initial commit of ebook 33760HEADmain

1 files changed, 858 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/33760.txt b/33760.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a05556
--- /dev/null
+++ b/33760.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,858 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fossil Ice Crystals, by Johan August Udden
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Fossil Ice Crystals
+       An Instance of the Practical Value of "Pure Science"
+
+Author: Johan August Udden
+
+Release Date: September 18, 2010 [EBook #33760]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOSSIL ICE CRYSTALS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Iris Gehring and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  University of Texas Bulletin
+  No. 1821: April 10, 1918
+
+
+
+
+  _Fossil Ice Crystals_
+
+  _An Instance of the Practical Value of "Pure Science"_
+
+
+  [Illustration: university emblem]
+
+
+  Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology
+  Division of Economic Geology
+  J. A. Udden, Director of the Bureau and Head of the Division
+
+
+  Published by the University six times a month and entered as
+  second-class matter at the postoffice at
+  AUSTIN, TEXAS
+
+
+
+
+Publications of the University of Texas
+
+
+  Publications Committee:
+
+  F. W. GRAFF
+  J. M. BRYANT
+  D. B. CASTEEL
+  FREDERIC DUNCALF
+  R. H. GRIFFITH
+  J. L. HENDERSON
+  I. P. HILDEBRAND
+  E. J. MATHEWS
+
+The University publishes bulletins six times a month, so numbered that
+the first two digits of the number show the year of issue; the last two
+the position in the yearly series. (For example, No. 1701 is the first
+bulletin of the year 1917.) These comprise the official publications of
+the University, publications on humanistic and scientific subjects,
+bulletins prepared by the Department of Extension and by the Bureau of
+Municipal Research and Reference, and other bulletins of general
+educational interest. With the exception of special numbers, any
+bulletin will be sent to a citizen of Texas free on request. All
+communications about University publications should be addressed to the
+Chairman of the Publications Committee, University of Texas, Austin.
+
+
+
+
+  University of Texas Bulletin
+  No. 1821: April 10, 1918
+
+
+
+
+  _Fossil Ice Crystals_
+
+  _An Instance of the Practical Value of "Pure Science"_
+
+
+  [Illustration: university emblem]
+
+
+  Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology
+  Division of Economic Geology
+  J. A. Udden, Director of the Bureau and Head of the Division
+
+
+  Published by the University six times a month and entered as
+  second-class matter at the postoffice at
+  AUSTIN, TEXAS
+
+
+
+
+   The benefits of education and of useful knowledge, generally
+   diffused through a community, are essential to the preservation
+   of a free government.
+
+                                                   Sam Houston
+
+
+   Cultivated mind is the guardian genius of democracy.... It is the
+   only dictator that freemen acknowledge and the only security that
+   freemen desire.
+
+                                                  Mirabeau B. Lamar
+
+
+
+
+FOSSIL ICE CRYSTALS
+
+BY J. A. UDDEN
+
+AN INSTANCE OF THE PRACTICAL VALUE OF "PURE SCIENCE"
+
+
+The practical value of the service of the geological profession is, with
+every year, being more and more appreciated, especially among people who
+are developing the mineral resources of our country. Nevertheless, we
+still hear men who speak of geologists as theorists that render our
+profitable industries but little assistance. It is true that much of the
+work that geologists do has but a remote bearing on practical questions.
+The fact is that in geology, as in other sciences, one can never know
+when a purely scientific observation may turn out to have a practical
+application. Paleontologists who study the minutest details of fossils
+have been held up as impractical people, even though their science has
+more than once proved to be of the greatest practical importance for the
+finding of valuable natural deposits. Certainly those who have been most
+prominent in the promotion of paleontology as a science have seldom, if
+ever, had any economic motive in the pursuit of their work. I think the
+same is true of our leading petrographers. I believe that the men who
+have advanced the science of geology most, have seldom contributed much
+to the practical application of the principles they have discovered.
+Much scientific work naturally appears unprofitable or useless to the
+uninitiated. I shall here relate a case that suggests how entirely wrong
+it may be to regard as of no economic value any geologic fact, however
+insignificant it may appear.
+
+In the summer of 1890 I took occasion to make a trip to the Black Hills
+in South Dakota in order to profit, as I could, by a few weeks' tramping
+in this interesting region. Going one day in a southwest direction from
+Minnekahta, to look for fossil cycads, I stumbled on a block of
+sandstone with a rather smooth surface on which were some peculiar
+markings, such as I had never seen figured or described. The rock was
+evidently a block from the Dakota sandstone. Its smooth upper surface,
+which represented a bedding plane, was covered with a thin coating of
+silt or fine clay which adhered to the block. The markings were in this
+clay. They were straight, shallow grooves from one-half to two inches in
+length, and from one-sixteenth to one-eighth inch in width. They were
+joined into patterns in which some sprang out from the sides of others
+and again themselves sent out other branches. Some crossed each other. I
+noticed that there was a quite uniform angle of divergence in these
+branches, and I was able to make out that this usual angle was about
+sixty degrees. I also noted that the grooves narrowed to sharp points.
+Somehow, immediately I concluded that the cracks were the result of ice
+crystals, and I at once saw the propriety of frozen water having existed
+in an age during which deciduous trees began to appear. This was theory.
+We have since that time learned to know that cold climates far antedate
+the coming of the dicotyledons.
+
+As I had no suitable photographic equipment, I took pains to make
+accurate drawings of a part of the pattern as it appeared on the rock.
+My original drawing is shown in Plate I. A brief description of these
+markings was later furnished in the Scientific American, of February 19,
+1895.
+
+It took me some years to find any similar markings again. In the early
+spring of 1903 I had occasion to make a visit to Mexico, when I spent a
+half day in Ojinaga, which is a little village south of Presidio, in
+Texas, on the Mexican side of the river. Some sidewalks in this little
+village are built of flags of limestone belonging to the Eagle Ford
+formation. To my great delight I found some of these slabs having
+precisely the same kind of markings that I had noted on the sandstone in
+Dakota. Naturally I attached some importance to the fact that the Eagle
+Ford corresponds quite closely in age to that of the Dakota sandstone.
+Both were made at about the beginning of the upper Cretaceous age. I
+noticed here a considerable variation in the closeness of the patterns
+of the markings. Occasionally they were found as separate single lines,
+several inches removed from each other; and on other rocks they would
+be found crossing in close networks. In the summer of 1904 I again found
+my ice markings on a layer of arenaceous limestone in the same formation
+in the Big Bend country in Texas. This time I collected some specimens
+which were subsequently photographed. One of these photographs is shown
+in Plate II. Again in 1906 I noticed the same markings on some thin
+sandy flags which occur in the Del Rio clay near the city of Del Rio. In
+this case the needle-like crystals were somewhat more slender than those
+previously seen, and some were slightly curved and somewhat more
+elongated. These of course interested me as showing the occurrence of
+freezing temperatures no doubt at a somewhat earlier time than that
+pertaining to my previous observations.
+
+During all these years my residence was in Illinois, and I was naturally
+watching for similar markings in recent mud, resulting from late and
+early frosts. I found them in the fall of 1909. At this time some
+excavations were being made in the loess in Rock Island, when some rains
+fell in the late fall. These rains evidently happened to give the mud
+the amount of moisture necessary for such crystals to develop, as the
+ground froze. The rains had washed the loess extensively, and I found a
+number of places where it lay redistributed, with a fairly smooth
+surface. It was evident that the moisture content of the ground,
+together with the temperature conditions, determined the size and the
+closeness of the frozen patterns. In places the crystals were long and
+slender, in others they were short and stout. At some points they were
+straight and in others slightly curved. Here and there the patterns were
+close enough to resemble the fine lines which we sometimes notice in the
+hoarfrost on windowpanes. In other places the crystals occurred in
+radiating groups, and elsewhere they would form scattered separate
+units. For preserving a record of what I saw, I poured plaster over
+several patterns and had these casts photographed, as appears in Plates
+VIII, IX, X. Placing these side by side with the photographs of the
+patterns I have photographed from the Eagle Ford, it appears to me that
+no doubt can be left as to the origin of the markings found in the
+fossil state.
+
+Recently I have found that these ice crystal marks are quite common at
+one horizon in the Eagle Ford beds of Brewster County, in Texas. There
+is also a layer in which they can be usually seen in the vicinity of
+Austin, Texas. This lies about twenty-five feet below the Austin Chalk,
+near Austin. A like layer occurs about 100 feet below the Austin Chalk
+in the Big Bend country. Here I have found the markings in localities
+thirty miles apart. They occur at the north point of Mariscal Mountain
+and in a number of places near the Fossil Knobs and on the Chisos Mining
+Company property at Terlingua.
+
+Unprofitable as observations on such a simple matter as this may seem, I
+find that other geologists have given it some attention. Quite recently,
+Dr. John M. Clarke[A] has figured slabs showing what has been described
+as _Fucoides graphica_, by Hall. The markings figured by Professor
+Clarke are undoubtedly of the same kind as those I have found in the
+Eagle Ford. They occur in the Upper Devonian in New York. I also find
+that the formation of ice crystals in wet mud has been observed in the
+clays about Boston by Marbut and Woodworth.[B] Other observations of
+similar recent markings are said to have been made by some English
+geologists.
+
+To "practical people" it may indeed appear that no more unprofitable or
+more idle curiosity could be indulged in, than making observations on
+what kind of crystals are formed when water freezes in mud. I must
+confess that my own first observations had no motive whatever, except
+for the desire to know something new; and I never expected that anything
+I could learn about these fossil marks would ever turn out to have any
+practical application, at least not in my own work.
+
+But it has turned out differently. For some time, I have been called
+upon occasionally to advise with regard to the finding of the ore in one
+of our quicksilver mines in West Texas. It is now a well established
+fact that the distribution of the ore in this mine, and I believe in the
+entire Terlingua district, bears a definite relation to geological
+horizons. Successful mining requires search in these horizons. The
+cinnabar, as it appears, has accumulated in greatest quantity under
+impervious rocks such as shales and marls along planes that separate
+these from underlying rocks of more open texture, mostly limestones. The
+ore has clearly come from below and has risen through fissure planes,
+which in some cases separate large blocks of the Cretaceous formations.
+The best ore has been found under the basal part of the Boquillas flags,
+and under the Del Rio clay in the upper part of the Georgetown
+limestone. The workings must be so arranged in the mine that these
+horizons can be entered on both sides of a fault fissure. The problem of
+locating the depth of the desirable horizons in the mine in question
+would be easy enough, if it were not for the fact that the outcropping
+rocks consist of a series of sediments with few characteristic fossils.
+Most of the fossils which occur extend through a range of several
+hundred feet and the beds themselves are quite uniform in character,
+consisting of alternating thin layers of impure limestones and marls. An
+attempt was made to correlate the outcropping beds by close examination
+of the layers exposed, but the result was not very satisfactory. A close
+scrutiny made of each layer on the section resulted, however, in the
+finding of two features that enabled me to measure the throw of the
+fault under investigation. Interbedded in the Boquillas flags there are
+some thin layers of bentonite, which are quite persistent and can be
+followed for several miles. By comparing the distances between these
+layers and by taking note of their individual thickness, it was possible
+to make a correlation that seemed to be correct. But the proof sought
+fell just short of being certain. In cases of this kind one always looks
+for corroborating facts to check one's conclusions. I found this check
+in the discovery of the layer which carries ice crystal markings in
+these beds. The layer had a definite relation to the seams of bentonite,
+and, with this additional evidence, I was confident there was no
+possible chance of a mistake. It enabled me to locate not only the right
+horizon but also a horizon in the underlying heavy Comanchean limestone,
+which is water-bearing, and which must be avoided to prevent serious
+injury to the underground operations. I need not add that the
+information obtained was of real practical value in this case.
+
+
+
+
+PLATE I
+
+
+Plate I. Forms of frost cracks seen on the exposed flat bedding plane of
+a block of Dakota sandstone in a ravine a few miles southwest of
+Minnekahta, South Dakota. As sketched in the field. Natural size.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE I]
+
+
+
+
+PLATE II
+
+
+Plate II. Photographs of fossil imprints of ice crystals on flags of the
+Eagle Ford. The upper rock shown in the Plate is from the south side of
+Cuesta Blanca in Brewster County, Texas, and shows casts of crystals
+which represent fillings of sandy mud projecting slightly down into an
+underlying bed of more argillaceous material. The lower part of the
+figure shows a similarly marked flag from the same formation at a point
+about five miles north of the old Boquillas postoffice near Tornillo
+Creek, east of the Chisos Mountains, in Texas. Here are seen the
+original grooves made by the ice on a layer of muddy material later
+buried. Slightly reduced.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE II]
+
+
+
+
+PLATE III
+
+
+Plate III. Photograph of fossil casts of a close tangle of ice crystals
+seen in a stony calcareous layer in the Eagle Ford shale in Walnut
+Creek, about eight miles north of Austin, Texas. This tangle is closer
+than any of the recent ice crystal marks figured here, but equally
+closely grown crystals have been seen by the writer on frozen mud in
+Illinois. Natural size. Compare with Plate VIII.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE III]
+
+
+
+
+PLATE IV
+
+
+Plate IV. Photograph of fossil casts of ice crystals seen on some stony
+flags in the upper part of the Eagle Ford at Fossil Knobs, about two
+miles northwest of the Chisos Mine in Brewster County, Texas. These may
+be characterized as relatively short and scattered. This shows ridges
+projecting into the grooves formed by ice crystals on the surface of a
+muddy layer originally underlying the layer photographed. Slightly
+reduced.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IV]
+
+
+
+
+PLATE V
+
+
+Plate V. Photograph of fossil casts of ice crystals seen on the under
+side of flaggy layer of calcareous sandy rock in the upper part of the
+Eagle Ford at Fossil Knobs, about two miles northwest from the Chisos
+Mining Company's property, Brewster County, Texas. It will be seen that
+some of the crystals are gently curved. Similar curving crystals are
+also seen in the figures showing recent growths at Rock Island,
+Illinois. Compare with Plate IX. Slightly reduced.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE V]
+
+
+
+
+PLATE VI
+
+
+Plate VI. Photograph of a thin flag of sandy limestone from the Eagle
+Ford at Fossil Knobs in Brewster County, showing molds left by ice
+crystals.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VI]
+
+
+
+
+PLATE VII
+
+
+Plate VII. Photographs of three fragments of flags showing casts of ice
+crystals on the under side. All observations made on crystals of this
+kind indicate local differences in the forms of ice crystals presumably
+due to differences in the rate of freezing, in the texture of the mud
+and probably in variations in water content of the mud. Some crystals in
+the locality from which these specimens came, show pinnate secondary
+growths. Specimens shown here are from near the upper part of the Eagle
+Ford at a point about two miles north from the Chisos Mining Company's
+property. Brewster County, Texas. Slightly reduced.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VII]
+
+
+
+
+PLATE VIII
+
+
+Plate VIII. Photograph of a cast made by pouring plaster over a surface
+of mud in which ice crystals had recently formed, in Rock Island,
+Illinois, after the ice in the crystals had been removed by slow natural
+sublimation into the atmosphere, leaving open cracks in the mud. The
+comb-like ridges on the plaster cast have the form of the ice crystals.
+Compare with Plate III.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE VIII]
+
+
+
+
+PLATE IX
+
+
+Plate IX. Photograph of a cast made by pouring plaster over a surface of
+mud in which ice crystals had formed, in Rock Island, Illinois, soon
+after the ice in the crystals had been removed by slow natural
+sublimation into the atmosphere, leaving open cracks in the mud. In the
+locality where this cast was made, the crystals were relatively slender,
+distant, and some gently curved, like those seen in Plate V. Slightly
+reduced.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE IX]
+
+
+
+
+PLATE X
+
+
+Plate X. Photograph of a cast made by pouring plaster over a surface of
+mud in which ice crystals had recently formed, in Rock Island, Ill., and
+where they had later been removed by natural sublimations into the
+atmosphere, leaving open cracks in the mud. It will be seen that the
+crystal growth in this case involves an x-like or radiating pattern
+formed of relatively very slender forms that almost everywhere are very
+gently curved somewhat reminding of the slender thread-like crystals
+sometimes seen in frost on windows. I have not yet seen any similar
+fossil crystal growths as slender as these. Slightly reduced.
+
+[Illustration: PLATE X]
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[A] Strand and undertow markings, etc., New York State Museum, _Bulletin
+No. 196, April 1, 1917_, pp. 199-210; pl. 20-23.
+
+[B] Brick clays of Rhode Island, Massachusetts; Marbut and Woodworth,
+_U.S. Geol. Survey, 17th Ann. Rep., Pt. 1_, p. 992.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_.
+
+Printer's inconsistencies in spelling and punctuation have been
+retained.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Fossil Ice Crystals, by Johan August Udden
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOSSIL ICE CRYSTALS ***
+
+***** This file should be named 33760.txt or 33760.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/7/6/33760/
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Iris Gehring and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.