id. VII. 23. 3. + + 1081 Pausan. VIII. 53. 1. + + 1082 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. Theognis of Megara, v. 777. + + 1083 Pausan. V. 4. 2. + + 1084 On this enmity, to which so many legends refer, see Pausan. V. 2. 4. + VI. 16. 2. + + 1085 That Zeus was the chief god of the Eleans is evident from the + confederate temple at AEgium and elsewhere. + + 1086 Hesychius in v. + + 1087 Pausan. V. 15. 4.--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; for the last + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} Buttmann corrects {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; and it is evident that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} was + Elean for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, "sacred ordinance or armistice." See Appendix V. § + 2. Also Therma, the place of the Panaetolia, derived its name from + this word, which is probably of AEtolian-Elean origin. On its temple + of Apollo, see Polyb. XI. 4. 2. + + 1088 Pausan. IV. 4. 4. + + 1089 Perhaps this was the beginning of the connexion with Crete, to which + the name of the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} at Olympia (Pind. Olymp. V. 42. + Demetrius {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} in the Scholia. Boeckh ad Schol. and + Explic. p. 150.), and the tradition that Clymenus, a descendant of + the Idaean Hercules, came to Pisa soon after the flood of Deucalion, + and there founded a temple, refer; comp. Pausan. V. 8. 1. VI. 21. 5. + V. 14. 6. + + 1090 Boeckh ad Pind. Olymp. III. 18. p. 138. Explic. Tzetzes ad Lycophr. + 41. does not speak of this event with the same exactness as the + Schol. Pind. Olymp. III. 39. Comp. also Wurm de Ponderum, etc. § 90. + p. 174. + + 1091 See particularly Philostratus Vit. Apollon. V. 25. p. 208. Cic. de + Divin. I. 41. concerning the Telliadae, Herod. IX. 37. VIII. 27. + These diviners are called the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} at the altar + of Olympia in the oracle in Phlegon p. 129. in Meursii Op. vol. VII. + + 1092 Pausan. VI. 17. 4. + + 1093 Pausan. V. 8. 1. + + 1094 Boeckh Corp. Inscript. No. 1711. + + 1095 As appears from the Homeric Hymn to Apollo. + + 1096 See Porphyr. de Abstin. II. 17. comp. Apostol. VI. 93. and the story + of AEsop; also the proverb, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1097 Hom. Hymn. Apoll. 535. + + 1098 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, Eur. Androm. 1092. + + 1099 Plutarch, de Pyth. Orac. 16. p. 273. The Thessalians vowed at least + every year a hecatomb of men to Apollo {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Schol. Eur. Phoen. + 1416. Zenobius in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 1100 Sosicrates ap. Suid. vol. I. p. 621. Hesych. p. 1026. Apostol. VII. + 37. Prov. Vat. App. II. 94. and Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, with + which he mentions the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. We may probably discern a similar + servitude in the gift of the golden tripods which the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + were bound to bring at certain times to the Ismenian temple of + Apollo, _Orchomenos_, p. 397. Apollo Nesiotes at Chalia in Boeotia + also possessed Hieroduli, Boeckh. Inscript. No. 1607. The Delian + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (Hom. Hymn. Apoll. 157) were of the same + description as the chorus in the Phoenissae. In the Didymaeum + (Inscript. in Walpole's Travels, p. 582) there were {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, boys + sent thither as the spoil of war, Conon. Narr. c. 44. + + 1101 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}. + + Eurip. Ion. 322. + + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + Ver. 1299. + + 1102 Boeckh in Hirt _Ueber die Hierodulen_, p. 48. + + 1103 See book III. ch. 4. + + 1104 Diod. IV. 66. Pausan. VII. 3. 1. see above, ch. 2. § 7. + + 1105 Apostol. VII. 34. where for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Suidas in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. _Orchomenos_, p. 118. + + 1106 Herod. VII. 132. Xenoph. Hell. VI. 3. and 5. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Not the land, but the people themselves + were to be decimated. + + 1107 See above, p. 46, note n. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote + to "the Dorians or Malians," starting "Aristot. ap. Strab."] Etymol. + M. p. 154. 7. + + 1108 Apollod. II. 7. 7. cf. Diod. IV. 37. + + 1109 Pausan. II. 35. 2. Apollo was also worshipped under the titles of + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Concerning the Dryopes as worshippers of + Apollo see Pausan. IV. 34. 6. Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 480. Prob. ad + Virgil. Georg. III. 7. Anton. Liberal. c. 32. Etymol. M. p. 288. 32. + Heyne ad AEn. IV. 143. vol. II. p. 736. ed. 3. According to Pausanias + they also retained this worship in the Messenian settlements. + According to Conon, c. 29. upon the occasion of the return from Troy + they sent a tithe ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}). + + 1110 See above, b. I. ch. 2. § 4. + +_ 1111 Ver sacrum vovere, i.e. quaecunque vere proximo nata essent + immolaturos_, Festus in v. Mamertin. _Trecenta millia hominum, velut + ver sacrum, miserunt_, Justin. XXIV. 4. + + 1112 According to the remarkable account of Parthen. Erot. 5. they were + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, and were conducted by Leucippus + a Lycian. Strab. XIV. 647. reverses the story: {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} (near Pherae, _Orchomenos_, p. 192.) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. + + 1113 Plato Leg. XI. p. 919 D. comp. Boeckh In Minoem et Leges, pag. 68. + Magnesia, re-established according to Plato's fiction, consecrates + to Apollo and Helius, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, three men as an + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, ibid. XII. p. 945. See also Apollod. Fragm. p. 386. + Conon Narr. c. 29. Varro 3. Rer. Human. apud Prob. ad Virg. Ecl. VI. + Cretans in the Asiatic Magnesia, Strab. XIV. p. 636. Schol. Apollon. + Rhod. I. 584. + + 1114 Parthenius mentions {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} and Leucophryne instead of Magnesia. + + 1115 Boeckh Corp. Inscript. 2910; and see particularly Conon ubi sup. + + 1116 Aristot. and Theophrast. ap. Athen. p. 173 F. + + 1117 Semus {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ap. Athen. ubi sup. + + 1118 It is to this that the Homeric hymn to the Pythian Apollo, v. 1. + refers; also the coins of Magnesia (_Apollo supra Maeandrum stans_). + There was also a place near Magnesia called Apollonia. + + 1119 X. 32. 4. + + 1120 Hence the name of Apollo Hylates in Lycoph. 447; where Tzetzes is + confused. Apollo Hylates at Amamassus in Cyprus, Steph. Byz. in v. + In Athen. XV. p. 672 E. for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}. Query, whether Hiera. Come, + Liv. XXXVIII. 12, 13. is the same place? Magnesia on the Sipylus + also worshipped Apollo, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Marm. Oxon. 26. 85. + + 1121 See Frank Callinus, p. 89. Liebel Archil. p. 202. Concerning the + founding of Magnesia see Ruhnken on Velleius I. 4. Kanne on Conon, + c. 29. Raoul-Rochette, tom. II. p. 387. + + 1122 Plut. Quaest. Graec. 13. 26. + + 1123 A Rhegian in Timaeus (Strab. p. 260 C. Antig. Caryst. 1), {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. cf. VI. p. 257 D. Creuzer Fragm. Xanth. p. 373. cf. p. + 178. + + 1124 Respecting the ablutions in the seven rivers, the sacred + laurel-tree, &c., see Varro ap. Prob. Praef. ad Virg. Ecl. and + compare Hermann's excellent dissertation on the Glauci of AEschylus, + Opuscula, vol. II. p. 59. + + 1125 Pausan. V. 25. 1. The coins of Rhegium have the head of Apollo, a + lyre, a tripod, and cortina. + + 1126 See particularly Tacit. Annal. IV. 14. + + 1127 Founded, according to Callim. Epigr. XLI. 2. by Acrisius the + Pelasgian, to whom the establishment of the Amphictyonic council was + _for that reason_ attributed. + + 1128 AElian. V. H. III. 1. Liv. XXXIX. 24. comp. Plutarch de Def. Orac. + 14. + + 1129 On the towns included in the league see above, book I. ch. 6. § 2. + On the games at the festival, Herod. I. 144. + + 1130 Neptune and the nymphs were also of the number of the Triopian + deities, Schol. Theocr. XVII. 69. Comp. Boeckh ad Schol. Pind. Pyth. + II. 27. p. 314. Concerning the worship of Apollo at Halicarnassus, + see Inscript. in Walpole's Travels, p. 576. Apollo Telchinius at + Lindus (see Meurs. Rhod.), at Cameirus {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + Macr. Sat. I. 17. at Anaphe, Apollo AEgletes, AEginetica, p. 170. note + a; comp. above, p. 116. note z. + + 1131 I have adopted the opinion of Ste. Croix, Gouvernemens federatifs, + p. 156. that the federal festival of the twelve AEolian cities was at + Gryneum, chiefly on account of the altars of the twelve gods, and + the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} at that place, and the statements of Scylax. + + 1132 According to Strabo X. p. 487. there were here {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, as at + Delos, for the assembly; and in a Tenian inscription (Boeckh Corp. + Ins. Gr. No. 2329), a citizen is eulogized for having undertaken a + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} for the Delians, the office of receiving the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, a + species of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Spanheim ad Callim. Hymn. Del. 325. + + 1133 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Callim. Hymn. Del. 325. et Spanheim ad 1. + + 1134 Hom. Hymn. ad Apoll. Del. 141. The coins like those of Delos: the + name also reminds us of mount Cynthus. (Hemsterh. ad Aristoph. Plut. + p. 311.) + + 1135 An Apollonia in this island, Steph. Byz. Compare the coins. + + 1136 Particularly at Carthaea, Pind. Isthm. I. 6. Athen. X. p. 456 E. + Probably a {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, according to Dissen. Explic. p. 484. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at the + same place, Anton. Lib. c. 1. Concerning the choruses of Apollo at + Carthaea see Boeckh Corp. Insc. Gr. Nos. 2361-3. A Smintheum at + Coressus and Poeessa, Strabo X. p. 486. + + 1137 Apollo Tragius, Steph. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Apollo {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Macr. Sat. I. + 17. Hipponax ap. Schol. Aristoph. Ran. 658. A {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} at Naxos. + Aristot. Plut. Virt. Mul. p. 289. ed. Hutten. Parthen. Erot. 9. + comp. Obs. Misc. Bat. vol. VII. p. 24. Besides these, there were + many other Ionic temples of Apollo, in Samos, Euboea, &c. + + 1138 See above, book I. ch. 6. § 12. + + 1139 AElian. V. H. II. 26. Tzetzes ad Lycoph. 911. Wesseling corrects + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Aristot. ubi sup. comp. Heyne Opusc. Acad. vol. + II. p. 178. with Creuzer Symbolik. II. p. 200. The bird on the coins + is not an eagle but a raven (Mionnet Descr. planche 60), the _comes + iripodum_. + + 1140 One hundred and twenty stadia from Croton, Aristot. Mirab. Ausc. p. + 1098 C. Justin. XX. 1. Etym. Mag. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1141 Ap. Strab. VI. p. 265 C. + + 1142 On the statue of Aristeas in the market-place of Metapontum, by the + side of the statue of Apollo, see Herod. IV. 15. and on a brass + laurel-tree in the same place, Athen. XIII. p. 605 C. In the temple + of Apollo, Plutarch {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} 8. + +_ 1143 Caulonia_ in Italy is also remarkable for this worship, the ancient + coins of which town exhibit Apollo bearing a laurel, or a bow, with + a stag. + + 1144 Thucyd. VI. 3. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}, on the coins of Tauromenium and + Enna. As to _Sicily_, there was a temple of Apollo Temenites Pythius + at Syracuse, Cic. Verr. IV. 53. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. comp. + AElian. V. H. I. 18. Letronne Topographie de Syracuse, p. 26. Goeller + de Situ Syrac. p. 59. also of Apollo {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Etymol. p. 250. 38. + At Gela there was a colossal statue of Apollo in front of the town, + Timaeus apud Diod. XIII. 107. Apollinarian rites of the Erbitaeans and + their colony Alaesa, Diod. XIV. 16. Inscript. ap. Castelli, p. 109 + sqq. At Lilybaeum, according to the coins, Apollo Libyrtius near + Pachynum. Macr. Sat. I. 17. The month Dalius in Sicily, Castelli + Prol. 73. + + 1145 Inscription at Olympia, ap. Pausan. V. 22. 2. + + 1146 Plut. de Pyth. Orac. 16. p. 273. Also at Myrina in AEolis. Comp. ch. + 2. § 7. + +_ 1147 Orchomenos_, p. 327 sqq. + + 1148 A similar tradition in Sinope, Philostephanus ap. Schol. Apoll. Rh. + II. 953. Diod. IV. 71. + + 1149 Herod. IV. 32. See also Homer. Hymn. VII. 29. + + 1150 X. 5. 4. + + 1151 See above, ch. 1. § 3. + + 1152 Thus I write for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Paus. I. 4. 4. and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, ib. X. 23. + 3. on account of the _Laodice_ of Herodotus. Herodotus VIII. 39. + mentions, on a similar occasion, the native heroes Phylacus and + Autonous. + + 1153 Scholl. Apoll. Rh. II. 675. unless Cluver. Germ. Ant. I. p. 16, is + right in correcting {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1154 See the beautiful fragment in prose in Himerius Orat. XIV. 10. with + which Cicero de N. D. III. 23. agrees; see Heindorf's note. It is to + this ode, perhaps, that the words of Plutarch refer, De Mus. 14. + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}. + + 1155 In this part occurred what Pausanias X. 8, 5. cites from the + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of Alcaeus, that the water of Castalia came + from the Cephisus. + + 1156 Diod. II. 47. where the period is alone falsely stated. That the + harvest begins at the rising of the Pleiades, is stated by Hesiod. + Op. et D. 381. Compare the story in Eratosth. Catast. 29. + + 1157 Tischbein I. 8. 9. with the correct explanation of Italinsky. As in + the vase in Tischbien IV. 8. the tripod is represented as standing + beside the figure, which is a certain proof that Apollo is in + question.--Nevertheless, some very distinguished antiquarians are + still of opinion that the figure is _Triptolemus_, and not Apollo; + indeed the _Instituto di corrispondenza Archeologica_ at Rome has + lately published a painted vase (I. Distrib. pl. 4.), in which + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is written by this figure in the same position, and with + the same accompaniments; whence it seems to me probable that, in + antiquity, the ideas attached to this composition were not fixed. A + vase in Millin I. 46. represents Apollo Daphnephorus attended by a + Hyperborean in the Arimaspian costume. + + 1158 Paus. X. 5. 5. + + 1159 XXI. 3. + + 1160 OEnomaus ap. Euseb. Praep. Evang. p. 133. Steph. quotes from a + supposed oracle of a prophetess named Asteria, that the inhabitants + and priests of Delos came from the Hyperboreans. + + 1161 Aristot. Hist. An. VI. 35. Antig. Caryst. 61. p. 111. ed. Beckmann. + Schol. Apoll. Rh. II. 124. + + 1162 Herod. IV. 35. Opis and Hecaergus, according to Pseudo-Plato Axioch. + pag. 371. A. Servius ad AEn. XI. 858. The circumstance of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} of + these virgins being turned to the east shows that it was of the + Cretan time, since the Dorians laid their dead to the east, the + Ionians to the west. See book IV. ch. 1. § 2. + + 1163 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, also {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. See Porphyr. de Abstin. + II. 19. Rhoer ad 1 and Spanheim ad Callim. Hymn. Del. 283. + + 1164 Dodona was Hyperborean, according to Etymol. M. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1165 Plutarch de Musica 14. + + 1166 According to Herodotus and Callim. ad Del. 281. cf. Plin. H. N. IV. + 26. Mela III. 5. Salmasius considers the gifts as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, + _prosiciae hostiarum_, with Mela; but they were doubtless _primitiae + frugum_, Exerc. Plin. p. 147. + + 1167 No weight can be laid on the particular road, as Pausanias I. 31. 2. + mentions one which touches Attica, where also there were rites or + sanctuaries, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Chrysost. Epist. ad Tit. Rom. 3. vol. + XI. p. 744 E. ed. Montfaucon. See below, § 6. + + 1168 Heyne Excurs. ad AEn. IV. 2. He also comes to Delos in the spring. + + 1169 Tischbein II. 12. Compare the coins of Chalcedon ap. Valliant. et + Theupoli. A commentary is furnished by the beginning of Callimachus' + hymn to Apollo. + + 1170 Above, ch. 1. § 2. + + 1171 Herod. IV. 13. The statement of Herodotus is exactly confirmed by a + fragment of Aristeas in Tzetz. Chiliad. VII. 144. which may be + genuine. In v. 688. for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} should be written {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}). + + 1172 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The Issedones were first mentioned by Alcman, who + called them {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. He also mentioned + the Rhipaeans, Schol. Soph. OEd. Col. 1312. + + 1173 Ap. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 1174 The two last points are likewise mentioned by Hellanicus ap. Clem. + Alex. Strom. I. p. 305. Later authorities on this point I pass over. + + 1175 Herod. IV. 25. + + 1176 Olymp. III. 14. cf. Olymp. VIII. 41. Pyth. X. 31. Isthm. V. 22. + + 1177 Ap. Schol. Apoll. Rh. IV. 284. + + 1178 This is considered by Voss as the original notion, who supposes the + whole fable of the happy Hyperboreans to be an invention of Spanish + sailors, Ad Virg. Georg. II. p. 381. _Weltkunde_, Jena Journal + Quart. II. p. 20, 29. sqq.: on the Griffins ib. Quart. IV. His + opinions have been implicitly followed by Uckert, Geographie, vol. + II. p. 237. + + 1179 See particularly Apollon. Rh. IV. 284. who, according to the + Scholia, follows AEschylus. + + 1180 Boreas, according to Sophocles ap. Strab. VII. p. 204. carried + Orithyia. + + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1181 Hellanicus ubi sup. Simonides and Pindar ap. Strab. XV. p. 1038 B. + AEschyl. Choeph. 371. + + 1182 Pyth. X. 56. + + 1183 Compare the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, Suidas in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Cratinus ap. Hesych. in v. + Bekker. Anecd. p. 355. 30. Classical Journal vol. VI. p. 369. + + 1184 Ap. AElian. N. A. XI. 1. compare Creuzer Vet. Historic. fragm. p. 85. + This Hecataeus still believed in the real existence of the + Hyperboreans, Schol. Apoll. Rh. II. 615. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 1185 Comp. Callim. fragm. 187. Boeus and Simmias {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} ap. Anton. + Liber, c. 20. Tzet. zes Chil. VII. 144. v. 677. (compare Brunck + Anal. vol. II. p. 525.) Gesner comment. Soc. Gotting. vol. II. p. + 33. + + 1186 Boeckh. Corp. Inscript. No. 1688. lin. 14. + + 1187 Mela and Plin. ubi sup. cf. Hellanic. ubi sup. It is remarkable that + this custom of leaping from high rocks occurs, in precisely the same + manner as among the Hyperboreans, in Scandinavian legends. See + Grimm, Deutsche Rechtsalterthuemer, p. 486. + + 1188 De Nat. Deor. III. 23. + + 1189 So also Etymol. M. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}. p. 607. Referred to _music_ (from + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, a strain) by Schol. Pind. Nem. V. 42. Procl. Chrestom. p. + 282. 13. in Gaisford's Hephaestion. + + 1190 Pyth. IX. 64. Boeckh. Explic. p. 324. + +_ 1191 Orchomenos_, p. 348. + + 1192 The Parrhasian Apollo on mount Lycaeum (Paus. VIII. 38. 2.) was + originally the Apollo Nomius. + + 1193 Cicero de Div. I. 57. 130. from Heraclides Ponticus. + + 1194 Schol. Apoll. Rh. II. 500. partly from Bacchylides, Pherecydes + fragm. 42. ed. Sturz. + + 1195 Schol. Apoll. Rh. II. 514. cf. Schol. II. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. 766. + + 1196 Clem. Alex. Protrept. p. 8. cf. Porphyr. Vit. Pythag. § 16. Cyrill. + adv. Julian, p. 542. + + 1197 The statement that Pythagoras placed at Delphi on a grave an + inscription of these words, "Apollo the son of Silenus," is a + confused and fabulous story of late times, Porphr. ubi sup. The wild + olive was sacred to Apollo Nomius, according to Theocritus XXV. 20; + and he was considered the author of a kind of epilepsy, Hippocrat. + de Morbo Sacro, p. 303. + + 1198 Below, ch. 8. § 15. + + 1199 Hesiod. fragm. 21. ed. Gaisford. + + 1200 Paus. VIII. 30. + + 1201 Apollo is represented with a crown of ears on his head, in a gem in + Lippert's Dactyliothek I. p. 62. No. 145. Sometimes also on coins + there is only a grain of corn with symbols of Apollo, _e.g._, on + those of Hephaestia and Abdera. + + 1202 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, AEschylus ap. AElian. Hist. An. XII. 15. + + 1203 Strabo XIII. p. 604. Schol. II. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. 89. AElian ubi sup. Tzetz. ad + Lycoph. 1302. Apollo bears a mouse in his hand on a coin of Hadrian, + belonging to Alexandria Troas Mionnet. tom. II. p. 644. A painted + vase in Tischbein II. 17. probably refers to the sacred mice of a + Smintheum; concerning which see Heraclid. Pont. ap. Strab. ubi sup. + According to Pollux IX. 6. 84. the Argives had a mouse on their + coins (as an emblem of Apollo); Eckhel has none of this kind; Mr. + Payne Knight's collection contains a very small ancient gold coin + with this type. See Knight on the Symbolical Language of Mythology, + § 128. note. + + 1204 Strabo XIII. p. 613. + + 1205 Philochorus ap. Schol. Vulg. ad Od. XX. 155. cf. ad XXI. 258. + + 1206 Plutarch Dion. 23. + + 1207 Plutarch de Defect. Orac. 7, 12. de Pyth. Orac. 12. Symp. Quaest. + III. 10. + + 1208 AEginetica, p. 27. The Apollo {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} at Argos (Paus. VIII. 46. 2.) is + hardly a {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1209 The Troezenian {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (Paus. II. 30. 6.) was probably a god of the + seasons, and afterwards the sun; but {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} and the AEgyptian Horus + cannot surely have any etymological connexion. + + 1210 Herod. VI. 97. Pseudo-Plat. Axioch. p. 371 A. comp. AEsch. Pers. 206. + + 1211 See below, ch. 6. § 10. [Transcriber's Note: There is no such + section in that chapter.] + + 1212 Eurip. Phaeth. fr. 2. Matthiae. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1213 Fragm. 48. The same doctrine was followed by Apollodorus (Macrob. + Sat. I. 17.) and Philochorus, according to whom there was a + Helius-Apollo among the Tritopatores, ap. Strab. XIV. p. 655. + + 1214 C. 24. It is only the following narration which is taken from the + Bassarides of AEschylus; comp. Timotheus {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ap. Euseb. + Scalig. p. 4. + + 1215 This fact refers to the actual worship of the sun in Thrace, + Sophocles in Tereo ap. Schol. Il. XV. 705. + + 1216 The passages in which he is considered as the god of the sun, a + fragment in J. Diaconus, and a hymn, are of the latest date. The + Sibylline oracle in Zosimus II. 6. where Apollo is called Helius, is + of the Alexandrine age; likewise the strange hymn in Brunck's + Analecta, vol. II. p. 518. is of very late date. Moreover, the + coins, in which Apollo is represented with rays round his head, are, + as far as I can discover, all of the age of the emperors. + + 1217 The Apollo {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} of Delos was probably so called with a fixed + though obscure reference, like the Apollo {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which the Orphic + philosophers in Macrob. Sat. I. 17. also explained to be + _progenitor_ in general. See above, ch. 2. § 15. + +_ 1218 Orchomenos_, p. 383. compare Schwarz Miscell. Polit. hum. p. 89. + Creuzer Symbolik, vol. III. p. 166. + + 1219 Od. XV. 402. cf. III. 280. XI. 171. Il. XXIV. 759. Artemis kills + women for him, as in Pindar Pyth. V. 10. On Artemis and Apollo, as + gods of death, see Nast's Opusc. Lat. P. 11. n. 12. p. 293 sqq. + + 1220 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}. + + 1221 Il. IV. 508. VII. 21. + + 1222 XV. 308. XVI. 703. + + 1223 See Pind. Pyth. IV. 86. + + 1224 Hom. Hymn. Apoll. Del. 13. + + 1225 Homer represents Aphrodite as the protector of AEneas and antagonist + of Diomed, and Ares in battle for the Trojans, in a disadvantageous + light; and describes, with evident irony, the weakness of the + goddess, and the brutal confidence of the god. In like manner, Diana + and the river-god Scamander sometimes play a very undignified part. + Apollo, alone, always maintains his dignity. + + 1226 Il. XXI. 464. cf. XXIV. 40. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 1227 Il. XXIV. 606. + + 1228 Od. XI. 517. + + 1229 Il. VIII. 227. He overcomes Phorbas in a boxing-match, Eurytus in a + contest of archery, to which the latter had challenged all the gods; + hence he is in general supposed to preside over contests with the + caestus (Il. XXIII. 660. Plutarch. Quaest. Symp. VIII. 4); and amongst + the Dorians, who loved the sports of the field, was particularly + considered as a patron of archery and huntsmen. Il. XXIII. 872. + Soph. OEd. C. 1091. Pollux V. 5. 39. + + 1230 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Fragm. 79. ed. Gaisfoid. Compare Blomfield ad AEsch. Agam. + 66. Gloss. + + 1231 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Fragm. 16. ed. Welcker. + + 1232 AEschyl. Agam. 1091. Plato Cratyl. p. 405. and Eurip. Phaeth. (above, + p. 306. note m. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "wont + to destroy them," starting "{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}."]) allude to the same + derivation. + + 1233 Hermann _Ueber das Wesen der Mythologie_, p. 107. + + 1234 Pausan. I. 43. 7. Anthol. Palat. VII. 154. On a coin of Prusia + Apollo is represented with a scourge in his hand, Mionnet Descript. + tom. II. p. 482. + + 1235 Herod. III. 52. Walpole's Travels, p. 541. In an Asiatic inscription + of the cod. Sherard. these fines are called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. + + 1236 Agamem. 55. + + 1237 Gellius N. A. V. 12. + + 1238 Schol. Eurip. Phoen. 1446. + + 1239 Plut. Quaest. Graec. 24. + + 1240 Plut. de {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} 21. p. 246. de Defect, Orac. 7. p. 309. non posse suav. + vivi sec. Epicur. 23. p. 124. Perhaps, likewise, the Apollo + Philesius should be referred to this head. + + 1241 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Paus. VI. 24, 5. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, Eurip. Androm. 900. + + 1242 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Paus. VIII. 32-41. 5. + + 1243 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, ibid. I. 3. 3. Aristoph. Pac. 420. Compare Visconti, + Museo Pio-Clement. I. p. 27. + + 1244 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Orac. ap. Demosth. in Mid. p. 331. 27. Inscript. in + Walpole's Travels, p. 547. No. 38. Stuart's Antiquities of Athens, + vol. I. p. 25. called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, in the colonies on the Pontus, + above, ch. 2. § 6. comp. Soph. Trach. 208. with Hermann's note. He + is invoked in his character of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} to avert nightly + terrors, in Soph. Elec. 638; in Aj. 187 he keeps off madness; in + Eurip. Herc. Fur. 821, the fury. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Boeckh + Corp. Inscript. No. 1693. + + 1245 Pind. Pyth. v. 63. cf. IV. 270. Aristoph. Plut. 8. Soph. OEd. T. 149. + Callim. Hymn. Apoll. 72. See, however, Il. XVI. 527. He was called + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} at Lindus, Macrob. Sat. I. 17. _Medicus_ at Rome about 416 + A.U.C. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Tzetzes ad Lycophr. 1206. + + 1246 Demosth. in Mid. ubi sup. + + 1247 Il. v. 401, 899. with Schol. Venet. cf. Od. IV. 232. Aristarchus + considered Apollo and Paeon in Homer as identical, yet Hesiod + distinguishes them in the fragment in Eustath. ad Od. p. 1493. + Schol. Min. ad 1. (cf. Hemsterhuis in Gaisford's Poetae Min. p. 551), + and perhaps also in Brunck's Analecta, vol. I. p. 67. + + 1248 Hom. Hymn, ad Apoll. Pyth. Eurip. Ion 128, 140. Pindar's Paean in the + Fragments. + + 1249 Proclus apud Phot. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 1250 Hom. Hymn. 272, 320. + + 1251 Proclus ubi sup. Hesych. In Soph. OEd. T. 152. a song of a chorus + resembling a paean has these words; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. cf. Schol. ad v. 114. et Suid. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1252 Callim. Hymn. Apoll. 21. Naeniae and paeans opposed to one another. + Eurip. Iph. T. 183. The god of death was honoured with no paean. + AEsch. Niob. Frag. 5. Paeans to Hades, the Furies, &c. are an + oxymoron; see Monk ad Eurip. Alc. 431. + + 1253 Comp. the paeans of the Spartans at the Gymnopaedia for the battle of + Thermopylae. Etymolog. Mag. p. 243, 4. Apollo and Artemis, gods of + victory, Soph. Trach. 207. + + 1254 See AEschyl. Theb. 250. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (_ululatus_) which is here + mentioned was in part the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, which according to Plutarch Thes. + 22. occurred in singing the paean and at the libation (in this + passage {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is evidently the right meaning). Hence Apollo is + called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Macrob. Sat. I. 17. From this also comes the + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} which Xenophon often mentions, but distinguishes it from + the paean, and represents it as performed to Enyalius or Ares, Anab. + I. 8. 18. cf. V. 2. 14. Hell. II. 4, 17. + + 1255 Callim. Apoll. 113. Apoll. Rhod. II. 710. cf. Athen. XV. p. 701 C. + Duris ap. Etym. Mag. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}. + + 1256 Thuc. VII. 44. cf. IV. 43. + + 1257 AEsch. Again. 99. + + 1258 Eurip. Hippol. 1373. AEsch. ap. Stob. Serm. p. 121. + + 1259 AEsch. Agam. 518. + + 1260 Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 352. + + 1261 Dieuchidas in Megaricis ap. Schol. Aristophan. Vesp. 870. Harpocrat. + In Tegea (derived from Sparta) Paus. VIII. 53. I. 2. + + 1262 Above, ch. 4. § 2. + + 1263 Demosth. in Mid. p. 331. comp. Varro ap. Porphyr. ad Horat. Carm. + IV. 6. 28. _ex responso sui (Pythii) oraculi in viis publicis urbis + suae Athenienses statutis altaribus sacrificare Apollini instituerunt + et Agyeum appellare_. Also Eurip. Ion 186. to which Eustath. ad Il. + p. 166. Rom. refers. Varro is probably followed by Euanthius De + Tragoedia et Comoedia: _Athenienses cum Apollini Nomio vel_ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + (as Osann. Auctar. Lex. p. 82. corrects), _i.e._ _pastorum + vicinorumque_ (read _vicorumque_) _praesidi deo constructis aris + festum carmen solenniter cantarent_. + + 1264 Schol. Aristoph. Vesp. 870. Thesm. 496. Eq. 1317. Schol. Eurip. + Phoen. 634. Harpocrat. Hesych. Helladius ap. Phot. cod. 279. p. 1596. + Plautus Mercat. IV. 1. 9. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}, also Otto de Diis + Vialibus, et Zoega De Obeliscis p. 210. The Agyieus often occurs on + coins, instead of other emblems of Apollo, where numismatic writers + have not recognised the symbol. See the coins of Apollonia in + Epirus, Aptera in Crete, Megara, Byzantium, Oricus, Ambracia, where + the statue is surrounded with fillets. + + 1265 Eurip. Ion. ubi sup. + + 1266 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Demosth. ubi sup. and Stephens's Thesaurus, ed. + Lond. vol. I. p. 1048. + + 1267 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, the Cretans and Pamphylians, Hesych. in v. Comp. + Hemsterhuis ad Hesych. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Koen ad Greg. Corinth. p. 354. + ed. Schaefer. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}, a Laconism according to Hesychius. + + 1268 The jocular etymology of Plato from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, and the absurd one from + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, mentioned by Cicero de Nat. Deor. II. 27. Plutarch, de {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} 9. + p. 228 (because Apollo was {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, De Iside 76. p. 207). cf. Macrob. + Sat. I. 17. and others in the Etymol. M., I may be excused from + examining. + + 1269 Maittaire, p. 152, 264. + + 1270 Festus in v. Comp. Schneider, Lat. Gram. vol. I. 1. p. 12. + + 1271 There appear to be two radical forms, having nearly the same + meaning, from which the word {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~} might be derived. First {~GREEK LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~} or + {~GREEK LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK LETTER DIGAMMA~}, VOLVO, "to roll," "to press together," and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}, "to push, + strike, drive," &c. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, &c., are evidently derivatives + of this {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}; from which it is probable that {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is + derived, as Homer constantly uses {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DIGAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}, but {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, &c., as well as + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, without the digamma. + + 1272 See Apollon. Lex. Hom. p. 833. ed. Villoison. Schol. Apoll. Rh. II. + 301. + + 1273 Aesch. Suppl. 222. Pindar Pyth. IX. 66. Plutarch, de {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} 20. p. 243. + De Exilio 17. p. 386. _Apollo sanctus_, Cicero Tusc. Quaest. IV. 34. + Montfaucon Inscript. vol. I. pl. 52. No. 10. The term {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + was used of the Thessalian diviners, when they lived apart on the + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Plutarch, de {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 1274 Plutarch. de Def. Orac. 2. + + 1275 Theophrast. de Lapid. 37. + + 1276 Compare {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} Apollon. Lex. in v. Lycophr. v. 1009. + + 1277 Sturz. de Lingua Macedonica. + + 1278 Agamemn. 1084, 1088. cf. Eurip. Alcest. 22. + + 1279 Aesch. Theb. 696, 865. Eurip. ap. Plutarch, de {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} 20. p. 246. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, which + Hermann has received in Eurip. Suppl. 999. Hesych. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + Creuzer Meletem. vol. I. p. 31. + + 1280 Paus. X. 14. 4. The names of the chief priestesses were here + registered, Plutarch. Pericl. 21. + + 1281 Plutarch. Pyrrh. 32. For Athens see above, p. 264. note c. + [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "festival of + Boedromia," starting "Callim. Hymn."] On the sanctity of the wolf + there, Schol. Apoll. Rh. II. 124. + + 1282 Elect. 6. cf. Schol. ad 1. et ad AEsch. Theb. 147. Plutarch. de Sol. + Anim. 9. p. 155. Hesych. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Paus. II. 9. 7. + + 1283 Il. XV. 239. cf. Antonin. Liber. c. 28. AElian. H. A. X. 14. + Aristoph. Av. 516. [The translators conceive that nothing more is + meant in the passage of Homer than that Apollo flew swiftly as a + hawk flies swiftly.] + + 1284 Od. XV. 525. Apollo {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "the god of vultures," was worshipped + on the top of a hill near Ephesus, Conon, Narr. c. 35. There was + also a kind of wolf called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Oppian. Cyneg. III. 304. + + 1285 AEsch. Theb. 147. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, + where see Blomfield. Comp. Agam. 1266, and Soph. OEd. T. 203. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. In a milder sense in AEsch. Suppl. 694. Soph. OEd. + T. 920. Elect. 656. in which last tragedy Apollo throughout appears + as armed with his highest and noblest attributes. See particularly + v. 1379. + + 1286 See Voss on Virgil's Georg. p. 408. Creuzer Comment. Herod. vol. I. + p. 417. + + 1287 Il. IV. 101, 119. cf. Heyne. + + 1288 See Hom. Hymn. ad Apoll. Pyth. 266. + + 1289 Schol. Soph. Elect. 6. + + 1290 Perhaps the Apollo {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Hesych. in v. belongs to this class of + attributes. Also there were temples of Apollo on the promontories of + _Leucae_, _Leucatas_. + + 1291 Aristot. H. A. VI. 29 Otherwise AElian. H. A. IV. 4. Apostol. XII. + 18. comp. above, p. 287. note n. [Transcriber's Note: This is the + footnote to "twelve days and nights," starting "Aristot. Hist. An. + VI. 35."] + + 1292 Apostol. XII. 21. + + 1293 Among the moderns see Payne Knight, Symbol. Lang. § 124. Gail + Philologue, tom. I. p. 300, (comp. Boissonade in Millin's Magasin + Encyclopedique, tom. 118. p. 346.) where {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is brought into + connexion with {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. It seems to me probable that the word {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + first expressed the oblique position of the archer, who always has + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}. + + 1294 Comp. Paus. VI. 8. 2. + + 1295 Theopompus apud Polyb. XVI. 12. 7. Plutarch. Quaest. Gr. 39. p. 398. + Paus. VIII. 38. 5. On the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} see Amphis ap. Hygin. Poet. Astron. + II. 1 p. 35. cf. IV. p. 362. ed. Muncker. + + 1296 Pausan. X. 24. 4. Comp. Pindar Pyth. IV. 4. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was + worshipped at Delphi, Xenoph. Anab. V. 9. 22. and also {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + Hesych. in v. Perhaps, too, the god {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, whom Hesychius (in v.) + calls the Doric Hephaestus, may be the real Zeus; a conjecture which + is confirmed by the circumstance that the temples of Zeus at Dodona + and in Laconia were called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}, Hesych. in v. cf. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. That this + Elous might have been originally derived from the El or Eloha of the + people of Israel, I do not deny; but it is an etymology which leads + to nothing but hopeless and uncertain conjecture. + + 1297 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Aleman ap. Hephaest. p. 66. ed. Gaisf. + + 1298 AEsch. Eumen. 19. 616. compare the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in Macrobius Sat. V. 22. + Schol. Soph. OEd. Col. 791. Soph. El. 660. + + 1299 Concerning the exception of the Messenians see above, p. 151. note + t, [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "Terpander," + starting "I mention Eumelus."] and for his birthplace at Tegyra + above, ch. 2. § 11. Apollo was also said to have been born at + Amphigenia in Triphylia, Steph. Byz. in v. and there was a temple of + Latona, Strab. VIII. p. 349. Antimachus Fragm. 78. p. 111. ed. + Schellenberg. + + 1300 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, _i.e._ "time was requisite for his birth;" "some time + elapsed before Apollo could be born," Pindar ap. Clem. Alex. Strom. + I. p. 383. ed. Potter. + + 1301 Homer, Hymn. Apoll. 305. comp. Hygin. Fab. 54. + + 1302 Fragm. Prosod. I. p. 587. ed. Boeckh. + + 1303 Pindar ibid. + + 1304 Comp. Spanheim ad Callim. Hymn. Del. 36. 273. + + 1305 Pindar Fragm. Prosod. 1. Boeckh. This ode must then have been + written before the earthquake in Olymp. 72. 3. see Herod. VI. 98. + which confirms the assertion of Dissen that Isthm. I. 4. is not + alluded to, since this poem, as the same critic shows, was written + after Olymp. 80. 3. Herodotus, again, had no knowledge of the + earthquake which took place at the breaking out of the Peloponnesian + war (Thucyd. II. 8.), and Thucydides had never heard of the other, + which occurred before his time, nor read the statement of Herodotus. + Comp. Mucian. apud Plin. H. N. IV. 12. Aristid. Orat. VI. p. 77. 78. + Spanheim ad Callim. Del. 11. &c. + + 1306 Above, ch. 2. § 13. + + 1307 Pausan. I. 18. 5. VIII. 21. 2. IX. 27. 2. Comp. Herod. IV. 35. The + confusion of Eileithyia and Fate, by Olen, is only a supposition of + Pausanias. + + 1308 Pausan. IX. 27. 2. + + 1309 Spanheim ad Callim. Del. 308. + + 1310 Hom. Hymn. Apoll. 16. 19. Callim. Del. 206. compare the map of the + island in Choiseul Gouffier, Voyage Pittoresque, tom. I. pl. 31. + + 1311 See AEschyl. Eumen. 9. Theognis v. 7. Herod. II. 170. Eurip. Ion 169. + Iphigen. Taur. 1105. Call. Apoll. 59. Del. 261. + + 1312 Pausan. VIII. 48. 2. conf. Hom. Odyss. VI. 167. Schol. ad Eurip. + Ion. 932. AElian. V. H. v. 4. Hygin. Fab. 53. 140. Catull. XXXIV. 8. + For the palm as an emblem of Delos on Greek vases, see Tischbein I. + 24. Il. 12. + + 1313 Strabo X. p. 486, &c. + + 1314 A fabulous reason is given by Callimachus, Fragm. 9. Hygin. fab. + 247. + + 1315 When four days old, according to Hygin. fab. 140. cf. Eurip. Iphig. + Taur. 1252. Macrob. Sat. 1. 17. + + 1316 Clearchus of Soli in Athen. XV. p. 701 C. Duris ap. Etymol. Mag. in + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}, where for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. comp. Bast ad Greg. Corinth, p. + 834. This legend agrees with the compositions on the Greek vase in + Tischbein III. 4. The plane-tree occurs also in Theophrast. Hist. + Plant. IV. 13. Plin. H.N. XVI. 44. and in a bas-relief at the Villa + Albani, Zoega de Obeliscis, p. 212. + + 1317 Apoll. Rh. II. 707. comp. Jamblich. Vit. Pythag. 10. + + 1318 Schol. AEsch. Eumen. 2. + + 1319 Comp. Hygin. fab. 140. + + 1320 Plutarch de Pyth. Orac. 17. The fountain there spoken of, and not + that of Castalia, is the one which the serpent was supposed to + haunt. Comp. Hesych. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; a mound erected over the + Python, in a ravine near Delphi, which is sometimes placed at + Sicyon, Paus. II. 7. 7. + + 1321 Apoll. Rhod. II. 706. Schol. (where also {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is in the MS.) + Dionys. Perieg. 441. Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 208. An {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, + according to later writers, in Apollod. I. 6. 3. + + 1322 Lucian de Astrol. 23. The symbol of the goat is connected with the + Python (since {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} is called a child of the Python, Plutarch. Quaest. + Graec. 12.), also a river {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} at Delphi + (Hesiod ap. Steph. Byz.), and the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Hesych. in v. cf. + Pausan. X. 11. 4. and Diod. XV. 26. The same animal was likewise + sacred to Apollo at Elyrus in Crete (above, ch. 1. § 5.) and + Tylissus; in the coins of which town Apollo is represented with a + goat's head in his hand. At Delos the altar {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + was made of goat's horns by Apollo while a boy, Plutarch. Thes. 21. + de Solert. Animal. 35. p. 201. Callim. Hymn. Apoll. 51. The same + story was told of the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} at Miletus (Callim. ap. Etym. + Mag. 584. 10.), where there was a strange story of a he-goat which + gave milk. It cannot be doubted that the goat was originally one of + the unclean animals of the worship of Apollo. + + 1323 Apollo, according to Simonides (ap. Eustath. ad Il. p. 52. 39.), + slew the monster with an hundred arrows (as an explanation of + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). The battle is represented on the coins of Croton; see + Eckhel Num. Anecdot. plate I. No. 13. + + 1324 Callim. ap. Tertull. de Cor. 7. + + 1325 See in particular Boeckh de Metr. Pind. III. 4. p. 182. Pollux IV. + 10. 81. calls the performance {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1326 Plutarch. Quaest. Gr. 12. p. 383. de Def. Or. 14. 21. Ephorus ap. + Strab. IX. p. 422. also alludes to the burning of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which + he calls {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}. + +_ 1327 Orchomenos_, p. 220. + + 1328 In Plutarch de Def. Orat. 14. read {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (also in + Hesych. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} for + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, the women having the same name as those of + Orchomenus, Plutarch. Quaest. Graec. 38. Compare _Orchomenos_, p. 166. + + 1329 Above, ch. 1. § 2; and on the different tradition of Tarrha, ib. § + 5. + + 1330 In a verse of Sophocles, cited by Plutarch de Def. Orac. 14. + Alcestis said of Apollo, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, "_My + husband led him to the mill._" The name of the tragedy seems to have + been {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; see the words of Plutarch ubi sup. A tragedy, I say; + for, although Hermann (Praef. ad Eurip. Alcest. p. xv.) thinks that + the line is from a satiric drama, the verses quoted in Schol. Pind. + Pyth. IV. 221. which appear to be from the same play, are evidently + of a tragic complexion. On the imitation of the servitude of Apollo, + see also the words of Plutarch ib. 15. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. + + 1331 Hesych. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. + + 1332 See particularly AEschyl. Eumen. 726. Eurip. Alcest. 10. Apollod. I. + 9. + + 1333 See Schol. Aristoph. Vesp. 1231. (but the Scholion {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, + &c. has nothing to do with this point), and Zenob. Prov. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1334 Eubemerus ap. Minut. Felic. c. 21. 2. Fulgent. Expos. Germ. Ant. p. + 168. Porphyr. Vit. Pyth. 16. + + 1335 Several coins appear to represent this lustration; _e.g._, one of + Chalcedon, in Mionnet, No. 88; one of Perinthus, ibid. No. 329; see + also those of Alexandria Troas in Mionnet, Nos. 109, 115, 116. + + 1336 Thus Pherecydes ap. Schol. Eur. Alcest. 2. (cf. ap. Schol. Pind. + Pyth. III. 96.) who drew his information from Hesiod. Hesiod related + this tradition in the part of the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} or catalogue which treated + of the daughters of Leucippus, one of whom is said to have been the + mother of AEsculapius. Tzetzes ad Hes. Theogon. 142. Compare + Athenagoras Legat. p. 134. and Schol. Eurip. ubi sup. Apollod. III. + 10. 4. I. 9. 15. Diod. IV. 71. Excerpt. p. 546. ed. Wesseling. Orph. + Argon. 176, also Eurip. Alcestis, and Asclepiades in the Scholia. + The _religious_ tradition is given by Anaxandridas the Delphian in + Schol. Eurip. Alcest. 2. ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, + Vatic. Prov. I. 5.) and Plutarch, perhaps from the same authority. + Those who in Iliad I. 399. wrote {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, attributed his + banishment to a rebellion against Zeus. See also AEschylus ap. + Plutarch de Exilio 17. + + 1337 Il. XXI. 443. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Thus also Pherecydes and the + others. Clem. Alex. Strom. I. p. 323. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, from an + epic poet. Plutarch. Amator. 17. gives the whole verse; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1338 Schol. Apoll. Rhod. IV. 611; see the very confused account in + Eratosth. Catast. 29. with Schaubach's note. p. 110. + + 1339 Odyss. XI. 580 Pausan. III. 18. 7. (on the Amyclaean throne) X. 11. + 1. Pind. Pyth. IV. 90. + + 1340 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Hom. Hymn. Apoll. 132. comp. Hymn. Merc. 471, + 533. + + 1341 AElian. V. H. XI. 5. Also sacrifices of cakes at Athens, Harpocration + and Hesychius in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Suidas in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. comp. + Hemsterhuis ad Lucian. vol. II. p. 411. ed. Bipont. + + 1342 See above, ch. 2. § 2. + + 1343 Aristot. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} ap. Diog. Laert. VIII. 13. Timaeus ap. + Censorin. de die nat. 2. (Tim. fragm. 62. ed. Goeller). Compare + Macrobius Sat. III. 6. Clem. Alex. Strom. VII. p. 717. Porphyr. de + Abstinent. II. 28. (see Rhoerp. 153.) Jamblichus Vit. Pythagor. 5. + 7. Cyrillus in Julian. IX. p. 307 B. Concerning the horn altar, see + above, p. 325, note d. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to + "inner sanctuary," starting "Lucian de Astrol. 23."] + + 1344 Plutarch. Sept. Sapient. 14. The first-fruits of the year were also + carried round at the Attic Thargelia, Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 1345 Schol. Pindar. Argum. p. 298. ed. Boeckh. + + 1346 See particularly Crates ap. Schol. Aristoph. Eq. 725. Suidas in + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. Menecles ap. Suid. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. cf. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Thes. + 22. Apostal. Prov. XXI. 24. + + 1347 Also the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which was used at this festival, + referred more to the gods of husbandry. + + 1348 The ancient Greeks considered the winter as the season when the gods + of the infernal regions were predominant, and a state of impurity + existed; while they looked on spring and summer as a pure and sacred + season. + + 1349 Meursii Graecia Feriata in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Compare _Orchomenos_, p. 106. An + historical tradition respecting the first {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, from a work of + Istrus {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, is preserved in Harpocration + and Etymol. Magn. in v. + + 1350 Parthen. Erot. 9. Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} ad fin. where the correction + of Hemsterhuis is disapproved by Welcker on Schwenck's Mythologische + Andeutungen, p. 341. + + 1351 Archilochus fragm. 46. ed. Gaisford. + + 1352 Servius ad AEn. III. 57. from Petronius. Apollo Delphinius was + worshipped there, Strabo IV. p. 179 B. + + 1353 See the verses of Hipponax in Tzetzes Chil. V. 743. also in Athen. + IX. p. 370 A. and his testimony in Plutarch de Musica 8. comp. + Hesychius in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1354 Above, ch. 2. § 10. + + 1355 Pausan. II. 7. 7. Perhaps there was a local tradition that the + Python was killed in Sicyon; see above, p. 324, note b. + [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "supplied from the + Styx," starting "Plutarch de Pyth. Orac. 17."] + + 1356 Plutarch. Thes. 18. The number is evident from the context. + + 1357 In order to show the correspondence between the sacred seasons at + Athens and Delphi, it should be remarked that at the latter place + the nine months of spring, summer, and autumn were sacred to Apollo, + and during them the sacrifice was accompanied by the paean; while the + three winter months were sacred to Bacchus, and hence in them the + dithyramb was played at the sacrifices (Plutarch. de Ei 9. p. 229.); + and that in Athens also the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated + between Poseideon and Elaphebolion, and those of Apollo during the + other months. + + 1358 See AEginetica, page 152. That the _testamentum Epictetae_ belongs to + Thera, is proved by Boeckh Corp. Inscript. Gr. No. 2448. + + 1359 Schol. Pind. Pyth. Argument. + + 1360 See particularly Callisthenes and Anaxandridas (the same person who + is mentioned above) in Plutarch. Quaest. Graec. 9. Thucydides V. 1. + cf. 18. 24. also places the Pythian festival at the end of + Elaphebolion. The first passage has been often misunderstood (_e.g._ + by Manso, Sparta, vol. III. part II. p. 193.): its meaning is, "_The + annual armistice remained suspended; there was again war, until the + Pythian games._" Without going further into the complicated inquiry + concerning the time of the Pythia, and without denying that in later + ages the festival was transferred to autumn, I think that the + arguments in the text fully justify me in assuming that the + celebration of the victory over the Python (which celebration was + the chief subject of the Pythia) took place in spring. + + 1361 This is plain from the fable of Theseus, above, ch. 3. § 14. + [Transcriber's Note: There is no such section in that chapter.] + + 1362 Plutarch. Sympos. VIII. 1. 2. p. 342. de Ei 17. p. 238. Proclus ad + Hesiod. Op. 767. Dionys. Hal. de Art. Rhet. 3. p. 243. ed. Reisk. + comp. Valckenaer de Aristobulo Judaeo § 37. p. 13. + + 1363 Diog. Laert. III. 2. II. 24. Apollod. fragm. p. 413. 415. ed. Heyn. + It is probably a fiction that Socrates was born on the former, Plato + on the latter day. + + 1364 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~} of the Daphnephoria (Proclus ap. Phot. p. 987.) has some + resemblance to the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, or olive-branch, which was also + carried round at the Thargelia (Suidas in v.), and is also called a + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Schol. Aristoph. Eq. 725. + + 1365 The Athenians, according to Proclus as above, honoured the seventh + day as {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} Scalig.) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1366 Pontedera Antiq. p. 208. According to Scaliger Emend. Temp. vol. I. + p. 54, this was anciently the beginning of the year; which is denied + by Petavius Doctrin. Temp. I. 34. p. 42. compare Dodwell de Cyclis + V. 12. p. 256. + + 1367 Above, ch. 4. § 2. It was then probably that the festival of the + Theophania was celebrated, Herod. I. 51. + + 1368 Concerning which see above, ch. 1. § 2. ch. 2. § 12. 14. ch. 3. § 1. + And for the ancient octennial Pythian games see Demetrius of + Phalerum in Eustathius ad Od. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}'. p. 1466. ed. Rom. Schol. Med. ad + Od. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}'. p. 267. + + 1369 This too, as well as the olive-branch, was always borne by a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, a boy who had both parents alive. + + 1370 See a verse from an epic poet quoted by Plutarch, Praec. Reip. ger. + 19. p. 178. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1371 AEsch. Choeph. 1035. Eumen. 43. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}. Suidas in + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1372 Eumen. 326. + + 1373 Ibid. 238, 280, 446, 581. This expiation is also represented on + several vases; see Tischbein II. 16. and more completely in Millin + Vases II. 68. Monumens inedits I. 29. where see the accurate + explanation. Orestes sits, half kneeling, on the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, covered + with a net, exactly as AEschylus describes it: by his side are Athene + and the Furies; next the tripod is the sacred laurel, with fillets, + and votive tablets; and by it is Apollo, standing, with a laurel + chaplet, and his mantle thrown back; the spirit of Clytaemnestra and + Pylades in the background. On a vase in the British Museum (No. + 102), Orestes is represented as kneeling, with a sword in his hand, + and a travelling cap thrown from his head, before an altar; woollen + fillets, in the form of a chain, fall from one arm; Apollo, with a + branch of laurel and a patera in one hand, stands by him; and in the + other, as it appears, a pair of shears, with which he is going to + cut off a lock of his hair. See also Museo Pio Clementino, V. pi. + 22. + + 1374 Ap. Schol. Eurip. Orest. 268. The purification of Orestes was + likewise referred to the very ancient temple of Apollo at Troezen; in + front of which there was a building called the _tent of Orestes_ + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}); where he lived secluded from the world, until he + was purified, And from the materials used in the purification (what + Homer calls {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}), which were buried close by, a laurel was said + to have sprung, Pausan. II. 31. 11. comp. I. 22. 2. and above, ch. + 2. § 8. It was also supposed to have been performed at Rhegium; see + the passages quoted above, p. 278, note o. [Transcriber's Note: This + is the footnote to "rites and festivals," starting "Respecting the + ablutions."] The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or seclusion of Orestes, took place in + Parrhasia, according to Schol. Eurip. Orest. 1678. + + 1375 Hellanic. fragm. 98. ed. Sturz. + + 1376 In later times the ephetae decided cases of unpremeditated and + justifiable homicide in the Palladium, Delphinium, Prytaneum, and + Phreattys: while the Areopagus, the court for murder, was separate: + but in early times these aristocratic judges appear to have sat in + _all_ the five courts, each armed with _full_ jurisdiction. Demosth. + in Macart. p. 1069. 7. They were {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, according to + Pollux VIII. 125. Philochorus (ap. Maxim. Prooem. ad S. Dionys. + Areop. p. 19. fragm. ed. Siebel.) gives the same number for the + Areopagites, _i.e._, as they were before the time of Solon. + + 1377 Pollux ubi sup. This explains how the Areopagus might be of great + antiquity (Aristot. Polit. II. 8. 2. &c), and yet _never_ have been + mentioned by Draco, who only spoke of the ephetae, Plutarch, Solon. + 29. + + 1378 Suidas in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Hesychius in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Schol. Eurip. + Hippol. 35. and see Barnes's note. The term of banishment was always + called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (Apollod. II. 8. 3. cf. III. 4. 2.), and was + generally eight years (an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) in ancient times (see below, + ch. 11. § 9.); but at Athens it was probably undetermined. + + 1379 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} Demosth. ubi sup. + + 1380 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} ibid. cf. Pantaenet. + p. 983. 15. in Nausimach. p. 991. 3. where Reiske's alteration is + wrong. See also particularly the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} in the speech of Demosthenes + against Aristocrates. Plato, too, would have expiation and + purification only in the case of involuntary homicide, de Leg. IX. + p. 869. It was against every principle of law for the relations to + compound for a wilful murder (see Pseudo-Demosth. in Theocrin. p. + 1330. extr.); and thus, too, the case in Il. VI. 632. is mentioned + as an exception. See, however, Apollod. II. 7. 6. + + 1381 On this point more will be found below, in ch. 11. § 9. In this + place I only observe, with reference to the assertion of Lobeck (de + Praec. Myst. II. p. 6.), "that all expiations in the heroic mythology + were invented by the historians," that, according to _Arctinus_ + (AEthiopis ap. Prod. Chrestom. comp. Tychsen de Quinto Smyrnaeo p. + 61.), Achilles, after the murder of Thersites, fled to Lesbos, to be + there expiated by Ulysses, after sacrifices to Apollo and Diana. It + may indeed be shown from the Scholia to Il. XXIV. 484. that the + original reading in this passage was not {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, but + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}, "_in the house of the expiator, or purifier_." + See Lobeck's Aglaophamus, vol. I. p. 300. vol. II. p. 1351. + + 1382 Above, p. 264. note c. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to + "festival of Boedromia," starting "Callim. Hymn."] + + 1383 Below, § 17. + + 1384 See Book III. ch. 11. § 4. + + 1385 AEschyl. Eum. 62. + + 1386 Theocrit. Id. XXIV. + + 1387 Plutarch. Conviv. Sept. Sapient. 14. + + 1388 Boeckh's Economy of Athens, vol. II. p. 150. Compare also the fact + mentioned in the first spurious Epistle of AEschines, p. 658. ed. + Reisk. + + 1389 Hesych. in v. + + 1390 See Casaubon ad Theophrast. Char. 16. + + 1391 Hence Manto is also called Daphne; and one of the sons of Priam, a + prophet, was named {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _i.e._ a laurel-bough, Apollod. III. 12. + 5. cf. Hesych. in v. + + 1392 Tischbein I. 33. Millin. Vases, tom. I. pl. 6. + + 1393 Plutarch, Sympos. III. 9. 2. p. 148. ed. Hutten. Schol. Od. XIX. 86. + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Compare Eustathius p. 683. 40. ed. + Bas. Hesych. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, where the olive-branch is so called. See + also Creuzer's Symbolik, vol. II. p. 161. + + 1394 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is often used in oracles to signify the confirmation by + events of the prediction; thus Antiphon wrote a treatise {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _i.e._ on the fulfilment of oracles. Apollo is called + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} by Tryphiodorus v. 641. where see Wernicke's note. Diviners + were called by the Spartans {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, Hemsterhuis ad Tim. p. + 113. + + 1395 See particularly Plin. jun. Epist. V. 6. + + 1396 Above, ch. 1. § 2. + + 1397 Ovid's Metamorphoses and Hyginus fab. 203. where see Muncker's note. + It is also related to have taken place at Amyclae, at Claros, and + also on the banks of the Ladon; the latter on account of Apollo + Oncaeus. In several coins of Metapontum, _e.g._, on two in the Paris + cabinet, Apollo is represented as placing or planting a laurel on a + low altar; and he is frequently drawn with a laurel in his hand, + sometimes bound with woollen fillets. + + 1398 See Od. IX. 200. XX. 278. Pausan. I. 21. 9. + + 1399 See particularly Od. XVI. 403. and Hom. Hymn. Apoll. 394. compare + AElian V. H. III. 43, 44. Diod. V. 67. Harpocration in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, + &c. Themis was worshipped, together with Apollo, at Delphi (which + also seems to be stated in the corrupt gloss of Hesychius in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}), + and in the Didymaeum, Chishull Ant. Asiat. p. 67. + + 1400 Ap. Plutarch, de Pyth. Orac. 21. p. 282. (p. 333. ed. + Schleiermacher.) Herod. VII. 111. also appears to a certain degree + to praise the simplicity of the Delphic oracles, as also + Philostratus Vit. Apollon. VI. 11. + + 1401 Hom. Hymn. 24. AEsch. Choeph. 1037. Eurip. Ion 474. Plutarch. Num. 9. + + 1402 See Plato de Rep. IV. p. 179. 7. Leg. VI. p. 428. 12. ed. Bekker. + + 1403 The divination from dreams is also opposed by Euripides (Iphig. + Taur. 1264) to the prophecies of Apollo; and he also refers to it + the combat between the goddess {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} and Phoebus. + + 1404 All regular divination was of an early date, according to Pausan. I. + 43. 3. + + 1405 Above, ch. 2. § 14. + + 1406 Hymn. Hom. III. 213, 544. Sophocl. Ed. T. 965. Alexander's {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}. + ap. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Paus. X. 6. 1. comp. Plin. H. N. VII. + 57. + + 1407 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} at the sacrifice, Eurip. Androm. 1107, 1116. see + above, ch. 2. § 12. ch. 3. § 2. + + 1408 Hom. Hymn. III. 552. Callim. Hymn. Apoll. 45, and Schol. Etym. Magn. + p. 455. 51. Anecd. Bekk. p. 265. Zenobius V. 75. Steph. Byz. in + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. compare Hesychius in the obscure gloss {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}, and the vase in + Millingen's Diverses Peintures 29. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} at Delphi are also + mentioned by Plutarch de {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} 16. + + 1409 Il. I. 602. Hesiod. Scut. 200; and see Heinrich's note. So also on + the chest of Cypselus, with the verses in Paus. V. 18. 1, and Pindar + Nem. V. 24. + + 1410 Hom. Hymn. Apoll. 200. Pindar Fragm. 115. ed. Boeckh. Apollo + himself, as a boy, is represented dancing on a tripod in a coin of + Cos (Mionnet tom. III. p. 401). + +_ 1411 Orchomenos_, p. 381. + + 1412 See, _e.g._ Athen. XIV. p. 636 E. Hence the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was a fish + sacred to Apollo, Apollod. Fragm. p. 395. ed. Heyn. + + 1413 See the Homeric Hymn to Hermes. But even there the lyre is + frequently confounded with the cithara (the _seven-stringed_ in v. + 51, which proves that this hymn is later than the time of + Terpander). Comp. Apollod. III. 10. 2, where Apollod. is said to + receive the pipe ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}) also from Mercury, and Eratosth. Catast. + 24. The AEolian lyric poets made frequent mention of this fable, and + hence it frequently occurs in Horace. + + 1414 Pyth. V. 63. + + 1415 Fragm. Paean. 2. ed. Boeckh. + + 1416 The frequent use of music in medicine in the most ancient times is + certainly not a fiction; thus Apollo, when a player on the cithara + and an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, has offices nearly allied to one another, AEsch. + Suppl. 261. Eumen. 62. + + 1417 Paus. X. 7. 2. According to Schol. Pind. Pyth. Argum. 3. he was + himself the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1418 Plutarch de Music. 42. + + 1419 Diog. Laert. VIII. 24. Jamblichus Vit. Pythag. 26, &c. + + 1420 Hence no flute-player was allowed to enter the temple of Tennes the + son of Apollo, Diod. V. 83. + + 1421 This fable, and the various representations of it in ancient art, + are well known. See Boettiger in Wieland's Attisches Museum, vol. I. + p. 285. Visconti Museo Pio-Clementino V. 4. Millin. Vases vol. I. + pl. 6. The accompaniments in the plate given by Tischbein IV. 6. + show that Phrygia, those in I. 33. and Millingen pl. 6. that Delphi + is meant. + + 1422 Il. X. 13. The passage XVIII. 495. cannot be considered as equally + ancient, see Eustathius and the Venetian Scholiast. + + 1423 Hesiod. Scut. 281. + + 1424 Athen. XIV. p. 624 B. Welcker ad Alcman. p. 6. Fragm. 86. + + 1425 See Marm. Par. Ep. 10. and the commentators. + + 1426 Boeckh ad Pindar. Fragm. p. 292. + + 1427 Alcman. Fragm. 38. ed. Welcker. Plutarch de Mus. 14. + + 1428 Aristoxenus ap. Plutarch. de Mus. 15. The same musician also + composed the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in honour of Apollo, Plut. ib. 7. + Boeckh ad Pind. Pyth. XII. p. 345. + + 1429 See the author's History of Greek Literature, ch. 12. § 6. + + 1430 Plutarch de Mus. 14. Paus. V. 7. 4. V. 14. 4. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Athen. XII. + p. 538 F. + + 1431 Or _perfect_ ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}), Aristides de Music. 2. p. 101. ed. + Meibom. + + 1432 Paus. II. 22. 9. X. 9. 3. + + 1433 Paus. IX. 29. 3. Philochorus ap. Eustath. ad Il. p. 1163. 57. ed. + Rom. + + 1434 Conon Narr. c. 19. Paus. II. 19, 1 (his tomb was in the temple of + Apollo). comp. Propertius II. 10. 8. A {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is mentioned + by Aristides Eleus. p. 259. Apollo is only his poetical father + (Apollod. I. 3. 2. Theocritus, Eustathius); but his mother Psamathe + and his brother Psamathus must have some meaning. With the ceremony + mentioned in the text was connected a festival called _Arnis_ or + _Cynophontis_, at which a number of dogs were publicly slaughtered. + AElian. N. A. XII. 34. Statius Theb. VI. 65. Conon ubi sup. Athen. + III. p. 99 F. The dog, as was frequently the case in ancient + mythology, evidently represents Sirius, and generally the scorching + heat of summer, so fatal to all vegetation. It appears, therefore, + that they destroyed the emblem of that power by which the death of + Narcissus was occasioned. + + 1435 Hesiod ap. Eustath. ubi sup. + + 1436 Hom. Il. XVIII. 569. Hesiod ubi sup. Euripides ap. Athen. XIV. p. + 619 C. + + 1437 See Stanley ad AEsch. Agam. 123. The proper name was perhaps {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, and the first words {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}. + + 1438 Pollux I. 1. 38. cf. Il. ubi sup. + + 1439 Barbarian {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in Eurip. Orest. 1402. + + 1440 Schol. Apoll. I. 1135. + +_ 1441 Orchomenos_, p. 293. + + 1442 AEsch. Pers. 1059 (where it is a melancholy tune to the lamentations + of the chorus) and Schol. Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. 791. + + 1443 AEsch. Pers. 941. and Schol. Eustath. ubi sup. Pollux IV. 7. 54. + + 1444 Schol. Theocrit. X. 41. Apostol. XII. 7. Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1445 Pollux IV. 10. 76. + + 1446 II. 79. comp. Clearchus ap. Hesych. Pollux ubi sup. + + 1447 Eustath. ad Il. A. 20. The name Cinyras was changed so as to + resemble {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The love which Apollo bore him (Pind. Pyth. II. + 16. cf. Schol. Theocrit. I. 109) merely signifies that he was fond + of music. + + 1448 Paus. X. 7. 2. Concerning the antiquity of the musical contests at + Delphi see Plutarch Sympos. II. 4. 1. p. 83. Demetrius Phalereus + quoted above, p. 338, note e. [Transcriber's Note: This is the + footnote on page 337 to "earliest times arranged," starting + "Concerning which see above."] Philostrat. Vit. Apollon. Tyan. VI. + 10. + + 1449 Proclus ap. Phot. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1450 Suidas in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1451 Callim. Hymn. Del. 304. comp. Apoll. Rhod. I. 537. + + 1452 Proclus ubi sup. + + 1453 Plutarch de Music. 4. from Timotheus. + + 1454 See the passages quoted by Fabricius vol. I. p. 207. 210. ed. Harl. + It was also called _versus Deliacus_, if the reading in Atilius + Fortunatus, p. 2690. ed. Putsch. is correct. At _Miletus_ also there + were ancient hexameter hymns to Apollo and Zeus, which were + attributed to Branchus, Terent. de Metris 5, 165. comp. Clem. Alex. + Strom. p. 647. + + 1455 Heraclid. Pont. ap. Plutarch de Music. 3. comp. Schol. Od. XVI. 432. + Syncellus Chronogr. p. 162. Fabricius vol. I. p. 214. ed. Harles. + + 1456 Plutarch de Music. 5. + + 1457 The hymns of Terpander were, like the most ancient songs, partly in + hexameter metre, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} (Plutarch Symp. III. 4. Proclus ubi sup.): yet + Terpander was the first to introduce a great variety of metre. + + 1458 The reason of Thamyris the Thracian being called the son of + Philammon (Paus. IV. 33), is probably the near neighbourhood of the + Delphians and Thracians of Parnassus. + + 1459 Il. I. 473. cf. XXII. 391. + + 1460 Plat. Symp. 4. Philochorus ap. Athen. XIV. p. 630 sq. cf. IV. p. + 179. XI. p. 503 E. from Antiphanes, Xenoph. Symp. 2. 1. Hence + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Hesych. in v. + + 1461 Hom. Hymn. Apoll. 514 sqq. In Delos also paeans were sung round the + altars, Eurip. Herc. Fur. 690. + + 1462 Xenoph. Ages. 2. 17. The passage of Athenaeus XIV. p. 631 C. if + properly written, does not refer to that point. There was always a + person named {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} who accompanied the song on an instrument. Thus + Archilochus Fragm. 50. ed. Gaisford. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (_after_ the time of Terpander), Vit. Sophocl. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}. Compare the verses on the chest of + Cypselus quoted above, p. 349. note 2. + + 1463 Plutarch de {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} 16. + + 1464 Jamblich. Vit. Pythag. 25. + + 1465 See Menander de Encom. p. 27. ed. Heeren. + + 1466 Il. XVIII. 590. cf. Od. IV. 18. + + 1467 Sosibius ap. Schol. Pind. Pyth. II. 127. and Simonides ap. Athen. V. + p. 181 B. Plutarch Sympos. IX. 15. explained by Boeckh ad Pind. + Fragm. p. 597. + + 1468 Lucian. de Saltat. 16. + + 1469 Hom. Hymn. Apoll. 162. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} means extravagant gestures, such as + clapping of hands, striking of castanets, &c. + + 1470 See Plut. Thes. 21. Callim. Hymn. Del. 317. with Spanheim's note. + The leader of the dance was called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (Hesych. in v.) Blows + also were given, and hence the expression {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (Hesych. + in v.); and there were also various turnings and windings, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (Dicaearchus apud Plut. ubi sup.): when at + rest, the chorus stood in a semicircle, with leaders at the two + wings, Pollux IV. 4. 101. + + 1471 Athen. XIV. p. 630. Compare the extant fragments of the paeans of + Pindar. + + 1472 Plutarch de Music. 9, 10. Schol. Pind. Pyth. II. 127. That the + hyporcheme was native in Sparta may be seen from Pindar Fragm. 8. p. + 603. ed. Boeckh. + + 1473 Plutarch de Music. 10. where for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} should + probably be written {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}. A fragment of a paean in paeons in + Aristot. Rh. III. 7. 6. + + 1474 It is called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} by Bacchylides. + + 1475 Pind. Olymp. XIV. 12. and the Schol. + + 1476 There was at Delos an ancient statue, according to Plutarch de + Music. 14. which Tectaeus and Angelion appear to have imitated + (Pausan. IX. 35. I.); whose work is perhaps copied in the Gem in + Millin's Galerie Mythologique, p. 33. No. 474. Comp. Macrob. Sat. I. + 17. The Graces had a flute, a lyre, and a pipe in their hands. There + was another ancient statue ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) at Delos, which was referred to + Erysichthon, Plutarch, Fragm. 10. p. 291. ed. Hutten. + +_ 1477 Orchomenos_, p. 182. and see Panyasis Fragm. I. 14. 18. ed. Brunck. + + 1478 Also the Hyacinthia in the Amyclaeum, Strab. VI. p. 278. Hyacinthus + was the son of Amyclas and of Diomede the daughter of Lapithas (so + named from the Lapithaeum in the neighbourhood), according to + Apollod. III. 10. 2. Amyclas is mentioned, instead of Hyacinthus, by + Simmias {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, ap. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + +_ 1479 Orchomenos_, p. 327. The month Hyacinthus was also introduced into + Sicily by the AEgidae, Castelli Prol. XII. p. 74. + + 1480 Hyacinthus is himself called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Coluthus Rapt. Hel. 237. + + 1481 Paus. II. 35. 4. + + 1482 Paus. III. 19. cf. IV. 33. 5. + + 1483 Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}; and see below, ch. 10. § 3. + + 1484 A worship of the dead was also offered to the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of + Athea. + + 1485 Eurip. Hel. 1490. + + 1486 Crowns of ivy were given at the Hyacinthia, according to Aristot. + ap. Macrob. Sat. I. 18. Hence perhaps the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} of + AEschylus ap. Macrob. ibid. with Lobeck's correction ad Soph. Aj. + 814. See Classical Journal XIX. p. 111. + + 1487 Manso, Sparta, vol. III. part II. p. 201. has properly followed + Dodwell on this point, whose arguments also convince me. + + 1488 Hesych. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. A different account is given in Bekker's Anecd. p. 305. + + 1489 Clemens of Alexand. (Str. I. p. 349.) infers from two verses of the + ancient poem Europia that Apollo was also represented at Delphi as a + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; but they prove nothing; for the high column, on which + arms and trophies were hung, was certainly not the god himself. + + 1490 Called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Hesych. in v. Sosibius ap. Zenob. Prov. I. 54. + Apostol. II. 54. + + 1491 Paus. III. 11. Perhaps this was the regular form of the Carnean + Apollo, Paus. III. 26. 5. + + 1492 Above, p. 195. note k. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to + "before conquered," starting "Plutarch. Solon. 10. 12."] + + 1493 Aristides ap. Steph. Byz. comp. Plutarch Pyth. Orac. 12. p. 266. + Apostol. XVIII. 28. and the coins of Tenedos (Mionnet tom. II. p. + 671.); those of Pitana (tom. II. p. 627. No. 722.) of Iasos (tom. + III. p. 352.), and particularly those of Thyateira (Buonarotti + Medaglie Antiche IX. 9.), in which the symbol of the axe is + variously combined with Apollo. + + 1494 The latter god was called by the title of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (Strab. XIV. p. + 660.); and consequently the epithet {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, as applied to Apollo, + originally (_e.g._ in Il. V. 509. see Heyne's note, and ad Apollod. + p. 274.) signified his golden armour, although Pindar (Pyth. V. + 104.) uses it for the golden ornaments of his cithara; but in an + oracle of Bacis it is again applied to Artemis, _i.e._ to the + _armed_ goddess (Herod. VIII. 77. compare Mitscherlisch and Ilgen ad + Hom. Hymn. Cer. 4. Boeckh Explic. Pind. p. 293.) + + 1495 Travels in Greece, vol. II. p. 200. pi. 7. Alcuni bassi-relievi + della Grecia, Roma 1812. The Apollo upon the Capitoline Puteal + appears to be a copy, but a far more modern copy, of the same + original. The same shape of Apollo may be also observed in the + reliefs with the carrying off of the tripod. + + 1496 Pind. Pyth. V. 42. There was also shown at Tegea a gilt Apollo by + Cheirisophus a Cretan, see Thiersch, Ueber die Kunstepochen, vol. + II. p. 25. + + 1497 Tryphiodor. 643. and see book IV. ch. 1. § 3. Concerning the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} see Aristotle Polit. I. 1. 5. and Hesychius in v. Compare + Hom. Hymn. Apoll. 535. At Tarsos also they used a sacred {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, + tempered in the water of Cydnus, Plutarch de Defect. Orac. 41. p. + 368. + + 1498 In this temple also there was a wooden statue of Apollo, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + (probably {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Hesychius. + + 1499 For this account see a paper _Ueber den Apollon des Kanachos_, in + the Kunstblatt for 1821, No. 16. This also serves to confirm the + conjecture of Visconti that the bas-relief of the Museo + Pio-Clementino V. 23. represents Menelaus dedicating the arms of + Euphorbus to the Didymaean Apollo; for the god upon the pillar has + nearly the form in question. To the copies of this Apollo many might + now be added. + + 1500 Strab. VII. p. 319 B. comp. Pliny N. H. IV. 27. XXXIV. 18. + + 1501 Pausan. I. 4. 3. The reader should guard against supposing with + Visconti (Museo Pio-Clementino tav. I. p. 26. tav. 7. p. 93.) that + these statues of Apollo in temples had the elegant proportions and + light character of the later works of art. + + 1502 AEginetica, p. 106. Concerning the ancient statues of Apollo see also + Winckelmann's Kunstgeschichte vol. I. p. 191. note. vol. III. p. + 548. + + 1503 This important statement is given in Aristides Fragm. ap. Mai. Vet. + Script. Nov. Syll. I. 3. p. 41. It has first explained fully the + epigram of Antipater to the Apollo of Onatas, Brunck Analect. vol. + II. p. 14. No. 30. + + 1504 A statue of Apollo by Myron is mentioned by Cicero in Verr. II. 4. + 43. + +_ 1505 E.g._ those of Mytilene, Croton, and also those of Philip the + First. + +_ 1506 E.g._ the head in the Louvre, No. 133. Catalogue de Clarac. + + 1507 A bronze found at Argos, of the same character, is mentioned by + Pouqueville, Voyage en Grece, tom. IV. p. 161. Heads having a great + resemblance to the Belvedere Apollo occur in many collections, some + of which have even more heroic forms. + + 1508 Lucian. Anachars. c. 7. In a coin of Thessalonica the Pythian Apollo + is represented in this position, with the laurel in his right hand, + the cithara beside him, and the bow at his feet (Mionnet No. 396.); + similar to those of Germe, Apollonia in Mysia, Chalcedon, and Cos. + + 1509 The statue of this class in the Museo Pio-Clementino I. tav. 13. is, + according to Vis conti's conjecture, a copy of the Palatine Apollo + of Scopas, Plin. N. H. XXXVI. 4. 7. This form of the Apollo + Musagetes was most in vogue in the time of Nero. There is a + remarkable statue of this god described and figured by Raffei in his + _Ricerche sopra un Apolline delta villa Albani_. He is represented + as sitting, half-clothed, on a tripod covered with a skin, with his + right hand on his knees (to be kissed, as was the custom in + temples); in his left hand is a serpent; and his feet rest upon a + _cortina_, also covered with a skin: by the side of this is a lion's + skin; the hair is interwoven with laurel leaves, and falls in a + broad cluster over the back. The style is neither very ancient nor + good, but the symbols and position are singular in many respects. + + 1510 See Ephorus ap. Strab. IX. p. 423. and Julian (ap. Cyrill. p. 153.) + on this subject. + + 1511 Above, ch. 3. § 7. and book III. ch. 9. § 16. + + 1512 Porph. Vit. Pythag. 41. According to Aristoxenus apud Diog. Laert. + VIII. 21. he received the fundamental doctrines of his philosophy + from Themistocleia, a Pythian priestess. See Fabric. Bibl. Graec. + vol. I. p. 881. ed. Harles. and Apostol. Prov. XVII. 86. + + 1513 One of the important parts of the Pythagorean worship was the + _paean_, which was sung to the lyre, in spring-time, by a person + sitting in the midst of a circle of listeners: this was called the + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, or purification. See Schol. Ven. Il. XXII. 391. Jamblich. + Vit. Pythag. 25. Porphyr. Vit. Pythag. 32. This is evidently an + application of ancient rites of the worship of Apollo. The Pythian + oracle likewise commanded the Greeks of Lower Italy to sing paeans in + the spring as a means of atonement. Aristoxenus p. 93. ed. Mahn. + apud Apollon. Hist. Mir. 40. + + 1514 See Creuzer's _Symbolik_. + + 1515 Pindar. Nem. VI. 42. IX. 4. Compare Hymn. Homer. XXVII. 14. and the + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in AEschin. Ctesiph. p. 70. 36. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}[{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}] in the great Delphian inscription + in Boeckh No. 1688. The whole family was also in the temple at + Cirrha, Pausan. X. 36. 7. + + 1516 See above, ch. 7. § 6. + + 1517 Pindar. Nem. IX. 4. At Sparta also Apollo Pythaeus was joined with + Latona and Artemis, Pausan. III. 11. + + 1518 Chishull's Antiq. Asiat. p. 133. The Artemis Cnagia at Sparta came + from Crete, according to Pausan. III. 18. 3. Amnisian nymphs of + Artemis, Callim. Hymn. Dian. 15. See above, ch. 1. § 5. + + 1519 Above, p. 342, note s. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to + "thirst for revenge," starting "On this point."] + + 1520 Antonin. Liberal. c. 1. + + 1521 Inscription in Walpole's Travels, p. 578. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1522 Above, ch. 2. § 3. + + 1523 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} in Cilicia, Strab. XIV. p. 676. + + 1524 Hyginus fab. 186. Whether the Artemis of Rhegium (Thuc. VI. 44.) + came from Delphi (above, ch. 3. § 5.) or from Euboea (where she was + worshipped under the name of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Artemisium, of Amarynthia, + near Eretria, on mount Cotylaeum, and all along the Euripus, Callim. + Hymn. Dian. 188.) is uncertain. + + 1525 Herod. IV. 33. where the worship of the Hyperborean Artemis is also + ascribed to the Thracian and Paeonian women. Compare Tzetzes ad + Lycophr. 936. The Hymn of Olen, Pausan. V. 1.4. represented Demeter + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} as coming from the land of the Hyperboreans to Delos; but the + Achaean Demeter cannot be meant; and therefore I would write {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}, + as Artemis was called in AEgina. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} of Artemis in the + Argive legend (Menander de Encom. 4. p. 38. ed. Heeren) perhaps + referred to this. + + 1526 See Callim. Hymn. Del. 292. Melanopus of Cume ap. Pausan. ubi sup. + cf. I. 43. 4. Etymol. Mag. p. 641. 56. Concerning {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, see the + English edition of Stephens' Thesaurus, vol. I. part 4. p. 551. + + 1527 Thus Apollo was called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Hesychius. + + 1528 Thus Nemesis was also called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, as in the inscription of Herodes + Atticus. + + 1529 Palaephat. 52. Apostolius VI. 44. + + 1530 Sung among the Troezenians, by whom Lyceia was worshipped, Schol. + Apoll. Rhod. I. 972. + + 1531 Od. XI. 171. Compare Il. VI. 428. Od. XX. 60. The reason why she + kills Ariadne (Od. XI. 324.) is explained by Pherecydes in the + Scholia. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} (Il. XXI. 483.) probably only as a goddess of + death, and not as Pausanias IV. 30. 3. and Eustathius explain it. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in the Attic Scolion is ambiguous. + + 1532 Artemis in Homer is, in the first place, the complete image of her + brother, as armed with a bow ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} Il. + XX. 39, 71. XXI. 483. Od. IV. 122. VI. 102, &c.); as a beautiful and + strong maiden (Od. IV. 122. VI. 151. XVII. 37. XIX. 54.); as killing + women suddenly and without sickness (Il. VI. 428. XIX. 59. Od. XI. + 171, 323. XV. 476. XX. 61, 80.), sometimes mildly (Od. XV. 409. + XVIII. 201.), at another time in anger (Il. VI. 205.); as punishing + with death the children of Niobe (Il. XXIV. 606.) and Orion (Od. V. + 123.); as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and therefore giving height to virgins (Od. + XX. 71. cf. VI. 107.); as occasionally healing (Il. V. 447.); as + honoured by choruses of singers, and herself leading the chorus (Il. + XVI. 183. cf. Hymn. XXVII. 18.). Now, besides this, there is also + the Arcadian notion of Artemis, the wood-nymph;, her chorus plays in + the woods (Od. VI. 106.); she rejoices in wild boars and stags (VI. + 104.); and thus, being armed with a bow, becomes a _huntress_ (Il. + V. 51. XXI. 485.). The AEtolian Artemis, who requires {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (Il. + IX. 533.), is again of a different kind. + + 1533 Pausan. IV. 13. 1. + + 1534 Callim. Hymn. Dian. 124. + + 1535 Apollod. I. 7. 4. + + 1536 Pausan. I. 4. 5. Euphorion ap. Schol. Od. V. 120. Fragm. 108. ed. + Meineke, &c. + + 1537 Etym. Mag. p. 443. 20. At Melite in Phthia Artemis was, in some + particular worship, called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, Antonin. + Liberal. 13. + + 1538 She was worshipped under the title of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Las, Pausan. III. + 24. 6. and of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Olympia, Strab. VIII. p. 343. + + 1539 Etymol. M. p. 657. 6. Sophocl. Trach. 210. according to Seidler's + punctuation; above, p. 309, note h. [Transcriber's Note: This is the + footnote to "in honour of Apollo," starting "Proclus apud Phot."] + + 1540 At Troezen, Pausan. II. 31. 6. + + 1541 Above, ch. 6. § 3. Also {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Spanheim ad Callim. + Dian. 38. + + 1542 Etym. Mag. p. 356. 10. Gudian. p. 17. 23. Compare above, p. 312, + note b. [Transcriber's Note: This is no such footnote number on that + page.] Alcman used the form {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Eustath. p. 1618. 29. A month + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Crete, Chishull's Antiq. Asiat. p. 126; and in Sicily, + see Castelli Proleg. ad Inscript. Sic. p. 69. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Corcyra, + according to inscriptions; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} in Cyrene, Thrige Hist. Cyren. + p. 218. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in a Corcyraean inscription, Mustoxidi, + Illustrazioni Corciresi, vol. II. p. 88. comp. Chandler. Inscript. + p. 82. No. 145. Koen. ad Greg. p. 305. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1543 See Plato de Rep. p. 406. Strab. XIV. p. 635. + + 1544 Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 1545 II. XVI. 183. + + 1546 Welcker ap. Dissen. Explic. Pind. p. 453. + + 1547 See the verses in Clem. Alexand. Strom. I. p. 523. cf. Pausan. X. + 12. 1. + + 1548 Pausan. VIII. 5. 8. cf. 13. 1, 4. The temple was on the confines of + Mantinca and Orchomenos 12. 3. It may be also seen from Polyaen. + VIII. 34. that the Tegeates sent sacred processions to Artemis of + Pheneus. + + 1549 Eumelus ap. Apollod. III. 8. 2. Asius and Pherecydes give a + different account. + + 1550 Pausan. VIII. 35. 7. Compare Sappho in Pausan. I. 29. 2. + _AEginetica_, p. 31. Artemis was called, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, the beautiful, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}, Feder ad AEsch. Agam. p. 9. + + 1551 Callisto was called even by Hesiod the constellation of the Bear, + Hygin. Poet. Astron. I. p. 356. Lactant. 6. + + 1552 It is easy to conceive that, as Apollo Lyceus was at Delphi + represented in the form of a wolf, so likewise the bear was made the + symbol of Artemis by the Arcadians. + + 1553 The exceptions are few; for instance, perhaps, Apollo Cereatas in + AEpytis, Pausan. VIII. 34. 3. + + 1554 Ap. Menand. de Encom. 3. p. 33. frag. 33. ed. Welcker. She was + called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} on mount Maenalum, Paus. VIII. 36. 5. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} near + Tegea, ib. 53, 5; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} at Orchomenos, ib. 13. 2. (so named from + a cedar on which the statue stood); {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Stymphalus, ib. 22. + 5. comp. Eustath. ad Il. II. p. 228. ed. Basil; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} at Scia, + near Megalopolis, Paus. VIII. 35. 5; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} at + Caphyae, ib. 23. 3; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Teuthea, Strabo VIII. p. 342; in + Laconia {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Paus. III. 20. 7. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. The hymn + to Artemis Derrhiatis, or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, was called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; there was + also an indecent dance, Eupolis, ap. Athen. XIV. p. 619. Hesychius. + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} at Caryae, Paus. III. 10. 8. Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + near Pitana, Paus. III. 14. 2. Polyaen. II. 1. 14. Callim. Hymn. + Dian. 172. Plutarch Ages. 32. and Hesychius (according to Pausanias + the Artemis Issoria or Limnaea was not properly an Artemis, but + Britomartis); {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} near Argos, Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, Hesychius in + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} near Troezen, Paus. II. 30. 7. Achaeus tragicus ap. + Hesych. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Epidaurus, Paus. II. 28. 2. Steph. + Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (Clarke, Travels, vol. II. part II. p. 603. found, + by means of an inscription, what are probably the ruins of the + temple upon mount Coryphaeum);--{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Letrini, Paus. VII. 22. 5; + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Olympia, ib. V. 15. 4; {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Patrae, ib. VII. 19. + 1. (an united temple of three ancient {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}); {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Pellene, + Plutarch. Arat. 32. + + 1555 As {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} at Tegea, Paus. VIII. 53. 5; at Epidaurus Limera, ib. + III. 23. 6.; at Pitana, near Sparta, ib. 14. 2; at {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at + Corinth, ib. II. 7. 6; and particularly in the celebrated {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, + on the frontier of Laconia and Messenia, Paus. IV. 4. 31. Tacit. + Ann. IV. 43. Hence, according to Strabo p. 362. the Limnaeum in + Laconia was derived. At Troezen she was {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and of the + hippodrome, Eurip. Hippol. 230. As {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} in Messene, Hesych. in + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, probably {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}; and at Alorium, on the borders of Arcadia, + Strabo VIII. p. 350. where for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} should probably be written + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1556 Paus. II. 3. 5. III. 22. 6. IV. 35. 6. + + 1557 Paus. III. 29. 7. + + 1558 Under the title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Paus. VIII. 18. 8. Pherecydes p. 132. + ed. Sturz. Callim. Hymn. Dian. 235. Polyaen. IX. 34. 6. Concerning + this fountain, see Callim. fragm. 75. Aristot. Mir. Auscult. p. 1102 + B. + + 1559 Paus. V. 15. 4. At Byzantium also there was _in piscina templum + Dianae Luciferae et Veneris Placidae_, Dionys. de Thrac. Bosporo. In + Samos also there was Artemis {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, Callim. Hymn. + Dian. 228. Catullus calls her _amnium domina_, XXX. 12; Horace, + _laetam foliis et nemorum coma_, Carm. I. 21. 5.--Apollonius Rhodius + also calls her {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, I. 569; Callimachus, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + Hymn. Dian. 39. + + 1560 Strab. VIII. p. 343. Paus. VI. 22. 5. Herodotus ap. Schol. Pind. + Olymp. V. 10. Dissen ad Nem. I. p. 350. Another temple of Artemis in + this region is mentioned in Polybius IV. 73. 4. + + 1561 As is shown by Strabo, ubi sup. Comp. Demetrius Scepsius ap. Athen. + VIII. p. 376 B. + + 1562 Paus. VIII. 41. 4. + + 1563 Strab. VI. p. 270. Creuzer's Meletemata, vol. I. p. 78, &c. + + 1564 Pind. Olymp. VI. 5. 6. See Boeckh Exp. Pind. p. 152. sq. + + 1565 Paus. V. 14. 5. Schol. Pind. Nem. I. 3. Olymp. V. 10. + + 1566 Paus. VI. 22. 5. + + 1567 Pind. Pyth. II. 7. comp. Boeckh Exp. p. 244. Concerning the temple + at Ortygia, see D'Orville's Siculis, p. 196. and Boeckh, ibid. p. + 243. The beautiful female heads on the tetradrachms of Syracuse, + with the hair entwined with reeds, surrounded by four fishes, + probably represent the river Artemis. + + 1568 Ibycus ap. Schol. Theocrit. I. 117. + + 1569 Diod. V. 3. Schol. Pind. Nem. I. 2. + + 1570 Ap. Hesych. p. 36. 18. + + 1571 Pindar Nem. I. 1. calls Ortygia the resting-place of the Alpheus; + and he too, perhaps, considers Artemis as the object of pursuit. + + 1572 See the excellent note of Dissen ad Pind. Nem. I. p. 350. + + 1573 Paus. VIII. 37. 2. + + 1574 See Paus. VIII. 10. 4. Callim. Hym. Dian. 107. She had the name of + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} in Elis, Paus. VI. 225. Hence the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (Anecd. Bekk. + p. 249.), a festival widely extended (_e.g._ Plutarch. Virt. Mul. p. + 267.) The symbol of the deer, however, appears to have been common + to all the different branches of the worship of Artemis; thus there + is in Mr. Payne Knight's collection a coin in which she is + represented bearing a stag's horns, which he ascribes to Delos. + + 1575 Concerning human sacrifices to Artemis on the river Ameilichus, + which were abolished by the worship of Dionysus AEsymnetes, at Patrae, + see the description in Paus. V. 19. 1. Human sacrifices were also + offered to the same goddess near Megalopolis, Tatian adv. Graecos I. + p. 165 A. Compare Knight on the Symbolical Language of Mythology, § + 143. + + 1576 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Hesychius. + + 1577 Agam. 144. + + 1578 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Pheneus, Paus. VIII. 14. 4. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Pind. Olymp. III. + 27. comp. Boeckh Expl. Pyth. II. 8. p. 244. Hence Artemis + ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) is frequently represented on vases in a chariot with + horses; in Callimach. Hymn. Dian. 110. and in the bas reliefs of + Phigaleia, she is attended by goats. + + 1579 Under the title of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at the Tiassa, near Sparta, near the + Cleta, Athen. IV. p. 139; also {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}, Diod. V. 73. + (and see Wesseling's note.) Paus. IV. 34. Hymn. Orph. XXXVI. 8. + comp, Spanheim ad Callim. Dian. 6. These names may, however, be + referred to the worship of Apollo; above ch. 8. § 7. She was + worshipped under the general epithet of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Pegae (Paus. I. + 44. 7.), Megara (I. 40. 2.), Boeae (III. 22. 9.), Pellene (VII. 27. + 1.), Phigaleia (VIII. 39. 3.), and at Syracuse, as we know from its + coins. Comp. Dorville's Sicula, p. 327. sq. + + 1580 Above, ch. 6. § 2, 3. ch. 9. § 2. + + 1581 Eurip. Hypsipyl. and Aristoph. Lemn. ap. Harpocrat. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + See _Orchomenos_, p. 309. + + 1582 Apostolius VIII. 19. + + 1583 Boeckh not. Crit. ad Pind. Olymp. XIII. 109. There was also at + Miletus a festival of Artemis called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Plutarch Mul. Virt. p. + 287. ed. Hutten. There was also a temple of Artemis at Pygela, near + Ephesus, which was said to have been built by Agamemnon, Strab. XIV. + p. 639. Also on coins of Miletus, Mionnet Description, &c. tom. III. + p. 186. + + 1584 Callim. Hymn. Dian. 225. Schol. ad Callim. Hymn. Jov. 77. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Steph. Byz. in v.; among the Ionians {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (probably + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}) {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} Hesych. in v. Also Artemis {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Syracuse, + Athen. XIV. p. 629 E. + + 1585 Paus. I. 23. 9. I. 33. 1. cf. III. 17. 6. Eurip. Troad. 1462. sqq. + Callim. Hymn. Dian. 173. Euphorion also placed the sacrifice of + Iphigenia at Brauron, fragm. 81. ed. Meineke. + + 1586 The Argives, Stesichorus, and Euphorion, according to Paus. II. 22. + 7. Antonin. Liber. 27. Tzetzes ad Lycophr. 183. + + 1587 Paus. III. 16. 6. Hygin. fab. 261. Comp. Creuzer's Comment. Herod. + p. 244. From this temple Helen was carried away, according to + Plutarch Thes. 31. cf. Hygin. fab. 79; whose name reminds us of the + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of Artemis of Brauron. + + 1588 The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was preceded by the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Hesychius. The word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} + appears to be derived from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Laconian for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + contracted from {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. See App. V. § 4. Comp. Hemsterhuis and + Valcknaer ad Adoniaz. p. 277. There were also other games at this + festival, Boeckh. Inscript. No. 1416. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. + + 1589 Plutarch. Arist. 17. + + 1590 Prod. Chrestomath. ap. Hephaest. Gaisford. + + 1591 Ap. Etym. Mag. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1592 Paus. I. 43. 1. + + 1593 Theognis Paraen. 11. Dicaearch. Anagr. 88. Plutarch. Ages. 6. Etymol. + Magn. p. 747. Tzetzes ad Lycophr. 183. Siebelis ad Phanod. pp. 6. 9. + + 1594 See the confused account in Plutarch. Mulier. Virt. 7. Quaest. Graec. + 21. Polyaen. VII. 49. + +_ 1595 Orchomenos_, p. 311. + + 1596 Etym. Magn. p. 815, sq. + + 1597 Hygin. fab. 121. on the two Chryses. + + 1598 Uhden, Berlin Transactions for 1815, p. 63. Millingen Diverses + Peintures, planche 51. Welcker ap. Dissen. Expl. Pind. p. 512. + Compare Buttmann ad Sophod. Philoct. ad Argum. Metr. p. 57. + + 1599 The subject of a picture mentioned by Philostrat. Icon. 17. Dio + Chrysost. Or. LIX. p. 577. 21. + + 1600 Millingen ibid, planche 50. + + 1601 Herod. IV. 87. + + 1602 Etym. Magn. ubi sup. Dionysius de Bosporo Thracio p. 22. ed. Hudson. + Hesychius Milesius de Constantinopoli. + + 1603 Ammianus XXII. 8. Antonin. Liberal. 27. Perizonius ad AElian. V. H. + II. 25. Hemsterhuis ad Poll. IX. 12. p. 982. + + 1604 Herod. IV. 103. Comp. Scymnus Chius v. 88. Strab. VII. p. 508. XII. + p. 535. Mannert's Geographie, vol. IV. p. 279. (ed. 1820). + + 1605 See Callim. (fr. 417.) and Eratosthenes ap. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, + Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 1606 A temple of Artemis Orthosia at Teuthrania on the Caicus, Plutarch, + de Fluv.; of the Tauric Artemis at Tmolia on the Pactolus, ibid.; of + Artemis Orthia in Cappadocia, Paus. III. 16. 6.; and of Iphigenia at + Comana, Dion Cassius XXXV. 11. Comp. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Plutarch + de Fluv.; and particularly Strab. XII. p. 537. concerning Artemis + Perasia at Castabala. + + 1607 AEschylus had divulged something relating to the mysteries in the + Iphigenia, Eustratius ad Aristot Eth. Nic. III. 1. See above, § 4. + + 1608 Herod. III. 48. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. She was also there + called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Hesychius in v. Compare Panofka Res Samiorum, p. + 63. + + 1609 Strab. XIV. p. 639. Callim. Hymn. Dian. 187. The Tauropolium in the + island of Icaria in the Persian bay (where Apollo Tauropolus was + also worshipped) was probably not established till after the time of + Alexander, AElian. N. A. II. 9. Dionys. Perieg. 611. + + 1610 Liv. XLIV. 44. and coins. Also in the neighbourhood of Magnesia on + the Sipylus, Marm. Oxon. XXVI. 1. 60. + + 1611 Sophod. Aj. 174. + + 1612 See particularly Strab. V. p. 239. She is represented on coins + sitting on an ox running, which Apollodorus explained of the + periodic course of the goddess, with reference to the moon, p. 402. + ed. Heyne. Comp. Etymol. M. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Apostolius XVIII. 23. See + also Spanheim ad Callim. Hymn. Dian. 174, 187. + + 1613 Concerning the situation of which see Locella ad Xenoph. Ephes. p. + 87. Compare Caylus Mem. de l'Acad. tom. XX. pp. 428-441. Choiseul + Gouffier Voyage pittoresque, tom. I. p. 191. + + 1614 Herod. II. 10. Artemis visited the son of the Cayster according to + Callimachus fragm. 102. ed. Bentl. + + 1615 At Corinth, Paus. II. 2. 5. Alea, id. VIII. 23. 1. An Ephesium at + Massilia, Strabo IV. pp. 179, 184. at the founding of which there + was a priestess named Aristarche (compare the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} of + Artemis at Elis, Plutarch. Quaest. Graec. 47). + + 1616 Of a peculiar character also were the sacrifices of parsley and salt + at Daetis in Ephesus, Etym. Mag. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1617 The Megabyzi, so called as early as the time of Xenophon. Also {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + was a priest's name, Apostol. V. 44. The servants of the goddess + were, according to their different grades, called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, according to Plutarch An Seni sit ger. Resp. 24. p. + 130. ed. Hutten. + + 1618 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} , Paus. X. 38. 3. + + 1619 Latona is said to have given birth to her at Corissus in the + Ephesia, Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1620 The union of Apollo of Colophon, of the Ephesian Diana, and of the + Nemesis of Smyrna on coins of these cities in the time of the + emperors is only a mutual compliment. In the speech of the Ephesians + in Tacitus Annal. III. 61. there is evidently much inaccuracy. The + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Paus. III. 25. 2. is a singular curiosity. + + 1621 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}, + Hesychius. + + 1622 Etymol. Mag. p. 511. 56. Gudian. p. 320. 26. + + 1623 See Lobeck, Aglaophamus, vol. II. p. 1166. + + 1624 Ap. Paus. VII. 2. 4. Fragm. Incert. 56. ed. Boeckh. See Callim. + Hymn. Dian. 240. sqq. Paus. IV. 31. 6. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. cf. in + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Etym. Mag. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Plutarch Quaest. Graec. 56. p. + 407. ed. Hutten. Hyginus fab. 223, 225. The contrary is stated in + Eusebius Chron. n. 870. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1625 Moses' Vases, plate 133. + + 1626 Hecataeus ap. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}. According to Heraclides Ponticus + 33. their settlements reached from Mycale to Pitane, Diod. III. 55. + from Dionysius of Samos, Ephorus ap. Strab. XII. p. 550. cf. XIII. + p. 623, &c. See Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of a place called Anaea opposite + Samos, where an Amazon of that name was buried. The inhabitants were + called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Perhaps an Artemis Anaitis was here worshipped. + + 1627 Proposed by Toelken, Ueber das Bas-relief, &c. p. 210. and approved + by Boeckh in Hirt Ueber die Hierodulen, p. 55. + + 1628 Paus. VII. 2. 5. + + 1629 Achill. Tat. Clitoph. VII. p. 431. + + 1630 Il. III. 185. + + 1631 Ap. Strab. XII. p. 819 C. fragm. incert. 57. p. 645. ed. Boeckh. + + 1632 AEschyl. Prometh. 723. Pherecydes ap. Schol. Apoll. Rhod. II. 370. + Herod. IV. 110. Arrian Peripl. p. 16. Scymnus Chius v. 229. Creuzer + Vet. Histor. Graec. p. 80. According to Schol. Apoll. ubi sup. (cf. + 990.) there were in the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Phrygia (in the + neighbourhood of Thermodon) three cities of the Amazons; not far off + was Alcmonia (Acmonia Steph. Byz), where Harmonia produced the + Amazons to Mars. + + 1633 Xenoph. Hell. III. 2. 19. + + 1634 Marm. Oxon. XXVI. 1. 84. Paus. I. 26. 4. III. 18. 6. + + 1635 Heyne Antiquarische Aufsaetze, vol. I. p. 109. Compare Paciaudi + Monum. Pelop. vol. II. p. 13. + + 1636 See the coins in Mionnet tom. III. p. 137. + + 1637 VI. 22. 1. The Sicilian Greeks also celebrated to Artemis the + effeminate Ionian dance. Pollux IV. 14, 104. + + 1638 Scylax, p. 39. Strab. XIV. p. 667. Callim. Hymn. Dian. 187. Cicero + in Verr. I. 20. III. 21. Hesychius, Suidas, Photius, &c. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Apostolius IX. 91. where for {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} read {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. At Perge + also the Syrian Adonis was worshipped under the name of Aboba, + Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 1639 Represented on coins as a _signum informe_. + + 1640 For example, Artemis {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of Bargyliae, Polyb. XVI. 12. 3; Artemis + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}; of Iasbus, ibid. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} Inscript. Chandler, p. 19. n. 57; + the goddess of {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}; at Thyateira, called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Polyb. + XXXII. 25. 11. Inscript. in Walpole's Travels, p. 575; the Mysian + Artemis, Paus. III. 20. 8. cf. Callim. Hymn. Dian. 116; the Astyrene + Artemis under mount Ida, Strab. XIII. p. 606, 613; the Boritine + Artemis of Lydia, Eckhel Doct. Num. vol. III. p. 121; Artemis + Adrasteia in Lesser Phrygia, Harpocration in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, &c. + + 1641 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Plut. de Superst. 9. p. 75. + + 1642 Athen. XIV. p. 636 A. + + 1643 From this temple was derived the Olympicum at Syracuse (see above, + book I. ch. 6. § 7.), the priest of which, called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, was the + highest annual officer, Thucyd. VII. 65, 70. Diod. XVI. 70. Exc. + Virt. et Vit. p. 558. Cic. Verr. II. 51. + + 1644 Creuzer Symbolik, vol. II. p. 575. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, + Pseudo-Plutarch de Fluv. Strab. p. 573, is probably not correct in + distinguishing the temple of Here at Prosymna from the celebrated + one. The names _Prosymna_ and _Prosymnus_ also occur at Lerna and at + Gortyna in Arcadia. Inscription of Gortyna in Boeckh No. 1535, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1645 Pausanias III. 13. Sturz Pherecydes, p. 79. See particularly Heyne + ad Il. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}. 52. Eurydice the daughter of Acrisius was said to have + built the temple. To the statement of Pausanias III. 15. 7. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (compare Hesych. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} with + Welcker on Schwenck's Etymologische Andeutungen, p. 294.), it may be + objected that the same custom prevailed in Corinth; see Photius Lex. + in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, p. 613. Zenob. Proverb. I. 27. Diogen. + Prov. I. 52. + + 1646 Thucyd. V. 75. + + 1647 See _Orchomenos_, p. 267. + + 1648 The chief temple at Corcyra was that of Here, Thucyd. I. 24. III. + 75, 79. Also at Syracuse, AElian. V.H. VI. 11, &c. + +_ 1649 Orchomenos_, p. 297. The divinity of Medea there asserted is + completely proved by the testimony of Athenagoras Legat. p. 14. that + Hesiod and Alcman called her _goddess_. + + 1650 She was worshipped under the titles of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}, + Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1156. + + 1651 Athen. XV. p. 672. + + 1652 Hesychius in v. See also Creuzer's Symbolik, whose chapter upon Here + contains much in the spirit of the ancient religion, and Welcker on + Schwenck, p. 268. + + 1653 At Sparta there was also the Arcadian worship of Athene Alea, + Xenoph. Hell. VI. 5. 27. + + 1654 Pausan. III. 18.1. Plutarch Lycurg. 11. + + 1655 Pausan. II. 24. + + 1656 Clem. Alexand. Protrept. p. 29. ed. Sylburg. + + 1657 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Also Here, Artemis, and Aphrodite, see Hesych. + in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 1658 But with a particular reference to Bellerophon. From Pegasus was + derived the goddess Hippia, Pind. Olymp. XIII. 97, whose altar was + chiefly remarkable for the rite of incubation. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} is, as we + also learn from the Scholiast of Pindar, like {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, the goddess of + light. There was also the worship of Athene at Syracuse, Diod. de + Virt. et Vit. p. 549. ed. Wesseling. + + 1659 Boeckh Explic. ad Pind. Olymp. II. 1. p. 123. V. 9. p. 148, and + particularly Polyb. IX. 27. 7. with Timaeus in Steph. Byz. in + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. The Athene Polias of Troezen was introduced by the Ionians, + as the other worships of that city show. + + 1660 She was always called "the Lindian" even in the city of Rhodes, + Meurs. Rhod. I. 6. Compare Apostolius XVII. 17. + + 1661 Strabo X. pag. 472. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. This is the proper way of pointing these words. + + 1662 II. 171. + + 1663 The Messenians alone made Demeter of Andania the chief goddess of + the state; see book I. ch. 5. § 16. + + 1664 Boeckh Corp. Inscript. Nos. 1197, 1198, 1199. Comp. Paus. II. 35. 3. + Perhaps the name of Hermione also refers to the worship of the + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}, see Hesych. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. + + 1665 Athen. XIV. pag. 624 E. Compare the hymn of Philicus of Corcyra, + Hephaest. p. 53. ed. Gaisford. and the verses of Aristocles ap. + AElian, de N. A. XI. 4. + + 1666 Boeckh Inscript. No. 1193. + + 1667 Pausan. II. 22. 2. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 1668 Hellanicus ap. Athen. X. p. 416 A. et Steph. Byz. in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + Callimachus Hymn. Cer. 24. Inscript. Herod. Attici; and compare the + excellent explanation of Boeckh ad Schol. Pind. Pyth. II. 27. pag. + 315. + + 1669 See _Orchomenos_, p. 195. + + 1670 Herod. VII. 153. Schol. Pind. ubi sup. + +_ 1671 Orchomenos_, p. 337. + + 1672 Ibid. pag. 257. afterwards extended over the whole of Sicily. Boeckh + Explic. Pind. Olymp. II. p. 123. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Pollux I. 37. The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} were probably connected with + the festival {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (Schol. rec. ad Olymp. VI. 160), and this + festival was derived from Thebes. Cyzicus also, founded by + Tyrrhenian Pelasgi (from Boeotia), was considered as an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} of + Zeus for Proserpine, Appian. Bell. Mithridat. 75. comp. Steph. Byz. + in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1673 A festival {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} at Syracuse (Athen. XIV. p. 647 A. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Plutarch Dio 56. a month Thesmophorius, see Castelli), + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} Plutarch ubi sup. comp. Diod. V. 4. sqq. + + 1674 See book I. ch. 6. § 7. and above, § 1. + + 1675 Plut. Timoleon 8. Diod. XVI. 66. Demeter {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} in Corinth + according to Hesychius. + + 1676 Pausan. The mystical worship of _Damia_ and _Auxesia_ at Epidaurus + and Troezen was also connected with that of Demeter, as the + manuscript Scholiast ap. Mitscherlisch ad Hymn. in Cerer. 122. + declares. But {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (Sophocl. ap. Hesych. in v. comp. + Valcken. Adoniaz. p. 292) and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (Suidas in v.) must not + be confounded with those goddesses. + + 1677 Pausan. III. 20. 5. 6. compare Hesychius, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 1678 III. 14. 5. Compare Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 1679 The priests were probably called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, see Hesych. in v. + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1680 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, _i.e._ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Boeckh Explic. Pind. Pyth. IV. p. 268. + also {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} according to Hesychius. + + 1681 AEginetica, p. 148. and see Plat. Sympos. IX. 6. p. 410. + + 1682 Hence also the sacred month Geraestius at Troezen (Athen. XIV. p. + 639), which points to Euboea. + + 1683 See above, ch. 3. § 2. on the ancient difference between the + Isthmian and Olympic games. + + 1684 AElian V. H. III. 42. Schol. Aristoph. Av. 963. Pac. 1071. + + 1685 Pausan. III. 13. 4. Here, too, as well as at Athens, there was + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Strab. VIII. p. 363. See above, ch. 9. § 3. + concerning the Dymaenae. + + 1686 Pausan. II. 23, 24. 37. Compare Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1687 See above, book I. ch. 5. § 3. Phlius, on account of this worship, + was the birthplace of the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} Aristeas and Pratinas. + + 1688 Pausan. II. 7. 6. Also {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in that town, Clem. Alex. + Protrept. p. 25. + + 1689 Concerning the crown {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} see Athen. XV. p. 678. Compare Hesychius + in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 1690 The celebration of which appears to be referred to in the ancient + epigram in Athen. XIV. p. 629 A. + + 1691 Herod. V. 67. The word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} proves that the tragic choruses were + originally celebrated to Bacchus. Perhaps the Adrastea were + engrafted upon the Dionysia. + + 1692 Athen. XIV. p. 21, 622. It is to these that the Epigr. Onestae 2. + refers. Comp. Hermann ad Aristot. Poet. 3. p. 104. + + 1693 Worshipped under the titles of {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in that town, + Pausan. II. 2. 5. + + 1694 Olymp. XIII. 18. and see Boeckh's Explic. + + 1695 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Pindar Schol. Fragm. 1. + + 1696 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Pindar ibid. Concerning the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} see + Hirt _Ueber die Hierodulen_ and others. I only add that some of them + were called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, _i.e._, shut up in single cells (Hesychius + in v.); but the reason of this name is not evident. + + 1697 Aphrodite {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~} (Hesych. in v.) and Aphrodite {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (ibid.) at + Syracuse came from Corinth; see Clem. Alex. p. 25. + + 1698 That is, on those which are falsely ascribed to the Siphnians and + Seriphians ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~} or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}), but are found in great numbers in the + district of Sicyon. + + 1699 Hesych. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1700 Zenob. Prov. IV. 21. Diogen. V. 21. + + 1701 Pausan. III. 15. 8. III. 23. 1. Plutarch Instit. Lac. p. 253. + Tzetzes ad Lycophr. 449. She was, however, also represented armed at + Corinth, Pausan. II. 4. 7. + + 1702 Hesychius in v. According to the great etymologist {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} is merely + Cyprian. Compare Meurs. Miscell. Lacon. I. 3. + + 1703 Pausan. II. 32. 6. and concerning the Troezenian worship of Aphrodite + see Valckenaer ad Euripid. Hippolyt. 32. Concerning the sacrifices + of a sow to Aphrodite in _Argos_ at the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} see Athen. III. p. + 96 A. Callimach. Fragm. 102 ed. Bentl. Aphrodite was worshipped + there with the title {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Clem. Alex. Protrept. p. 24. ed. + Sylburg. + + 1704 See Timaeus apud Zenob. Prov. I. 31. + + 1705 Thuc. VI. 20. + + 1706 Book I. ch. 6. § 1. + +_ 1707 Orchomenos_, p. 199. + + 1708 Pausan. II. 10. 3. + + 1709 Paus. II. 26. 7. Tacit. Annal. XIV. 18. comp. Callimach. Epigr. 58. + + 1710 Compare the somewhat different opinion of Boeckh Expl. Pind. p. 288. + + 1711 See Heyne ad Apollod. III. 15. 7. + + 1712 Paus. III. 18. 4. ib. 9. 35. + + 1713 Athen. XIII. p. 361. + + 1714 In an inscription found at Sparta Eleutheria, Poseidaea, and Erotidaea + occur as festivals, Corp. Inscript. 1430. and see Boeckh's note. + + 1715 Plutarch de Amore Pat. I. p. 36. comp. Zoega de Obeliscis, p. 225. + above, p. 103. note a. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to + "Castor and Pollux," starting "{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}."] In Argos there + were ancient figures of the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} by Dipoenus and Scyllis, Paus. + Clem. Alex. Protrept. p. 31 A. + + 1716 As {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in Herod. V. 35. so likewise the Lacedaemonians probably + sent the statues of the Tyndaridae ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}) to the assistance + of the Dorians, as the AEginetans sent the AEacidae to Salamis, + AEginetica, p. 163. The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of the Argives (Plutarch + Quaest. Gr. 23. p. 393.) is very obscure. + + 1717 So among the Spartans Phormion, Paus. III. 16. 3. at the house of an + Azanian of Pagupolis, Herod. VI. 127. Hence also the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of the + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} at Agrigentum, Boeckh Expl. Pind. Olymp. III. p. 135. + + 1718 Pseudo-Plat. Alcib. II. p. 148. Plutarch. Inst. Lac. p. 253. + + 1719 Plat. ubi sup. cf. Plutarch, Lycurg. 19. Compare the corresponding + expression of the Delphian oracle, Porphyr. de Abstin. II. 15. + + 1720 The worship of Ammon makes an exception, which was brought into + repute in Sparta by Lysander, _Orchomenos_, p. 359. + + 1721 Hence the Thracian Cotytto, Eupolis ap. Hesych. Suid. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1722 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in a Spartan inscription, Boeckh, No. 1446. + + 1723 See Bentley Epistol. ad Mill. p. 503. Jacobs Animadv. ad Anthol. Gr. + vol. I. 2. p. 286. Weichert _Ueber Apollonios_, p. 246. The poem is + called a {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} in Paus. IV. 2. 2. + + 1724 Od. VIII. 228. Theocrit. XXIV. 105. Apollod. II. 4. 9. cf. II. 4. + 11. + + 1725 The subject of the poem, the misfortunes of Iole, is given in + general by Callimachus Epig. (Strab. XIV. p. 638). The detail is + given by Apollodorus II. 6. 1. II. 7. 7, who agrees with Herodotus + ap. Schol. Eurip. Hipp. 550. where likewise the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of + Lysimachus are cited, Soph. Trach. 205. Schol. ad v. 358. which + follow Pherecydes and Menecrates, Diod. IV. 31, 37. Schol. Il. V. + 392. where for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} write {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. comp. Scythinus ap. Athen. + XI. p. 461 F. Hyginus Fab. 29, 35. Plutarch de Def. Orac. 13. p. + 322. The names of Iole's relations vary. See Hesiod ap. Schol. + Trach. 266. as emended by Bentley, Creophylus cited by Bentley and + Diod. ubi sup. + + 1726 Soph. Trach. 354, 858. comp. Hermann ad v. 326. + + 1727 Book I. ch. 1. § 4. + + 1728 Hecataeus ap. Paus. IV. 2. 2. Strabo X. p. 448. + + 1729 Hence Pherecydes ap. Schol. Soph. Trach. 354. places it in Arcadia, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, perhaps {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}, _i.e._ {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. Demetrius of + Scepsis in Strabo VIII. p. 339. identifies OEchalia and Andamia, cf. + X. p. 448. Strabo in this passage also mentions an OEchalia in + Trachinia, and another in AEtolia, comp. Eustath. ad Il. p. 298. ed. + Rom. + + 1730 II. 594. + + 1731 XXI. 13. + + 1732 Ubi sup. Pausanias likewise follows the local tradition, IV. 33. 5. + cf. 27. 4. + + 1733 Schol. Soph. ubi sup. + + 1734 Book I. ch. 1. § 8. + + 1735 Ubi sup. Also Scythinus, Sophocles and Apollodorus ubi sup. + According to Schol. Apoll. Rh. I. 87. and Schol. Ven. ad Catal. 103. + the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in general. Probably all these placed this exploit + after the adventures in Trachinia, and immediately before his death, + cf. Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 50. + + 1736 Il. B. 730. comp. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Eustath. ad Il. p. 330. ad + Od. p. 1899. ed. Rom. and see the local tradition in Paus. IV. 2. 2. + + 1737 Odyss. and Pherecyd. ubi sup. cf. Soph. Trach. 38. The Odyssey has, + however, quite a different story; viz., that the death of Iphitus + (which was, moreover, a peaceable death, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, XXI. 33. but + inflicted by Apollo VIII. 227.) _preceded_ the slaughter of Iphitus. + + 1738 Above, ch. 1. § 3. + + 1739 Apollod. II. 7. 7. Diod. IV. 37. + + 1740 Above, ch. 3. § 3. + + 1741 Perhaps the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} (the nightmare) of Sophron was a + parody of this fable, Eustath. ad Il. p. 571. ed. Rom. + + 1742 AEsch. Agam. 1038. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. Comp. below, § 8. + + 1743 Schol. Od. XXI. 23. cf. Apollod. II. 6. 2. + + 1744 Erineus was, according to a fable preserved in a strange and + apocryphal inscription, the place of a combat between Hercules and + Calchas Mopsus. Boeckh, No. 1759. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (_i.e._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}. The transcript has {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}; for which Hermann has emended as above. The inscription + itself is a fabrication either of the latest period of antiquity, or + of the middle ages. The same legend is told, with additional + circumstances, and a different locality, by Tzetzes ad Lycoph. 980. + According to Hesiod, the contest was between the two prophets, + Calchas and Mopsus, fragm. 14. ed. Gaisford. + + 1745 . I. ch. 2. § 4. B. II. ch. 3. § 3. + + 1746 Schol. Soph. Trach. 40. + + 1747 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Marm. Farnes. 1. 66. emended by Heyne ad + Apollod. p. 191. + + 1748 Paus. II. 23. 5. + + 1749 B. I. ch. 3. § 9. + + 1750 Apollod. Diod. &c. Sophocles, however, calls her a native of + Pleuron, Trach. 7. + + 1751 Described by Archilochus, according to Schol. Ven. ad Il. XXI. 237. + + 1752 Archilochus ap. Schol. Apoll. Rh. I. 1213. This scene is very + coarsely represented on an ancient vase (Hancarville IV. 31.), with + the inscription {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}, as should be read. + + 1753 See the verse in Strabo VIII. p. 342. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which, + however, probably belongs to the story in Apollod. I. 8. 4. + + 1754 According to Hyginus Fab. 31, 33. Deianira is the daughter of + Dexamenus. The Schol. Callim. Hymn. Del. 102. call Dexamenus himself + a Centaur; and thus on a vase of the best age Hercules is + represented as wrestling with him for Deianira, with the inscription + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~} from left to right, Millingen Diverses + Peintures 33. + + 1755 Bacchylides ap. Schol. Od. XXI. 295. with Buttmann's note. + + 1756 Raoul-Rochette, Etabliss. des Col. Grecques, tom. I. p. 219. + + 1757 Hughes' Travels, vol. II. p. 313. Pouqueville, vol. I. p. 471. + + 1758 Heyne ad Il. II. 659. Strabo's opinion, that in Homer, and the fable + of Hercules, Ephyra in Elis is meant (VII. p. 328. VIII. 338.), is + refuted by the passages of Homer himself. + + 1759 Some of these fables were mixed up with the war against Pylos, and + some (_e.g._, the abduction of Cerberus) taken over to Taenarum and + Heraclea Pontica; the latter probably first by Herodorus, who was a + native of that Heraclea, see Heeren de fontibus Plutarchi, p. 17. + Compare the coin of Heraclea in Mionnet, No. 160, in which Hercules + is represented as bringing Cerberus to the statue of Demeter. + + 1760 Iliad. II. 657. + + 1761 Strabo IX. p. 443. Polyaen. Strateg. VII. 44. Veil. Paterc. I. 3. 2. + Schol. Apoll. Rh. III. 1089. See Boeckh Expl. Pind. Pyth. X. p. 332. + The kings of the Molossi likewise supposed themselves descended from + a certain Lanassa, the daughter of Cleodaeus, of the Hyllean tribe, + Plutarch Pyrrh. 1. Justin. XVII. 3. + + 1762 Iliad. II. 678. Compare b. I. ch. 6. § 3. + + 1763 Apollod. II. 5. 10. + + 1764 Ib. I. 6. 4. where it is incidentally mentioned from an earlier + tradition. + + 1765 Ap. Arrian. II. 16. frag. p. 50. ed. Creuzer. + + 1766 P. 23. ed. Gronov. The mountain _Abas_ and river _Anthemoeis_ in + Erythea, according to Apollodorus, should probably also be referred + to this district. At least there were Abantes in the exact spot + where Erythea is placed, on the Aous, near Oricum. According to + Aristot. Mirab. § 145. Erythea was in the territory of the AEnianes. + Hercules stole the oxen there from Cythera Persephassa. Compare + Antonin. Liberal, c. 4. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. The _Celts_ are + introduced from some Geryonis; see Diod. V. 24. Etymol. M. p. 502. + 50. See also Appian, Bell. Civ. II. 29. + + 1767 Herod. IX. 93. Conon, Narr. c. 30. Two legends connected with this + fable are remarkable; first, the punishment of blindness for any one + who had neglected the worship of the Sun; secondly, the tale that + the Greek gods themselves had sent wolves against their herds. The + cattle of the Sun in the Odyssey are only those of Taenarum and + Epirus transferred to a greater distance: there was likewise a + fabulous reason for the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} of the Sun, as they were + performed in many cities of Greece, Od. XII. 363. + + 1768 Paus. II. 1. 6, &c. + + 1769 Proxenus {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} ap. Suid. et Apostol. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + Compare Lycus of Rhegion ibid. AElian, N. H. XII., 11. III. 33. + + 1770 Herod. VII. 216. + + 1771 Peisander ap. Schol. Aristoph. Nub. 1047. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which + verses are referred to by Zenobius Prov. VI. 49. Compare Ruhnken ap. + Heyn. ad AEn. II. Exc. I. p. 287. Wesseling ad Diod. IV. 23. Herod. + VII. 176. Phileas ap. Harpocrat. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. The fable was + carried over to the hot spring near Himera in Sicily, Boeckh Explic. + Pind. Olymp. XII. p. 210. + + 1772 Callim. Hymn. Dian. 159. Schol. ad 1. Arrian ap. Eustath. ad Dionys. + Perieg. p. 107. The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} should be distinguished from the + place where Hercules slew a Centaur, Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1773 Strabo IX. p. 428. The part of OEta, where the funeral pile is said + to have stood, was called _Pyra_; Theophrast. Hist. Plant. IX. 10. + Livy XXXVI. 30. + + 1774 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} of Trachis were mentioned + in the fourteenth book of the Heraclea of Rhianus, Etymol. M. in v. + Suidas in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER RHO WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1775 Strabo XIII. p. 613. Diod. XII. 59. the coins in Eckhel Num. Anecd. + tab. 6. p. 89. Dodwell's Travels vol. I. p. 76. Clarke's Travels + vol. IV. p. 197. + + 1776 Scythinus and Polemon ap. Athen. XI. p. 461. + + 1777 Heyne ad Apollod. II. 4. 6. remarks with judgment, "_Herculis + Thebani facta et fata ad Thebanas historias accommodare difficile + est._" + + 1778 Annual sacrifices were here offered to the eight children of + Hercules. See Pausan. Pind. Isthm. III. 79. and Chrysippus in the + Scholia. The graves of Amphitryon, Iolaus, and Alcmena, and the + Gymnasium for the Iolaaen or Heraclean games, were in front of the + gate of Proetidae, Pind. Pyth. IX. 82. Nem. IV. 20. Schol. et Dissen. + Explic. p. 382. where the subject is very clearly explained. + + 1779 Ap. Antonin. Liberal. c. 33. + + 1780 Marini Ville Alban. p. 150. Compare Boettiger's Amalthea, vol. I. p. + 130. + + 1781 Other versions of this story may be seen in Cicero De Nat. D. III. + 16. where see Creuzer's note, and in Paus. X. 13. 4. See also + Visconti, Museo Pio-Clementino, II. 5. Zoega, Bassirilievi, vol. II. + p. 98. + + 1782 The reconsecration on the foot of a candelabrum at Dresden. The + atonement, on a Corinthian _puteal_, in the genuine archaic style, + published by Dodwell in his Travels and his collection of + Bas-reliefs, Rome, 1820. It afterwards came into the possession of + the late lord Guilford. In this Apollo, Artemis, and Latona are met + by Pallas, Hercules, and Alcmena, or some other woman: the Graces + follow behind. Perhaps this is a copy of the Sicyonian group of + Dipoenus and Scyllis (Plin. H. N. XXXVI. 4.) unless this also + represented the contest, as the one in Paus. ubi sup. There is a + similar composition on a vase in Millingen's Vases de Coghill, pl. + 11. Apollo {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, sitting by the tripod with Artemis and + Latona, receives Hercules; a goddess with a sceptre (Vesta, + according to Zoega), and Hermes, are standing by. Hercules is always + drawn as a youth in this subject. + + 1783 Hence also his labours were represented on the metopes of the + Delphian temple, Eurip. Ion. 196, 239. + + 1784 See the legend of Tripodiscus in Paus. I. 43. 7. comp. above, p. 14. + + 1785 Plutarch de sera Num. Vind. 12. p. 245. + + 1786 He erected three statues of Demonesian brass; above, p. 250. note l. + [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "sacred tithe," + starting "From Megara."] Comp. Callim. fragm. 75. v. 5. + + 1787 It can indeed be only collected from coins. See Visconti, Mus. + Pio-Clement. tom. VII. 4. b. No. 11. Mionnet Descript. tom. II. p. + 109. No. 94. and Planches LIII. 4. Pouqueville, Voyage, tom. IV. p. + 208. I likewise saw a similar coin in lord Northwick's collection. + + 1788 Above, ch. 2. § 11. Hence the scene of the Rhadamanthus of Euripides + was laid in Boeotia, fragm. 1. + + 1789 Plutarch, Lysand. 18. De Socrat. Genio 5. Tzetzes ad Lycoph. 50. + Apollod. II. 4. 11. Pherecydes ap. Antonin. Liberal, c. 32. fragm. + 50. ed. Sturz. comp. Visconti ad Herod. Att. Inscript. Triop. fin. + + 1790 Pherecydes ubi sup. Paus. IX. 16. 4. + +_ 1791 Orchomenos_, pp. 84. 208. On Hercules {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} see the story in + Plutarch, Parallel, p. 416. + + 1792 The passage most in point is in the Theocritean poem XXIV. 100. + where, however, much Alexandrine fiction may be discerned. + + 1793 See, among other writers, Alcidamas Rhetor adv. Palamed. § 25. ed. + Bekker. where for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} write {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, with two manuscripts. + + 1794 Below, ch. 12. § 1. + + 1795 See Boeckh Explic. Pind. Olymp. III. 18. above, ch. 3. § 2. At Nemea + honours were paid to the 360 supposed companions of Hercules, AElian, + V. H. IV. 5; evidently referring to the year of 360 days. + + 1796 Heyne ad Apollod. Dissen. Expl. Pind. p. 509. + + 1797 The madness of Hercules also occurred in the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, as appears + from the extract of Proclus (at the end of Gaisford's Hephaestion); + but in that poem it was, if I rightly apprehend the context, + represented as caused by the love and seduction of Hercules. + + 1798 Eurip. Herc. Fur. Paus. IX. 11. 1. + + 1799 In this temple a {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which had restored him to his + senses, was shown under the altar, Paus. IX. 11. 5. + + 1800 It is to this that the verses of Panyasis refer, in which Hercules + is described as coming over Parnassus to Castalia (fragm. 7. ed. + Gaisford). + + 1801 Apollod. II. 5. 11. conf. Heyn. According to Herodorus apud Schol. + Soph. Trach. 253. Hercules afterwards serves an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of three + years; and so also Apollod. II. 6. 4. See above, ch. 11, § 2. + + 1802 Above, ch. 7. § 9. ch. 8. § 4. The verses from the Heraclea of + Panyasis, Fragm. 4. ed. Gaisford, appear to have been spoken by + Hercules as a consolation for his slavery. Comp. Iliad XXI. 443. + They seem to be incorrectly applied by Heyne ad Apollod. II. 7. 3. + p. 188. + + 1803 Herod. VI. 116. Paus. I. 15. 4. 32. 4. Harpocrat. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Schol. + Pind. OI. IX. 92. XIII. 184. cf. Boeckh Explic. p. 193. Elmsley ad + Eurip. Heraclid. 32. + + 1804 Aristoph. Ran. 504. Schol. ad 1. et ad 664. Schol. Apoll. Rh. I. + 1209. Harpocrat. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, Hesych. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} et {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, + Suidas in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. Tzetzes Chil. VIII. 192. Comp. Corsini Fast. Att. + II. p. 335. where, however, there are some inaccuracies. + + 1805 Together with Hebe, Alcmene, and Iolaus, Paus. I. 19. 3. This temple + is frequently mentioned. + + 1806 Paus. I. 31. + + 1807 Diog. Laert. III. 41. + + 1808 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Hence, according to some writers, a dance + called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} derived its name, Pollux IV. 14. 99. 105. Athen. + XIV. p. 618. Hesych. in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. There was a temple of Hercules, + not far off, on the road to Salamis, Plutarch Themist. 13. + + 1809 Book I. ch. 3. § 5. + + 1810 Diod. XII. 45. Schol. Soph. OEd. T. 701. + + 1811 Plutarch, Thes. 35. Eurip. Herc. Fur. 1333. + + 1812 See the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} in Schol. II. T. 242. Herod. IX. 73. Paus. I. 41. + 4. III. 18. 3. Isocrat. Encom. Helen, p. 211 E. Plutarch, Thes. 32. + Steph. Byz. and Harpocrat. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. To this also the verse of + Callimachus refers, Frag. 234. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (write {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, "_dragging Elatus from Decelea_," _i.e._, + as a guide to Aphidna. According to Alcman (Fragm. 3. ed. Welcker) + and the inscription on the chest of Cypselus (Paus. V. 19. 1.) they + even conquered Athens. How this is connected with the gloss in + Hesychius, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which probably refers to + Alcman, does not appear. + + 1813 Above, ch. 10, § 8. + + 1814 See book I. ch. 3. § 2. + + 1815 The striking difference between the two has been remarked, amongst + others, by Dio Chrysost. Orat. 47. p. 523. B.C. The Alexandrine + fiction of the _twelve_ labours is satisfactorily treated of by + Zoega (Bassiril. II. p. 46.) and also by Ouwaroff, Examen critique + de la Fable d'Hercule. + + 1816 Schol. Pind. Nem. Arg. p. 425. ed. Boeckh. Argus was also fabled to + have there pastured the sacred cows of Here. + + 1817 Ap. Schol. Apoll. Rhod. I. 498. comp. Orph. Fragm. 9. A fragment of + Epimenides ap. AElian. Nat. Anim. XII. 7. also mentions this fable, + and Herodorus apud Tatian. I. p. 164. (ap. Justin. Martyr, ed. + Col.), where for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} we should read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}, and again by + Euphorion Fragm. 47. p. 111. ed. Meineke. To the passages there + collected add Hesiod. Theog. 331. Pindar Fragm. inc. 100. p. 660. + ed. Boeckh. Callim. Fragm. 82. Plutarch de Facie in Orbe Lunae 24. de + Fluv. 18. 4. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. comp. Hygin. Fab. 30. + + 1818 Compare the vase published by Millin. II. tab. 75. with the + description of the metopes on the temple at Delphi in Eurip. Ion. + 196. On the chest of Cypselus, however, he is represented as slaying + them with arrows. + + 1819 Heinrich Proleg. in Hesiod. Scut. pag. 69. Dissen. Explic. Pind. + Isthm. V. p. 525. Buttmann ad Soph. Philoct. 726. On the chest of + Cypselus Hercules was represented with arrows, and also with a + sword: he is called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Archilochus Frag. 60. ed. Gaisford. + + 1820 Odyss. XI. 600. cf. VIII. 224. II. V. 393. + + 1821 Athen. XII. p. 512 F. Strab. XV. p. 688. Eratosth. Cataster. 12. + Suid. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} comp. Schol. Apoll. Rhod. II. 1197. concerning + the brazen club of Hercules mentioned by Peisander. + + 1822 See above, b. I. ch. 3. § 5. + + 1823 Comp. Isocr. Archid. p. 119 D. Marm. Farnes. p. 152. in Marini and + others. + + 1824 I understand {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Il. III. 395 in the same manner as + Pausanias does VI. 25. 3. Apollod. II. 7. 3. The wounding of Hades + was also mentioned by Panyasis, Arnob. adv. Gent. IV. 25. According + to the same author (ap. Clem. Alex. Protr. p. 25. ed. Sylb.) Here + was also wounded at Pylus. The passage in the Iliad V. 392. leaves + this undecided. Comp. Schol. Venet. ad Il. XI. 689. Lycophr. 39. + with the Commentary of Tzetzes. The wounding of Ares is connected + with the above by Hesiod Scut. 368. the battle with Apollo and + Poseidon by Pindar Olymp. IX. 33. Boeckh Expl. p. 189. + + 1825 Nevertheless there was also near Pylos Triphyliacus a sanctuary of + Hades on mount Minthe. + + 1826 Schol. Il. V. 392. Venet. II. 336. from the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} of Hesiod. + Diod. IV. 31. + + 1827 Apollod. II. 6. 2. Schol. Venet. Il. II. 88. Marm. Farnes. p. 151. + + 1828 Ch. 11. § 1. + + 1829 Olymp. XI. 57. The names of the conquerors were perhaps taken from + public registers, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, which usually went back to the mythical + period, like those of the priestesses of Here at Argos (see book I. + ch. 7. § 2). Comp. with ibid. v. 59. Etym. Mag. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, + read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}; the spot where Hercules distributed the booty of the + Elean war. + + 1830 Provided that Doryclus is the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} mentioned in Apollod. III. + 10. 5. + + 1831 Polyb. XII. 26. 2 comp. above, ch. 3. § 2. + + 1832 See Pind. Olymp. III. 14. where the connexion seems to be as + follows: Hercules, while chasing the hind of Artemis, arrives at the + country of the Hyperboreans, at the source of the Ister, and there + sees the beautiful olive-trees. Afterwards, when about to found the + Olympic games, he remembers these trees, and procures some young + shoots to plant the bare and sunny plains of Elis. On the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} of + Olympia see Schneider Index Theophrast. vol. V. p. 424. + + 1833 Pausan. VIII. 25. 5. 15. 2. comp. above, p. 220, note b. + [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "some external + influence," starting "The temples are."] + + 1834 See the map of Peloponnesus. + + 1835 Apollod. II. 6. 3. + + 1836 See Heyne Excurs. 14. ad AEn. III. From hence the colony of Heraclea + was sent. + + 1837 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~} on coins, _i.e._ {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1838 Jamblich. Vit. Pythag. 10. + + 1839 Mus. Pembrock. P. II. tab. 16. Eckhel N. Anecd. tab. I. No. 13, from + whose explanation mine differs in some respects. + + 1840 Aristot. Mirab. Ausc. § 115. + + 1841 Athen. X. p. 441 A. from the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} of Alcimus. + + 1842 See book I. ch. 6. § 3. + + 1843 Plutarch. Quaest. Graec. 58. p. 409. Nicomachus ap. Lyd. de Mensibus, + p. 93. + + 1844 Dissen. Expl. Pind. Isthm. V. p. 525. It may, perhaps, be collected + from Ovid. Metam. VII. 369. that at this festival the women were + disguised as cows. Perhaps the festival of Hercules was connected + with that of Here, concerning which see Athen. VI. p. 262. + + 1845 Laur. Lydus de Magistr. III. 64. p. 268. On the connexion between + the Lydian worship of Sandon or Sandes and the Hellenic worship of + Hercules see a paper by the author in the _Rheinisches Museum_, vol. + III. p. 22-39. + + 1846 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. + + 1847 Berosus ap. Agath. Hist. Justin. II. p. 62. ed. Vulcan. + + 1848 Strabo XII. p. 564 B. Solinus 42, &c. comp. _Orchomenos_, p. 293. + + 1849 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} on the coins. + + 1850 Ap. Schol. Apoll. Rhod. I. 131. Hence this genealogy was afterwards + transferred to Hylas. In the Spartan fable, Elacatus was represented + as the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} of Hercules (Sosibius ap. Hesych. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}). + + 1851 See the fragments of the Lytierses of Sositheus, Hermann, Opuscula, + vol. I. p. 54. and above, ch. 8. § 12. + + 1852 Amongst the passages quoted in Creuzer's Symbolik, vol. I. p. 326. + those of Pherecydes, Pindar, and Apollodorus should be particularly + noticed. + + 1853 Aristot. ap. AElian Var. Hist. V. 3. comp. Schwarz de Columnis + Herculis, Opuscula, vol. II. p. 205. Peringer de Templo Herculis + Gaditani. Concerning Hercules-Briareus, see also Zenob. Prov. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1854 The African Hercules Maceris, according to Pausan. X. 17. 2; the + Phoenician {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, according to Euseb. Scal. p. 26. in the Greek + text. Islands of Hercules near New Carthage in Spain, Athen. III. p. + 121 A. We find also an Iolaus connected with the Carthaginian + Hercules, Polyb. VII. 9. 2. Eudoxus ap. Athen. IX. p. 392 D. + + 1855 Pausan. ubi sup. + + 1856 Sallust. Bell. Jugurth. 21. which passage also mentions his death in + Spain. Comp. Strabo XVII. p. 828. + + 1857 Pollux I. 4. 45. + + 1858 Eudoxus ubi sup. Eustath. ad Il. p. 1702. 50. Zenobius in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Compare with these passages the very ingenious explanation + of this fable in Heeren's Ideen, vol. I. part 2. p. 129. + + 1859 Herod. V. 43. Paus. III. 16. 4. + + 1860 Hence also the legend that Hercules was subject to epilepsy. + + 1861 Od. XI. 605. + + 1862 This worship certainly originated at Delphi, since the Delphic + oracle in Demosth. in. Mid. p. 531. 7. orders the Athenians to offer + sacrifices {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} to the supreme Zeus, Hercules, and Apollo + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Concerning Hercules {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} see Libanius Ep. 12. + Dio Chrysost. Orat. I. p. 17. Schol. Aristoph. Nub. 1375. and Schol. + Apoll. Rh. I. 1218. comp. Marini Ville Alban. p. 141. No. 152. This + character of the hero is generally alluded to in the exclamations + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Me Hercules; and as such, representations of sheep were + offered to him (otherwise the usual sacrifices were swine); and he + was called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} at Thebes, Pollux I. 1. 27. 30. and at Melite in + Attica.--See Apollod. ap. Zenob. V. 12. Hesych. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Schol. + Aristoph. Pac. 42. cf. 740. Suidas in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 1863 Strab. XIII. p. 613. This, however, was not the original Grecian + Hercules; above, § 8. Hercules {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (the averter of flies) was + worshipped at Rome, according to Clemens Alexand. Protrept. I. p. + 24. ed. Sylb. a title of Zeus at Olympia. + + 1864 According to Pausanias, who also gives an account of several + Daedalian wooden images of Hercules. The divine worship at Sicyon + (Paus. II. 10. 1.) may, however, be referred to the Idaean Dactylus, + since this town was anciently connected with Phaestus. + + 1865 Pind. Nem. I. 67. (cf. VII. 90) represents Hercules as engaged in + this contest with the gods, probably a short time before his + deification. The first representations of Hercules the + giant-destroyer occur on the throne of the Amyclaean Apollo. Pausan. + III. 18. 7. and some very ancient vases. + + 1866 In making libations to Hercules not a drop was left in the goblet, + Athen. XII. p. 1512 F. Those who wished to make libations brought + him a measure of wine, Hesych. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 1867 For instance, Epicharmus in the Busiris, and The Marriage of Hebe + (frequently quoted in Athenaeus), and Rhinthon in the Hercules. See + Athen. XI. p. 500 F. + + 1868 See _e.g._, Eubulus ap. Athen. XIII. p. 567. + + 1869 On this poem see Fabric. Biblioth. Gr. vol. I. p. 378. ed. Harles. + Thermopylae appears to have been the earliest locality of this fable + (Herod. VII. 216. above, ch. 11. § 5.), but in this poem the scene + was perhaps laid in OEchalia in Euboea; at least Tzetzes, enumerating + the poems attributed to Homer, mentions the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} next to the + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (ap. Bentl. Epist. ad Mill. p. 505, ed. + Lips.).--Hence Diotimus, in his poem on the labours of Hercules, + called the Cercopes OEchalians, viz., in Euboea, whence they ravaged + the territory of Boeotia (Suidas in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Apostol. IX. 33. + Schol. Lucian. Alexand. 4. 71.): AEschrion of Sardis, in his Ephesis, + was probably the first who transplanted them to Lydia (Lobeck _de + Cercopibus el Cobalis_ p. 7.), and Xenagoras to the Pithecusae + (apparently in his treatise {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, ap. Harpocrat. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + Lactant. Fab. XIV. 3. Zenobius, Apostol. XI. 24.). Among the + Athenian comic poets Hermippus and Plato treated this fable; but the + composition in Hancarville III. 88. in which Hercules reaches two + monkey-shaped Cercopes in nets or cages to Eurystheus sitting on a + throne, seems to be a representation of an Italian farce. + + 1870 Millingen Peintures Inedites pl. 35. Tischbein III. 37. See Tzetz. + ad Lycophr. 691. + + 1871 See Reinganum's Selinus, plate 3. (Leipsig. 1827). + + 1872 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. See the Paroemiographers, Photius, Suidas, + &c., in this expression, Diod. IV. 31. and others. The proverb + occurred in Archilochus, fragm. 106. ed. Gaisford. + + 1873 Athen. VI. p. 260. from Hegesander, ibid. XIV. p. 615 D. from + Telephanes. Perhaps Hercules had {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} here as well as at + Cynosarges and other demi. See Diodorus of Sinope in Athen. VI. p. + 239 E. + + 1874 Book IV. ch. 6. § 9. 10. ch. 7. + + 1875 Our knowledge of Macedonia has been much increased by the Travels of + F. C. H. L. Pouqueville from Janina to Greveno and Castoria, of H. + Pouqueville from Guilan to Mezzovo, and Barbie du Bocage's (the + younger) Examination of the Ruins of Pella; although in the _Voyage + dans la Grece_ (tom. II.) of the first-named writer some singular + notions, arising from an imperfect knowledge of ancient geography + (_e.g._, of _Haliacmonts_), somewhat confuse the description. But + the _Carte de la Grece Moderne_, by J D. Barbie du Bocage, is a work + of great accuracy, and it has been implicitly followed in the + annexed Map. + + 1876 Its rise in these mountains, and course through Paeonia (Liv. XXXIX. + 53. Strabo VII. p. 327. cf. Exc. 9. p. 330. ed. Casaub. Ptolem. p. + 82. ed. Montan.). prove that it is the modern Cara-Sou. + + 1877 Strabo VII. 9. p. 330. states that the Ludias runs out of the lake + on which Pella is situated; which is now the lake of Jenidge. + (According to modern maps it is not true that the lake is formed by + an {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of the Axius; but in ancient times also the marshes + reached to the east of Pella, Liv. XLIV. 46.) Compare Strabo VII. 8. + p. 330. It is evident from Herodotus VII. 127. that the Lydias was + next to the Axius. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was the reading found by Harpocration in + AEschines de Fals. Leg. p. 44. + + 1878 Herod. VII. 127. Scylax agrees with Herodotus, p. 26. ed. Hudson, + where the places come in the following order: "Pydna, Methone, the + mouth of the Haliacmon, Alorus, the Lydias, then Pella, the Axius, + the Echeidorus, and Therma." On the other hand, Strabo, who + represents the Haliacmon as falling into the sea near Dium (VII. 8. + p. 330.), perhaps confounding it with the Helicon, (Pausan. IX. 30. + 4.) is supported by Ptolemy, p. 82. "Thessalonice, the Echeidorus, + the Axius, the Lydias, Pydna, the Haliacmon, Dion, Pharybas (read + Baphyras), the Peneus." + + 1879 Plutarch de Exilio 10. + + 1880 Or Lacmus, in which mountain the Aous and the Inachus, a branch of + the Achelous, have their source, Hecataeus ap. Strab. VI. p. 271. + VII. p. 316. Steph. Byz. in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Sophocles ap. Strab. VI. p. + 271. Herod. IX. 93. The _Lingus_ of Livy XXXII. 13. is nearly the + same mountain. + + 1881 Ptolemy. It seems plain that the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} of Ptolemy, in which + the Haliacmon rises, and the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} before Lychnidus, in + Strabo, Caesar, Cicero, and the Tab. Peuting. are the _same_ name, + and that the passage of Ptolemy is corrupt. The ridge is, indeed, + broken by the Genusus. + + 1882 See next note. + + 1883 Strabo VII. Exc. 11. p. 330. This _Bermius_ is a continuation of + mount _Barnus_, at the foot of which the Via Egnatia passes (Strab. + VII. p. 323.), and the same as the _Bernus_ of Diodorus, fragm. 27. + p. 229. ed. Bipont, or the _Bora_ of Livy XLV. 29. 30. where it must + be distinguished between what properly belongs to a _regio_ and what + _adjicitur_. See below, p. 459, note n. [Transcriber's Note: There + is no such footnote number on that page.] + + 1884 Mannert's Geographie, VII. p. 516. + + 1885 Below, § 17. + + 1886 Below. § 11. + + 1887 VII. 113. + + 1888 Herodotus (ubi sup.) appears also to call the mountain between the + Strymon and Angites, Pangaeum. + + 1889 Herod. VII. 123. cf. 127. + + 1890 Herod. VII. 124. + + 1891 Thuc. I. 58. + + 1892 Il. 99. + + 1893 Herod. VII. 115. Diodonis XXVII. p. 229. also places the Bisaltae to + the west of the Strymon; somewhat differently Liv. XLV. 29, 30. + Compare Gatterer's excellent Dissertations _de Herodoti et + Thucydidis Thracia_, and Commentat. Gotting. vol. 5. p. 33. + + 1894 Herod. VII. 124. cf. 127. It is, however, singular that Xerxes + should go from Acanthus to Therma in Mygdonia, beyond Paeonia (on the + Axius?) and Crestonica. This Crestonica is probably quite different + from the Crestonaei at the source of the Echeidorus, and is a + district of Chalcidice. See the author's _Etrusker_, vol. I. p. 96. + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Pseud-Aristot. Mirab. + Auscult. p. 710. ed. Casaubon. + + 1895 Herod. VII. 127. + + 1896 VII. 123. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. It does not follow that Pella was, in the + opinion of Herodotus, a coast-town. + + 1897 Of Apollo, according to Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Macedonia had been + called from it {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} by some poet, Hesychius and Suidas in v. The + city is mentioned by Eratosthenes ap. Steph. Byz. Plin. H. N. IV. + 17. and Mela II. 3. Stephanus Byz. confounds with this town that in + Thessaly. Themis was worshipped at Ichnae, according to Strabo IX. p. + 435. + + 1898 Strab. VII. 8. p. 330. compare Scylax and AEschines above, in notes c + and d. + + 1899 Strab. VII. 9. p. 330. + + 1900 In Polybius V. 97. 4. Bottia and Amphaxitis are also mentioned + together. + + 1901 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} in II. 99. should probably be written {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, as in II. + 100. (or the reverse; see notes c and f in this page, and Etym. Mag. + in v.) [Transcriber's Note: Note c begins "In Polybius V. 97. 4." + and note f begins "Thucyd. I. 65."] + + 1902 See below, p. 465, note k. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote + to "according to Herodotus," starting "VIII. 127."] + + 1903 Thucyd. I. 65, II. 79, 101. The passage of Theopompus ap. Steph. + Byz. in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} should be thus written: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (vulg. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. The inhabitants, however, are always called {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} in + Thucydides. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}, Dionysius ad Amm. I. 9. The great + etymologist in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} also notices the distinction between {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} + and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}; where write {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~} for + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA~}). + + 1904 VII. 127. Compare the expression {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, with VII. 123. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 1905 Pausan. IX. 30. 3. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Livy XLIV. 43. + calls the mountain-forest above Pydna _Pieria sylva_. + + 1906 With Strabo VII. 8. p. 330. who makes Paeonia extend to the Axius + (and so Ptolemy, p. 82.); though he afterwards places Alorus to the + south of the Lydias, and yet in Bottiaea. There is, however, much + confusion in this passage. + + 1907 See below, § 17. + + 1908 VIII. 8. p. 330. + + 1909 Liv. XLIV. 9, 20. Hence also Pausanias (IX. 30. 3. X. 13. 3.) + appears to distinguish Dium ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}), and Strabo (IX. p. + 410. X. p. 471.) Leibethrum, from Pieria. On the other hand, Arrian. + Anab. I. 11. places the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} of Orpheus at Leibethra (Plutarch + Alexand. 14.) in Pieria. + + 1910 I have placed Dium at the _ruines_ in B. du Bocage; Platamona is + perhaps the ancient temple of Hercules. + + 1911 VII. 8. p. 330. comp. Wesseling ad Anton. Itin. p. 328. and Drakenb. + ad Liv. XLII. 51. The _Citium_ of Livy must be sought for near + Edessa. + + 1912 XLII. 53. + + 1913 Il. 99. + + 1914 Liv. XLV. 30. + + 1915 Liv. XLII. 53. Compare Plutarch. AEmil. 9. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ZETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (the passes of Elimea?). + + 1916 Liv. XLIII. 21. see above, § 2. + + 1917 Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. According to Arrian I. 7. the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, between Elimea and Thessaly. Plutarch Qu. + Gr. 13. cf. 26. places Parauaea in Molossis, Stephanus in Thesprotis, + as well as Tymphe. Comp. Thuc. II. 80. It is now called _Zagori_. + See _Geographische Ephemeriden_, vol. XVII. p. 429. + + 1918 Strab. VII. p. 325. cf. 326. The Paroraea in Paeonia, Liv. XLII. 51. + Plin. IV. 17. should be distinguished from it. + + 1919 Strab. VII. p. 327. cf. 326. Liv. XLV. 30. According to Marsyas in + Steph. Byz. in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, AEthicia lay between Tymphaea and + Athamania. In Liv. XXXII. 13. should probably be written, _in + Tymphaea terra Molottidis,_ where you would arrive by mounting the + course of the Aous. Plutarch Pyrrh. 6. connects Stymphaea and + Parauaea: {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Comp. + Niebuhr's Roemische Geschichte, vol. III. p. 536. + + 1920 See particularly Polyb. II. 5. Scylax, p. 10. Comp. Thucydides, + Livy, and Strabo as above. In Proxenus ap. Steph. Byz. in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, + for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} read {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. It is mentioned + in Pseud-Aristot. Mirab. Auscult. p. 704. ed. Casaub. that Atintania + borders on Apolloniatis; and hence in p. 710. for {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} read + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1921 In Liv. XXXI. 40. Sulpicius goes from Elimea to Orestis, and from + thence to Dassaretis (on the lake Lychnidus, XXVII. 32. near + Lyncestis, XXXI. 33. XXXII. 9. cf. Polyb. V. 108. Ptolem. p. 83,), + and conquers Pelion on the Erigon (see Arrian I. 5.). + + 1922 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Polyb. XVIII. 30. Liv. XXXIII. 34. cf. XLII. + 38. + + 1923 Or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Strab. VII. p. 326. + + 1924 Liv. XXXI. 40. + + 1925 Mannert denies this (VII. p. 519.); but without the authority of any + good map. See Pouqueville tom. II. p. 322. Orestia was beyond + Macedonia, according to Steph. Byz. + + 1926 This is evident from the following passages, Plin. H. N. IV. 15. _In + Thessalia autem Orchomenos Minyeus ante dictus, et oppidum Almon ab + aliis Salmon._ Schol. Apollon. II. 1186. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Steph. Byz. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}; Diod. XX. 110. where Orchomenus + and Dium are mentioned together as cities in existence in Olymp. + 119. 3; Eustath. ad Il. IX. p. 661. 4. ed. Bas. (cf. II. p. 206. + 22.) who states that the Thessalian _or_ Macedonian Orchomenus was + in his time called Charmenas. See _Orchomenos_, pp. 139, 249. where + it is also shown that the Halmopians, or Salmonians, were an ancient + tribe of the Minyae. + + 1927 Livy XLV. 30. says of Eordaea, Lyncestis, Pelagonia, Atintania, + Tymphaea, and Elimiotis, _frigida haec omnis duraque cultu et aspera + plaga est_. + + 1928 Among the Macedonian gentile-names, such as Lyncestae, Orestae, Diastae + (Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}), may also be included the Cyrrhestae (Plin. H. + N. IV. 17.) of the region Cyrrhus (Thuc. II. 100. Diod. XVIII. 4. + Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}). + + 1929 Thuc. IV. 83. 124, 129. Liv. XXVI. 25. XXXI. 33. see p. 459, note m, + [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "Edessa and Pella," + starting "Strab. VII. p. 323."] p. 460, note x, [Transcriber's Note: + This is the footnote to "Lyncestis," starting "By the road."] and § + 27. + + 1930 Thuc. IV. 124. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Heraclea Lyncestis appears + to have been a late settlement. + + 1931 Thuc. IV. 127. + + 1932 Strab. VII. p. 323. This road, which, according to the tab. + Peutinger. and the Itin. Anton. p. 318, 329, passes through + Lychnidus, Heraclea Lyncestis, Cellae, Edessa, Pella, and Therma, + evidently in the higher parts followed the direction of an _ancient + pass_, the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (see p. 458, note a + [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "Illyrian + Dassaretians," starting "In Liv. XXXI. 40."]) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Plut. + Flamin. 4. and also Liv. XXXII. 9. where for _Lychnidum_ read + _Lyncum_. + + 1933 This follows from Liv. XLV. 29. _Quarta regio trans Boram montem_ + (with respect to which the _tertia regio_ was _versus + septentrionem_, and therefore _versus meridiem_ of this), and XLV. + 30. _Quartam regionem Eordaei et Lyncestae et Pelagones incolunt._ + + 1934 For example, the way in Livy XXVI. 25. cf. XXXI. 33. where the river + _Bevus_ is also mentioned, probably one of the branches, which, + according to Strabo VII. p. 327, fall into the Erigon {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1935 In Liv. XLII. 53. Perseus goes from Pella through Eordaea to Elimea. + The _lacus Begorrites_ appears to be the lake Citrini. + + 1936 See above, note n. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to + "south of it," starting "This follows from Liv."] + + 1937 Arrian I. 7. The river Eordaicus, ibid. I. 5, probably runs from + Eordaea into the Erigon. + + 1938 Liv. XXXIX. 53. Strab. VII. p. 327. Places, Bryanium, Alcomenae, + Stymbara (_Stubera_ Livy, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} Polybius). In Livy XXXI. 39, 40. + Sulpicius follows a mountain-road from Stubera to Eordaea, and then + to Elimea; compare Polyb. XVIII. 6. 3. + + 1939 Liv. XXXIX. 53. + + 1940 See above, p. 459, note s. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote + to "along the Erigon," starting "Liv. XXXIX. 53."] + + 1941 By the road _per Pelagoniam et Lyncum et Bottiaeam in Thessaliam_, + Liv. XXVI. 25. That it borders on Deuriopus is shown by Liv. XXXI. + 39. + + 1942 Liv. XXXI. 28, 33. comp. Gatterer Commentat. tom. VI. p. 67. + + 1943 Thucyd. II. 99. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The same strip of land + was included by AEmilius Paulus in his _tertia regio_, according to + Livy XLV. 29. _Adjecta huic parti regio Paeoniae, qua ab occasu praeter + Axium amnem porrigitur._ + + 1944 See above, p. 454, note p. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote + to "from Bottiais," starting "Herod. VII. 123."] + + 1945 II. 99. where Sitalces is going to make a descent into Lower + Macedonia, the country of Perdiccas, from Doberus {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. He + then invades (II. 100.) Eidomene, Gortynia, Atalante, and Europus + (_Europos ad Axium amnem_, Plin. IV. 17.), probably places in + Paeonia, but certainly not Bottiaea or Mygdonia. + + 1946 II. 98. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Herod. VII. 113. + + 1947 II. 98. + + 1948 Herod. V. 15. Concerning the settlements of the Sintians, see + Mannert. vol. VII. p. 502. + + 1949 Doberus coincides with the modern _Doiran_. The {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}, + Arrian I. 11, is probably the lake near Doiran. + + 1950 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. + + 1951 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, as the Magnetes to the Thessalians. + + 1952 Those of Perdiccas. + + 1953 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} (according to Bekker) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 1954 The substance of the clauses omitted is given below. + + 1955 VII. 128. cf. 131, 173. + + 1956 See book I. ch. 1. § 3. + + 1957 Above, p. 457, note s. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to + "Cambunian mountains," starting with "Liv. XLII. 53."] + + 1958 Thus Thuc. IV. 83. comp. Xenoph. Hell. V. 2. 38. + + 1959 Above, p. 458, note b. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to + "Orestian Macedonians," starting "{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}."] Thucydides + II. 80. distinguishes the Orestae from the Macedonians, viz., from + those of Perdiccas. + + 1960 Thuc. II. 80. Perhaps from his name he was of the family of the + Aleuadae. + + 1961 Thuc. IV. 79. 83. + + 1962 Strab. VII. p. 326. Comp. book I. ch. 7. § 15. + + 1963 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} against Arrhibaeus, + Thuc. IV. 124. + + 1964 Herod. VIII. 137, 138. + + 1965 II. 100. These were, according to Herodotus, Perdiccas, Argaeus, + Philip, Aeropus, Alcetas, Amyntas, Alexander, and Perdiccas. + + 1966 Edessa on the Via Egnatia, 28. m. p. from Pella, 62-66. from + Heraclea Lyncestis (Antonin. Itinerar. pp. 319, 330; the tab. + Peuting. gives less accurately 45 and 77 m. p.) is probably the + modern _Vodina_. + + 1967 See Dexippus ap. Syncell. p. 262. Euseb. Scal. p. 47. cf. 37. Justin + VII. 1. Solin. IX. 14. Dexippus quotes Theopompus for Caranus. + Marsyas (perhaps the cotemporary of Alexander and Antigonus) related + a fable concerning Coenus, the successor of Caranus, Etym. Mag. p. + 523. 40. Etym. Gud. p. 332. 41. + + 1968 Diod. XIX. 52. XXII. p. 307. Bip. Plin. IV. 17. Solin. IX. 14. comp. + Justin. VII. 2. + + 1969 See below, § 17. + + 1970 Herod. V. 21. VIII. 136. Justin VII. 3. + + 1971 Consequently the story that Xerxes gave Alexander all the country + between mounts Olympus and Haemus (Justin VII. 4.) is not entirely + fabulous. + + 1972 Gatterer Commentat. vol. IV. p. 96. vol. VI. p. 15. is more accurate + on this point than Poppo Thucyd. vol. II. p. 421. + + 1973 Herod. VII. 112. Although {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in Thuc. IV. 7. cannot be + that on the Strymon, yet Eustathius ad Il. II. 566. p. 217. ed. Bas. + is incorrect in distinguishing {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} in Pieria from that on the + Strymon (comp. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Schol. Thuc. I. 98.); and + Raoul-Rochette, Histoire des Colonies Grecques, tom. III. p. 207, + should not have followed him, since Pieria, viz. New-Pieria, reaches + in this point to the Strymon. But the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} of Thucydides is not in + Pieria, but in Chalcidice. + + 1974 Thuc. II. 99. + + 1975 The expression of Thucydides, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, proves that the circumstance had taken place long before. + Hence arose the fabulous genealogies of Pierus and Emathius, the + sons of Macednus, &c; Marsyas ap. Schol. Il. XIV. 226. comp. Pausan. + IX. 29. 1. + + 1976 VIII. 127. Thucydides also includes the Bottiaeans, I. 57. (cf. IV. + 57.) among those {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}, Callimachus fragm. + 75, 41. + + 1977 Herod. V. 94. Concerning the position of Anthemus, see Plin. H.N. + IV. 17. Hence the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} of the Macedonian army, Hesychius + in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Arrian II. 9. [See Thirlwall's Hist. + of Greece, vol. V. p. 194. note.] + + 1978 An objection which might be derived from Thucyd. I. 58. where, + according to the old reading, Mygdonia is distinguished from the + kingdom of Perdiccas, is removed by omitting the {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} after {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + which Bekker and Poppo have expunged, with good MSS. + + 1979 The distinction taken by Tzetzes ad Lycoph. 419. between the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}, viz., that the former dwelt on the coast, the latter + inland, cannot be supported. For instance, Thucyd. I. 100. calls + those by Amphipolis {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}. + + 1980 VII. 114. + + 1981 Herod. V. 11, 24. + + 1982 Thuc. IV. 107. + + 1983 But {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, Herod. VI. 44, are not the nations in + Macedonia (Heyne Opuscul. Acad. IV. p. 164.), but those between + Macedonia and Persia. See Boeckh's Economy of Athens, vol. II. p. + 483. note. + + 1984 Forty stadia beyond Pydna, Strabo. + + 1985 Plutarch Qu. Gr. 11. + + 1986 Aristot. ap. Strab. X. p. 447. Conon Narr. c. 20. Raoul-Rochette, + Histoire des Colonies Grecques, tom. III. pp. 198 sqq. + +_ 1987 Pydna_, however, early belonged to the Macedonians, Thucyd. I. 137. + Diod. XIII. 49. Scylax, p. 26. calls Pydna and Methone Greek cities; + but that proves nothing for their independence. + + 1988 Above, p. 455, note g. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to + "according to Herodotus," starting "VII. 127."] No one surely will + distinguish between {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 1989 Above, § 16. Herodotus also mentions together, among the allies of + Xerxes, VII. 185, the Eordians (in Physca, see below, p. 468. note k + [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "Physca in Mygdonia," + starting "According to Ptolemy, p. 83."]), the Bottiaeans (near + Olynthus), and the Chalcideans. Concerning the Brygians, see below, + § 30. + + 1990 Besides VII. 127. see also VII. 173. concerning the road from _Lower + Macedonia_ to Thessaly. + + 1991 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} Bekker) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}. + + 1992 Near the pass Volustana, Liv. XLIV. 2, which led to Elimea, p. 457, + note s. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "Cambunian + mountains," starting with "Liv. XLII. 53."] + + 1993 VII. 131. + + 1994 V. 17. + + 1995 Herod. V. 15, 16. + + 1996 See Poppo Thucyd. vol. II. p. 434. Mannert, vol. VII. p. 495. + + 1997 Herod. VIII. 116. + + 1998 In Syncellus and Eusebius Scal. the reading is Dardanians for + Eordians; the latter, which is evidently the correct reading, is + preserved in the Armenian Eusebius, p. 168. ed. Mai. who follows + Diodorus. + + 1999 According to Ptolemy, p. 83. In Steph. Byz. it should probably be + written, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 2000 Thuc. II. 100. cf. I. 57. VI. 7. + + 2001 Thuc. I. 57. + + 2002 I. 59. + + 2003 According to Schol. Thuc. I. 57. + + 2004 Hence perhaps we might separate {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} in the beginning + of the chapter, and refer the former rather to Lyncus, the latter to + Elimea. + + 2005 Aristot. Pol. V. 8. + + 2006 Xen. Hell. V. 2. 38. + + 2007 Athen. XIII. p. 557. C. cf. X. p. 436 C. + + 2008 To be inferred from Lycophron. Cass. 802. with Tzetzes. + + 2009 Diod. XVII. 7. + + 2010 Arrian VI. 28. + + 2011 Pliny H. N. IV. 17. mentions _Almopians_, together with Eordians, on + the banks of the Axius; and in Ptolemy p. 83. Almopia is the country + near Europus; it was to this place that the Almopians probably fled. + This also explains the genealogical connexion with Paeon and Edonus. + _Orchamenos,_ p. 250, note 2. + + 2012 Of ancient wars of the Macedonians, not mentioned by Thucydides, I + may mention the fabulous battle between Caranus and _Cisseus_ + (Pausan. IX. 40. 4.), probably a king of _Cissus_, near Therma, + which is the explanation given by Strabo VII. exc. 10. p. 330. of + Cisseus the Thracian in Il. XI. 221. Euripides transferred this war, + as well as the story of the goats, into his tragedy called + Archelaus, perhaps only written from flattery, fragm. 33. ed. Musgr. + Hyginus Fab. 219. See also Lycophr. 1237. Concerning the supposed + war with the Phrygians, see below, § 30. + + 2013 See Mannert, vol. VII. p. 281. In the catalogue of nations, however, + in Appian Illyr. 2. Paeonian and Thracian (Maedi, Triballi) are mixed + with Illyrian tribes. + + 2014 Herod. IV. 93. V. 3. Menander ap. Strab. VII. p. 297. The language + of the Getae was Thracian, Strab. VII. p. 303. + + 2015 Herod. VII. 75, &c. + + 2016 According to Strabo VII. p. 305, 315. cf. VII. p. 323. + + 2017 Strab. VII. p. 316. According to which passage they extended more to + the north as far as the Illyrian Dardanians. The Thracians beyond + Crestona, mentioned by Herodotus V. 3. are probably the same people. + + 2018 Conon Narr. c. 20. calls the Bisaltae Thracians ({~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} was also a + Thracian name according to Heraclid. Pont. 41); and the Panaeans, + whom Thucydides II. 101. calls Thracians, were an Edonian nation + according to Stephanus Byz. + + 2019 Strabo X. p. 471. does not appear to make this supposition, but + perhaps in VII. p. 321. + + 2020 By Thucydides II. 29. and by earlier writers. + + 2021 See above, p. 11. + + 2022 Iliad XIV. 225. sqq. + + 2023 Gatterer Commentat. VI. p. 37. Mannert, vol. VII. p. 487. + + 2024 Solin. IX. 2, &c. + + 2025 See particularly Appian Illyr. I. But as in later times Paeonians and + Illyrians were confounded (Appian Illyr. 14.) the Paunonians also + were called Illyrians. + + 2026 Herod. V. 13. comp. VII. 20, 75, and see _Prolegomena zur + Mythologie_, p. 351. The legend concerning the great expedition of + the Teucrians is well given in Lycophron v. 1341. + + 2027 Yet Strabo VII. p. 295. has the contrary tradition of the Mysians. + + 2028 I. 196. + + 2029 Gottleber ad Thucyd. I. 57. + + 2030 Herod. V. 20. + + 2031 Herodot. V. 22. and see Valckenaer's note. The Attic orators + evidently exaggerate; there is, however, perhaps a slight hyperbole + in what Weiske _de Hyperbole_, p. 19. says on the other side. + + 2032 See Scylax, p. 12. and the metrical Dicaearchus, p. 3. Comp. Salmas. + Exercit. Plin. p. 100 A. + + 2033 The passage of Hesiod appears to be from the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} (above p. 4. note + n [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "Hesiod and + Hellanicus," starting "Ap. Constant."]), and these poems come down + as late as the 40th Olympiad (_Orchomenos_, p. 358). After Hesiod + Solinus IX. 13. calls _Macedo Deucalionis maternus nepos._ comp. + Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. 427. + + 2034 The account of the Greeks living on the Pontus, according to Herod. + IV. 8-10. + + 2035 Although Mannert, vol. VII. p. 492. considers the Macedonians to be + of Illyrian and Paeonian descent, Comp. p. 421. + + 2036 See above, p. 460. note z. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote + to "and the coast," starting "Thucyd. II. 99."] Pliny H. N. IV. 17. + appears to say that the Eordi were Paeonians; and it is not + improbable that this was the fact, though the passage of Pliny is + corrupt. Herodotus VII. 185. mentions together Thracians, Paeonians, + Eordians, Bottiaeans, Chalcidians, Brygians, Pierians, Macedonians, + and Perrhaebians. + +_ 2037 E.g._ Thuc. IV. 124. + +_ 2038 E.g._ Thucydides II. 96. mentions Thracians between mounts Haemus + and Rhodope, Getae and mountain Thracians together, as if the Getae + were not Thracians. Instances of this use are very common; _e.g._ + the common case of Ionians _and_ Athenians. + + 2039 Il. XIV. 226. And hence in the Hymn to the Pythian Apollo, v. 39. + (according to Matthiae's and Ilgen's conjecture), although Emathia + does not suit very well there, and the preceding word (neither + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} nor {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} is in its place) remains uncertain. The Roman + poets, as is well known, use the name in a very wide sense, Heyne ad + Virg. Georg. I. 492. + + 2040 Plin. H. N. IV. 17. Justin. VII. 1. Gell. XIV. 6. 4. Solinus IX. 1. + distinguishes between the Edonian, Mygdonian, Pierian, and Emathian + territory, and IX. 12. derives the name of Emathia, as being that of + the most ancient Macedonia, from an Autochthon _Emathius_. Tzetzes + ad Hesiod. Op. I. Chiliad. VI. 90. states, from the Delphica of + Melisseus, that Aeropus, the eldest son of Emathion, had reigned + over Lyncus, which had previously been called Pieria,--a very + confused account. + + 2041 See Justin VII. 1. + + 2042 Pag. 84. + + 2043 In Ptolemy the word is {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. See above, p. 458. note h. + [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "Macedonian inflexion," + starting "Among the Macedonian."] + + 2044 II. 100. comp. Plin. H. N. IV. 17. The tabula Peuting. which places + Idomenae 53 m. p. from Therma, and 35 from Stoboi (Istip), agrees + very well with Thucydides, Ptolemy, and Pliny. + + 2045 Since he entirely separates Bottiaea from Pieria. + + 2046 XXIV. 8. Liv. XV. 3. Justin VII. 1. says of Emathia, _Populus + Pelasgi, regio Boeotia dicebatur_, where _Bottiaea_ is a more probable + correction than _Paeonia_, and is confirmed by the Vatican fragments + of Diodorus, p. 4. Mai. + + 2047 I. 56. cf. VIII. 43. and see book I. ch. 1. § 10. + + 2048 I. 56. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. And yet, according to Herodotus himself, they + were governed by Dorus in Hestiaeotis. + + 2049 Constantin. Porphyrog. II. 2. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} (vulg. + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}) {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. See above, p. 458. note c. + [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to "valley of Orestis," + starting "Or {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}."] Scymnus calls the Macedonians {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, and + makes them come from Macessa and Emathia, v. 657. + + 2050 Appian Syr. 63. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} ({~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}). + Concerning the name of the Argeadae see Pausan. VII. 8. 5. and the + note of Siebelis. Perhaps the entire legend of the Argive origin of + the Macedonian kings properly refers to this Argos Orestikon. + + 2051 VII. p. 324. sqq. + + 2052 Bulini, near the modern _Valona_, Mannert, vol. VII. p. 388. + + 2053 Near Epidamnus, according to Thuc. I. 24. Appian. Bell. Civ. II. 39. + and extending as far as the Dalmatians according to Appian Illyr. + 24. + + 2054 Also near Epidamnus according to Liv. XXIX. 12. XLIII. 21. to the + south of the Taulantians according to Plin. H. N. III. 26. Mela. II. + 3. The country of the Parthini was called {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Polyb. XVIII. + 30. 12. as {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (Thuc. IV. 83.) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} above, § 11. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 2055 See below, p. 481, note k. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote + to "with the Dassaretians," starting "Scymnus Chius."] + + 2056 Read {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} (vulg. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~}) {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. + + 2057 Besides this passage Damastium is only known by its silver coins, + Eckhel D. N. I. II. p. 164. Mionnet Descript. tom. II. p. 54. + + 2058 Here those in the neighbourhood of Apollonia are meant, see below, + p. 483, note a. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to + "strange deities," starting "As the Encheleans."] + + 2059 Probably the Dassaretians (Sesarethians) near Lychnidus. + + 2060 In Northern Sicily. + + 2061 Not mentioned elsewhere. + + 2062 See particularly Thuc. II. 80. Scymn. 444. Concerning their + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} see Plutarch Pyrrh. 1. + + 2063 Scylax, p. 12. Dicaearchus, p. 3. + + 2064 Pag. 10. + + 2065 Illyr. 7. + + 2066 See above, p. 458, note b. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote + to "Orestian Macedonians," starting "{~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}."] + + 2067 Polyb. XVIII. 30. Liv. XXXIII. 34. _Liberi Amantini et Orestae_, + Plin. H. N. IV. 17. Hence Steph. Byz. makes Orestis reach to + Molossia, in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMICRON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. These have been generally followed by + modern geographers. Lyncus alone is mentioned by Steph. Byz. in v. + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}. + + 2068 According to the probable supposition of Mannert, vol. VII. p. 390. + + 2069 Strab. VII. See Exc. 3. p. 329. + + 2070 This usage first occurs in Caesar Bell. Civ. III. 34. although there + it is not quite clear; on the other hand, Dio Cassius XLI. 49. + distinctly says, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~}: the boundaries are given + by Pliny N. H. III. 26. (from Lissus to Oricum) and + Ptolemy.--Dexippus also, quoted by Constantinus Porphyr. de Them. II. + 9. includes Epidamnus in Macedonia, and the tabula Peuting, has only + Macedonia between Dalmatia and Epirus. + + 2071 See _e.g._ Thuc. I. 24. Liv. XLV. 26. + + 2072 It would lead me too far to treat here of the Thesean, Abantian, + Laconian, and ancient Ionian {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}. + + 2073 Book IV. ch. 2. § 4. The proper Thessalian appellation was, + according to the Great Etymologist, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}, whence _allicula_. + + 2074 See _Etrusker_, vol. I. p. 265. + + 2075 Theophrast. Hist. Plant. III. 9. + + 2076 Schneider's Lexicon in {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 2077 Plutarch Amat. 16. Pyrrh. 11. Herodian. IV. 8. 5. Dio Chrysostom. + Or. 72. p. 628. ed. Reisk. Pollux X. 162. Valer. Max. V. 1. ext. 4. + Antipater Thessal. apud Brunck. n. 10. Suidas in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. Compare + Valcknaer ad Adoniaz. p. 345. + + 2078 Polyb. IV. 4. 5. + + 2079 Heracl. Pont. 17. + + 2080 Eckhel Doct. Num. I. 2. pp. 83. 155. 158. A clear notion of the + causia may be obtained from the representations of Macedonian coins + in Pellerin Recueil de M. de Rois Pl. 1. n. 1. of AEtolian in Combe + Numi Mus. Britann. Pl. 5. 24. 25. and of Illyrian in Eckhel Numi. + Vet. Anecd. (1775.) Pl. I. tab. 6. 22. 23. + + 2081 Philip, the son of Amyntas, first conquered the country as far as + the lake Lychnitis, Diod. XVI. 8. The Taulantians in the time of + Alexander had their own king, Arrian I. 5. The Illyrian king Argon + ruled (about 240 B.C.) as far as Epirus, and the Atintanes were his + subjects, Appian Illyr. 7. 8. When the Romans first went to Illyria + they were joined by the Parthini and Atintanes, Polyb. II. 11. + Atintania was first conquered by Philip the son of Demetrius, + Schweighaeuser ad Polyb. II. 5. p. 356. In the peace he only lost + Lychnidus (with Dassaretis, Polyb. V. 108.) and Parthus (_i.e._ the + Parthini), Polyb. XVIII. 30. 12. Liv. XXXIII. 34. The only countries + which even Perseus possessed beyond the mountains were Atintania and + Tymphaea, Liv. XLV. 30. See also Palmer Graec. Ant. I. 14. p. 78. + + 2082 From {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, sea-sand. + + 2083 V. II. 1. + + 2084 Suppl. 257. + + 2085 Apollod. III. 8. 1. AElian de Nat. An. X. 48. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 2086 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, Herod. VII. 73. + + 2087 Herod. VIII. 138. Conon Narr. I. Concerning these roses see also + Nicand. Fragm. 2. p. 278. ed. Schneider. Conon ibid. and Apollodorus + ap. Strab. XIV. p. 680. also speak of ancient mines near mount + Bermius. + + 2088 It might be inferred from Thuc. I. 61. that Beroea had not even + _then_ become a Macedonian possession; but it seems that + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} merely signifies "they prepare to leave Macedonia." + + 2089 In Herod. VII. 73. Conon ubi sup. Xanthus placed it after, but + probably _soon_ after the Trojan war. + + 2090 Justin VII. 1. + + 2091 Scymnus Chius v. 433. Strab. pp. 326, 327. There were {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} in + Dyrrhachium, according to Appian B.C. II. 39. who states that they + returned from Phrygia; comp. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}. Herodotus indeed + plainly distinguishes from the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (VII. 73.) the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} (VI. 45. VII. 185.) in Macedonia, who revolted to Mardonius + and came with Xerxes; and Strabo also appears completely to separate + the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} as an Illyrian people (in p. 327. write {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}) from the + Thracian {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, who are said to have entirely left Europe (VII. p. + 295): still their names and settlements seem to establish a national + affinity. + + 2092 Mygdon, a prince of the Phrygians, is mentioned in Iliad III. 186. + Comp. Strabo VII. p. 295. + + 2093 Aristotle {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} ap. Plutarch. Thes. 16. Qu. Gr. + 35. A similar, though still stranger, legend concerning the + Bottiaeans may be seen in Strabo VI. pp. 279. 282. Compare Etymol. + Magn. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}. The Cretan traditions may perhaps have found a + resting-place in the temple at Ichnae. + + 2094 Thuc. II. 100. Plin. H. N. IV. 17. The name Europus (Justin. VII. 1. + speaks of an ancient king Europus in this country, and according to + Steph. Byz. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} and {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} were the sons of Macedon) reminds us + of Demeter Europa, the Hermionean Europs, and the Cretan Europa. The + Cretan {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} implies the existence of a place named {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}. + + 2095 I. 57. Compare _Orchomenos_, p. 444. note 1. + + 2096 See above, p. 458, note f. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote + to "far from Pieria," starting "This is evident."] + + 2097 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} occurs again in the sacred Pytna of Crete. The poetical + associations chiefly clung to the district above Dium, where Pimple + and Leibethrum were situated. + + 2098 See above, p. 472, note a. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote + to "narrow strip of land," starting "See above."] Strabo, who calls + the Eordi Illyrians (above, § 26.), yet speaks only of the + Macedonian inhabitants of Eordia. Hesychius and Tzetzes ad Lycophr. + 1342. call the Eordi Macedonians. Stephanus Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} has a + confused passage on the Amyri, who, according to Suidas, were Eordi. + + 2099 Liv. XLV. 30. + + 2100 Compare now Heyne Opusc. Acad. IV. p. 165. _Macedonas e multis + barbarorum populis, Thracum inprimis et Pelasgorum, quibus Graecorum + exigua pars accesserat, coaluisse._ Schloezer Weltgeschichte, vol. I. + pag. 290. _The Macedonians, brothers of the Thracians, and entirely + different from the Greeks, among whom they were long called + barbarians, wandered about their mountainous country, divided into + 150 hordes, when a Heraclide, &c._ + + 2101 Solinus, IX. 16. + + 2102 Thuc. II. 100. + + 2103 Solinus, IX. 17. + + 2104 XLV. 30. _ferociores eos et accolae barbari faciunt, nunc bello + exercentes, nunc in pace miscentes ritus suos._ An intercourse in + peace, among free and hardy nations, presupposes a certain degree of + resemblance. At the present time the wild Orestae are stated to be + very different from the mild and social Zagoriots (Parauaeans), + _Geographische Ephemeriden_, vol. XVII. p. 430. + + 2105 As the Encheleans appear to have carried from the Boeotian incursion + (_Orchomenos_, p. 231.) the worship of Cadmus and Harmonia both to + the region of Buthoe (Scylax, p. 9. Steph. Byz. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}), and to + the Ceraunian mountains (Dionys. Perieg. v. 391. Apoll. Rh. IV. 517. + for there were Encheleans in both places). Compare Apollodorus III. + 5. 4. Scymnus Chius v. 437. Eustathius ad Dionys. Perieg. v. 389. + Interpret. Virg. AEn. I. 243. ed. Mai. + + 2106 Amerias ap. Hesych. in v. + + 2107 Hesychius in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 2108 Hesychius et Favorinus in v. + + 2109 Hesychius in v. + + 2110 Plutarch Alex. 2. Polyaen. Stratag. IV. 1. Compare Athenaeus V. p. 198 + E. Etym. Mag. et Suidas in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, Lycoph. v. 1237. Conon Narr. + 45. Creuzer's Symbolik, vol. III. p. 194. sq. + +_ 2111 Jovis templum, veterrimae Macedonum religionis_, Justin XXIV. 2. + Archelaus established Olympic games (Arrian I. 11.), who had himself + been a conqueror at the Olympic games at Elis, Solin. IX. 18. + Perhaps also Musea in Macedonia, according to Arrian ubi sup. + + 2112 Hesych. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 2113 Hesych. in {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 2114 See above, p. 455, note z. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote + to "an ancient temple," starting "Of Apollo."] + + 2115 Book II. ch. 11. § 2. + + 2116 Eckhel D. N. I. 2. p. 74. The Macedonian Venus, Zeirene (Hesyvch. in + v.) was perhaps the Zerynthian. Mars, according to Hesychius, was in + Macedonia called Thaumus or Thaulus. + + 2117 Herod. V. 6. Strab. VII. p. 315. Comp. Salmas. Exerc. Plin. p. 169 + A. + + 2118 Polit. VII. 2. 6. + + 2119 According to Hegesander ap. Athen. I. p. 18 A. + + 2120 Herod. V. 4; according to Solinus X. 2. _apud plurimos_. + + 2121 Herod. V. 5. comp. Solinus X. 3. + + 2122 Solinus X. 1. concludes _Thracibus barbaris inesse contemtum vitae ex + quadam naturalis sapientiae disciplina_. + + 2123 See besides Herod. V. 5. Heraclid. Pont. Polit. 27. Strab. VII. p. + 297. Salmas. Exerc. Plin. p. 112 A. + + 2124 Herod. V. 6. Heraclid. ubi sup. Solin. X. 4. + + 2125 Solin. X. 5. + + 2126 Thuc. II. 100. The {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} are the Lyncestae, &c. + + 2127 Xenoph. Hell. V. 2. 41. V. 3. 1. cf. Thuc. I. 61, 62. + + 2128 Polyb. V. 27. 6. Curtius VI. 8. 25. (with Freinsheim's note) VI. 9. + 34. Crophius Antiq. Maced. I. 6. II. 4. + + 2129 Hence, for example, it cannot be inferred from the distinction + between the Illyrian and Macedonian languages in Polyb. XXVIII. 8. + 9. that the nations were originally of a different descent. Sturz + _De Dialecto Macedonica et Alexandrina_ has not sufficiently + distinguished the third period from the two first. + + 2130 For example, Steph. Byz. in v. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}--{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DASIA AND VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH OXIA AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI AND YPOGEGRAMMENI~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. The barbarous word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + signifying a kind of steward, which was used by Alexander in + letters, and adopted by Menander (Photius, p. 523. 5.) can hardly be + oriental. See also the collection of Sturz in the words {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c. + + 2131 The Athamanes were Epirots according to Strabo, Illyrians according + to Steph. Byz. in v. The words are not Grecian. + + 2132 See above, {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}, and Athenaeus III. p. 114 B. concerning the + Macedonian and Athamanian word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} or {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER XI~}. + + 2133 This fact may be believed on the testimony of Curtius VI. 9. 35. + + 2134 Apollonius de Construct. III. 7. calls it the Macedonian or + Thessalian usage. Sturz, p. 28. 5. infers chiefly from this that the + Macedonian language was originally nearly the same as the Dorian. + The coins, I may remark incidentally, prove nothing, as they were + struck for intercourse with the Greeks. Adelung, on the other hand, + considers the Macedonians as Thracians (to which nation he also + refers the Illyrians), with a tinge of Greek civilisation, + Mithridat, vol. II. p. 359. + + 2135 See above, p. 3. notes g and h. [Transcriber's Note: These are the + footnotes to "native dialect," starting "Compare, for example," and + to "AEolic," starting "_E.g._ the nominatives."] + + 2136 Above, p. 467. note c. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to + "on Pieria," starting "Near the pass Volustana."] Hence the + Cambunian mountains are now called Volutza. + + 2137 Above, p. 453. note g. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to + "Candavian chain," starting "Ptolemy."] The first syllable of this + name appears to be the same as of _Cambunii montes_, in which the + second part is probably the word {~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, which in modern Greek still + means "a hill." In the names of Macedonian mountains, _Barnus_, + _Bermius_, and _Bertiscus_ (Ptolemy), there is probably the same + root. + + 2138 Pausan. X. 6. 5. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, &c. + + 2139 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER XI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Tzetzes ad Lycoph. 284. and Schol. Apoll. Rh. + III. 1085. Other poems of Hesiod are made use of by Schol. Hom. Od. + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}'. 2. + + 2140 Apollodorus I. 7, 3. Pausan. V. 1, 2. &c. from the circumstance that + Achaeus and Ion are represented as the _only_ sons of Xuthus, I have + inferred above that the Ionians were probably of an Achaean race. + + 2141 Schol. Hom. Od. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}. 2. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI AND PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. Compare Pindar Pyth. IV. 167. who alludes to + this fable, and Eurip Melan. IV. 2. + + 2142 Il. II. 684. and compare IX. 395, 474. XVI. 595. The verse {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH YPOGEGRAMMENI~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, II. 530, has been properly + condemned by the Alexandrine critics. + + 2143 Or rather "_near_ Phthia." Homer distinguishes Hellas and Phthia + (Il. IX. 395, 478, 479. Od. XI. 495.); the tetrarchy of Phthiotis in + later times included both. + + 2144 AEginetica, p. 155. + + 2145 Hesiod. Op. et Di. 526. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. Compare + Strabo VIII. p. 370. It may be observed, that in the three most + ancient passages in which the collective name of the Greeks occurs, + viz., the verse in the Works and Days, the spurious line in the + Iliad, and the passage in the {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} referred to by Strabo, they are + called, not {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, but {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}. + + 2146 Apollodorus I. 7. 6. + + 2147 Hes. Theog. 129. 371. + + 2148 Ap. Plutarch. Lycurg. 6. according to a certain emendation. See book + III. ch. 5. § 8. + + 2149 Book III. ch. 12. § 5. + + 2150 Book II. ch. 1. § 8. + + 2151 See book I. ch. 1. § 9. + + 2152 See particularly Plato de Leg. I. p. 636. VI. p. 752. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 2153 See Strabo X. p. 476. compare p. 481. after Ephorus. + + 2154 Archilochus ap. Heraclid. Pont. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}. {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. fragm. 86. Gaisford. + + 2155 Hom. Od. XIX. 175. sqq. + + 2156 See book III. ch. 1. § 8. + + 2157 The eclipse of the sun, however, mentioned by Herodotus, does not + agree, and must be an error. VII. 37. + + 2158 {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Herod. VII. 145. + + 2159 VII. 157. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~} [{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}] {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER CHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. The words included in brackets are wanting in the + family of the Passioneus and Florence MSS., and appear to be + interpolated from c. 161. + + 2160 Herod. VII. 176. where the words {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DASIA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} include both the troops + and the congress. + + 2161 The former in the first full-moon after the solstice, the latter + about the second, Corsini Fast. Att. I. 2. p. 453. + + 2162 Diodorus speaks of a decree of this nature, but the oath on the + Isthmus is a rhetorical invention, XI. 29. + + 2163 Pericl. 39. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}. + + 2164 Aristid. 21. {~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PSI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK KORONIS~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH DASIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~}, {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI AND OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON WITH VARIA~} + {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA WITH PERISPOMENI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}. + + 2165 {~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA WITH VARIA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH PSILI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER TAU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH VARIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~} {~GREEK SMALL LETTER PI~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON WITH OXIA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER LAMDA~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER MU~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER OMICRON~}{~GREEK SMALL LETTER NU~}, Plutarch. Aristid. 24. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE DORIC RACE, VOL. 1 OF 2*** + + + +CREDITS + + +September 17, 2010 + + Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1 + Produced by Ted Garvin, David King, and the Online Distributed + Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. + + + +A WORD FROM PROJECT GUTENBERG + + +This file should be named 33743.txt or 33743.zip. + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/3/7/4/33743/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one -- the old editions will be +renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one +owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and +you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission +and without paying copyright royalties. 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