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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/33768-0.txt b/33768-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b8771a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/33768-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5755 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Erthe Upon Erthe, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Erthe Upon Erthe + +Author: Various + +Editor: Hilda Murray + +Release Date: September 20, 2010 [EBook #33768] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ERTHE UPON ERTHE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Charlene Taylor, JackMcJiggins, +David Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +[Transcriber’s Note: + +This e-text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file +encoding: + + Ȝ ȝ (yogh: very common) + ⁊ (Tironian ampersand) + ā ē ī ō ū (vowels with macron) + +If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if +the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the +apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, +make sure your text reader’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set +to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font. As +a last resort, use the Latin-1 version of the file instead. + +Mid-word italics representing expanded abbreviations are shown in +{braces}. Whole-word italics are shown conventionally with _lines_. +Braces are also used with ^ (caret) for mid-word superscripting (rare); +superscripts that continue to the end of the word use ^ alone. Boldface +is shown with #marks#. + +Text in [[double brackets]] was added by the transcriber. Except for +footnotes, single brackets are in the original. + +The pointing-finger symbol is shown as -->. The combinations m~, n~ +and d~ represent letters with a decorative curl. + +In the editorial material, some text formatting has been simplified or +omitted to reduce visual clutter: + + --Footnotes were italicized, with emphatic words in Roman (non-italic) + type; this has been “toggled” to plain type with italic emphasis. + --Glossary entries were shown in #boldface#, as were all references + to “#A# version” and “#B# version”. + --In the Glossary, page-and-line references in the form “15.33” gave + the line number in smaller type. + +The author’s father was James Murray of the Oxford English Dictionary.] + + + + + Erthe upon Erthe + + EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY + + Original Series, No. 141 + + 1911 (reprinted 1964) + + Price 30_s._ + + + + + [Illustration: + BRITISH MUSEUM, MS. HARL. 2253. c. 1307. fol. 57 v. + (_slightly reduced_)] + + + + + Early English Text Society. + Original Series. + + + The Middle English Poem, + + ERTHE UPON ERTHE, + + Printed From Twenty-Four Manuscripts, + + Edited, with Introduction, Notes, and Glossary, + + by + + HILDA M. R. MURRAY + + + _Published for_ + THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY + _by the_ + OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS + LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO + + + + + First Published 1911 + Reprinted 1964 + + Original Series, No. 141 + + Reprinted Lithographically in Great Britain + at the University Press, Oxford + by Vivian Ridler + Printer to the University + + + + + To my Father + + QUEM + QUAMVIS LONGISSIMO INTERVALLO + SEQUI TAMEN CONOR. + + + + +CONTENTS + + PAGE + INTRODUCTION: + The two Versions of the Poem ‘Erthe upon Erthe’ ix + Descriptive List of MSS. of the Poem x + The A Version xiv + The B Version xvi + The Cambridge Text xxv + Origin and Growth of the Poem xxix + Later Versions of the Poem xxxv + Literary Interest xxxviii + Editor’s Note xli + + THE #A# VERSION: + 1. MS. Harleian 2253 1 + 2. MS. Harleian 913 1 + + THE #B# VERSION: + 1. William Billyng’s MS 5 + 2. MS. Thornton 6 + 3. MS. Selden supra 53 7 + 4. MS. Egerton 1995 8 + 5. MS. Harleian 1671 9 + 6. MS. Brighton 10 + 7. The Stratford-on-Avon Inscription 11 + 8. MS. Rawlinson C. 307 12 + 9. MS. Harleian 4486 13 + 10. MS. Lambeth 853 14 + 11. MS. Laud Miscellaneous 23 16 + 12. MS. Cotton Titus A. xxvi 19 + 13. MS. Rawlinson Poetical 32 20 + 14. MS. Porkington 10 24 + 15. MS. Balliol 354 27 + 16. MS. Harleian 984 29 + 17. The Maitland MS. 30 + 18. John Reidpeth’s MS. 31 + + THE CAMBRIDGE TEXT 32 + + NOTES AND ANALOGUES 35 + + APPENDIX: + I. ‘Erthe’ Poem in Latin, French, and English (Record + Office Roll, Ex^r. K. R. Proceedings, Bdle. 1, and + MS. British Museum Additional 25478) 41 + II. (B Version) additions: + 19. MS. Trinity College Cambridge R. 3. 21 47 + 20. MS. Trinity College Cambridge B. 15. 39 48 + + GLOSSARY 50 + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +THE TWO VERSIONS OF THE POEM ‘ERTHE UPON ERTHE’. + +The Middle English poem of _Erthe upon Erthe_ is one which occurs fairly +frequently in fifteenth-century MSS. and even later. It was a favourite +theme for Commonplace Books, and was frequently inserted on the spare +leaves at the beginning or end of a manuscript. From the many texts of +the poem which have survived, and from the fact that portions of it +continued to be inscribed on walls and tombstones up to the beginning of +the nineteenth century, a wide popularity may be deduced. The extant +versions, moreover, point to a knowledge of the poem throughout the +greater part of England, as well as in the south of Scotland. The +grimness of the motive, based on the words _Memento homo quod cinis es +et in cinerem reverteris_, allies the text both with the earlier group +of poems relating to _The Soul and the Body_, and with the more or less +contemporary _Dance of Death_, but whereas the two latter groups can +claim a popularity which extended over western Europe, _Erthe upon +Erthe_ exists only in Middle English texts, and in one parallel Latin +version.[1] It is, indeed, difficult to see how the play upon the word +_earth_ on which the poem depends could have been reproduced with equal +success in any language outside English, and the Latin version is +distinctly inferior in this respect. There would seem, therefore, to be +good reason for the assumption that _Erthe upon Erthe_ is of English +origin, belonging to the same class of literature as the English +versions of the _Soul and Body_ poems. + +The earliest texts of the poem known to be extant are found in MSS. +Harleian 2253 and 913, both dated about the beginning of the fourteenth +century. The two texts vary greatly in length--MS. Harl. 2253 consists +of four lines as against seven six-lined stanzas in MS. Harl. 913--and +the latter text has the parallel Latin rendering mentioned above, but +they coincide so far as they go, and appear to represent a thirteenth or +fourteenth-century type of the poem, which may be called the A +version.[2] + +Another poem of the same kind, which differs considerably from the A +version, but is, in all probability, closely connected with it in +origin, is common in fifteenth-century MSS. I have traced eighteen texts +of this version, dating from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century, +all of which represent or are based upon the same common type, though +individual transcribers appear to have expanded the theme according to +their own taste. Such additions may easily be distinguished, since they +seldom succeed in maintaining either the grim simplicity, or the +fundamental play upon the word _earth_, which characterize the genuine +portions of the poem. This common fifteenth-century type may be called +the B version. + +Lastly, a single fifteenth-century MS. (Cambridge University Library, +Ii, 4. 9) has preserved a text of the poem in which some attempt seems +to have been made to combine the A with the B version. This text may be +called the C version, or Cambridge text. + +In the following pages an attempt has been made to justify the premises +in part laid down already, and to show that the A and B versions may be +traced back to a common source, and that this source was not only +confined to England, but was itself English. + + +MSS. OF THE POEM ‘ERTHE UPON ERTHE’. + +The following is a list of the manuscripts in which the poem occurs:-- + +MSS. of the A Version: + + 1. MS. Harl. 2253, fol. 57, v^o, dated c. 1307. Four lines + inserted between a French poem on the Death of Simon de Montfort, + and an English poem on the Execution of Simon Fraser. Printed by + J. Ritson, _Ancient Songs and Ballads from the Reign of K. Henry + II to the Revolution_, p. 13 (1790), by E. Flügel, _Anglia_, xxvi. + 216 (1903), and by W. Heuser, _Die Kildare-Gedichte_ (_Bonner + Beiträge zur Anglistik_, xiv. 179) (1904). (See the facsimile + opposite the title-page.) + + 2. MS. Harl. 913, fol. 62, r^o (c. 1308-1330). Seven six-lined + English stanzas alternating with seven of the same purport in + Latin. Printed by T. Wright, _Reliquiae Antiquae_, ii. 216 (1841), + by F. J. Furnivall, _Early Eng. Poems and Lives of Saints_, p. 150 + (printed for the Philological Society, Berlin, 1862), and by + W. Heuser, _ibid._, p. 180. + +MSS. of the B Version: + + 1. William Billyng’s MS. (dated 1400-1430). Five four-lined + stanzas, preceded by the figure of a naked body, rudely drawn, + having a mattock in its right hand, and a spade at its feet. At + the end of the poem is a prone figure of a skeleton accompanied by + two draped figures.[3] Printed by W. Bateman, _Billyng’s Five + Wounds of Christ_, no. 3 (Manchester, 1814),[4] ‘from a finely + written and illuminated parchment roll, about two and + three-quarter yards in length: it is without date, but by + comparing it with other poetry, it appears to have been written + early in the fifteenth century; the illuminations and ornaments + with which it is decorated correspond to those of missals written + about the reign of Henry V; the style may therefore fix its date + between the years 1400 and 1430. The author[5] gives his name and + mark at the bottom of the roll.’ Reprinted from Bateman’s text by + J. Montgomery, _The Christian Poet_, edit. 1 and 2, p. 45 (1827), + edit. 3, p. 58 (1828). + + 2. MS. Thornton (Lincoln Cath. Libr.), fol. 279 (c. 1440). Five + stanzas[6] without mark of strophic division. Printed by G. G. + Perry, _Religious Poems in Prose and Verse_, p. 95 (E.E.T.S., No. + xxvi, 1867, reprinted 1889, p. 96), and by C. Horstmann, + _Yorkshire Writers (Richard Rolle of Hampole)_, i. 373 (1895). + + 3. MS. Selden supra 53, fol. 159, v^o (c. 1450). Six stanzas + (strophic division indicated in the first two), written in a + different hand on the back of a spare leaf at the end of the MS.; + stanza 5 of the usual B version omitted. Quoted by H. G. Fiedler, + _Modern Language Review_ (April 1908), III. iii. 221. Not printed + before. + + 4. MS. Egerton 1995, fol. 55, r^o (William Gregory’s Commonplace + Book, dated c. 1430-1450, cf. J. Gairdner, _Collections of a + London Citizen_. Camden. Soc. 1876 n.s. xvii). Seven stanzas + without strophic division. Not printed before. + + 5. MS. Harl. 1671, fol. 1*, r^o (fifteenth century). Seven stanzas + written in the left-hand column on the fly-leaf at the beginning + of the MS., which consists of a ‘large Theological Treatise, + imperfect at both ends, which seemeth to have been entituled “The + Weye to Paradys”’.[7] The upper portion of the leaf contains a + poem in praise of St. Herasmius. Not printed before. + + 6. MS. Brighton, fol. 90, v^o (fifteenth century). Seven stanzas. + Printed by Fiedler, _M. L. R._ III. iii. 219, from the last leaf + of a MS. formerly seen by him in possession of an antiquary at + Brighton, and containing a Latin treatise on the seven Sacraments. + + 7. Stratford-on-Avon Inscription (after 1450). Seven stanzas, + formerly on the west wall of the nave in the Chapel of the Trinity + at Stratford-on-Avon, cf. R. B. Wheler, _Hist. and Antiq. of + Stratford-on-Avon_, p. 98: ‘against the west wall of the nave, + upon the south side of the arch was painted the martyrdom of + Thomas à Becket, whilst kneeling at the altar of St. Benedict in + Canterbury Cathedral; below this was represented the figure of an + angel (probably St. Michael) supporting a long scroll, upon which + were written the following rude verses: Erth oute of erthe,’ &c. + ‘Beneath were two men, holding another scroll over a body wrapt in + a winding sheet, and covered with some emblems of mortality with + these lines: Whosoo hym be thowghte,’ &c. (v. Note on p. 36). + These paintings were probably added in the reign of Henry VII, + when the Chapel was restored by Sir Hugh Clopton (died 1496), who + built New Place opposite the Chapel in 1483. They were discovered + in 1804 beneath a coating of whitewash, and were copied and + engraved, but have since been more than once re-coated with + whitewash, and all trace of the poem has now disappeared. + Facsimiles, etched and coloured by hand, exist in Thomas Fisher’s + _Series of Ancient Allegorical, Historical, and Legendary + Paintings in fresco, discovered on the walls of the Chapel of the + Trinity, belonging to the Gild of the Holy Cross, at + Stratford-on-Avon, in Warwickshire, from drawings made at the time + of their discovery_ (1807). Printed by R. B. Wheler, _ibid._ + (1806), by Longfellow, _Outre-Mer_ (_Père-La-Chaise_, note on + p. 67), 1851, and by W. P. Reeves, _Mod. Lang. Notes_, IX. iv. 203 + (April 1894). + + 8. MS. Rawlinson C. 307, fol. 2, r^o (after 1458). Eight stanzas, + of which three are peculiar to this MS., and are of a more + distinctly Northern dialect than the remainder. The poem is the + only English text in a MS. containing Latin prose and verse. Two + Latin poems in the same hand as _Erthe upon Erthe_ refer to the + death of Gilbert Pynchbeck at York in 1458, which would fix the + date c. 1460, or later. The three independent stanzas were printed + by Fiedler, _ibid._ p. 221. + + 9. [8]MS. Harl. 4486, fol. 146, r^o (fifteenth century). Eight + stanzas added on the last leaf but one of a copy of _Le Livre de + Sydrac_, immediately after the colophon. The last two leaves and + the cover of the MS. contain various scribblings in + fifteenth-century hands, chiefly of Latin aphorisms and rimes. + Folio 147, v^o, contains the signature of Tho. Baker, who may + possibly have transcribed the English poem. Not printed before. + + 10. MS. Lambeth 853, fol. 35 (c. 1430-1450). Twelve stanzas. + Printed by F. J. Furnivall, _Hymns to the Virgin and Christ_, + p. 88 (E.E.T.S. 1867, No. xxiv, reprinted 1895). + + 11. MS. Laud Misc. 23, fol. 111, v^o (before 1450). Twelve + stanzas, varying very slightly from MS. Lambeth. Not printed + before. + + 12. MS. Cotton Titus A xxvi, fol. 153, r^o (fifteenth century). + Six four-lined stanzas, apparently the beginning of a transcript + of MS. Lambeth. Not printed before. + + 13. MS. Rawlinson Poetic. 32, v^o (after 1450). Thirty-two + stanzas, each of four short lines, corresponding to half the + normal stanza; stanzas 17 to 30 are peculiar to this MS. The + greater part printed by Fiedler, _ibid._ p. 222. + + 14. MS. Porkington 10, fol. 79, v^o (fifteenth century). Twelve + six-lined stanzas, of which stanzas 7 to 11 are peculiar to this + MS. Printed by Halliwell, _Early Eng. Misc. in Prose and Verse, + selected from an inedited MS. of the 15th cent._, p. 39 (Warton + Club, 1855), and by Fiedler, ibid. p. 225. + + 15. MS. Balliol 354, fol. 207, v^o (Richard Hill’s Commonplace + Book, dated before 1504). Sixteen stanzas, of which stanzas 6 to + 14 introduce an independent digression on the Nine Worthies. + Printed by Flügel, _Anglia_, xxvi. 94 (1903), and by Roman + Dyboski, _Songs, Carols, and Other Misc. Poems_, p. 90 (E.E.T.S. + 1907, extra ser. ci). + + 16. MS. Harl. 984, fol. 72, r^o (sixteenth century). The preceding + leaf of the MS. has been torn out, leaving only two lines of what + may be assumed to be verse 6, and the whole of verse 7, which + occur with other fragments on the last leaf but one. + + 17. The Maitland MS. Pepysian Library, Magd. Coll. Cambr., MS. + 2553, p. 338 (c. 1555-1585). Seven stanzas in the Lowland Scots + dialect, with the ascription ‘quod Marsar’. Thomas Pinkerton + published portions of the MS. in his _Ancient Scottish Poems never + before in print . . . from the MS. Collections of Sir Richard + Maitland_ (London, 1786), but omitted _Eird upon Eird_. Not + printed before. + + 18. The Reidpeth MS. Cambridge Univ. Libr. Ll. 5. 10, fol. 43, + v^o, copied 1622-1623 ‘a me Joanne Reidpeth’. Seven stanzas, + probably transcribed from the Maitland MS., but concluding ‘quod + Dumbar’. Not printed before. + +MS. of the C Version: + + The Cambridge Text. Cambr. Univ. Libr. Ii. 4. 9, fol. 67, r^o + (fifteenth century). Eighty-two lines comprising twenty-two or + twenty-three stanzas. The text is followed by a coloured picture + of a young knight, standing on a hill with a skeleton below. + A scroll proceeding from the knight has the words: _Festina tempus + et memento finis_, while one proceeding from the skeleton runs: + _In omni opere memorare nouissima et in eternum non peccabis_. + Printed by Heuser, _Kildare-Gedichte_, p. 213. + + +THE #A# VERSION. + +The A version exists in two forms, one a short popular stanza of four +lines (MS. Harl. 2253), apparently of the nature of a riddle, the other +a longer poem of seven English and seven Latin stanzas (MS. Harl. 913), +each English verse being followed by its Latin equivalent. The metrical +form of the Latin verses is one often used in Latin poems of the twelfth +and thirteenth centuries, a six-lined stanza, rimed _aaaabb_, with the +rhythm of the well-known + + _méum ést propósitúm_ | _ín tabérna móri._ + +The English verses are also in the form of a six-lined stanza _aaaabb_, +but the first four lines have the same loose four-stress rhythm as the +lines in MS. Harl. 2253, and the concluding couplet is on the principle +of the septenarius. Both the English and the Latin lines rime at the +caesura as well as at the end of the line, but this is less uniformly +the rule in the English verses. There is close verbal connexion between +the four lines in MS. Harl. 2253, and the opening lines of the longer +poem, as will appear from a comparison of the two:-- + +_MS. Harl._ 2253. + + Erþe toc of erþe erþe wyþ woh + erþe oþer erþe to þe erþe droh + erþe leyde erþe in erþene þroh + þo heuede erþe of erþe erþe ynoh + +_MS. Harl._ 913. + + whan erþ haþ erþ . iwonne wiþ wow + þan erþ mai of erþ . nim hir inow + erþ vp erþ . falliþ fol frow + erþ toward erþ . delful him drow. + of erþ þou were makid . _and_ mon þou art ilich + in on erþ awaked . þe pore _and_ þe riche. + +The connexion between these two versions might be explained in two ways. +The short version of MS. Harl. 2253 may be the beginning of a transcript +of the longer poem in which the scribe broke off because his memory +failed him, or because he was only acquainted with a popular version of +the opening lines. On the other hand, the short version may be the +older, and the more learned composer of the poem in MS. Harl. 913 may +have been elaborating this and other such riddling stanzas current at +the time. But any attempt to decide between these two possibilities must +necessarily depend upon the conclusion formed as to the relation of the +Latin stanzas in MS. Harl. 913 to their English equivalents, and this +question will be more conveniently discussed in connexion with the +general origin of the _Erthe upon Erthe_ poems. As regards the date of +the two MSS., MS. Harl. 2253 is generally ascribed to the beginning of +the fourteenth century, and the Kildare MS. (MS. Harl. 913) is dated c. +1308 by Crofton Croker, c. 1308 to 1330 by Heuser, while Paul Meyer is +of opinion that it may belong to an earlier period still. The dialect of +both poems is South Midland, probably of the western part of the +district. MS. Harl. 2253, which is commonly associated with Leominster, +has _heuede_ (4). MS. Harl. 913 has _lutil_, _schrud_, _muntid_, _heo_, +_mon_, _lond_, and S. Midl. forms of verbs. We have therefore two types +of the A version, standing in close verbal relation to each other, of +much the same date and dialect, and representing in all probability the +kind of _Erthe_ poem current at the end of the thirteenth century in the +South-west Midland district. + + +THE #B# VERSION. + +As will appear from the foregoing account of the MSS., the eighteen +texts of the B version vary considerably in length, many of them +introducing stanzas which do not recur elsewhere. A comparison of the +number and arrangement of the stanzas in each text is given on the next +page, the stanzas being numbered according to the order of their +arrangement in the text to which they belong, and the corresponding +stanzas in the various texts grouped under columns. MSS. Thornton, +Selden, and Egerton have no mark of strophic division, but fall +naturally into mono-rimed stanzas of four lines. All the remaining texts +are arranged in four-lined stanzas with mono-rime,[9] with the exception +of MS. Porkington, which represents an evident expansion of the original +metrical scheme, an additional long line being attached to each stanza +by means of a short bob-line, giving a six-lined stanza, _aaaabb_. In +MS. Rawl. Poet. each long line is written as two short lines, so that +the usual four-lined stanza appears in this text as two stanzas, each +consisting of four half-lines. This arrangement is facilitated by the +regular internal rime on the word _erthe_. The order of the +fifteenth-century MSS. of the B version observed in the table +corresponds to that in the foregoing list of MSS., and in the printed +text, and is not always strictly chronological, it being more convenient +for purposes of comparison to group the texts according to their length. +It will be seen that the three late texts (MSS. Harl. 984, Maitland, and +Reidpeth) revert to the normal seven-stanza type, and that this appears +to have been the form of the poem known to the compiler of the Cambridge +text, a comparison of which is added. + + [Transcriber’s Note: + The printed table has been rotated 90% for this plain-text version. + The numerical key (1-18, Cam) and the lettered notes (A, B...) were + also added by the transcriber.] + + 1. Wm. Billyng’s Text + 2. MS. Thornton + 3. MS. Selden, supra 53 + 4. MS. Egerton 1995 + 5. MS. Harl. 1671 + 6. MS. Brighton + 7. Stratford Inscription + 8. MS. Rawl. C. 307 + 9. MS. Harl. 4486 + 10. MS. Lambeth 853 + 11. MS. Laud Misc. 23 + 12. MS. Cotton Titus A. xxvi + 13. MS. Rawl. Poet. + 14. MS. Porkington 10 + 15. MS. Balliol 354 + 16. MS. Harl. 984[10] + 17. MS. Maitland + 18. MS. Reidpeth + Cam The Cambridge Text + + CS Common Stanzas + IS Independent Stanzas + + Text| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9|10|11|12| 13 |14|15|16 |17|18| Cam + ----+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+------+--+--+---+--+--+---- + CS | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.2. 1 1 (1) 1 1 1 + | 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3.4. 2 2 (2) 2 2 3.8. + | 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6.5. 3 3 (3) 3 3 2 + | 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7.8. 4 4 (4) 4 4 10 + | 5 5 -- 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 8 -- 11.12. 5 5 (5) 5 5 9 + |-- -- 4 6 6 6 6 -- 6 9 9 -- -- 6 15 6 6 6 11 + |-- -- 6 7 7 7 7 -- 7 11 11 -- -- 12 16 7 7 7 -- + | 8 12 12 -- 31.32. + | 5 5 5 15.16. + | 6 6 6 -- + | 7 7 -- 9.10. + | 10 10 -- 13.14. + ----+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+------+--+--+--+---+--+--- + IS | [A] [B] [C][D] [E] + + [A] stanzas 6. 7. 8. (3) + [B] 17 to 30. (14) + [C] 7 to 11 (5) + [D] 6 to 14 (9) + [E] 6. 7. 13. 18 resemble A Version. + 4. 5. 12. 14 to 17. 19 to 22 independent (11) + +It will be seen from the table that eleven of these texts have seven +stanzas in common, and that fifteen of them have five in common. Of the +three remaining texts, MS. Harl. 984 has a missing leaf, but would +clearly appear to belong to the seven-stanza type, raising the above +numbers to twelve texts of seven stanzas, and sixteen of five. MS. +Selden again obviously represents the usual seven-stanza type with the +accidental omission of verse 5. MS. Titus has four of the customary five +verses, breaks off to follow the arrangement of the Lambeth MS., and +comes to an end after copying two of the additional verses in the +Lambeth text before reaching the usual fifth verse. Assuming that it +represents a transcription of the Lambeth text, MS. Titus might be +classed with the five-stanza type, or possibly, like MS. Lambeth, with +the seven-stanza type. It may therefore be assumed that all eighteen of +the B texts have five stanzas in common, or are based upon such a common +type, and that thirteen, or possibly fourteen of them, represent a +common type with seven stanzas, six of which are further found in the +Cambridge text. These common stanzas vary very little in the different +MSS. as regards either the actual text or the order of lines and +stanzas, and it seems probable that the normal B version consisted of +seven stanzas, ending with a personal exhortation which has been +omitted, or possibly not yet added, in five of the texts. In four +MSS.--Lambeth, Laud, Rawl. P., and Harl. 4486--an interesting final +stanza, containing a prayer, has been added. Three of these texts, MSS. +Lamb., Laud, and Rawl. P., correspond in three other additional stanzas, +which seems to point to some closer relationship between them, and two, +or more strictly one and a half, of these additional stanzas are also +found in MS. Titus, which appears to be a transcript of the Lambeth +text. The scribe of MS. Titus followed the Lambeth text until he reached +the middle of verse 6, when he apparently wearied of the task, and broke +off with a new couplet of his own, entirely foreign in idea and metre to +the _Erthe upon Erthe_ poems:-- + + Lewe thy syne & lyffe in right, + And þan shalt thou lyffe in heuyn as a knyght. + +The text, as a whole, is badly written with many erasures, and points to +a careless hand. + +The additional stanzas cited in the table as independent contain mere +variations on the main theme, and it is highly probable that the more +expanded texts are the later, and represent individual additions to a +popular poem, since they generally fail to maintain the internal rime on +the word _erthe_ which is an evident characteristic of the genuine +verses. In the case of the five MSS. in question, MS. Harl. 4486 might +be taken to represent the original type, and MSS. Lamb., Laud[11], and +Titus an expansion of this, while the author of Rawl. P. was obviously +acquainted with the Lambeth text, or its original, and added to it +certain stanzas of his own, leaving out three of the verses in Lambeth +to make room for these. Whether the eighth stanza which MSS. Harl. 4486, +Lamb., Laud, and Rawl. P. have in common belongs to the original type of +the B version, or was itself a later addition, can scarcely be +determined, but as it seems to be confined to these four texts, the +latter view is perhaps the more probable. It must, however, have been +added early, as it occurs already in MSS. Lamb. and Laud before 1450, +and preserves the principle of the internal rime on _erthe_. The +relative dates of MSS. Lambeth and Rawl. P. as fixed by Furnivall and +Madden (MS. Lamb. 1430-1450, R. P. after 1450) would bear out this +theory of the relationship between these two texts, and it may further +be noted that both have the same prefatory _De terra plasmasti me_, +otherwise found only in MS. Harl. 1671, and that both exhibit the same +tendency to employ a direct personal mode of address, and to lengthen +out the original text by superfluous words. + +Cf. for example, MS. Harl. 4486, verse 5 (so MS. Laud, verse 8)-- + + Why erthe loueth erthe wonder me thynke, + Or why that erthe for erthe swete wylle or swynke, &c. + +with MS. Lamb. verse 8-- + + Whi þat erþe _to myche_ loueþ erþe, wondir me þink, + Or whi þat erþe for _superflue_ erþe _to sore_ sweete wole or swynk + +and MS. Rawl. P. verse 11-- + + Or whi that erthe for the erthe + _Unresonably_ swete wol or swynke. + +The exact date of the text in MS. Titus is indeterminate, but, as stated +above, it is evidently based on MS. Lambeth or its original, and might +be ascribed to c. 1450 or later. The text in MS. Harl. 4486 has been +added by some later owner of the MS. on the last leaves of a +fifteenth-century transcript of _Le Livre de Sydrac_. The handwriting of +_Erthe upon Erthe_ is also fifteenth century, but the exact date again +cannot be determined. The text, however, is far simpler and nearer to +the original than that of the other four MSS., and evidently represents +an earlier type than these, though the actual transcript may be later. + +With the exception of these five MSS., it is not easy to group the +eighteen texts of the B version on any system based upon the additional +stanzas, since these fail to bear out any theory as to closer +relationship between individual MSS., though the connexion of ideas is +often close owing to the similarity of the theme. Thus the nine +additional stanzas in MS. Balliol contain a digression upon the nine +worthies with an interesting reference in verse 12 to the Dance of +Powlis, i.e. the Dance of Death formerly depicted outside St. Paul’s +Cathedral (v. Notes, p. 36). It is in the Cambridge text alone that the +additional stanzas supply an interesting connexion with the A version, +which places this text, unfortunately corrupt and difficult to decipher, +in an important position as a link between A and B. + +With regard to possible relationships dependent upon variations in the +order or arrangement of the lines in the seven common stanzas, it may be +pointed out that the first verse in MS. Egerton consists of three lines +only, the usual second line being omitted, and that both MS. Harl. 1671 +and MS. Porkington omit the same line, though each of these supplies a +new and independent fourth line to fill the gap:-- + +(_MS. Egerton_ 1995) + + Erthe owte of þe erthe ys wounderly wrought, + Erthe vppon erthe hathe sette hys thought + How erthe a-pon erthe may be hy brought. + +(_MS. Harl._ 1671) + + Erthe apon erthe ys waxyne and wrought, + And erthe apon erthe hathe ysette all hys thought + How that erth apon erth hye myght be brought, + _But how that erth scal to the erth thyngketh he noht_. + +(_MS. Porkington 10_) + + Erthe vppon erthe is woundyrely wrouȝte; + Erthe vppon erthe has set al his þouȝte + How erthe vppon erth to erthe schall be brouȝte; + _There is none vppon erth has hit in þouȝte._ + Take hede! + Whoso þinkyse on his ende, ful welle schal he spede. + +It is obvious that these new lines are an afterthought, especially in +the case of MS. Porkington, where the rime-word _þouȝte_ has to be +repeated. Possibly these three texts depend upon a common original in +which the usual second line _Erth hath gotyn vppon erth a dygnyte of +noght_ was lacking, or MS. Egerton may have been the original of the +other two. But MS. Harl. 1671 varies from the other two in the first +line also, using a version which is otherwise confined to the Cambridge +text-- + + Erthe apon erthe ys _waxyne and_ wrought-- + +and both it and MS. Porkington begin _erthe upon erthe_ like the later +texts, as opposed to the more usual _erthe owte of erthe_, so that there +is no clear evidence of a closer relationship between these three texts. + +In verse 4, again, an inversion of the customary order of the second or +third lines is common to MSS. Rawl. C., Porkington, Maitland, Reidpeth, +and the Stratford-on-Avon inscription, but the verse easily lends itself +to transposition of the kind, and in MS. Rawl. C. the usual first line +is also put third, so that the order of lines as compared with the +normal arrangement becomes 2. 3. 1. 4. Beyond the self-evident fact that +the Maitland and Reidpeth MSS. must be grouped together, no relationship +of the MSS. can be deduced from this transposition, though it may point +to a second popular version with inversion of lines 2 and 3. + +One of the most important differences of reading in the common stanzas +occurs in the first line of the poem, where twelve of the eighteen MSS. +read _erthe out of erthe_, while the remaining six, as well as the +Cambridge text, have _erthe upon erthe_. Three of these six are +definitely later transcripts: MS. Porkington is obviously a later +modification of the original four-lined stanza, and MSS. Maitland and +Reidpeth belong to the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries +respectively; the beginning of MS. Harl. 984 is not preserved, and the +remaining two texts, MSS. Selden and Harl. 1671, belong to c. 1450, +while the Cambridge text, as will be shown later, cannot be regarded as +original. Evidently _erthe owt of erthe_ was the original reading, but +the version _erthe upon erthe_ was introduced early, and appears to have +survived the other. A similar change occurs in the last line of verse 2, +where MS. Harl. 1671 and the Stratford text substitute _erth upon erth_ +for _out of_, _from_, _of_, of the other texts, and again in the third +line of verse 4 (l. 2 in the texts mentioned above as transposing these +lines) where the same two MSS. read _erth upon erth_ for the normal +_erth unto_ (_into_, _to_) _erthe_; also in the fourth line of verse 7, +where MSS. Harl. 4486, Lamb., Laud, Maitland, and Reidpeth read _upon_ +for _owte of_. Now the last two lines of the first verse of the poem +invariably use the phrase _erth upon erthe_, and it occurs repeatedly +throughout the poem as a synonym for _man_: e.g. verse 2, line 1; 3, ll. +1, 3; 4, ll. 1, 2 (or 3); 5, l. 3; 6, ll. 1, 3; 7, l. 1. It was very +natural that the common phrase, and the one best adapted to serve as a +title to the poem, should tend to replace others, but it seems probable +that wherever the substitution occurs it may be taken as due to a later +tradition, and consequently as a proof of non-originality or comparative +lateness in the text in which it is found. A similar change, and one to +be explained in a similar way, is the introduction of _wonderly_ for +_wyckydly_ in the first line of verse 7 on the analogy of the first line +of the poem, which occurs in MSS. Harl. 1671 and Stratford, and also in +the late MSS. Maitland and Reidpeth. + +Other variations of reading are less noteworthy. In the second line of +verse 1, ten MSS., ranging from the early Thornton and Lambeth to the +late Maitland and Reidpeth, read _dignite_, while the others vary +between _nobley_ (MS. Brighton, cf. the Cambridge text), _nobul þyng_ +(Billyng), _worschyp_ (Selden), and _an abbey_, perhaps an error for +_nobley_ (Harl. 4486). The remaining three MSS. omit the line. In the +fourth line of verse 2, the alliterative _piteous parting_ of MSS. +Billyng, Egerton, Brighton, Harl. 4486, Lamb., Laud, Titus, and Rawl. +P., is replaced by _hard parting_ not only in the Stratford text and in +the later MSS. (Porkington, Balliol, Maitland, Reidpeth), but also in +MSS. Thornton and Rawl. C., while other readings are _dolful_ +(MS. Selden, cf. the Cambridge text) and _heuy_ (MS. Harl. 1671). It is +difficult here to decide between _piteous_ and _hard_, but the +preference should probably rest with the alliterative phrase. In the +fourth line of verse 3, the alliterative _scharpe schowres_ is evidently +the original reading, and it occurs in all texts except Stratford, Rawl. +P., and Balliol. + +In the first line of verse 4, _erthe goeth upon erthe as moulde upon +moulde_ occurs in thirteen texts, and two others (Stratford and Balliol, +cf. also the Cambridge text) keep the rime _mould_ while altering the +line. The other two readings found, _colde opon colde_ (Rawl. C.), and +_golde appone golde_ (Thornton), are obviously non-original, +particularly the latter, which repeats the rime-word _gold_ in two +successive lines. + +Other variations and occasional transpositions of lines occur in +individual MSS., but are unimportant. + +It will thus be seen that the popular traditional version of the poem +tended to become modified, and even corrupt, already in the fifteenth +century, and that such modifications are usually more apparent in the +later texts. It is also evident that individual transcribers felt +themselves at liberty to expand the traditional version, and that many +tried their hand at such variations on the original theme, but the +striking absence of proof of relationship outside the seven stanzas of +the normal version, as well as the frequent unimportant variations found +in the common stanzas, seems to point clearly to the conclusion that the +original was a popular poem of seven, or possibly only five, stanzas, +widely known over England, and that the more simple and naïve of the +seventeen texts extant are also more genuine, and nearer to the +original. + +Many of the texts are accompanied by a short prefatory or concluding +verse in English or Latin. The English verse-- + + _When lyffe is most loued, and deth is moste hated, + Then dethe draweth his drawght and makyth man full naked_ + +occurs as a preface in MSS. Harl. 4486 and 1671, Lambeth, Laud, Rawl. +P., and Egerton, and as a conclusion in Billyng’s text. The Latin +_Memento homo quod cinis es et in cinerem reverteris_ occurs, in full or +in part, in MSS. Harl. 4486, Egerton, Rawl. C., Lambeth, and Billyng, +and _De terra plasmasti me_ in MSS. Harl. 1671, Lambeth, and Rawl. +P. The two stanzas in rime royal on the _Procese of Dethe_ which +immediately precede _Erthe upon Erthe_ in the Porkington MS. are +transcribed as a separate poem, and if not separate, would rather belong +to the preceding text, a translation of the Latin _Visio Philiberti_ in +rime royal, than to _Erthe upon Erthe_. The latter poem often +accompanies either a _Dance of Death_ or one of the numerous _Soul and +Body_ dialogues, no doubt because of the similarity of the theme, but it +is not necessary to regard these kindred poems as forming an essential +part of each other. So in the Balliol MS., _Erthe upon Erthe_ is +preceded by an eight-lined Latin stanza on the theme _vado mori_, which +is probably part of a _Dance of Death_. Here again no basis for a +grouping of the MSS. can be found. + +The two late texts--MSS. Maitland and Reidpeth--represent a Lowland +Scots version of the poem, and are obviously copies of the same +original. Probably the Reidpeth text is a transcription of the Maitland, +but it contains some obvious misreadings of it, as in verse 3, line 3, +_bowris_ (Maitl.), _towris_ (Reidpeth) repeating the rime-word; 5, +l. 20, _within_ (Maitl.), _with_ (Reidpeth). The Maitland MS., compiled +c. 1555-1585, adds the colophon _quod Marsar_. The later Reidpeth MS., +1622-1623, concludes with the words _quod Dumbar_. Mersar, or Marsar, is +mentioned in Dunbar’s _Lament for the Makaris_, and is usually +identified with a William Mersar of the household of James IV, mentioned +1500 to 1503. In any case, if he were a contemporary of Dunbar, he could +scarcely be assigned to a sufficiently early date to account for the +widespread popularity of _Erthe upon Erthe_ all over England in 1450, +and the fact that the two MSS. assign the poem to different authors, of +whom Dunbar is manifestly impossible, and Mersar at least improbable, +may be explained as an instance of that readiness of posterity to attach +a known name to a work of unknown origin, of which other examples are +not wanting. It is, however, of interest to find that the poem had made +its way to Scotland by 1550 or thereabouts. + +As regards dialect, the majority of the MSS. of the B version show +traces of Northern dialect, most of them preserving the Nth. plural in +_-is_ in the rimes _touris_, _schowrys_, &c. In verse 3 also the +majority of the texts have the Nth. _bigged_ or _biggid_, but six (MSS. +Billyng, Egerton, Rawl. P., Porkington, Balliol, and the Stratford text) +use the Midl. or Sth. _bilded_ or _billed_. In verse 4 the rime requires +the form _wold_ rather than the common Nth. _wald_, and even the +Maitland MS. retains _wold_ for the sake of the rime, whereas MS. +Reidpeth substitutes _wald_, sacrificing the rime. MSS. Thornton and +Rawl. C. show distinct Nth. features, such as the verb-endings _-is_ +(pres. ind. 3 sg.), _-and_ (pres. part.), _-id_, _-it_, _-in_ (past +part.), and MS. Rawl. C. has the Nth. _whate gates at þu gase_ riming +with _fase_ (_foes_). But few of the MSS. represent pure dialect-forms, +and an investigation of the dialect of the texts is of little assistance +towards determining that of the original poem. Such evidence as exists +points, on the whole, to the North Midland district, and a widespread +popularity in the North, which led to the later knowledge of the poem +across the Border, but the popularity was evidently not confined to the +North, and Southern as well as Northern forms may be traced in both +early and late transcripts. + + +THE CAMBRIDGE TEXT. + +The Cambridge MS., as has been already stated, combines portions of both +the A and the B version with several independent stanzas. At first sight +it might appear to represent a transitional stage in the development of +the B from the A type, but closer examination shows that this is not the +case, and that the text is merely a later compilation from the two. The +writer must have had some knowledge both of the longer A version +represented by MS. Harl. 913, and of the common seven-stanza B type, and +seems to have tried to combine his recollections in one poem, halting +between the four-lined and six-lined stanza, repeating himself here and +there, and adding certain new verses of his own. There is no grouping +into stanzas in the MS., but a division is easily made by the rimes, and +these give mono-rimed stanzas of four lines chiefly, with one of six +lines, and some fragmentary ones of two or three. In one case a stanza +has been broken up and the two couplets inserted at different points +(ll. 9-10, 27-28). As has been shown in the table of MSS. of the B +version, six verses of the B type may be traced, while four verses show +distinct correspondence with A, and eleven are independent of either. +A comparison of the similar lines follows:-- + + (_MS. Cambr._ Ii. 4. 9) ll. 1-4. + + Erthe vpon erthe is waxin & wrought, + Erthe takys on erthe a nobylay of nought; + Now erthe vpon erthe layes all his þought + How erthe vpon erthe sattys all at noght. + + (_MS. Harl._ 4486.) B Version. + + 1 Erthe owte of erthe is wonderly wrowghte, + Erthe of the erthe hathe gete an abbey[12] of nawte, + Erthe apon erthe hath sett{e} al his thowghte + How erthe apon erthe may be hye browte. + + ll. 9-10, 27-28. + + Erthe vpon erth wolde be a kyng, + But howe erth xal to erth thynkyth he no thyng. + When erthe says to erth: ‘My rent þou me bryng,’ + Then has erth fro erthe a dolfull p{ar}tyng. + + 2 Erthe apon erthe be he a kyng{e}, + Butt how erth schall{e} to erthe thynketh{e} he nothyng{e}. + When erthe byddeth erthe his rent home bryng{e}, + Then schall{e} erth{e} owte of erthe haue a pyteous[13] + p{ar}tyng{e}. + + ll. 5-8. + + Erthe vpon erth has hallys & towr{is}; + Erthe says to erth: ‘This is alle owr{is}.’ + But q{ua}n erth vpon erth has byg{g}yd his bowr{is} + Than xal erth for the erth haue scharpe schowr{is}. + + 3 Erthe apon erthe wynneth castell{es} & towres. + Then seyth{e} erthe to erthe: ‘These byth{e} all{e} owres.’ + When erthe apon erthe hath bygged{e} vp his bowres + Then schall{e} erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres. + + Cf. l. 66. + + If erth haue mys don, he getyth scharpe sho{u}rs. + + ll. 33-35. + + Erthe wrotys in erth as molys don in molde, + Erthe vpon erth glydys as golde, + As erthe leve in erthe eu{e}r mor{e} schulde. + + 4 Erthe gothe apon erthe as molde apon molde. + So goeth erthe apon erthe all{e} gleteryng{e} in golde, + Lyke as erthe into erthe neu{er} go scholde, + And ȝet schall{e} erthe into erthe rather then be wolde. + + ll. 29-32. + + How erthe louys erth wondyr me thynke, + How erthe for erth wyll swete and swynke. + When erth is in {e}rthe broght w{i}t{h}-in the brynke + What as herth than of erthe but a fowle sty{n}ke. + + 5 Why erthe loueth{e} erthe wonder me thynke, + Or why that erthe for erthe swete wyll{e} or swynke, + Ffor whan erthe apon erthe is browte w{i}t{h}yn þe brynke, + Then schall{e} erthe of the erthe haue a fowle stynke. + + ll. 36-37. + + Erthe vpon erth mynd eu{er} more þou make + How erthe xal to erth when deth wyll hy{m} take. + + 6 Loo erthe apon erthe consyder{e} thow may + How erthe co{m}myth to erthe naked all way. + + ll. 19-22. + + Erth vpon erthe gos in the weye, + Prykys and prankys on a palfreye; + When erth has gotyn erth alle that he maye, + He schal haue but seven fote at his last daye. + + (_MS. Harl._ 913) A Version. + v. 5, ll. 1, 2, 5, 6. + + Erþ is a palfrei to king a{nd} to quene, + Erþ is ar la{n}g wei, þouw we lutil wene. + Whan erþ haþ erþ wiþ st{r}einþ þus geten, + Alast he haþ is leinþ miseislich i-meten. + + ll. 41-46, 23-26. + + Ffor erth gos in erth walkand in vede, + And erthe rydys on erth on a fayr stede, + When he was goty{n} in erth erth to his mede, + Than is erth layde in erthe wormys to fede. + Whylke are the wormys the flesch brede? + God wote the wormys for to ryght rede. + Than xal not be lyky{n}g vnto hy{m} + Bu[t] an olde sely cloth to wynde erthe in, + When erthe is in erth for wormys wyn, + The rof of his hows xal ly on his chyn. + + v. 2. + + Erþ geþ on erþ wrikkend in weden, + Erþ toward erþ wormes to feden; + Erþ b{er}riþ to erþ al is lif deden; + When erþ is i{n} erþe, heo muntid þi meden. + When erþ is i{n} erþe, þe rof is on þe chynne; + Þan schullen an hu{n}dred wormes wroten on þe skin. + + ll. 63-64. + + Erthe bygyth hallys & erth bygith towres, + When erth is layd in erth, blayke is his bo{ur}s; + + v. 6, ll. 5-6. + + Erþ bilt castles, a{nd} erþe bilt toures; + Whan erþ is on erþe, blak beþ þe boures. + + l. 38. + + Be war{e}, erth, for erthe, for sake of thi sowle. + + v. 6, l. 3. + + Erþ uppon erþ be þi soule hold. + +The additional verses in MS. Cambr. bear some slight resemblance to +other additional lines found in MSS. of the B type, and this is +interesting as showing that the writer worked on the same lines in +expanding his text, and was perhaps acquainted with some of the longer B +texts. On the other hand characteristic differences in the treatment of +the theme would seem to support the view that these verses are really +individual additions and not derived from any of the other texts. The +lines in question are given below:-- + + _MS. Cambr._ ll. 71-82. + + God walkyd in erth as longe as he wolde, + He had not in this erth but hong{er} & colde, + And in this erth also his body was solde, + Her{e} in this erth, whan þ{a}t he was xxx^ti ȝer{e} olde. + + _MS. Rawl. C._ v. 8. + + Now he þ{a}t erthe opon erthe ordande to go + Graunt þ{a}t erthe vpon erthe may govern hym so, + Þat when erthe vnto erthe shall{e} be taken to, + Þat þe saule of þis erthe suffre no wo. + + God lytyd in erth, blyssed be that stou{n}de! + He sauyd hijs herth w{i}t{h} many a scharpe wounde, + Ffor to sawe erth owght of hell grou{n}de, + He deyd in erth vpon þe rode w{i}t{h} many a blody vou{n}de. + + And God ros ovght of the est this erth for to spede, + And went into hell as was gret nede, + And toke erth from sorowe þ{i}s erth for to spede, + The ryght wey to heuen blys I{esus} Cryst vs lede! + + _MS. Rawl. P._ vv. 31, 32. + + Lord God that erthe tokist in erthe, + And suffredist paynes ful stille, + Late neuer erthe for the erthe + In dedly synne ne spille. + + But that erthe in this erthe + Be doynge euer thi wille, + So that erthe for the erthe + Stye up to thi holi hille. + + (Cf. Harl. 4486, v. 8; Lamb. v. 12; Laud v. 12). + +It is therefore evident that the Cambridge text shows knowledge of +both the A and the B versions, but the text in its existing form must +represent either a corrupt copy of the original with frequent +dislocation of lines, or, what is perhaps more likely from the instances +of repetition of the same words or ideas which occur, a clumsy +compilation from the two made by some one who perhaps had B before him +and remembered portions of A imperfectly. Such repetitions occur in +verses 2 and 18, the latter repeating three of the rime-words of the +former verse, as well as the phrase _scharpe schowris_; and again in +verses 4 and 19, and in verses 6, 7, and 13. In any case the text must +be regarded as later than the A and B versions, and not as forming a +link between them. The dialect is Northern, but not uniformly so. + + +ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF THE POEM. + +The question as to the source of the poem _Erthe upon Erthe_, and the +relationship of the A and B versions to the original, and to each other, +is a difficult one. The existence of a parallel Latin version in one of +the oldest MSS. is clearly an important point to be taken into +consideration in any attempt at an investigation of the origin of the +poem, and it will be well before proceeding further to form some +conclusion as to the relation in which the English and Latin stanzas in +MS. Harl. 913 stand to each other. The correspondence of the two +versions is not strictly verbal, but it is evident that either the +English or the Latin stanzas represent a rather free rendering of the +verses which accompany them. In favour of a Latin origin it may be +pointed out that the metrical form of the Latin stanzas is one +frequently employed in Latin poems of the time, that the subject is a +favourite monastic theme, and that the manner of the poem is in keeping +with contemporary Anglo-Latin compositions, such as the well-known _Cur +mundus militat sub vana gloria_. The natural tendency would be to +attribute a poem of the kind to Latin origin, especially if, as in this +case, a Latin version were forthcoming. + +On the other hand, it may be pointed out that the Latin text is not +known to exist in any other MS., and appears indeed to have no separate +existence from the English stanzas which accompany it, whereas English +texts of the poem without trace of a Latin rendering or original are +very common.[14] The text was one frequently used in epitaphs, but no +Latin epitaph of the kind is known to have existed, although Latin was +commonly used in epitaphs at the time when the poem was most widely +popular. + +Further, word-plays of the kind found here upon the word _erthe_ are +certainly not common in Latin verse of the time, and the Latin text does +not render the play as effectively as the English does, employing +alternately the three terms _terra_, _vesta_, _humus_, in place of the +English _erthe_, and failing to maintain these consistently. The play on +the word _earth_, which is the most essential feature of the poem, could +not have been given with the same effect as in English either in Latin +or in any mediaeval language.[15] + +Thirdly, in support of an English origin it may be urged that close +verbal connexion can be traced between the English text of both +versions, but more especially of the earlier (A), and other poems dating +from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, particularly the various +Dialogues of _The Soul and the Body_:-- + + _MS. Harl._ 913, l. 17 (A). + When erþ is in erþe, þe rof is on þe chynne. + + _MS. Cambr. Univ. Libr._ Ii. 4. 9, l. 25 (C) + When erthe is in erth for wormys wyn, + Þe rof of his hows xal ly on his chyn. + + Cf. _Dialogues of Soul and Body_, (_Worcester fragment_) + 12th cent. + ‘nu þu havest neowe hus inne beþrungen, lowe beoþ helewes. + Þin rof liþ on þine breoste, ful . . . colde is þe ibedded. + + (_Bodl. Fragm._) 12th cent. + Þe rof bið ibyld þire broste ful neh. + + (_MS. Auchinleck_) 13th cent. + Wiþ wormes is now ytaken þin in, + Þi bour is bilt wel cold in clay, + Þe rof _shal take to_[16] þi chin. + + (_MS. Harl._ 2253) 14th cent. + When þe flor is at þy rug, + Þe rof ys at þy neose. + + Cf. _Death_ 152 (13th cent.) in Morris, _O. E. Misc._, p. 168 + (_Jesus MS._). + Þi bur is sone ibuld + Þat þu schalt wunyen inne, + Þe rof _& þe virste_[17] + Schal ligge on þine chynne. + Nu þe schulen wurmes + Wunyen wiþinne. + + _MS. Harl._ 913, l. 66 (A). + Erþ bilt castles, & erþe bilt toures; + Whan erþ is on erþe, blak beþ þe boures. + + _MS. Harl._ 4486 (B); _so other_ B _texts_. + Erthe apon erthe wynneth{e} castelles & towres. + Then seythe erthe to erthe: ‘These byth{e} alle owres’. + When erthe apon erthe hath byggede vp his bowres, + Then schalle erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres. + + _MS. Cambr._ 63 (C). + Erthe bygyth hallys & erth bygith towres, + When erþ is layd in erth, blayke is his bours; + + _ibid._ 5-8 + Erthe vpon erthe has hallys & towris _&c._ + + Cf. _Soul & Body Dialogues_ (_MSS. Auchinleck, Digby, Vernon, + Laud_). + Whare be þine castels & þine tours, + Þine chaumbres & þine heiȝe halle, + . . . . . + Wrecche, ful derk it is þi bour + To morn þou schalt þerin falle. + + (_ibid._) + Halles heiȝe & bours briȝt + Y hadde y bilt & mirþes mo. + + (_MS. Harl._ 2253). + thi castles & thy toures. + + Cf. _Death_ 29. + Ah seoþþen mony mon + By-yet bures & halle, + Forþi þe wrecche soule + Schal into pyne falle. + + _MS. Harl._ 913. 42 (A). + Be þou þre niȝt in a þrouȝ, þi frendschip is ilor.[18] + + Cf. _Visio Philiberti_ (_MS. Porkington_). + When þou art dede þi frenschype is aslepe. + + Cf. _Soul & Body_ (_MS. Auchinleck_). + that alle þine frend beon fro þe fledde. + + Cf. _Death_ 97. + Hwer beoð alle þine freond + Þet fayre þe bi-hehte + And fayre þe igretten + Bi weyes and bi strete. + Nu heo walleþ wrecche + Alle þe forlete + Nolde heo non herestonkes[19] + Nu þe imete. + + _MS. Cambr._ l. 21 (C). + When erth has gotyn erthe alle that he maye + He schal haue but seven fote at his laste daye. + + Cf. _Soul & Body_ (_MSS. Auchinl._, _Digby_). + Now schaltow haue at al þi siþe + Bot seuen fet, vnneþe þat. + +The play upon the word _earth_ recurs in other English poems. Cf. +_A Song on the Times_ (MS. Harl. 913), early fourteenth century-- + + [20]Whan erthe hath erthe i-gette + And of erthe so hath i-nouȝ, + When he is therin i-stekke, + Wo is him that was in wouȝ. + +where the idea and the two rime-words are the same as in _MS. Harl._ +2253-- + + Erþe toe of erþe erþe wyþ woh, + Erþe oþer erþe to þe erþe droh, + Erþe leyde erþe in erþene þroh, + Þo heuede erþe of erþe erþe ynoh. + +It will be remembered that these two MSS. (Harl. 913 and 2253) are the +two which preserve texts of the A version, and the opening lines of the +_Song on the Times_ would appear to give further proof of a connexion +between the two A texts. + +Further, in _MS. Lansdowne_ 762 (v. _Reliquiae Antiquae_ I. 260), under +the heading _Terram terra tegat_, occur these lines:-- + + First to the erthe I bequethe his parte, + My wretched careyn is but fowle claye, + Like than to like, erthe in erthe to laye; + Sith it is, according by it I wolle abide, + As for the first parte of my wille, that erthe erthe hide. + +In this case the English words are evidently based upon the Latin +phrase, but this does not disprove an English origin for the poem _Erthe +upon Erthe_, since any verses of the kind must ultimately have been +based on the idea that man is dust, and the idea itself must have been +first presented and have become widely known through such Latin elegiac +phrases as _Memento homo quod cinis es et in cinerem reverteris_, or _De +terra plasmasti me_, both of which so frequently accompany _Erthe upon +Erthe_, or as the above cited _Terram terra tegat_. The verse in _MS. +Lansdowne_ might rather be considered as supplying further proof of the +popular tendency to replace such phrases by English verses, expressing +the same idea, but themselves English, not Latin in origin, and making +the most of the possible word-play. Such word-plays were evidently +popular between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. Cf. the +well-known passage in _Piers Plowman_, c. xxi. 389. + + So lyf shal lyf lete ther lyf hath lyf anyented, + So that lyf quyte lyf, the olde lawe hit asketh. + _Ergo_, soule shal soule quyte and synne to synne wende. + +In view of this evidence, I am inclined to think that the Latin version +in MS. Harl. 913 is the translation, and the English the original, and +that the oldest form of _Erthe upon Erthe_ which has been preserved is +that found in the four lines in MS. Harl. 2253:-- + + Erþe toc of erþe erþe wyþ woh &c. + +Short riddling stanzas of the kind, based upon the Latin phrases +mentioned above, may have been popular in the thirteenth century, and +this particular one was evidently known and used by the author of the +_Song on the Times_.[21] The writer of the version preserved in MS. +Harl. 913 seems to have been a more learned man, acquainted with poems +like the Dialogues between _the Soul and the Body_, who elaborated the +four lines of MS. Harl. 2253, and perhaps other verses of the same kind, +into a poem of seven six-lined stanzas, the additional couplet often +introducing a new idea precisely as in the case of the similarly +expanded verse-form in MS. Porkington. Either this man or a later +transcriber appears to have added the Latin rendering which accompanies +the poem, and to have further exercised himself in varying the +word-play. Heuser[22] points out that the mistakes in the MS. would +support the view that the English text is a copy of an original in +another dialect, and it is possible that the Latin version belongs to +this MS. alone, since a second poem in the same MS. is accompanied by an +unfinished translation into Latin. + +This theory as to the origin of the two texts of the A version receives +further support from the fact that it also accounts most satisfactorily +for the development and popularity of the B version. Apart from the play +on the word _erthe_ and the similarity of the theme, there is only one +point of close verbal connexion between the two versions. In MS. Harl. +913 (A) the sixth stanza runs as follows:-- + + Erþ gette on erþ gersom & gold, + Erþ is þi moder, in erþ is þi mold. + Erþ uppon erþ be þi soule hold; + Er erþe go to erþe, bild þi long bold. + Erþ bilt castles, and erþe bilt toures; + Whan erþ is on erþe, blak beþ þe boures. + +In the B version, the rimes _gold_ : _mold_, _toures_ : _boures_, +regularly recur in the third and fourth stanzas, and line 5 of the A +text is preserved in slightly modified form in the first line of verse +3:-- (MS. Harl. 4486, vv. 3 and 4) + + Erthe apon erthe wynnethe castelles and towres. + Then seythe erthe to erthe: ‘These bythe alle owres.’ + When erthe apon erthe hath byggede vp his bowres, + Then schalle erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres. + + Erthe gothe apon erthe as molde apon molde. + So goethe erthe apon erthe alle gleterynge in golde, + Lyke as erthe unto erthe neuer go scholde, + And ȝet schalle erthe into erthe rather then he wolde. + +In the Cambridge text the rime-words _towres_ : _bours_ are introduced +twice over, representing both the versions given above:-- + + (ll. 63, 64) Erthe bygyth hallys & erthe bygith towres, + When erth is layd in erth, blayke is his bours; + +as in the _A_ version; + + (ll. 5, 7) Erthe vpon erth has hallys & towris . . . + But quan erth vpon erth has bygyd his bowres, + +as in the B version. + +The two stanzas of the B version which contain these rime-words are the +two which recur most frequently on tombstones and mural inscriptions, +and it seems possible that they represent a second early form of the +_Erthe_ poems. It is evident that the rime-words _gold_ : _mold_, +_bowres_ : _towres_, depend upon an early tradition. Probably verses +similar to the short stanza in MS. Harl. 2253, and containing these +words, were in existence before the learned writer of the longer A text +in MS. Harl. 913 introduced them in his poem, and, becoming widely +known, formed the nucleus of the B version. Both the A and the B +versions might therefore be held to depend upon popular stanzas of this +kind, which gave rise about the end of the thirteenth century to the +long poem of MS. Harl. 913, and during the fourteenth century to the +original of the B version, a poem in seven four-lined stanzas. The +earlier version is connected more particularly with the Southwest +Midland district; the later seems to have originated rather in the North +or North Midlands, but it soon became known all over England, and is +found in the South of Scotland shortly after 1500. Only one +fifteenth-century writer, the author of the Cambridge text, shows direct +knowledge of the A text, but the B version was evidently widely known, +and a favourite theme for additions and modifications. On tombstones and +mural inscriptions it survived up to the nineteenth century. + + +LATER VERSIONS OF THE POEM. + +As has been already pointed out, the Middle English texts of _Erthe upon +Erthe_ occur for the most part in the Commonplace Books of the day, +often on the spare leaves at the beginning or end of the MS., as if the +collector or some later owner had been struck by the poem and anxious to +preserve it. That this interest was not confined to the fifteenth +century is shown by the occurrence of the text in the Maitland and +Reidpeth MSS. A still later instance of it occurs in the Pillerton +Hersey Registers, dating from 1559 onwards, where the following +verse has been scribbled on the last leaf, probably by some +seventeenth-century clerk (cf. C. C. Stopes, _Athenaeum_, Sept. 19, +1908):-- + + Earth upon earth bould house and bowrs, + Earth upon earth sayes all is ours. + Earth upon earth when all is wroght, + Earth upon earth sayes all is for nought. + +Here the first two lines represent a corrupt type of the same lines in +verse 3 of the B version, while the rimes _wroght_ : _nought_ recall +verse 1. + +Another interesting trace of a late popular version is mentioned in the +_Gentleman’s Magazine_ for March, 1824, where a certain Mr. J. Lawrence +tells how he was invited, during a visit to Beaumont Hall, Essex, to see +the following inscription, written and decorated by a cow-boy on an +attic wall:-- + + Earth goes upon the earth, glittering like gold; + Earth goes to the earth sooner than ’twould; + Earth built upon the earth castles and towres; + Earth said to the earth, ‘All shall be ours.’ + +Here portions of verses 3 and 4 of the B version have been combined as +in the epitaphs at Melrose and Clerkenwell cited below, pointing either +to a corrupt popular version of the B text, or possibly to an earlier +type[23] in which the rimes _gold_ : _mold_, &c. were immediately +associated with the rimes _towres_ : _bowres_ as in A (MS. Harl. 913, +v. 6). The former assumption is the more probable, since the verse +appears to be directly based upon stanzas 3 and 4 of the usual B +version. + +The majority of the later instances of the text occur on tombstones or +memorial tablets. The poem was peculiarly adapted for this purpose, +based as it was on the very words of the Burial Service. Indeed, the +short verses from which it is here assumed to have originated might well +be supposed to have been written in the first place as epitaphs, if +evidence of the use of English epitaphs in the thirteenth century[24] +were forthcoming. As has been already stated, the seven verses of the +normal B version occurred in full among the mural paintings in the +Chapel of the Holy Trinity at Stratford-on-Avon, belonging to the Guild +of the Holy Cross, where they appear to have been used as a monumental +inscription already in the latter part of the fifteenth century. + +A well-known late instance of the text is the inscription on a tombstone +in the parish churchyard which surrounds Melrose Abbey, mentioned by +Scott. The stone is headed as follows:-- + + Memento Mori. + Here lyes James Ramsay, portioner of Melrose, who died + July 15th, 1761. + +On the back is the following verse:-- + + The Earth goeth on the Earth + Glistring like gold, + The Earth goeth to the Earth + Sooner than it wold; + The Earth builds on the Earth + Castles & Towers, + The Earth says to the Earth: + ‘All shall be ours.’ + +This was translated into German by Theodor Fontane (_Poems_, 4th edit., +Berlin, 1892, p. 447). Cf. Fiedler, _Mod. Lang. Review_, April 1908. + +Other inscriptions are as follows:-- + +On an old brass, quoted by W. Williams, _Notes and Queries_, I. vii. +577, and thought by him to belong to the Church of St. Helen’s, +London[25]:-- + + ‘Here lyeth y^e bodyes of + James Pomley, y^e sonne of ould + Dominick Pomley and Jane his + wyfe: y^e said James deceased y^e 7th + day of Januarie Anno Domini 1592 + he beyng of y^e age of 88 years, & + y^e sayd Jane deceased y^e -- day + of -- D -- + + Earth goeth upõ Earth as moulde upõ moulde; + Earth goeth upõ Earth all glittering as golde, + As though earth to y^e earth never turne sholde; + And yet shall earth to y^e earth sooner than he wolde. + +On a tomb at Edmonton of unknown date (possibly sixteenth century), +mentioned by Weever (_Ancient Funerall Monuments_) in 1631, and by +Pettigrew (_Chronicles of the Tombs_, p. 67) in 1857:-- + + Erth goyth upon erth as mold upon mold, + Erth goyth upon erth al glisteryng in gold, + As though erth to erth ner turne shold, + And yet must erth to erth soner than he wolde. + +Formerly on a headstone in St. James’s Churchyard, Clerkenwell, +deciphered about 1812, but already lost in 1851, probably owing to the +dismantling of the churchyard. (Cf. _Notes and Queries_, III. i. 389):-- + + Earth walks on Earth like glittering gold; + Earth says to Earth ‘We are but mold’. + Earth builds on Earth castles & towers; + Earth says to Earth, ‘All shall be ours!’ + +Formerly on a tombstone at St. Martin’s, Ludgate, to Florens Caldwell +esq. of London & Ann Mary Wilde, his wife (Pettigrew, p. 67)[26]:-- + + Earth goes to Earth, as mold to mold; + Earth treads on Earth, glittering in gold: + Earth as to Earth returne ne’er shoulde; + Earth shall to Earth goe e’er he wolde. + Earth upon Earth consyder may; + Earth goes to Earth naked away. + Earth though on Earth be stowt & gay + Earth shall from Earth passe poore away. + Be mercifull & charitable, + Relieve the poor as thou art able. + A shrowd to the grave + Is all thou shalt have. + +This interesting monument has unfortunately disappeared. Doubtless there +are many other traces of the poem to be found, but it appears to have +been rarely used on tombstones after 1700,[27] and earlier monuments, +unless specially preserved, are rarely decipherable at the present day. + + +LITERARY INTEREST. + +_Erthe upon Erthe_ cannot be said to possess great literary value in +itself. The interest of the poem lies chiefly in its evident popularity, +and in the insight it gives into the kind of literature which became +popular in the Middle Ages. It belongs essentially to the same class as +the _Soul and Body_ Poems, and the _Dance of Death_. In the early days +of its introduction into Western Europe, Christianity made great use in +its appeal to the mass of the people of the fear of death and dread of +the Judgement. The early monastic writers dwelt upon the idea of man’s +mortality and decay, and the transitoriness of human rank and pleasure. +Hence the frequency with which such themes as the _Dance of Death_ were +treated in literature and in art. Closely allied with this idea of the +fleeting nature of earthly things, and to some extent a result of it, +was the conception of the separation of man’s bodily from his spiritual +self which pervades all mediaeval post-Christian literature. In Old +English times already, this sense of a sharp division between the two is +embodied in No. xliv of the O.E. _Riddles_:-- + + [28]Ic wat indryhtne æþelum deorne + ȝiest in ȝeardum, þæm se grimma ne mæg + hunger sceððan ne se hata þurst, + yldo ne adle [ne se enga deað], + ȝif him arlice esne þenað, + se þe agan sceal [his ȝeongorscipe] + on þam siðfæte: hy gesunde æt ham + findaþ witode him wiste ⁊ blisse, + cnosles unrim, care, ȝif se esne + his blaforde hyreð yfle + frean on fore, ne wile forht wesan + broþer oþrum: him þæt bam sceðeð, + þonne hy from bearme begen hweorfað + anre magan ellorfuse + moddor ⁊ sweostor. + +This sets forth the same conception of the duality in man as is +represented in the O.E. _Speech of the Soul to the Body_, and in the +whole group of _Soul and Body_ poems, and the idea recurs constantly in +other monastic texts, cf. Morris, _O. E. Miscellany_, iii (_Sinners +Beware_), p. 83:-- + + 326. þe feondes heom forþ ledeþ + Boþe lychom and saule. + + 331-336. Þe saule seyþ to þe lychome, + Accursed wurþe þi nome, + Þin heaued and þin heorte. + Þu vs hauest iwroht þes schome, + And alle þene eche grome + Vs schall euer smerte. + +_MS. Harl._ 2253, fol. 106, v^o, l. 7: þe fleysh stont aȝeyn þe gost. + +These two fundamental ideas of the transitoriness and hence +worthlessness of man’s earthly part, and the cleavage between it and his +spiritual part, lie at the root of much of the mediaeval literature, and +represent the two not incompatible extremes to which the monastic ideal +of life, from its very one-sidedness, was capable of leading: on the one +hand a certain morbid materialism, on the other an ascetic mysticism. +Nor can it be denied that the mediaeval mind took a certain grim +pleasure in dwelling upon the more grotesque aspect of these things. The +O.E. poet found the same enjoyment in describing his ‘Ȝifer’-- + + [29]se wyrm, þe þa ȝeaȝlas beoð + nædle scearpran: se genydeð to + ærest eallra on þam eorðsciæfe, + +as the painters of the _Dance of Death_ in the drawing of their +skeletons and emblems of mortality, or the Gothic carver in his +gargoyles. Perhaps, too, some satisfaction in dwelling upon the +hollowness of earthly joys, and the bitter fate of those who took their +fill of them, was not lacking to a few of those who had turned their +backs upon them. + +_Erthe upon Erthe_ is perhaps more especially concerned with the first +of the two conceptions mentioned above, man’s mortality, but, as has +already been shown, a close connexion exists between it and the _Soul +and Body_ poems, and though the idea of the duality in man is not +mentioned, it is certainly present. The poem is more popular in form +than either the _Dance of Death_ or the various _Soul and Body_ +Dialogues, perhaps because of its purely English origin, and seems to +represent a later and more popular product of the ideas which gave rise +to the other two groups. Its short mono-rimed stanza, its jingling +internal rime, and its half-riddling, half-punning character, appear to +have especially commended it to popular favour, and it is significant +that it became most widely-known in its simpler forms. + + +EDITOR’S NOTE. + +In preparing the text of this edition, all the available MSS. have been +consulted, the only two not examined being William Billyng’s MS. and the +Brighton MS., which were formerly in the possession of private owners, +and have eluded all search for them. As exhaustive a search as was +possible has been made for other texts of the poem, but it has often +escaped cataloguing, and it is probable that other copies of the B +version, at least, exist. + +The punctuation, inverted commas, and regular use of initial capitals in +the text are the Editor’s. The MSS. vary in their use of capitals, the +same MS. being often inconsistent with itself, while the Cambridge text +frequently employs them for unimportant words in the middle of the line, +as p. 33, l. 45, Ar, &c. Capitals have been added in the case of all +proper names. Letters and words which are obscure or illegible in the +MS., or which appear to have been accidentally omitted, are enclosed in +square brackets, and a hyphen has been inserted where the MS. separates +a prefix or particle from the rest of the word. The MS. writings ff, þ, +ȝ, v for u and vice versa, have been retained in the text, and ɫɫ, ŧħ, +expanded to ll{e}, th{e}, but it was not thought advisable to expand m~, +n~, to m{e}, n{e}, nor other letters such as d, r, g, when written with +a final flourish. Fifteenth-century scribes appear to have used such +flourishes at the end of the word rather as a matter of habit than with +any particular meaning, and the forms to which expansion of them would +lead, such as _one_, _onne_ for _on_, are frequently most improbable. It +was therefore thought better to ignore such flourishes, or to indicate +the persistent use of them by a footnote. + + [Transcriber’s Note: + The mid-paragraph characters are “ll” and “th”, each with a single + stroke through both letters.] + +As the conclusions arrived at in the Introduction with regard to the +relationship of the English and Latin versions in MS. Harl. 913, and the +verbal connexion with the _Soul and Body_ Dialogues, agree, to some +extent, with those indicated by Heuser, _Die Kildare-Gedichte_, pp. +176-80, it is only reasonable to state that the greater part of the work +upon the subject had been done, and a projected article upon it written +in reply to Professor Fiedler’s in the _Modern Language Review_, before +I had any knowledge of Heuser’s text, and that my conclusions had been +formed independently of his, though his have helped to strengthen and +confirm them. Moreover I owe his work a very real debt, since I first +learned from it of the existence of the Cambridge Text, which has been a +most important link in the building up of the general theory as to the +connexion between the different versions of the poem. + +In conclusion, it is a pleasure to express thanks for kind and courteous +assistance to the authorities of the British Museum, the Public Record +Office, the Bodleian, Cambridge University Library and Lincoln Cathedral +Library; to the librarian of Lambeth Palace Library, to whom I am +indebted for the collation of the Lambeth text; to the authorities of +Magdalene College, Cambridge, for permission to copy and print the +Maitland text; to Lord Harlech for the loan of the Porkington MS.; to +Professor Fiedler for permission to use the Brighton text; to Professor +Priebsch, who pointed out the text in MS. Harl. 4486; to Miss Helen +Sandison, of Bryn Mawr College, U.S.A., for the discovery of the text in +the Appendix and for two of the Analogues, and to Professor Skeat for +valuable advice and suggestions. In particular this text owes much to my +Father, Sir James Murray of the _Oxford Dictionary_, who has read the +proofs, and in the midst of his own arduous work has always been ready +with help and advice, to my friend Miss K. S. Block, Lecturer in English +at the Royal Holloway College, and, above all, to Dr. Furnivall, in whom +all scholars and students of English mourn to-day the loss of a great +pioneer, and an ever-ready friend and adviser. + + OXFORD, + _July_ 1910. + + +Since this was sent to press two other copies of the B version have come +to light at Cambridge, and have by kind permission been inserted on pp. +47, 48 as Appendix II:-- + +(B 19) MS. Trinity College R. 3. 21, fol. 33, v^o, a copy of the normal +B version in seven stanzas. + +(B 20) MS. Trinity College B. 15. 39, fol. 170, which contains nine +stanzas of the expanded text preserved in MSS. Lambeth and Laud, and +appears to represent a distinct copy of the original of these two (see +Introd. p. xix). + + + [Footnote 1: A second Latin version of an _Erthe_ poem, together + with the same poem in Anglo-French, and in Middle English, occurs + on the back of a Roll in the Public Record Office, dating from the + time of Edward II (Ex^r. K. R. Proceedings, Bdle. 1; old No. + 845/21), and in a 19th cent. transcript of this in MS. Brit. Mus. + Addit. 25478; it is given in the Appendix. Both the Latin and the + French appear to be translations or paraphrases of the English, + with an additional verse or two.] + + [Footnote 2: The English text in the Appendix consists of nine + four-lined stanzas, and is distinct from either of the two current + versions of the poem. It appears to have been suggested by the + opening lines of A, and may be regarded as a single sub-type of A, + not affecting the main line of argument of the Introduction. (See + Appendix, p. 46.)] + + [Footnote 3: This is repeated on each page of Bateman’s text, and + is, perhaps, his own design.] + + [Footnote 4: See Bateman’s Preface.] + + [Footnote 5: Probably not the author but the copier of the MS.: + see Notes.] + + [Footnote 6: All the stanzas of the B version are four-lined + except MS. Porkington.] + + [Footnote 7: v. Wanley’s Catalogue.] + + [Footnote 8: My attention was called to this MS. by the kindness + of Prof. Priebech.] + + [Footnote 9: MS. Laud Misc. is not written throughout in metrical + lines, but the divisions of the stanzas, and, in most cases, of + the lines, are clearly indicated.] + + [Footnote 10: The first leaf of this text has been torn out and + the verses in brackets are only conjectural.] + + [Footnote 11: MS. Laud represents, in the main, the same version + as MS. Lamb., but the variant readings preclude the idea of its + being a copy of Lamb., unless the scribe deliberately tried to + modify his original on the lines of Harl. 4486 and Rawl. P. The + changes in the text (ll. 26, 27, 47: see Notes) show that it + cannot be the original of Lamb. It appears to be a transcript from + the same original made about the same date, or a little earlier + than the Lambeth text.] + + [Footnote 12: Cf. MS. Brighton _nobley_.] + + [Footnote 13: Cf. MS. Selden _delful_.] + + [Footnote 14: The Latin and Anglo-French texts in the Appendix are + evidently renderings of the English poem which accompanies them.] + + [Footnote 15: This is clearly seen in the Latin and French + versions in the Appendix where the Latin text uses _terra in + terra_, and the French _terre en terre_.] + + [Footnote 16: Vernon MS. _to resten on_, Digby, _shal rest right + at_.] + + [Footnote 17: Cotton MS. _þe rof þe firste_.] + + [Footnote 18: Cf. Frendles ys þe dede (_Proverbs of Hendyng_, + l. 288).] + + [Footnote 19: = heres þonkes, _of their own free will_.] + + [Footnote 20: Compare with this the text in the Appendix which + begins: + Whanne eorthe hath eorthe wiþ wrong igete-- + and in the French version: + Quant terre auera en terre large terre gayne.] + + [Footnote 21: See the Appendix, p. 46.] + + [Footnote 22: _Die Kildare-Gedichte_ (Bonn, 1904).] + + [Footnote 23: See p. xxxiv above.] + + [Footnote 24: The earliest known epitaphs in English date from the + fourteenth century.] + + [Footnote 25: There is no record of this brass at the church of + St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate.] + + [Footnote 26: Dated 1590 by Ernest R. Suffling, _Epitaphia_ + (1909), p. 382.] + + [Footnote 27: A late instance of its use is given by Ch. Box + (_Elegies and Epitaphs_, Glouc. 1892) as found by him on the tomb + of a bricklayer, who died in 1837, aged 90:-- + Earth walks upon Earth like glittering gold, + Earth says to Earth, ‘We are but mould’; + Earth builds upon Earth castles and towers, + Earth says to Earth, ‘All is ours’!] + + [Footnote 28: Printed from Grein-Wülcker, _Bibliothek der ags. + Poesie_, iii. 212.--(I know of a most noble guest in the + dwellings, hidden from men, whom fierce hunger cannot torment, nor + burning thirst, nor age, nor sickness [nor close-pressing death], + if the servant who shall [bear him company] in his course serves + him honourably: they, prospering, shall find abundance and bliss, + countless joys, allotted to them at home, but (they shall find) + sorrow, if the servant obeys his lord and master ill upon their + journey, and will not show him reverence, the one brother to the + other: that shall afflict them both, when they two depart, + hastening hence, from the bosom of their common kinswoman, mother + and sister.)] + + [Footnote 29: Grein-Wülcker, iii. 105.--(The worm whose jaws are + sharper than needles, who first of all the worms in the grave + forces his way to him.)] + + + + + THE MIDDLE ENGLISH POEM + + ERTHE UPON ERTHE. + + + + + I. + + #A# VERSION. + + +1. + +MS. HARLEIAN 2253. c. 1307. [fol. 57, v^o.] + + Erþe toc of erþe erþe wyþ woh, + Erþe oþer erþe to þe erþe droh, + Erþe leyde erþe in erþene þroh, + Þo heuede erþe of erþe erþe ynoh. 4 + + +2. + +MS. HARLEIAN 913. c. 1308-1330. [fol. 62, r^o.] + + 1 [1]Whan erþ haþ erþ iwonne wiþ wow, + Þan erþ mai of erþ nim hír inow. + Erþ vp[2] erþ falliþ fol frow[3]; + Erþ toward erþ delful hi{m} drow. 4 + Of erþ þou wer{e} makid, a{nd} mon þou art ilich; + In on erþ awaked þe pore a{nd} þe riche. + + T{er}ra{m} p{er} i{n}iuriam cu{m} t{er}ra lucratur, + Tu{n}c de t{er}ra cepiam[4] t{er}ra sorciatur. 8 + T{er}ra sup{er} aream subito frustratur; [fol. 62, v^o.] + Se t{r}axit ad aridam t{er}raq{ue} tristatur. + De t{er}ra plasmaris, es simil{is}[5] virroni, + Vna t{er}ra paup{er}es ac dites s{un}t proni. 12 + + 2 Erþ geþ on erþ wrikkend in weden, + Erþ toward erþ wormes to feden; + Erþ b{er}riþ[6] to erþ al is lif deden; + When erþ is i{n} erþe, heo muntid[7] þi meden. 16 + When erþ is i{n} erþe, þe rof is on þe chynne[8]; + Þan schullen an hu{n}dred wormes wroten on þe skin. + + Vesta p{er}git uestibus s{upe}r ueste{m} vare, + Artat{ur} & uermibus vesta pastu{m} dare; 20 + Ac cu{m} gestis o{mn}ibus ad uesta{m} migrare; + Cu{m} uesta sit scrobibus, q{u}is wlt[9] suspirare? + Cu{m} sit uesta po{n}ita[10], doma ta{n}git mentu{m}; + Tu{n}c i{n} cute ca{n}dida verru{n}t[11] u{er}mes centu{m}. 24 + + 3 Erþ askiþ erþ, a{nd} erþ hir answerid, + Whi erþ hatid erþ, a{nd} erþ erþ verrid. + Erþ haþ erþ, a{nd} erþ erþ teriþ, + Erþ geeþ on erþ, a{nd} erþ erþ berriþ. 28 + Of erþ þow wer{e} bigun, on erþ þou schalt end; + Al þ{a}t þou i{n} erþ wonne[12], to erþ schal hit wend. + + Hum{us} humu{m} repetit, & re{spo}nsu{m} datur, + Humu{m} q{u}are n{e}gligit, & humo fruatur. 32 + Hum{u}s humu{m} porrigit, sic & operatur, + S{upe}r humu{m} p{er}agit, humo q{uod}[13] portatur. + Humo sic i{n}ciperis, ac humo meabis; + Q{uo}d humo q{ue}sieris, humo totu{m} dabis. 36 + + 4 Erþ get hit[14] on erp maist{r}i a{nd} miȝte; [fol. 63, r^o.] + Al we beþ erþ, to erþ we beþ idiȝte; + Erþ askeþ carayne of ki{n}g a{nd} of kniȝt; + Whan erþ is i{n} erþ, so lowȝ he be liȝt. 40 + Whan þi riȝt a{nd} þi wowȝ wendiþ þe bi-for, + Be þou þre niȝt i{n} a þrouȝ, þi f{r}endschip is i-lor. + + Terra ui{m}q{ue}[15] b{r}auivm t{er}ra collucratur; + Tot{us} cet{us} hominvm de t{er}ra patratur[16]; 44 + Ops cadau{er} militvm q{ue} regis sc{r}utatur; + Cu{m} det{ur} i{n} tumulvm, mox t{er}ra voratur. + Cu{m} ius & i{us}ticivm cora{m} te migrabu{n}t, + Pauci p{er} t{r}inoctivm morte{m} deplorabu{n}t. 48 + + 5 Erþ is a palfrei to king a{nd} to quene, + Erþ is ar[17] la{ng} wei, þouw we lutil wene, + Þ{a}t weriþ g{r}ouer a{nd} g{r}oy[18] a{nd} schrud so schene, + Whan erþ makiþ is liuerei, he g{r}auiþ vs i{n} g{r}ene. 52 + Whan erþ haþ erp wiþ st{r}einþ þus geten, + Alast he haþ is leinþ miseislich i-meten. + + Dic uesta{m}[19] dext{r}arium regiq{ue} regine, + It{er} lo{n}gu{m} marium, q{uod} e{st} sine fine, 56 + I{n}dum{en}tu{m} uarium dans cedit se{n}tine[20], + Q{ua}ndo[21] dat corrodium, noa t{r}adit ruine. + Cu{m} p{er} fortitudinem tenet hanc luc{r}atam, + Capit lo{n}gitudinem mis{er}e metatam. 60 + + 6 Erþ gette on erþ gersom a{nd} gold, + Erþ is þi moder, in erþ is þi mold. + Erþ uppon erþ be þi soule hold; + Er erþe go to erþe, bild þi long bold. 64 + Erþ bilt[22] castles, a{nd} erþe bilt toures; [fol. 63, v^o.] + Whan erþ is on erþe, blak beþ þe boures. + + Hum{us} q{ue}rit pl{ur}ima sup{er} humu{m} bona, + Hum{us} e{st} mat{er} tua, i{n} q{u}a sumas dona[23]. 68 + A{n}i{m}e sis famula s{upe}r humu{m} prona; + Domu{m} d{e}i p{er}petra m{un}do cu{m} corona. + Ops t{ur}res edificat ac castra de petra; + Q{ua}n{do}[24] fatu{m} capiat, penora {sun}t tetra. 72 + + 7 Þenk man i{n} lond[25] on þi last ende, + Whar of þou co{m} a{nd} whoder schaltou wend. + Make þe wel at on wiþ hi{m} þ{a}t is so hend, + A{nd} dred þe of þe dome lest sin þe schend. 76 + For he is[26] king of blis, a{nd} mon of moch{e} mede, + Þ{a}t deliþ þe dai f{r}am niȝt, a{nd} leniþ lif a{nd} dede. + + De fine nouissimo mauors mediteris, + Huc q{u}o uen{er}is uico, dic q{u}o g{r}adieris. 80 + Miti p{r}ude{n}tissimo co{n}cordare deris, + Hesides iudic[i]o[27], ne noxa da{m}pneris. + Q{uia} rex e{st} gl{or}ie, dans m{en}sura restat; + Mutat nocte{m} de die, vita{m} morte{m} prestat. 84 + + Am{en}. + + [Footnote 1: Cf. Reliquiae Antiquae, _II. 216_; Furnivall, + Early Eng. Poems and Lives of Saints, _p. 150_; Heuser, + Kildare-Gedichte, _p. 180_.] + + [Footnote 2: read _upon_.] + + [Footnote 3: in margin _festi{n}e_.] + + [Footnote 4: MS. _cepiam_, so Reliq. Ant.; Furn., Heuser, + _copiam_.] + + [Footnote 5: MS. _simil’_, Furn. _simile_.] + + [Footnote 6: MS. _b’riþ_, Furn., Reliq. Ant. _beriþ_, Heuser + _berriþ_, cf. l. 28.] + + [Footnote 7: _muntiþ_, in margin _metit{ur}_.] + + [Footnote 8: MS. originally _schynne_, _s_ erased.] + + [Footnote 9: _vult_, cf. Furn.] + + [Footnote 10: MS. _põita_, Furn., Heuser _posita_.] + + [Footnote 11: in margin _t{r}ahu{nt}_.] + + [Footnote 12: in margin _luc{r}ataris_, Heuser _lucrabaris_.] + + [Footnote 13: MS. _humo ꝗ_, Reliq. Ant., Furn. _humoque_, Heuser + _humo quod_.] [[q with line through stem; exact form unclear]] + + [Footnote 14: ? _getith_, in margin _luc{ratur}_.] + + [Footnote 15: MS. _uĩqȝ_, Reliq. Ant., Furn. _vincit_, Heuser + _vimque_.] + + [Footnote 16: MS. _p^{a}rtratur_, Furn. _portratur_.] + + [Footnote 17: MS. _ar_, Heuser _a_.] + + [Footnote 18: Heuser _grey_ (lies _fou and grey_?).] + + [Footnote 19: Furn. _est tam_.] + + [Footnote 20: MS. _sẽtine_, Furn. _sentine_, Reliq. Ant. + _sentinæ_, so _reginæ_, _ruinæ_.] + + [Footnote 21: MS. _Qñ_, Furn. _omne_.] + + [Footnote 22: in margin _bildiþ_.] + + [Footnote 23: Furn. H. _dorna_.] + + [Footnote 24: MS. _qñ_, Furn. _quin_ or _quando_.] + + [Footnote 25: Heuser ? _ilome_.] + + [Footnote 26: MS. _h^{e}is_.] [[inserted “e” over line]] + + [Footnote 27: MS. _iudico_: Reliq. Ant. _judicio_, Furn., Heuser + _iudicio_.] + + + + + II. + + #B# VERSION. + + +1. + +WILLIAM BILLYNG’S MS. c. 1400-1430 ?. + + 1 [1]Erth owte of erth is wondyrly wroght, + Ffor erth hath geten of erth a nobul thyng of noght, + Erthe uppon erthe hath set alle hys thoght + How erthe uppon erthe may be hygh broght. 4 + + 2 Erthe uppon erthe yet wolde be a kynge, + But how erth shall to erth thynketh he nothyng; + But when erth byddyth erth his dute hom bryng, + Than shall erth fro erth have a peteus[2] partyng. 8 + + 3 Erth wynnyth uppon erth both castellys and towris; + Than sayth erth unto erth: ‘This is alle owres’. + But whan erth uppon erth hath byllyd all his bowrys, + Thanne shalle erth for erth suffer sharpe showres. 12 + + 4 Erth byldyth uppon erth as molde uppo{n} molde, + And erth goth uppo{n} erth glyttryng alle gold, + Lyke as erth unto erth neuer goe sholde; + Ann justly tha[n][3] shalle erth go to erth + rather þa{n}[4] he wolde. 16 + + 5 Why man erth loveth erth wondyr me thynke, + Or why that erth for erth swet wylle or swynke, + Ffor whan erth uppon erth is broght w{i}t{h}i{n} þe[5] brynke, + Than shal þe[6] erth of erth have a ryght fowle sty[n]ke[6]. 20 + + 6 Memento[7] ho{mo} quod cinis es {e}t in cinere{m} reverteris. + Ffac bene du{m} vivis, post morte[m][8] viv{er}e si vis. + Wha{n} lyffe is most louyd and deth most hated, + Than deth drawyth hys drawght and maketh ma{n} ful naked. 24 + + [Footnote 1: From Bateman’s print (William Billyng, Five Wounds of + Christ, Manchester, 1814).] + + [Footnote 2: Bateman _petrus_.] + + [Footnote 3: B. _tha_.] + + [Footnote 4: B. _yã_.] + + [Footnote 5: B. _w^{t}i y^e_.] + + [Footnote 6: B. _y^e_; _styke_.] + + [Footnote 7: B. _momento_.] + + [Footnote 8: B. _morte_.] + + +2. + +MS. THORNTON. c. 1440. [fol. 279.] + + Memento homo Quod Sinis Es + Et in cenerem Reuerteris. + + 1 [1]Erthe owte of erthe es wondirly wroghte, + Erthe hase getyn one erthe a dignyte of noghte, + Erthe appon{e} erthe hase sett alle his thoghte + How þat erthe appon{e} erthe may be heghe broghte. 4 + + 2 Erthe appon{e} erthe wolde be a kynge, + Bot howe þ{a}t erthe to erthe sail thynkis he no thynge. + When erthe bredis erthe & his rentis[2] home brynge, + Thane schalle[3] erthe of erthe hafe full harde partynge. 8 + + 3 Erthe appon{e} erthe wynnys castells and towrrys. + Thane saise[4] erthe vnto erthe: ‘This es alle owrris’. + When erthe appo{ne} erthe hase bigged vp his bourris, + Than schalle erthe for erthe suffire scharpe scowrrys[5]. 12 + + 4 Erthe gose appon{e} erthe as golde appone golde, + He that gose appon{e} erthe gleterande as golde, + Lyke als erthe neu{er} more[6] goo to erthe scholde, + And ȝitt schal erthe vnto erthe ȝa rathere þan he wolde. 16 + + 5 Now why þ{a}t erthe luffis erthe wondire me thynke, + Or why þ{a}t erthe for erthe scholde oþ{er} swete or swynke, + For when þ{a}t erthe appon{e} erthe + es broghte w{i}t{h}in brynke, + Thane schalle erthe of erthe hafe a foulle stynke. 20 + + Mors Soluit Omnia. + + [Footnote 1: Cf. G. G. Perry, Religious Poems in Prose and Verse + (E.E.T.S. _No. xxvi. 1867, p. 95, 1889, p. 96_); C. Horstmann, + Yorkshire Writers, _1. 373_.] + + [Footnote 2: repeated in MS. _rentys_.] + + [Footnote 3: Perry _sall_, MS., Horstmann _schalle_.] + + [Footnote 4: perh. _sase_, MS. indistinct, Perry _thus sase_.] + + [Footnote 5: perh. _stourrys_ as in Perry, but all other texts + have _schowrys_.] + + [Footnote 6: MS. _more_, Perry _mare_.] + + +3. + +MS. SELDEN Supra 53. c. 1450. [fol. 159, v^o.] + + 1 [1]Erthe apon erthe ys wonderly wroth[2], + Erthe apon erthe hath worschyp of nogth, + Erthe apon erthe hath set[3] al hys thowth + How erthe apon erth myth be hy browth. 4 + + 2 Erthe apon erth wolde be a kyng{e}; + How erth schal to þe erth thy[n]k[4] he no thyng{e}. + Whan erth bydyth erth hys rent h[om]e[4] bryng{e}, + Þan schal erth fro þe erth [haue][5] a delful partyng{e}[6]. 8 + + 3 Erth apon erth wyn[nyth ca[7]]stellys {and} towrys; + Þan seyth erth to þe erth: ‘Þose beth al owrys’. + Whan erth apon erth hath byggyt al hys bowrys[8], + Þan schal erth for þe erth suffyr scharpe [s]chowrys[9]. 12 + + 4 Lo erth apon erth consyder þ{o}u may + Þ{a}t erth cometh owte of þ{e} erth nakyt alway. + Þan how scholde erth apon erthe be prowt [or gay][10] + Whan erth schal to þ{e} erth in so pore aray? 16 + + 5 Erth goth on erth as molde doþe on molde, + Erth goth on erth glydderande in golde, + Lyk as erth to erth neuyre go scholde. + Ȝyt schal erth to þ{e} erth rathyr þan þey wolde. 20 + + 6 I cowsayl erth apon erth þ{a}t wykytly hath wroht, + Whyle erth ys apon erth to turne al hys tho[w]th[11]. + Now pray we to God þ{a}t al erth wrowth, + Þat erth owt of erth to blys myth be browth. 24 + + [Footnote 1: The poem is in a different hand on the last leaf of + the MS., and the writing is much worn and stained, and in many + cases barely legible. A few letters have been re-written in black + ink by a later hand.] + + [Footnote 2: _wroht_, cf. _nogth_, _thowth_, _browth_, and similar + cases of _th_ for _ht_ in v. 6.] + + [Footnote 3: MS. perhaps _iset_.] + + [Footnote 4: MS. obscure.] + + [Footnote 5: omitted in MS.] + + [Footnote 6: _partyn_ re-written in black ink, _ge_ of the + original hand still clear.] + + [Footnote 7: MS. stained and illegible; portions of _nyth a_ seem + to be visible.] + + [Footnote 8: _bow_ in original hand, _rys_ re-written in black + ink.] + + [Footnote 9: The second hand has re-written _chowrys_ ignoring the + _s_ which is no longer visible.] + + [Footnote 10: _o_ and _y_ re-written, the rest illegible.] + + [Footnote 11: _w_ no longer legible.] + + +4. + +MS. EGERTON 1995. c. 1430-1450. [fol. 55, r^o.] + +(William Gregory’s Commonplace-Book.) + + Memento homo q{uod} cinis es et in cinerem reuerteris. + Whenne lyfe ys moste louyde, and dethe ys moste hatyde, + Dethe drawythe hys draught{e}, and makythe man nakyde. + + 1 Erthe owte of þe erthe ys wounderly wrought{e}, 4 + Erthe vppon erthe hathe sette hys thought{e} + Howe erthe a-pon erthe may be hy brought{e}[1]. + + 2 Erthe vppon erthe wolde be a kynge; + Howe erthe shalle vnto erthe thynkythe he noo thynge. 8 + Whenne erthe byddys erthe hys rentys home brynge, + Thenne shalle erthe of the erthe haue a pytyus partynge. + + 3 Erthe a-pon erthe wynnys castellis and towrys; + Thenne erthe saythe vnto[2] erthe: ‘Thys ys alle owrys’. 12 + Whenne erthe a-pon erthe hathe bylde vppe hys bourys, + Thenne shalle erthe for the erthe suffer sharpe schowrys. + + 4 Erthe goythe a-pon erthe as molde a-pon molde; + Erthe gothe a-pon erthe alle gleterynge in golde, 16 + Lyke as erthe vnto erthe neuyr [go][3] scholde, + And yet shalle erthe vnto erthe rathyr thenne he wolde. + + 5 Why erthe louythe erthe woundyr I thynke, + Or why erthe for the erthe swete wylle or swynke, 20 + Ffor whenne erthe a-pon erthe ys brought{e} w{i}t{h}yn brynke, + Thenne shalle erthe of erthe haue a foule stynke. + + 6 Loo erthe a-pon erthe consyder þ{o}u may + Howe erthe comythe to erthe nakyd alle day. 24 + Why scholde erthe a-pon erthe goo stowte and gay, + Syn erthe vnto erthe shalle pas in pore a-ray? + + 7 I consylle erthe a-pon erthe þ{a}t wyckydly hathe wrought{e}, + Whyle erthe ys a-pon erthe to turne vppe hys thought{e}, 28 + And pray to God a-pon erthe that alle the erthe + hathe wrought{e}, [fol. 55, v^o.] + That erthe owte of the erthe to blys may be brought. + + Amen. Caue si vis. + + [Footnote 1: The second line in omitted here and in No. 5, where a + new line has been added.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _vnt_.] + + [Footnote 3: Omitted in MS., but required by metre.] + + +5. + +MS. HARLEIAN 1671. 15th century. [fol. 1*, r^o.] + + 1 Erthe apon erthe ys waxyne and wrought{e}, + And erthe apon erthe hathe ysette all{e} hys thought{e} + Howe that erth{e} apon erth{e} hye myght be brought{e}, + But how that erth{e} scal to the erth{e} + thyngketh{e} he noht{e}. 4 + + 2 Erthe apon erth{e} wolde be a kyng, + Butte how that erth{e} schal to erth{e} thynketh he no thynge, + Ffor when erth{e} byddyth{e} erth{e} hys rente home[1] brynge, + Than hath{e} erth{e} apon erth{e} heuy partyng. 8 + + 3 Eerthe apon erth{e} wynnyth castells and touris, + And erth{e} sayth{e} to the erth{e}: ‘Thys ys all{e} ourys’. + Wanne erth{e} apon erth{e} syttyth{e} wyth-in hys bovrys, + Yeȝt schall{e} erth{e}[2] for the erthe + suffre scharpe schourys. 12 + + 4 Erth{e} goyth{e} on erth{e} as mowlde apon{ne} mowlde, + And erth{e} goyth on erth{e} gletterant as golde, + Like as erth{e} apon erth{e} neuer dye schoulde. + Ȝyt schall erth{e} to the erth{e} rather than he wolde. 16 + + 5 Why that erth{e} louyth erth{e} wond{er} me thynke, + Or why that erth{e} apon erth{e} swete or swynke, + Ffor whan{ne} erth{e} apon erth{e} ys brought wyth-in the brynke, + Than ys erth{e} apon erth{e} botte a fowle stynke. 20 + + 6 Erth{e} apon erth{e} knoweth{e} eche day + Howe erth{e} cometh to the erth{e} naked all{e} waye. + Why schulde erth{e} apon erth{e} go stowte or gay, + Syth erth{e} apon erth{e} schal passe in pore aray? 24 + + 7 I cowncell{e} erth{e} apon erth{e} that wonderly hath wrought{e} + Whyles that erth{e} ys apon erth{e} to turne all hys thought{e}, + And y pray to God apon erth{e} + that all{e} erth{e} hath wrought{e}, + That erth{e} out of erth{e} to blysse may be brought{e}. Amen. 28 + + [3]Whanne lyf ys moste louyd, + And dethe ys most hatyd, + Dethe drawyth hys drawghte + And maketh a man ful naked. 32 + De t{er}ra plasmasti me. + + [Footnote 1: MS. _hime_ crossed out, and _home_ written in same + line.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _erht{e}_.] + + [Footnote 3: written parallel with the poem in the right-hand + column. A signature apparently follows, but is indecipherable.] + + +6. + +MS. BRIGHTON. 15th century. [fol. 90, v^o.] + + 1 [1]Erthe oute of erthe is wondyrly wroghte, + Erthe vpon erthe gete nobley of noughte, + Erthe vpon erthe has sete all his thovghte + How erthe vpon erthe may be hye brovghte. 4 + + 2 Erthe vpon erthe wolde be a kynge, + How erthe sall to erthe thenkys he nothyng, + For whan erthe byddes erthe his rent home brynge, + Þan sall erthe from erthe haf petus p{ar}tynge. 8 + + 3 Erthe vpon erthe wynnes castells and tours; + Than says erthe vnto erthe: ‘This is all ovres’. + But whan erthe opon erthe has bigged his borowes, + Than sall erthe for the erthe sofur sharpe shovres. 12 + + 4 Erthe gothe vpon erthe os movlde opon movlde, + Erthe gothe opon erthe glyd{er}yng os golde, + Lyke as erthe to erthe neu{er} go shulde. + Ȝyte shall erthe to erthe rather þan he wolde. 16 + + 5 Why þ{a}t erthe loues erthe wond{er} me thynkes, + Vr why þ{a}t erthe vpon erthe swetys or swynkes, + Ffor whan erthe opon erthe is brente w{i}t{h}in þe brynkes, + Þan sall erthe of the erthe hafe a foule stynke. 20 + + 6 Lo erthe vpon erthe consider þou may + How erthe comes into þe erthe nakyd all way. + Why sulde erthe vpon erthe go stovte or gay, + Sethen erthe oute of erthe sall passe in por aray? 24 + + 7 I concell erthe opon erthe þ{a}t wykkydly has wrouthe, + The whyle þ{a}t erthe is vpon erthe to turn vp his thouthe, + And praye to God vpon erthe þat all the erthe wrouhte, + Þ{a}t erthe oute of erthe to blys may be browthe. 28 + + [Footnote 1: Printed, by kind permission, from H. G. Fiedler’s + text (Mod. Lang. Review, _III. iii. 219_).] + + +7. + +STRATFORD-ON-AVON INSCRIPTION. 15th century. + +(Formerly in the Chapel of the Trinity.) + + 1 Erthe oute of erth ys wondurly wroght, + Erth hath gotyn vppon erth a dygnyte of noght, + Erth ypon erth hath sett[1] all hys thowht + How erth apon erth may be hey browght. 4 + + 2 Erth vpon erth wold be a kyng, + But how that erth gott to erth he thyngkys[2] nothyng. + When erth byddys erth hys rentys whom bryng, + Then schall erth apon erth haue a hard p{ar}tyng[3]. 8 + + 3 Erth apon erth wy{n}nys castellys and towrys; + Then seth erth vnto erth: ‘Thys ys all owrys’. + When erth apon erth hath bylde hye[4] bowrys, + Then schall erth for erth suffur many hard schowrys. 12 + + 4 Erth goth apon erth as man apon mowld, + Lyke as erth apon erth neu{er}[5] goo schold. + Erth goth apon erth as glisteryng gold, + And yet schall erth vnto erth rather then he wold. 16 + + 5 Why that erth loueth erth wondur me thynke, + Or why that erth wold for erth other swett or swynke. + When erth apon erth ys broght w{ith}yn the brynke, + Then schall erth apon erth have a fowll stynke. 20 + + 6 Lo erth on erth, consedur thow may + How erth co{m}myth to erth nakyd all way. + Why schall erth apon erth goo stowte or gay, + Seth erth out of erth schall passe yn poor aray? 24 + + 7 I counsill erth apone erth that ys wondurly wrogt, + The w{h}yll[6] þ{a}t erth ys apon erthe to torne hys thowht, + And pray to God vpon erth þ{a}t all erth wroght, + That all crystyn soullys to þe[7] blis may be broght. 28 + + [Footnote 1: Fisher (Facsimile of inscription) _seth_; Reeves + (Mod. Lang. Notes, ix. 4, 203) _sett_.] + + [Footnote 2: Reeves _thynkys_.] + + [Footnote 3: Fisher, Reeves _ptyng_.] + + [Footnote 4: Fisher _hye_, Reeves _hys_; cf. H. 4486 hath _bygged + hy his bowres_.] + + [Footnote 5: Fisher _neuu_.] + + [Footnote 6: Fisher, Reeves _w^{h}yll_.] + + [Footnote 7: Fisher _y_ for _y^e_.] + + +8. + +MS. RAWLINSON C. 307. c. 1460. [fol. 2, r^o.] + +Memento homo quod cinis es et in cinerem reuerteris. + + 1 Erthe opon erthe hath set all{e} his thoght + How that erthe opon erthe may be hy broght. + Erthe oute of erthe is wonderly wroght, + Erthe hase of erthe a dignytie of noght. 4 + + 2 Erthe opon erthe wolde be a kyng, + Bot how erthe shall{e} to erthe thynkis he nothyng. + Ya bot when erthe byddis erthe his rentis hym bryng, + Than shall{e} erthe hafe of erthe a full{e} harde p{ar}tyng. 8 + + 3 Erthe opon erthe byggis castels and towres, + Than sais erthe vnto erthe: ‘All{e} þis is ours’. + Ya bot when erthe opon erthe hath byggid vp his bowres, + Than shall{e} erthe[1] for erthe suffre sharpe showres. 12 + + 4 Erth{e} gose on erthe[1] glitterand as golde, + Like as erthe[1] vnto erthe[1] neu{er} go shulde. + Ya bot when erthe goeth on erthe as colde opon colde, + Yit shall{e} erthe vnto erthe rather þan{ne} he wolde. 16 + + 5 Whi that erthe luffis erthe wondre me thynke, + Or whi þat erthe for erthe swete wyll{e} or swynke, + Ffor when erthe[1] opon erthe is brought with-in brynke, + Than shall{e} erthe hafe of erthe[1] a wonder foule stynke. 20 + + 6 What may erthe say to erthe at beste tyme of all{e}? + Noght bot þ{a}t erthe opon erthe shall{e} hafe a fall{e}. + Bot when erthe oute of erthe[1] + shall{e} com to the laste call{e}, + Than sall{e} erthe be[2] full{e} ferde for þe sely sall{e}. 24 + + 7 Beholde þ{o}u erthe opon erthe what worship þ{o}u hase, + And thynk þ{o}u erthe opon erthe what maistres þ{o}u mase, + And how erthe opon erthe what gatis at þ{o}u gase, + And þ{o}u sall{e} fynde it forsuthe + that þ{o}u haste many fase. 28 + + 8 Now he þ{a}t erthe opon erthe ordande[3] to go + Graunte þ{a}t erthe vpon erthe may govern hym so, + Þat when erthe vnto erthe shall{e} be taken to, + That þe saule of þis erthe suffre no wo. 32 + + [Footnote: Final _n_ is often written _n~_; so _m~_.] + + [Footnote 1: possibly MS. _ertha_; final _e_ in this MS. is often + written very like _a_.] + + [Footnote 2: looks like _ba_.] + + [Footnote 3: looks like _ordanda_.] + + +9. + +MS. HARLEIAN 4486. 15th century. [fol. 146, r^o.] + + Memento homo q{uo}d cinis es & [in] cinerem reu{er}teris, + Ffac b{e}n{e} du{m} viuis, post morte{m} viuere si vis. + When[1] lyffe is most loued[1], & deth is moste hated, + Then dethe[2] draweth{e} his drawght{e} + & makyth{e} man full{e} naked. 4 + + 1 Erthe owte of erthe is wonderly wrowght{e}, + Erthe of the erthe hathe gete an abbey of nawte, + Erthe apon erthe hath{e} sett all{e} his thowghte + How erthe apon erthe may be hye browte. 8 + + 2 Erthe apon erthe be he[3] a kyng{e}, + Butt how erth{e} schall{e} to erthe thynketh{e} he nothyng{e}. + [4]When erthe byddeth{e} erthe his rent home bryng{e}, + Then schall{e} erthe owte of erthe + haue a pyteous p{ar}tyng{e}. 12 + + 3 Erthe apon erthe wynneth{e} castell{es} & towres. + Then seyth{e} erthe to erthe: ‘These byth{e} all{e} owres’. + When erthe apon erthe hath bygged{e} vp his bowres, + Then schall{e} erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres. 16 + + 4 Erthe gothe apon erthe as molde apon molde. + So goeth{e} erthe apon erthe all{e} gleteryng{e} in golde, + Lyke as erthe into erthe neu{er} go scholde, + And ȝet schalle erthe into erth{e} rather then he wolde. 20 + + 5 Why erthe loueth{e} erthe wonder me thynke, + Or why that erthe for erthe swete wyll{e} or swynke, + Ffor whan erthe apon erthe is browte w{i}t{h}yn þe brynke, + Then schall{e} erthe of the erthe haue a fowle stynke. 24 + + 6 Loo, erthe apon erthe, consyder{e} thow may + How erthe com{m}yth{e} to erthe naked all{e} way. + Why scholde erthe apon erthe go stowte or gay, + Whan erthe schall{e} passe owte of erthe in a pore aray? 28 + + [fol. 146, v^o.] + 7 Therfor erthe apon erthe that wykedly hast wrought{e}, + Whyle erthe is apon erthe torne agayne thy thowght{e}, + And pray to God apon erthe that all{e} erthe hath wroughte + That this erthe apon this erthe to blysse may be browte. 32 + + 8 Now Lorde that madyst for erthe & sufferdyst paynes ylle, + Lett neu{er} this erthe for this erthe i{n} myschyffe spylle, + But that this erthe in this erthe + be eu{er} worchyng{e} thy wylle, + So that this erthe fro þ{is} erthe + may stye vp to thy hylle. 36 + + Amen. + + [Footnote 1: Final _n_ is uniformly written _n~_ in this text + excepting in the word _in_. Final _d_ is frequently written + _[d+]_.] + + [Footnote 2, 3: _added above the line._] + + [Footnote 4: The first words in ll. 11, 14, 15 seem to have been + freshened up.] + + +10. MS. LAMBETH 853. c. 1430-1450. [fol. 35.] + + Whanne liif is moost loued, and deeþ is moost hatid: + Þanne dooþ deeþ drawe his drawȝt, & makiþ ma{n} ful nakid. + De terra plasmasti me, _&c._ + + 1 Erþe out of erþe is wondirly wrouȝt, 4 + Erþe of erþe haþ gete a dignyte of nouȝt, + Erþe upo{n} erþe haþ sett al his þouȝt, + How þat erþe upon erþe may be hiȝ brouȝt. + + 2 Erþe upon erþe wold he be a king; 8 + B{u}t how erþe schal to erþe þenkiþ he no [fol. 36] þing; + Wha{n}ne þat erþe biddiþ erþe hise rentis hom bring, + Þan schal erþe out of erþe haue a piteuous parting. + + 3 Erþe vpon erþe wy{n}neþ castels & touris, 12 + Þan seiþ erþe to erþe: ‘Now is þis al houris’. + Wha{n}ne erþe upon erþe haþ biggid up hise boure[s], + Þanne schal erþe upo{n} erþe suffir scharpe schouris. + + 4 Erþe gooth vpon erþe as molde upon molde, 16 + So gooth erþe upon erþe al gliteringe in golde, + Like as erþe vnto erþe neu{er}e go schulde, + And ȝit schal erþe vnto erthe raþ{er} þan he wolde. + + 5 O þ{o}u wrecchid erþe þat on erþe traueilist nyȝt and day, 20 + To florische þe erþe, to peynte þe erþe wit{h} wantowne aray, + Ȝit schal þou erþe for al þi erþe, + make þou it neu{er}e so queynte & gay, + Out of þis erþe in-to þe erþe, + þ{er}e to clinge as a clot of clay. [fol. 37.] + + 6 O wrecchid man whi art þ{o}u proud, þat art of þe erþe makid? 24 + Hid{er} brouȝttist þou no schroud, but poore come þou and nakid. + Whanne þi soule is went out, & þi bodi in erþe rakid, + Þan þi bodi þat was rank & undeuout, of alle men is bihatid. + + 7 Out of þis erþe cam to þis erþe þis wrecchid garnement; 28 + To hide þis erþe, to happe þis erþe, to hi{m} was cloþinge lente; + Now gooþ erþe upon erþe, ruli raggid and rent, + Þ{er}fore schal erþe vndir þe erþe haue hidiose turment. + + 8 Whi þat erþe to myche loueþ erþe wondir me þink, 32 + Or whi þat erþe for sup{er}flue erþe + to sore sweete wole or swynk; + Ffor wha{n}ne þat erþe upo{n} erþe is brouȝt + w{i}t{h}i{n}ne þe brink, + Þan schal erþe of þe erþe haue a rewful swynk. + + 9 Lo erþe upon erþe considere þou may, 36 + How erþe comeþ i{n}to erþe nakid al way, [fol. 38.] + Whi schulde erþe upon erþe go now so stoute or gay, + Wha{n}ne erþe schal passe out of erþe in so poore aray? + + 10 Wolde God þ{er}fore þis erþe, while þat he is upon this erþe, + Vpon þis wolde he{r}tili þinke, 40 + & how þe erþe out of þe erþe schal haue his aȝen-risynge, + And þis erþe for þis erþe schal ȝeelde streite rekenyng; + Schulde neu{er}e þan þis erþe for þis erþe mysplese heuene king. + + 11 Þerfore þou erþe upon erþe put so wickidli hast wrouȝt, 44 + While þat þou erþe art upon erþe turne aȝen þi þouȝt, + And praie to þat God upo{n} erþe þat al þe erþe haþ wrouȝt, + Þat þou erþe upon erþe to blis may be brouȝt. + + 12 O þou Lord þat madist þis erþe for þis erþe & suffridist + heere peynes ille, 48 + Lete neu{er}e þis erþe for þis erþe myscheue ne spille, + But þat þis erþe on þis [fol. 39] erþe + be eu{er}e worchinge þi wille, + So þ{a}t þis erþe from þis erþe may stie up to þin hiȝ hille. + + Amen. + + Memento homo quod cinis es, et i{n} cinere{m} reu{er}teris, 52 + Ffac bene dum viuis. post mortem viu{er}e si uis. + Tangere qui gaudet. meretricem qualiter audet. + Palmis pollutis. regem tractare salutis. + Credo in deum patrem omnipotentem. 56 + + (_Here follows the Creed in English verse._) + + +11. + +MS. LAUD MISC. 23. Before 1450. [fol. 111, v^o.] + + Whan lyf is moost louyd & deeþ is moost hatyd: + Thanne deeth drawyth his draut and makith man ful nakid. + + 1 Erthe out of erthe is wo{n}dirly wrouȝt, + Erthe of the erthe hath gete a dignyte of nowth{e}, 4 + Erthe vp-on e{r}the hath set al his thouȝt + How that erthe vp-on erthe may be hyȝ browth. + + 2 Erthe vp-on erthe wolde be a kyng; + But how erthe shal to erthe thinkiþ he no thi{n}g; 8 + Wha{n} that erthe biddeth erthe his rentys hoom bring, + Thanne shal erthe out of the erthe haue a pet{ous} partyng. + + 3 Erthe vp-on erthe wynnyth castellis and towris[1], + Tha{n}ne seith erthe to erthe: ‘This is al owris.’ 12 + Whan erthe vp-on erthe hath biggid alle his bouris, + Thanne shal erthe for erthe suffre sharp showris. + + 4 Erthe gooth up-on erthe as moolde vp-on moolde, + So gooth erthe vp-on erthe al gleteryng in goolde, 16 + Like as erthe vn-to erthe neu{er}e goo[2] shulde; + Yit shal erthe vnto erþe[3] rather{e} than he wolde. + + 5 O thou wrecchid erthe, that on the erthe + [fol. 112, r^o] traueylist nyȝt and day, + To florissh{e} the erthe, to peynte the erthe + wyth wantone a-ray; 20 + Ȝit shal thow erthe, for all{e} thyn erthe, + make thow it neu{er} so queynt & gay, + Out of the erthe in-to the erthe, ther to clynge as clot of clay. + + 6 O wrecchide man whi art thow p{r}ude, that art of erthe makid? + Hidir broutyst thow no shroude, but por{e} cam thow & nakid. 24 + Whan thi soule is went out, & thi body in erthe rakid, + Tha{n}ne thi body that was rank and louyd of alle men, is hatyd. + + 7 Out of the erthe cam to this erthe his wantyng garneme{n}t; + To hyde this erthe, to wrappe this erthe, + to him was clothing lent; 28 + Now gooth erthe up-on erthe, ruly raggid and rent, + Therfor shal erthe vndir erthe haue hidous turme{n}t. + + 8 Whi that erthe louyth erthe wondir me thinke, + Or whi that erthe for erthe swete wole or swinke; 32 + Ffor whan that erthe up-on the erthe + is brouȝt wyth-i{n}ne the brinke, + Thanne shal erthe of the erthe haue a rewfull{e} stinke. + +[-->] + + 9 Lo erthe up-on erthe consider thow may, + How erthe in-to the erthe comyth nakid al-way, 36 + Whi shuld erthe vp-on erthe go stout [fol. 112, v^o] or gay, + Wha{n} erthe shal passe out of erthe in a por{e} aray? + + 10 Wolde therfor{e} this erthe on this erthe, on this hertly thinke, + How that erthe out of the erthe shal haue risynge, 40 + And thus erthe for erthe[4] yeelde shal streyt rikenynge, + Shulde neuer{e} erthe for erthe mysplese heuene kyng. + + 11 Thow erthe up-on erthe, that wickydly hast wrout, + While that erthe is vp-on erthe, turne a-ȝen thi thout, 44 + And preye to God vp-on erthe, that alle the erthe hath wrouȝt, + That erthe vp-on erthe to blisse may be brouȝt. + + 12 Lord God that erthe madist & for the erthe suffredist peynys ille, + Lete neu{er}e þis erþe[5] for this erthe myscheue ne spille, 48 + But that this erthe in this erthe be eu{er}e worching thi wille, + So that erthe fro this erthe stye up on thyn hyȝe hille. Amen. + p{ar} charite, God it graunte that it so be. + +[-->] + + [6]Tange{re} qui gaudes m{er}etricem qualit{er} audes[7]. 52 + Palmis pollutis regem tractar{e} salutis. + + (_The poem _Whi is the wor[l]d belouyd that fals is and veyn_, + follows immediately._) + + [Footnote 1: _towris_ added in margin by the same hand.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _goo ne_; _ne_ crossed out, and marked _ṇẹ_.] + + [Footnote 3: _vnto erþe_ inserted in red above the line.] + + [Footnote 4: _for erthe_ repeated and crossed out in red.] + + [Footnote 5: _þis erþe_ added above the line, _erþe_ in red.] + + [Footnote 6: In left margin _de sac{er}dotib{us}_.] + + [Footnote 7: in right margin _h{oc} in decretis_.] + + +12. + +MS. COTTON TITUS A. xxvi. 15th century. [fol. 153, r^o.] + + 1 Erthe oute of erthe is wondirly wroght, + Erthe of þe erthe hathe goten a dyngnyte of noght, + Erthe vpon erthe hathe set all{e} hys thovght + Houe erthe vpon erthe maye be hyghe broght. 4 + + 2 Erthe vpon erthe wolde be a kyng; + Bot how erthe shall{e} to erthe thynkethe he nothyng; + Whan that erthe biddethe erthe hys rentis hom to bryng, + Than shall{e} erthe oute of erthe haue a pytous p{ar}tyng. 8 + + 3 Whan erthe vpon erthe wynythe casteles & tourys, + Than says erthe to erthe: ‘Þys is all{e} ourys’. + And whan erthe vpon erthe hathe byggid hys bourys, + Than shall{e} erthe vpon erthe suffer sharpe shoures. 12 + + 4 Erthe gothe vpon erthe as molde vpon molde[1], + So gothe erthe vpon erthe all{e} glytryng in golde, + Lyke as erthe into erthe never goo sholde; + And y{e}t shal[2] erthe in to erthe rathar then he wolde. 16 + + [fol. 153, v^o.] + 5 O thou wreched erthe that on erthe trauayles nyght & daye + To fflorysshe[3] and paynt þe erthe w{i}t{h} wanton araye; + Y{e}t sshalle þou, erthe, for all{e} thy erthe, + make þ{o}u it neu{er} so queynt or gaye, + Oute of thys erthe in to erthe to klyng as clot in claye. 20 + + 6 O wrechyd man, why[4] art þ{o}u[5] prowde that of erth art maked, + And hyder thou broght no shrowde, bot pore com and nakyd? + Lewe thy syne and lyffe in ryght, + And than shalt thou lyffe in heuyn as a knyght. 24 + + [Footnote: Final _n_ is written _n~_ as a rule in this text, so + _m~_.] + + [Footnote 1: MS. _moldee_.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _shal do_ or _de_, the second word crossed out.] + + [Footnote 3: MS. _To fflorysshe þe erthe_, the last two words + crossed out, cf. MS. Lambeth, _v. 5_, MS. Rawl. Poet., _v. 15_.] + + [Footnote 4: MS. _why at_, _at_ crossed out.] + + [Footnote 5: MS. _þ^t_.] + + +13. + +MS. RAWLINSON POETICAL 32. After 1450. [fol. 32, v^o.] + + A descripture alchimicall of erthe & the nature of man[1]. + + Whanne life is most louyd, + And deth is most hatid, + Deth drawith his drauȝte + And makith a man nakid. 4 + + 1 Erthe oute of erthe + Is wonderly wrouȝte; + Erthe hath of the erthe + Ȝetyn a dignite of noughte. 8 + + 2 Erthe a-pon erthe + Hath set alle his thoughte + How erthe apon erthe + May be hiere y-broughte. 12 + + 3 Erthe a-pon erthe + Wolde be made a kyng, + How erthe schal to erthe + Thynkyng no thyng. 16 + + 4 Whanne erthe biddith erthe + Than he his rente hom brynge, + Thanne schal erthe for erthe + Haue a petous partynge. 20 + + 5 Whanne erthe apon erthe + Hath billid al his bowris, + Thanne schalle erthe for erthe + Suffre ful harde schowris. 24 + + 6 Erthe a-pon erthe [fol. 33, r^o.] + Wynnyth castellis and towris. + Thanne saithe erthe to erthe: + ‘This is alle owris’. 28 + + 7 Erthe gothe apon erthe + As molde a-pon molde, + Erthe gothe apon erthe + Gleteryng alle in golde, 32 + + 8 As thouh erthe to erthe + Neu{er} a-yen go schulde, + But yit schal erthe to þ{e} erthe + Rather thanne he wolde. 36 + + 9 Oute of the erthe cam the erthe + Wantynge his garnament, + To hide the erthe, to lappe the erthe, + To hym was clothing y-lent. 40 + + 10 Now goth the erthe apon erthe + Disgesily ragged and to-rent, + Therfore schal erthe vnder erthe + Suffer ful grete turment. 44 + + 11 Whi that erþe loueþ erthe + Wonder y may thinke, + Or whi that erthe for the erthe + Unresonably swete wol or swynke, 48 + + 12 Ffor whanne erthe vnder erthe [fol. 33, v^o.] + Is brouȝte withynne brynke, + Thanne schal erthe of the erthe + Haue an oribyll stynke. 52 + + 13 Yif erthe wold of erthe + Thus hartily haue thynkynge, + And how erthe out of erthe + Shal at last haue risynge, 56 + + 14 Thanne schal erthe for erthe + Yelde riht streite rekenynge, + Thanne schuld [erthe] for erthe + Neuer mys-plese heuene kynge. 60 + + 15 Thow wrecchid erthe þ{a}t thus for erthe + Trauelist nyht and day + To florische the erthe, to paynte the erthe + With thi wanton array, 64 + + 16 Yit schalt thou erthe for alle thi erthe, + Make thou neuer so gay, + Ffor thi erthe in to erthe + Clynge as clotte in clay. 68 + + 17 Thinke now erthe how thou in erthe + Goist euer in dethis[2] grace, + And thanne thou erthe for the erthe + Shalt neuer stryue ne race. 72 + + 18 Bute for thou erthe with thi erthe [fol. 34, r^o.] + Hauntist enuye and hate, + Therefor schal erthe for erthe + Be excludid from heuene gate. 76 + + 19 Ffowle erthe whi louyst thou erthe + That is thi dedly foo, + And bildist on erthe + As thou schuldist dwelle euer moo? 80 + + 20 But thou erthe forsake the erthe, + Or that thou hennys goo, + Vnder erthe for lust of erthe + Thou schalt haue sorow and woo. 84 + + 21 Whiles erthe may in erthe + To festis and to drynkis gon, + Til the be made frome the erthe + As bare as any bon. 88 + + 22 Thanne if erthe comyth to erthe + Makyng sorow and mone, + Thanne saith erthe to the erthe, + ‘Thou were a felow, but now art thou none’. 92 + + 23 Thus the erthe queytith the erthe + That doith to him seruyse, + Or tristyn on erthe, or plese the erthe + In any maner wise. 96 + + 24 Therfor thou erthe be ware of erthe [fol. 34, v^o.] + And thou the wele auyse, + Lest thou erthe p{er}ische for erthe + By-fore the hihe iustyse. 100 + + 25 Ffor the erthe was made of erthe + At the first begynnynge, + That erthe schuld labour the erthe + In trowthe and sore swynkynge; 104 + + 26 But now erthe lyueth in erthe + With falshode and begilynge, + Therfor schal erthe for erthe + Be punsched in payne euerlastynge. 108 + + 27 But erthe forsake the erthe + And alle his falshede, + And of the erthe restore the erthe + Goodis that ben mys-gete, 112 + + 28 Or that erthe be doluyn in erthe + And vnder fote y-trede, + Ffor synne of erthe, þ{a}t hath do in erthe, + Fful sore he schalle be bete. 116 + + 29 Drede thou erthe while thou in erthe + Hast witte & resoune at thi wille, + That, erthe, for loue of erthe, + Thi soule thou nougth spille. 120 + + 30 And thou erthe, repente the in erthe [fol. 35, r^o.] + Of alle that thou hast don ille, + And thanne schalt thou, erthe apon erthe, + Goddis biddyngis fulfille. 124 + + 31 Lord God that erthe tokist in erthe, + And suffredist paynes ful stille, + Late neuer erthe for the erthe + In dedly synne ne spille, 128 + + 32 But that erthe in this erthe + Be doynge euer thi wille, + So that erthe for the erthe + Stye vp to thi holy hille. Amen. S. J. 132 + + [Footnote 1: Added in a later hand, probably 16th century.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _deth is_.] + + +14. + +MS. PORKINGTON 10. 15th century. [fol. 79, v^o.] + + 1 [1]Erthe vppo{n} erth{e} is wo{u}ndyr{e}ly wro{u}ȝte; + Erthe vppo{n} erthe has set al his þouȝte[2] + [fol. 80, r^o.] + How erthe vppo{n} erth to erthe schall{e} be[3] brouȝte; + Ther is no{n}e vppo{n} erth has hit in þouȝte.[4] 4 + Take hede! + Whoso þinkyse on[5] his end{e}, ful well{e} schal he sped{e}. + + 2 Erth vppo{n} erth wold{e} be a kynge; + How erth schal to erthe he þink{is} no þinge. 8 + Whe{n} erth byddyþ erth his rent who{m}e brynge, + The{n} schal erth fro þe erth have a hard{e} parttynge, + W{i}t{h} care; + Ffor erth vppo{n} erþe wott{is} + neu{er} we{r} þ{er}for to far{e}. 12 + + 3 Erth vppo{n} erth wy{n}nis castyll{is} & tovris. + The{n} sayþe erth to erth: ‘Al þ{i}s is ourus’. + Whe{n} erth vpp{on} erth has bylde al his bovres, + The{n} schal erth fro þe erth soffyr{e} scharpe schorrys, 16 + And{e} smarte. + Ma{n}, amend{e} þe betyme, þi lyfe ys but a starte. + + 4 Erth gose on erth as mold{e} vpon{ne} molde, + Lyke as erth to þe erth neu{er} a-gayne schold{e}; 20 + Erth gose on erth glytteryng in gold{e}[6], + [fol. 80, v^o.] + Ȝet shale erth to þe erth, raþ{er} þe{n} he wolde. + Be owris! + Ȝefe þi alm{is} w{i}t{h} þi hand{e}. Trust to no secatovrs. 24 + + 5 Why þ{a}t erth louis erþe merwel me þinke, + [7]Or why erth vppo{n} erth wyl swet or swinke, + [7]Ffor whe{n} erth vppo{n} erth is bro{u}þt to þe brynke, + The{n} schal erth frov þe erth have a fovl stynke 28 + To smele, + Wars þe{n} þe caryo{n} þ{a}t lyis in þe fele. + + 6 Lo, erth vppo{n} erth, co{n}sayfe þ{i}s þ{o}u maye, + That þ{o}u co{m}mys frome þe erth nakyd{e} alway[{e}]; 32 + How schuld{e} erth vppo{n} erth soe[8] prod{e} or gaye, + Sen[9] erth v{n}to erth schal pase i{n} symple araye, + Unclad{e}? + Cloth þe nakyd whyl þ{o}u may, for so Gode þe bade. 36 + + 7 Erth vppo{n} erth, me þinkyȝ þe ful blynd{e}, + That on erth ryches to set al[10] þi mynd{e}; + In þe gospel wrytty{n}e exampul I fynde, + The pore went to heyuy{n}, þe rych to hel I fynd{e}, 40 + W{i}tt skyle: + [fol. 81, r^o.] + The co{m}mandment{is} of God{e} wold{e} he not fulfyle. + + 8 Erth vppo{n} erth, deyle duly thy goode + To þe por{e} pepul þ{a}t favtt pe þi fovde, 44 + Ffor þe loue of þi Lord{e}, þ{a}t rent was on þe roode, + And{e} for þi loue on þe crose sched his[11] hart blode,-- + Go rede!-- + W{i}ttovte a{n}ny place to reste on his hede. 48 + + 9 Erth vppo{n} erth, take tent to my steyuyne; + Whyl þ{o}u leuyst, fulfyle þe w{er}kys of mercy vij. + Loke þ{o}u lete, for oode ne for ewyne, + Ffor þo by{n}e þe werk{is} þat helpyne vs to heyuy{n}e, 52 + In haste. + Tho ded{is} who so dose þar, hy{m}e neu{er} be agaste. + + 10 Erth vppo{n} erth, be þ{o}u neu{er} so gaye, + Thow moue[12] wend{e} of þ{i}s world{e} an vnreydy waye; 56 + Turne þe betyme, whyle þ{a}t þ{o}u maye, + Leste it lede þe into hele, to logege þ{er} for[13] ay, + In pyne; + Ffor þ{er} is noþ{er} to gett bred{e}, ale, ne wyne. 60 + + 11 Erth vppo{n} erth, God{e} ȝeyf þe grace, [fol. 81, v^o.] + Whyle þ{o}u leuuyst vppo{n} erth, to purway þe a place + In heywy{n} to dweyll{e}, whyl þ{a}t þ{o}u hast space; + That myrthe for to myse it w{er} a karful case. 64 + Ffor whye? + That myrth is w{i}t{h}owtty{n} end{e}, I tel þe securlye. + + 12 I co{n}cele erth vppo{n} erth þ{a}t wykyd{e}ly has wroȝte, + Whyl erth is on erth, to torn all{e} his þovȝte, 68 + And{e} pray to Gode vppo{n} erth, þ{a}t al mad{e} of nov[ȝte][14], + That erth owte of erth to blys may be bovȝte[15] + W{i}tt myȝthe[16], + Thorow helpe Jh{e}su Cryst þ{a}t was our{e} lad{is} byrthe. 72 + Do for þiself. + + [Footnote 1: Cf. Halliwell, Early Eng. Misc. in Prose and Verse, + printed for the Warton Club, _1855, p. 39_, Fiedler, Mod. Lang. + Review, _III. iii. 225_.] + + [Footnote 2, 4: MS. _þoũȝte_.] + + [Footnote 3: MS. _bo_.] + + [Footnote 5: MS. _oñ_, _on~_, throughout.] + + [Footnote 6: MS. _in ĩ gold{e}_.] + + [Footnote 7: These two lines are transposed in the MS.] + + [Footnote 8: MS. _soe_, Halliwell _soe_, Fiedler _goe_.] + + [Footnote 9: MS. _señ_.] + + [Footnote 10: H. _setal_.] + + [Footnote 11: H. F. _schedhis_.] + + [Footnote 12: MS. _mõu_.] + + [Footnote 13: MS. _þ^{r}for_, H. F. _therefor_.] + + [Footnote 14: MS. only _nov_ now legible.] + + [Footnote 15: MS. _bovȝte_, Halliwell _bouȝt_, Fiedler _brouȝt_.] + + [Footnote 16: MS. Halliwell _myȝthe_, probably erroneous for + _myrthe_.] + + +15. + +MS. BALLIOL 354. Before 1504. [fol. 207, v^o.] + +(Richard Hill’s Commonplace-Book.) + + 1 Erth owt of erth is worldly wrowght, + Erth hath gote{n} oppo{n} erth a dygnite of nowght, + Erth vpon erth hath[1] set all his thowght, + How þ{a}t erth vpon erth myght be hye browght. 4 + + 2 Erth vpon erth wold be a kyng, + But how þ{a}t erth shall to erth, he thy{n}kith no thyng; + Whe{n} erth biddith erth his rent{es}[2] home bryng, + The{n} shall erth for erth haue a hard p{ar}tyng. 8 + + 3 Erth vpon erth wy{n}neth castl{les}[2] & towres, + The{n} seyth erth vnto erth: ‘Þis is all owres’; + But whe{n} erth vpo{n} erth hath bildyd his bowres, + Tha{n} shall erth for erth suffre hard showres. 12 + + 4 Erth vpon erth hath welth vpon molde, + Erth goth vpon erth glydryng all i{n} golde, + Like as he vnto erth neu{er} torn shuld; + & yet shal erth vnto erth son{er} tha{n} he wold. 16 + + 5 Why þ{a}t erth loweth erth, wonder[3] I thynk; + Or why þ{a}t erth will for erth swet or swynk; + For wha{n} erth vpon erth is browght w{i}t{h}in þe brynk, + Than shall erth for erth suffre a fowle stynk. 20 + + 6 As erth vpon erth were þe worthyes ix, + & as erth vpon erth i{n} honour dide shyne; + But erthe liste not to know how þei shuld enclyn, + & þ{er} crow{n}nys leyd i{n} erth, + wha{n} deth hath made hys fyne. 24 + + 7 As erth vpon erth, full{e} worthy was Josue, [fol. 208, r^o.] + Dauyd þe worthy kyng, Judas Machabe; + They were but erth vpon erth, no{n} of the{m} thre, + And so fro{m} erth vnto erth þei loste þ{er} dignite. 28 + + 8 Alisand{er} was but erth, þ{a}t all the world wan, + & Ector vpon erth was hold a worthy ma{n}, + & Julius Cesar þ{a}t þe empire first be-gan; + & now, as erth w{i}t{h}in erth, þei lye pale & wan. 32 + + 9 Arthur was but erth, for all his renown; + No more was kyng Charlis, ne Godfrey of Bolown; + But now erth hath t{o}rned þ{er} noblenes vpsodown; + & thus erth goth to erth, by short co{n}clusion. 36 + + 10 Who so rekyn also of Will{iam} Conquerowr{e}[4], + Kyng Harry þe first, þ{a}t was of knyghthode flowr{e}[4]; + Erth hath closed the{m} ful streytly i{n} his bowr{e}[4]; + Loo, the ende of worthynes! here is no more socowr{e}[4]. 40 + + 11 Now thei þ{a}t leve vpon erth, both yong & old, + Thynk how ye shall to erth, be ye neu{er} so bold; + Ye be vnsiker, wheþ{er} it be i{n} hete or cold, + Like as yo{u}r brether[5] did beffore, as I haue told. 44 + + 12 Now ye folk þ{a}t be here, ye may not long endure, + But þ{a}t ye shall torn to erth, I do you ensure; + & yf ye lyst of þe trewth to se a playn fugure, + Go to seynt Powlis, & see þ{er} the portratowr{e}[4]. 48 + + 13 All ys erth, & shall be erth, as it shew{i}t{h} ther, + [6]Þ{er}-for, or dredfull deth w{i}t{h} his dart you dere, + & for to torn i{n} to erth, no ma{n} shall it forbere, + Wisely pu{r}vey you beffore, & þ{er}-of haue no fere. 52 + + 14 Now, sith by deth we shal al pas, it is to vs c{er}teyn, + For of þe erth we co{m} all, & to þe erth shall torn agayn; + Þ{er}-for to strive of grucche it were but i{n} vayn, + For all is erth, & shall be erth, no thyng more c{er}tayn. 56 + + 15 Now erth vppon erth, co{n}sydre thow may, + How erth co{m}meth to erth nakyd all way. + Why shuld erth vpon erth go stowt or gay, + Sith erth owt of erth shall passe in pore a-ray? 60 + + 16 I co{n}saill you vpon erth þ{a}t wikkidly haue wrowght, + Whill þ{a}t erth is on erth, torn vp yo{u}r thowght, + & pray to God vppon erth, þ{a}t all þe erth hath wrowght, + Þ{a}t erth owt of erth to blis may be browght. 64 + + Amen. + + [Footnote: Cf. Roman Dyboski, E.E.T.S. extra ser. ci _(1907), + p. 90_.] + + [Footnote 1: D. erron. _hat[h]_.] + + [Footnote 2: D. reads _rentes_, _castlles_.] + + [Footnote 3: MS. _worder_.] + + [Footnote 4: D. reads _-owr_ throughout.] + + [Footnote 5: D. erron. _brother_.] + + [Footnote 6: Line 50 would be better placed after l. 51.] + + +16. + +MS. HARLEIAN 984. 16th century. [fol. 72, r^o.] + + 6 [1]How schuld{e} erthe vpon erthe be prud & gay + Whe{n} erthe schal to erthe in so por{e} aray? + + 7 I consell erthe vpon erthe þ{a}t wikyd hade wroȝt, + Whyle erthe ys apon erthe to tu{r}ne al his þoȝt, 4 + And{e} p{r}ay to God þ{a}t al þe world wroȝt[2] + Þ{a}t erthe out of erthe to blesse may be broȝt. + + [Footnote 1: The previous leaf of the MS., which evidently + contained the beginning of the poem, has been torn out.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _woȝt_.] + + +17. + +THE MAITLAND MS. (PEPYSIAN MS. 2553, p. 338.) c. 1555-1585. + + 1 [1]Eyrd vpone eird wondirfallie is wrocht, + Eird hes gottin vpone eird ane dignite for nocht, + Eird apone eird hes set all his thocht + How þat[2] eird vpone eird till hicht may be brocht. 4 + + 2 Eird apone eird wald fayne be a king, + And how þat eird gois to eird thinkis he no thing. + Quhone eird bydd{is} eird his rentis hame to bring, + Than sall eird haue to eird herd depairting. 8 + + 3 Eird apon eird wy{n}nis castellis and towris, + Than sayis eird vntill eird: ‘All þir ar owris’. + Quhone eird apone eird hes biggit all his bowris, + Than sall eird vpone eird suffir scharp schowris. 12 + + 4 Eyrd apone eird and mold vpone mold, + Lyke as eird vnto eird never go sold. + Eird gois apone eird glitterand as gold, + Ȝit sall eird go to eird sonar nor he wold. 16 + + 5 How þat eird luiffis eird grit wondir I think, + Or quhy þat eird will for eird owþir swet or swynk. + Quhone þat eird w{i}t{h}in eird is closit vndir bynk, + Than sall eird w{i}t{h}in eird haue ane ewill stynk. 20 + + 6 Lo eird vpone eird considdir þow may, + How eird vnto[3] eird gois nakit away, + Quhy sould eird apone eird go ow{er} proud or gay, + Sen eird vntill eird sall wend in pure array? 24 + + 7 I counsall eird vpone eird þat wondirlie is wrocht, + Q{uhi}ll[4] eird is apone eird to turne all his thocht, + And pray to God apone eird þat maid all of nocht, + That eird vpone eird to blys may be brocht. 28 + Q{uo}d marsar. + + [Footnote 1: Printed by kind permission of the authorities of + Magdalene College, Cambridge.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _yat_; _þ_ regularly written as _y_.] + + [Footnote 3: MS. _apone_ crossed out, _vnto_ written above.] + + [Footnote 4: MS. _q^ll_.] + + +18. + +JOHN REIDPETH’S MS. CAMBR. UNIV. LIBR. Ll. 5. 10. [fol. 43, v^o.] + + (Transcribed from the Maitland MS. 1622-3.) + + 1 Eird vpoun eird wonderfull is wrocht, + Eird hes gottin vpoun eird ane dignitie for nocht, + Eird vpoun eird hes sett all his thocht + How þat[1] eird vpoun eird till hicht may be brocht. 4 + + 2 Eird vpoun Eird wold fane be ane king, [fol. 44, r^o.] + And how þat eird gois to eird thinkis he nothing. + Quhen eird bidd{is} eird his rentis hame to bring, + Than sall eird haue to eird herd depairting. 8 + + 3 Eird vpoun Eird wins castell{is} and towris; + Than sayis eird vnto eird: ‘All now ar ouris’. + Quhen eird vpoun eird hes biggit all his towris, + Than sall eird vpoun eird suffer grit showris. 12 + + 4 Eird vpoun eird and mold vpoun mold, + Lyk as eird vnto eird neuer go sold, + Eird gois vpoun eird glitterand as gold, + Ȝitt sall eird go to eird sonear nor he wald. 16 + + 5 How þat eird luiffis eird grit wonder I think, + Or quhy þat eird will for eird owther sweit or swink, + Quhen þat eird w{i}t{h}in eird is closit vnder bink, + Than sall eird w{i}t{h} eird haue ane evill stink. 20 + + 6 Lo eird vpoun eird considder thow may + How eird vnto eird gois nakit away, + Quhy sould eird vpoun eird go o{u}r[2] proud or gay, + Sen eird vntill eird sall wend in pure aray? 24 + + 7 I counsall eird vpoun eird þat wondirlie is wrocht, + Q{uhi}ll eird is vpoun eird to turne all his thocht, + And pray to God vponn eird þat maid all of nocht, + That eird vpoun eird to blis may be brocht. 28 + Quod dumbar. + + [Footnote 1: MS. _yat_; _þ_ regularly written as _y_.] + + [Footnote 2: _over_, MS. _o^r_.] + + + + + III. + + THE CAMBRIDGE TEXT. + + +CAMBRIDGE UNIV. LIBR. Ii. 4. 9. 15th century. [fol. 67, r^o.] + + 1 Erthe vpon erth is waxi{n} and wrought, + Erthe takys on erth a nobylay of nought; + Now erthe vpon erthe layes all his þought + How erthe vpon erthe sattys all at noght. 4 + + 2 Erthe vpon erth has hallys & towr{is}[1]; + Erthe says to erth: ‘This is alle owr{is}’. + But q{ua}n erth vpon erth has byg{g}yd his bowr{is}, + Than xal erth for the erth haue scharpe schowr{is}. 8 + + 3 Erthe vpon erth wolde be a kyng, + But hove[2] erth xal to erth thynkyth he no thyng. + + 4 And of the same erthe mad God ma{n}, + And sethe he made that erth & callyd it Ad{a}m, 12 + For loue of erthe, the wych was woman, + That erth in this erthe fyrst be-gan. + + 5 Erthe goos on erth & tyllys w{i}t{h} hys plowe, + Erthe a-geyn erth holdys it full toght[3], 16 + Erthe vpon [erth] stelis hym a slogh[4], + Erthe on this erth thynkys he has neu{er} i-nowe[5]. + + 6 Erth vpon erthe gos in the weye, + Prykys and prankys on a palfreye; 20 + When erth has gotyn erth alle that he maye, + He schal haue but seven fote at his last daye. + + 7 Than xal not be lyky{n}g vn-to hy{m} + Bu[t][6] an olde sely cloth to wynde erthe in, 24 + When erthe is in erth for wormys wyn, + The rof of his hows xal ly on his chyn. + + [fol. 67, v^o.] + 8 [7]When erthe says to erth: ‘My rent þ{o}u me bryng’, + Then has erth fro erthe a dolfull p{ar}tyng. 28 + + 9 How erthe louys erth wondyr me thynke, + How erth for erth wyll swete and swynke. + When erth is in erthe broght w{i}t{h}-in the brynke, + What as herth than of erthe but a fowle sty{n}ke? 32 + + 10 Erthe wrotys in erth as molys don in molde, + Erthe vp-on erth glydys as golde, + As erthe leve in erthe eu{er} mor{e} schulde. + + 11 Erthe vp-on erth mynd eu{er} mor{e} þ{o}u make 36 + How erthe xal to erth when deth wyll hy{m} take. + + 12 Be war{e}, erth, for erthe, for sake of thi sowle, + Erthe may of erth at þe last take a fowle, + When erth is in erthe her{e} so long in his slogh. 40 + + 13 Ffor erth gos in erth walkand in vede, + And erthe rydys on erth on a fayr stede, + When he was[8] goty{n} in erth erth to his mede, + Than is erth layde in erthe wormys to fede. 44 + Whylke ar the wormys the flesch brede? + God wote the wormys for to ryght rede. + + 14 Erthe a-geyn erthe I holde it on-kynde, + Erthe is as sone wroth as is the wynde, 48 + Swyche fowle erth mekyl may we fynde, + That wyl speke fayr{e} befor{e} vs & falsly be-hy{n}de. + + 15 When erth vp-on erth be-gy{n}nys to be wroth, [fol. 68, r^o.] + Erth vpon erth swerys many a gret othe, 52 + Erth berys p{r}ide in herte & i{n} cloth, + When erth is layde i{n} erth þan xal it be loth. + + 16 Erthly coveytous makyth erth to be schent, + Erth for this erth yeld{is} a gret rent, 56 + If erth in thys erth levyd in good entent + Than dar{e} erthe nevyr recke wher{e} that he went. + + 17 Erth vp-on erth is stronge as a mast, + And erth wyth is erth fyghtys ful fast, 60 + Ther{e} is non so stowte that in erth may hy{m} cast, + And alle xal we be erth at the last. + + 18 Erthe bygyth hallys & erth bygith towres, + When erth is layd in erth, blayke is his bo{ur}s; 64 + If erth haue welth, he dwellyth in flowr{es}[9], + And if erth haue mys don, he getyth scharpe sho{ur}s. + + 19 If erth wyste in erth q{ua}t that erth is, + Ther wolde neu{er} erth in erth do a-mys. 68 + God mad erth of erth, & namyd it for his, + Adam of erth in erthly paradys. + + 20 God walkyd in erth as longe as he wolde, + He had not in this erth but hong{er} & colde, 72 + And in this erth also his body was solde, + Her{e} in this erth, whan þ{a}t he was xxx^ti ȝer{e} olde. + + 21 God lytyd in erth, blyssed be that stou{n}de! [fol. 68, v^o.] + He sauyd hijs herth w{i}t{h} many a scharpe wou{n}de, 76 + Ffor to sawe erth owght of hell grou{n}de, + He deyd in erth vpon þe rode w{i}t{h} many a blody vou{n}de[10]. + + 22 And God ros ovght of the est[11] this erth for to spede, + And went into hell as was gret nede, 80 + And toke erth from sorowe þ{us}[12] erth for to spede, + The ryght wey to heuen blys Iesus Cryst vs lede! + fine. + + (_The rest of the page is occupied by a coloured picture of a knight + and a skeleton with Latin mottoes, v. Introduction, p. xiv._) + + [Footnote 1: or _towr{es}_, _owr{es}_, &c.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _hove_ for _howe_.] + + [Footnote 3: ? error for _togh_.] + + [Footnote 4: Heuser _flogh_, but MS. appears to be _slogh_ as in + l. 40.] + + [Footnote 5: MS. _was neuer non_ crossed out, _has neu{er} I nowe_ + written above.] + + [Footnote 6: MS. _bu_, the last letter of the word has been + erased.] + + [Footnote 7: These two lines form the missing half of v. 3, and + are perhaps inserted here with the idea of forming a six-lined + stanza.] + + [Footnote 8: better _has_.] + + [Footnote 9: or _flowr{is}_.] + + [Footnote 10: _wounde_.] + + [Footnote 11: MS. clearly _est_, perh. error for _erth_.] + + [Footnote 12: MS. _y^9_ = _þus_, perh. for _þis_.] + + + + +NOTES. + + +#Page 1.# #MS. Harl. 2253.# These four lines were apparently regarded by +Wanley, together with the preceding French strophe, as forming part of +the poem on the Death of Simon de Montfort, and are not noted by him in +the British Museum Catalogue. Böddeker also omitted them from his +_Altenglische Dichtungen des MS. Harl. 2253_ (Berlin 1878). They were, +however, already noted by Pinkerton in 1786, see _Ancient Scottish Poems +never before in print . . . from the MS. Collections of Sir Richard +Maitland_, ii, Note on p. 466: ‘In the same (i.e. Harleian) library, No. +2253, is another of the same kind, beginning, + + Erthe toc of erthe erthe wyth wote. + +It is only one stanza; and another piece of one stanza preceding it, +both are put by Mr. Wanley, in the Catalogue, as part of a French song +on Sir Simon de Montfort, which they follow: but such mistakes +frequently arise from the crowded manner of old MSS.’ The facsimile +opposite the title-page shows the lines as they occur in the MS. + +#Page 5.# #William Billyng’s MS.# The ‘finely written and illuminated +parchment roll’ described by William Bateman in his preface to Billyng’s +_Five Wounds of Christ_, of which forty copies were privately printed by +him at Manchester in 1814, contained the following poems:-- + +1. The Five Wounds of Christ (fifteen stanzas in rime royal). + +2. At hygh none whan the belle dothe tylle (eighteen lines). + +3. Erth owte of Erth (six stanzas). + +4. Pes maketh plente (five lines). + +The whole is signed #Willm̃ Billyng#. It has been frequently suggested +that Billyng was the author of these poems, but it is evident that he +was not the author of _Erthe upon Erthe_, though his may be one of the +earliest transcripts of the B version, and the lines _Pes maketh plente_ +also occur elsewhere, cf. MS. Digby 230 (fifteenth century). He may have +been the author of _The Five Wounds of Christ_, but it is more probable, +considering the usual origin of other fifteenth-century collections of +the kind, that he was merely the collector and transcriber of the texts. +Cf. F. J. Furnivall, _Notes and Queries_, IV. iii. 103. It is possible +that this may be the William Billyng who, in 1474, became rector of Toft +Monks in Norfolk on the presentation of the Provost and Scholars of +King’s College, Cambridge, and who appears to have held the benefice +until 1506 (see _Notes and Queries_, III. iv. 173; Blomefield, +_Norfolk_, viii. 63).[1] The parchment roll was formerly preserved in +Bateman’s collection of antiquities at Lomberdale House, Derbyshire. +This collection was broken up and sold after Bateman’s death, the +archaeological remains being purchased by the Sheffield Museum, and the +books and MSS. sold at Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge’s rooms in +1893, but all attempts to trace Billyng’s MS. after the breaking up of +the collection have been unsuccessful. A copy of the printed text is in +the British Museum. + +Montgomery’s reprint of the poem in 1827 was taken from Bateman’s +version, and differs from it only in some very slight corrections in +spelling. It has been suggested that this reprint was the source of the +_Earth upon Earth_ Epitaphs which occur, but these were current from the +sixteenth century on, and, as has been already pointed out (see +Introduction, pp. xxxvi ff.), the usual form of the Epitaph, even in the +latest versions, differed from that of the actual poem. + +#Page 7.# #MS. Selden Supra 53.# This text omits verse 5, and inverts +the normal order of verses 4 and 6 (see Table on p. xvii of +Introduction). The text is written in a neat hand in the left-hand +column on the back of a spare leaf (fol. 159) at the end of the MS., +after Lydgate’s _Dance of Macabre_. The right-hand column contains Latin +scribblings, perhaps by the scribe who re-wrote small portions of _Erthe +upon Erthe_ (see p. 7, footnotes). A few lines are scribbled in another +hand upon the front side of the leaf, which is otherwise blank. The back +of the leaf was evidently unprotected, and is much rubbed and worn. The +space below Lydgate’s last verse and colophon on fol. 158 v^o contains +two odd stanzas in English in the same metre as Lydgate’s poem, +beginning ‘Let se your hand my ladi, dam emperys’, in a hand of the late +fifteenth century, and a French stanza of four lines (‘Qui met son cuer +tout en Deu, Il a son cuer et si a Deu’, &c.) in a French hand, perhaps +as late as 1500. Both of these were quite possibly inserted in the MS. +later than _Erthe upon Erthe_, the exact date of which is indeterminate, +but it was probably copied in between 1450 and 1500. + +#Page 8.# #MS. Egerton 1995.# This MS. was evidently a Commonplace book. +Its contents are described by Gairdner, _Collections of a London +Citizen_ (Camden Society, 1876). The MS. is written throughout in +fifteenth-century hand, and appears to be the work of one scribe. +Gairdner thinks the whole collection may be ascribed to William Gregory +of the Skinners’ Company, who was Mayor of London in 1451, and who seems +to have been the author of part, at least, of the Chronicle of London at +the end of the MS. + +#Page 10.# #MS. Brighton.# Fiedler’s account of this MS. is as +follows:-- ‘Noch eine andre Fassung des Gedichtes habe ich mir vor +einigen Jahren aus einer Handschrift abgeschrieben, die damals im +Besitze eines Antiquars in Brighton war, über deren weiteren Verbleib +ich aber nichts ermitteln könnte. Es war eine Pergamenthandschrift, +folio, von 90 Blättern. Sie enthielt eine lateinische Abhandlung über +die sieben Sacramente “Oculi Sacerdotis”, und auf der ursprünglich frei +gebliebenen Rückseite des letzten Blattes war von einer Hand des +fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts das englische Gedicht eingetragen.’ (_Mod. +Lang. Review_, III. iii. 219.) + +#Page 11.# #Stratford-on-Avon Inscription.# A full account of this +inscription has been given in the Introduction, p. xii. The lines +‘Whosoo hym be thowghte’, there mentioned as being inscribed beneath +_Erthe upon Erthe_, are given by Fisher as follows:-- + + Whosoo hym be thowght Inwardly and ofte + How hard hyt ys to flett + From bede to peyt From peyt to peyne that neu{er} + Schall seys Certen + He wold not doo no syn all þ{is} world to wynne. + +The same lines are found on other monumental inscriptions. Weever +(_Ancient Funeral Monuments_, p. 425) mentions them as occurring in +sixteenth-century inscriptions in Churches at Saffron Walden and +Faversham respectively, and Rogers (_Monuments and Monumental +Inscriptions in Scotland_, ii. 210) quotes them from a tombstone in the +parish of Dun. The following version is from Bodl. MS. Tanner 407, fol. +36, v^o (sixteenth century):-- + + He that hath thoughte + ful in-wardly and ofte + how hard it is to flyt + fro bedde on to pyt + fro pytte on to pyne + whiche neuyr schal haue fyne + for alle thys world to wynne + wold not do a synne. + +#Page 16.# #MS. Laud Misc. 23.# This is the only text which is not +written in metrical lines. The MS. being small, it was not as a rule +possible to fit one line of the poem into a single line of the page, and +the run-on lines involved waste of space. The scribe wrote verse 1 in +metrical lines, verses 2 and 3 as if in two long lines, and the +remainder of the poem in paragraphs, each paragraph coinciding with a +verse. Each new line or paragraph is indicated by a red capital, and the +metrical lines are distinguished by pause-marks (√̣, ·, √, |), and by +touching up the first letter of the line in red. In vv. 6, 7, and 8, the +scribe appears to have lost count of the lines, as the three verses are +written in two paragraphs, and letters in the middle of a line are often +marked in red. At the top of the first leaf a later hand has scribbled +the words _haue made me_. A few other such scribbles occur elsewhere in +the MS. + +l. 26 (p. 17). _Thi body that was rank and louyd of alle men, is hatyd._ +The reading is inferior to MS. Lambeth, l. 27: + + þan þi bodi þat was rank & undeuout of alle men is bihatid-- + +and the change led to the placing of the pause (indicated in the MS.) +after men. + +l. 27. _Out of the erthe cam to this erthe his wantyng garnement._ This +line seems to be a compromise between the readings of MSS. Lamb. and +Rawl. P. + +(_MS. Lamb. 28_) + + Out of þis erþe cam to þis erþe þis wrecchid garnement. + +(_MS. Rawl. P. 37_) + + Oute of the erthe cam the erthe wantynge his garnament. + +But the rest of the verse follows Lamb, rather than Rawl. P., cf. _ruly, +raggid and rent_, _hidous turment_, beside Rawl. P. _disgesily ragged +and to-rent_, _ful grete turment_. + +l. 34 has the correct reading _stinke_, as in MSS. Harl. 4486 and Rawl. +P.; Lamb. repeats _swynk_. + +l. 39 (p. 18). _Wolde therfore this erthe on this erthe on this hertly +thinke_, is superior to the exaggeratedly long line in Lamb. 40, but +both are inferior to MS. Rawl. P., ll. 53, 54, where the correct rime is +preserved: + + thinkynge : risynge : rekenynge : kynge. + +l. 47. _Lord God that erthe madist & for the erthe suffredist peynys +ille._ It is difficult to determine what was the original form of this +line. The readings of the other texts which have the verse are as +follows:-- + +(_Harl. 4486, 33_) + + Now Lorde that madyst for erthe & sufferdyst paynes ille. + +(_Lamb. 48_) + + O þou Lord that madist þis erþe for þis erþe + & suffridist heere peynes ille. + +(_Rawl. P. 125-6_). + + Lord God that erthe tokist in erthe And suffredist paynes ful stille. + +Possibly MS. Laud has transposed the _and_, and the correct reading +should be _that erthe madist for the erthe & suffredist paynes ille_, in +which case Harl. 4486 has merely omitted the first _erthe_, while the +other two texts have modified the older version. + +#Page 24.# #MS. Porkington 10.# _Erthe upon Erthe_ is preceded by the +two following stanzas:-- + + Lo wordly folk{es} thouȝ þ{is} p{ro}cese of dethe + Be not swete, ne synke not i{n} your mynde. + Whe{n} age co{m}myþ & schorteth is her brethe, + And dethe co{m}myþ, he is not far behynde; + The{n} her dyscressio{n} schal wel knov & fynde + That to have mynd of deþ it is ful nesseserry, + Ffor deth wyl co{m}e; dovtl{es} he wyl not long tarry. + + Of what estate ȝe be, ȝovng or wold, + That redyth vppon þ{is} dredful storrye, + As in a myrrovr her ȝe may be-holde + The ferful ende of al your joy & glorie; + Therfor þ{is} mat{er} redvs vs to yovr memory:-- + Ȝe þ{at} syttyþ nowe hye vppon þe whele, + Thynke vppo{n} yovr end, & alle schal be we[le]. + +The MS. is in Lord Harlech’s library at Brogyntyn (formerly Porkington) +near Oswestry, Salop. + +#Page 28.# #MS. Balliol 354.# l. 48. _Go to seynt Poulis, & see þer the +portratowre._ Cf. Stow, _Survey of London_, 1598: ‘There was also one +great cloister on the north side of this church (St. Paul’s), environing +a plot of ground, of old time called Pardon churchyard . . . About this +cloister was artificially and richly painted the Dance of Machabray, or +Dance of Death, commonly called the Dance of Paul’s; the like whereof +was painted about St. Innocent’s cloister at Paris, in France. The +metres or poesy of this dance were translated out of French into English +by John Lidgate, monk of Bury, and with the picture of death leading all +estates, painted about the cloister, at the special request and in the +dispence of Jenken Carpenter, in the reign of Henry V.’ + +_Ibid._ ‘John Carpenter, townclerk of London, in the reign of Henry V, +caused with great expense to be curiously painted upon board, about the +north cloister of Paule’s, a monument of Death leading all estates, with +the speeches of Death, and answer of every state. This cloister was +pulled down 1549.’ + +Cf. Sir T. More, _Works_ (ed. 1557, folio), p. 77: ‘We wer never so +gretly moved by the beholding of the Daunce of Deth pictured in +Paule’s.’ + +#Page 30.# #Maitland MS.# Omitted by Pinkerton from his printed text of +the Maitland MS. as ‘a silly jingling piece, shewing the vanity of man, +who is but earth, building upon earth: priding himself in gold which is +but earth’, &c. Pinkerton also knew of ‘several pieces of the same kind +in MSS. of Old English poetry’, see Note on MS. Harl. 2253, p. 36. He +had strong views against the indiscriminate printing of old MSS., and +was unwilling to sacrifice ‘the character of a man of taste to that of +an antiquary; as of all characters he should the least chuse that of an +hoarder of ancient dirt’. + +#Page 32.# #MS. Cambridge# (Univ. Libr. I. 1. iv. 9). l. 17. The reading +_slogh_ is supported by Professor Skeat. It is difficult to see what +meaning could be attached to _flogh_, as in Heuser’s text. + +#Page 33.# l. 48. _As wroth as the wynde_ was a favourite mediaeval +proverb. Cf. _Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight_, l. 319: he wex as wroth +as wynde; _Piers Plowman_, C. iv. 486: As wroth as the wynd wex Mede +ther-after; _Richard the Redeles_, iii. 153: thei woll be wroth as the +wynde. + + +ANALOGUES. + +It may be of interest to note here some other instances of the use of +the theme _Earth upon Earth_, not immediately connected with the poem +under discussion. + +An early instance of the phrase occurs in a Poem on the Death of Edward +IV, written by Skelton probably soon after the event (9th April, 1483), +beginning _Miseremini mei ye that ben my ffryndys_. Verse 2 runs as +follows:-- + + I slepe now in molde, as it is naturall + That erth vnto erth hath his reuerture: + What ordeyned God to be terestyall, + Without recours to the erth of nature? + Who to lyue euer may himselfe assure? + What is it to trust on mutabilyte, + Sith that in this world nothing may indure? + For now am I gone, that late was in prosperyte: + To presume thervppon, it is but a vanyte, + Not certayne, but as a chery fayre full of wo: + Reygned not I of late in greate felycite? + _Et, ecce, nunc in pulvere dormio!_ + + (_Poetical Works of Skelton_, ed. Dyce, I. i; London, 1843). + +The poem was inserted amongst the imprinted works of Lydgate, who could +not have been alive in 1483, cf. MS. Harl. 4011, fol. 169, v^o, where it +occurs among Lydgate’s works. + +In John Taylor’s _Trauels of Twelve-Pence_, 1630 folio (Spenser Soc. +reprint, p. 82), this verse occurs:-- + + Far[2] though from _Earth_ man hath originall, + And to the _Earth_, from whence he came doth fall, + Though he be Earth, & can claime nought but earth, + (As the fraile portion due vnto his birth) + Yet many thousands that the earth doth breed, + Haue no place (certain) where to lodge or feed. + +The following lines occur in a small volume called _The Compleat +Bell-Man, being a Pattern for all sorts of People to take notice of the +most remarkable Times and Dayes in the Year_, by H. Crouch (seventeenth +century). The book contains thirty-nine verses, for Saint-Days and +Anniversaries chiefly, a few being on more general subjects. The last +verse, No. 39, _Upon the day of Doom_, runs as follows:-- + + When Earth of Earth shall turn to Earth + That was but Earth even from its Birth, + Then Earth from Earth shall rise again + To endlesse joy, or endlesse pain, + Let Earth then serve and please his Maker + That Earth of Heaven may be pertaker. + +The following is an Epitaph on Roger Earth of Dinton, Wilts, died 1634 +(see E. R. Suffling, _Epitaphia_, p. 81):-- + + From Earth wee came, to Earth wee must returne, + Witness this EARTH that Lyes within this VRNE. + Begott by EARTH: Borne also of Earth’s WOMBE, + 74 yeares lived EARTH, now Earth’s his TOMBE. + In Earth EARTH’S Body Lyes Vnder this STONE, + But from this Earth to Heauen EARTH’S soule is gone. + +Another later epitaph is quoted by Suffling, p. 339, from Loughter, +Glamorganshire, without name or date:-- + + O Earth! O Earth observe this well, + That Earth to Earth must go to dwell, + That Earth to Earth must close remain + Till Earth for Earth shall come again. + + [Footnote 1: But this is not in agreement with Bateman’s opinion + as to the age of the original parchment roll (1400-1430), see + Introduction, p. xi.] + + [Footnote 2: ? for.] + + + + +APPENDIX I. + + +The three following _Erthe_ poems, in Latin, French, and English +respectively, were discovered too late for inclusion in the text. They +represent renderings of the same poem in the three languages, and are +preserved on the back of a Roll[1] in the Public Record Office, +containing a copy of the Ordinances of the fifth year of Edward II +(of which other copies exist in the British Museum, the Record Office, +and the Treasury at Canterbury). The poems in question are written on +the back of the Roll, towards the end, the Latin and French in parallel +columns, and the English below, five verses under the Latin, and four +under the French. They are preceded by a number of Latin recipes in +another hand, and a few in French follow. The handwriting of the poems +is smaller and neater than that of the Ordinances, or the Latin recipes, +but was ascribed by Hunter[2] to the time of Edward II, and may perhaps +be assigned to the fourteenth century. The French is fourteenth-century +Anglo-French, and the texts probably belong to that century, though this +copy of them may not have been made until after 1400. + +A nineteenth-century transcript of the poems exists in the British +Museum, Addit. MS. 25478 (fol. 1-3), described in the Catalogue as +containing ‘Transcripts of miscellaneous English poetry, with a few +Latin pieces, chiefly derived from MS. sources: xivth to xixth century’. +The binding is marked ‘Collectanea Hunteriana’, and the MS. was acquired +with various others of the Hunter collection in 1863. The handwriting +varies, and these three poems are not in Hunter’s own hand. The +transcript is headed ‘Copy of a Poem in Latin, French, and English, +which is written in a hand of the reign of Edward II, on the dorse of a +Roll which contains a copy of the ordinances of the fifth year of Edward +II, which are printed in the Statutes of the Realm I. 157-168’. The text +given below has been collated with this transcript, and variant readings +in the latter given in the footnotes under the name Hunter (H.). + +The British Museum transcript was discovered by Miss Helen Sandison of +Bryn Mawr, U.S.A., who kindly acquainted me with her discovery, and was +of great assistance in the search for the original Roll, which was +eventually found in a bundle awaiting rearrangement at the Record +Office. A large stain on the original text has rendered a considerable +portion of the Latin and a few words in the French almost illegible, and +Hunter’s transcript has left blanks at these points. Mr. S. C. Ratcliff, +of the Record Office, has given me much kind and courteous assistance in +deciphering the missing words, thanks to which I have been able to fill +up all the gaps, except that in verse 8, l. 3 of the Latin. Hunter’s +text at this point runs as follows:-- + + 4. l. 4. Sic t’ra put^{e}dinis . . . t’re venas. + + 6. l. 4. Terra t’rã faciat flere ieu . . . . . + + 7. De t’ra resurg’e t’ra deb . . . . . . . . + Et quod t’ra meruit . . . . . . . . + Hic dum terra vix’it . . . . . . . + Ut in t’ra valeat . . . . . dere + + 8. Adu’sus t’rigenas . . . . terra stabit + Et t’ra int’roga . . . . . . . . abit + Terra finem cap . . . . . . . gabit + Quod terra promiserat t’ra . . . urgabit. + +and in the French:-- + + 9. l. 2. Sayt cydaunt a la tere qe tere soit sauve + . . . . . . . eyne de tere ou tere est benure. + + +RECORD OFFICE ROLL (Ex^r. K. R. Parl. Proc., Bdle. 1). + + [Transcriber’s Note: + The following text was printed on two pairs of facing pages: + + pg. 42 Latin Text | French Text pg. 43 + stz. 1-5 | stz. 1-5 + ------------|------------ + English Text| English Text + stz. 1-3.2 | stz. 3.3-5 + + pg. 44 Latin Text | French Text pg. 45 + stz. 6-11 | stz. 6-10 + ------------|------------ + English Text| English Text + stz. 6-7 | stz. 8-9 + + For this e-text, the three versions have been combined into complete + Latin, French and English poems. Parenthetical notations such as + (in left column) are in the original. Footnote numbering reflects + the original layout.] + +LATIN TEXT (in left column). + + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 2, r^o] + 1 In terra cu{m} terra sit fraude p{er}quisita, + Terra t{er}re v{er}mib{us} sic put{r}essit trita, + Terra t{er}ra{m} deseret, erit et finita, + Terra tu{n}c a terren[i]s[3] mox erit oblita. 4 + + 2 Terra p{er} sup{er}bia{m} terram cum ascendit, + Terra tu{n}c cupidine t{er}ram comp{re}hendit, + Terra morti p{ro}ximans t{er}ra{m} dat et vendit, + Ad t{er}ra{m} viuenciu{m} t{er}ra manus tendit. 8 + + 3 Terra t{er}ra{m} speculans no{n} iustificari, + Et ad t{er}re t{er}minu{m} t{er}ra{m} inclinari. + Terra t{er}re s{er}uiens vult[4] refrigerari, + Et t{er}ra t{er}ribilis in terra locari. 12 + + 4 In t{er}ra q{u}id possidet t{er}ra nisi penas + Q{u}ando t{er}ra respicit t{er}ra{m} lite plenas, + Et t{er}ra{m} defic{er}e tanq{uam} t{er}re tenas, + Sic t{er}ra put{r}edinis intrat[5] terre venas? 16 + + 5 Terra no{n} co{n}siderat t{er}ra{m} firma mente, + Atq{ue} t{er}ra labit{ur} in t{er}ra{m} repente, + Terra{m} suo sang{u}ine t{er}ra redimente, + Terra{m} potens eruit de t{er}ra dolente. 20 + + 6 Terra q{u}ando respicit t{e}rra{m} t{er}minare, + Terra t{er}ra{m} debuit sese castigare, + Terra t{er}ra{m} valeat vt humiliare, + Terra t{er}ra{m} faciat flere ieiunare[19]. 24 + + 7 De t{er}ra resurg{er}e t{er}ra debet vere[19], + Et quod t{er}ra meruit t{er}ra[19] possidere[19], + Hic du{m} t{er}ra vix{er}it t{er}ra[19] valet[19] flere[19], + Ut in t{er}ra valeat t{er}ra[19] post[19] gaudere[19]. 28 + + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 2, v^o] + 8 Adu{er}sus t{er}rigenas q{u}ando[19] terra stabit, + Et t{er}ra{m} int{er}rogans t{er}ra[19] tu{n}c[19] culpabit[19], + Terra fine{m} cap[ia]t t{er}ra{m}[19] . . . gabit[20], + Quod t{er}ra p{ro}mis{er}at t{er}ra tu{n}c[19] negabit[21]. 32 + + 9 In t{er}ra q{u}i mortuus & in t{er}ra natus + Ffuit[22], t{er}ram p{ro}tegat sic & t{er}re[23] gratus, + Vt in t{er}ra quilibet de t{er}ra formatus, + Terre ponat t{er}minu{m} t{er}re comendatus. 36 + + 10 In t{er}ra cu{m} Ang{e}li t{er}ra{m} suscitabunt, + In t{er}ra terribiles tube resonabunt, + De t{er}ra t{er}rigene corpora leuabunt, + Et ad t{er}re judice{m} terre tunc clamabunt. 40 + + 11 O tu terre do{mi}ne! t{er}re miserere, + Et t{er}ra respiciens terenos tuere, + In t{er}ra deficim{us}, terra sumus vere, + Nos in t{er}ra gl{or}ie t{er}ram fac videre. 44 + +FRENCH TEXT (in right column). + + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 1, r^o] + 1 Q{u}ant t{er}re auera en[9] terre large terre gayne, + & t{er}re s{er}ra en terre a la mort liuere, + Puis ert tere en tere de v{er}myne mange, + Dounc vendra tere en tere & toust ert oblie. 4 + + 2 Q{u}ant tere sour t{er}re de orgoyl descline, + & tere ils[10] [vers] tere par coueitise encline, + Dounc tere ils[10] [vers] tere se treit a Ruyne, + & tere a haute tere requeit medicine. 8 + + 3 Q{u}ant tere ne peot de t{er}re la malueste sourueyndre, + Par force deit tere de t{er}re te{m}ptaciouns esteyndre, + Encontre la fiele tere sa tere deit refreyndre, + Q{u}ant tere leue en tere face sa tere moyndre. 12 + + 4 Quey ad tere de tere forq{u}e dolour & peygne + Q{u}ant tere veyt en terre soun enemi demeygne, + & tere coust en tere a la mort c{er}teyne[11], + & tere pase en tere par frelete humeyne? 16 + + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 1, v^o] + 5 O tu cheytiue tere de tere, remembrez + Vo{us} estes pris de tere & tere deuendrez, + Pensez[12] coment en tere & par tere pecchez, + & tere fiust en tere tant fortment[13] rechatez. 20 + + 6 Quant tere veyt q{ue} tere se treit a la mort, + & tere nad en tere forq{ue} poure confort, + Q{u}ant tere moert[25] en tere ni ad nul resort, + Merueille est q{ue} tere de tere nad retort. 24 + + 7 Q{u}ant tere[26] deit de tere leuer sodeynement, + Tere vendra en tere p{u}r oy{e}r jugement, + Dounc auera tere en tere dolour & t{u}rment, + Si tere neit fet en tere bon amendement. 28 + + 8 Angel{e}s vendrount en tere la tere resusciter, + & dirrount a la tere de tere couent leuer, + Deuant le Roy de tere en tere deuez aller[27], + Q{u}e[28] soffri en tere p{u}r tere dolour amer. 32 + + 9 Jesu, q{u}e p{u}r la tere en tere fiust ne, + Soyt eydaunt[29] a la tere q{u}e tere soit sauue, + & nos meyne[30] de tere ou tere est benure, + Kar si sumes en tere par tere t{u}rmente[31]. 36 + + 10 Dolour est en tere par tere & par mer, + Ffaus est tere en tere & tere desir auer, + Pluis ne voil en tere ore[32] de tere chaunter. + Dieu deynt tere en tere de viuauns habiter. Amen. 40 + +ENGLISH TEXT (in left column, below Latin) + + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 3, r^o] + 1 Whanne eorthe hath eorthe wiþ wrong igete, + And eorthe in eorthe biginneþ to alete, + And eorthe i{n} eorthe wiþ wormes is afrete, + Thanne eorthe is on eorthe sone forȝete. 4 + + 2 Wanne eorthe ouer eorthe þorw p{r}ude styeþ, + And eorthe toward eorthe þorw coueytise wryeþ, + & eorthe into eorthe toward þe deþ hyeþ, + Þanne eorthe aȝeyn eorthe toward heuene c{r}ieþ.[6] 8 + + 3 Whan eorthe juynt eorthe so luþ{er}[7] to awelden, + & eorthe on þ{a}t eorthe allewey[8] bi helden, + & eorthe on eorthe sone bigynneþ for to elden, + Hou may þat[14] eorthe on eorthe wo[14] belden? 12 + + 4 What haueþ eorthe on eorthe bote pouȝt[15] and[15] wo, + Whan eorthe iseoþ[16] eorthe his dedliche fo, + & eorthe into eorthe so sone gynneþ guo, + & eorthe iworthe to eorthe alle we sullen so? 16 + + 5 Alas why naþ eorthe[17] in eorthe is þouȝt, + Hou eorthe is on eorthe wiþ synnes of-souȝt, + & eorthe was in eorthe so mychfulliche ibouȝt, + Þ{a}t eorthe þorw eorthe ne foelle[18] to nouȝt? 20 + +(in right column, below French) + + 6 Whan eorthe iseoþ eorthe to endinge drawe, + & eorthe on eorthe wiþ deþ is islawe, + & eorthe on eorthe wiþ wormes in ignawe, + Þanne eorthe may eorthe hi{m} seluen iknawe. 24 + + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 3, v^o] + 7 Wan eorthe ssal of eorthe netfulliche aryse, + & eorthe on eorthe ihere þilke assise + Þer eorthe ne may eorthe noþer[24] lere ne wise, + Þanne eorthe sal on eorthe g{r}imliche agrise. 28 + + 8 Þa{n}ne eorthe sal to eorthe holden gret cheste, + & eorthe asken eorthe were is hiere byheste + Þ{a}t eorthe byhet eorthe allewey to leste, + Wanne eorthe t{ur}neþ to eorthe toward Helle feste. 32 + + 9 Houre Lou{er}d þ{a}t on eorthe for eorthe was iboren, + On eorthe of eorthe wiþ wounden to-toren, + Wyte eorthe fro{m} eorthe þ{a}t ne be furloren, + & b{r}inge eorthe to þ{a}t eorthe þer beþ his icoren. 36 + + Amen. + +It will be seen that the Latin and French versions do not correspond +exactly with the English text, the French in particular being a mere +paraphrase of it, but this was, no doubt, largely due to the exigencies +of the rime. The French text has ten stanzas as against nine in the +English poem, and the Latin has eleven, the additional stanzas being an +expansion of the theme after the manner of Anglo-Latin poems of the +kind. It is evident both from the variant attempts at expansion of the +text in the Latin and French, and from the greater freshness and more +skilful use of the play on the word _erthe_ of the English text, that +the latter is the original, and this supports the view already expressed +(Introd. p. xxxiii) as to the relation of the English and Latin versions +in MS. Harl. 913. It is improbable, at least, that the _Erthe upon +Erthe_ poems should all be derived from two Latin poems, the differences +between which are too great to admit of a common original, but which +were both translated into English verse, and became, in course of time, +modified and popularized. On the other hand, the fact that one +fourteenth-century poem of the kind had been supplied with a Latin +rendering might easily account for an attempt at Latin and French +translations in the case of a second, and there seems to be reason for +believing that the author of the latter text was acquainted with the +poem in MS. Harl. 913. As has been already noted in the Introduction +(p. xxxii), the first line of the English version corresponds in idea +with that of the text in MS. Harl. 913: + + Whan erþ haþ erþ iwanne wiþ wow. + +and in actual wording with that of the _Song on the Times_: + + When erthe hath erthe i-gette. + +Otherwise no verbal connexion can be traced with any of the texts of +_Erthe upon Erthe_, though the phrase _eorthe on eorthe_ recurs four +times, and there is, of necessity, some similarity of treatment and +idea. Thus the remainder of verse 1 contains a reference to the +destruction by worms, mentioned in MS. Harl. 913, v. 2, and in the +Cambridge text, vv. 7 and 13, as well as to the proverb that the dead +are soon forgotten, cf. MS. Harl. 913, v. 4 (Introd. p. xxxi); verse 5 +exhorts man to think of death, as does v. 6 of the B Version; and the +poem ends with a prayer, as do MSS. Harl. 4486, Lambeth, Laud, Titus, +and Rawl. P., as well as Rawl. C., and the Cambridge text. But the +wording, and, in the two latter cases, the treatment, is different, and +the general similarity is less than might he expected from the triteness +of the theme. Both the A and the B Version lay stress on the contrast +between man’s present earthly glory and his future mingling with the +dust, whereas the text in the Appendix dwells on the inevitableness of +death, the pains of death, and the future judgement (only mentioned here +and in MS. Harl. 913). The poem appears to represent an individual +treatment of the subject, suggested perhaps by the text in MS. Harl. +913, with its Latin rendering, and possibly also influenced by the _Song +on the Times_ in the same MS. It may be regarded as being ultimately +based, like MS. Harl. 913, on the short stanzas current at the beginning +of the fourteenth century, and as furnishing additional evidence of the +early popularity of the theme, a popularity which gave rise at first to +individual poems like this and MS. Harl. 913, and later to the +repetition and expansion of one common type as in the B Version. But, +unlike MS. Harl. 913, this text stands apart from the more popular types +of the poem, and has no connexion with either the B Version or the +Cambridge text. It must therefore have been written before the short +normal type of the B Version became current, and probably before it took +shape as a poem of several stanzas, that is before 1400. The want of +close connexion between it and the more usual types of the poem given +above, makes the omission of it from the text the less to be regretted, +since it represents a side-issue rather than a link in the development +of the poem as here treated. + + [Footnote 1: Ex^r. K. R. Parl. Proceedings, Bdle. 1 (Old No. + 645/21).] + + [Footnote 2: Joseph Hunter, the antiquary (1783-1861), + Sub-Commissioner of the Public Records 1833, Assistant-Keeper of + the Records 1838.] + + [Footnote 3: MS. _aterrens_ as one word.] + + [Footnote 4: MS. _wlt_.] + + [Footnote 5: this word is very obscure, and is omitted by Hunter; + portions of _nt_ and the second _t_ can be seen.] + + [Footnote 6: H. _b^{i}reþ_.] + + [Footnote 7: H. _luþ_.] + + [Footnote 8: the MS. has a gap after _allewey_ with space for a + word of five or six letters, but there is no erasure nor trace of + any omission.] + + [Footnote 9: inserted above the line.] + + [Footnote 10: MS. has _ils_, surely a scribal error; the original + had probably _u{er}s_ = _vers ‘towards’_, with the MS. compendium + for _er_, written over and confused with the second stroke of the + _u_ so as to look like _il_.] + + [Footnote 11: H. _e’teyne_.] + + [Footnote 12: H. _peisez_.] + + [Footnote 13: H. _foilment_.] + + [Footnotes 14, 15: _in fresher ink above the line._] + + [Footnote 16: MS. _isoeþ_.] + + [Footnote 17: above the line.] + + [Footnote 18: MS. _foelle_; ? _falle_.] + + [Footnote 19: All words marked [19] are omitted in H.’s transcript, + the MS. at this point being stained and obscure.] + + [Footnote 20: Professor Robinson Ellis suggests _obiu{r}gabit_ + here, which would fit the space: there is room for 2-3 letters, + and possibly a trace of an _r_ contraction.] + + [Footnote 21: H. _urgabit_.] + + [Footnote 22: obscure, H. _fuit_; MS. might be _ffinit_.] + + [Footnote 23: H. _t’roe_.] + + [Footnote 24: H. _neþer_.] + + [Footnote 25: H. _mo ert_.] + + [Footnote 26: inserted in margin; H. omits.] + + [Footnote 27: H. _aler_.] + + [Footnote 28: H. _le_.] + + [Footnote 29: H. _sayt cydaunt_.] + + [Footnote 30: H. _. . . . . . eyne_.] + + [Footnote 31: H. _t^{r}menti_.] + + [Footnote 32: H. _ou_.] + + + + +APPENDIX II. + + +#B# VERSION 19. + +MS. TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE R. 3. 21. [fol. 33, v^o.] + +(This text represents the normal seven-stanza type of the B version, but +without precise verbal agreement with any text printed above.) + + [Transcriber’s Note: + The initial “E” is printed in the middle of a large blank space, + E.E.T.S. notation for a decorative capital.] + + 1 [E]rthe vppon erthe so wondyrly wrought, + Erthe opon erthe hath gete a dignite of nought, + Erthe opon erthe hath set all hys thought + How erthe opon erthe may on hyght be brought. 4 + + 2 Erthe opon erthe wold be a kyng; + But how that erthe goth to erthe thynketh he nothyng. + When erthe byddyth erthe hys rent home bryng, + Than erthe from erthe hath full hard partyng. 8 + + 3 Erthe opon erthe wynneth castelles and towres; + Than seyth erthe to erthe: ‘Thys ys all owres’. + When erthe opon erthe hath bylde halles and bowres, + Then shall erthe fro erthe suffre sharpe showres. 12 + + 4 Erthe goth opon erthe as molde opon molde, + Erthe goth opon erthe and glytereth as golde, + Lyke as erthe to erthe neu{er} go sholde. + And yet shall erthe to erthe rather then he wolde. 16 + + 5 Why erthe loueth erthe wondyr I may thynke, + Or why erthe for erthe wyll other swete or s[w]ynke, + Ffor when erthe in-to erthe ys brought w{i}t{h}yn the brynke, + Than shall erthe of erthe haue a foule stynke. 20 + + 6 Lo erthe opon erthe consider{e} well thow may + How erthe co{m}meth to erthe nakyd alway. + Why shuld erthe than opon erthe go stout and gay + Seth erthe in-to erthe shall passe in a pore aray? 24 + + 7 I counsell erthe opon erthe that wykkyd hath wrought, + Whyle erthe ys opon erthe to torne vp hys thought, + And pray God opon erthe that all erthe hath wrought, + That erthe out of erthe to blysse may be brought. Amen. 28 + Memorare nouissima. + + +#B# VERSION 20. + +MS. TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE B. 15. 39. [fol. 170.] + +This text (in MS. not written in metrical lines) preserves 9 stanzas of +the 12-stanza version in MSS. Lambeth and Laud, and appears to represent +a distinct and perhaps older copy of the original of these two. The +mistake in v. 8 precludes its being the original. + + De terra plasmasti me, _etc._ + + 1 [1]Erþe out of erþe is wondirli wrouȝt, + Erþe of erþe haþ gete a dignite of nouȝt, + Erþe vpon erþe haþ sett al his þouȝt, + Howe þat erþe vpon erþe may be hiȝ brouȝt. 4 + + 2 Erþe vpon erþe wolde ben a king; + But how erþe schal to erþe þenkiþ he no þing; + Whanne þan erþe biddiþ erþe hise rentis hoom bring, + Þanne schal erþe out of erþe haue a piteuous p{ar}tinge. 8 + + 3 Erþe vpon erþe wy{n}neþ castels and tours, + Þanne seiþ erþe to erþe: ‘þis is all ouris.’ + Whanne erþe vpon[2] erþe [haþ biggid][3] up his bouris, + Þan schal erþe for erþe for[4] suffre scharpe schouris. 12 + + 4 Erþe gooþ upon erþe as molde upon moolde, + So gooþ erþe upon erþe al glitiringe in golde, + Lijk as erþe vnto erþe neu{er}e go scholde, + And ȝit schal erþe vnto erþe raþir þan he wolde. 16 + + 5 O þou [fol. 170, v^o] wrecchid erþe þat in þe erþe trauellist + niȝt & day, + To florische þe erþe, to peinte þe erþe wiþ wantowne aray, + Ȝit schalt þou erþe for al þi erþe, + make þou it neu{er}e so queinte or gay, + Out of þis erþe in-to þe erþe, + þere to klinge as a clot of clay. 20 + + 6 O wrecchid man whi art þou proud þat art of erþe makid? + Hidir brouȝtist þou no schroud, but pore come þou and nakid. + Whanne þi soule is went out & þi bodi in[5] erþe rakid, + Þan bi [bodi][6] þat was rank & bilouid of al men is bihatid. 24 + + 7 Out of þis erþe cam to þis erþe þis wantinge grarnement[7]; + To hide þis erþe, to happe þis erþe, to him was cloþing lent; + But now[8] gooþ erþe upon erþe, ruli raggid & rent, + Þerfore schal erþe vndir þe erþe haue hidous turment. 28 + + 8 Þ{er}fore þ{o}u erþe vpon erþe þat wikkidli hast wrouȝt, + While þat erþe is upon erþe turne aȝen þi þouȝt, + & pray to God vpon erthe þat [al þe erþe haþ][9] wrouȝt, + Þat erþe vpon erþe to blis may be brouȝt. 32 + + 9 Now Lord þat erþe madist for erþe & suffridist peines ille, + Lete neu{er}e þis erþe for þis erþe mischeue ne spille, + But þat þis erþe in þis erþe be euere worchinge þi wille, + So that erþe fro þis erþe stie vp to þin hiȝ hille. AMEN. 36 + + Memento homo quod cinis es. et in cinerem reuerteris. + Ffac bene dum viuis. post mortem viu{er}e si vis. + + A man þat wilneþ for to p{ro}fite in þe wey of p{er}fecciou{n} + & souvereinli to plese God. he muste studie bisili for to haue + þese maters in his herte þat folewiþ here aftir. + + First biþenke þee [etc.] + + [Footnote 1: MS. erron. begins with a capital _D_.] + + [Footnote 2: Crossed out in MS.] + + [Footnote 3: Omitted in MS.] + + [Footnote 4: So in MS.] + + [Footnote 5: MS. _is_ erron. for _in_] + + [Footnote 6: Omitted in MS.] + + [Footnote 7: erron. for _garnement_] + + [Footnote 8: _erþe vpon erþe_ inserted after _now_ in MS. and + crossed out.] + + [Footnote 9: MS. erroneously repeats, from l. 29, _þat vickidli + hast wrouȝt_.] + + + + +GLOSSARY. + + [Transcriber’s Note: + Entries shown in [[double brackets]] are from the author’s Addenda, + referring to the English text in Appendix I (pages 42-45). Yogh ȝ is + alphabetized as g, thorn þ as th.] + + + Abbey, _sb._ 13.6. _perh. erron. for_ nobley. + [[Afrete, _pp._ devoured, eaten 42.3.]] + Agaste, _a._ aghast 25.54. + Agayn(e), ageyn, aȝen, ayen, _adv._ again 13.30, 15.45, 21.34, + 24.20, 28.54; + _prep._ against 38.47. + Aȝenrisynge, _sb._ resurrection 15.41. + [[Agrise, _vb._ tremble, quake 44.28.]] + Al, all, _a._ 28.49, 53. + [[Alas, _int._ 43.17.]] + Ale, _sb._ 25.60. + [[Alete, _vb._ to let go, forsake 42.3.]] + Almis, _sb._ alms 24.24. + Also, _adv._ 28.37, 34.73. + Alway(e), all(e) way(e), _adv._ always 7.14, 9.22, 10.22, 25.32, + 29.58, &c. + Amende, _vb. imp._ 24.18. + Amys, _adv._ amiss 34.68. + Answerid, _vb. 3 p. pr._ answereth 2.25. + Apone, ap(p)one, _prep._, _var. of_ upon 6.3, 5, 9, 7.1, 2, 3, + 9.1, 2, &c. + Ar, 3.50. ? _erron. for_ a. + Aray(e), array, _sb._ array 7.16, 8.26, 19.18, 21.64, 30.24, &c., + &c. + [[Aryse, _vb._ arise 44.25.]] + Askeþ, askiþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ 2.25, 39. + [[Assise, _sb._ the Judgement 44.26.]] + Auyse, _vb. imp._ bethink thyself, consider 22.98. + Awaked, _vb. pr. pl._ awaken 1.6. + Away, _adv._ 30.22, 31.22. + [[Awelden, _vb._ wield, rule 42.9.]] + Ay, _adv._ aye 25.58. + + Bare, _a._ 22.88. + Be, _vb._ 5.4, 5, 6.4, 5, &c., &c.; + _imp._ 3.63, 22.97, 24.23; + _subj._ 13.9, 14.35, &c; + _2 p. pr._ art 1.5, 15.24, 45, 19.21; + _3 p. pr._ is, ys 2.16, 17, 40, 42, 3.49, 50, 7.1, &c., es + 6.1, 10, 19; + _pr. pl._ be, beth 2.38, 3.66, 7.10, 28.43, 45, bythe 13.14, + byne 25.52, ar 30.10, 31.10, 33.45; + _2 p. p._ were 1.5, 2.29, 22.92; + _3 p. p._ was 15.29, 21.40, 23.101, &c.; + _p. pl._ were 27.21, 28.27. + Before, beffore, byfore, _adv._ before 28.44, 52. + _prep._ 22.100, 33.50. + Begilynge, _sb._ beguiling 23.106. + Begynnynge, _sb._ beginning 23.102. + Begynnys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ begins 3.51; + _3 p. p._ began 28.31, 32.14; + _pp._ bigun 2.29. + Beholde, _vb. imp._ behold 12.25. + Behynde, _prep._ behind 33.50. + [[Belden, _vb._ build up 43.12.]] + Beriþ, berriþ, berys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ bears 2.15, 28, 33.53. + Beste, _a._ best 12.21. + Bete, _pp._ beaten 23.116. + Betyme, _adv._ betimes 24.18, 25.57. + Be ware, _vb. imp._ beware 22.97, 33.38. + Biddethe, biddis, biddith, bydd-es, -eth, -is, -ys, -yth(e), bydyth, + _vb. 3 p. pr._ bids 5.7, 7.7, 8.9, 9.7, 10.7, &c.; + _3 p. p._ bade 25.36. + Biddyngis, _sb._ biddings 23.124. + Bigged, biggid, -it, bygged(e), -id, -it, -yd, -yt, _pp._ built, + 6.11, 7.11, 10.11, 12.11, 13.15, 14.14, 17.13, 19.11, 30.11, + 31.11, 32.7; ON. byggja. + Bihatid, _pp._ hated 15.27. + [[Bi-holden, _vb._ keep, retain 42.10.]] + Bild, _vb. imp._ build 3.64; + _2 p. pr._ bildist 22.79; + _3 p. pr._ bilt, 3.65, byldyth 5.13; + _pp._ bildyd, billid, bylde, byllyd, 5.11, 8.13, 11.11, 20.22, + 27.11. + Bink, bynk, _sb._ bank 30.19, 31.19. L. Scots. + Blak, blayke, _a._ black 3.66, 34.64. + Blesse, _sb._, _var. of_ blis, bliss 29.6. + Blis, blys, blysse, _sb._ bliss 4.77, 7.24, 8.30, 9.28, 10.28, &c. + Blode, _sb._ blood 25.46. + Blynde, _a._ blind 25.37. + Blyssed, _pp._ blessed 34.75. + Bodi, body, _sb._ 15.26, 27, 17.25, 26, 34.73. + Bold, _sb._ dwelling 3.64. + Bold, _a._ 28.42. + Bon, _sb._ bone 22.88. + Borowes, _sb. erron. for_ bowres, bowers 10.11. + Both, _pron._ 28.41. + Bour(e)s, bour(r)is, bourys, bowres, -is, -ys, _sb. pl._ bowers + 3.66, 5.11, 6.11, 8.13, 9.11, 12.11, 14.14, 17.13, 27.11, &c. + Bouȝte, _pp. erron. for_ broȝt 26.70. + Brede, _sb._ bread 25.60. + Bredis, _vb. 3 p. pr._ breeds 6.7; (perh. erron. for _biddis_); + _3 p. p._ brede 33.45. + Brente, _pp._ burnt 10.19. + Brether, _sb. pl._ brothers 28.44. + Bring, bryng(e), _vb._ 5.7, 6.7, 7.7, 14.10, &c.; + _imp._ bryng 33.27; + _2 p. p._ broght, brouȝttist, broutyst 15.25, 17.24, 19.22; + _pp._ brocht, bro(u)ght(e), broht, brouȝt(e), brouþt, browt(h)e, + 5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.6, 9.3, 10.4, 28, 13.8, 14.7, 30.4, &c. + Brink(e), brynk(e), _sb._ brink (of the grave) 5.19, 6.19, 15.34, + 17.33, 27.19, &c.; + _pl._ brynkes 10.19. + Byggis, bygith, -yth, _vb. 3 p. pr._ builds _v._ bigged 12.9, 34.63. + [[Byheste, _sb._ promise 45.30.]] + [[Byhet, _vb. 3 p. pr._ promises 45.31.]] + Byrthe, _sb._ birth 26.72. + + Calle, _sb._ summons 12.23. + Callyd, _vb. 3 p. p._ called, named 32.12. + Carayne, caryon, _sb._ carrion 2.39, 24.30. + Care, _sb._ care, anxiety 24.11. + Case, _sb._ 26.64. + Cast, _vb._ 34.61. + Castles, castells, casteles, castels, castells, -es, -is, -ys, + castylles, _sb. pl._ castles 3.65, 5.9, 6.9, 7.9, 8.11, 9.9, + &c., &c. + Certayn, certeyn, _a._ certain 28.53, 56. + [[Cheste, _sb._ strife, dispute 45.29; OE. cēast, _older_ cēas, + L. causa.]] + Chyn, chynne, _sb._ chin 2.17, 32.26. + Clay(e), _sb._ 15.23, 17.22, 19.20, 21.68. + Clinge, clynge, klyng, _vb._ to shrink up, decay 15.23, 17.22, + 19.20, 21.68. + Cf. _E. E. Allit. P._ A. 856, oure corses in clottez clynge, + _Hymns to Virgin and Christ_, p. 85, in coold clay now schal y + clinge. + Closed, closit, _pp._ enclosed, shut up 28.39, 30.19, 31.19. + Clot, clotte, _sb._ clot of clay, a hardened lump of earth, 15.23, + 17.22, 19.20, 21.68; + _replaced by_ NE. clod. + Cloth, _sb._ 32.24, 33.53. + Cloth, _vb. imp._ clothe 25.36. + Clothing(e), _sb._ 15.29, 17.28, 21.40. + Cold(e), _sb._ 12.15, 28.43, 34.72. + Com, _vb._ come 12.23; + _2 p. pr._ commys 25.32; + _3 p. pr._ comes, comeþ, commeth, comyth(e), commyth 7.14, + 8.24, 9.22, 10.22, &c.; + _2 p. p._ cam 17.24, cem(e) 15.25, 19.22; + _pl._ com 28.54. + Commandmentis, _sb. pl._ commandments, 25.42. + Concele, concell, consaill, consell, consylle, counsall, counsill, + cowncelle, cowsayl, _vb. 1 p. pr._ counsel, advise 7.21, 8.27, + 9.25, 10.25, 11.25, 26.67, 29.3, 61, 30.25, 31.25. + Conclusion, _sb._ close, termination, 28.36. + Consayfe, _vb._ conceive, grasp, understand 25.31. + Consider(e), consedur, considder, considdir, consyder(e), consydre, + _vb._ consider 7.13, 10.21, 11.21, 13.25, 15.36, 29.57, 30.21, + 31.21. + [[Coueytise, _sb._ covetousness 42.6.]] + Coveytous, _sb._ covetousness 33.55, _Conf. of ending for_ covetise, + OF. coveitise. Cf. _Paston Letters_, No. 582, II. 313, the + unkyndnesse and covetuse that was shewed me. + [[Crieþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ cries 42.8.]] + Crose, _sb._ cross 25.46. + Crownnys, _sb. pl._ crowns 27.24. + Crystyn, _a._ Christian 11.28. + + Dai, day(e), _sb._ day 4.78, 8.24, 15.20, 21.62, 32.22. + Dare, _vb. subj._ need 34.58; ME. thar for tharf, OE. þearf; _from + confusion with_ dare, OE. dearr. + Dart, _sb._ 28.50. + Dede, _sb._ deed 4.78; + _pl._ deden, dedis 2.15, 25.54. + [[Dedliche, _a._ deadly 43.14.]] + Dedly, _a._ deadly, mortal 22.78, 23.128. + Delful, dolfull, _a._ sorrowful, doleful 1.4, 7.8, 33.28; OF. doel, + duel, deol, mod. F. deuil. + Deliþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ divides, separates 4.78. + Depairting, _sb._ separation, parting 30.8, 31.8. + Dere, _vb._ harm, injure 28.50; OE. derian. + Deth(e), deeþ, _sb._ death 5.24, 8.3, 9.30, 31, 13.3, 4, 14.2, + &c.; + _gen._ dethis 22.70. + Deyle, _vb. imp._ distribute 25.43. + Dignite, dignitie, dignyte, dignytie, dygnite, dygnyte, dyngnyte, + _sb._ high estate or position, honour 6.2, 11.2, 12.4, 14.5, + 16.4, 19.2, 20.8, 27.2, 30.2, 31.2. + Disgesily, _adv._ strangely, extraordinarily 21.42; OF. desguisié, + disguised. + Do, _vb._ 34.68; + _3 p. pr._ doþe, dooþ, doith, dose 7.17, 14.2, 22.94, 25.54; + _pl._ don 33.33; + _imp._ do 26.73; + _pl. p._ did 28.44; + _p. pr._ doynge 23.130; + _pp._ do, don 23.115, 122, 34.66. + Doluyn, _pp._ buried 23.113. + Dome, _sb._ judgement 4.76. + Draught, draut, drawght(e), drawȝt, _sb._ drawing of a bow, bowshot + 5.24, 8.3, 9.31, 13.4, 14.2. + Cf. R. Brunne _Chron. Wace_ (c. 1330) 862, al vnwylland þat + draught he drow. + Drawe, _vb._ draw 14.1; + _3 p. pr._ drawethe, drawith, drawyth(e) 5.24, 8.3, 9.31, + 13.4, 20.3; + _3 p. p._ droh, drow 1.2, 4. + Dred(e), _vb. imp._ dread 4.76, 23.117. + Dredfull, _a._ dreadful, terrible 28.50. + Drynkis, _sb. pl._ drinking feasts 22.86. + Duly, _adv._ duly, rightly 25.43. + Dute, _sb._ duty, dues 5.7. + Dwelle, dweylle, _vb._ dwell 22.80, 26.63; + _3 p. pr._ dwellyth 34.65. + Dye, _vb._ die 9.15; + _3 p. p._ deyd 34.78. + + Earth, eird, erth, erthe, herth, _sb._ earth 1.1, &c., &c. + [[Elden, _vb._ to grow old 43.11.]] + Empire, _sb._ 28.31. + Enclyn, _vb._ incline, be disposed, desire 27.23. + End, _vb._ 2.29. + Ende, _sb._ end 4.73, 24.6, 26.66. + [[Endinge, _sb._ 44.21.]] + Endure, _vb._ 28.45. + Ensure, _vb._ 28.46. + Entent, _sb._ intent, purpose 34.57. + Enuye, _sb._ envy 22.74. + [[Eorthe, _sb._ earth 42.1, &c.]] + Erþene, _a._ earthen 1.3. + Erthly, _a._ earthly 33.55, 34.70. + Est, _sb._ east, (_perh. erron. for_ erth) 34.79. + Euer(e), _adv._ ever 14.35, 16.50, 18.49, 22.80, 23.130, 33.35, 36. + Euerlastynge, _a._ everlasting 23.108. + Evill, ewill, _a._ evil 30.20, 31.20. + Ewyne, _sb._ even 25.51. + For oode ne for ewyne, for odd nor even, on no account + whatever. + Cf. even and odd, all included, without exception. + Exampul, _sb._ example 25.39. + Excludid, _pp._ excluded 22.76. + + Falle, _sb._ 12.22. + Falliþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ falls, 1.3. + Falshede, falshode, _sb._ falsehood 23.106, 110. + Falsly, _adv._ falsely 33.50. + Fane, fayne, _a._ fain 30.5, 31.5. + Fare, _vb._ go 24.12. + Fase, _sb. pl._ foes 12.28. + Fast, _adv._ 34.60. + Favtt, _vb. p. pl._ fought 25.44. + Fayr, _a._ fair 33.42; + _adv._ fayre 33.50. + Fede, feden, _vb._ feed 2.14, 33.44. + Fele, _sb._, _prob._ fell, moor 24.30; ON. fjallr. + Felow, _sb._ fellow 22.92. + Ferde, _pp._ afraid, terrified 12.24; OE. (for) fǣred. + Fere, _sb._ fear 28.52. + Festis, _sb. pl._ feasts, 22.86. + First, fyrst, _a. & adv._ 23.102, 28.31, 38, 32.14. + Flesch, _sb._ flesh 33.45. + Florische, florisshe, fflorysshe, _vb._ adorn, embellish 15.21, + 17.20, 19.18, 21.63; OF. florir, floriss-. + Flowre, _sb._ flower 28.38; + _pl._ flowres 34.65. + [[Foelle, _vb. subj._ ? fall 43.20.]] + Folk, _sb._ 28.45. + Foo, _sb._ foe 22.78; + _pl._ fase 12.28. + Forbere, _vb._ forbear 28.51. + [[Forȝete, _pp._ forgotten 42.4.]] + Forsake, _sb. subj._ 22.81, 23.109. + Forsuthe, _int._ forsooth 12.28. + Fote, _sb._ foot 23.114; + _pl._ 32.22. + Fovde _sb._ food 25.44. + Foul(e), foulle, fovl, fowll(e), _a._ foul 5.20, 6.20, 8.22, 11.20, + 22.77, 24.28, &c. + Fowle, _sb._ evil, hurt 33.39. + Cf. Sowdone of Babylone (c. 1400) 199, foule shall hem this + day bifalle. _NE. sense of_ foul _as_ trip, collision, _not + found in ME._ + Frendschip, _sb._ friendship, 2.42. + Frow, _adv._ (_glossed_ festine) swiftly, hastily 1.3; ON. frãr, + swift. + Fugure, _sb._ figure 28.47. + Ful, full(e), _adv._ fully 5.24, 9.32, 13.4, &c. + Fulfille, fulfyle, _vb._ fulfil 23.124, 25.42, 50. + [[Furloren, _pp._ lost 46.35.]] + Fyghtys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ fights, 34.60, + _p. pl._ favtt 25.44. + Fynd(e), _vb._ find 12.28, 33.49; + _1 p. pr._ 25.39, 40. + Fyne, _sb._ end 27.24. + + Ga, gase, _v._ go, goest 6.16, 12.27, &c. + Garnament, garnement, _sb. early form of _ garment 15.28, 17.27, + 21.38. + Gate, _sb._ gate 22.76. + Gatis, _sb. pl._ way 12.27. + Gay(e), _a._ 8.25, 9.23, 19.19, &c. + Gersom, _sb._ treasure, 3.61; OE. gersume. + Gett, _vb._ get 25.60; + _3 p. pr._ get hit (? _erron. for_ getith, _glossed_ lucratur) + 2.37, getyth 34.66; + _3 p. p._ gete, gette 3.61, 10.2; + _pp._ gete(n), getyn, goten, gottin, gotyn 3.53, 5.2, 6.2, + 11.2, 13.6, 19.2, 30.2, &c. + Gleterande, gleteryng(e), gletterant, _p. pr._ glittering 6.14, + 8.16, 9.14, 13.18, 17.16, 20.32; + _v._ Gliteringe. + Glisteryng, _p. pr._ sparkling, glittering 11.15; MLG. glistern. + Gliteringe, glitterand, glyt(t)ryng, glytteryng, _p. pr._ glittering + 5.14, 12.13, 14.17, 19.14, 24.21, 30.15, 31.15; ON. glitra, to + shine. + Glydderande, glyd(e)ryng, _p. pr._ _for_ glitterande, &c. 7.18, + 10.14, 27.14; + _v._ Gliteringe. + Glydys, _vb. 3 p. pr. for_ glytys, glitters 33.34; ON. glita, to + shine. + Go(e), gon, goo, ȝa, _vb._ go 5.15, 16, 6.15, 16, 7.19, 22.82, &c.; + _2 p. pr._ gase, goist 12.27, 22.70; + _3 p. pr._ ge(e)th, goeth, gois, go(o)th(e), gos(e), goos, + gott, goyth(e), 2.13, 28, 5.14, 6.13, 14, 8.16, 9.13, 14, 11.6, + 12.13, 15, 14.16, 17, 30.6, 15, 22, 32.15, 19, &c.; + _3 p. subj._ go 3.64; + _imp._ go 25.47. + God, _sb. n. pr._ 7.23, 8.29, 9.27, &c.; + _gen._ Goddis 23.124. + Gold(e), _sb._ 3.61, 5.14, 6.13, 14, &c. + Good, _a._ 34.57. + Goode, _sb._ property, 25.43; + _pl._ goodis 23.112. + Gospel, _sb._ 25.39. + Govern, _vb._ 12.30. + Grace, _sb._ 22.70, 26.61. + Grauiþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ buries, covers up, 8.52; OE. grafan. + Grawnte, _vb. subj._ grant 12.30. + Grene, _a._ green 3.52. + Gret(e), grit, _a._ great 21.44, 30.17, 31.12, 17, 33.52, 56, 34.80. + [[Grimliche, _adv._ terribly 44.28.]] + Grouer, _sb._ a kind of fur, 3.51; OF. gros vair, _opposed to_ menu + vair, minever. + Grounde, _sb._ bottom, 34.77; cf. OE. helle grund. + Groy, _sb._ grey fur, 3.51, + _erron. for_ grey, _or perhaps contamination of_ ME. gra, gro + (ON. grãr) _with_ grey (OE. grǣg). + Cf. Berners _Froiss._ II. ccii. 622, furred with Myneuere and + gray. + Grucche, _sb._ grudge 28.55. + To strive of grucche, to strive against as a grievance. + [[Guo, _vb._ go 43.15.]] + [[Gynneþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ begins 43.15.]] + + Haf(e), _vb._ have 6.8, 20, 10.8, 20, 12.8, 20, 22. + Hallys, _sb. pl._ halls 32.5, 34.63. + Hame, _sb._ home 30.7, 31.7. + Hande, _sb._ 24.24. + Happe, _vb._ wrap 15.29. + Hard(e), herd, _a._ hard 6.8, 11.8, 12, 30.8, 31.8, &c. + Hart, herte, _sb._ heart 25.46, 33.53. + Hartily, hertili, hertly, _adv._ heartily 15.40, 18.39, 21.54. + Haste, _sb._ 25.53. + Hate, _sb._ 22.74. + Hate, _vb._ hate; + _3 p. pr._ hatid 2.26; + _pp._ hated, hatid, hatyd(e) 5.23, 8.2, 9.30, 13.3, 14.1, + 16.2, 17.26, 20.2. + Hauntist, _vb. 2 p. pr._ practisest habitually 22.74. + Haue, have, haf(e), _vb._ have 5.8, 20, 6.8, 20, 8.10, 22, + 10.8, 20, &c.; + _1 p. pr._ haue 28.44; + _2 p. pr._ hase, hast(e), 12.25, 28, 13.29, &c.; + _3 p. pr._ has(e), hath(e) 1.1, 2.27, 5.2, 3, 12.1, 11, &c.; + hes 30.2, 11, 31.2, 11; + _pr. pl._ haue 29.61; + _imp._ haue 28.52; + _3 p. subj._ haue 34.65; + _3 p. p._ had(e), heuede 1.4, 29.3, 34.72. + [[Haueþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ has 43.13.]] + Hede, _sb._ head 25.48. + Hede, _sb._ heed 24.5. + Heere, here, _adv._ 16.48, 28.40, 45. + Heghe, hey, _v._ hiȝ 6.4, 11.4. + Hel(e), hell, _vb._ hell 25.40, 58, 34.77. + [[Helle-feste, _sb._ Hell-fortress 45.32.]] + Helpe, _sb._ 26.72. + Helpyne, _vb. 3 pl. pr._ help 25.52. + Hend, _a._ gracious 4.75. + Hennys, _adv._ hence 22.82. + Herd, herte, hertili, _v._ Hard, Hart, Hartily. + Hete, _sb._ heat 28.43. + Heuen(e), heuyn, heyuyn(e), heywyn, _sb._ heaven 15.43, 19.24, + 25.40, 52, 26.63, 34.82, &c. + Heuy, _a._ heavy 9.8. + Hicht, _sb._ height 30.4, 31.4. + Hide, hyde, _vb._ 15.29, 17.28, 21.39. + Hider, hidir, hyder, _adv._ hither 15.25, 17.24, 19.22. + Hidiose, hidous, _a._ hideous 15.31, 17.30. + Hiȝ, hihe, heghe, hey, hy(e), hyȝ, hygh(e), _a. & adv._ high 5.4, + 6.4, 7.4, 8.4, 9.3, 10.4, 11.4, 11, 12.2, 13.8, 14.7, 16.6, 51, + 19.4, 22.100; + hiere (higher) 20.12. + Hille, hylle, _sb._ hill 14.36, 16.51, 18.50, 23.132. + Hold, _vb. 3 p. pr._ holdys 32.16; + _pp._ hold 28.30. + Hold, _a._ faithful 3.63. + Holy, _a._ holy 23.132. + Hom(e), hoom, whom(e), _sb._ home 5.7, 6.7, 11.7, 16.9, 24.9, &c.; + _v._ hame. + Honger, _sb._ hunger 34.72. + Honour, _sb._ 27.22. + Houe, hove, how(e) _conj._ how 5.4, 6, 6.4, 6, 7.4, 6, &c., &c. + Hows, _sb._ house 32.26. + Hundred, _num._ 2.18. + [[Hyeþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ hastens 42.7.]] + + [[Iboren, _pp._ born 45.33.]] + [[Ibouȝt, _pp._ redeemed 43.19.]] + [[Icoren, _pp. a._ chosen ones 45.35.]] + Idiȝte, _pp._ placed, set 2.38. + [[Igete, _pp._ got 42.1.]] + [[Ignawe, _pp._ devoured 44.23.]] + [[Ihere, _vb._ hear 44.26.]] + [[Iknawe, _vb._ know 44.24.]] + Ilich, alike 1.5. + Ille, ylle, _a. & adv._ ill 14.33, 16.48, 18.47, 23.122. + Ilor, _pp._ lost 2.42; + _v._ Loste. + Imeten, _pp._ measured 3.54. + Inow(e), ynoh, enough 1.2, 4, 32.18. + [[Iseoþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ sees 43.14, 44.21.]] + [[Islawe, _pp._ slain 44.22.]] + Iustly, _adv._ justly 5.16. + Iustyse, _sb._ justice, judge, 22.100. + [[Iuynt, _vb. 3 p. pr._ joins 42.9.]] + [[Iworthe, _vb._ become 43.16.]] + + Karful, _a._ grievous, sad, full of care, 26.64. + King, kyng(e), _sb._ 2.39, 5.5, 7.5, 8.7, 9.5, &c. + Klyng, _v._ clinge. + Kniȝt, knyght, _sb._ knight 2.39, 19.24. + Know, _vb._ 27.23; + _3 p. pr._ knowethe 9.21. + Knyȝthode, _sb._ 28.38. + + Labour, _vb._ 23.103. + Ladis, _sb._ Lady’s 26.72. + Lang, long, _a._ 3.50, 64; + _adv._ 28.45, 33.40. + Lappe, _vb._ wrap 21.39. + Last(e), _a._ 4.73, 12.23, 32.22; + at þe last 33.39, 34.62. + Late, lete, lett, _vb. imp._ let 14.34, 16.49, 18.48, 23.127, 25.51. + Lay, _vb. 3 p. pr._ layes 32.3; + _3 p. p._ leyd(e) 1.3, 27.24; + _pp._ layd(e) 33.44, 54, 34.64. + Lede, _vb. subj._ lead 25.58, 34.82. + Leinþ, _sb._ length 3.54. + Leniþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ rewards 4.78. OE. lēanian. + Lent(e), y-lent, _pp._ lent, granted 15.29, 17.28, 21.40; OE. lǣnan. + [[Lere, _vb._ teach 44.27.]] + [[Leste, _vb._ last 45.31.]] + Lest(e), _conj._ 4.76, 25.58. + Leve, lyffe, _vb._ live 19.24, 28.41, 33.35; + _2 p. pr._ leuyst, leuuyst 25.50, 26.62; + _3 p. pr._ lyueth 23.105; + _imp._ lyffe 19.23; + _3 p. p._ levyd 34.57. + Lewe, _vb. imp._ leave 19.29. + Lif(e), liif, lyf(e), lyffe, _sb._ life 2.15, 5.23, 8.2, 9.29, 13.3, + 14.1, 16.1, 20.1. + Liȝt, lyt, _vb._ alight, descend; + _3 p. p._ lytyd 34.75; + _pp._ liȝt 2.40. + Like, lyk(e), _conj._ like 5.15, 6.15, 7.19, 8.17, 9.15, &c. + List, lyst, _vb._ desire 28.47; + _3 p. p._ liste 27.23. + Liuerei, _sb._ livery, 3.52. + Logege, _vb._ lodge 25.58. + Loke, _vb. imp._ look 25.51. + Lond, _sb._ land 4.73. + Lord(e), _nom. pr._ 14.33, 16.48, 18.47, 23.125, 25.45. + Loste, _vb. p. pl._ lost 28.28.; + _v._ Ilor. + Loth, _a._ loth, unwilling 33.54. + Loue, _sb._ love 23.119, 25.45, 32.13. + Loue, love, _vb._ love; + _2 p. pr._ louyst 22.77; + _3 p. pr._ loues, -is, -ys, 9.17, 10.17, 24.25, 33.29; + loueth, -yth, loveth, -yth(e), loweth 5.17, 8.19, 11.17, + 17.31, 27.17; + lu(i)ffis, 6.17, 12.17, 30.17, 31.17; + _pp._ loued, louyd(e) 5.23, 8.2, 9.29, 13.3, &c. + [[Louerd, _sb._ Lord 45.33.]] + Lowȝ, _adv._ low 2.40. + Lust, _sb._ desire 22.83. + [[Luþer, _a._ wicked 42.9.]] + Lutil, _adv._ little 3.50. + Ly, _vb._ lie 32.26; + _3 p. pr._ lyis 24.30; + _pl. pr._ lye 26.32. + Lyffe, lyneth, _v._ Leve. + Lykyng, _p. pr._ pleasing, desirable 32.23. + + Mai, may(e), _vb. pr. sg._ may 1.2, 5.4, 6.4, &c., &c.; + _pl._ 28.45; + _2 p. pr._ moue 25.56; + _3 p. p._ myght, myth 7.4, 24, 9.3, 27.4. + Maistri, _sb._ mastery, lordship 2.37; + _pl._ maistres 12.26. + Make, _vb. subj._ 15.22, 19.19, 21.66, 33.36; + _2 p. pr._ mase 12.26; + _3 p. pr._ maketh, -ith, -yth(e) 5.24, 8.3, 9.32, 14.2, 16.2; + _2 p. p._ madist, -yst 14.33, 16.48, 18.47; + _3 p. p._ mad(e) 26.69, 32.11, 34.69; + maid 30.27, 31.27; + _p. pr._ makyng 22.90; + _pp._ made 20.14, 22.87, 23.101, 27.24; + maked, -id, 1.5, 15.24, 17.23, 19.21. + Man, mon, _sb._ man 4.71, 77, 5.17, 24, &c. + Maner, _sb._ 22.96; any maner wise, any kind of way. + Many, _a._ 11.12, 12.28, 34.76. + Mast, _sb._ 34.59. + Mede, _sb._ meed, reward 4.77, 33.43; + _pl._ meden 2.16. + Mekyl, _a._ much 33.49; + _v._ Moche, myche. + Mercy, _sb._ 25.50. + Merwel, _sb._ marvel 24.25. + Miȝte, _sb._ power, might 2.37. + Miseislich, _adv._ uncomfortably 3.54. + Moche, myche, _a._ much 4.77; + _adv._ 15.32; + _v._ Mekyl. + Moder, _sb._ mother 3.62. + Mold, _sb._ mould, pattern, 3.62; OFr. modle. + Mold(e), moolde, moulde, mowld(e), _sb._ mould, earth 5.13, 7.17, + 9.13, 10.13, 11.13, 17.15, &c. + Molys, _sb. pl._ moles 33.33. + Mone, _sb._ moan 22.90. + More, _adv._ 6.15, 28.34, 33.35, 36; + moo 22.80; + _a._ 28.40. + Most(e), moost, _adv._ 5.23, 8.2, 14.1, &c. + Moue, _vb. 2 p. pr._ may 25.56; see Mai. + Muntid, _vb. 3 p. pr._ 2.16 (_glossed_ metitur) measures, appoints; + OE. myntan, to intend, propose, hint. + [[Mychfulliche, _adv._ greatly, at so great cost 43.19.]] + Mynd(e), _sb._ 25.38, 33.36. + Myrth(e), _sb._ mirth, joy 26.64, 66. + Myscheue, _vb. subj._ come to grief, meet with misfortune 16.49, + 18.48; OF. meschever. + Myschyffe, _sb._ misfortune, evil plight 14.34. + Mysdon, misdone 34.66. + Myse, _vb._ miss 26.64. + Mysgete, _p._ misgotten 23.112. + Mysplese, _vb._ displease 15.43, 17.42, 21.60. + + Naked, nakid, -it, -yd(e), -yt, _a._ naked 5.24, 7.14, 8.24, 15.37, + 25.32, &c. + Namyd, _vb. 3 p. p._ named 34.69. + Nawte, _pr._, _v._ Nocht, noght. + Nede, _sb._ need 34.80. + [[Netfulliche, _adv._ of necessity 44.25.]] + Neuer(e), neuyr(e), never, nevyr, _adv._ never 5.15, 7.19, 8.17, + 15.22, 17.21, 19.15, 34.58, &c. + Niȝt, nyȝt, nyght, nyht, _sb._ night 4.78, 15.20, 17.19, 19.17, + 21.62. + Nim, _vb._ take 1.2, OE. niman. + Noblenes, _sb._ high estate, nobility 28.35. + Nobley, nobylay, _sb._ noble estate or condition 10.2, 32.2. + Nobul, _a._ noble 5.2. + Nocht, noght(e), nogth, noht, nouȝt, nought(e), nowght, nawte, _pr._ + nought 5.2, 6.2, 7.2, 9.4, &c. + Non(e), _pr._ none 22.92, 28.27, 34.61. + Nor, _conj._ than 30.16, 31.16. + Nother, _conj._ neither 25.60. + Nothing(e), nothyng(e), _pr._ nothing 5.6, 9.6, 24.8, 31.6. + Now(e), _adv._ 28.41, 31.10, 32.3. + + [[Of-souȝt, _pp._ attacked 43.18.]] + Old(e), _a._ old 28.41, 34.74. + Onkynde, _a._ unkind, unnatural 33.47. + Oode, _sb._ odd 25.51, + for oode ne for ewyne, for odd nor even, on no account. + Opon, _prep._ _var. of_ upon 12.1, 2, &c. + Or, _adv._ before 23.113, 28.50; OE. ǣr. + Ordande, _vb. 3 p. p._ ordained 12.29. + Oribyll, _a._ horrible 21.52. + Othe, _sb._ oath 33.52. + Oþer, _a._ other 1.2. + Other, owther, owþir, _conj._ either, or 6.18, 11.18, 30.18, 31.18. + Our(e)s, ouris, -us, -ys, owres, -is, -ys, owrris, houris, _pron._ + ours 5.10, 6.10, 7.10, 8.12, 9.10, &c, &c. + Owris, ? ours 24.23. + + Pale, _a._ 28.32. + Palfrei, palfreye, _sb._ palfrey 3.49, 32.20. + Paradys, _sb._ Paradise 34.70. + Parting, partyng(e), parttynge, _sb._ parting, leave-taking, 5.8, + 6.8, 14.11, 24.10, &c. + Pas(e), passe, _vb._ pass 8.26, 9.24, 10.24, 25.34, &c. + Payne, _sb._ pain 23.108, + _pl._ paynes, peynes, peynys 14.33, 16.48, 18.47, 23.126. + Paynt(e), peynte, _vb._ paint 15.21, 17.20, 19.18, 21.63. + Pepul, _sb._ people, 25.44. + Perische, _vb. subj._ perish 22.99. + Petous, petus, _a._ 10.8, 16.10, 20.20; + _v._ Piteuous. + Petrus, _a._ ? piteous 5.8. + Piteuous, pyteous, pytous, pytyus, _a._ piteous 8.10, 13.12, 14.11, + 19.8. + Place, _sb._ 25.48, 26.62. + Playn, _a._ plain 28.47. + Plese, _vb._, please 22.95. + Plowe, _sb._ plough 32.15. + Poor(e), por(e), pure, _a._ poor 7.16, 10.24, 11.24, 15.25, 39, + 30.24, &c. + Pore, _sb._ the poor, 1.6. + Portratowre, _sb._ portraiture 28.48. + Praie, pray(e), preye, _vb._ 8.29, 10.27, &c., + _imp._ 13.31, 15.46, 18.45, 29.63; + _1 p. pr._ 9.27; + _pr. pl._ 7.23. + Prankys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ to show oneself off, strut, parade 32.20; + MDu. pronken. + Pride, _sb._ 33.53. + Prode, proud, prowde, prowt, prude, _a._ proud 7.15, 15.24, 17.23, + 19.21, 25.33. + [[Prude, _sb._ pride 42.5.]] + Prykys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ to spur one’s horse 32.20. + Punsched, _pp._ punished 23.108. + Purvey, purway, _vb._ make provision 28.52; provide, furnish 26.62. + Pyne, _sb._ pain 25.59. + + Quene, _sb._ queen 3.49. + Queynt(e), _a._ ingenious, elaborate, fine 15.22, 17.21, 19.19. + Queytith, _vb. 3 p. pr._ requiteth 22.93. + Quhen, quhone, _adv._ 30.7, 11, 19, 31.7, 11, 19; + _v._ Whan(ne), when(ne). + Quhill, quhy, 30.23, 26, 31.23, 26; + _v._ While, Whi. + + Race, _vb._ to tear away, snatch 22.72; OF. racher, -ier, _from_ + arrachier. + Ragged, raggid, _a._ 15.30, 17.29, 21.42. + Rakid, _pp._ raked, covered, buried 15.26, 17.25; ON. raka to + scrape, rake, cf. Ch. Monkes T. 143 in hoote coles he hath hym + seluen raked. + Rank, _a._ proud, haughty 15.27, 17.26. + Rather(e), rathar, rathyr, _adv._ 5.16, 6.16, 7.20, &c. + Recke, _vb._ reck, care, heed 34.58. + Rede, _vb._ read 25.47; guide, direct 33.46. + Rekenyng(e), rikenynge, _sb._ account 15.42, 18.41, 21.58. + Rekyn, _vb. subj._ reckon, take count of 28.37. + Renown, _sb._ 28.33. + Rent, to-rent, _pp._ rent, torn 15.30, 17.29, 21.42, 25.45. + Rent(e), _sb._ revenue, income, tribute 7.7, 9.7, 10.7, &c.; + _pl._ rentes, -is, -ys, 6.7, 8.9, 11.7, &c. + Repente, _vb. imp._ 23.121. + Resoune, _sb._ reason 23.118. + Reste, _vb._ rest 25.48. + Restore, _vb. imp._ 23.111. + Rewful, rewfulle, _a._ rueful 15.35, 17.34. + Riche, rych, _sb._ rich 1.6, 25.40. + Right, _sb._ righteousness, good 2.41. + Right, riht, ryght, _a._ 34.82; + _adv._ 5.20, 21.58, 33.46. + Risynge, _sb._ uprising, resurrection 18.40, 21.56. + Rode, roode, _sb._ rood 25.45, 34.78. + Rof, _sb._ roof 2.17, 32.26. + Ros, _vb. 3 p. p._ rose 34.79. + Ruli, ruly, _a. or adv._ rueful(ly) 15.30, 17.29; OE. hrēowlīe. + Ryches, _sb. pl._ riches 25.38. + Rydys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ rides 33.42. + + Sake, _sb._ 33.38. + Salle, _sb._ hall, palace, court 12.24. + Same, _a._ 32.11. + Saule, _sb._ soul 12.32; + _v._ Soule. + Save, sawe, _vb._ save 34.77; + _3 p. pr._ sauyd 34.76. + Say, _vb._ 12.21; + _3 p. pr._ sais(e), sase 6.10, 12.10; + saith(e), sayth(e) 5.10, 8.12, 20.27, 22.91; + sayis, says 10.10, 30.10, 31.10; + seiþ, seyth, seth 7.10, 11.10, 14.13, &c. + Schal, shall, _vb._ shall; + _2 p. pr._ schalt, 2.29; + _3 p. pr._ sal(e), sc(h)al, schall(e), shall(e) 5.8, 12, 6.8, 16, + 7.6, 20, &c.; + _pl._ schullen 2.18; + _2 p. p._ schuldist 22.80; + _3 p. p._ scholde, schould(e), schuld(e), shuld, sold, sulde + 6.15, 9.15, 23, 10.23, &c. + Scharp(e), sharp(e), _a._ sharp 5.12, 6.12, 8.14, 17.14, 30.12, &c. + Sched, _vb. 3 p. p._ shed 25.46. + Schend, _vb. subj._ shame, disgrace 4.76; + _pp._ schent 33.55. + Schene, _a._ bright, beautiful 3.51. + Schouris, -ys, schowres, -is, -ys, shour(e)s, showres, -is, _sb. + pl._ 5.12, 7.12, 8.14, &c., &c.; + scowrrys 6.12, schorrys 24.16. + Schroud, schrud, shroude, shrowde, _sb._ clothing 3.51, 15.25, + 17.24, 19.22. + Scowrrys, _sb. pl._ 6.12, showers; (_or perh._ stourrys, battles, + tumults, OF. estor, estour). + Secatours, _sb. pl._ executors 24.24, ME. _also_ secetour, sectour. + Securlye, _adv._ certainly, surely, 26.66. + [[Seluen, _pron._ self 44.24.]] + Sely, _a._ blessed 12.24; + simple 32.24. + Sen, syn, _conj._ since 8.26, 25.34, 30.24. + Seruyse, _sb._ service 22.94. + Set, _vb. 3 p. pr._ sattys 32.4; + _pp._ set(e), sett(e), ysette 5.3, 6.3, 7.3, &c. + Seth(e), sethen, sith, syth, _conj._ since 9.24, 10.24, 11.24, + 29.60, 32.12. + Seven, _nu._ 32.22. + Seynt Powlis, 28.48 St. Paul’s. + Shewith, _vb. 3 p. pr._ shews 28.49. + Short, _a._ 28.36. + Shyne, _vb._ shine 27.22. + Sin, synne, _sb._ sin, 4.76, 23.115. + Skin, _sb._ 2.18. + Skyle, _sb._ reason 25.41. + Slogh, _sb._ slough, skin, covering, 32.17, 33.40. + Smarte, _sb._ smart, pain 24.17. + Smele, _vb._ smell 24.29. + Socowre, _sb._ succour 28.40. + Soffyre, sofur, _vb._ 10.12, 24.16; + _v._ Suffer. + Solde, _pp._ sold 34.73. + Sone, _adv._ soon 33.48; + sonar, sone(a)r 27.16, 30.16, 31.16. + Sore, _a._ sore, grievous 23.104; + _adv._ 15.33, 23.116. + Sorow(e), _sb._ sorrow 22.84, 34.81. + Soule, sowle, _sb._ soul 3.63, 33.38; + _v._ Saule. + Space, _sb._ space of time, respite 26.63. + Sped(e), _vb._ speed 24.6, 34.81. + Spille, spylle, _vb._ perish, be destroyed 14.34, 16.49, 18.48, + 23.128. + Starte, _sb._ a sudden movement 24.18. + Thi lyfe ys but a starte, but for a moment. + Stede, _sb._ steed 33.42. + Stelis, _vb. 3 p. pr._ steals 32.17. + Steyuyne, _sb._ voice 25.49; OE. stefn. + Stie, stye, _vb._ ascend, mount 14.36, 16.51, 18.50, 23.132; OE. + stīgan. + Stille, _adv._ silently 23.126. + Stink, stynk(e), _sb._ stink 6.20, 8.22, 30.20, 31.20, &c. + Stounde, _sb._ hour 34.75; OE. stund. + Stourrys, _sb. pl._ conflicts 6.12; OF. estor, (_probably_ Scourrys; + _v._ Schouris). + Stoute, stowte, _a._ bold, proud 8.25, 9.23, 15.38, &c.; cf. OF. + estout. + Streinþ, _sb._ force, violence 3.53. + Streite, streyt, _a._ close, exact 15.42, 17.41, 21.58. + Streytly, _adv._ closely 28.39. + Strive, stryue, _vb._ 22.72, 28.55. + Stronge, _a._ strong 34.59. + [[Styeþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ ascends, mounts up 42.5.]] + Styke, _sb._ 5.20, _erron. for_ stynke. + Suffer, -ir(e), -yr(e), suffre, soffyre, sofur, _vb._ suffer 5.12, + 6.12, 7.12, 8.14, 9.12, 10.12, 11.12, 24.16, &c.; + _2 p. p._ sufferdyst, suffredist, suffridist 14.32, 16.48, + 18.47, 23.126. + [[Sullen, _vb. 1 pl. pr._ shall 43.16.]] + Superflue, _a._ superfluous 15.33. + Sweet(e), sweit, swet(e), swett, _vb._ sweat 5.18, 6.18, 11.18, + 15.33, 21.48, 31.18, &c.; + _3 p. pr._ swetys 10.18. + Swerys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ swears 33.52. + Swink(e), swynk(e), _vb._ toil, labour, _ref. as for_ sweet(e) + _supra_. + _3 p. pr._ swynkes 10.18. + Swynkynge, labour, exertion 23.104. + Symple, _a._ simple 25.34. + Syttythe, _vb. 3 p. pr._ sits 9.11. + + Take, _vb._ 33.37, 39; + _imp._ 24.5, 25.49; + _3 p. pr._ takys 32.2; + _2 p. p._ tokist 23.125; + _3 p. p._ toc, toke 1.1, 34.81; + _pp._ taken 12.31. + Tent, _sb._ heed, attention 25.49. + Teriþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ tears 2.27. + Than(ne), then(ne), _adv._ then, 1.2, 2.18, 5.12, 11.8, &c., &c. + That, _pron. and conj._ 2.30, 3.51, 6.17, &c.; + _pl._ þose 7.10. + Thenk, think(e), thynk, _vb._ think 15.40, 17.39, 21.46; + _imp._ 4.72, 12.26, 28.42; + _1 p. pr._ 8.19, 27.17, 30.17, 31.17; + methink(e), thynke, thynkes 5.17, 6.17, 9.17, 10.17, &c.; + _3 p. pr._ þenkiþ, thenkys 10.6, 14.9; + thinkis, thynketh(e), -ith, -yth(e), -is, -ys(e), thyngkethe, + thyngkys 5.6, 6.6, 8.8, 9.4, 11.6, 13.10, 16.8, 19.6, &c.; + _p. pr._ thynkyng 20.16. + [[Þilke, _pron._ that same 44.26.]] + This, thys, _pron._ 5.10, 6.10, &c.; + _pl._ these 13.14; + þir 30.10. + Thocht, thoght(e), thought(e), þouȝt(e), thouthe, thowght(e), + thowht, thowth, _sb._ thought 5.3, 6.3, 7.3, 22, 8.5, 28, 9.2, + 26, 10.3, 26, 11.3, 26, 12.1, &c., &c. + Thynkynge, _sb._ thought, consideration, 21.54. + Thorow, _prep._ through, 26.72. + Þre, _nu._ three 2.42. + Þroh, þrouȝ, _sb._ coffin, 1.3, 2.42; OE. þrūh. + Thouh, þouw, _conj._ though 3.50, 21.33. + Till, _prep._ to, 30.4, 31.4. + Toght, _adv._ 32.16, _prob. erron. for_ togh, tough; + _rimes_ plowe, slogh, inowe. + Torn(e), turn(e), _vb._ turn 7.22, 8.28, 9.26, 10.26, 11.26, &c., + &c. + [[Totoren, _pp._ torn, rent 45.34.]] + Tour(e)s, -is, -ys, towres, -is, -ys, towrrys, _sb._ towers 3.65, + 5.9, 6.9, 7.9, 9.9, 10.9, &c., &c. + Toward, _prep._ 2.14. + Trauayles, traue(i)list, traueylist, _vb._ + _2 p. pr._ labourest 15.20, 17.19, 19.17, 21.62. + Trede, _vb._ tread; + _pp._ ytrede 23.114. + Trewth, trowthe, _sb._ truth 23.104, 28.47. + Tristyn, _vb._ trust 22.95; + _imp._ trust 24.24. + Turment, _sb._ torment 15.31, 17.30, 21.44. + Tyllys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ tills the ground, 32.15. + Tyme, _sb._ time, 12.21. + + Unclade, _a._ 25.35. + Undeuout, _a._ undevout, 15.27. + Unresonably, _adv._ unreasonably, 21.48. + Unreydy, _a._ unready 25.56. + Unsiker, _a._ uncertain, 28.43. + Upon, uppon, vp(p)on, vpoun, _prep._ 5.3, 4, 5, &c., 8.5, 7, &c.; + _v._ Apon, Opon, Ypon. + Upsodown, _adv._ upside-down 28.35, _from_ up swa down. + + Vayn, in vayn, in vain 28.55. + Vede, _sb._, _for_ weed--dress, apparel 33.41. + Verrid, _vb. 3 p. pr._ warreth 2.26. + + Walk, _vb. 3 p. p._ walkyd 34.71; + _p. pr._ walkand 33.41. + Wan, _a._ 28.32. + Wan, _vb._ 28.29; _v._ Win. + [[Wan(ne), were, when, where 42.5, 44.25, 45.30, 32.]] + Wanton, wantowne, _a._ 15.21, 17.20, 19.18, 21.64. + Wantyng(e), _p. pr._ lacking 17.27, 21.38. + Wars, _a._ worse 24.30. + Waxin, -yne, _pp._ waxen, grown 9.1, 32.1. + Waye, wei, wey(e), _sb._ way 3.50, 25.56, 32.19, 34.82. + Weden, _sb. pl._ weeds, apparel 2.13. + Wel(le), _adv._ well 4.75, 24.6. + Welth, _sb._ wealth, 27.13, 34.65. + Wend(e), _vb._ wend, go 2.30, 4.74, 25.56, 30.24, 31.24; + _pr. pl._ wendiþ 2.41; + _3 p. p._ went 34.58. + Wene, _vb. 1 pl. pr._ think, expect, ween 3.50. + Weriþ, _vb. pr. pl._ wear 3.51. + Werkis, werkys, _sb. pl._ works 25.50, 52. + Whan(ne), when(ne), quhen, quhene, _adv._ when 1.1, 2.17, 5.11, &c., + &c. + Whar-of, whereof 4.74. + Whi, why, quhy, _conj._ 2.26, 5.17, 6.18, 8.19, &c. + While, whill, quhill, whyl(e), whyles, _conj._ while 7.22, 8.28, + 9.26, 13.30, &c.; + the whyle þat 10.26, 11.26. + Whoder, _adv._ whither 4.74. + Wickidli, wickydly, wikkidly, wikyd, wyckydly, wykedly, wy(k)kydly, + wykydely, wykytly, _adv._ wickedly 7.21, 8.27, 10.25, 13.29, + 15.44, 18.43, 26.67, 29.3, 61. + Will, wyl, wyll(e), wol(e), _vb. 3 p. pr._ 5.18, 12.18, 13.22, + 15.33, 17.32, 21.48, &c.; + _3 p. p. & p. pl._ wold(e) 5.5, 16, 6.5, 16, 7.5, 20, &c., &c.; + wald 30.5, 31.16. + Wille, wylle, _sb._ will 14.35, 16.50, 18.49, 23.130. + Win, _vb._ to win; + _3 p. pr._ wins 31.9, wynneth(e), -yth(e), -es, -is, -ys, 5.9, + 6.9, 7.9, 8.9, &c., &c.; + _2 p. p._ wonne 2.30; + _3 p. p._ wan 28.29; + _pp._ iwonne 1.1. + Wise, _sb._ manner, fashion, guise, 22.96. + [[Wise, _vb._ guide, direct 44.27.]] + Wisely, _adv._ 28.52. + Within, -inne, -yn, -ynne, _adv._ 5.19, &c., &c. + Withowttyn, wittovte, _prep._ without 25.48, 26.66. + Witte, _sb._ wit, intelligence 23.118. + Wo, woo, _sb._ woe 12.32, 22.84. + Woh, wow, _sb._ evil 1.1; + _pl._ wowȝ 2.41. OE. wōh, wōȝ-, crooked, evil. + Wol(e), 15.33, 17.32, 21.48; + _v._ Will. + Woman, _sb._ 32.13. + Wonder, -ir(e), wondre, wondur, wondyr, woundyr, _sb._ wonder 5.17, + 6.17, 8.19, 9.17, 10.17, &c., &c. + Wonderfull, wondirfullie, _adv._ wonderfully 30.1, 31.1. + Wonderly, wondirlie, -ly, wondurly, wondyrly, wounderly, woundyrely, + _adv._ wondrously 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.4, 10.1, 11.1, 12.3, 13.5, + 14.4, 16.3, 19.1, 20.6, 24.1, 30.25, 31.25. + Worching(e), -ynge, _p. pr._ working 14.35, 16.50, 18.49. + World, _sb._ 28.29. + Worldly, _adv._ 27.1, _perh. erron. for_ wonderly. + Wormes, -ys, _sb. pl._ 2.14, 32.25, 33.44, 45, 46. + Wor-schyp, -ship, _sb._ 7.2, 12.25. + Worthy, _a._ 28.25, 30; + _sb. pl._ worthyes 27.21. + Worthynes, _sb._ worthiness, honour, 28.40. + Wote, wottis, _vb. 3 p. pr._ knows 24.12, 33.46; + _3 p. p._ wyste 34.67. + Wounde, _sb._ wound 34.76, 78. + Wrecchid(e), wreched, -yd, _a._ wretched 15.20, 24, 28, 17.19, 23, + 19.17, 21. + Wrikkend, _p. pr._ moving, walking 2.13; Dan. vrikke, Du. wrikken. + Wrocht, wroght(e), wroht, wroth, wrought(e), wrouȝt(e), wrouhte, + wrout(h)e, wrowght(e), _pp._ wrought, made 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 23, + 8.1, 27, 29, 9.1, 25, 27, &c., &c. + [[Wrong, _sb._ 42.1.]] + Wroten, _vb._ to root, turn up with the snout 2.18; + _3 p. pr._ wrotys 33.33; OE. wrotian. + Wroth, _a._ 33.48, 51; + (7.1, spelling of wroht, _v._ Wrocht, wroght). + [[Wryeþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ turns, inclines 42.6.]] + Wryttyne, written 25.39. + Wyn, _sb._ joy, pleasure 32.25. + Wynde, _sb._ wind 33.48. + Wynde, _vb._ to wind 32.24. + Wyne, _sb._ wine 25.60. + Wyste, 34.67; _v._ Wote. + [[Wyte, _vb. imp._ guard, keep 45.35.]] + + Ya, _int._ yea, verily 12.7, 11, 15. + Yelde, yeelde, ȝeelde, _vb._ yield, render, pay 15.42, 18.41, 21.58; + _3 p. pr._ yeldis 33.56. + Yeȝt, yet, ȝet, yit, ȝit(t), ȝyt(e), _adv._ yet 6.16, 7.20, 8.18, + 9.12, 16, &c. + Yong, _a._ young, 28.41. + Ypon, _prep._ var. of upon 11.3. + Ȝefe, ȝeyf, _vb. imp._ give 24.24, 26.61. + Ȝere, _sb. pl._ years 34.74. + + + + + ADDENDA + + (from the text in the Appendix). + + [Transcriber’s Note: + This section has been retained for completeness. All entries have + been added to the main Glossary.] + + + Afrete, _pp._ devoured, eaten 42.3. + Agrise, _vb._ tremble, quake 44.28. + Alas, _int._ 43.17. + Alete, _vb._ to let go, forsake 42.3. + Aryse, _vb._ arise 44.25. + Assise, _sb._ the Judgement 44.26. + Awelden, _vb._ wield, rule 42.9. + + Belden, _vb._ build up 43.12. + Bi-holden, _vb._ keep, retain 42.10. + Byheste, _sb._ promise 45.30. + Byhet, _vb. 3 p. pr._ promises 45.31. + + Cheste, _sb._ strife, dispute 45.29; OE. cēast, _older_ cēas, + L. causa. + Coueytise, _sb._ covetousness 42.6. + Crieþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ cries 42.8. + + Dedliche, _a._ deadly 43.14. + + Elden, _vb._ to grow old 43.11. + Endinge, _sb._ 44.21. + Eorthe, _sb._ earth 42.1, &c. + + Foelle, _vb. subj._ ? fall 43.20. + Forȝete, _pp._ forgotten 42.4. + Furloren, _pp._ lost 46.35. + + Grimliche, _adv._ terribly 44.28. + Guo, _vb._ go 43.15. + Gynneþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ begins 43.15. + + Haueþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ has 43.13. + Helle-feste, _sb._ Hell-fortress 45.32. + Hyeþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ hastens 42.7. + + Iboren, _pp._ born 45.33. + Ibouȝt, _pp._ redeemed 43.19. + Icoren, _pp. a._ chosen ones 45.35. + Igete, _pp._ got 42.1. + Ignawe, _pp._ devoured 44.23. + Ihere, _vb._ hear 44.26. + Iknawe, _vb._ know 44.24. + Iseoþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ sees 43.14, 44.21. + Islawe, _pp._ slain 44.22. + Iuynt, _vb. 3 p. pr._ joins 42.9. + Iworthe, _vb._ become 43.16. + + Lere, _vb._ teach 44.27. + Leste, _vb._ last 45.31. + Louerd, _sb._ Lord 45.33. + Luþer, _a._ wicked 42.9. + + Mychfulliche, _adv._ greatly, at so great cost 43.19. + + Netfulliche, _adv._ of necessity 44.25. + + Of-souȝt, _pp._ attacked 43.18. + + Prude, _sb._ pride 42.5. + + Seluen, _pron._ self 44.24. + Styeþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ ascends, mounts up 42.5. + Sullen, _vb. 1 pl. pr._ shall 43.16. + + Þilke, _pron._ that same 44.26. + Totoren, _pp._ torn, rent 45.34. + + Wan(ne), were, when, where 42.5, 44.25, 45.30, 32. + Wise, _vb._ guide, direct 44.27. + Wrong, _sb._ 42.1. + Wryeþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ turns, inclines 42.6. + Wyte, _vb. imp._ guard, keep 45.35. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +_Errors and Inconsistencies_ (noted by transcriber) + +_All errors in the Notes and Glossary involve missing or incorrect +punctuation. Inconsistent citations from the Reliquiae Antiquae (as +“ii”, large “II” or small “II”) are unchanged._ + + [Illustration: ... fol. 57 ...] + [_printed as shown: correct folio number is 59_] + +_Body Text_ + + II. + [_. missing from header_] + B.7. [Footnote 4: ... H. 4486 hath _bygged hy his bowres_] + [_quoted text printed as italic (non-emphatic)_] + B.11. / MS. LAUD MISC. 23. / [fol. 112, r^o] [2^o] + III. THE CAMBRIDGE TEXT. + [Footnote 4: ... but MS. appears to be ...] [MS appears] + +_Notes_ + + #MS. Laud Misc. 23.# + l. 39 (p. 18). ... ll. 53, 54, where [54. where] + + RECORD OFFICE ROLL + Pensez[12] coment en tere & par tere pecchez, + [_footnote anchor invisible_] + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 3, v^o] [25478 fol.] + +_Glossary_ + + Be / _2 p. pr._ art [art.] + Bild, _vb. imp._ [_v. imp._] + _2 p. pr._ bildist 22.79; [22 79]] + Bring, bryng(e) ... 7.7, 14.10, &c. [7.7 14.10] + Castles ... castles 3.65, 5.9, 6.9, 7.9 [7 9] + Com / ... 7.14, 8.24, 9.22, 10.22, &c.; [9 22] + _2 p. p._ cam 17.24 [17 24] + Concele ... 8.27, 9.25 [9 25] + Falliþ, _vb. 3 p. pr._ falls, 1.3. [_vb 3 p. pr._] + Fayr, _a._ fair 33.42; [33 42] + Ferde, _pp._ afraid, terrified 12.24; OE. (for) fǣred. [12.24.] + Grace, _sb._ 22.70, 26.61. [22.70;] + Hartily ... 15.40, 18.39, 21.54. [18 39] + Heuen(e) ... 15.43, 19.24, 25.40 [25 40] + Hold, _vb. 3 p. pr._ holdys 32.16; [_vb._; _3 p. pr._] + Lay, _vb. 3 p. pr._ layes 32.3; [_vb._; _3 p. pr._] + Lent(e) ... 21.40; OE. lǣnan. [21.40.] + Mold(e), moolde, moulde, mowld (e) [mowld e)] + Ruli, ruly ... 15.30, 17.29; OE. hrēowlīe. [17.29,] + Say / ... 6.10, 12.10; [12.10,] + / sayis, says 10.10, 30.10, 31.10; [31.10,] + Superflue, _a._ superfluous 15.33. [_a_] + Þroh, þrouȝ, _sb._ coffin, 1.3, 2.42; OE. þrūh. [O.E.] + Walk, _vb. 3 p. p._ walkyd 34.71; [_vb._; _3 p. p._] + Wol(e), 15.33, 17.32, 21.48; [Wol(e) 15] + Wroten ... O.E. wrotian. [O.E.] + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Erthe Upon Erthe, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ERTHE UPON ERTHE *** + +***** This file should be named 33768-0.txt or 33768-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/7/6/33768/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Charlene Taylor, JackMcJiggins, +David Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/33768-0.zip b/33768-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..51ccf32 --- /dev/null +++ b/33768-0.zip diff --git a/33768-8.txt b/33768-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..37db2d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/33768-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5764 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Erthe Upon Erthe, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Erthe Upon Erthe + +Author: Various + +Editor: Hilda Murray + +Release Date: September 20, 2010 [EBook #33768] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ERTHE UPON ERTHE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Charlene Taylor, JackMcJiggins, +David Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the "real" +(Unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. Characters that could not be fully +displayed have been "unpacked" and shown in brackets: + + [Gh] [gh] (yogh: very common) + [&] (Tironian ampersand) + (long vowels, printed with macron; "true" circumflex does + not occur) + +Other diacritics (rare) as shown as [~e] (e-tilde) and similar. + +Mid-word italics representing expanded abbreviations are shown in +{braces}. Whole-word italics are shown conventionally with _lines_. +Braces are also used with ^ (caret) for mid-word superscripting (rare); +superscripts that continue to the end of the word use ^ alone. Boldface +is shown with #marks#. + +Text in [[double brackets]] was added by the transcriber. Except for +footnotes and the unpacked characters listed above, single brackets are +in the original. + +The pointing-finger symbol is shown as -->. The combinations m~, n~ +and d~ represent letters with a decorative curl. + +In the editorial material, some text formatting has been simplified or +omitted to reduce visual clutter: + + --Footnotes were italicized, with emphatic words in Roman (non-italic) + type; this has been "toggled" to plain type with italic emphasis. + --Glossary entries were shown in #boldface#, as were all references + to "#A# version" and "#B# version". + --In the Glossary, page-and-line references in the form "15.33" gave + the line number in smaller type. + +The author's father was James Murray of the Oxford English Dictionary.] + + + + + Erthe upon Erthe + + EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY + + Original Series, No. 141 + + 1911 (reprinted 1964) + + Price 30_s._ + + + + + [Illustration: + BRITISH MUSEUM, MS. HARL. 2253. c. 1307. fol. 57 v. + (_slightly reduced_)] + + + + + Early English Text Society. + Original Series. + + + The Middle English Poem, + + ERTHE UPON ERTHE, + + Printed From Twenty-Four Manuscripts, + + Edited, with Introduction, Notes, and Glossary, + + by + + HILDA M. R. MURRAY + + + _Published for_ + THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY + _by the_ + OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS + LONDON NEW YORK TORONTO + + + + + First Published 1911 + Reprinted 1964 + + Original Series, No. 141 + + Reprinted Lithographically in Great Britain + at the University Press, Oxford + by Vivian Ridler + Printer to the University + + + + + To my Father + + QUEM + QUAMVIS LONGISSIMO INTERVALLO + SEQUI TAMEN CONOR. + + + + +CONTENTS + + PAGE + INTRODUCTION: + The two Versions of the Poem 'Erthe upon Erthe' ix + Descriptive List of MSS. of the Poem x + The A Version xiv + The B Version xvi + The Cambridge Text xxv + Origin and Growth of the Poem xxix + Later Versions of the Poem xxxv + Literary Interest xxxviii + Editor's Note xli + + THE #A# VERSION: + 1. MS. Harleian 2253 1 + 2. MS. Harleian 913 1 + + THE #B# VERSION: + 1. William Billyng's MS 5 + 2. MS. Thornton 6 + 3. MS. Selden supra 53 7 + 4. MS. Egerton 1995 8 + 5. MS. Harleian 1671 9 + 6. MS. Brighton 10 + 7. The Stratford-on-Avon Inscription 11 + 8. MS. Rawlinson C. 307 12 + 9. MS. Harleian 4486 13 + 10. MS. Lambeth 853 14 + 11. MS. Laud Miscellaneous 23 16 + 12. MS. Cotton Titus A. xxvi 19 + 13. MS. Rawlinson Poetical 32 20 + 14. MS. Porkington 10 24 + 15. MS. Balliol 354 27 + 16. MS. Harleian 984 29 + 17. The Maitland MS. 30 + 18. John Reidpeth's MS. 31 + + THE CAMBRIDGE TEXT 32 + + NOTES AND ANALOGUES 35 + + APPENDIX: + I. 'Erthe' Poem in Latin, French, and English (Record + Office Roll, Ex^r. K.R. Proceedings, Bdle. 1, and + MS. British Museum Additional 25478) 41 + II. (B Version) additions: + 19. MS. Trinity College Cambridge R. 3. 21 47 + 20. MS. Trinity College Cambridge B. 15. 39 48 + + GLOSSARY 50 + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +THE TWO VERSIONS OF THE POEM 'ERTHE UPON ERTHE'. + +The Middle English poem of _Erthe upon Erthe_ is one which occurs fairly +frequently in fifteenth-century MSS. and even later. It was a favourite +theme for Commonplace Books, and was frequently inserted on the spare +leaves at the beginning or end of a manuscript. From the many texts of +the poem which have survived, and from the fact that portions of it +continued to be inscribed on walls and tombstones up to the beginning of +the nineteenth century, awide popularity may be deduced. The extant +versions, moreover, point to a knowledge of the poem throughout the +greater part of England, as well as in the south of Scotland. The +grimness of the motive, based on the words _Memento homo quod cinis es +et in cinerem reverteris_, allies the text both with the earlier group +of poems relating to _The Soul and the Body_, and with the more or less +contemporary _Dance of Death_, but whereas the two latter groups can +claim a popularity which extended over western Europe, _Erthe upon +Erthe_ exists only in Middle English texts, and in one parallel Latin +version.[1] It is, indeed, difficult to see how the play upon the word +_earth_ on which the poem depends could have been reproduced with equal +success in any language outside English, and the Latin version is +distinctly inferior in this respect. There would seem, therefore, to be +good reason for the assumption that _Erthe upon Erthe_ is of English +origin, belonging to the same class of literature as the English +versions of the _Soul and Body_ poems. + +The earliest texts of the poem known to be extant are found in MSS. +Harleian 2253 and 913, both dated about the beginning of the fourteenth +century. The two texts vary greatly in length--MS. Harl. 2253 consists +of four lines as against seven six-lined stanzas in MS. Harl. 913--and +the latter text has the parallel Latin rendering mentioned above, but +they coincide so far as they go, and appear to represent a thirteenth or +fourteenth-century type of the poem, which may be called the A +version.[2] + +Another poem of the same kind, which differs considerably from the A +version, but is, in all probability, closely connected with it in +origin, is common in fifteenth-century MSS. Ihave traced eighteen texts +of this version, dating from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century, +all of which represent or are based upon the same common type, though +individual transcribers appear to have expanded the theme according to +their own taste. Such additions may easily be distinguished, since they +seldom succeed in maintaining either the grim simplicity, or the +fundamental play upon the word _earth_, which characterize the genuine +portions of the poem. This common fifteenth-century type may be called +the B version. + +Lastly, a single fifteenth-century MS. (Cambridge University Library, +Ii, 4.9) has preserved a text of the poem in which some attempt seems +to have been made to combine the A with the B version. This text may be +called the C version, or Cambridge text. + +In the following pages an attempt has been made to justify the premises +in part laid down already, and to show that the A and B versions may be +traced back to a common source, and that this source was not only +confined to England, but was itself English. + + +MSS. OF THE POEM 'ERTHE UPON ERTHE'. + +The following is a list of the manuscripts in which the poem occurs:-- + +MSS. of the A Version: + + 1. MS. Harl. 2253, fol. 57, v^o, dated c. 1307. Four lines + inserted between a French poem on the Death of Simon de Montfort, + and an English poem on the Execution of Simon Fraser. Printed by + J.Ritson, _Ancient Songs and Ballads from the Reign of K.Henry + II to the Revolution_, p.13 (1790), by E.Flgel, _Anglia_, xxvi. + 216 (1903), and by W.Heuser, _Die Kildare-Gedichte_ (_Bonner + Beitrge zur Anglistik_, xiv. 179) (1904). (See the facsimile + opposite the title-page.) + + 2. MS. Harl. 913, fol. 62, r^o (c.1308-1330). Seven six-lined + English stanzas alternating with seven of the same purport in + Latin. Printed by T.Wright, _Reliquiae Antiquae_, ii. 216 (1841), + by F.J. Furnivall, _Early Eng. Poems and Lives of Saints_, p.150 + (printed for the Philological Society, Berlin, 1862), and by + W.Heuser, _ibid._, p.180. + +MSS. of the B Version: + + 1. William Billyng's MS. (dated 1400-1430). Five four-lined + stanzas, preceded by the figure of a naked body, rudely drawn, + having a mattock in its right hand, and a spade at its feet. At + the end of the poem is a prone figure of a skeleton accompanied by + two draped figures.[3] Printed by W.Bateman, _Billyng's Five + Wounds of Christ_, no. 3(Manchester, 1814),[4] 'from a finely + written and illuminated parchment roll, about two and + three-quarter yards in length: it is without date, but by + comparing it with other poetry, it appears to have been written + early in the fifteenth century; the illuminations and ornaments + with which it is decorated correspond to those of missals written + about the reign of Henry V; the style may therefore fix its date + between the years 1400 and 1430. The author[5] gives his name and + mark at the bottom of the roll.' Reprinted from Bateman's text by + J.Montgomery, _The Christian Poet_, edit. 1and 2, p.45 (1827), + edit. 3, p.58 (1828). + + 2. MS. Thornton (Lincoln Cath. Libr.), fol. 279 (c. 1440). Five + stanzas[6] without mark of strophic division. Printed by G.G. + Perry, _Religious Poems in Prose and Verse_, p.95 (E.E.T.S., No. + xxvi, 1867, reprinted 1889, p.96), and by C.Horstmann, + _Yorkshire Writers (Richard Rolle of Hampole)_, i. 373 (1895). + + 3. MS. Selden supra 53, fol. 159, v^o (c.1450). Six stanzas + (strophic division indicated in the first two), written in a + different hand on the back of a spare leaf at the end of the MS.; + stanza 5 of the usual B version omitted. Quoted by H.G. Fiedler, + _Modern Language Review_ (April 1908), III. iii. 221. Not printed + before. + + 4. MS. Egerton 1995, fol. 55, r^o (William Gregory's Commonplace + Book, dated c. 1430-1450, cf. J.Gairdner, _Collections of a + London Citizen_. Camden. Soc. 1876 n.s. xvii). Seven stanzas + without strophic division. Not printed before. + + 5. MS. Harl. 1671, fol. 1*, r^o (fifteenth century). Seven stanzas + written in the left-hand column on the fly-leaf at the beginning + of the MS., which consists of a 'large Theological Treatise, + imperfect at both ends, which seemeth to have been entituled "The + Weye to Paradys"'.[7] The upper portion of the leaf contains a + poem in praise of St. Herasmius. Not printed before. + + 6. MS. Brighton, fol. 90, v^o (fifteenth century). Seven stanzas. + Printed by Fiedler, _M.L. R._ III. iii. 219, from the last leaf + of a MS. formerly seen by him in possession of an antiquary at + Brighton, and containing a Latin treatise on the seven Sacraments. + + 7. Stratford-on-Avon Inscription (after 1450). Seven stanzas, + formerly on the west wall of the nave in the Chapel of the Trinity + at Stratford-on-Avon, cf. R.B. Wheler, _Hist. and Antiq. of + Stratford-on-Avon_, p.98: 'against the west wall of the nave, + upon the south side of the arch was painted the martyrdom of + Thomas Becket, whilst kneeling at the altar of St. Benedict in + Canterbury Cathedral; below this was represented the figure of an + angel (probably St. Michael) supporting a long scroll, upon which + were written the following rude verses: Erth oute of erthe,' &c. + 'Beneath were two men, holding another scroll over a body wrapt in + a winding sheet, and covered with some emblems of mortality with + these lines: Whosoo hym be thowghte,' &c. (v.Note on p.36). + These paintings were probably added in the reign of Henry VII, + when the Chapel was restored by Sir Hugh Clopton (died 1496), who + built New Place opposite the Chapel in 1483. They were discovered + in 1804 beneath a coating of whitewash, and were copied and + engraved, but have since been more than once re-coated with + whitewash, and all trace of the poem has now disappeared. + Facsimiles, etched and coloured by hand, exist in Thomas Fisher's + _Series of Ancient Allegorical, Historical, and Legendary + Paintings in fresco, discovered on the walls of the Chapel of the + Trinity, belonging to the Gild of the Holy Cross, at + Stratford-on-Avon, in Warwickshire, from drawings made at the time + of their discovery_ (1807). Printed by R.B. Wheler, _ibid._ + (1806), by Longfellow, _Outre-Mer_ (_Pre-La-Chaise_, note on + p.67), 1851, and by W.P. Reeves, _Mod. Lang. Notes_, IX. iv. 203 + (April 1894). + + 8. MS. Rawlinson C. 307, fol. 2, r^o (after 1458). Eight stanzas, + of which three are peculiar to this MS., and are of a more + distinctly Northern dialect than the remainder. The poem is the + only English text in a MS. containing Latin prose and verse. Two + Latin poems in the same hand as _Erthe upon Erthe_ refer to the + death of Gilbert Pynchbeck at York in 1458, which would fix the + date c. 1460, or later. The three independent stanzas were printed + by Fiedler, _ibid._ p.221. + + 9. [8]MS. Harl. 4486, fol. 146, r^o (fifteenth century). Eight + stanzas added on the last leaf but one of a copy of _Le Livre de + Sydrac_, immediately after the colophon. The last two leaves and + the cover of the MS. contain various scribblings in + fifteenth-century hands, chiefly of Latin aphorisms and rimes. + Folio 147, v^o, contains the signature of Tho. Baker, who may + possibly have transcribed the English poem. Not printed before. + + 10. MS. Lambeth 853, fol. 35 (c. 1430-1450). Twelve stanzas. + Printed by F.J. Furnivall, _Hymns to the Virgin and Christ_, + p.88 (E.E.T.S. 1867, No. xxiv, reprinted 1895). + + 11. MS. Laud Misc. 23, fol. 111, v^o (before 1450). Twelve + stanzas, varying very slightly from MS. Lambeth. Not printed + before. + + 12. MS. Cotton Titus A xxvi, fol. 153, r^o (fifteenth century). + Six four-lined stanzas, apparently the beginning of a transcript + of MS. Lambeth. Not printed before. + + 13. MS. Rawlinson Poetic. 32, v^o (after 1450). Thirty-two + stanzas, each of four short lines, corresponding to half the + normal stanza; stanzas 17 to 30 are peculiar to this MS. The + greater part printed by Fiedler, _ibid._ p.222. + + 14. MS. Porkington 10, fol. 79, v^o (fifteenth century). Twelve + six-lined stanzas, of which stanzas 7 to 11 are peculiar to this + MS. Printed by Halliwell, _Early Eng. Misc. in Prose and Verse, + selected from an inedited MS. of the 15th cent._, p.39 (Warton + Club, 1855), and by Fiedler, ibid. p.225. + + 15. MS. Balliol 354, fol. 207, v^o (Richard Hill's Commonplace + Book, dated before 1504). Sixteen stanzas, of which stanzas 6 to + 14 introduce an independent digression on the Nine Worthies. + Printed by Flgel, _Anglia_, xxvi. 94 (1903), and by Roman + Dyboski, _Songs, Carols, and Other Misc. Poems_, p.90 (E.E.T.S. + 1907, extra ser.ci). + + 16. MS. Harl. 984, fol. 72, r^o (sixteenth century). The preceding + leaf of the MS. has been torn out, leaving only two lines of what + may be assumed to be verse 6, and the whole of verse 7, which + occur with other fragments on the last leaf but one. + + 17. The Maitland MS. Pepysian Library, Magd. Coll. Cambr., MS. + 2553, p.338 (c.1555-1585). Seven stanzas in the Lowland Scots + dialect, with the ascription 'quod Marsar'. Thomas Pinkerton + published portions of the MS. in his _Ancient Scottish Poems never + before in print ... from the MS. Collections of Sir Richard + Maitland_ (London, 1786), but omitted _Eird upon Eird_. Not + printed before. + + 18. The Reidpeth MS. Cambridge Univ. Libr. Ll. 5. 10, fol. 43, + v^o, copied 1622-1623 'ame Joanne Reidpeth'. Seven stanzas, + probably transcribed from the Maitland MS., but concluding 'quod + Dumbar'. Not printed before. + +MS. of the C Version: + + The Cambridge Text. Cambr. Univ. Libr. Ii. 4. 9, fol. 67, r^o + (fifteenth century). Eighty-two lines comprising twenty-two or + twenty-three stanzas. The text is followed by a coloured picture + of a young knight, standing on a hill with a skeleton below. + Ascroll proceeding from the knight has the words: _Festina tempus + et memento finis_, while one proceeding from the skeleton runs: + _In omni opere memorare nouissima et in eternum non peccabis_. + Printed by Heuser, _Kildare-Gedichte_, p.213. + + +THE #A# VERSION. + +The A version exists in two forms, one a short popular stanza of four +lines (MS.Harl. 2253), apparently of the nature of a riddle, the other +a longer poem of seven English and seven Latin stanzas (MS.Harl. 913), +each English verse being followed by its Latin equivalent. The metrical +form of the Latin verses is one often used in Latin poems of the twelfth +and thirteenth centuries, asix-lined stanza, rimed _aaaabb_, with the +rhythm of the well-known + + _mum st propsitm_ | _n tabrna mri._ + +The English verses are also in the form of a six-lined stanza _aaaabb_, +but the first four lines have the same loose four-stress rhythm as the +lines in MS. Harl. 2253, and the concluding couplet is on the principle +of the septenarius. Both the English and the Latin lines rime at the +caesura as well as at the end of the line, but this is less uniformly +the rule in the English verses. There is close verbal connexion between +the four lines in MS. Harl. 2253, and the opening lines of the longer +poem, as will appear from a comparison of the two:-- + +_MS. Harl._ 2253. + + Ere toc of ere ere wy woh + ere oer ere to e ere droh + ere leyde ere in erene roh + o heuede ere of ere ere ynoh + +_MS. Harl._ 913. + + whan er ha er . iwonne wi wow + an er mai of er . nim hir inow + er vp er . falli fol frow + er toward er . delful him drow. + of er ou were makid . _and_ mon ou art ilich + in on er awaked . e pore _and_ e riche. + +The connexion between these two versions might be explained in two ways. +The short version of MS. Harl. 2253 may be the beginning of a transcript +of the longer poem in which the scribe broke off because his memory +failed him, or because he was only acquainted with a popular version of +the opening lines. On the other hand, the short version may be the +older, and the more learned composer of the poem in MS. Harl. 913 may +have been elaborating this and other such riddling stanzas current at +the time. But any attempt to decide between these two possibilities must +necessarily depend upon the conclusion formed as to the relation of the +Latin stanzas in MS. Harl. 913 to their English equivalents, and this +question will be more conveniently discussed in connexion with the +general origin of the _Erthe upon Erthe_ poems. As regards the date of +the two MSS., MS. Harl. 2253 is generally ascribed to the beginning of +the fourteenth century, and the Kildare MS. (MS.Harl. 913) is dated c. +1308 by Crofton Croker, c. 1308 to 1330 by Heuser, while Paul Meyer is +of opinion that it may belong to an earlier period still. The dialect of +both poems is South Midland, probably of the western part of the +district. MS. Harl. 2253, which is commonly associated with Leominster, +has _heuede_ (4). MS. Harl. 913 has _lutil_, _schrud_, _muntid_, _heo_, +_mon_, _lond_, and S.Midl. forms of verbs. We have therefore two types +of the A version, standing in close verbal relation to each other, of +much the same date and dialect, and representing in all probability the +kind of _Erthe_ poem current at the end of the thirteenth century in the +South-west Midland district. + + +THE #B# VERSION. + +As will appear from the foregoing account of the MSS., the eighteen +texts of the B version vary considerably in length, many of them +introducing stanzas which do not recur elsewhere. Acomparison of the +number and arrangement of the stanzas in each text is given on the next +page, the stanzas being numbered according to the order of their +arrangement in the text to which they belong, and the corresponding +stanzas in the various texts grouped under columns. MSS. Thornton, +Selden, and Egerton have no mark of strophic division, but fall +naturally into mono-rimed stanzas of four lines. All the remaining texts +are arranged in four-lined stanzas with mono-rime,[9] with the exception +of MS. Porkington, which represents an evident expansion of the original +metrical scheme, an additional long line being attached to each stanza +by means of a short bob-line, giving a six-lined stanza, _aaaabb_. In +MS. Rawl. Poet. each long line is written as two short lines, so that +the usual four-lined stanza appears in this text as two stanzas, each +consisting of four half-lines. This arrangement is facilitated by the +regular internal rime on the word _erthe_. The order of the +fifteenth-century MSS. of the B version observed in the table +corresponds to that in the foregoing list of MSS., and in the printed +text, and is not always strictly chronological, it being more convenient +for purposes of comparison to group the texts according to their length. +It will be seen that the three late texts (MSS. Harl. 984, Maitland, and +Reidpeth) revert to the normal seven-stanza type, and that this appears +to have been the form of the poem known to the compiler of the Cambridge +text, acomparison of which is added. + + [Transcriber's Note: + The printed table has been rotated 90% for this plain-text version. + The numerical key (1-18, Cam) and the lettered notes (A, B...) were + also added by the transcriber.] + + 1. Wm. Billyng's Text + 2. MS. Thornton + 3. MS. Selden, supra 53 + 4. MS. Egerton 1995 + 5. MS. Harl. 1671 + 6. MS. Brighton + 7. Stratford Inscription + 8. MS. Rawl. C. 307 + 9. MS. Harl. 4486 + 10. MS. Lambeth 853 + 11. MS. Laud Misc. 23 + 12. MS. Cotton Titus A. xxvi + 13. MS. Rawl. Poet. + 14. MS. Porkington 10 + 15. MS. Balliol 354 + 16. MS. Harl. 984[10] + 17. MS. Maitland + 18. MS. Reidpeth + Cam The Cambridge Text + + CS Common Stanzas + IS Independent Stanzas + + Text| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9|10|11|12| 13 |14|15|16 |17|18| Cam + ----+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+------+--+--+---+--+--+---- + CS | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.2. 1 1 (1) 1 1 1 + | 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3.4. 2 2 (2) 2 2 3.8. + | 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6.5. 3 3 (3) 3 3 2 + | 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7.8. 4 4 (4) 4 4 10 + | 5 5 -- 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 8 -- 11.12. 5 5 (5) 5 5 9 + |-- -- 4 6 6 6 6 -- 6 9 9 -- -- 6 15 6 6 6 11 + |-- -- 6 7 7 7 7 -- 7 11 11 -- -- 12 16 7 7 7 -- + | 8 12 12 -- 31.32. + | 5 5 5 15.16. + | 6 6 6 -- + | 7 7 -- 9.10. + | 10 10 -- 13.14. + ----+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+------+--+--+--+---+--+--- + IS | [A] [B] [C][D] [E] + + [A] stanzas 6. 7. 8. (3) + [B] 17 to 30. (14) + [C] 7 to 11 (5) + [D] 6 to 14 (9) + [E] 6. 7. 13. 18 resemble A Version. + 4. 5. 12. 14 to 17. 19 to 22 independent (11) + +It will be seen from the table that eleven of these texts have seven +stanzas in common, and that fifteen of them have five in common. Of the +three remaining texts, MS. Harl. 984 has a missing leaf, but would +clearly appear to belong to the seven-stanza type, raising the above +numbers to twelve texts of seven stanzas, and sixteen of five. MS. +Selden again obviously represents the usual seven-stanza type with the +accidental omission of verse 5. MS. Titus has four of the customary five +verses, breaks off to follow the arrangement of the Lambeth MS., and +comes to an end after copying two of the additional verses in the +Lambeth text before reaching the usual fifth verse. Assuming that it +represents a transcription of the Lambeth text, MS. Titus might be +classed with the five-stanza type, or possibly, like MS. Lambeth, with +the seven-stanza type. It may therefore be assumed that all eighteen of +the B texts have five stanzas in common, or are based upon such a common +type, and that thirteen, or possibly fourteen of them, represent a +common type with seven stanzas, six of which are further found in the +Cambridge text. These common stanzas vary very little in the different +MSS. as regards either the actual text or the order of lines and +stanzas, and it seems probable that the normal B version consisted of +seven stanzas, ending with a personal exhortation which has been +omitted, or possibly not yet added, in five of the texts. In four +MSS.--Lambeth, Laud, Rawl. P., and Harl. 4486--an interesting final +stanza, containing a prayer, has been added. Three of these texts, MSS. +Lamb., Laud, and Rawl. P., correspond in three other additional stanzas, +which seems to point to some closer relationship between them, and two, +or more strictly one and a half, of these additional stanzas are also +found in MS. Titus, which appears to be a transcript of the Lambeth +text. The scribe of MS. Titus followed the Lambeth text until he reached +the middle of verse 6, when he apparently wearied of the task, and broke +off with a new couplet of his own, entirely foreign in idea and metre to +the _Erthe upon Erthe_ poems:-- + + Lewe thy syne & lyffe in right, + And an shalt thou lyffe in heuyn as a knyght. + +The text, as a whole, is badly written with many erasures, and points to +a careless hand. + +The additional stanzas cited in the table as independent contain mere +variations on the main theme, and it is highly probable that the more +expanded texts are the later, and represent individual additions to a +popular poem, since they generally fail to maintain the internal rime on +the word _erthe_ which is an evident characteristic of the genuine +verses. In the case of the five MSS. in question, MS. Harl. 4486 might +be taken to represent the original type, and MSS. Lamb., Laud[11], and +Titus an expansion of this, while the author of Rawl. P. was obviously +acquainted with the Lambeth text, or its original, and added to it +certain stanzas of his own, leaving out three of the verses in Lambeth +to make room for these. Whether the eighth stanza which MSS. Harl. 4486, +Lamb., Laud, and Rawl. P. have in common belongs to the original type of +the B version, or was itself a later addition, can scarcely be +determined, but as it seems to be confined to these four texts, the +latter view is perhaps the more probable. It must, however, have been +added early, as it occurs already in MSS. Lamb. and Laud before 1450, +and preserves the principle of the internal rime on _erthe_. The +relative dates of MSS. Lambeth and Rawl. P. as fixed by Furnivall and +Madden (MS.Lamb. 1430-1450, R.P. after 1450) would bear out this +theory of the relationship between these two texts, and it may further +be noted that both have the same prefatory _De terra plasmasti me_, +otherwise found only in MS. Harl. 1671, and that both exhibit the same +tendency to employ a direct personal mode of address, and to lengthen +out the original text by superfluous words. + +Cf. for example, MS. Harl. 4486, verse 5 (so MS. Laud, verse 8)-- + + Why erthe loueth erthe wonder me thynke, + Or why that erthe for erthe swete wylle or swynke, &c. + +with MS. Lamb. verse 8-- + + Whi at ere _to myche_ loue ere, wondir me ink, + Or whi at ere for _superflue_ ere _to sore_ sweete wole or swynk + +and MS. Rawl. P. verse 11-- + + Or whi that erthe for the erthe + _Unresonably_ swete wol or swynke. + +The exact date of the text in MS. Titus is indeterminate, but, as stated +above, it is evidently based on MS. Lambeth or its original, and might +be ascribed to c. 1450 or later. The text in MS. Harl. 4486 has been +added by some later owner of the MS. on the last leaves of a +fifteenth-century transcript of _Le Livre de Sydrac_. The handwriting of +_Erthe upon Erthe_ is also fifteenth century, but the exact date again +cannot be determined. The text, however, is far simpler and nearer to +the original than that of the other four MSS., and evidently represents +an earlier type than these, though the actual transcript may be later. + +With the exception of these five MSS., it is not easy to group the +eighteen texts of the B version on any system based upon the additional +stanzas, since these fail to bear out any theory as to closer +relationship between individual MSS., though the connexion of ideas is +often close owing to the similarity of the theme. Thus the nine +additional stanzas in MS. Balliol contain a digression upon the nine +worthies with an interesting reference in verse 12 to the Dance of +Powlis, i.e. the Dance of Death formerly depicted outside St. Paul's +Cathedral (v.Notes, p.36). It is in the Cambridge text alone that the +additional stanzas supply an interesting connexion with the A version, +which places this text, unfortunately corrupt and difficult to decipher, +in an important position as a link between A and B. + +With regard to possible relationships dependent upon variations in the +order or arrangement of the lines in the seven common stanzas, it may be +pointed out that the first verse in MS. Egerton consists of three lines +only, the usual second line being omitted, and that both MS. Harl. 1671 +and MS. Porkington omit the same line, though each of these supplies a +new and independent fourth line to fill the gap:-- + +(_MS. Egerton_ 1995) + + Erthe owte of e erthe ys wounderly wrought, + Erthe vppon erthe hathe sette hys thought + How erthe a-pon erthe may be hy brought. + +(_MS. Harl._ 1671) + + Erthe apon erthe ys waxyne and wrought, + And erthe apon erthe hathe ysette all hys thought + How that erth apon erth hye myght be brought, + _But how that erth scal to the erth thyngketh he noht_. + +(_MS. Porkington 10_) + + Erthe vppon erthe is woundyrely wrou[gh]te; + Erthe vppon erthe has set al his ou[gh]te + How erthe vppon erth to erthe schall be brou[gh]te; + _There is none vppon erth has hit in ou[gh]te._ + Take hede! + Whoso inkyse on his ende, ful welle schal he spede. + +It is obvious that these new lines are an afterthought, especially in +the case of MS. Porkington, where the rime-word _ou[gh]te_ has to be +repeated. Possibly these three texts depend upon a common original in +which the usual second line _Erth hath gotyn vppon erth a dygnyte of +noght_ was lacking, or MS. Egerton may have been the original of the +other two. But MS. Harl. 1671 varies from the other two in the first +line also, using a version which is otherwise confined to the Cambridge +text-- + + Erthe apon erthe ys _waxyne and_ wrought-- + +and both it and MS. Porkington begin _erthe upon erthe_ like the later +texts, as opposed to the more usual _erthe owte of erthe_, so that there +is no clear evidence of a closer relationship between these three texts. + +In verse 4, again, an inversion of the customary order of the second or +third lines is common to MSS. Rawl. C., Porkington, Maitland, Reidpeth, +and the Stratford-on-Avon inscription, but the verse easily lends itself +to transposition of the kind, and in MS. Rawl. C. the usual first line +is also put third, so that the order of lines as compared with the +normal arrangement becomes 2. 3. 1. 4. Beyond the self-evident fact that +the Maitland and Reidpeth MSS. must be grouped together, no relationship +of the MSS. can be deduced from this transposition, though it may point +to a second popular version with inversion of lines 2 and 3. + +One of the most important differences of reading in the common stanzas +occurs in the first line of the poem, where twelve of the eighteen MSS. +read _erthe out of erthe_, while the remaining six, as well as the +Cambridge text, have _erthe upon erthe_. Three of these six are +definitely later transcripts: MS. Porkington is obviously a later +modification of the original four-lined stanza, and MSS. Maitland and +Reidpeth belong to the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries +respectively; the beginning of MS. Harl. 984 is not preserved, and the +remaining two texts, MSS. Selden and Harl. 1671, belong to c. 1450, +while the Cambridge text, as will be shown later, cannot be regarded as +original. Evidently _erthe owt of erthe_ was the original reading, but +the version _erthe upon erthe_ was introduced early, and appears to have +survived the other. Asimilar change occurs in the last line of verse 2, +where MS. Harl. 1671 and the Stratford text substitute _erth upon erth_ +for _out of_, _from_, _of_, of the other texts, and again in the third +line of verse 4 (l.2 in the texts mentioned above as transposing these +lines) where the same two MSS. read _erth upon erth_ for the normal +_erth unto_ (_into_, _to_) _erthe_; also in the fourth line of verse 7, +where MSS. Harl. 4486, Lamb., Laud, Maitland, and Reidpeth read _upon_ +for _owte of_. Now the last two lines of the first verse of the poem +invariably use the phrase _erth upon erthe_, and it occurs repeatedly +throughout the poem as a synonym for _man_: e.g. verse 2, line 1; 3, ll. +1, 3; 4, ll. 1, 2(or3); 5, l.3; 6, ll. 1, 3; 7, l.1. It was very +natural that the common phrase, and the one best adapted to serve as a +title to the poem, should tend to replace others, but it seems probable +that wherever the substitution occurs it may be taken as due to a later +tradition, and consequently as a proof of non-originality or comparative +lateness in the text in which it is found. Asimilar change, and one to +be explained in a similar way, is the introduction of _wonderly_ for +_wyckydly_ in the first line of verse 7 on the analogy of the first line +of the poem, which occurs in MSS. Harl. 1671 and Stratford, and also in +the late MSS. Maitland and Reidpeth. + +Other variations of reading are less noteworthy. In the second line of +verse 1, ten MSS., ranging from the early Thornton and Lambeth to the +late Maitland and Reidpeth, read _dignite_, while the others vary +between _nobley_ (MS.Brighton, cf. the Cambridge text), _nobul yng_ +(Billyng), _worschyp_ (Selden), and _an abbey_, perhaps an error for +_nobley_ (Harl. 4486). The remaining three MSS. omit the line. In the +fourth line of verse 2, the alliterative _piteous parting_ of MSS. +Billyng, Egerton, Brighton, Harl. 4486, Lamb., Laud, Titus, and Rawl. +P., is replaced by _hard parting_ not only in the Stratford text and in +the later MSS. (Porkington, Balliol, Maitland, Reidpeth), but also in +MSS. Thornton and Rawl. C., while other readings are _dolful_ +(MS.Selden, cf. the Cambridge text) and _heuy_ (MS.Harl. 1671). It is +difficult here to decide between _piteous_ and _hard_, but the +preference should probably rest with the alliterative phrase. In the +fourth line of verse 3, the alliterative _scharpe schowres_ is evidently +the original reading, and it occurs in all texts except Stratford, Rawl. +P., and Balliol. + +In the first line of verse 4, _erthe goeth upon erthe as moulde upon +moulde_ occurs in thirteen texts, and two others (Stratford and Balliol, +cf. also the Cambridge text) keep the rime _mould_ while altering the +line. The other two readings found, _colde opon colde_ (Rawl.C.), and +_golde appone golde_ (Thornton), are obviously non-original, +particularly the latter, which repeats the rime-word _gold_ in two +successive lines. + +Other variations and occasional transpositions of lines occur in +individual MSS., but are unimportant. + +It will thus be seen that the popular traditional version of the poem +tended to become modified, and even corrupt, already in the fifteenth +century, and that such modifications are usually more apparent in the +later texts. It is also evident that individual transcribers felt +themselves at liberty to expand the traditional version, and that many +tried their hand at such variations on the original theme, but the +striking absence of proof of relationship outside the seven stanzas of +the normal version, as well as the frequent unimportant variations found +in the common stanzas, seems to point clearly to the conclusion that the +original was a popular poem of seven, or possibly only five, stanzas, +widely known over England, and that the more simple and nave of the +seventeen texts extant are also more genuine, and nearer to the +original. + +Many of the texts are accompanied by a short prefatory or concluding +verse in English or Latin. The English verse-- + + _When lyffe is most loued, and deth is moste hated, + Then dethe draweth his drawght and makyth man full naked_ + +occurs as a preface in MSS. Harl. 4486 and 1671, Lambeth, Laud, Rawl. +P., and Egerton, and as a conclusion in Billyng's text. The Latin +_Memento homo quod cinis es et in cinerem reverteris_ occurs, in full or +in part, in MSS. Harl. 4486, Egerton, Rawl. C., Lambeth, and Billyng, +and _De terra plasmasti me_ in MSS. Harl. 1671, Lambeth, and Rawl. +P.The two stanzas in rime royal on the _Procese of Dethe_ which +immediately precede _Erthe upon Erthe_ in the Porkington MS. are +transcribed as a separate poem, and if not separate, would rather belong +to the preceding text, atranslation of the Latin _Visio Philiberti_ in +rime royal, than to _Erthe upon Erthe_. The latter poem often +accompanies either a _Dance of Death_ or one of the numerous _Soul and +Body_ dialogues, no doubt because of the similarity of the theme, but it +is not necessary to regard these kindred poems as forming an essential +part of each other. So in the Balliol MS., _Erthe upon Erthe_ is +preceded by an eight-lined Latin stanza on the theme _vado mori_, which +is probably part of a _Dance of Death_. Here again no basis for a +grouping of the MSS. can be found. + +The two late texts--MSS. Maitland and Reidpeth--represent a Lowland +Scots version of the poem, and are obviously copies of the same +original. Probably the Reidpeth text is a transcription of the Maitland, +but it contains some obvious misreadings of it, as in verse 3, line 3, +_bowris_ (Maitl.), _towris_ (Reidpeth) repeating the rime-word; 5, +l.20, _within_ (Maitl.), _with_ (Reidpeth). The Maitland MS., compiled +c. 1555-1585, adds the colophon _quod Marsar_. The later Reidpeth MS., +1622-1623, concludes with the words _quod Dumbar_. Mersar, or Marsar, is +mentioned in Dunbar's _Lament for the Makaris_, and is usually +identified with a William Mersar of the household of James IV, mentioned +1500 to 1503. In any case, if he were a contemporary of Dunbar, he could +scarcely be assigned to a sufficiently early date to account for the +widespread popularity of _Erthe upon Erthe_ all over England in 1450, +and the fact that the two MSS. assign the poem to different authors, of +whom Dunbar is manifestly impossible, and Mersar at least improbable, +may be explained as an instance of that readiness of posterity to attach +a known name to a work of unknown origin, of which other examples are +not wanting. It is, however, of interest to find that the poem had made +its way to Scotland by 1550 or thereabouts. + +As regards dialect, the majority of the MSS. of the B version show +traces of Northern dialect, most of them preserving the Nth. plural in +_-is_ in the rimes _touris_, _schowrys_, &c. In verse 3 also the +majority of the texts have the Nth. _bigged_ or _biggid_, but six (MSS. +Billyng, Egerton, Rawl. P., Porkington, Balliol, and the Stratford text) +use the Midl. or Sth. _bilded_ or _billed_. In verse 4 the rime requires +the form _wold_ rather than the common Nth. _wald_, and even the +Maitland MS. retains _wold_ for the sake of the rime, whereas MS. +Reidpeth substitutes _wald_, sacrificing the rime. MSS. Thornton and +Rawl. C. show distinct Nth. features, such as the verb-endings _-is_ +(pres. ind. 3sg.), _-and_ (pres. part.), _-id_, _-it_, _-in_ (past +part.), and MS. Rawl. C. has the Nth. _whate gates at u gase_ riming +with _fase_ (_foes_). But few of the MSS. represent pure dialect-forms, +and an investigation of the dialect of the texts is of little assistance +towards determining that of the original poem. Such evidence as exists +points, on the whole, to the North Midland district, and a widespread +popularity in the North, which led to the later knowledge of the poem +across the Border, but the popularity was evidently not confined to the +North, and Southern as well as Northern forms may be traced in both +early and late transcripts. + + +THE CAMBRIDGE TEXT. + +The Cambridge MS., as has been already stated, combines portions of both +the A and the B version with several independent stanzas. At first sight +it might appear to represent a transitional stage in the development of +the B from the A type, but closer examination shows that this is not the +case, and that the text is merely a later compilation from the two. The +writer must have had some knowledge both of the longer A version +represented by MS. Harl. 913, and of the common seven-stanza B type, and +seems to have tried to combine his recollections in one poem, halting +between the four-lined and six-lined stanza, repeating himself here and +there, and adding certain new verses of his own. There is no grouping +into stanzas in the MS., but a division is easily made by the rimes, and +these give mono-rimed stanzas of four lines chiefly, with one of six +lines, and some fragmentary ones of two or three. In one case a stanza +has been broken up and the two couplets inserted at different points +(ll.9-10, 27-28). As has been shown in the table of MSS. of the B +version, six verses of the B type may be traced, while four verses show +distinct correspondence with A, and eleven are independent of either. +Acomparison of the similar lines follows:-- + + (_MS. Cambr._ Ii. 4. 9) ll. 1-4. + + Erthe vpon erthe is waxin & wrought, + Erthe takys on erthe a nobylay of nought; + Now erthe vpon erthe layes all his ought + How erthe vpon erthe sattys all at noght. + + (_MS. Harl._ 4486.) B Version. + + 1 Erthe owte of erthe is wonderly wrowghte, + Erthe of the erthe hathe gete an abbey[12] of nawte, + Erthe apon erthe hath sett{e} al his thowghte + How erthe apon erthe may be hye browte. + + ll. 9-10, 27-28. + + Erthe vpon erth wolde be a kyng, + But howe erth xal to erth thynkyth he no thyng. + When erthe says to erth: 'My rent ou me bryng,' + Then has erth fro erthe a dolfull p{ar}tyng. + + 2 Erthe apon erthe be he a kyng{e}, + Butt how erth schall{e} to erthe thynketh{e} he nothyng{e}. + When erthe byddeth erthe his rent home bryng{e}, + Then schall{e} erth{e} owte of erthe haue a pyteous[13] + p{ar}tyng{e}. + + ll. 5-8. + + Erthe vpon erth has hallys & towr{is}; + Erthe says to erth: 'This is alle owr{is}.' + But q{ua}n erth vpon erth has byg{g}yd his bowr{is} + Than xal erth for the erth haue scharpe schowr{is}. + + 3 Erthe apon erthe wynneth castell{es} & towres. + Then seyth{e} erthe to erthe: 'These byth{e} all{e} owres.' + When erthe apon erthe hath bygged{e} vp his bowres + Then schall{e} erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres. + + Cf. l. 66. + + If erth haue mys don, he getyth scharpe sho{u}rs. + + ll. 33-35. + + Erthe wrotys in erth as molys don in molde, + Erthe vpon erth glydys as golde, + As erthe leve in erthe eu{e}r mor{e} schulde. + + 4 Erthe gothe apon erthe as molde apon molde. + So goeth erthe apon erthe all{e} gleteryng{e} in golde, + Lyke as erthe into erthe neu{er} go scholde, + And [gh]et schall{e} erthe into erthe rather then be wolde. + + ll. 29-32. + + How erthe louys erth wondyr me thynke, + How erthe for erth wyll swete and swynke. + When erth is in {e}rthe broght w{i}t{h}-in the brynke + What as herth than of erthe but a fowle sty{n}ke. + + 5 Why erthe loueth{e} erthe wonder me thynke, + Or why that erthe for erthe swete wyll{e} or swynke, + Ffor whan erthe apon erthe is browte w{i}t{h}yn e brynke, + Then schall{e} erthe of the erthe haue a fowle stynke. + + ll. 36-37. + + Erthe vpon erth mynd eu{er} more ou make + How erthe xal to erth when deth wyll hy{m} take. + + 6 Loo erthe apon erthe consyder{e} thow may + How erthe co{m}myth to erthe naked all way. + + ll. 19-22. + + Erth vpon erthe gos in the weye, + Prykys and prankys on a palfreye; + When erth has gotyn erth alle that he maye, + He schal haue but seven fote at his last daye. + + (_MS. Harl._ 913) A Version. + v. 5, ll. 1, 2, 5, 6. + + Er is a palfrei to king a{nd} to quene, + Er is ar la{n}g wei, ouw we lutil wene. + Whan er ha er wi st{r}ein us geten, + Alast he ha is lein miseislich i-meten. + + ll. 41-46, 23-26. + + Ffor erth gos in erth walkand in vede, + And erthe rydys on erth on a fayr stede, + When he was goty{n} in erth erth to his mede, + Than is erth layde in erthe wormys to fede. + Whylke are the wormys the flesch brede? + God wote the wormys for to ryght rede. + Than xal not be lyky{n}g vnto hy{m} + Bu[t] an olde sely cloth to wynde erthe in, + When erthe is in erth for wormys wyn, + The rof of his hows xal ly on his chyn. + + v. 2. + + Er ge on er wrikkend in weden, + Er toward er wormes to feden; + Er b{er}ri to er al is lif deden; + When er is i{n} ere, heo muntid i meden. + When er is i{n} ere, e rof is on e chynne; + an schullen an hu{n}dred wormes wroten on e skin. + + ll. 63-64. + + Erthe bygyth hallys & erth bygith towres, + When erth is layd in erth, blayke is his bo{ur}s; + + v. 6, ll. 5-6. + + Er bilt castles, a{nd} ere bilt toures; + Whan er is on ere, blak be e boures. + + l. 38. + + Be war{e}, erth, for erthe, for sake of thi sowle. + + v. 6, l. 3. + + Er uppon er be i soule hold. + +The additional verses in MS. Cambr. bear some slight resemblance to +other additional lines found in MSS. of the B type, and this is +interesting as showing that the writer worked on the same lines in +expanding his text, and was perhaps acquainted with some of the longer B +texts. On the other hand characteristic differences in the treatment of +the theme would seem to support the view that these verses are really +individual additions and not derived from any of the other texts. The +lines in question are given below:-- + + _MS. Cambr._ ll. 71-82. + + God walkyd in erth as longe as he wolde, + He had not in this erth but hong{er} & colde, + And in this erth also his body was solde, + Her{e} in this erth, whan {a}t he was xxx^ti [gh]er{e} olde. + + _MS. Rawl. C._ v. 8. + + Now he {a}t erthe opon erthe ordande to go + Graunt {a}t erthe vpon erthe may govern hym so, + at when erthe vnto erthe shall{e} be taken to, + at e saule of is erthe suffre no wo. + + God lytyd in erth, blyssed be that stou{n}de! + He sauyd hijs herth w{i}t{h} many a scharpe wounde, + Ffor to sawe erth owght of hell grou{n}de, + He deyd in erth vpon e rode w{i}t{h} many a blody vou{n}de. + + And God ros ovght of the est this erth for to spede, + And went into hell as was gret nede, + And toke erth from sorowe {i}s erth for to spede, + The ryght wey to heuen blys I{esus} Cryst vs lede! + + _MS. Rawl. P._ vv. 31, 32. + + Lord God that erthe tokist in erthe, + And suffredist paynes ful stille, + Late neuer erthe for the erthe + In dedly synne ne spille. + + But that erthe in this erthe + Be doynge euer thi wille, + So that erthe for the erthe + Stye up to thi holi hille. + + (Cf. Harl. 4486, v. 8; Lamb. v. 12; Laud v. 12). + +It is therefore evident that the Cambridge text shows knowledge of +both the A and the B versions, but the text in its existing form must +represent either a corrupt copy of the original with frequent +dislocation of lines, or, what is perhaps more likely from the instances +of repetition of the same words or ideas which occur, aclumsy +compilation from the two made by some one who perhaps had B before him +and remembered portions of A imperfectly. Such repetitions occur in +verses 2 and 18, the latter repeating three of the rime-words of the +former verse, as well as the phrase _scharpe schowris_; and again in +verses 4 and 19, and in verses 6, 7, and 13. In any case the text must +be regarded as later than the A and B versions, and not as forming a +link between them. The dialect is Northern, but not uniformly so. + + +ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF THE POEM. + +The question as to the source of the poem _Erthe upon Erthe_, and the +relationship of the A and B versions to the original, and to each other, +is a difficult one. The existence of a parallel Latin version in one of +the oldest MSS. is clearly an important point to be taken into +consideration in any attempt at an investigation of the origin of the +poem, and it will be well before proceeding further to form some +conclusion as to the relation in which the English and Latin stanzas in +MS. Harl. 913 stand to each other. The correspondence of the two +versions is not strictly verbal, but it is evident that either the +English or the Latin stanzas represent a rather free rendering of the +verses which accompany them. In favour of a Latin origin it may be +pointed out that the metrical form of the Latin stanzas is one +frequently employed in Latin poems of the time, that the subject is a +favourite monastic theme, and that the manner of the poem is in keeping +with contemporary Anglo-Latin compositions, such as the well-known _Cur +mundus militat sub vana gloria_. The natural tendency would be to +attribute a poem of the kind to Latin origin, especially if, as in this +case, aLatin version were forthcoming. + +On the other hand, it may be pointed out that the Latin text is not +known to exist in any other MS., and appears indeed to have no separate +existence from the English stanzas which accompany it, whereas English +texts of the poem without trace of a Latin rendering or original are +very common.[14] The text was one frequently used in epitaphs, but no +Latin epitaph of the kind is known to have existed, although Latin was +commonly used in epitaphs at the time when the poem was most widely +popular. + +Further, word-plays of the kind found here upon the word _erthe_ are +certainly not common in Latin verse of the time, and the Latin text does +not render the play as effectively as the English does, employing +alternately the three terms _terra_, _vesta_, _humus_, in place of the +English _erthe_, and failing to maintain these consistently. The play on +the word _earth_, which is the most essential feature of the poem, could +not have been given with the same effect as in English either in Latin +or in any mediaeval language.[15] + +Thirdly, in support of an English origin it may be urged that close +verbal connexion can be traced between the English text of both +versions, but more especially of the earlier (A), and other poems dating +from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, particularly the various +Dialogues of _The Soul and the Body_:-- + + _MS. Harl._ 913, l. 17 (A). + When er is in ere, e rof is on e chynne. + + _MS. Cambr. Univ. Libr._ Ii. 4. 9, l. 25 (C) + When erthe is in erth for wormys wyn, + e rof of his hows xal ly on his chyn. + + Cf. _Dialogues of Soul and Body_, (_Worcester fragment_) + 12th cent. + 'nu u havest neowe hus inne berungen, lowe beo helewes. + in rof li on ine breoste, ful . . . colde is e ibedded. + + (_Bodl. Fragm._) 12th cent. + e rof bi ibyld ire broste ful neh. + + (_MS. Auchinleck_) 13th cent. + Wi wormes is now ytaken in in, + i bour is bilt wel cold in clay, + e rof _shal take to_[16] i chin. + + (_MS. Harl._ 2253) 14th cent. + When e flor is at y rug, + e rof ys at y neose. + + Cf. _Death_ 152 (13th cent.) in Morris, _O. E. Misc._, p.168 + (_JesusMS._). + i bur is sone ibuld + at u schalt wunyen inne, + e rof _& e virste_[17] + Schal ligge on ine chynne. + Nu e schulen wurmes + Wunyen wiinne. + + _MS. Harl._ 913, l. 66 (A). + Er bilt castles, & ere bilt toures; + Whan er is on ere, blak be e boures. + + _MS. Harl._ 4486 (B); _so other_ B _texts_. + Erthe apon erthe wynneth{e} castelles & towres. + Then seythe erthe to erthe: 'These byth{e} alle owres'. + When erthe apon erthe hath byggede vp his bowres, + Then schalle erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres. + + _MS. Cambr._ 63 (C). + Erthe bygyth hallys & erth bygith towres, + When er is layd in erth, blayke is his bours; + + _ibid._ 5-8 + Erthe vpon erthe has hallys & towris _&c._ + + Cf. _Soul & Body Dialogues_ (_MSS. Auchinleck, Digby, Vernon, + Laud_). + Whare be ine castels & ine tours, + ine chaumbres & ine hei[gh]e halle, + . . . . . + Wrecche, ful derk it is i bour + To morn ou schalt erin falle. + + (_ibid._) + Halles hei[gh]e & bours bri[gh]t + Y hadde y bilt & mires mo. + + (_MS. Harl._ 2253). + thi castles & thy toures. + + Cf. _Death_ 29. + Ah seoen mony mon + By-yet bures & halle, + Fori e wrecche soule + Schal into pyne falle. + + _MS. Harl._ 913. 42 (A). + Be ou re ni[gh]t in a rou[gh], i frendschip is ilor.[18] + + Cf. _Visio Philiberti_ (_MS. Porkington_). + When ou art dede i frenschype is aslepe. + + Cf. _Soul & Body_ (_MS. Auchinleck_). + that alle ine frend beon fro e fledde. + + Cf. _Death_ 97. + Hwer beo alle ine freond + et fayre e bi-hehte + And fayre e igretten + Bi weyes and bi strete. + Nu heo walle wrecche + Alle e forlete + Nolde heo non herestonkes[19] + Nu e imete. + + _MS. Cambr._ l. 21 (C). + When erth has gotyn erthe alle that he maye + He schal haue but seven fote at his laste daye. + + Cf. _Soul & Body_ (_MSS. Auchinl._, _Digby_). + Now schaltow haue at al i sie + Bot seuen fet, vnnee at. + +The play upon the word _earth_ recurs in other English poems. Cf. +_ASong on the Times_ (MS.Harl. 913), early fourteenth century-- + + [20]Whan erthe hath erthe i-gette + And of erthe so hath i-nou[gh], + When he is therin i-stekke, + Wo is him that was in wou[gh]. + +where the idea and the two rime-words are the same as in _MS. Harl._ +2253-- + + Ere toe of ere ere wy woh, + Ere oer ere to e ere droh, + Ere leyde ere in erene roh, + o heuede ere of ere ere ynoh. + +It will be remembered that these two MSS. (Harl. 913 and 2253) are the +two which preserve texts of the A version, and the opening lines of the +_Song on the Times_ would appear to give further proof of a connexion +between the two A texts. + +Further, in _MS. Lansdowne_ 762 (v. _Reliquiae Antiquae_ I. 260), under +the heading _Terram terra tegat_, occur these lines:-- + + First to the erthe I bequethe his parte, + My wretched careyn is but fowle claye, + Like than to like, erthe in erthe to laye; + Sith it is, according by it I wolle abide, + As for the first parte of my wille, that erthe erthe hide. + +In this case the English words are evidently based upon the Latin +phrase, but this does not disprove an English origin for the poem _Erthe +upon Erthe_, since any verses of the kind must ultimately have been +based on the idea that man is dust, and the idea itself must have been +first presented and have become widely known through such Latin elegiac +phrases as _Memento homo quod cinis es et in cinerem reverteris_, or _De +terra plasmasti me_, both of which so frequently accompany _Erthe upon +Erthe_, or as the above cited _Terram terra tegat_. The verse in _MS. +Lansdowne_ might rather be considered as supplying further proof of the +popular tendency to replace such phrases by English verses, expressing +the same idea, but themselves English, not Latin in origin, and making +the most of the possible word-play. Such word-plays were evidently +popular between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. Cf. the +well-known passage in _Piers Plowman_, c. xxi. 389. + + So lyf shal lyf lete ther lyf hath lyf anyented, + So that lyf quyte lyf, the olde lawe hit asketh. + _Ergo_, soule shal soule quyte and synne to synne wende. + +In view of this evidence, I am inclined to think that the Latin version +in MS. Harl. 913 is the translation, and the English the original, and +that the oldest form of _Erthe upon Erthe_ which has been preserved is +that found in the four lines in MS. Harl. 2253:-- + + Ere toc of ere ere wy woh &c. + +Short riddling stanzas of the kind, based upon the Latin phrases +mentioned above, may have been popular in the thirteenth century, and +this particular one was evidently known and used by the author of the +_Song on the Times_.[21] The writer of the version preserved in MS. +Harl. 913 seems to have been a more learned man, acquainted with poems +like the Dialogues between _the Soul and the Body_, who elaborated the +four lines of MS. Harl. 2253, and perhaps other verses of the same kind, +into a poem of seven six-lined stanzas, the additional couplet often +introducing a new idea precisely as in the case of the similarly +expanded verse-form in MS. Porkington. Either this man or a later +transcriber appears to have added the Latin rendering which accompanies +the poem, and to have further exercised himself in varying the +word-play. Heuser[22] points out that the mistakes in the MS. would +support the view that the English text is a copy of an original in +another dialect, and it is possible that the Latin version belongs to +this MS. alone, since a second poem in the same MS. is accompanied by an +unfinished translation into Latin. + +This theory as to the origin of the two texts of the A version receives +further support from the fact that it also accounts most satisfactorily +for the development and popularity of the B version. Apart from the play +on the word _erthe_ and the similarity of the theme, there is only one +point of close verbal connexion between the two versions. In MS. Harl. +913 (A) the sixth stanza runs as follows:-- + + Er gette on er gersom & gold, + Er is i moder, in er is i mold. + Er uppon er be i soule hold; + Er ere go to ere, bild i long bold. + Er bilt castles, and ere bilt toures; + Whan er is on ere, blak be e boures. + +In the B version, the rimes _gold_ : _mold_, _toures_ : _boures_, +regularly recur in the third and fourth stanzas, and line 5 of the A +text is preserved in slightly modified form in the first line of verse +3:-- (MS.Harl. 4486, vv. 3and4) + + Erthe apon erthe wynnethe castelles and towres. + Then seythe erthe to erthe: 'These bythe alle owres.' + When erthe apon erthe hath byggede vp his bowres, + Then schalle erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres. + + Erthe gothe apon erthe as molde apon molde. + So goethe erthe apon erthe alle gleterynge in golde, + Lyke as erthe unto erthe neuer go scholde, + And [gh]et schalle erthe into erthe rather then he wolde. + +In the Cambridge text the rime-words _towres_ : _bours_ are introduced +twice over, representing both the versions given above:-- + + (ll. 63, 64) Erthe bygyth hallys & erthe bygith towres, + When erth is layd in erth, blayke is his bours; + +as in the _A_ version; + + (ll. 5, 7) Erthe vpon erth has hallys & towris . . . + But quan erth vpon erth has bygyd his bowres, + +as in the B version. + +The two stanzas of the B version which contain these rime-words are the +two which recur most frequently on tombstones and mural inscriptions, +and it seems possible that they represent a second early form of the +_Erthe_ poems. It is evident that the rime-words _gold_ : _mold_, +_bowres_ : _towres_, depend upon an early tradition. Probably verses +similar to the short stanza in MS. Harl. 2253, and containing these +words, were in existence before the learned writer of the longer A text +in MS. Harl. 913 introduced them in his poem, and, becoming widely +known, formed the nucleus of the B version. Both the A and the B +versions might therefore be held to depend upon popular stanzas of this +kind, which gave rise about the end of the thirteenth century to the +long poem of MS. Harl. 913, and during the fourteenth century to the +original of the B version, apoem in seven four-lined stanzas. The +earlier version is connected more particularly with the Southwest +Midland district; the later seems to have originated rather in the North +or North Midlands, but it soon became known all over England, and is +found in the South of Scotland shortly after 1500. Only one +fifteenth-century writer, the author of the Cambridge text, shows direct +knowledge of the A text, but the B version was evidently widely known, +and a favourite theme for additions and modifications. On tombstones and +mural inscriptions it survived up to the nineteenth century. + + +LATER VERSIONS OF THE POEM. + +As has been already pointed out, the Middle English texts of _Erthe upon +Erthe_ occur for the most part in the Commonplace Books of the day, +often on the spare leaves at the beginning or end of the MS., as if the +collector or some later owner had been struck by the poem and anxious to +preserve it. That this interest was not confined to the fifteenth +century is shown by the occurrence of the text in the Maitland and +Reidpeth MSS. Astill later instance of it occurs in the Pillerton +Hersey Registers, dating from 1559 onwards, where the following +verse has been scribbled on the last leaf, probably by some +seventeenth-century clerk (cf.C.C. Stopes, _Athenaeum_, Sept. 19, +1908):-- + + Earth upon earth bould house and bowrs, + Earth upon earth sayes all is ours. + Earth upon earth when all is wroght, + Earth upon earth sayes all is for nought. + +Here the first two lines represent a corrupt type of the same lines in +verse 3 of the B version, while the rimes _wroght_ : _nought_ recall +verse 1. + +Another interesting trace of a late popular version is mentioned in the +_Gentleman's Magazine_ for March, 1824, where a certain Mr. J.Lawrence +tells how he was invited, during a visit to Beaumont Hall, Essex, to see +the following inscription, written and decorated by a cow-boy on an +attic wall:-- + + Earth goes upon the earth, glittering like gold; + Earth goes to the earth sooner than 'twould; + Earth built upon the earth castles and towres; + Earth said to the earth, 'All shall be ours.' + +Here portions of verses 3 and 4 of the B version have been combined as +in the epitaphs at Melrose and Clerkenwell cited below, pointing either +to a corrupt popular version of the B text, or possibly to an earlier +type[23] in which the rimes _gold_ : _mold_, &c. were immediately +associated with the rimes _towres_ : _bowres_ as in A (MS.Harl. 913, +v.6). The former assumption is the more probable, since the verse +appears to be directly based upon stanzas 3 and 4 of the usual B +version. + +The majority of the later instances of the text occur on tombstones or +memorial tablets. The poem was peculiarly adapted for this purpose, +based as it was on the very words of the Burial Service. Indeed, the +short verses from which it is here assumed to have originated might well +be supposed to have been written in the first place as epitaphs, if +evidence of the use of English epitaphs in the thirteenth century[24] +were forthcoming. As has been already stated, the seven verses of the +normal B version occurred in full among the mural paintings in the +Chapel of the Holy Trinity at Stratford-on-Avon, belonging to the Guild +of the Holy Cross, where they appear to have been used as a monumental +inscription already in the latter part of the fifteenth century. + +A well-known late instance of the text is the inscription on a tombstone +in the parish churchyard which surrounds Melrose Abbey, mentioned by +Scott. The stone is headed as follows:-- + + Memento Mori. + Here lyes James Ramsay, portioner of Melrose, who died + July 15th, 1761. + +On the back is the following verse:-- + + The Earth goeth on the Earth + Glistring like gold, + The Earth goeth to the Earth + Sooner than it wold; + The Earth builds on the Earth + Castles & Towers, + The Earth says to the Earth: + 'All shall be ours.' + +This was translated into German by Theodor Fontane (_Poems_, 4th edit., +Berlin, 1892, p.447). Cf. Fiedler, _Mod. Lang. Review_, April 1908. + +Other inscriptions are as follows:-- + +On an old brass, quoted by W. Williams, _Notes and Queries_, I. vii. +577, and thought by him to belong to the Church of St. Helen's, +London[25]:-- + + 'Here lyeth y^e bodyes of + James Pomley, y^e sonne of ould + Dominick Pomley and Jane his + wyfe: y^e said James deceased y^e 7th + day of Januarie Anno Domini 1592 + he beyng of y^e age of 88 years, & + y^e sayd Jane deceased y^e -- day + of -- D -- + + Earth goeth up Earth as moulde up moulde; + Earth goeth up Earth all glittering as golde, + As though earth to y^e earth never turne sholde; + And yet shall earth to y^e earth sooner than he wolde. + +On a tomb at Edmonton of unknown date (possibly sixteenth century), +mentioned by Weever (_Ancient Funerall Monuments_) in 1631, and by +Pettigrew (_Chronicles of the Tombs_, p.67) in 1857:-- + + Erth goyth upon erth as mold upon mold, + Erth goyth upon erth al glisteryng in gold, + As though erth to erth ner turne shold, + And yet must erth to erth soner than he wolde. + +Formerly on a headstone in St. James's Churchyard, Clerkenwell, +deciphered about 1812, but already lost in 1851, probably owing to the +dismantling of the churchyard. (Cf._Notes and Queries_, III. i. 389):-- + + Earth walks on Earth like glittering gold; + Earth says to Earth 'We are but mold'. + Earth builds on Earth castles & towers; + Earth says to Earth, 'All shall be ours!' + +Formerly on a tombstone at St. Martin's, Ludgate, to Florens Caldwell +esq. of London & Ann Mary Wilde, his wife (Pettigrew, p.67)[26]:-- + + Earth goes to Earth, as mold to mold; + Earth treads on Earth, glittering in gold: + Earth as to Earth returne ne'er shoulde; + Earth shall to Earth goe e'er he wolde. + Earth upon Earth consyder may; + Earth goes to Earth naked away. + Earth though on Earth be stowt & gay + Earth shall from Earth passe poore away. + Be mercifull & charitable, + Relieve the poor as thou art able. + A shrowd to the grave + Is all thou shalt have. + +This interesting monument has unfortunately disappeared. Doubtless there +are many other traces of the poem to be found, but it appears to have +been rarely used on tombstones after 1700,[27] and earlier monuments, +unless specially preserved, are rarely decipherable at the present day. + + +LITERARY INTEREST. + +_Erthe upon Erthe_ cannot be said to possess great literary value in +itself. The interest of the poem lies chiefly in its evident popularity, +and in the insight it gives into the kind of literature which became +popular in the Middle Ages. It belongs essentially to the same class as +the _Soul and Body_ Poems, and the _Dance of Death_. In the early days +of its introduction into Western Europe, Christianity made great use in +its appeal to the mass of the people of the fear of death and dread of +the Judgement. The early monastic writers dwelt upon the idea of man's +mortality and decay, and the transitoriness of human rank and pleasure. +Hence the frequency with which such themes as the _Dance of Death_ were +treated in literature and in art. Closely allied with this idea of the +fleeting nature of earthly things, and to some extent a result of it, +was the conception of the separation of man's bodily from his spiritual +self which pervades all mediaeval post-Christian literature. In Old +English times already, this sense of a sharp division between the two is +embodied in No. xliv of the O.E. _Riddles_:-- + + [28]Ic wat indryhtne elum deorne + [gh]iest in [gh]eardum, m se grimma ne mg + hunger scean ne se hata urst, + yldo ne adle [ne se enga dea], + [gh]if him arlice esne ena, + se e agan sceal [his [gh]eongorscipe] + on am sifte: hy gesunde t ham + finda witode him wiste [&] blisse, + cnosles unrim, care, [gh]if se esne + his blaforde hyre yfle + frean on fore, ne wile forht wesan + broer orum: him t bam scee, + onne hy from bearme begen hweorfa + anre magan ellorfuse + moddor [&] sweostor. + +This sets forth the same conception of the duality in man as is +represented in the O.E. _Speech of the Soul to the Body_, and in the +whole group of _Soul and Body_ poems, and the idea recurs constantly in +other monastic texts, cf. Morris, _O.E. Miscellany_, iii (_Sinners +Beware_), p.83:-- + + 326. e feondes heom for lede + Boe lychom and saule. + + 331-336. e saule sey to e lychome, + Accursed wure i nome, + in heaued and in heorte. + u vs hauest iwroht es schome, + And alle ene eche grome + Vs schall euer smerte. + +_MS. Harl._ 2253, fol. 106, v^o, l. 7: e fleysh stont a[gh]eyn e gost. + +These two fundamental ideas of the transitoriness and hence +worthlessness of man's earthly part, and the cleavage between it and his +spiritual part, lie at the root of much of the mediaeval literature, and +represent the two not incompatible extremes to which the monastic ideal +of life, from its very one-sidedness, was capable of leading: on the one +hand a certain morbid materialism, on the other an ascetic mysticism. +Nor can it be denied that the mediaeval mind took a certain grim +pleasure in dwelling upon the more grotesque aspect of these things. The +O.E. poet found the same enjoyment in describing his '[Gh]ifer'-- + + [29]se wyrm, e a [gh]ea[gh]las beo + ndle scearpran: se genyde to + rest eallra on am eorscife, + +as the painters of the _Dance of Death_ in the drawing of their +skeletons and emblems of mortality, or the Gothic carver in his +gargoyles. Perhaps, too, some satisfaction in dwelling upon the +hollowness of earthly joys, and the bitter fate of those who took their +fill of them, was not lacking to a few of those who had turned their +backs upon them. + +_Erthe upon Erthe_ is perhaps more especially concerned with the first +of the two conceptions mentioned above, man's mortality, but, as has +already been shown, aclose connexion exists between it and the _Soul +and Body_ poems, and though the idea of the duality in man is not +mentioned, it is certainly present. The poem is more popular in form +than either the _Dance of Death_ or the various _Soul and Body_ +Dialogues, perhaps because of its purely English origin, and seems to +represent a later and more popular product of the ideas which gave rise +to the other two groups. Its short mono-rimed stanza, its jingling +internal rime, and its half-riddling, half-punning character, appear to +have especially commended it to popular favour, and it is significant +that it became most widely-known in its simpler forms. + + +EDITOR'S NOTE. + +In preparing the text of this edition, all the available MSS. have been +consulted, the only two not examined being William Billyng's MS. and the +Brighton MS., which were formerly in the possession of private owners, +and have eluded all search for them. As exhaustive a search as was +possible has been made for other texts of the poem, but it has often +escaped cataloguing, and it is probable that other copies of the B +version, at least, exist. + +The punctuation, inverted commas, and regular use of initial capitals in +the text are the Editor's. The MSS. vary in their use of capitals, the +same MS. being often inconsistent with itself, while the Cambridge text +frequently employs them for unimportant words in the middle of the line, +as p.33, l.45, Ar, &c. Capitals have been added in the case of all +proper names. Letters and words which are obscure or illegible in the +MS., or which appear to have been accidentally omitted, are enclosed in +square brackets, and a hyphen has been inserted where the MS. separates +a prefix or particle from the rest of the word. The MS. writings ff, , +[gh], vfor u and vice versa, have been retained in the text, and [ll], +[th] expanded to ll{e}, th{e}, but it was not thought advisable to +expand m~, n~, to m{e}, n{e}, nor other letters such as d, r, g, when +written with a final flourish. Fifteenth-century scribes appear to have +used such flourishes at the end of the word rather as a matter of habit +than with any particular meaning, and the forms to which expansion of +them would lead, such as _one_, _onne_ for _on_, are frequently most +improbable. It was therefore thought better to ignore such flourishes, +or to indicate the persistent use of them by a footnote. + + [Transcriber's Note: + The mid-paragraph characters are "ll" and "th", each with a single + stroke through both letters.] + +As the conclusions arrived at in the Introduction with regard to the +relationship of the English and Latin versions in MS. Harl. 913, and the +verbal connexion with the _Soul and Body_ Dialogues, agree, to some +extent, with those indicated by Heuser, _Die Kildare-Gedichte_, pp. +176-80, it is only reasonable to state that the greater part of the work +upon the subject had been done, and a projected article upon it written +in reply to Professor Fiedler's in the _Modern Language Review_, before +I had any knowledge of Heuser's text, and that my conclusions had been +formed independently of his, though his have helped to strengthen and +confirm them. Moreover I owe his work a very real debt, since I first +learned from it of the existence of the Cambridge Text, which has been a +most important link in the building up of the general theory as to the +connexion between the different versions of the poem. + +In conclusion, it is a pleasure to express thanks for kind and courteous +assistance to the authorities of the British Museum, the Public Record +Office, the Bodleian, Cambridge University Library and Lincoln Cathedral +Library; to the librarian of Lambeth Palace Library, to whom I am +indebted for the collation of the Lambeth text; to the authorities of +Magdalene College, Cambridge, for permission to copy and print the +Maitland text; to Lord Harlech for the loan of the Porkington MS.; to +Professor Fiedler for permission to use the Brighton text; to Professor +Priebsch, who pointed out the text in MS. Harl. 4486; to Miss Helen +Sandison, of Bryn Mawr College, U.S.A., for the discovery of the text in +the Appendix and for two of the Analogues, and to Professor Skeat for +valuable advice and suggestions. In particular this text owes much to my +Father, Sir James Murray of the _Oxford Dictionary_, who has read the +proofs, and in the midst of his own arduous work has always been ready +with help and advice, to my friend Miss K.S. Block, Lecturer in English +at the Royal Holloway College, and, above all, to Dr. Furnivall, in whom +all scholars and students of English mourn to-day the loss of a great +pioneer, and an ever-ready friend and adviser. + + OXFORD, + _July_ 1910. + + +Since this was sent to press two other copies of the B version have come +to light at Cambridge, and have by kind permission been inserted on pp. +47, 48 as Appendix II:-- + +(B 19) MS. Trinity College R. 3. 21, fol. 33, v^o, a copy of the normal +B version in seven stanzas. + +(B 20) MS. Trinity College B. 15. 39, fol. 170, which contains nine +stanzas of the expanded text preserved in MSS. Lambeth and Laud, and +appears to represent a distinct copy of the original of these two (see +Introd. p. xix). + + + [Footnote 1: A second Latin version of an _Erthe_ poem, together + with the same poem in Anglo-French, and in Middle English, occurs + on the back of a Roll in the Public Record Office, dating from the + time of Edward II (Ex^r. K.R. Proceedings, Bdle. 1; old No. + 845/21), and in a 19th cent. transcript of this in MS. Brit. Mus. + Addit. 25478; it is given in the Appendix. Both the Latin and the + French appear to be translations or paraphrases of the English, + with an additional verse or two.] + + [Footnote 2: The English text in the Appendix consists of nine + four-lined stanzas, and is distinct from either of the two current + versions of the poem. It appears to have been suggested by the + opening lines of A, and may be regarded as a single sub-type of A, + not affecting the main line of argument of the Introduction. (See + Appendix, p.46.)] + + [Footnote 3: This is repeated on each page of Bateman's text, and + is, perhaps, his own design.] + + [Footnote 4: See Bateman's Preface.] + + [Footnote 5: Probably not the author but the copier of the MS.: + see Notes.] + + [Footnote 6: All the stanzas of the B version are four-lined + except MS. Porkington.] + + [Footnote 7: v. Wanley's Catalogue.] + + [Footnote 8: My attention was called to this MS. by the kindness + of Prof. Priebech.] + + [Footnote 9: MS. Laud Misc. is not written throughout in metrical + lines, but the divisions of the stanzas, and, in most cases, of + the lines, are clearly indicated.] + + [Footnote 10: The first leaf of this text has been torn out and + the verses in brackets are only conjectural.] + + [Footnote 11: MS. Laud represents, in the main, the same version + as MS. Lamb., but the variant readings preclude the idea of its + being a copy of Lamb., unless the scribe deliberately tried to + modify his original on the lines of Harl. 4486 and Rawl. P.The + changes in the text (ll.26, 27, 47: see Notes) show that it + cannot be the original of Lamb. It appears to be a transcript from + the same original made about the same date, or a little earlier + than the Lambeth text.] + + [Footnote 12: Cf. MS. Brighton _nobley_.] + + [Footnote 13: Cf. MS. Selden _delful_.] + + [Footnote 14: The Latin and Anglo-French texts in the Appendix are + evidently renderings of the English poem which accompanies them.] + + [Footnote 15: This is clearly seen in the Latin and French + versions in the Appendix where the Latin text uses _terra in + terra_, and the French _terre en terre_.] + + [Footnote 16: Vernon MS. _to resten on_, Digby, _shal rest right + at_.] + + [Footnote 17: Cotton MS. _e rof e firste_.] + + [Footnote 18: Cf. Frendles ys e dede (_Proverbs of Hendyng_, + l.288).] + + [Footnote 19: = heres onkes, _of their own free will_.] + + [Footnote 20: Compare with this the text in the Appendix which + begins: + Whanne eorthe hath eorthe wi wrong igete-- + and in the French version: + Quant terre auera en terre large terre gayne.] + + [Footnote 21: See the Appendix, p. 46.] + + [Footnote 22: _Die Kildare-Gedichte_ (Bonn, 1904).] + + [Footnote 23: See p. xxxiv above.] + + [Footnote 24: The earliest known epitaphs in English date from the + fourteenth century.] + + [Footnote 25: There is no record of this brass at the church of + St. Helen's, Bishopsgate.] + + [Footnote 26: Dated 1590 by Ernest R. Suffling, _Epitaphia_ + (1909), p.382.] + + [Footnote 27: A late instance of its use is given by Ch. Box + (_Elegies and Epitaphs_, Glouc. 1892) as found by him on the tomb + of a bricklayer, who died in 1837, aged 90:-- + Earth walks upon Earth like glittering gold, + Earth says to Earth, 'We are but mould'; + Earth builds upon Earth castles and towers, + Earth says to Earth, 'All is ours'!] + + [Footnote 28: Printed from Grein-Wlcker, _Bibliothek der ags. + Poesie_, iii. 212.--(Iknow of a most noble guest in the + dwellings, hidden from men, whom fierce hunger cannot torment, nor + burning thirst, nor age, nor sickness [nor close-pressing death], + if the servant who shall [bear him company] in his course serves + him honourably: they, prospering, shall find abundance and bliss, + countless joys, allotted to them at home, but (they shall find) + sorrow, if the servant obeys his lord and master ill upon their + journey, and will not show him reverence, the one brother to the + other: that shall afflict them both, when they two depart, + hastening hence, from the bosom of their common kinswoman, mother + and sister.)] + + [Footnote 29: Grein-Wlcker, iii. 105.--(The worm whose jaws are + sharper than needles, who first of all the worms in the grave + forces his way to him.)] + + + + + THE MIDDLE ENGLISH POEM + + ERTHE UPON ERTHE. + + + + + I. + + #A# VERSION. + + +1. + +MS. HARLEIAN 2253. c. 1307. [fol. 57, v^o.] + + Ere toc of ere ere wy woh, + Ere oer ere to e ere droh, + Ere leyde ere in erene roh, + o heuede ere of ere ere ynoh. 4 + + +2. + +MS. HARLEIAN 913. c. 1308-1330. [fol. 62, r^o.] + + 1 [1]Whan er ha er iwonne wi wow, + an er mai of er nim hr inow. + Er vp[2] er falli fol frow[3]; + Er toward er delful hi{m} drow. 4 + Of er ou wer{e} makid, a{nd} mon ou art ilich; + In on er awaked e pore a{nd} e riche. + + T{er}ra{m} p{er} i{n}iuriam cu{m} t{er}ra lucratur, + Tu{n}c de t{er}ra cepiam[4] t{er}ra sorciatur. 8 + T{er}ra sup{er} aream subito frustratur; [fol. 62, v^o.] + Se t{r}axit ad aridam t{er}raq{ue} tristatur. + De t{er}ra plasmaris, es simil{is}[5] virroni, + Vna t{er}ra paup{er}es ac dites s{un}t proni. 12 + + 2 Er ge on er wrikkend in weden, + Er toward er wormes to feden; + Er b{er}ri[6] to er al is lif deden; + When er is i{n} ere, heo muntid[7] i meden. 16 + When er is i{n} ere, e rof is on e chynne[8]; + an schullen an hu{n}dred wormes wroten on e skin. + + Vesta p{er}git uestibus s{upe}r ueste{m} vare, + Artat{ur} & uermibus vesta pastu{m} dare; 20 + Ac cu{m} gestis o{mn}ibus ad uesta{m} migrare; + Cu{m} uesta sit scrobibus, q{u}is wlt[9] suspirare? + Cu{m} sit uesta po{n}ita[10], doma ta{n}git mentu{m}; + Tu{n}c i{n} cute ca{n}dida verru{n}t[11] u{er}mes centu{m}. 24 + + 3 Er aski er, a{nd} er hir answerid, + Whi er hatid er, a{nd} er er verrid. + Er ha er, a{nd} er er teri, + Er gee on er, a{nd} er er berri. 28 + Of er ow wer{e} bigun, on er ou schalt end; + Al {a}t ou i{n} er wonne[12], to er schal hit wend. + + Hum{us} humu{m} repetit, & re{spo}nsu{m} datur, + Humu{m} q{u}are n{e}gligit, & humo fruatur. 32 + Hum{u}s humu{m} porrigit, sic & operatur, + S{upe}r humu{m} p{er}agit, humo q{uod}[13] portatur. + Humo sic i{n}ciperis, ac humo meabis; + Q{uo}d humo q{ue}sieris, humo totu{m} dabis. 36 + + 4 Er get hit[14] on erp maist{r}i a{nd} mi[gh]te; [fol. 63, r^o.] + Al we be er, to er we be idi[gh]te; + Er aske carayne of ki{n}g a{nd} of kni[gh]t; + Whan er is i{n} er, so low[gh] he be li[gh]t. 40 + Whan i ri[gh]t a{nd} i wow[gh] wendi e bi-for, + Be ou re ni[gh]t i{n} a rou[gh], i f{r}endschip is i-lor. + + Terra ui{m}q{ue}[15] b{r}auivm t{er}ra collucratur; + Tot{us} cet{us} hominvm de t{er}ra patratur[16]; 44 + Ops cadau{er} militvm q{ue} regis sc{r}utatur; + Cu{m} det{ur} i{n} tumulvm, mox t{er}ra voratur. + Cu{m} ius & i{us}ticivm cora{m} te migrabu{n}t, + Pauci p{er} t{r}inoctivm morte{m} deplorabu{n}t. 48 + + 5 Er is a palfrei to king a{nd} to quene, + Er is ar[17] la{ng} wei, ouw we lutil wene, + {a}t weri g{r}ouer a{nd} g{r}oy[18] a{nd} schrud so schene, + Whan er maki is liuerei, he g{r}aui vs i{n} g{r}ene. 52 + Whan er ha erp wi st{r}ein us geten, + Alast he ha is lein miseislich i-meten. + + Dic uesta{m}[19] dext{r}arium regiq{ue} regine, + It{er} lo{n}gu{m} marium, q{uod} e{st} sine fine, 56 + I{n}dum{en}tu{m} uarium dans cedit se{n}tine[20], + Q{ua}ndo[21] dat corrodium, noa t{r}adit ruine. + Cu{m} p{er} fortitudinem tenet hanc luc{r}atam, + Capit lo{n}gitudinem mis{er}e metatam. 60 + + 6 Er gette on er gersom a{nd} gold, + Er is i moder, in er is i mold. + Er uppon er be i soule hold; + Er ere go to ere, bild i long bold. 64 + Er bilt[22] castles, a{nd} ere bilt toures; [fol. 63, v^o.] + Whan er is on ere, blak be e boures. + + Hum{us} q{ue}rit pl{ur}ima sup{er} humu{m} bona, + Hum{us} e{st} mat{er} tua, i{n} q{u}a sumas dona[23]. 68 + A{n}i{m}e sis famula s{upe}r humu{m} prona; + Domu{m} d{e}i p{er}petra m{un}do cu{m} corona. + Ops t{ur}res edificat ac castra de petra; + Q{ua}n{do}[24] fatu{m} capiat, penora {sun}t tetra. 72 + + 7 enk man i{n} lond[25] on i last ende, + Whar of ou co{m} a{nd} whoder schaltou wend. + Make e wel at on wi hi{m} {a}t is so hend, + A{nd} dred e of e dome lest sin e schend. 76 + For he is[26] king of blis, a{nd} mon of moch{e} mede, + {a}t deli e dai f{r}am ni[gh]t, a{nd} leni lif a{nd} dede. + + De fine nouissimo mauors mediteris, + Huc q{u}o uen{er}is uico, dic q{u}o g{r}adieris. 80 + Miti p{r}ude{n}tissimo co{n}cordare deris, + Hesides iudic[i]o[27], ne noxa da{m}pneris. + Q{uia} rex e{st} gl{or}ie, dans m{en}sura restat; + Mutat nocte{m} de die, vita{m} morte{m} prestat. 84 + + Am{en}. + + [Footnote 1: Cf. Reliquiae Antiquae, _II. 216_; Furnivall, + Early Eng. Poems and Lives of Saints, _p.150_; Heuser, + Kildare-Gedichte, _p.180_.] + + [Footnote 2: read _upon_.] + + [Footnote 3: in margin _festi{n}e_.] + + [Footnote 4: MS. _cepiam_, so Reliq. Ant.; Furn., Heuser, + _copiam_.] + + [Footnote 5: MS. _simil'_, Furn. _simile_.] + + [Footnote 6: MS. _b'ri_, Furn., Reliq. Ant. _beri_, Heuser + _berri_, cf. l.28.] + + [Footnote 7: _munti_, in margin _metit{ur}_.] + + [Footnote 8: MS. originally _schynne_, _s_ erased.] + + [Footnote 9: _vult_, cf. Furn.] + + [Footnote 10: MS. _pita_, Furn., Heuser _posita_.] + + [Footnote 11: in margin _t{r}ahu{nt}_.] + + [Footnote 12: in margin _luc{r}ataris_, Heuser _lucrabaris_.] + + [Footnote 13: MS. _humo [q-]_, Reliq. Ant., Furn. _humoque_, Heuser + _humo quod_.] [[q with line through stem; exact form unclear]] + + [Footnote 14: ? _getith_, in margin _luc{ratur}_.] + + [Footnote 15: MS. _u[~i]q[gh]_, Reliq. Ant., Furn. _vincit_, Heuser + _vimque_.] + + [Footnote 16: MS. _p^{a}rtratur_, Furn. _portratur_.] + + [Footnote 17: MS. _ar_, Heuser _a_.] + + [Footnote 18: Heuser _grey_ (lies _fou and grey_?).] + + [Footnote 19: Furn. _est tam_.] + + [Footnote 20: MS. _s[~e]tine_, Furn. _sentine_, Reliq. Ant. + _sentin_, so _regin_, _ruin_.] + + [Footnote 21: MS. _Q_, Furn. _omne_.] + + [Footnote 22: in margin _bildi_.] + + [Footnote 23: Furn. H. _dorna_.] + + [Footnote 24: MS. _q_, Furn. _quin_ or _quando_.] + + [Footnote 25: Heuser ? _ilome_.] + + [Footnote 26: MS. _h^{e}is_.] [[inserted "e" over line]] + + [Footnote 27: MS. _iudico_: Reliq. Ant. _judicio_, Furn., Heuser + _iudicio_.] + + + + + II. + + #B# VERSION. + + +1. + +WILLIAM BILLYNG'S MS. c. 1400-1430 ?. + + 1 [1]Erth owte of erth is wondyrly wroght, + Ffor erth hath geten of erth a nobul thyng of noght, + Erthe uppon erthe hath set alle hys thoght + How erthe uppon erthe may be hygh broght. 4 + + 2 Erthe uppon erthe yet wolde be a kynge, + But how erth shall to erth thynketh he nothyng; + But when erth byddyth erth his dute hom bryng, + Than shall erth fro erth have a peteus[2] partyng. 8 + + 3 Erth wynnyth uppon erth both castellys and towris; + Than sayth erth unto erth: 'This is alle owres'. + But whan erth uppon erth hath byllyd all his bowrys, + Thanne shalle erth for erth suffer sharpe showres. 12 + + 4 Erth byldyth uppon erth as molde uppo{n} molde, + And erth goth uppo{n} erth glyttryng alle gold, + Lyke as erth unto erth neuer goe sholde; + Ann justly tha[n][3] shalle erth go to erth + rather a{n}[4] he wolde. 16 + + 5 Why man erth loveth erth wondyr me thynke, + Or why that erth for erth swet wylle or swynke, + Ffor whan erth uppon erth is broght w{i}t{h}i{n} e[5] brynke, + Than shal e[6] erth of erth have a ryght fowle sty[n]ke[6]. 20 + + 6 Memento[7] ho{mo} quod cinis es {e}t in cinere{m} reverteris. + Ffac bene du{m} vivis, post morte[m][8] viv{er}e si vis. + Wha{n} lyffe is most louyd and deth most hated, + Than deth drawyth hys drawght and maketh ma{n} ful naked. 24 + + [Footnote 1: From Bateman's print (William Billyng, Five Wounds of + Christ, Manchester, 1814).] + + [Footnote 2: Bateman _petrus_.] + + [Footnote 3: B. _tha_.] + + [Footnote 4: B. _y_.] + + [Footnote 5: B. _w^{t}i y^e_.] + + [Footnote 6: B. _y^e_; _styke_.] + + [Footnote 7: B. _momento_.] + + [Footnote 8: B. _morte_.] + + +2. + +MS. THORNTON. c. 1440. [fol. 279.] + + Memento homo Quod Sinis Es + Et in cenerem Reuerteris. + + 1 [1]Erthe owte of erthe es wondirly wroghte, + Erthe hase getyn one erthe a dignyte of noghte, + Erthe appon{e} erthe hase sett alle his thoghte + How at erthe appon{e} erthe may be heghe broghte. 4 + + 2 Erthe appon{e} erthe wolde be a kynge, + Bot howe {a}t erthe to erthe sail thynkis he no thynge. + When erthe bredis erthe & his rentis[2] home brynge, + Thane schalle[3] erthe of erthe hafe full harde partynge. 8 + + 3 Erthe appon{e} erthe wynnys castells and towrrys. + Thane saise[4] erthe vnto erthe: 'This es alle owrris'. + When erthe appo{ne} erthe hase bigged vp his bourris, + Than schalle erthe for erthe suffire scharpe scowrrys[5]. 12 + + 4 Erthe gose appon{e} erthe as golde appone golde, + He that gose appon{e} erthe gleterande as golde, + Lyke als erthe neu{er} more[6] goo to erthe scholde, + And [gh]itt schal erthe vnto erthe [gh]a + rathere an he wolde. 16 + + 5 Now why {a}t erthe luffis erthe wondire me thynke, + Or why {a}t erthe for erthe scholde o{er} swete or swynke, + For when {a}t erthe appon{e} erthe + es broghte w{i}t{h}in brynke, + Thane schalle erthe of erthe hafe a foulle stynke. 20 + + Mors Soluit Omnia. + + [Footnote 1: Cf. G. G. Perry, Religious Poems in Prose and Verse + (E.E.T.S. _No. xxvi. 1867, p.95, 1889, p.96_); C.Horstmann, + Yorkshire Writers, _1. 373_.] + + [Footnote 2: repeated in MS. _rentys_.] + + [Footnote 3: Perry _sall_, MS., Horstmann _schalle_.] + + [Footnote 4: perh. _sase_, MS. indistinct, Perry _thus sase_.] + + [Footnote 5: perh. _stourrys_ as in Perry, but all other texts + have _schowrys_.] + + [Footnote 6: MS. _more_, Perry _mare_.] + + +3. + +MS. SELDEN Supra 53. c. 1450. [fol. 159, v^o.] + + 1 [1]Erthe apon erthe ys wonderly wroth[2], + Erthe apon erthe hath worschyp of nogth, + Erthe apon erthe hath set[3] al hys thowth + How erthe apon erth myth be hy browth. 4 + + 2 Erthe apon erth wolde be a kyng{e}; + How erth schal to e erth thy[n]k[4] he no thyng{e}. + Whan erth bydyth erth hys rent h[om]e[4] bryng{e}, + an schal erth fro e erth [haue][5] a delful partyng{e}[6]. 8 + + 3 Erth apon erth wyn[nyth ca[7]]stellys {and} towrys; + an seyth erth to e erth: 'ose beth al owrys'. + Whan erth apon erth hath byggyt al hys bowrys[8], + an schal erth for e erth suffyr scharpe [s]chowrys[9]. 12 + + 4 Lo erth apon erth consyder {o}u may + {a}t erth cometh owte of {e} erth nakyt alway. + an how scholde erth apon erthe be prowt [or gay][10] + Whan erth schal to {e} erth in so pore aray? 16 + + 5 Erth goth on erth as molde doe on molde, + Erth goth on erth glydderande in golde, + Lyk as erth to erth neuyre go scholde. + [Gh]yt schal erth to {e} erth rathyr an ey wolde. 20 + + 6 I cowsayl erth apon erth {a}t wykytly hath wroht, + Whyle erth ys apon erth to turne al hys tho[w]th[11]. + Now pray we to God {a}t al erth wrowth, + at erth owt of erth to blys myth be browth. 24 + + [Footnote 1: The poem is in a different hand on the last leaf of + the MS., and the writing is much worn and stained, and in many + cases barely legible. Afew letters have been re-written in black + ink by a later hand.] + + [Footnote 2: _wroht_, cf. _nogth_, _thowth_, _browth_, and similar + cases of _th_ for _ht_ in v. 6.] + + [Footnote 3: MS. perhaps _iset_.] + + [Footnote 4: MS. obscure.] + + [Footnote 5: omitted in MS.] + + [Footnote 6: _partyn_ re-written in black ink, _ge_ of the + original hand still clear.] + + [Footnote 7: MS. stained and illegible; portions of _nyth a_ seem + to be visible.] + + [Footnote 8: _bow_ in original hand, _rys_ re-written in black + ink.] + + [Footnote 9: The second hand has re-written _chowrys_ ignoring the + _s_ which is no longer visible.] + + [Footnote 10: _o_ and _y_ re-written, the rest illegible.] + + [Footnote 11: _w_ no longer legible.] + + +4. + +MS. EGERTON 1995. c. 1430-1450. [fol. 55, r^o.] + +(William Gregory's Commonplace-Book.) + + Memento homo q{uod} cinis es et in cinerem reuerteris. + Whenne lyfe ys moste louyde, and dethe ys moste hatyde, + Dethe drawythe hys draught{e}, and makythe man nakyde. + + 1 Erthe owte of e erthe ys wounderly wrought{e}, 4 + Erthe vppon erthe hathe sette hys thought{e} + Howe erthe a-pon erthe may be hy brought{e}[1]. + + 2 Erthe vppon erthe wolde be a kynge; + Howe erthe shalle vnto erthe thynkythe he noo thynge. 8 + Whenne erthe byddys erthe hys rentys home brynge, + Thenne shalle erthe of the erthe haue a pytyus partynge. + + 3 Erthe a-pon erthe wynnys castellis and towrys; + Thenne erthe saythe vnto[2] erthe: 'Thys ys alle owrys'. 12 + Whenne erthe a-pon erthe hathe bylde vppe hys bourys, + Thenne shalle erthe for the erthe suffer sharpe schowrys. + + 4 Erthe goythe a-pon erthe as molde a-pon molde; + Erthe gothe a-pon erthe alle gleterynge in golde, 16 + Lyke as erthe vnto erthe neuyr [go][3] scholde, + And yet shalle erthe vnto erthe rathyr thenne he wolde. + + 5 Why erthe louythe erthe woundyr I thynke, + Or why erthe for the erthe swete wylle or swynke, 20 + Ffor whenne erthe a-pon erthe ys brought{e} w{i}t{h}yn brynke, + Thenne shalle erthe of erthe haue a foule stynke. + + 6 Loo erthe a-pon erthe consyder {o}u may + Howe erthe comythe to erthe nakyd alle day. 24 + Why scholde erthe a-pon erthe goo stowte and gay, + Syn erthe vnto erthe shalle pas in pore a-ray? + + 7 I consylle erthe a-pon erthe {a}t wyckydly hathe wrought{e}, + Whyle erthe ys a-pon erthe to turne vppe hys thought{e}, 28 + And pray to God a-pon erthe that alle the erthe + hathe wrought{e}, [fol. 55, v^o.] + That erthe owte of the erthe to blys may be brought. + + Amen. Caue si vis. + + [Footnote 1: The second line in omitted here and in No. 5, where a + new line has been added.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _vnt_.] + + [Footnote 3: Omitted in MS., but required by metre.] + + +5. + +MS. HARLEIAN 1671. 15th century. [fol. 1*, r^o.] + + 1 Erthe apon erthe ys waxyne and wrought{e}, + And erthe apon erthe hathe ysette all{e} hys thought{e} + Howe that erth{e} apon erth{e} hye myght be brought{e}, + But how that erth{e} scal to the erth{e} + thyngketh{e} he noht{e}. 4 + + 2 Erthe apon erth{e} wolde be a kyng, + Butte how that erth{e} schal to erth{e} thynketh he no thynge, + Ffor when erth{e} byddyth{e} erth{e} hys rente home[1] brynge, + Than hath{e} erth{e} apon erth{e} heuy partyng. 8 + + 3 Eerthe apon erth{e} wynnyth castells and touris, + And erth{e} sayth{e} to the erth{e}: 'Thys ys all{e} ourys'. + Wanne erth{e} apon erth{e} syttyth{e} wyth-in hys bovrys, + Ye[gh]t schall{e} erth{e}[2] for the erthe + suffre scharpe schourys. 12 + + 4 Erth{e} goyth{e} on erth{e} as mowlde apon{ne} mowlde, + And erth{e} goyth on erth{e} gletterant as golde, + Like as erth{e} apon erth{e} neuer dye schoulde. + [Gh]yt schall erth{e} to the erth{e} rather than he wolde. 16 + + 5 Why that erth{e} louyth erth{e} wond{er} me thynke, + Or why that erth{e} apon erth{e} swete or swynke, + Ffor whan{ne} erth{e} apon erth{e} ys brought wyth-in the brynke, + Than ys erth{e} apon erth{e} botte a fowle stynke. 20 + + 6 Erth{e} apon erth{e} knoweth{e} eche day + Howe erth{e} cometh to the erth{e} naked all{e} waye. + Why schulde erth{e} apon erth{e} go stowte or gay, + Syth erth{e} apon erth{e} schal passe in pore aray? 24 + + 7 I cowncell{e} erth{e} apon erth{e} that wonderly hath wrought{e} + Whyles that erth{e} ys apon erth{e} to turne all hys thought{e}, + And y pray to God apon erth{e} + that all{e} erth{e} hath wrought{e}, + That erth{e} out of erth{e} to blysse may be brought{e}. Amen. 28 + + [3]Whanne lyf ys moste louyd, + And dethe ys most hatyd, + Dethe drawyth hys drawghte + And maketh a man ful naked. 32 + De t{er}ra plasmasti me. + + [Footnote 1: MS. _hime_ crossed out, and _home_ written in same + line.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _erht{e}_.] + + [Footnote 3: written parallel with the poem in the right-hand + column. Asignature apparently follows, but is indecipherable.] + + +6. + +MS. BRIGHTON. 15th century. [fol. 90, v^o.] + + 1 [1]Erthe oute of erthe is wondyrly wroghte, + Erthe vpon erthe gete nobley of noughte, + Erthe vpon erthe has sete all his thovghte + How erthe vpon erthe may be hye brovghte. 4 + + 2 Erthe vpon erthe wolde be a kynge, + How erthe sall to erthe thenkys he nothyng, + For whan erthe byddes erthe his rent home brynge, + an sall erthe from erthe haf petus p{ar}tynge. 8 + + 3 Erthe vpon erthe wynnes castells and tours; + Than says erthe vnto erthe: 'This is all ovres'. + But whan erthe opon erthe has bigged his borowes, + Than sall erthe for the erthe sofur sharpe shovres. 12 + + 4 Erthe gothe vpon erthe os movlde opon movlde, + Erthe gothe opon erthe glyd{er}yng os golde, + Lyke as erthe to erthe neu{er} go shulde. + [Gh]yte shall erthe to erthe rather an he wolde. 16 + + 5 Why {a}t erthe loues erthe wond{er} me thynkes, + Vr why {a}t erthe vpon erthe swetys or swynkes, + Ffor whan erthe opon erthe is brente w{i}t{h}in e brynkes, + an sall erthe of the erthe hafe a foule stynke. 20 + + 6 Lo erthe vpon erthe consider ou may + How erthe comes into e erthe nakyd all way. + Why sulde erthe vpon erthe go stovte or gay, + Sethen erthe oute of erthe sall passe in por aray? 24 + + 7 I concell erthe opon erthe {a}t wykkydly has wrouthe, + The whyle {a}t erthe is vpon erthe to turn vp his thouthe, + And praye to God vpon erthe at all the erthe wrouhte, + {a}t erthe oute of erthe to blys may be browthe. 28 + + [Footnote 1: Printed, by kind permission, from H. G. Fiedler's + text (Mod. Lang. Review, _III. iii. 219_).] + + +7. + +STRATFORD-ON-AVON INSCRIPTION. 15th century. + +(Formerly in the Chapel of the Trinity.) + + 1 Erthe oute of erth ys wondurly wroght, + Erth hath gotyn vppon erth a dygnyte of noght, + Erth ypon erth hath sett[1] all hys thowht + How erth apon erth may be hey browght. 4 + + 2 Erth vpon erth wold be a kyng, + But how that erth gott to erth he thyngkys[2] nothyng. + When erth byddys erth hys rentys whom bryng, + Then schall erth apon erth haue a hard p{ar}tyng[3]. 8 + + 3 Erth apon erth wy{n}nys castellys and towrys; + Then seth erth vnto erth: 'Thys ys all owrys'. + When erth apon erth hath bylde hye[4] bowrys, + Then schall erth for erth suffur many hard schowrys. 12 + + 4 Erth goth apon erth as man apon mowld, + Lyke as erth apon erth neu{er}[5] goo schold. + Erth goth apon erth as glisteryng gold, + And yet schall erth vnto erth rather then he wold. 16 + + 5 Why that erth loueth erth wondur me thynke, + Or why that erth wold for erth other swett or swynke. + When erth apon erth ys broght w{ith}yn the brynke, + Then schall erth apon erth have a fowll stynke. 20 + + 6 Lo erth on erth, consedur thow may + How erth co{m}myth to erth nakyd all way. + Why schall erth apon erth goo stowte or gay, + Seth erth out of erth schall passe yn poor aray? 24 + + 7 I counsill erth apone erth that ys wondurly wrogt, + The w{h}yll[6] {a}t erth ys apon erthe to torne hys thowht, + And pray to God vpon erth {a}t all erth wroght, + That all crystyn soullys to e[7] blis may be broght. 28 + + [Footnote 1: Fisher (Facsimile of inscription) _seth_; Reeves + (Mod. Lang. Notes, ix. 4, 203) _sett_.] + + [Footnote 2: Reeves _thynkys_.] + + [Footnote 3: Fisher, Reeves _ptyng_.] + + [Footnote 4: Fisher _hye_, Reeves _hys_; cf. H. 4486 hath _bygged + hy his bowres_.] + + [Footnote 5: Fisher _neuu_.] + + [Footnote 6: Fisher, Reeves _w^{h}yll_.] + + [Footnote 7: Fisher _y_ for _y^e_.] + + +8. + +MS. RAWLINSON C. 307. c. 1460. [fol. 2, r^o.] + +Memento homo quod cinis es et in cinerem reuerteris. + + 1 Erthe opon erthe hath set all{e} his thoght + How that erthe opon erthe may be hy broght. + Erthe oute of erthe is wonderly wroght, + Erthe hase of erthe a dignytie of noght. 4 + + 2 Erthe opon erthe wolde be a kyng, + Bot how erthe shall{e} to erthe thynkis he nothyng. + Ya bot when erthe byddis erthe his rentis hym bryng, + Than shall{e} erthe hafe of erthe a full{e} harde p{ar}tyng. 8 + + 3 Erthe opon erthe byggis castels and towres, + Than sais erthe vnto erthe: 'All{e} is is ours'. + Ya bot when erthe opon erthe hath byggid vp his bowres, + Than shall{e} erthe[1] for erthe suffre sharpe showres. 12 + + 4 Erth{e} gose on erthe[1] glitterand as golde, + Like as erthe[1] vnto erthe[1] neu{er} go shulde. + Ya bot when erthe goeth on erthe as colde opon colde, + Yit shall{e} erthe vnto erthe rather an{ne} he wolde. 16 + + 5 Whi that erthe luffis erthe wondre me thynke, + Or whi at erthe for erthe swete wyll{e} or swynke, + Ffor when erthe[1] opon erthe is brought with-in brynke, + Than shall{e} erthe hafe of erthe[1] a wonder foule stynke. 20 + + 6 What may erthe say to erthe at beste tyme of all{e}? + Noght bot {a}t erthe opon erthe shall{e} hafe a fall{e}. + Bot when erthe oute of erthe[1] + shall{e} com to the laste call{e}, + Than sall{e} erthe be[2] full{e} ferde for e sely sall{e}. 24 + + 7 Beholde {o}u erthe opon erthe what worship {o}u hase, + And thynk {o}u erthe opon erthe what maistres {o}u mase, + And how erthe opon erthe what gatis at {o}u gase, + And {o}u sall{e} fynde it forsuthe + that {o}u haste many fase. 28 + + 8 Now he {a}t erthe opon erthe ordande[3] to go + Graunte {a}t erthe vpon erthe may govern hym so, + at when erthe vnto erthe shall{e} be taken to, + That e saule of is erthe suffre no wo. 32 + + [Footnote: Final _n_ is often written _n~_; so _m~_.] + + [Footnote 1: possibly MS. _ertha_; final _e_ in this MS. is often + written very like _a_.] + + [Footnote 2: looks like _ba_.] + + [Footnote 3: looks like _ordanda_.] + + +9. + +MS. HARLEIAN 4486. 15th century. [fol. 146, r^o.] + + Memento homo q{uo}d cinis es & [in] cinerem reu{er}teris, + Ffac b{e}n{e} du{m} viuis, post morte{m} viuere si vis. + When[1] lyffe is most loued[1], & deth is moste hated, + Then dethe[2] draweth{e} his drawght{e} + & makyth{e} man full{e} naked. 4 + + 1 Erthe owte of erthe is wonderly wrowght{e}, + Erthe of the erthe hathe gete an abbey of nawte, + Erthe apon erthe hath{e} sett all{e} his thowghte + How erthe apon erthe may be hye browte. 8 + + 2 Erthe apon erthe be he[3] a kyng{e}, + Butt how erth{e} schall{e} to erthe thynketh{e} he nothyng{e}. + [4]When erthe byddeth{e} erthe his rent home bryng{e}, + Then schall{e} erthe owte of erthe + haue a pyteous p{ar}tyng{e}. 12 + + 3 Erthe apon erthe wynneth{e} castell{es} & towres. + Then seyth{e} erthe to erthe: 'These byth{e} all{e} owres'. + When erthe apon erthe hath bygged{e} vp his bowres, + Then schall{e} erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres. 16 + + 4 Erthe gothe apon erthe as molde apon molde. + So goeth{e} erthe apon erthe all{e} gleteryng{e} in golde, + Lyke as erthe into erthe neu{er} go scholde, + And [gh]et schalle erthe into erth{e} rather then he wolde. 20 + + 5 Why erthe loueth{e} erthe wonder me thynke, + Or why that erthe for erthe swete wyll{e} or swynke, + Ffor whan erthe apon erthe is browte w{i}t{h}yn e brynke, + Then schall{e} erthe of the erthe haue a fowle stynke. 24 + + 6 Loo, erthe apon erthe, consyder{e} thow may + How erthe com{m}yth{e} to erthe naked all{e} way. + Why scholde erthe apon erthe go stowte or gay, + Whan erthe schall{e} passe owte of erthe in a pore aray? 28 + + [fol. 146, v^o.] + 7 Therfor erthe apon erthe that wykedly hast wrought{e}, + Whyle erthe is apon erthe torne agayne thy thowght{e}, + And pray to God apon erthe that all{e} erthe hath wroughte + That this erthe apon this erthe to blysse may be browte. 32 + + 8 Now Lorde that madyst for erthe & sufferdyst paynes ylle, + Lett neu{er} this erthe for this erthe i{n} myschyffe spylle, + But that this erthe in this erthe + be eu{er} worchyng{e} thy wylle, + So that this erthe fro {is} erthe + may stye vp to thy hylle. 36 + + Amen. + + [Footnote 1: Final _n_ is uniformly written _n~_ in this text + excepting in the word _in_. Final _d_ is frequently written + _[d+]_.] + + [Footnote 2, 3: _added above the line._] + + [Footnote 4: The first words in ll. 11, 14, 15 seem to have been + freshened up.] + + +10. MS. LAMBETH 853. c. 1430-1450. [fol. 35.] + + Whanne liif is moost loued, and dee is moost hatid: + anne doo dee drawe his draw[gh]t, & maki ma{n} ful nakid. + De terra plasmasti me, _&c._ + + 1 Ere out of ere is wondirly wrou[gh]t, 4 + Ere of ere ha gete a dignyte of nou[gh]t, + Ere upo{n} ere ha sett al his ou[gh]t, + How at ere upon ere may be hi[gh] brou[gh]t. + + 2 Ere upon ere wold he be a king; 8 + B{u}t how ere schal to ere enki he no [fol. 36] ing; + Wha{n}ne at ere biddi ere hise rentis hom bring, + an schal ere out of ere haue a piteuous parting. + + 3 Ere vpon ere wy{n}ne castels & touris, 12 + an sei ere to ere: 'Now is is al houris'. + Wha{n}ne ere upon ere ha biggid up hise boure[s], + anne schal ere upo{n} ere suffir scharpe schouris. + + 4 Ere gooth vpon ere as molde upon molde, 16 + So gooth ere upon ere al gliteringe in golde, + Like as ere vnto ere neu{er}e go schulde, + And [gh]it schal ere vnto erthe ra{er} an he wolde. + + 5 O {o}u wrecchid ere at on ere traueilist ny[gh]t and day, 20 + To florische e ere, to peynte e ere wit{h} wantowne aray, + [Gh]it schal ou ere for al i ere, + make ou it neu{er}e so queynte & gay, + Out of is ere in-to e ere, + {er}e to clinge as a clot of clay. [fol. 37.] + + 6 O wrecchid man whi art {o}u proud, at art of e ere makid? 24 + Hid{er} brou[gh]ttist ou no schroud, + but poore come ou and nakid. + Whanne i soule is went out, & i bodi in ere rakid, + an i bodi at was rank & undeuout, of alle men is bihatid. + + 7 Out of is ere cam to is ere is wrecchid garnement; 28 + To hide is ere, to happe is ere, to hi{m} was cloinge lente; + Now goo ere upon ere, ruli raggid and rent, + {er}fore schal ere vndir e ere haue hidiose turment. + + 8 Whi at ere to myche loue ere wondir me ink, 32 + Or whi at ere for sup{er}flue ere + to sore sweete wole or swynk; + Ffor wha{n}ne at ere upo{n} ere is brou[gh]t + w{i}t{h}i{n}ne e brink, + an schal ere of e ere haue a rewful swynk. + + 9 Lo ere upon ere considere ou may, 36 + How ere come i{n}to ere nakid al way, [fol. 38.] + Whi schulde ere upon ere go now so stoute or gay, + Wha{n}ne ere schal passe out of ere in so poore aray? + + 10 Wolde God {er}fore is ere, while at he is upon this ere, + Vpon is wolde he{r}tili inke, 40 + & how e ere out of e ere schal haue his a[gh]en-risynge, + And is ere for is ere schal [gh]eelde streite rekenyng; + Schulde neu{er}e an is ere for is ere mysplese heuene king. + + 11 erfore ou ere upon ere put so wickidli hast wrou[gh]t, 44 + While at ou ere art upon ere turne a[gh]en i ou[gh]t, + And praie to at God upo{n} ere at al e ere ha wrou[gh]t, + at ou ere upon ere to blis may be brou[gh]t. + + 12 O ou Lord at madist is ere for is ere & suffridist + heere peynes ille, 48 + Lete neu{er}e is ere for is ere myscheue ne spille, + But at is ere on is [fol. 39] ere + be eu{er}e worchinge i wille, + So {a}t is ere from is ere may stie up to in hi[gh] hille. + + Amen. + + Memento homo quod cinis es, et i{n} cinere{m} reu{er}teris, 52 + Ffac bene dum viuis. post mortem viu{er}e si uis. + Tangere qui gaudet. meretricem qualiter audet. + Palmis pollutis. regem tractare salutis. + Credo in deum patrem omnipotentem. 56 + + (_Here follows the Creed in English verse._) + + +11. + +MS. LAUD MISC. 23. Before 1450. [fol. 111, v^o.] + + Whan lyf is moost louyd & dee is moost hatyd: + Thanne deeth drawyth his draut and makith man ful nakid. + + 1 Erthe out of erthe is wo{n}dirly wrou[gh]t, + Erthe of the erthe hath gete a dignyte of nowth{e}, 4 + Erthe vp-on e{r}the hath set al his thou[gh]t + How that erthe vp-on erthe may be hy[gh] browth. + + 2 Erthe vp-on erthe wolde be a kyng; + But how erthe shal to erthe thinki he no thi{n}g; 8 + Wha{n} that erthe biddeth erthe his rentys hoom bring, + Thanne shal erthe out of the erthe haue a pet{ous} partyng. + + 3 Erthe vp-on erthe wynnyth castellis and towris[1], + Tha{n}ne seith erthe to erthe: 'This is al owris.' 12 + Whan erthe vp-on erthe hath biggid alle his bouris, + Thanne shal erthe for erthe suffre sharp showris. + + 4 Erthe gooth up-on erthe as moolde vp-on moolde, + So gooth erthe vp-on erthe al gleteryng in goolde, 16 + Like as erthe vn-to erthe neu{er}e goo[2] shulde; + Yit shal erthe vnto ere[3] rather{e} than he wolde. + + 5 O thou wrecchid erthe, that on the erthe + [fol. 112, r^o] traueylist ny[gh]t and day, + To florissh{e} the erthe, to peynte the erthe + wyth wantone a-ray; 20 + [Gh]it shal thow erthe, for all{e} thyn erthe, + make thow it neu{er} so queynt & gay, + Out of the erthe in-to the erthe, ther to clynge as clot of clay. + + 6 O wrecchide man whi art thow p{r}ude, that art of erthe makid? + Hidir broutyst thow no shroude, but por{e} cam thow & nakid. 24 + Whan thi soule is went out, & thi body in erthe rakid, + Tha{n}ne thi body that was rank and louyd of alle men, is hatyd. + + 7 Out of the erthe cam to this erthe his wantyng garneme{n}t; + To hyde this erthe, to wrappe this erthe, + to him was clothing lent; 28 + Now gooth erthe up-on erthe, ruly raggid and rent, + Therfor shal erthe vndir erthe haue hidous turme{n}t. + + 8 Whi that erthe louyth erthe wondir me thinke, + Or whi that erthe for erthe swete wole or swinke; 32 + Ffor whan that erthe up-on the erthe + is brou[gh]t wyth-i{n}ne the brinke, + Thanne shal erthe of the erthe haue a rewfull{e} stinke. + +[-->] + + 9 Lo erthe up-on erthe consider thow may, + How erthe in-to the erthe comyth nakid al-way, 36 + Whi shuld erthe vp-on erthe go stout [fol. 112, v^o] or gay, + Wha{n} erthe shal passe out of erthe in a por{e} aray? + + 10 Wolde therfor{e} this erthe on this erthe, on this hertly thinke, + How that erthe out of the erthe shal haue risynge, 40 + And thus erthe for erthe[4] yeelde shal streyt rikenynge, + Shulde neuer{e} erthe for erthe mysplese heuene kyng. + + 11 Thow erthe up-on erthe, that wickydly hast wrout, + While that erthe is vp-on erthe, turne a-[gh]en thi thout, 44 + And preye to God vp-on erthe, that alle the erthe hath wrou[gh]t, + That erthe vp-on erthe to blisse may be brou[gh]t. + + 12 Lord God that erthe madist & for the erthe suffredist peynys ille, + Lete neu{er}e is ere[5] for this erthe myscheue ne spille, 48 + But that this erthe in this erthe be eu{er}e worching thi wille, + So that erthe fro this erthe stye up on thyn hy[gh]e hille. Amen. + p{ar} charite, God it graunte that it so be. + +[-->] + + [6]Tange{re} qui gaudes m{er}etricem qualit{er} audes[7]. 52 + Palmis pollutis regem tractar{e} salutis. + + (_The poem _Whi is the wor[l]d belouyd that fals is and veyn_, + follows immediately._) + + [Footnote 1: _towris_ added in margin by the same hand.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _goo ne_; _ne_ crossed out, and marked _[n.][e.]_.] + + [[Expunctuated "ne" shown with under-dots]] + + [Footnote 3: _vnto ere_ inserted in red above the line.] + + [Footnote 4: _for erthe_ repeated and crossed out in red.] + + [Footnote 5: _is ere_ added above the line, _ere_ in red.] + + [Footnote 6: In left margin _de sac{er}dotib{us}_.] + + [Footnote 7: in right margin _h{oc} in decretis_.] + + +12. + +MS. COTTON TITUS A. xxvi. 15th century. [fol. 153, r^o.] + + 1 Erthe oute of erthe is wondirly wroght, + Erthe of e erthe hathe goten a dyngnyte of noght, + Erthe vpon erthe hathe set all{e} hys thovght + Houe erthe vpon erthe maye be hyghe broght. 4 + + 2 Erthe vpon erthe wolde be a kyng; + Bot how erthe shall{e} to erthe thynkethe he nothyng; + Whan that erthe biddethe erthe hys rentis hom to bryng, + Than shall{e} erthe oute of erthe haue a pytous p{ar}tyng. 8 + + 3 Whan erthe vpon erthe wynythe casteles & tourys, + Than says erthe to erthe: 'ys is all{e} ourys'. + And whan erthe vpon erthe hathe byggid hys bourys, + Than shall{e} erthe vpon erthe suffer sharpe shoures. 12 + + 4 Erthe gothe vpon erthe as molde vpon molde[1], + So gothe erthe vpon erthe all{e} glytryng in golde, + Lyke as erthe into erthe never goo sholde; + And y{e}t shal[2] erthe in to erthe rathar then he wolde. 16 + + [fol. 153, v^o.] + 5 O thou wreched erthe that on erthe trauayles nyght & daye + To fflorysshe[3] and paynt e erthe w{i}t{h} wanton araye; + Y{e}t sshalle ou, erthe, for all{e} thy erthe, + make {o}u it neu{er} so queynt or gaye, + Oute of thys erthe in to erthe to klyng as clot in claye. 20 + + 6 O wrechyd man, why[4] art {o}u[5] prowde that of erth art maked, + And hyder thou broght no shrowde, bot pore com and nakyd? + Lewe thy syne and lyffe in ryght, + And than shalt thou lyffe in heuyn as a knyght. 24 + + [Footnote: Final _n_ is written _n~_ as a rule in this text, so + _m~_.] + + [Footnote 1: MS. _moldee_.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _shal do_ or _de_, the second word crossed out.] + + [Footnote 3: MS. _To fflorysshe e erthe_, the last two words + crossed out, cf. MS. Lambeth, _v. 5_, MS. Rawl. Poet., _v. 15_.] + + [Footnote 4: MS. _why at_, _at_ crossed out.] + + [Footnote 5: MS. _^t_.] + + +13. + +MS. RAWLINSON POETICAL 32. After 1450. [fol. 32, v^o.] + + A descripture alchimicall of erthe & the nature of man[1]. + + Whanne life is most louyd, + And deth is most hatid, + Deth drawith his drau[gh]te + And makith a man nakid. 4 + + 1 Erthe oute of erthe + Is wonderly wrou[gh]te; + Erthe hath of the erthe + [Gh]etyn a dignite of noughte. 8 + + 2 Erthe a-pon erthe + Hath set alle his thoughte + How erthe apon erthe + May be hiere y-broughte. 12 + + 3 Erthe a-pon erthe + Wolde be made a kyng, + How erthe schal to erthe + Thynkyng no thyng. 16 + + 4 Whanne erthe biddith erthe + Than he his rente hom brynge, + Thanne schal erthe for erthe + Haue a petous partynge. 20 + + 5 Whanne erthe apon erthe + Hath billid al his bowris, + Thanne schalle erthe for erthe + Suffre ful harde schowris. 24 + + 6 Erthe a-pon erthe [fol. 33, r^o.] + Wynnyth castellis and towris. + Thanne saithe erthe to erthe: + 'This is alle owris'. 28 + + 7 Erthe gothe apon erthe + As molde a-pon molde, + Erthe gothe apon erthe + Gleteryng alle in golde, 32 + + 8 As thouh erthe to erthe + Neu{er} a-yen go schulde, + But yit schal erthe to {e} erthe + Rather thanne he wolde. 36 + + 9 Oute of the erthe cam the erthe + Wantynge his garnament, + To hide the erthe, to lappe the erthe, + To hym was clothing y-lent. 40 + + 10 Now goth the erthe apon erthe + Disgesily ragged and to-rent, + Therfore schal erthe vnder erthe + Suffer ful grete turment. 44 + + 11 Whi that ere loue erthe + Wonder y may thinke, + Or whi that erthe for the erthe + Unresonably swete wol or swynke, 48 + + 12 Ffor whanne erthe vnder erthe [fol. 33, v^o.] + Is brou[gh]te withynne brynke, + Thanne schal erthe of the erthe + Haue an oribyll stynke. 52 + + 13 Yif erthe wold of erthe + Thus hartily haue thynkynge, + And how erthe out of erthe + Shal at last haue risynge, 56 + + 14 Thanne schal erthe for erthe + Yelde riht streite rekenynge, + Thanne schuld [erthe] for erthe + Neuer mys-plese heuene kynge. 60 + + 15 Thow wrecchid erthe {a}t thus for erthe + Trauelist nyht and day + To florische the erthe, to paynte the erthe + With thi wanton array, 64 + + 16 Yit schalt thou erthe for alle thi erthe, + Make thou neuer so gay, + Ffor thi erthe in to erthe + Clynge as clotte in clay. 68 + + 17 Thinke now erthe how thou in erthe + Goist euer in dethis[2] grace, + And thanne thou erthe for the erthe + Shalt neuer stryue ne race. 72 + + 18 Bute for thou erthe with thi erthe [fol. 34, r^o.] + Hauntist enuye and hate, + Therefor schal erthe for erthe + Be excludid from heuene gate. 76 + + 19 Ffowle erthe whi louyst thou erthe + That is thi dedly foo, + And bildist on erthe + As thou schuldist dwelle euer moo? 80 + + 20 But thou erthe forsake the erthe, + Or that thou hennys goo, + Vnder erthe for lust of erthe + Thou schalt haue sorow and woo. 84 + + 21 Whiles erthe may in erthe + To festis and to drynkis gon, + Til the be made frome the erthe + As bare as any bon. 88 + + 22 Thanne if erthe comyth to erthe + Makyng sorow and mone, + Thanne saith erthe to the erthe, + 'Thou were a felow, but now art thou none'. 92 + + 23 Thus the erthe queytith the erthe + That doith to him seruyse, + Or tristyn on erthe, or plese the erthe + In any maner wise. 96 + + 24 Therfor thou erthe be ware of erthe [fol. 34, v^o.] + And thou the wele auyse, + Lest thou erthe p{er}ische for erthe + By-fore the hihe iustyse. 100 + + 25 Ffor the erthe was made of erthe + At the first begynnynge, + That erthe schuld labour the erthe + In trowthe and sore swynkynge; 104 + + 26 But now erthe lyueth in erthe + With falshode and begilynge, + Therfor schal erthe for erthe + Be punsched in payne euerlastynge. 108 + + 27 But erthe forsake the erthe + And alle his falshede, + And of the erthe restore the erthe + Goodis that ben mys-gete, 112 + + 28 Or that erthe be doluyn in erthe + And vnder fote y-trede, + Ffor synne of erthe, {a}t hath do in erthe, + Fful sore he schalle be bete. 116 + + 29 Drede thou erthe while thou in erthe + Hast witte & resoune at thi wille, + That, erthe, for loue of erthe, + Thi soule thou nougth spille. 120 + + 30 And thou erthe, repente the in erthe [fol. 35, r^o.] + Of alle that thou hast don ille, + And thanne schalt thou, erthe apon erthe, + Goddis biddyngis fulfille. 124 + + 31 Lord God that erthe tokist in erthe, + And suffredist paynes ful stille, + Late neuer erthe for the erthe + In dedly synne ne spille, 128 + + 32 But that erthe in this erthe + Be doynge euer thi wille, + So that erthe for the erthe + Stye vp to thi holy hille. Amen. S. J. 132 + + [Footnote 1: Added in a later hand, probably 16th century.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _deth is_.] + + +14. + +MS. PORKINGTON 10. 15th century. [fol. 79, v^o.] + + 1 [1]Erthe vppo{n} erth{e} is wo{u}ndyr{e}ly wro{u}[gh]te; + Erthe vppo{n} erthe has set al his ou[gh]te[2] + [fol. 80, r^o.] + How erthe vppo{n} erth to erthe schall{e} be[3] brou[gh]te; + Ther is no{n}e vppo{n} erth has hit in ou[gh]te.[4] 4 + Take hede! + Whoso inkyse on[5] his end{e}, ful well{e} schal he sped{e}. + + 2 Erth vppo{n} erth wold{e} be a kynge; + How erth schal to erthe he ink{is} no inge. 8 + Whe{n} erth byddy erth his rent who{m}e brynge, + The{n} schal erth fro e erth have a hard{e} parttynge, + W{i}t{h} care; + Ffor erth vppo{n} ere wott{is} + neu{er} we{r} {er}for to far{e}. 12 + + 3 Erth vppo{n} erth wy{n}nis castyll{is} & tovris. + The{n} saye erth to erth: 'Al {i}s is ourus'. + Whe{n} erth vpp{on} erth has bylde al his bovres, + The{n} schal erth fro e erth soffyr{e} scharpe schorrys, 16 + And{e} smarte. + Ma{n}, amend{e} e betyme, i lyfe ys but a starte. + + 4 Erth gose on erth as mold{e} vpon{ne} molde, + Lyke as erth to e erth neu{er} a-gayne schold{e}; 20 + Erth gose on erth glytteryng in gold{e}[6], + [fol. 80, v^o.] + [Gh]et shale erth to e erth, ra{er} e{n} he wolde. + Be owris! + [Gh]efe i alm{is} w{i}t{h} i hand{e}. Trust to no secatovrs. 24 + + 5 Why {a}t erth louis ere merwel me inke, + [7]Or why erth vppo{n} erth wyl swet or swinke, + [7]Ffor whe{n} erth vppo{n} erth is bro{u}t to e brynke, + The{n} schal erth frov e erth have a fovl stynke 28 + To smele, + Wars e{n} e caryo{n} {a}t lyis in e fele. + + 6 Lo, erth vppo{n} erth, co{n}sayfe {i}s {o}u maye, + That {o}u co{m}mys frome e erth nakyd{e} alway[{e}]; 32 + How schuld{e} erth vppo{n} erth soe[8] prod{e} or gaye, + Sen[9] erth v{n}to erth schal pase i{n} symple araye, + Unclad{e}? + Cloth e nakyd whyl {o}u may, for so Gode e bade. 36 + + 7 Erth vppo{n} erth, me inky[gh] e ful blynd{e}, + That on erth ryches to set al[10] i mynd{e}; + In e gospel wrytty{n}e exampul I fynde, + The pore went to heyuy{n}, e rych to hel I fynd{e}, 40 + W{i}tt skyle: + [fol. 81, r^o.] + The co{m}mandment{is} of God{e} wold{e} he not fulfyle. + + 8 Erth vppo{n} erth, deyle duly thy goode + To e por{e} pepul {a}t favtt pe i fovde, 44 + Ffor e loue of i Lord{e}, {a}t rent was on e roode, + And{e} for i loue on e crose sched his[11] hart blode,-- + Go rede!-- + W{i}ttovte a{n}ny place to reste on his hede. 48 + + 9 Erth vppo{n} erth, take tent to my steyuyne; + Whyl {o}u leuyst, fulfyle e w{er}kys of mercy vij. + Loke {o}u lete, for oode ne for ewyne, + Ffor o by{n}e e werk{is} at helpyne vs to heyuy{n}e, 52 + In haste. + Tho ded{is} who so dose ar, hy{m}e neu{er} be agaste. + + 10 Erth vppo{n} erth, be {o}u neu{er} so gaye, + Thow moue[12] wend{e} of {i}s world{e} an vnreydy waye; 56 + Turne e betyme, whyle {a}t {o}u maye, + Leste it lede e into hele, to logege {er} for[13] ay, + In pyne; + Ffor {er} is no{er} to gett bred{e}, ale, ne wyne. 60 + + 11 Erth vppo{n} erth, God{e} [gh]eyf e grace, [fol. 81, v^o.] + Whyle {o}u leuuyst vppo{n} erth, to purway e a place + In heywy{n} to dweyll{e}, whyl {a}t {o}u hast space; + That myrthe for to myse it w{er} a karful case. 64 + Ffor whye? + That myrth is w{i}t{h}owtty{n} end{e}, I tel e securlye. + + 12 I co{n}cele erth vppo{n} erth {a}t wykyd{e}ly has wro[gh]te, + Whyl erth is on erth, to torn all{e} his ov[gh]te, 68 + And{e} pray to Gode vppo{n} erth, + {a}t al mad{e} of nov[[gh]te][14], + That erth owte of erth to blys may be bov[gh]te[15] + W{i}tt my[gh]the[16], + Thorow helpe Jh{e}su Cryst {a}t was our{e} lad{is} byrthe. 72 + Do for iself. + + [Footnote 1: Cf. Halliwell, Early Eng. Misc. in Prose and Verse, + printed for the Warton Club, _1855, p.39_, Fiedler, Mod. Lang. + Review, _III. iii. 225_.] + + [Footnote 2, 4: MS. _o[~u][gh]te_.] + + [Footnote 3: MS. _bo_.] + + [Footnote 5: MS. _o_, _on~_, throughout.] + + [Footnote 6: MS. _in [~i] gold{e}_.] + + [Footnote 7: These two lines are transposed in the MS.] + + [Footnote 8: MS. _soe_, Halliwell _soe_, Fiedler _goe_.] + + [Footnote 9: MS. _se_.] + + [Footnote 10: H. _setal_.] + + [Footnote 11: H. F. _schedhis_.] + + [Footnote 12: MS. _mu_.] + + [Footnote 13: MS. _^{r}for_, H. F. _therefor_.] + + [Footnote 14: MS. only _nov_ now legible.] + + [Footnote 15: MS. _bov[gh]te_, Halliwell _bou[gh]t_, Fiedler + _brou[gh]t_.] + + [Footnote 16: MS. Halliwell _my[gh]the_, probably erroneous for + _myrthe_.] + + +15. + +MS. BALLIOL 354. Before 1504. [fol. 207, v^o.] + +(Richard Hill's Commonplace-Book.) + + 1 Erth owt of erth is worldly wrowght, + Erth hath gote{n} oppo{n} erth a dygnite of nowght, + Erth vpon erth hath[1] set all his thowght, + How {a}t erth vpon erth myght be hye browght. 4 + + 2 Erth vpon erth wold be a kyng, + But how {a}t erth shall to erth, he thy{n}kith no thyng; + Whe{n} erth biddith erth his rent{es}[2] home bryng, + The{n} shall erth for erth haue a hard p{ar}tyng. 8 + + 3 Erth vpon erth wy{n}neth castl{les}[2] & towres, + The{n} seyth erth vnto erth: 'is is all owres'; + But whe{n} erth vpo{n} erth hath bildyd his bowres, + Tha{n} shall erth for erth suffre hard showres. 12 + + 4 Erth vpon erth hath welth vpon molde, + Erth goth vpon erth glydryng all i{n} golde, + Like as he vnto erth neu{er} torn shuld; + & yet shal erth vnto erth son{er} tha{n} he wold. 16 + + 5 Why {a}t erth loweth erth, wonder[3] I thynk; + Or why {a}t erth will for erth swet or swynk; + For wha{n} erth vpon erth is browght w{i}t{h}in e brynk, + Than shall erth for erth suffre a fowle stynk. 20 + + 6 As erth vpon erth were e worthyes ix, + & as erth vpon erth i{n} honour dide shyne; + But erthe liste not to know how ei shuld enclyn, + & {er} crow{n}nys leyd i{n} erth, + wha{n} deth hath made hys fyne. 24 + + 7 As erth vpon erth, full{e} worthy was Josue, [fol. 208, r^o.] + Dauyd e worthy kyng, Judas Machabe; + They were but erth vpon erth, no{n} of the{m} thre, + And so fro{m} erth vnto erth ei loste {er} dignite. 28 + + 8 Alisand{er} was but erth, {a}t all the world wan, + & Ector vpon erth was hold a worthy ma{n}, + & Julius Cesar {a}t e empire first be-gan; + & now, as erth w{i}t{h}in erth, ei lye pale & wan. 32 + + 9 Arthur was but erth, for all his renown; + No more was kyng Charlis, ne Godfrey of Bolown; + But now erth hath t{o}rned {er} noblenes vpsodown; + & thus erth goth to erth, by short co{n}clusion. 36 + + 10 Who so rekyn also of Will{iam} Conquerowr{e}[4], + Kyng Harry e first, {a}t was of knyghthode flowr{e}[4]; + Erth hath closed the{m} ful streytly i{n} his bowr{e}[4]; + Loo, the ende of worthynes! here is no more socowr{e}[4]. 40 + + 11 Now thei {a}t leve vpon erth, both yong & old, + Thynk how ye shall to erth, be ye neu{er} so bold; + Ye be vnsiker, whe{er} it be i{n} hete or cold, + Like as yo{u}r brether[5] did beffore, as I haue told. 44 + + 12 Now ye folk {a}t be here, ye may not long endure, + But {a}t ye shall torn to erth, I do you ensure; + & yf ye lyst of e trewth to se a playn fugure, + Go to seynt Powlis, & see {er} the portratowr{e}[4]. 48 + + 13 All ys erth, & shall be erth, as it shew{i}t{h} ther, + [6]{er}-for, or dredfull deth w{i}t{h} his dart you dere, + & for to torn i{n} to erth, no ma{n} shall it forbere, + Wisely pu{r}vey you beffore, & {er}-of haue no fere. 52 + + 14 Now, sith by deth we shal al pas, it is to vs c{er}teyn, + For of e erth we co{m} all, & to e erth shall torn agayn; + {er}-for to strive of grucche it were but i{n} vayn, + For all is erth, & shall be erth, no thyng more c{er}tayn. 56 + + 15 Now erth vppon erth, co{n}sydre thow may, + How erth co{m}meth to erth nakyd all way. + Why shuld erth vpon erth go stowt or gay, + Sith erth owt of erth shall passe in pore a-ray? 60 + + 16 I co{n}saill you vpon erth {a}t wikkidly haue wrowght, + Whill {a}t erth is on erth, torn vp yo{u}r thowght, + & pray to God vppon erth, {a}t all e erth hath wrowght, + {a}t erth owt of erth to blis may be browght. 64 + + Amen. + + [Footnote: Cf. Roman Dyboski, E.E.T.S. extra ser. ci _(1907), + p.90_.] + + [Footnote 1: D. erron. _hat[h]_.] + + [Footnote 2: D. reads _rentes_, _castlles_.] + + [Footnote 3: MS. _worder_.] + + [Footnote 4: D. reads _-owr_ throughout.] + + [Footnote 5: D. erron. _brother_.] + + [Footnote 6: Line 50 would be better placed after l. 51.] + + +16. + +MS. HARLEIAN 984. 16th century. [fol. 72, r^o.] + + 6 [1]How schuld{e} erthe vpon erthe be prud & gay + Whe{n} erthe schal to erthe in so por{e} aray? + + 7 I consell erthe vpon erthe {a}t wikyd hade wro[gh]t, + Whyle erthe ys apon erthe to tu{r}ne al his o[gh]t, 4 + And{e} p{r}ay to God {a}t al e world wro[gh]t[2] + {a}t erthe out of erthe to blesse may be bro[gh]t. + + [Footnote 1: The previous leaf of the MS., which evidently + contained the beginning of the poem, has been torn out.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _wo[gh]t_.] + + +17. + +THE MAITLAND MS. (PEPYSIAN MS. 2553, p. 338.) c. 1555-1585. + + 1 [1]Eyrd vpone eird wondirfallie is wrocht, + Eird hes gottin vpone eird ane dignite for nocht, + Eird apone eird hes set all his thocht + How at[2] eird vpone eird till hicht may be brocht. 4 + + 2 Eird apone eird wald fayne be a king, + And how at eird gois to eird thinkis he no thing. + Quhone eird bydd{is} eird his rentis hame to bring, + Than sall eird haue to eird herd depairting. 8 + + 3 Eird apon eird wy{n}nis castellis and towris, + Than sayis eird vntill eird: 'All ir ar owris'. + Quhone eird apone eird hes biggit all his bowris, + Than sall eird vpone eird suffir scharp schowris. 12 + + 4 Eyrd apone eird and mold vpone mold, + Lyke as eird vnto eird never go sold. + Eird gois apone eird glitterand as gold, + [Gh]it sall eird go to eird sonar nor he wold. 16 + + 5 How at eird luiffis eird grit wondir I think, + Or quhy at eird will for eird owir swet or swynk. + Quhone at eird w{i}t{h}in eird is closit vndir bynk, + Than sall eird w{i}t{h}in eird haue ane ewill stynk. 20 + + 6 Lo eird vpone eird considdir ow may, + How eird vnto[3] eird gois nakit away, + Quhy sould eird apone eird go ow{er} proud or gay, + Sen eird vntill eird sall wend in pure array? 24 + + 7 I counsall eird vpone eird at wondirlie is wrocht, + Q{uhi}ll[4] eird is apone eird to turne all his thocht, + And pray to God apone eird at maid all of nocht, + That eird vpone eird to blys may be brocht. 28 + Q{uo}d marsar. + + [Footnote 1: Printed by kind permission of the authorities of + Magdalene College, Cambridge.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _yat_; __ regularly written as _y_.] + + [Footnote 3: MS. _apone_ crossed out, _vnto_ written above.] + + [Footnote 4: MS. _q^ll_.] + + +18. + +JOHN REIDPETH'S MS. CAMBR. UNIV. LIBR. Ll. 5. 10. [fol. 43, v^o.] + + (Transcribed from the Maitland MS. 1622-3.) + + 1 Eird vpoun eird wonderfull is wrocht, + Eird hes gottin vpoun eird ane dignitie for nocht, + Eird vpoun eird hes sett all his thocht + How at[1] eird vpoun eird till hicht may be brocht. 4 + + 2 Eird vpoun Eird wold fane be ane king, [fol. 44, r^o.] + And how at eird gois to eird thinkis he nothing. + Quhen eird bidd{is} eird his rentis hame to bring, + Than sall eird haue to eird herd depairting. 8 + + 3 Eird vpoun Eird wins castell{is} and towris; + Than sayis eird vnto eird: 'All now ar ouris'. + Quhen eird vpoun eird hes biggit all his towris, + Than sall eird vpoun eird suffer grit showris. 12 + + 4 Eird vpoun eird and mold vpoun mold, + Lyk as eird vnto eird neuer go sold, + Eird gois vpoun eird glitterand as gold, + [Gh]itt sall eird go to eird sonear nor he wald. 16 + + 5 How at eird luiffis eird grit wonder I think, + Or quhy at eird will for eird owther sweit or swink, + Quhen at eird w{i}t{h}in eird is closit vnder bink, + Than sall eird w{i}t{h} eird haue ane evill stink. 20 + + 6 Lo eird vpoun eird considder thow may + How eird vnto eird gois nakit away, + Quhy sould eird vpoun eird go o{u}r[2] proud or gay, + Sen eird vntill eird sall wend in pure aray? 24 + + 7 I counsall eird vpoun eird at wondirlie is wrocht, + Q{uhi}ll eird is vpoun eird to turne all his thocht, + And pray to God vponn eird at maid all of nocht, + That eird vpoun eird to blis may be brocht. 28 + Quod dumbar. + + [Footnote 1: MS. _yat_; __ regularly written as _y_.] + + [Footnote 2: _over_, MS. _o^r_.] + + + + + III. + + THE CAMBRIDGE TEXT. + + +CAMBRIDGE UNIV. LIBR. Ii. 4. 9. 15th century. [fol. 67, r^o.] + + 1 Erthe vpon erth is waxi{n} and wrought, + Erthe takys on erth a nobylay of nought; + Now erthe vpon erthe layes all his ought + How erthe vpon erthe sattys all at noght. 4 + + 2 Erthe vpon erth has hallys & towr{is}[1]; + Erthe says to erth: 'This is alle owr{is}'. + But q{ua}n erth vpon erth has byg{g}yd his bowr{is}, + Than xal erth for the erth haue scharpe schowr{is}. 8 + + 3 Erthe vpon erth wolde be a kyng, + But hove[2] erth xal to erth thynkyth he no thyng. + + 4 And of the same erthe mad God ma{n}, + And sethe he made that erth & callyd it Ad{a}m, 12 + For loue of erthe, the wych was woman, + That erth in this erthe fyrst be-gan. + + 5 Erthe goos on erth & tyllys w{i}t{h} hys plowe, + Erthe a-geyn erth holdys it full toght[3], 16 + Erthe vpon [erth] stelis hym a slogh[4], + Erthe on this erth thynkys he has neu{er} i-nowe[5]. + + 6 Erth vpon erthe gos in the weye, + Prykys and prankys on a palfreye; 20 + When erth has gotyn erth alle that he maye, + He schal haue but seven fote at his last daye. + + 7 Than xal not be lyky{n}g vn-to hy{m} + Bu[t][6] an olde sely cloth to wynde erthe in, 24 + When erthe is in erth for wormys wyn, + The rof of his hows xal ly on his chyn. + + [fol. 67, v^o.] + 8 [7]When erthe says to erth: 'My rent {o}u me bryng', + Then has erth fro erthe a dolfull p{ar}tyng. 28 + + 9 How erthe louys erth wondyr me thynke, + How erth for erth wyll swete and swynke. + When erth is in erthe broght w{i}t{h}-in the brynke, + What as herth than of erthe but a fowle sty{n}ke? 32 + + 10 Erthe wrotys in erth as molys don in molde, + Erthe vp-on erth glydys as golde, + As erthe leve in erthe eu{er} mor{e} schulde. + + 11 Erthe vp-on erth mynd eu{er} mor{e} {o}u make 36 + How erthe xal to erth when deth wyll hy{m} take. + + 12 Be war{e}, erth, for erthe, for sake of thi sowle, + Erthe may of erth at e last take a fowle, + When erth is in erthe her{e} so long in his slogh. 40 + + 13 Ffor erth gos in erth walkand in vede, + And erthe rydys on erth on a fayr stede, + When he was[8] goty{n} in erth erth to his mede, + Than is erth layde in erthe wormys to fede. 44 + Whylke ar the wormys the flesch brede? + God wote the wormys for to ryght rede. + + 14 Erthe a-geyn erthe I holde it on-kynde, + Erthe is as sone wroth as is the wynde, 48 + Swyche fowle erth mekyl may we fynde, + That wyl speke fayr{e} befor{e} vs & falsly be-hy{n}de. + + 15 When erth vp-on erth be-gy{n}nys to be wroth, [fol. 68, r^o.] + Erth vpon erth swerys many a gret othe, 52 + Erth berys p{r}ide in herte & i{n} cloth, + When erth is layde i{n} erth an xal it be loth. + + 16 Erthly coveytous makyth erth to be schent, + Erth for this erth yeld{is} a gret rent, 56 + If erth in thys erth levyd in good entent + Than dar{e} erthe nevyr recke wher{e} that he went. + + 17 Erth vp-on erth is stronge as a mast, + And erth wyth is erth fyghtys ful fast, 60 + Ther{e} is non so stowte that in erth may hy{m} cast, + And alle xal we be erth at the last. + + 18 Erthe bygyth hallys & erth bygith towres, + When erth is layd in erth, blayke is his bo{ur}s; 64 + If erth haue welth, he dwellyth in flowr{es}[9], + And if erth haue mys don, he getyth scharpe sho{ur}s. + + 19 If erth wyste in erth q{ua}t that erth is, + Ther wolde neu{er} erth in erth do a-mys. 68 + God mad erth of erth, & namyd it for his, + Adam of erth in erthly paradys. + + 20 God walkyd in erth as longe as he wolde, + He had not in this erth but hong{er} & colde, 72 + And in this erth also his body was solde, + Her{e} in this erth, whan {a}t he was xxx^ti [gh]er{e} olde. + + 21 God lytyd in erth, blyssed be that stou{n}de! [fol. 68, v^o.] + He sauyd hijs herth w{i}t{h} many a scharpe wou{n}de, 76 + Ffor to sawe erth owght of hell grou{n}de, + He deyd in erth vpon e rode w{i}t{h} many a blody vou{n}de[10]. + + 22 And God ros ovght of the est[11] this erth for to spede, + And went into hell as was gret nede, 80 + And toke erth from sorowe {us}[12] erth for to spede, + The ryght wey to heuen blys Iesus Cryst vs lede! + fine. + + (_The rest of the page is occupied by a coloured picture of a knight + and a skeleton with Latin mottoes, v. Introduction, p. xiv._) + + [Footnote 1: or _towr{es}_, _owr{es}_, &c.] + + [Footnote 2: MS. _hove_ for _howe_.] + + [Footnote 3: ? error for _togh_.] + + [Footnote 4: Heuser _flogh_, but MS. appears to be _slogh_ as in + l.40.] + + [Footnote 5: MS. _was neuer non_ crossed out, _has neu{er} I nowe_ + written above.] + + [Footnote 6: MS. _bu_, the last letter of the word has been + erased.] + + [Footnote 7: These two lines form the missing half of v. 3, and + are perhaps inserted here with the idea of forming a six-lined + stanza.] + + [Footnote 8: better _has_.] + + [Footnote 9: or _flowr{is}_.] + + [Footnote 10: _wounde_.] + + [Footnote 11: MS. clearly _est_, perh. error for _erth_.] + + [Footnote 12: MS. _y^9_ = _us_, perh. for _is_.] + + + + +NOTES. + + +#Page 1.# #MS. Harl. 2253.# These four lines were apparently regarded by +Wanley, together with the preceding French strophe, as forming part of +the poem on the Death of Simon de Montfort, and are not noted by him in +the British Museum Catalogue. Bddeker also omitted them from his +_Altenglische Dichtungen des MS. Harl. 2253_ (Berlin 1878). They were, +however, already noted by Pinkerton in 1786, see _Ancient Scottish Poems +never before in print ... from the MS. Collections of Sir Richard +Maitland_, ii, Note on p.466: 'In the same (i.e. Harleian) library, No. +2253, is another of the same kind, beginning, + + Erthe toc of erthe erthe wyth wote. + +It is only one stanza; and another piece of one stanza preceding it, +both are put by Mr. Wanley, in the Catalogue, as part of a French song +on Sir Simon de Montfort, which they follow: but such mistakes +frequently arise from the crowded manner of old MSS.' The facsimile +opposite the title-page shows the lines as they occur in the MS. + +#Page 5.# #William Billyng's MS.# The 'finely written and illuminated +parchment roll' described by William Bateman in his preface to Billyng's +_Five Wounds of Christ_, of which forty copies were privately printed by +him at Manchester in 1814, contained the following poems:-- + +1. The Five Wounds of Christ (fifteen stanzas in rime royal). + +2. At hygh none whan the belle dothe tylle (eighteen lines). + +3. Erth owte of Erth (six stanzas). + +4. Pes maketh plente (five lines). + +The whole is signed #Will[~m] Billyng#. It has been frequently suggested +that Billyng was the author of these poems, but it is evident that he +was not the author of _Erthe upon Erthe_, though his may be one of the +earliest transcripts of the B version, and the lines _Pes maketh plente_ +also occur elsewhere, cf. MS. Digby 230 (fifteenth century). He may have +been the author of _The Five Wounds of Christ_, but it is more probable, +considering the usual origin of other fifteenth-century collections of +the kind, that he was merely the collector and transcriber of the texts. +Cf. F.J. Furnivall, _Notes and Queries_, IV. iii. 103. It is possible +that this may be the William Billyng who, in 1474, became rector of Toft +Monks in Norfolk on the presentation of the Provost and Scholars of +King's College, Cambridge, and who appears to have held the benefice +until 1506 (see _Notes and Queries_, III. iv. 173; Blomefield, +_Norfolk_, viii.63).[1] The parchment roll was formerly preserved in +Bateman's collection of antiquities at Lomberdale House, Derbyshire. +This collection was broken up and sold after Bateman's death, the +archaeological remains being purchased by the Sheffield Museum, and the +books and MSS. sold at Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge's rooms in +1893, but all attempts to trace Billyng's MS. after the breaking up of +the collection have been unsuccessful. Acopy of the printed text is in +the British Museum. + +Montgomery's reprint of the poem in 1827 was taken from Bateman's +version, and differs from it only in some very slight corrections in +spelling. It has been suggested that this reprint was the source of the +_Earth upon Earth_ Epitaphs which occur, but these were current from the +sixteenth century on, and, as has been already pointed out (see +Introduction, pp. xxxviff.), the usual form of the Epitaph, even in the +latest versions, differed from that of the actual poem. + +#Page 7.# #MS. Selden Supra 53.# This text omits verse 5, and inverts +the normal order of verses 4 and 6 (see Table on p. xvii of +Introduction). The text is written in a neat hand in the left-hand +column on the back of a spare leaf (fol. 159) at the end of the MS., +after Lydgate's _Dance of Macabre_. The right-hand column contains Latin +scribblings, perhaps by the scribe who re-wrote small portions of _Erthe +upon Erthe_ (see p.7, footnotes). Afew lines are scribbled in another +hand upon the front side of the leaf, which is otherwise blank. The back +of the leaf was evidently unprotected, and is much rubbed and worn. The +space below Lydgate's last verse and colophon on fol. 158 v^o contains +two odd stanzas in English in the same metre as Lydgate's poem, +beginning 'Let se your hand my ladi, dam emperys', in a hand of the late +fifteenth century, and a French stanza of four lines ('Qui met son cuer +tout en Deu, Il a son cuer et si a Deu', &c.) in a French hand, perhaps +as late as 1500. Both of these were quite possibly inserted in the MS. +later than _Erthe upon Erthe_, the exact date of which is indeterminate, +but it was probably copied in between 1450 and 1500. + +#Page 8.# #MS. Egerton 1995.# This MS. was evidently a Commonplace book. +Its contents are described by Gairdner, _Collections of a London +Citizen_ (Camden Society, 1876). The MS. is written throughout in +fifteenth-century hand, and appears to be the work of one scribe. +Gairdner thinks the whole collection may be ascribed to William Gregory +of the Skinners' Company, who was Mayor of London in 1451, and who seems +to have been the author of part, at least, of the Chronicle of London at +the end of the MS. + +#Page 10.# #MS. Brighton.# Fiedler's account of this MS. is as +follows:-- 'Noch eine andre Fassung des Gedichtes habe ich mir vor +einigen Jahren aus einer Handschrift abgeschrieben, die damals im +Besitze eines Antiquars in Brighton war, ber deren weiteren Verbleib +ich aber nichts ermitteln knnte. Es war eine Pergamenthandschrift, +folio, von 90 Blttern. Sie enthielt eine lateinische Abhandlung ber +die sieben Sacramente "Oculi Sacerdotis", und auf der ursprnglich frei +gebliebenen Rckseite des letzten Blattes war von einer Hand des +fnfzehnten Jahrhunderts das englische Gedicht eingetragen.' (_Mod. +Lang. Review_, III. iii. 219.) + +#Page 11.# #Stratford-on-Avon Inscription.# A full account of this +inscription has been given in the Introduction, p. xii. The lines +'Whosoo hym be thowghte', there mentioned as being inscribed beneath +_Erthe upon Erthe_, are given by Fisher as follows:-- + + Whosoo hym be thowght Inwardly and ofte + How hard hyt ys to flett + From bede to peyt From peyt to peyne that neu{er} + Schall seys Certen + He wold not doo no syn all {is} world to wynne. + +The same lines are found on other monumental inscriptions. Weever +(_Ancient Funeral Monuments_, p.425) mentions them as occurring in +sixteenth-century inscriptions in Churches at Saffron Walden and +Faversham respectively, and Rogers (_Monuments and Monumental +Inscriptions in Scotland_, ii. 210) quotes them from a tombstone in the +parish of Dun. The following version is from Bodl. MS. Tanner 407, fol. +36, v^o (sixteenth century):-- + + He that hath thoughte + ful in-wardly and ofte + how hard it is to flyt + fro bedde on to pyt + fro pytte on to pyne + whiche neuyr schal haue fyne + for alle thys world to wynne + wold not do a synne. + +#Page 16.# #MS. Laud Misc. 23.# This is the only text which is not +written in metrical lines. The MS. being small, it was not as a rule +possible to fit one line of the poem into a single line of the page, +and the run-on lines involved waste of space. The scribe wrote verse 1 +in metrical lines, verses 2 and 3 as if in two long lines, and the +remainder of the poem in paragraphs, each paragraph coinciding with a +verse. Each new line or paragraph is indicated by a red capital, and the +metrical lines are distinguished by pause-marks ([V.], , [V], |), and +by touching up the first letter of the line in red. In vv. 6, 7, and 8, +the scribe appears to have lost count of the lines, as the three verses +are written in two paragraphs, and letters in the middle of a line are +often marked in red. At the top of the first leaf a later hand has +scribbled the words _haue made me_. A few other such scribbles occur +elsewhere in the MS. + + [[The first and third "pause-marks" are root sign with and without + under-dot.]] + +l. 26 (p. 17). _Thi body that was rank and louyd of alle men, is hatyd._ +The reading is inferior to MS. Lambeth, l.27: + + an i bodi at was rank & undeuout of alle men is bihatid-- + +and the change led to the placing of the pause (indicated in theMS.) +after men. + +l. 27. _Out of the erthe cam to this erthe his wantyng garnement._ This +line seems to be a compromise between the readings of MSS. Lamb. and +Rawl. P. + +(_MS. Lamb. 28_) + + Out of is ere cam to is ere is wrecchid garnement. + +(_MS. Rawl. P. 37_) + + Oute of the erthe cam the erthe wantynge his garnament. + +But the rest of the verse follows Lamb, rather than Rawl. P., cf. _ruly, +raggid and rent_, _hidous turment_, beside Rawl. P. _disgesily ragged +and to-rent_, _ful grete turment_. + +l. 34 has the correct reading _stinke_, as in MSS. Harl. 4486 and Rawl. +P.; Lamb. repeats _swynk_. + +l. 39 (p. 18). _Wolde therfore this erthe on this erthe on this hertly +thinke_, is superior to the exaggeratedly long line in Lamb. 40, but +both are inferior to MS. Rawl. P., ll. 53, 54, where the correct rime is +preserved: + + thinkynge : risynge : rekenynge : kynge. + +l. 47. _Lord God that erthe madist & for the erthe suffredist peynys +ille._ It is difficult to determine what was the original form of this +line. The readings of the other texts which have the verse are as +follows:-- + +(_Harl. 4486, 33_) + + Now Lorde that madyst for erthe & sufferdyst paynes ille. + +(_Lamb. 48_) + + O ou Lord that madist is ere for is ere + & suffridist heere peynes ille. + +(_Rawl. P. 125-6_). + + Lord God that erthe tokist in erthe And suffredist paynes ful stille. + +Possibly MS. Laud has transposed the _and_, and the correct reading +should be _that erthe madist for the erthe & suffredist paynes ille_, in +which case Harl. 4486 has merely omitted the first _erthe_, while the +other two texts have modified the older version. + +#Page 24.# #MS. Porkington 10.# _Erthe upon Erthe_ is preceded by the +two following stanzas:-- + + Lo wordly folk{es} thou[gh] {is} p{ro}cese of dethe + Be not swete, ne synke not i{n} your mynde. + Whe{n} age co{m}my & schorteth is her brethe, + And dethe co{m}my, he is not far behynde; + The{n} her dyscressio{n} schal wel knov & fynde + That to have mynd of de it is ful nesseserry, + Ffor deth wyl co{m}e; dovtl{es} he wyl not long tarry. + + Of what estate [gh]e be, [gh]ovng or wold, + That redyth vppon {is} dredful storrye, + As in a myrrovr her [gh]e may be-holde + The ferful ende of al your joy & glorie; + Therfor {is} mat{er} redvs vs to yovr memory:-- + [Gh]e {at} sytty nowe hye vppon e whele, + Thynke vppo{n} yovr end, & alle schal be we[le]. + +The MS. is in Lord Harlech's library at Brogyntyn (formerly Porkington) +near Oswestry, Salop. + +#Page 28.# #MS. Balliol 354.# l. 48. _Go to seynt Poulis, & see er the +portratowre._ Cf. Stow, _Survey of London_, 1598: 'There was also one +great cloister on the north side of this church (St.Paul's), environing +a plot of ground, of old time called Pardon churchyard ... About this +cloister was artificially and richly painted the Dance of Machabray, or +Dance of Death, commonly called the Dance of Paul's; the like whereof +was painted about St. Innocent's cloister at Paris, in France. The +metres or poesy of this dance were translated out of French into English +by John Lidgate, monk of Bury, and with the picture of death leading all +estates, painted about the cloister, at the special request and in the +dispence of Jenken Carpenter, in the reign of Henry V.' + +_Ibid._ 'John Carpenter, townclerk of London, in the reign of Henry V, +caused with great expense to be curiously painted upon board, about the +north cloister of Paule's, amonument of Death leading all estates, with +the speeches of Death, and answer of every state. This cloister was +pulled down 1549.' + +Cf. Sir T. More, _Works_ (ed. 1557, folio), p. 77: 'We wer never so +gretly moved by the beholding of the Daunce of Deth pictured in +Paule's.' + +#Page 30.# #Maitland MS.# Omitted by Pinkerton from his printed text of +the Maitland MS. as 'asilly jingling piece, shewing the vanity of man, +who is but earth, building upon earth: priding himself in gold which is +but earth', &c. Pinkerton also knew of 'several pieces of the same kind +in MSS. of Old English poetry', see Note on MS. Harl. 2253, p.36. He +had strong views against the indiscriminate printing of old MSS., and +was unwilling to sacrifice 'the character of a man of taste to that of +an antiquary; as of all characters he should the least chuse that of an +hoarder of ancient dirt'. + +#Page 32.# #MS. Cambridge# (Univ. Libr. I. 1. iv. 9). l.17. The reading +_slogh_ is supported by Professor Skeat. It is difficult to see what +meaning could be attached to _flogh_, as in Heuser's text. + +#Page 33.# l. 48. _As wroth as the wynde_ was a favourite mediaeval +proverb. Cf. _Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight_, l.319: he wex as wroth +as wynde; _Piers Plowman_, C. iv. 486: As wroth as the wynd wex Mede +ther-after; _Richard the Redeles_, iii. 153: thei woll be wroth as the +wynde. + + +ANALOGUES. + +It may be of interest to note here some other instances of the use of +the theme _Earth upon Earth_, not immediately connected with the poem +under discussion. + +An early instance of the phrase occurs in a Poem on the Death of Edward +IV, written by Skelton probably soon after the event (9th April, 1483), +beginning _Miseremini mei ye that ben my ffryndys_. Verse 2 runs as +follows:-- + + I slepe now in molde, as it is naturall + That erth vnto erth hath his reuerture: + What ordeyned God to be terestyall, + Without recours to the erth of nature? + Who to lyue euer may himselfe assure? + What is it to trust on mutabilyte, + Sith that in this world nothing may indure? + For now am I gone, that late was in prosperyte: + To presume thervppon, it is but a vanyte, + Not certayne, but as a chery fayre full of wo: + Reygned not I of late in greate felycite? + _Et, ecce, nunc in pulvere dormio!_ + + (_Poetical Works of Skelton_, ed. Dyce, I. i; London, 1843). + +The poem was inserted amongst the imprinted works of Lydgate, who could +not have been alive in 1483, cf. MS. Harl. 4011, fol. 169, v^o, where it +occurs among Lydgate's works. + +In John Taylor's _Trauels of Twelve-Pence_, 1630 folio (Spenser Soc. +reprint, p.82), this verse occurs:-- + + Far[2] though from _Earth_ man hath originall, + And to the _Earth_, from whence he came doth fall, + Though he be Earth, & can claime nought but earth, + (As the fraile portion due vnto his birth) + Yet many thousands that the earth doth breed, + Haue no place (certain) where to lodge or feed. + +The following lines occur in a small volume called _The Compleat +Bell-Man, being a Pattern for all sorts of People to take notice of the +most remarkable Times and Dayes in the Year_, by H.Crouch (seventeenth +century). The book contains thirty-nine verses, for Saint-Days and +Anniversaries chiefly, afew being on more general subjects. The last +verse, No. 39, _Upon the day of Doom_, runs as follows:-- + + When Earth of Earth shall turn to Earth + That was but Earth even from its Birth, + Then Earth from Earth shall rise again + To endlesse joy, or endlesse pain, + Let Earth then serve and please his Maker + That Earth of Heaven may be pertaker. + +The following is an Epitaph on Roger Earth of Dinton, Wilts, died 1634 +(see E.R. Suffling, _Epitaphia_, p.81):-- + + From Earth wee came, to Earth wee must returne, + Witness this EARTH that Lyes within this VRNE. + Begott by EARTH: Borne also of Earth's WOMBE, + 74 yeares lived EARTH, now Earth's his TOMBE. + In Earth EARTH'S Body Lyes Vnder this STONE, + But from this Earth to Heauen EARTH'S soule is gone. + +Another later epitaph is quoted by Suffling, p. 339, from Loughter, +Glamorganshire, without name or date:-- + + O Earth! O Earth observe this well, + That Earth to Earth must go to dwell, + That Earth to Earth must close remain + Till Earth for Earth shall come again. + + [Footnote 1: But this is not in agreement with Bateman's opinion + as to the age of the original parchment roll (1400-1430), see + Introduction, p. xi.] + + [Footnote 2: ? for.] + + + + +APPENDIX I. + + +The three following _Erthe_ poems, in Latin, French, and English +respectively, were discovered too late for inclusion in the text. They +represent renderings of the same poem in the three languages, and are +preserved on the back of a Roll[1] in the Public Record Office, +containing a copy of the Ordinances of the fifth year of Edward II +(ofwhich other copies exist in the British Museum, the Record Office, +and the Treasury at Canterbury). The poems in question are written on +the back of the Roll, towards the end, the Latin and French in parallel +columns, and the English below, five verses under the Latin, and four +under the French. They are preceded by a number of Latin recipes in +another hand, and a few in French follow. The handwriting of the poems +is smaller and neater than that of the Ordinances, or the Latin recipes, +but was ascribed by Hunter[2] to the time of Edward II, and may perhaps +be assigned to the fourteenth century. The French is fourteenth-century +Anglo-French, and the texts probably belong to that century, though this +copy of them may not have been made until after 1400. + +A nineteenth-century transcript of the poems exists in the British +Museum, Addit. MS. 25478 (fol. 1-3), described in the Catalogue as +containing 'Transcripts of miscellaneous English poetry, with a few +Latin pieces, chiefly derived from MS. sources: xivth to xixth century'. +The binding is marked 'Collectanea Hunteriana', and the MS. was acquired +with various others of the Hunter collection in 1863. The handwriting +varies, and these three poems are not in Hunter's own hand. The +transcript is headed 'Copy of a Poem in Latin, French, and English, +which is written in a hand of the reign of Edward II, on the dorse of a +Roll which contains a copy of the ordinances of the fifth year of Edward +II, which are printed in the Statutes of the Realm I. 157-168'. The text +given below has been collated with this transcript, and variant readings +in the latter given in the footnotes under the name Hunter (H.). + +The British Museum transcript was discovered by Miss Helen Sandison of +Bryn Mawr, U.S.A., who kindly acquainted me with her discovery, and was +of great assistance in the search for the original Roll, which was +eventually found in a bundle awaiting rearrangement at the Record +Office. Alarge stain on the original text has rendered a considerable +portion of the Latin and a few words in the French almost illegible, and +Hunter's transcript has left blanks at these points. Mr. S.C. Ratcliff, +of the Record Office, has given me much kind and courteous assistance in +deciphering the missing words, thanks to which I have been able to fill +up all the gaps, except that in verse 8, l.3 of the Latin. Hunter's +text at this point runs as follows:-- + + 4. l. 4. Sic t'ra put^{e}dinis . . . t're venas. + + 6. l. 4. Terra t'r faciat flere ieu . . . . . + + 7. De t'ra resurg'e t'ra deb . . . . . . . . + Et quod t'ra meruit . . . . . . . . + Hic dum terra vix'it . . . . . . . + Ut in t'ra valeat . . . . . dere + + 8. Adu'sus t'rigenas . . . . terra stabit + Et t'ra int'roga . . . . . . . . abit + Terra finem cap . . . . . . . gabit + Quod terra promiserat t'ra . . . urgabit. + +and in the French:-- + + 9. l. 2. Sayt cydaunt a la tere qe tere soit sauve + . . . . . . . eyne de tere ou tere est benure. + + +RECORD OFFICE ROLL (Ex^r. K. R. Parl. Proc., Bdle. 1). + + [Transcriber's Note: + The following text was printed on two pairs of facing pages: + + pg. 42 Latin Text | French Text pg. 43 + stz. 1-5 | stz. 1-5 + ------------|------------ + English Text| English Text + stz. 1-3.2 | stz. 3.3-5 + + pg. 44 Latin Text | French Text pg. 45 + stz. 6-11 | stz. 6-10 + ------------|------------ + English Text| English Text + stz. 6-7 | stz. 8-9 + + For this e-text, the three versions have been combined into complete + Latin, French and English poems. Parenthetical notations such as + (in left column) are in the original. Footnote numbering reflects + the original layout.] + +LATIN TEXT (in left column). + + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 2, r^o] + 1 In terra cu{m} terra sit fraude p{er}quisita, + Terra t{er}re v{er}mib{us} sic put{r}essit trita, + Terra t{er}ra{m} deseret, erit et finita, + Terra tu{n}c a terren[i]s[3] mox erit oblita. 4 + + 2 Terra p{er} sup{er}bia{m} terram cum ascendit, + Terra tu{n}c cupidine t{er}ram comp{re}hendit, + Terra morti p{ro}ximans t{er}ra{m} dat et vendit, + Ad t{er}ra{m} viuenciu{m} t{er}ra manus tendit. 8 + + 3 Terra t{er}ra{m} speculans no{n} iustificari, + Et ad t{er}re t{er}minu{m} t{er}ra{m} inclinari. + Terra t{er}re s{er}uiens vult[4] refrigerari, + Et t{er}ra t{er}ribilis in terra locari. 12 + + 4 In t{er}ra q{u}id possidet t{er}ra nisi penas + Q{u}ando t{er}ra respicit t{er}ra{m} lite plenas, + Et t{er}ra{m} defic{er}e tanq{uam} t{er}re tenas, + Sic t{er}ra put{r}edinis intrat[5] terre venas? 16 + + 5 Terra no{n} co{n}siderat t{er}ra{m} firma mente, + Atq{ue} t{er}ra labit{ur} in t{er}ra{m} repente, + Terra{m} suo sang{u}ine t{er}ra redimente, + Terra{m} potens eruit de t{er}ra dolente. 20 + + 6 Terra q{u}ando respicit t{e}rra{m} t{er}minare, + Terra t{er}ra{m} debuit sese castigare, + Terra t{er}ra{m} valeat vt humiliare, + Terra t{er}ra{m} faciat flere ieiunare[19]. 24 + + 7 De t{er}ra resurg{er}e t{er}ra debet vere[19], + Et quod t{er}ra meruit t{er}ra[19] possidere[19], + Hic du{m} t{er}ra vix{er}it t{er}ra[19] valet[19] flere[19], + Ut in t{er}ra valeat t{er}ra[19] post[19] gaudere[19]. 28 + + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 2, v^o] + 8 Adu{er}sus t{er}rigenas q{u}ando[19] terra stabit, + Et t{er}ra{m} int{er}rogans t{er}ra[19] tu{n}c[19] culpabit[19], + Terra fine{m} cap[ia]t t{er}ra{m}[19] . . . gabit[20], + Quod t{er}ra p{ro}mis{er}at t{er}ra tu{n}c[19] negabit[21]. 32 + + 9 In t{er}ra q{u}i mortuus & in t{er}ra natus + Ffuit[22], t{er}ram p{ro}tegat sic & t{er}re[23] gratus, + Vt in t{er}ra quilibet de t{er}ra formatus, + Terre ponat t{er}minu{m} t{er}re comendatus. 36 + + 10 In t{er}ra cu{m} Ang{e}li t{er}ra{m} suscitabunt, + In t{er}ra terribiles tube resonabunt, + De t{er}ra t{er}rigene corpora leuabunt, + Et ad t{er}re judice{m} terre tunc clamabunt. 40 + + 11 O tu terre do{mi}ne! t{er}re miserere, + Et t{er}ra respiciens terenos tuere, + In t{er}ra deficim{us}, terra sumus vere, + Nos in t{er}ra gl{or}ie t{er}ram fac videre. 44 + +FRENCH TEXT (in right column). + + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 1, r^o] + 1 Q{u}ant t{er}re auera en[9] terre large terre gayne, + & t{er}re s{er}ra en terre a la mort liuere, + Puis ert tere en tere de v{er}myne mange, + Dounc vendra tere en tere & toust ert oblie. 4 + + 2 Q{u}ant tere sour t{er}re de orgoyl descline, + & tere ils[10] [vers] tere par coueitise encline, + Dounc tere ils[10] [vers] tere se treit a Ruyne, + & tere a haute tere requeit medicine. 8 + + 3 Q{u}ant tere ne peot de t{er}re la malueste sourueyndre, + Par force deit tere de t{er}re te{m}ptaciouns esteyndre, + Encontre la fiele tere sa tere deit refreyndre, + Q{u}ant tere leue en tere face sa tere moyndre. 12 + + 4 Quey ad tere de tere forq{u}e dolour & peygne + Q{u}ant tere veyt en terre soun enemi demeygne, + & tere coust en tere a la mort c{er}teyne[11], + & tere pase en tere par frelete humeyne? 16 + + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 1, v^o] + 5 O tu cheytiue tere de tere, remembrez + Vo{us} estes pris de tere & tere deuendrez, + Pensez[12] coment en tere & par tere pecchez, + & tere fiust en tere tant fortment[13] rechatez. 20 + + 6 Quant tere veyt q{ue} tere se treit a la mort, + & tere nad en tere forq{ue} poure confort, + Q{u}ant tere moert[25] en tere ni ad nul resort, + Merueille est q{ue} tere de tere nad retort. 24 + + 7 Q{u}ant tere[26] deit de tere leuer sodeynement, + Tere vendra en tere p{u}r oy{e}r jugement, + Dounc auera tere en tere dolour & t{u}rment, + Si tere neit fet en tere bon amendement. 28 + + 8 Angel{e}s vendrount en tere la tere resusciter, + & dirrount a la tere de tere couent leuer, + Deuant le Roy de tere en tere deuez aller[27], + Q{u}e[28] soffri en tere p{u}r tere dolour amer. 32 + + 9 Jesu, q{u}e p{u}r la tere en tere fiust ne, + Soyt eydaunt[29] a la tere q{u}e tere soit sauue, + & nos meyne[30] de tere ou tere est benure, + Kar si sumes en tere par tere t{u}rmente[31]. 36 + + 10 Dolour est en tere par tere & par mer, + Ffaus est tere en tere & tere desir auer, + Pluis ne voil en tere ore[32] de tere chaunter. + Dieu deynt tere en tere de viuauns habiter. Amen. 40 + +ENGLISH TEXT (in left column, below Latin) + + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 3, r^o] + 1 Whanne eorthe hath eorthe wi wrong igete, + And eorthe in eorthe biginne to alete, + And eorthe i{n} eorthe wi wormes is afrete, + Thanne eorthe is on eorthe sone for[gh]ete. 4 + + 2 Wanne eorthe ouer eorthe orw p{r}ude stye, + And eorthe toward eorthe orw coueytise wrye, + & eorthe into eorthe toward e de hye, + anne eorthe a[gh]eyn eorthe toward heuene c{r}ie.[6] 8 + + 3 Whan eorthe juynt eorthe so lu{er}[7] to awelden, + & eorthe on {a}t eorthe allewey[8] bi helden, + & eorthe on eorthe sone bigynne for to elden, + Hou may at[14] eorthe on eorthe wo[14] belden? 12 + + 4 What haue eorthe on eorthe bote pou[gh]t[15] and[15] wo, + Whan eorthe iseo[16] eorthe his dedliche fo, + & eorthe into eorthe so sone gynne guo, + & eorthe iworthe to eorthe alle we sullen so? 16 + + 5 Alas why na eorthe[17] in eorthe is ou[gh]t, + Hou eorthe is on eorthe wi synnes of-sou[gh]t, + & eorthe was in eorthe so mychfulliche ibou[gh]t, + {a}t eorthe orw eorthe ne foelle[18] to nou[gh]t? 20 + +(in right column, below French) + + 6 Whan eorthe iseo eorthe to endinge drawe, + & eorthe on eorthe wi de is islawe, + & eorthe on eorthe wi wormes in ignawe, + anne eorthe may eorthe hi{m} seluen iknawe. 24 + + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 3, v^o] + 7 Wan eorthe ssal of eorthe netfulliche aryse, + & eorthe on eorthe ihere ilke assise + er eorthe ne may eorthe noer[24] lere ne wise, + anne eorthe sal on eorthe g{r}imliche agrise. 28 + + 8 a{n}ne eorthe sal to eorthe holden gret cheste, + & eorthe asken eorthe were is hiere byheste + {a}t eorthe byhet eorthe allewey to leste, + Wanne eorthe t{ur}ne to eorthe toward Helle feste. 32 + + 9 Houre Lou{er}d {a}t on eorthe for eorthe was iboren, + On eorthe of eorthe wi wounden to-toren, + Wyte eorthe fro{m} eorthe {a}t ne be furloren, + & b{r}inge eorthe to {a}t eorthe er be his icoren. 36 + + Amen. + +It will be seen that the Latin and French versions do not correspond +exactly with the English text, the French in particular being a mere +paraphrase of it, but this was, no doubt, largely due to the exigencies +of the rime. The French text has ten stanzas as against nine in the +English poem, and the Latin has eleven, the additional stanzas being an +expansion of the theme after the manner of Anglo-Latin poems of the +kind. It is evident both from the variant attempts at expansion of the +text in the Latin and French, and from the greater freshness and more +skilful use of the play on the word _erthe_ of the English text, that +the latter is the original, and this supports the view already expressed +(Introd. p. xxxiii) as to the relation of the English and Latin versions +in MS. Harl. 913. It is improbable, at least, that the _Erthe upon +Erthe_ poems should all be derived from two Latin poems, the differences +between which are too great to admit of a common original, but which +were both translated into English verse, and became, in course of time, +modified and popularized. On the other hand, the fact that one +fourteenth-century poem of the kind had been supplied with a Latin +rendering might easily account for an attempt at Latin and French +translations in the case of a second, and there seems to be reason for +believing that the author of the latter text was acquainted with the +poem in MS. Harl. 913. As has been already noted in the Introduction +(p.xxxii), the first line of the English version corresponds in idea +with that of the text in MS. Harl. 913: + + Whan er ha er iwanne wi wow. + +and in actual wording with that of the _Song on the Times_: + + When erthe hath erthe i-gette. + +Otherwise no verbal connexion can be traced with any of the texts of +_Erthe upon Erthe_, though the phrase _eorthe on eorthe_ recurs four +times, and there is, of necessity, some similarity of treatment and +idea. Thus the remainder of verse 1 contains a reference to the +destruction by worms, mentioned in MS. Harl. 913, v. 2, and in the +Cambridge text, vv. 7and 13, as well as to the proverb that the dead +are soon forgotten, cf. MS. Harl. 913, v. 4(Introd. p. xxxi); verse 5 +exhorts man to think of death, as does v. 6of the B Version; and the +poem ends with a prayer, as do MSS. Harl. 4486, Lambeth, Laud, Titus, +and Rawl. P., as well as Rawl. C., and the Cambridge text. But the +wording, and, in the two latter cases, the treatment, is different, and +the general similarity is less than might he expected from the triteness +of the theme. Both the A and the B Version lay stress on the contrast +between man's present earthly glory and his future mingling with the +dust, whereas the text in the Appendix dwells on the inevitableness of +death, the pains of death, and the future judgement (only mentioned here +and in MS. Harl. 913). The poem appears to represent an individual +treatment of the subject, suggested perhaps by the text in MS. Harl. +913, with its Latin rendering, and possibly also influenced by the _Song +on the Times_ in the same MS. It may be regarded as being ultimately +based, like MS. Harl. 913, on the short stanzas current at the beginning +of the fourteenth century, and as furnishing additional evidence of the +early popularity of the theme, apopularity which gave rise at first to +individual poems like this and MS. Harl. 913, and later to the +repetition and expansion of one common type as in the B Version. But, +unlike MS. Harl. 913, this text stands apart from the more popular types +of the poem, and has no connexion with either the B Version or the +Cambridge text. It must therefore have been written before the short +normal type of the B Version became current, and probably before it took +shape as a poem of several stanzas, that is before 1400. The want of +close connexion between it and the more usual types of the poem given +above, makes the omission of it from the text the less to be regretted, +since it represents a side-issue rather than a link in the development +of the poem as here treated. + + [Footnote 1: Ex^r. K. R. Parl. Proceedings, Bdle. 1 (Old No. + 645/21).] + + [Footnote 2: Joseph Hunter, the antiquary (1783-1861), + Sub-Commissioner of the Public Records 1833, Assistant-Keeper of + the Records 1838.] + + [Footnote 3: MS. _aterrens_ as one word.] + + [Footnote 4: MS. _wlt_.] + + [Footnote 5: this word is very obscure, and is omitted by Hunter; + portions of _nt_ and the second _t_ can be seen.] + + [Footnote 6: H. _b^{i}re_.] + + [Footnote 7: H. _lu_.] + + [Footnote 8: the MS. has a gap after _allewey_ with space for a + word of five or six letters, but there is no erasure nor trace of + any omission.] + + [Footnote 9: inserted above the line.] + + [Footnote 10: MS. has _ils_, surely a scribal error; the original + had probably _u{er}s_ = _vers 'towards'_, with the MS. compendium + for _er_, written over and confused with the second stroke of the + _u_ so as to look like _il_.] + + [Footnote 11: H. _e'teyne_.] + + [Footnote 12: H. _peisez_.] + + [Footnote 13: H. _foilment_.] + + [Footnotes 14, 15: _in fresher ink above the line._] + + [Footnote 16: MS. _isoe_.] + + [Footnote 17: above the line.] + + [Footnote 18: MS. _foelle_; ? _falle_.] + + [Footnote 19: All words marked [19] are omitted in H.'s transcript, + the MS. at this point being stained and obscure.] + + [Footnote 20: Professor Robinson Ellis suggests _obiu{r}gabit_ + here, which would fit the space: there is room for 2-3 letters, + and possibly a trace of an _r_ contraction.] + + [Footnote 21: H. _urgabit_.] + + [Footnote 22: obscure, H. _fuit_; MS. might be _ffinit_.] + + [Footnote 23: H. _t'roe_.] + + [Footnote 24: H. _neer_.] + + [Footnote 25: H. _mo ert_.] + + [Footnote 26: inserted in margin; H. omits.] + + [Footnote 27: H. _aler_.] + + [Footnote 28: H. _le_.] + + [Footnote 29: H. _sayt cydaunt_.] + + [Footnote 30: H. _. . . . . . eyne_.] + + [Footnote 31: H. _t^{r}menti_.] + + [Footnote 32: H. _ou_.] + + + + +APPENDIX II. + + +#B# VERSION 19. + +MS. TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE R. 3. 21. [fol. 33, v^o.] + +(This text represents the normal seven-stanza type of the B version, but +without precise verbal agreement with any text printed above.) + + [Transcriber's Note: + The initial "E" is printed in the middle of a large blank space, + E.E.T.S. notation for a decorative capital.] + + 1 [E]rthe vppon erthe so wondyrly wrought, + Erthe opon erthe hath gete a dignite of nought, + Erthe opon erthe hath set all hys thought + How erthe opon erthe may on hyght be brought. 4 + + 2 Erthe opon erthe wold be a kyng; + But how that erthe goth to erthe thynketh he nothyng. + When erthe byddyth erthe hys rent home bryng, + Than erthe from erthe hath full hard partyng. 8 + + 3 Erthe opon erthe wynneth castelles and towres; + Than seyth erthe to erthe: 'Thys ys all owres'. + When erthe opon erthe hath bylde halles and bowres, + Then shall erthe fro erthe suffre sharpe showres. 12 + + 4 Erthe goth opon erthe as molde opon molde, + Erthe goth opon erthe and glytereth as golde, + Lyke as erthe to erthe neu{er} go sholde. + And yet shall erthe to erthe rather then he wolde. 16 + + 5 Why erthe loueth erthe wondyr I may thynke, + Or why erthe for erthe wyll other swete or s[w]ynke, + Ffor when erthe in-to erthe ys brought w{i}t{h}yn the brynke, + Than shall erthe of erthe haue a foule stynke. 20 + + 6 Lo erthe opon erthe consider{e} well thow may + How erthe co{m}meth to erthe nakyd alway. + Why shuld erthe than opon erthe go stout and gay + Seth erthe in-to erthe shall passe in a pore aray? 24 + + 7 I counsell erthe opon erthe that wykkyd hath wrought, + Whyle erthe ys opon erthe to torne vp hys thought, + And pray God opon erthe that all erthe hath wrought, + That erthe out of erthe to blysse may be brought. Amen. 28 + Memorare nouissima. + + +#B# VERSION 20. + +MS. TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE B. 15. 39. [fol. 170.] + +This text (in MS. not written in metrical lines) preserves 9 stanzas of +the 12-stanza version in MSS. Lambeth and Laud, and appears to represent +a distinct and perhaps older copy of the original of these two. The +mistake in v. 8precludes its being the original. + + De terra plasmasti me, _etc._ + + 1 [1]Ere out of ere is wondirli wrou[gh]t, + Ere of ere ha gete a dignite of nou[gh]t, + Ere vpon ere ha sett al his ou[gh]t, + Howe at ere vpon ere may be hi[gh] brou[gh]t. 4 + + 2 Ere vpon ere wolde ben a king; + But how ere schal to ere enki he no ing; + Whanne an ere biddi ere hise rentis hoom bring, + anne schal ere out of ere haue a piteuous p{ar}tinge. 8 + + 3 Ere vpon ere wy{n}ne castels and tours, + anne sei ere to ere: 'is is all ouris.' + Whanne ere vpon[2] ere [ha biggid][3] up his bouris, + an schal ere for ere for[4] suffre scharpe schouris. 12 + + 4 Ere goo upon ere as molde upon moolde, + So goo ere upon ere al glitiringe in golde, + Lijk as ere vnto ere neu{er}e go scholde, + And [gh]it schal ere vnto ere rair an he wolde. 16 + + 5 O ou [fol. 170, v^o] wrecchid ere at in e ere trauellist + ni[gh]t & day, + To florische e ere, to peinte e ere wi wantowne aray, + [Gh]it schalt ou ere for al i ere, + make ou it neu{er}e so queinte or gay, + Out of is ere in-to e ere, + ere to klinge as a clot of clay. 20 + + 6 O wrecchid man whi art ou proud at art of ere makid? + Hidir brou[gh]tist ou no schroud, but pore come ou and nakid. + Whanne i soule is went out & i bodi in[5] ere rakid, + an bi [bodi][6] at was rank & bilouid of al men is bihatid. 24 + + 7 Out of is ere cam to is ere is wantinge grarnement[7]; + To hide is ere, to happe is ere, to him was cloing lent; + But now[8] goo ere upon ere, ruli raggid & rent, + erfore schal ere vndir e ere haue hidous turment. 28 + + 8 {er}fore {o}u ere vpon ere at wikkidli hast wrou[gh]t, + While at ere is upon ere turne a[gh]en i ou[gh]t, + & pray to God vpon erthe at [al e ere ha][9] wrou[gh]t, + at ere vpon ere to blis may be brou[gh]t. 32 + + 9 Now Lord at ere madist for ere & suffridist peines ille, + Lete neu{er}e is ere for is ere mischeue ne spille, + But at is ere in is ere be euere worchinge i wille, + So that ere fro is ere stie vp to in hi[gh] hille. AMEN. 36 + + Memento homo quod cinis es. et in cinerem reuerteris. + Ffac bene dum viuis. post mortem viu{er}e si vis. + + A man at wilne for to p{ro}fite in e wey of p{er}fecciou{n} + & souvereinli to plese God. he muste studie bisili for to haue + ese maters in his herte at folewi here aftir. + + First bienke ee [etc.] + + [Footnote 1: MS. erron. begins with a capital _D_.] + + [Footnote 2: Crossed out in MS.] + + [Footnote 3: Omitted in MS.] + + [Footnote 4: So in MS.] + + [Footnote 5: MS. _is_ erron. for _in_] + + [Footnote 6: Omitted in MS.] + + [Footnote 7: erron. for _garnement_] + + [Footnote 8: _ere vpon ere_ inserted after _now_ in MS. and + crossed out.] + + [Footnote 9: MS. erroneously repeats, from l. 29, _at vickidli + hast wrou[gh]t_.] + + + + +GLOSSARY. + + [Transcriber's Note: + Entries shown in [[double brackets]] are from the author's Addenda, + referring to the English text in Appendix I (pages 42-45). Yogh [gh] + is alphabetized as g, thorn as th.] + + + Abbey, _sb._ 13.6. _perh. erron. for_ nobley. + [[Afrete, _pp._ devoured, eaten 42.3.]] + Agaste, _a._ aghast 25.54. + Agayn(e), ageyn, a[gh]en, ayen, _adv._ again 13.30, 15.45, 21.34, + 24.20, 28.54; + _prep._ against 38.47. + A[gh]enrisynge, _sb._ resurrection 15.41. + [[Agrise, _vb._ tremble, quake 44.28.]] + Al, all, _a._ 28.49, 53. + [[Alas, _int._ 43.17.]] + Ale, _sb._ 25.60. + [[Alete, _vb._ to let go, forsake 42.3.]] + Almis, _sb._ alms 24.24. + Also, _adv._ 28.37, 34.73. + Alway(e), all(e) way(e), _adv._ always 7.14, 9.22, 10.22, 25.32, + 29.58, &c. + Amende, _vb. imp._ 24.18. + Amys, _adv._ amiss 34.68. + Answerid, _vb. 3 p. pr._ answereth 2.25. + Apone, ap(p)one, _prep._, _var. of_ upon 6.3, 5, 9, 7.1, 2, 3, + 9.1, 2, &c. + Ar, 3.50. ? _erron. for_ a. + Aray(e), array, _sb._ array 7.16, 8.26, 19.18, 21.64, 30.24, &c., + &c. + [[Aryse, _vb._ arise 44.25.]] + Aske, aski, _vb. 3 p. pr._ 2.25, 39. + [[Assise, _sb._ the Judgement 44.26.]] + Auyse, _vb. imp._ bethink thyself, consider 22.98. + Awaked, _vb. pr. pl._ awaken 1.6. + Away, _adv._ 30.22, 31.22. + [[Awelden, _vb._ wield, rule 42.9.]] + Ay, _adv._ aye 25.58. + + Bare, _a._ 22.88. + Be, _vb._ 5.4, 5, 6.4, 5, &c., &c.; + _imp._ 3.63, 22.97, 24.23; + _subj._ 13.9, 14.35, &c; + _2 p. pr._ art 1.5, 15.24, 45, 19.21; + _3 p. pr._ is, ys 2.16, 17, 40, 42, 3.49, 50, 7.1, &c., es + 6.1, 10, 19; + _pr. pl._ be, beth 2.38, 3.66, 7.10, 28.43, 45, bythe 13.14, + byne 25.52, ar 30.10, 31.10, 33.45; + _2 p. p._ were 1.5, 2.29, 22.92; + _3 p. p._ was 15.29, 21.40, 23.101, &c.; + _p. pl._ were 27.21, 28.27. + Before, beffore, byfore, _adv._ before 28.44, 52. + _prep._ 22.100, 33.50. + Begilynge, _sb._ beguiling 23.106. + Begynnynge, _sb._ beginning 23.102. + Begynnys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ begins 3.51; + _3 p. p._ began 28.31, 32.14; + _pp._ bigun 2.29. + Beholde, _vb. imp._ behold 12.25. + Behynde, _prep._ behind 33.50. + [[Belden, _vb._ build up 43.12.]] + Beri, berri, berys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ bears 2.15, 28, 33.53. + Beste, _a._ best 12.21. + Bete, _pp._ beaten 23.116. + Betyme, _adv._ betimes 24.18, 25.57. + Be ware, _vb. imp._ beware 22.97, 33.38. + Biddethe, biddis, biddith, bydd-es, -eth, -is, -ys, -yth(e), bydyth, + _vb. 3p. pr._ bids 5.7, 7.7, 8.9, 9.7, 10.7, &c.; + _3 p. p._ bade 25.36. + Biddyngis, _sb._ biddings 23.124. + Bigged, biggid, -it, bygged(e), -id, -it, -yd, -yt, _pp._ built, + 6.11, 7.11, 10.11, 12.11, 13.15, 14.14, 17.13, 19.11, 30.11, + 31.11, 32.7; ON. byggja. + Bihatid, _pp._ hated 15.27. + [[Bi-holden, _vb._ keep, retain 42.10.]] + Bild, _vb. imp._ build 3.64; + _2 p. pr._ bildist 22.79; + _3 p. pr._ bilt, 3.65, byldyth 5.13; + _pp._ bildyd, billid, bylde, byllyd, 5.11, 8.13, 11.11, 20.22, + 27.11. + Bink, bynk, _sb._ bank 30.19, 31.19. L.Scots. + Blak, blayke, _a._ black 3.66, 34.64. + Blesse, _sb._, _var. of_ blis, bliss 29.6. + Blis, blys, blysse, _sb._ bliss 4.77, 7.24, 8.30, 9.28, 10.28, &c. + Blode, _sb._ blood 25.46. + Blynde, _a._ blind 25.37. + Blyssed, _pp._ blessed 34.75. + Bodi, body, _sb._ 15.26, 27, 17.25, 26, 34.73. + Bold, _sb._ dwelling 3.64. + Bold, _a._ 28.42. + Bon, _sb._ bone 22.88. + Borowes, _sb. erron. for_ bowres, bowers 10.11. + Both, _pron._ 28.41. + Bour(e)s, bour(r)is, bourys, bowres, -is, -ys, _sb. pl._ bowers + 3.66, 5.11, 6.11, 8.13, 9.11, 12.11, 14.14, 17.13, 27.11, &c. + Bou[gh]te, _pp. erron. for_ bro[gh]t 26.70. + Brede, _sb._ bread 25.60. + Bredis, _vb. 3 p. pr._ breeds 6.7; (perh. erron. for _biddis_); + _3 p. p._ brede 33.45. + Brente, _pp._ burnt 10.19. + Brether, _sb. pl._ brothers 28.44. + Bring, bryng(e), _vb._ 5.7, 6.7, 7.7, 14.10, &c.; + _imp._ bryng 33.27; + _2 p. p._ broght, brou[gh]ttist, broutyst 15.25, 17.24, 19.22; + _pp._ brocht, bro(u)ght(e), broht, brou[gh]t(e), brout, browt(h)e, + 5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.6, 9.3, 10.4, 28, 13.8, 14.7, 30.4, &c. + Brink(e), brynk(e), _sb._ brink (of the grave) 5.19, 6.19, 15.34, + 17.33, 27.19, &c.; + _pl._ brynkes 10.19. + Byggis, bygith, -yth, _vb. 3 p. pr._ builds _v._ bigged 12.9, 34.63. + [[Byheste, _sb._ promise 45.30.]] + [[Byhet, _vb. 3 p. pr._ promises 45.31.]] + Byrthe, _sb._ birth 26.72. + + Calle, _sb._ summons 12.23. + Callyd, _vb. 3 p. p._ called, named 32.12. + Carayne, caryon, _sb._ carrion 2.39, 24.30. + Care, _sb._ care, anxiety 24.11. + Case, _sb._ 26.64. + Cast, _vb._ 34.61. + Castles, castells, casteles, castels, castells, -es, -is, -ys, + castylles, _sb. pl._ castles 3.65, 5.9, 6.9, 7.9, 8.11, 9.9, + &c., &c. + Certayn, certeyn, _a._ certain 28.53, 56. + [[Cheste, _sb._ strife, dispute 45.29; OE. cast, _older_ cas, + L. causa.]] + Chyn, chynne, _sb._ chin 2.17, 32.26. + Clay(e), _sb._ 15.23, 17.22, 19.20, 21.68. + Clinge, clynge, klyng, _vb._ to shrink up, decay 15.23, 17.22, + 19.20, 21.68. + Cf. _E. E. Allit. P._ A. 856, oure corses in clottez clynge, + _Hymns to Virgin and Christ_, p.85, in coold clay now schal y + clinge. + Closed, closit, _pp._ enclosed, shut up 28.39, 30.19, 31.19. + Clot, clotte, _sb._ clot of clay, a hardened lump of earth, 15.23, + 17.22, 19.20, 21.68; + _replaced by_ NE. clod. + Cloth, _sb._ 32.24, 33.53. + Cloth, _vb. imp._ clothe 25.36. + Clothing(e), _sb._ 15.29, 17.28, 21.40. + Cold(e), _sb._ 12.15, 28.43, 34.72. + Com, _vb._ come 12.23; + _2 p. pr._ commys 25.32; + _3 p. pr._ comes, come, commeth, comyth(e), commyth 7.14, + 8.24, 9.22, 10.22, &c.; + _2 p. p._ cam 17.24, cem(e) 15.25, 19.22; + _pl._ com 28.54. + Commandmentis, _sb. pl._ commandments, 25.42. + Concele, concell, consaill, consell, consylle, counsall, counsill, + cowncelle, cowsayl, _vb. 1p. pr._ counsel, advise 7.21, 8.27, + 9.25, 10.25, 11.25, 26.67, 29.3, 61, 30.25, 31.25. + Conclusion, _sb._ close, termination, 28.36. + Consayfe, _vb._ conceive, grasp, understand 25.31. + Consider(e), consedur, considder, considdir, consyder(e), consydre, + _vb._ consider 7.13, 10.21, 11.21, 13.25, 15.36, 29.57, 30.21, + 31.21. + [[Coueytise, _sb._ covetousness 42.6.]] + Coveytous, _sb._ covetousness 33.55, _Conf. of ending for_ covetise, + OF. coveitise. Cf. _Paston Letters_, No. 582, II. 313, the + unkyndnesse and covetuse that was shewed me. + [[Crie, _vb. 3 p. pr._ cries 42.8.]] + Crose, _sb._ cross 25.46. + Crownnys, _sb. pl._ crowns 27.24. + Crystyn, _a._ Christian 11.28. + + Dai, day(e), _sb._ day 4.78, 8.24, 15.20, 21.62, 32.22. + Dare, _vb. subj._ need 34.58; ME. thar for tharf, OE. earf; _from + confusion with_ dare, OE. dearr. + Dart, _sb._ 28.50. + Dede, _sb._ deed 4.78; + _pl._ deden, dedis 2.15, 25.54. + [[Dedliche, _a._ deadly 43.14.]] + Dedly, _a._ deadly, mortal 22.78, 23.128. + Delful, dolfull, _a._ sorrowful, doleful 1.4, 7.8, 33.28; OF. doel, + duel, deol, mod. F. deuil. + Deli, _vb. 3 p. pr._ divides, separates 4.78. + Depairting, _sb._ separation, parting 30.8, 31.8. + Dere, _vb._ harm, injure 28.50; OE. derian. + Deth(e), dee, _sb._ death 5.24, 8.3, 9.30, 31, 13.3, 4, 14.2, + &c.; + _gen._ dethis 22.70. + Deyle, _vb. imp._ distribute 25.43. + Dignite, dignitie, dignyte, dignytie, dygnite, dygnyte, dyngnyte, + _sb._ high estate or position, honour 6.2, 11.2, 12.4, 14.5, + 16.4, 19.2, 20.8, 27.2, 30.2, 31.2. + Disgesily, _adv._ strangely, extraordinarily 21.42; OF. desguisi, + disguised. + Do, _vb._ 34.68; + _3 p. pr._ doe, doo, doith, dose 7.17, 14.2, 22.94, 25.54; + _pl._ don 33.33; + _imp._ do 26.73; + _pl. p._ did 28.44; + _p. pr._ doynge 23.130; + _pp._ do, don 23.115, 122, 34.66. + Doluyn, _pp._ buried 23.113. + Dome, _sb._ judgement 4.76. + Draught, draut, drawght(e), draw[gh]t, _sb._ drawing of a bow, bowshot + 5.24, 8.3, 9.31, 13.4, 14.2. + Cf. R. Brunne _Chron. Wace_ (c. 1330) 862, al vnwylland at + draught he drow. + Drawe, _vb._ draw 14.1; + _3 p. pr._ drawethe, drawith, drawyth(e) 5.24, 8.3, 9.31, + 13.4, 20.3; + _3 p. p._ droh, drow 1.2, 4. + Dred(e), _vb. imp._ dread 4.76, 23.117. + Dredfull, _a._ dreadful, terrible 28.50. + Drynkis, _sb. pl._ drinking feasts 22.86. + Duly, _adv._ duly, rightly 25.43. + Dute, _sb._ duty, dues 5.7. + Dwelle, dweylle, _vb._ dwell 22.80, 26.63; + _3 p. pr._ dwellyth 34.65. + Dye, _vb._ die 9.15; + _3 p. p._ deyd 34.78. + + Earth, eird, erth, erthe, herth, _sb._ earth 1.1, &c., &c. + [[Elden, _vb._ to grow old 43.11.]] + Empire, _sb._ 28.31. + Enclyn, _vb._ incline, be disposed, desire 27.23. + End, _vb._ 2.29. + Ende, _sb._ end 4.73, 24.6, 26.66. + [[Endinge, _sb._ 44.21.]] + Endure, _vb._ 28.45. + Ensure, _vb._ 28.46. + Entent, _sb._ intent, purpose 34.57. + Enuye, _sb._ envy 22.74. + [[Eorthe, _sb._ earth 42.1, &c.]] + Erene, _a._ earthen 1.3. + Erthly, _a._ earthly 33.55, 34.70. + Est, _sb._ east, (_perh. erron. for_ erth) 34.79. + Euer(e), _adv._ ever 14.35, 16.50, 18.49, 22.80, 23.130, 33.35, 36. + Euerlastynge, _a._ everlasting 23.108. + Evill, ewill, _a._ evil 30.20, 31.20. + Ewyne, _sb._ even 25.51. + For oode ne for ewyne, for odd nor even, on no account + whatever. + Cf. even and odd, all included, without exception. + Exampul, _sb._ example 25.39. + Excludid, _pp._ excluded 22.76. + + Falle, _sb._ 12.22. + Falli, _vb. 3 p. pr._ falls, 1.3. + Falshede, falshode, _sb._ falsehood 23.106, 110. + Falsly, _adv._ falsely 33.50. + Fane, fayne, _a._ fain 30.5, 31.5. + Fare, _vb._ go 24.12. + Fase, _sb. pl._ foes 12.28. + Fast, _adv._ 34.60. + Favtt, _vb. p. pl._ fought 25.44. + Fayr, _a._ fair 33.42; + _adv._ fayre 33.50. + Fede, feden, _vb._ feed 2.14, 33.44. + Fele, _sb._, _prob._ fell, moor 24.30; ON. fjallr. + Felow, _sb._ fellow 22.92. + Ferde, _pp._ afraid, terrified 12.24; OE. (for) f[-]red. + Fere, _sb._ fear 28.52. + Festis, _sb. pl._ feasts, 22.86. + First, fyrst, _a. & adv._ 23.102, 28.31, 38, 32.14. + Flesch, _sb._ flesh 33.45. + Florische, florisshe, fflorysshe, _vb._ adorn, embellish 15.21, + 17.20, 19.18, 21.63; OF. florir, floriss-. + Flowre, _sb._ flower 28.38; + _pl._ flowres 34.65. + [[Foelle, _vb. subj._ ? fall 43.20.]] + Folk, _sb._ 28.45. + Foo, _sb._ foe 22.78; + _pl._ fase 12.28. + Forbere, _vb._ forbear 28.51. + [[For[gh]ete, _pp._ forgotten 42.4.]] + Forsake, _sb. subj._ 22.81, 23.109. + Forsuthe, _int._ forsooth 12.28. + Fote, _sb._ foot 23.114; + _pl._ 32.22. + Fovde _sb._ food 25.44. + Foul(e), foulle, fovl, fowll(e), _a._ foul 5.20, 6.20, 8.22, 11.20, + 22.77, 24.28, &c. + Fowle, _sb._ evil, hurt 33.39. + Cf. Sowdone of Babylone (c. 1400) 199, foule shall hem this + day bifalle. _NE. sense of_ foul _as_ trip, collision, _not + found in ME._ + Frendschip, _sb._ friendship, 2.42. + Frow, _adv._ (_glossed_ festine) swiftly, hastily 1.3; ON. frr, + swift. + Fugure, _sb._ figure 28.47. + Ful, full(e), _adv._ fully 5.24, 9.32, 13.4, &c. + Fulfille, fulfyle, _vb._ fulfil 23.124, 25.42, 50. + [[Furloren, _pp._ lost 46.35.]] + Fyghtys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ fights, 34.60, + _p. pl._ favtt 25.44. + Fynd(e), _vb._ find 12.28, 33.49; + _1 p. pr._ 25.39, 40. + Fyne, _sb._ end 27.24. + + Ga, gase, _v._ go, goest 6.16, 12.27, &c. + Garnament, garnement, _sb. early form of _ garment 15.28, 17.27, + 21.38. + Gate, _sb._ gate 22.76. + Gatis, _sb. pl._ way 12.27. + Gay(e), _a._ 8.25, 9.23, 19.19, &c. + Gersom, _sb._ treasure, 3.61; OE. gersume. + Gett, _vb._ get 25.60; + _3 p. pr._ get hit (? _erron. for_ getith, _glossed_ lucratur) + 2.37, getyth 34.66; + _3 p. p._ gete, gette 3.61, 10.2; + _pp._ gete(n), getyn, goten, gottin, gotyn 3.53, 5.2, 6.2, + 11.2, 13.6, 19.2, 30.2, &c. + Gleterande, gleteryng(e), gletterant, _p. pr._ glittering 6.14, + 8.16, 9.14, 13.18, 17.16, 20.32; + _v._ Gliteringe. + Glisteryng, _p. pr._ sparkling, glittering 11.15; MLG. glistern. + Gliteringe, glitterand, glyt(t)ryng, glytteryng, _p. pr._ glittering + 5.14, 12.13, 14.17, 19.14, 24.21, 30.15, 31.15; ON. glitra, to + shine. + Glydderande, glyd(e)ryng, _p. pr._ _for_ glitterande, &c. 7.18, + 10.14, 27.14; + _v._ Gliteringe. + Glydys, _vb. 3 p. pr. for_ glytys, glitters 33.34; ON. glita, to + shine. + Go(e), gon, goo, [gh]a, _vb._ go 5.15, 16, 6.15, 16, 7.19, 22.82, &c.; + _2 p. pr._ gase, goist 12.27, 22.70; + _3 p. pr._ ge(e)th, goeth, gois, go(o)th(e), gos(e), goos, + gott, goyth(e), 2.13, 28, 5.14, 6.13, 14, 8.16, 9.13, 14, 11.6, + 12.13, 15, 14.16, 17, 30.6, 15, 22, 32.15, 19, &c.; + _3 p. subj._ go 3.64; + _imp._ go 25.47. + God, _sb. n. pr._ 7.23, 8.29, 9.27, &c.; + _gen._ Goddis 23.124. + Gold(e), _sb._ 3.61, 5.14, 6.13, 14, &c. + Good, _a._ 34.57. + Goode, _sb._ property, 25.43; + _pl._ goodis 23.112. + Gospel, _sb._ 25.39. + Govern, _vb._ 12.30. + Grace, _sb._ 22.70, 26.61. + Graui, _vb. 3 p. pr._ buries, covers up, 8.52; OE. grafan. + Grawnte, _vb. subj._ grant 12.30. + Grene, _a._ green 3.52. + Gret(e), grit, _a._ great 21.44, 30.17, 31.12, 17, 33.52, 56, 34.80. + [[Grimliche, _adv._ terribly 44.28.]] + Grouer, _sb._ a kind of fur, 3.51; OF. gros vair, _opposed to_ menu + vair, minever. + Grounde, _sb._ bottom, 34.77; cf. OE. helle grund. + Groy, _sb._ grey fur, 3.51, + _erron. for_ grey, _or perhaps contamination of_ ME. gra, gro + (ON.grr) _with_ grey (OE.gr[-]g). + Cf. Berners _Froiss._ II. ccii. 622, furred with Myneuere and + gray. + Grucche, _sb._ grudge 28.55. + To strive of grucche, to strive against as a grievance. + [[Guo, _vb._ go 43.15.]] + [[Gynne, _vb. 3 p. pr._ begins 43.15.]] + + Haf(e), _vb._ have 6.8, 20, 10.8, 20, 12.8, 20, 22. + Hallys, _sb. pl._ halls 32.5, 34.63. + Hame, _sb._ home 30.7, 31.7. + Hande, _sb._ 24.24. + Happe, _vb._ wrap 15.29. + Hard(e), herd, _a._ hard 6.8, 11.8, 12, 30.8, 31.8, &c. + Hart, herte, _sb._ heart 25.46, 33.53. + Hartily, hertili, hertly, _adv._ heartily 15.40, 18.39, 21.54. + Haste, _sb._ 25.53. + Hate, _sb._ 22.74. + Hate, _vb._ hate; + _3 p. pr._ hatid 2.26; + _pp._ hated, hatid, hatyd(e) 5.23, 8.2, 9.30, 13.3, 14.1, + 16.2, 17.26, 20.2. + Hauntist, _vb. 2 p. pr._ practisest habitually 22.74. + Haue, have, haf(e), _vb._ have 5.8, 20, 6.8, 20, 8.10, 22, + 10.8, 20, &c.; + _1 p. pr._ haue 28.44; + _2 p. pr._ hase, hast(e), 12.25, 28, 13.29, &c.; + _3 p. pr._ has(e), hath(e) 1.1, 2.27, 5.2, 3, 12.1, 11, &c.; + hes 30.2, 11, 31.2, 11; + _pr. pl._ haue 29.61; + _imp._ haue 28.52; + _3 p. subj._ haue 34.65; + _3 p. p._ had(e), heuede 1.4, 29.3, 34.72. + [[Haue, _vb. 3 p. pr._ has 43.13.]] + Hede, _sb._ head 25.48. + Hede, _sb._ heed 24.5. + Heere, here, _adv._ 16.48, 28.40, 45. + Heghe, hey, _v._ hi[gh] 6.4, 11.4. + Hel(e), hell, _vb._ hell 25.40, 58, 34.77. + [[Helle-feste, _sb._ Hell-fortress 45.32.]] + Helpe, _sb._ 26.72. + Helpyne, _vb. 3 pl. pr._ help 25.52. + Hend, _a._ gracious 4.75. + Hennys, _adv._ hence 22.82. + Herd, herte, hertili, _v._ Hard, Hart, Hartily. + Hete, _sb._ heat 28.43. + Heuen(e), heuyn, heyuyn(e), heywyn, _sb._ heaven 15.43, 19.24, + 25.40, 52, 26.63, 34.82, &c. + Heuy, _a._ heavy 9.8. + Hicht, _sb._ height 30.4, 31.4. + Hide, hyde, _vb._ 15.29, 17.28, 21.39. + Hider, hidir, hyder, _adv._ hither 15.25, 17.24, 19.22. + Hidiose, hidous, _a._ hideous 15.31, 17.30. + Hi[gh], hihe, heghe, hey, hy(e), hy[gh], hygh(e), _a. & adv._ high + 5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4, 9.3, 10.4, 11.4, 11, 12.2, 13.8, 14.7, 16.6, + 51, 19.4, 22.100; + hiere (higher) 20.12. + Hille, hylle, _sb._ hill 14.36, 16.51, 18.50, 23.132. + Hold, _vb. 3 p. pr._ holdys 32.16; + _pp._ hold 28.30. + Hold, _a._ faithful 3.63. + Holy, _a._ holy 23.132. + Hom(e), hoom, whom(e), _sb._ home 5.7, 6.7, 11.7, 16.9, 24.9, &c.; + _v._ hame. + Honger, _sb._ hunger 34.72. + Honour, _sb._ 27.22. + Houe, hove, how(e) _conj._ how 5.4, 6, 6.4, 6, 7.4, 6, &c., &c. + Hows, _sb._ house 32.26. + Hundred, _num._ 2.18. + [[Hye, _vb. 3 p. pr._ hastens 42.7.]] + + [[Iboren, _pp._ born 45.33.]] + [[Ibou[gh]t, _pp._ redeemed 43.19.]] + [[Icoren, _pp. a._ chosen ones 45.35.]] + Idi[gh]te, _pp._ placed, set 2.38. + [[Igete, _pp._ got 42.1.]] + [[Ignawe, _pp._ devoured 44.23.]] + [[Ihere, _vb._ hear 44.26.]] + [[Iknawe, _vb._ know 44.24.]] + Ilich, alike 1.5. + Ille, ylle, _a. & adv._ ill 14.33, 16.48, 18.47, 23.122. + Ilor, _pp._ lost 2.42; + _v._ Loste. + Imeten, _pp._ measured 3.54. + Inow(e), ynoh, enough 1.2, 4, 32.18. + [[Iseo, _vb. 3 p. pr._ sees 43.14, 44.21.]] + [[Islawe, _pp._ slain 44.22.]] + Iustly, _adv._ justly 5.16. + Iustyse, _sb._ justice, judge, 22.100. + [[Iuynt, _vb. 3 p. pr._ joins 42.9.]] + [[Iworthe, _vb._ become 43.16.]] + + Karful, _a._ grievous, sad, full of care, 26.64. + King, kyng(e), _sb._ 2.39, 5.5, 7.5, 8.7, 9.5, &c. + Klyng, _v._ clinge. + Kni[gh]t, knyght, _sb._ knight 2.39, 19.24. + Know, _vb._ 27.23; + _3 p. pr._ knowethe 9.21. + Kny[gh]thode, _sb._ 28.38. + + Labour, _vb._ 23.103. + Ladis, _sb._ Lady's 26.72. + Lang, long, _a._ 3.50, 64; + _adv._ 28.45, 33.40. + Lappe, _vb._ wrap 21.39. + Last(e), _a._ 4.73, 12.23, 32.22; + at e last 33.39, 34.62. + Late, lete, lett, _vb. imp._ let 14.34, 16.49, 18.48, 23.127, 25.51. + Lay, _vb. 3 p. pr._ layes 32.3; + _3 p. p._ leyd(e) 1.3, 27.24; + _pp._ layd(e) 33.44, 54, 34.64. + Lede, _vb. subj._ lead 25.58, 34.82. + Lein, _sb._ length 3.54. + Leni, _vb. 3 p. pr._ rewards 4.78. OE. lanian. + Lent(e), y-lent, _pp._ lent, granted 15.29, 17.28, 21.40; + OE. l[-]nan. + [[Lere, _vb._ teach 44.27.]] + [[Leste, _vb._ last 45.31.]] + Lest(e), _conj._ 4.76, 25.58. + Leve, lyffe, _vb._ live 19.24, 28.41, 33.35; + _2 p. pr._ leuyst, leuuyst 25.50, 26.62; + _3 p. pr._ lyueth 23.105; + _imp._ lyffe 19.23; + _3 p. p._ levyd 34.57. + Lewe, _vb. imp._ leave 19.29. + Lif(e), liif, lyf(e), lyffe, _sb._ life 2.15, 5.23, 8.2, 9.29, 13.3, + 14.1, 16.1, 20.1. + Li[gh]t, lyt, _vb._ alight, descend; + _3 p. p._ lytyd 34.75; + _pp._ li[gh]t 2.40. + Like, lyk(e), _conj._ like 5.15, 6.15, 7.19, 8.17, 9.15, &c. + List, lyst, _vb._ desire 28.47; + _3 p. p._ liste 27.23. + Liuerei, _sb._ livery, 3.52. + Logege, _vb._ lodge 25.58. + Loke, _vb. imp._ look 25.51. + Lond, _sb._ land 4.73. + Lord(e), _nom. pr._ 14.33, 16.48, 18.47, 23.125, 25.45. + Loste, _vb. p. pl._ lost 28.28.; + _v._ Ilor. + Loth, _a._ loth, unwilling 33.54. + Loue, _sb._ love 23.119, 25.45, 32.13. + Loue, love, _vb._ love; + _2 p. pr._ louyst 22.77; + _3 p. pr._ loues, -is, -ys, 9.17, 10.17, 24.25, 33.29; + loueth, -yth, loveth, -yth(e), loweth 5.17, 8.19, 11.17, + 17.31, 27.17; + lu(i)ffis, 6.17, 12.17, 30.17, 31.17; + _pp._ loued, louyd(e) 5.23, 8.2, 9.29, 13.3, &c. + [[Louerd, _sb._ Lord 45.33.]] + Low[gh], _adv._ low 2.40. + Lust, _sb._ desire 22.83. + [[Luer, _a._ wicked 42.9.]] + Lutil, _adv._ little 3.50. + Ly, _vb._ lie 32.26; + _3 p. pr._ lyis 24.30; + _pl. pr._ lye 26.32. + Lyffe, lyneth, _v._ Leve. + Lykyng, _p. pr._ pleasing, desirable 32.23. + + Mai, may(e), _vb. pr. sg._ may 1.2, 5.4, 6.4, &c., &c.; + _pl._ 28.45; + _2 p. pr._ moue 25.56; + _3 p. p._ myght, myth 7.4, 24, 9.3, 27.4. + Maistri, _sb._ mastery, lordship 2.37; + _pl._ maistres 12.26. + Make, _vb. subj._ 15.22, 19.19, 21.66, 33.36; + _2 p. pr._ mase 12.26; + _3 p. pr._ maketh, -ith, -yth(e) 5.24, 8.3, 9.32, 14.2, 16.2; + _2 p. p._ madist, -yst 14.33, 16.48, 18.47; + _3 p. p._ mad(e) 26.69, 32.11, 34.69; + maid 30.27, 31.27; + _p. pr._ makyng 22.90; + _pp._ made 20.14, 22.87, 23.101, 27.24; + maked, -id, 1.5, 15.24, 17.23, 19.21. + Man, mon, _sb._ man 4.71, 77, 5.17, 24, &c. + Maner, _sb._ 22.96; any maner wise, any kind of way. + Many, _a._ 11.12, 12.28, 34.76. + Mast, _sb._ 34.59. + Mede, _sb._ meed, reward 4.77, 33.43; + _pl._ meden 2.16. + Mekyl, _a._ much 33.49; + _v._ Moche, myche. + Mercy, _sb._ 25.50. + Merwel, _sb._ marvel 24.25. + Mi[gh]te, _sb._ power, might 2.37. + Miseislich, _adv._ uncomfortably 3.54. + Moche, myche, _a._ much 4.77; + _adv._ 15.32; + _v._ Mekyl. + Moder, _sb._ mother 3.62. + Mold, _sb._ mould, pattern, 3.62; OFr. modle. + Mold(e), moolde, moulde, mowld(e), _sb._ mould, earth 5.13, 7.17, + 9.13, 10.13, 11.13, 17.15, &c. + Molys, _sb. pl._ moles 33.33. + Mone, _sb._ moan 22.90. + More, _adv._ 6.15, 28.34, 33.35, 36; + moo 22.80; + _a._ 28.40. + Most(e), moost, _adv._ 5.23, 8.2, 14.1, &c. + Moue, _vb. 2 p. pr._ may 25.56; see Mai. + Muntid, _vb. 3 p. pr._ 2.16 (_glossed_ metitur) measures, appoints; + OE. myntan, to intend, propose, hint. + [[Mychfulliche, _adv._ greatly, at so great cost 43.19.]] + Mynd(e), _sb._ 25.38, 33.36. + Myrth(e), _sb._ mirth, joy 26.64, 66. + Myscheue, _vb. subj._ come to grief, meet with misfortune 16.49, + 18.48; OF. meschever. + Myschyffe, _sb._ misfortune, evil plight 14.34. + Mysdon, misdone 34.66. + Myse, _vb._ miss 26.64. + Mysgete, _p._ misgotten 23.112. + Mysplese, _vb._ displease 15.43, 17.42, 21.60. + + Naked, nakid, -it, -yd(e), -yt, _a._ naked 5.24, 7.14, 8.24, 15.37, + 25.32, &c. + Namyd, _vb. 3 p. p._ named 34.69. + Nawte, _pr._, _v._ Nocht, noght. + Nede, _sb._ need 34.80. + [[Netfulliche, _adv._ of necessity 44.25.]] + Neuer(e), neuyr(e), never, nevyr, _adv._ never 5.15, 7.19, 8.17, + 15.22, 17.21, 19.15, 34.58, &c. + Ni[gh]t, ny[gh]t, nyght, nyht, _sb._ night 4.78, 15.20, 17.19, 19.17, + 21.62. + Nim, _vb._ take 1.2, OE. niman. + Noblenes, _sb._ high estate, nobility 28.35. + Nobley, nobylay, _sb._ noble estate or condition 10.2, 32.2. + Nobul, _a._ noble 5.2. + Nocht, noght(e), nogth, noht, nou[gh]t, nought(e), nowght, nawte, + _pr._ nought 5.2, 6.2, 7.2, 9.4, &c. + Non(e), _pr._ none 22.92, 28.27, 34.61. + Nor, _conj._ than 30.16, 31.16. + Nother, _conj._ neither 25.60. + Nothing(e), nothyng(e), _pr._ nothing 5.6, 9.6, 24.8, 31.6. + Now(e), _adv._ 28.41, 31.10, 32.3. + + [[Of-sou[gh]t, _pp._ attacked 43.18.]] + Old(e), _a._ old 28.41, 34.74. + Onkynde, _a._ unkind, unnatural 33.47. + Oode, _sb._ odd 25.51, + for oode ne for ewyne, for odd nor even, on no account. + Opon, _prep._ _var. of_ upon 12.1, 2, &c. + Or, _adv._ before 23.113, 28.50; OE. [-]r. + Ordande, _vb. 3 p. p._ ordained 12.29. + Oribyll, _a._ horrible 21.52. + Othe, _sb._ oath 33.52. + Oer, _a._ other 1.2. + Other, owther, owir, _conj._ either, or 6.18, 11.18, 30.18, 31.18. + Our(e)s, ouris, -us, -ys, owres, -is, -ys, owrris, houris, _pron._ + ours 5.10, 6.10, 7.10, 8.12, 9.10, &c, &c. + Owris, ? ours 24.23. + + Pale, _a._ 28.32. + Palfrei, palfreye, _sb._ palfrey 3.49, 32.20. + Paradys, _sb._ Paradise 34.70. + Parting, partyng(e), parttynge, _sb._ parting, leave-taking, 5.8, + 6.8, 14.11, 24.10, &c. + Pas(e), passe, _vb._ pass 8.26, 9.24, 10.24, 25.34, &c. + Payne, _sb._ pain 23.108, + _pl._ paynes, peynes, peynys 14.33, 16.48, 18.47, 23.126. + Paynt(e), peynte, _vb._ paint 15.21, 17.20, 19.18, 21.63. + Pepul, _sb._ people, 25.44. + Perische, _vb. subj._ perish 22.99. + Petous, petus, _a._ 10.8, 16.10, 20.20; + _v._ Piteuous. + Petrus, _a._ ? piteous 5.8. + Piteuous, pyteous, pytous, pytyus, _a._ piteous 8.10, 13.12, 14.11, + 19.8. + Place, _sb._ 25.48, 26.62. + Playn, _a._ plain 28.47. + Plese, _vb._, please 22.95. + Plowe, _sb._ plough 32.15. + Poor(e), por(e), pure, _a._ poor 7.16, 10.24, 11.24, 15.25, 39, + 30.24, &c. + Pore, _sb._ the poor, 1.6. + Portratowre, _sb._ portraiture 28.48. + Praie, pray(e), preye, _vb._ 8.29, 10.27, &c., + _imp._ 13.31, 15.46, 18.45, 29.63; + _1 p. pr._ 9.27; + _pr. pl._ 7.23. + Prankys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ to show oneself off, strut, parade 32.20; + MDu. pronken. + Pride, _sb._ 33.53. + Prode, proud, prowde, prowt, prude, _a._ proud 7.15, 15.24, 17.23, + 19.21, 25.33. + [[Prude, _sb._ pride 42.5.]] + Prykys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ to spur one's horse 32.20. + Punsched, _pp._ punished 23.108. + Purvey, purway, _vb._ make provision 28.52; provide, furnish 26.62. + Pyne, _sb._ pain 25.59. + + Quene, _sb._ queen 3.49. + Queynt(e), _a._ ingenious, elaborate, fine 15.22, 17.21, 19.19. + Queytith, _vb. 3 p. pr._ requiteth 22.93. + Quhen, quhone, _adv._ 30.7, 11, 19, 31.7, 11, 19; + _v._ Whan(ne), when(ne). + Quhill, quhy, 30.23, 26, 31.23, 26; + _v._ While, Whi. + + Race, _vb._ to tear away, snatch 22.72; OF. racher, -ier, _from_ + arrachier. + Ragged, raggid, _a._ 15.30, 17.29, 21.42. + Rakid, _pp._ raked, covered, buried 15.26, 17.25; ON. raka to + scrape, rake, cf. Ch. Monkes T. 143 in hoote coles he hath hym + seluen raked. + Rank, _a._ proud, haughty 15.27, 17.26. + Rather(e), rathar, rathyr, _adv._ 5.16, 6.16, 7.20, &c. + Recke, _vb._ reck, care, heed 34.58. + Rede, _vb._ read 25.47; guide, direct 33.46. + Rekenyng(e), rikenynge, _sb._ account 15.42, 18.41, 21.58. + Rekyn, _vb. subj._ reckon, take count of 28.37. + Renown, _sb._ 28.33. + Rent, to-rent, _pp._ rent, torn 15.30, 17.29, 21.42, 25.45. + Rent(e), _sb._ revenue, income, tribute 7.7, 9.7, 10.7, &c.; + _pl._ rentes, -is, -ys, 6.7, 8.9, 11.7, &c. + Repente, _vb. imp._ 23.121. + Resoune, _sb._ reason 23.118. + Reste, _vb._ rest 25.48. + Restore, _vb. imp._ 23.111. + Rewful, rewfulle, _a._ rueful 15.35, 17.34. + Riche, rych, _sb._ rich 1.6, 25.40. + Right, _sb._ righteousness, good 2.41. + Right, riht, ryght, _a._ 34.82; + _adv._ 5.20, 21.58, 33.46. + Risynge, _sb._ uprising, resurrection 18.40, 21.56. + Rode, roode, _sb._ rood 25.45, 34.78. + Rof, _sb._ roof 2.17, 32.26. + Ros, _vb. 3 p. p._ rose 34.79. + Ruli, ruly, _a. or adv._ rueful(ly) 15.30, 17.29; OE. hrowle. + Ryches, _sb. pl._ riches 25.38. + Rydys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ rides 33.42. + + Sake, _sb._ 33.38. + Salle, _sb._ hall, palace, court 12.24. + Same, _a._ 32.11. + Saule, _sb._ soul 12.32; + _v._ Soule. + Save, sawe, _vb._ save 34.77; + _3 p. pr._ sauyd 34.76. + Say, _vb._ 12.21; + _3 p. pr._ sais(e), sase 6.10, 12.10; + saith(e), sayth(e) 5.10, 8.12, 20.27, 22.91; + sayis, says 10.10, 30.10, 31.10; + sei, seyth, seth 7.10, 11.10, 14.13, &c. + Schal, shall, _vb._ shall; + _2 p. pr._ schalt, 2.29; + _3 p. pr._ sal(e), sc(h)al, schall(e), shall(e) 5.8, 12, 6.8, 16, + 7.6, 20, &c.; + _pl._ schullen 2.18; + _2 p. p._ schuldist 22.80; + _3 p. p._ scholde, schould(e), schuld(e), shuld, sold, sulde + 6.15, 9.15, 23, 10.23, &c. + Scharp(e), sharp(e), _a._ sharp 5.12, 6.12, 8.14, 17.14, 30.12, &c. + Sched, _vb. 3 p. p._ shed 25.46. + Schend, _vb. subj._ shame, disgrace 4.76; + _pp._ schent 33.55. + Schene, _a._ bright, beautiful 3.51. + Schouris, -ys, schowres, -is, -ys, shour(e)s, showres, -is, _sb. + pl._ 5.12, 7.12, 8.14, &c., &c.; + scowrrys 6.12, schorrys 24.16. + Schroud, schrud, shroude, shrowde, _sb._ clothing 3.51, 15.25, + 17.24, 19.22. + Scowrrys, _sb. pl._ 6.12, showers; (_or perh._ stourrys, battles, + tumults, OF. estor, estour). + Secatours, _sb. pl._ executors 24.24, ME. _also_ secetour, sectour. + Securlye, _adv._ certainly, surely, 26.66. + [[Seluen, _pron._ self 44.24.]] + Sely, _a._ blessed 12.24; + simple 32.24. + Sen, syn, _conj._ since 8.26, 25.34, 30.24. + Seruyse, _sb._ service 22.94. + Set, _vb. 3 p. pr._ sattys 32.4; + _pp._ set(e), sett(e), ysette 5.3, 6.3, 7.3, &c. + Seth(e), sethen, sith, syth, _conj._ since 9.24, 10.24, 11.24, + 29.60, 32.12. + Seven, _nu._ 32.22. + Seynt Powlis, 28.48 St. Paul's. + Shewith, _vb. 3 p. pr._ shews 28.49. + Short, _a._ 28.36. + Shyne, _vb._ shine 27.22. + Sin, synne, _sb._ sin, 4.76, 23.115. + Skin, _sb._ 2.18. + Skyle, _sb._ reason 25.41. + Slogh, _sb._ slough, skin, covering, 32.17, 33.40. + Smarte, _sb._ smart, pain 24.17. + Smele, _vb._ smell 24.29. + Socowre, _sb._ succour 28.40. + Soffyre, sofur, _vb._ 10.12, 24.16; + _v._ Suffer. + Solde, _pp._ sold 34.73. + Sone, _adv._ soon 33.48; + sonar, sone(a)r 27.16, 30.16, 31.16. + Sore, _a._ sore, grievous 23.104; + _adv._ 15.33, 23.116. + Sorow(e), _sb._ sorrow 22.84, 34.81. + Soule, sowle, _sb._ soul 3.63, 33.38; + _v._ Saule. + Space, _sb._ space of time, respite 26.63. + Sped(e), _vb._ speed 24.6, 34.81. + Spille, spylle, _vb._ perish, be destroyed 14.34, 16.49, 18.48, + 23.128. + Starte, _sb._ a sudden movement 24.18. + Thi lyfe ys but a starte, but for a moment. + Stede, _sb._ steed 33.42. + Stelis, _vb. 3 p. pr._ steals 32.17. + Steyuyne, _sb._ voice 25.49; OE. stefn. + Stie, stye, _vb._ ascend, mount 14.36, 16.51, 18.50, 23.132; OE. + stgan. + Stille, _adv._ silently 23.126. + Stink, stynk(e), _sb._ stink 6.20, 8.22, 30.20, 31.20, &c. + Stounde, _sb._ hour 34.75; OE. stund. + Stourrys, _sb. pl._ conflicts 6.12; OF. estor, (_probably_ Scourrys; + _v._ Schouris). + Stoute, stowte, _a._ bold, proud 8.25, 9.23, 15.38, &c.; cf. OF. + estout. + Strein, _sb._ force, violence 3.53. + Streite, streyt, _a._ close, exact 15.42, 17.41, 21.58. + Streytly, _adv._ closely 28.39. + Strive, stryue, _vb._ 22.72, 28.55. + Stronge, _a._ strong 34.59. + [[Stye, _vb. 3 p. pr._ ascends, mounts up 42.5.]] + Styke, _sb._ 5.20, _erron. for_ stynke. + Suffer, -ir(e), -yr(e), suffre, soffyre, sofur, _vb._ suffer 5.12, + 6.12, 7.12, 8.14, 9.12, 10.12, 11.12, 24.16, &c.; + _2 p. p._ sufferdyst, suffredist, suffridist 14.32, 16.48, + 18.47, 23.126. + [[Sullen, _vb. 1 pl. pr._ shall 43.16.]] + Superflue, _a._ superfluous 15.33. + Sweet(e), sweit, swet(e), swett, _vb._ sweat 5.18, 6.18, 11.18, + 15.33, 21.48, 31.18, &c.; + _3 p. pr._ swetys 10.18. + Swerys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ swears 33.52. + Swink(e), swynk(e), _vb._ toil, labour, _ref. as for_ sweet(e) + _supra_. + _3 p. pr._ swynkes 10.18. + Swynkynge, labour, exertion 23.104. + Symple, _a._ simple 25.34. + Syttythe, _vb. 3 p. pr._ sits 9.11. + + Take, _vb._ 33.37, 39; + _imp._ 24.5, 25.49; + _3 p. pr._ takys 32.2; + _2 p. p._ tokist 23.125; + _3 p. p._ toc, toke 1.1, 34.81; + _pp._ taken 12.31. + Tent, _sb._ heed, attention 25.49. + Teri, _vb. 3 p. pr._ tears 2.27. + Than(ne), then(ne), _adv._ then, 1.2, 2.18, 5.12, 11.8, &c., &c. + That, _pron. and conj._ 2.30, 3.51, 6.17, &c.; + _pl._ ose 7.10. + Thenk, think(e), thynk, _vb._ think 15.40, 17.39, 21.46; + _imp._ 4.72, 12.26, 28.42; + _1 p. pr._ 8.19, 27.17, 30.17, 31.17; + methink(e), thynke, thynkes 5.17, 6.17, 9.17, 10.17, &c.; + _3 p. pr._ enki, thenkys 10.6, 14.9; + thinkis, thynketh(e), -ith, -yth(e), -is, -ys(e), thyngkethe, + thyngkys 5.6, 6.6, 8.8, 9.4, 11.6, 13.10, 16.8, 19.6, &c.; + _p. pr._ thynkyng 20.16. + [[ilke, _pron._ that same 44.26.]] + This, thys, _pron._ 5.10, 6.10, &c.; + _pl._ these 13.14; + ir 30.10. + Thocht, thoght(e), thought(e), ou[gh]t(e), thouthe, thowght(e), + thowht, thowth, _sb._ thought 5.3, 6.3, 7.3, 22, 8.5, 28, 9.2, + 26, 10.3, 26, 11.3, 26, 12.1, &c., &c. + Thynkynge, _sb._ thought, consideration, 21.54. + Thorow, _prep._ through, 26.72. + re, _nu._ three 2.42. + roh, rou[gh], _sb._ coffin, 1.3, 2.42; OE. rh. + Thouh, ouw, _conj._ though 3.50, 21.33. + Till, _prep._ to, 30.4, 31.4. + Toght, _adv._ 32.16, _prob. erron. for_ togh, tough; + _rimes_ plowe, slogh, inowe. + Torn(e), turn(e), _vb._ turn 7.22, 8.28, 9.26, 10.26, 11.26, &c., + &c. + [[Totoren, _pp._ torn, rent 45.34.]] + Tour(e)s, -is, -ys, towres, -is, -ys, towrrys, _sb._ towers 3.65, + 5.9, 6.9, 7.9, 9.9, 10.9, &c., &c. + Toward, _prep._ 2.14. + Trauayles, traue(i)list, traueylist, _vb._ + _2 p. pr._ labourest 15.20, 17.19, 19.17, 21.62. + Trede, _vb._ tread; + _pp._ ytrede 23.114. + Trewth, trowthe, _sb._ truth 23.104, 28.47. + Tristyn, _vb._ trust 22.95; + _imp._ trust 24.24. + Turment, _sb._ torment 15.31, 17.30, 21.44. + Tyllys, _vb. 3 p. pr._ tills the ground, 32.15. + Tyme, _sb._ time, 12.21. + + Unclade, _a._ 25.35. + Undeuout, _a._ undevout, 15.27. + Unresonably, _adv._ unreasonably, 21.48. + Unreydy, _a._ unready 25.56. + Unsiker, _a._ uncertain, 28.43. + Upon, uppon, vp(p)on, vpoun, _prep._ 5.3, 4, 5, &c., 8.5, 7, &c.; + _v._ Apon, Opon, Ypon. + Upsodown, _adv._ upside-down 28.35, _from_ up swa down. + + Vayn, in vayn, in vain 28.55. + Vede, _sb._, _for_ weed--dress, apparel 33.41. + Verrid, _vb. 3 p. pr._ warreth 2.26. + + Walk, _vb. 3 p. p._ walkyd 34.71; + _p. pr._ walkand 33.41. + Wan, _a._ 28.32. + Wan, _vb._ 28.29; _v._ Win. + [[Wan(ne), were, when, where 42.5, 44.25, 45.30, 32.]] + Wanton, wantowne, _a._ 15.21, 17.20, 19.18, 21.64. + Wantyng(e), _p. pr._ lacking 17.27, 21.38. + Wars, _a._ worse 24.30. + Waxin, -yne, _pp._ waxen, grown 9.1, 32.1. + Waye, wei, wey(e), _sb._ way 3.50, 25.56, 32.19, 34.82. + Weden, _sb. pl._ weeds, apparel 2.13. + Wel(le), _adv._ well 4.75, 24.6. + Welth, _sb._ wealth, 27.13, 34.65. + Wend(e), _vb._ wend, go 2.30, 4.74, 25.56, 30.24, 31.24; + _pr. pl._ wendi 2.41; + _3 p. p._ went 34.58. + Wene, _vb. 1 pl. pr._ think, expect, ween 3.50. + Weri, _vb. pr. pl._ wear 3.51. + Werkis, werkys, _sb. pl._ works 25.50, 52. + Whan(ne), when(ne), quhen, quhene, _adv._ when 1.1, 2.17, 5.11, &c., + &c. + Whar-of, whereof 4.74. + Whi, why, quhy, _conj._ 2.26, 5.17, 6.18, 8.19, &c. + While, whill, quhill, whyl(e), whyles, _conj._ while 7.22, 8.28, + 9.26, 13.30, &c.; + the whyle at 10.26, 11.26. + Whoder, _adv._ whither 4.74. + Wickidli, wickydly, wikkidly, wikyd, wyckydly, wykedly, wy(k)kydly, + wykydely, wykytly, _adv._ wickedly 7.21, 8.27, 10.25, 13.29, + 15.44, 18.43, 26.67, 29.3, 61. + Will, wyl, wyll(e), wol(e), _vb. 3 p. pr._ 5.18, 12.18, 13.22, + 15.33, 17.32, 21.48, &c.; + _3 p. p. & p. pl._ wold(e) 5.5, 16, 6.5, 16, 7.5, 20, &c., &c.; + wald 30.5, 31.16. + Wille, wylle, _sb._ will 14.35, 16.50, 18.49, 23.130. + Win, _vb._ to win; + _3 p. pr._ wins 31.9, wynneth(e), -yth(e), -es, -is, -ys, 5.9, + 6.9, 7.9, 8.9, &c., &c.; + _2 p. p._ wonne 2.30; + _3 p. p._ wan 28.29; + _pp._ iwonne 1.1. + Wise, _sb._ manner, fashion, guise, 22.96. + [[Wise, _vb._ guide, direct 44.27.]] + Wisely, _adv._ 28.52. + Within, -inne, -yn, -ynne, _adv._ 5.19, &c., &c. + Withowttyn, wittovte, _prep._ without 25.48, 26.66. + Witte, _sb._ wit, intelligence 23.118. + Wo, woo, _sb._ woe 12.32, 22.84. + Woh, wow, _sb._ evil 1.1; + _pl._ wow[gh] 2.41. OE. wh, w[gh]-, crooked, evil. + Wol(e), 15.33, 17.32, 21.48; + _v._ Will. + Woman, _sb._ 32.13. + Wonder, -ir(e), wondre, wondur, wondyr, woundyr, _sb._ wonder 5.17, + 6.17, 8.19, 9.17, 10.17, &c., &c. + Wonderfull, wondirfullie, _adv._ wonderfully 30.1, 31.1. + Wonderly, wondirlie, -ly, wondurly, wondyrly, wounderly, woundyrely, + _adv._ wondrously 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.4, 10.1, 11.1, 12.3, 13.5, + 14.4, 16.3, 19.1, 20.6, 24.1, 30.25, 31.25. + Worching(e), -ynge, _p. pr._ working 14.35, 16.50, 18.49. + World, _sb._ 28.29. + Worldly, _adv._ 27.1, _perh. erron. for_ wonderly. + Wormes, -ys, _sb. pl._ 2.14, 32.25, 33.44, 45, 46. + Wor-schyp, -ship, _sb._ 7.2, 12.25. + Worthy, _a._ 28.25, 30; + _sb. pl._ worthyes 27.21. + Worthynes, _sb._ worthiness, honour, 28.40. + Wote, wottis, _vb. 3 p. pr._ knows 24.12, 33.46; + _3 p. p._ wyste 34.67. + Wounde, _sb._ wound 34.76, 78. + Wrecchid(e), wreched, -yd, _a._ wretched 15.20, 24, 28, 17.19, 23, + 19.17, 21. + Wrikkend, _p. pr._ moving, walking 2.13; Dan. vrikke, Du. wrikken. + Wrocht, wroght(e), wroht, wroth, wrought(e), wrou[gh]t(e), wrouhte, + wrout(h)e, wrowght(e), _pp._ wrought, made 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 23, + 8.1, 27, 29, 9.1, 25, 27, &c., &c. + [[Wrong, _sb._ 42.1.]] + Wroten, _vb._ to root, turn up with the snout 2.18; + _3 p. pr._ wrotys 33.33; OE. wrotian. + Wroth, _a._ 33.48, 51; + (7.1, spelling of wroht, _v._ Wrocht, wroght). + [[Wrye, _vb. 3 p. pr._ turns, inclines 42.6.]] + Wryttyne, written 25.39. + Wyn, _sb._ joy, pleasure 32.25. + Wynde, _sb._ wind 33.48. + Wynde, _vb._ to wind 32.24. + Wyne, _sb._ wine 25.60. + Wyste, 34.67; _v._ Wote. + [[Wyte, _vb. imp._ guard, keep 45.35.]] + + Ya, _int._ yea, verily 12.7, 11, 15. + Yelde, yeelde, [gh]eelde, _vb._ yield, render, pay 15.42, 18.41, + 21.58; + _3 p. pr._ yeldis 33.56. + Ye[gh]t, yet, [gh]et, yit, [gh]it(t), [gh]yt(e), _adv._ yet 6.16, + 7.20, 8.18, 9.12, 16, &c. + Yong, _a._ young, 28.41. + Ypon, _prep._ var. of upon 11.3. + [Gh]efe, [gh]eyf, _vb. imp._ give 24.24, 26.61. + [Gh]ere, _sb. pl._ years 34.74. + + + + + ADDENDA + + (from the text in the Appendix). + + [Transcriber's Note: + This section has been retained for completeness. All entries have + been added to the main Glossary.] + + + Afrete, _pp._ devoured, eaten 42.3. + Agrise, _vb._ tremble, quake 44.28. + Alas, _int._ 43.17. + Alete, _vb._ to let go, forsake 42.3. + Aryse, _vb._ arise 44.25. + Assise, _sb._ the Judgement 44.26. + Awelden, _vb._ wield, rule 42.9. + + Belden, _vb._ build up 43.12. + Bi-holden, _vb._ keep, retain 42.10. + Byheste, _sb._ promise 45.30. + Byhet, _vb. 3 p. pr._ promises 45.31. + + Cheste, _sb._ strife, dispute 45.29; OE. cast, _older_ cas, + L. causa. + Coueytise, _sb._ covetousness 42.6. + Crie, _vb. 3 p. pr._ cries 42.8. + + Dedliche, _a._ deadly 43.14. + + Elden, _vb._ to grow old 43.11. + Endinge, _sb._ 44.21. + Eorthe, _sb._ earth 42.1, &c. + + Foelle, _vb. subj._ ? fall 43.20. + For[gh]ete, _pp._ forgotten 42.4. + Furloren, _pp._ lost 46.35. + + Grimliche, _adv._ terribly 44.28. + Guo, _vb._ go 43.15. + Gynne, _vb. 3 p. pr._ begins 43.15. + + Haue, _vb. 3 p. pr._ has 43.13. + Helle-feste, _sb._ Hell-fortress 45.32. + Hye, _vb. 3 p. pr._ hastens 42.7. + + Iboren, _pp._ born 45.33. + Ibou[gh]t, _pp._ redeemed 43.19. + Icoren, _pp. a._ chosen ones 45.35. + Igete, _pp._ got 42.1. + Ignawe, _pp._ devoured 44.23. + Ihere, _vb._ hear 44.26. + Iknawe, _vb._ know 44.24. + Iseo, _vb. 3 p. pr._ sees 43.14, 44.21. + Islawe, _pp._ slain 44.22. + Iuynt, _vb. 3 p. pr._ joins 42.9. + Iworthe, _vb._ become 43.16. + + Lere, _vb._ teach 44.27. + Leste, _vb._ last 45.31. + Louerd, _sb._ Lord 45.33. + Luer, _a._ wicked 42.9. + + Mychfulliche, _adv._ greatly, at so great cost 43.19. + + Netfulliche, _adv._ of necessity 44.25. + + Of-sou[gh]t, _pp._ attacked 43.18. + + Prude, _sb._ pride 42.5. + + Seluen, _pron._ self 44.24. + Stye, _vb. 3 p. pr._ ascends, mounts up 42.5. + Sullen, _vb. 1 pl. pr._ shall 43.16. + + ilke, _pron._ that same 44.26. + Totoren, _pp._ torn, rent 45.34. + + Wan(ne), were, when, where 42.5, 44.25, 45.30, 32. + Wise, _vb._ guide, direct 44.27. + Wrong, _sb._ 42.1. + Wrye, _vb. 3 p. pr._ turns, inclines 42.6. + Wyte, _vb. imp._ guard, keep 45.35. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +_Errors and Inconsistencies_ (noted by transcriber) + +_All errors in the Notes and Glossary involve missing or incorrect +punctuation. Inconsistent citations from the Reliquiae Antiquae (as +"ii", large "II" or small "II") are unchanged._ + + [Illustration: ... fol. 57 ...] + [_printed as shown: correct folio number is 59_] + +_Body Text_ + + II. + [_. missing from header_] + B.7. [Footnote 4: ... H. 4486 hath _bygged hy his bowres_] + [_quoted text printed as italic (non-emphatic)_] + B.11. / MS. LAUD MISC. 23. / [fol. 112, r^o] [2^o] + III. THE CAMBRIDGE TEXT. + [Footnote 4: ... but MS. appears to be ...] [MS appears] + +_Notes_ + + #MS. Laud Misc. 23.# + l. 39 (p. 18). ... ll. 53, 54, where [54. where] + + RECORD OFFICE ROLL + Pensez[12] coment en tere & par tere pecchez, + [_footnote anchor invisible_] + [MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 3, v^o] [25478 fol.] + +_Glossary_ + + Be / _2 p. pr._ art [art.] + Bild, _vb. imp._ [_v. imp._] + _2 p. pr._ bildist 22.79; [22 79]] + Bring, bryng(e) ... 7.7, 14.10, &c. [7.7 14.10] + Castles ... castles 3.65, 5.9, 6.9, 7.9 [7 9] + Com / ... 7.14, 8.24, 9.22, 10.22, &c.; [9 22] + _2 p. p._ cam 17.24 [17 24] + Concele ... 8.27, 9.25 [9 25] + Falli, _vb. 3 p. pr._ falls, 1.3. [_vb 3 p. pr._] + Fayr, _a._ fair 33.42; [33 42] + Ferde, _pp._ afraid, terrified 12.24; OE. (for) f[-]red. [12.24.] + Grace, _sb._ 22.70, 26.61. [22.70;] + Hartily ... 15.40, 18.39, 21.54. [18 39] + Heuen(e) ... 15.43, 19.24, 25.40 [25 40] + Hold, _vb. 3 p. pr._ holdys 32.16; [_vb._; _3 p. pr._] + Lay, _vb. 3 p. pr._ layes 32.3; [_vb._; _3 p. pr._] + Lent(e) ... 21.40; OE. l[-]nan. [21.40.] + Mold(e), moolde, moulde, mowld (e) [mowld e)] + Ruli, ruly ... 15.30, 17.29; OE. hrowle. [17.29,] + Say / ... 6.10, 12.10; [12.10,] + / sayis, says 10.10, 30.10, 31.10; [31.10,] + Superflue, _a._ superfluous 15.33. [_a_] + roh, rou[gh], _sb._ coffin, 1.3, 2.42; OE. rh. [O.E.] + Walk, _vb. 3 p. p._ walkyd 34.71; [_vb._; _3 p. p._] + Wol(e), 15.33, 17.32, 21.48; [Wol(e) 15] + Wroten ... O.E. wrotian. [O.E.] + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Erthe Upon Erthe, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ERTHE UPON ERTHE *** + +***** This file should be named 33768-8.txt or 33768-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/7/6/33768/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Charlene Taylor, JackMcJiggins, +David Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Erthe Upon Erthe + +Author: Various + +Editor: Hilda Murray + +Release Date: September 20, 2010 [EBook #33768] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ERTHE UPON ERTHE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Charlene Taylor, JackMcJiggins, +David Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> + +<p><a name = "start" id = "start">This text</a> includes characters that +require UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding,including:</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +Ȝ ȝ (yogh: very common)<br /> +⁊ (Tironian ampersand)<br /> +ā ē ī ō ū (vowels with macron)</p> + +<p>If any of these characters do not display properly, or the +apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, you +may have an incompatible browser or unavailable fonts. First, make sure +that your browser’s “character set” or “file encoding” is set to Unicode +(UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font.</p> + +<p>The combinations <b>m~</b>, <b>n~</b> and <b>d~</b> represent letters +with a decorative curl. Brackets are in the original.</p> + +<p>The author’s father was James Murray of the Oxford English +Dictionary.</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<a href = "#contents">Contents</a><br /> +<a href = "#page1">Main Text</a><br /> +<a href = "#notes">Notes</a><br /> +<a href = "#glossary">Glossary</a> +</p> +</div> + +<div class = "titlepage"> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/halftitle.png" width = "256" height = "34" +alt = "Erthe upon Erthe" title = "Erthe upon Erthe" /> +</p> + +<hr class = "tiny" /> + +<h5>EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY<br /> +<b>Original Series</b>, No. 141<br /> +1911 (reprinted 1964)<br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">Price</span> 30<i>s.</i></h5> + +<hr class = "page" /> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/frontis.jpg" width = "326" height = "522" +alt = "MS page image" /> +</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<span class = "smallcaps">British Museum, MS. Harl. 2253.</span> c. +1307. <span class = "smallcaps">fol. <ins class = "correction" title = +"error for 59">57</ins> v.</span> (<i>slightly reduced</i>)</p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +At the time of text preparation (September 2010), a full-color image of +this page (f. 59v) was available online at the <a href = +"http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=19740">British Library</a>. The words “slightly +reduced” refer to the image size in the printed book.</p> + +<hr class = "page" /> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/eets.png" width = "448" height = "40" +alt = "Early English Text Society." +title = "Early English Text Society." /> +</p> + +<h5>ORIGINAL SERIES.</h5> + +<hr class = "mid" /> + +<h4>THE MIDDLE ENGLISH POEM,</h4> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/title.png" width = "453" height = "70" +alt = "Erthe upon Erthe" title = "Erthe upon Erthe" /> +</p> + +<h4>PRINTED FROM TWENTY-FOUR MANUSCRIPTS,</h4> + +<h5>EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY,</h5> + +<h6>BY</h6> + +<h4>HILDA M. R. MURRAY</h4> + +<p> <br /> </p> + +<p> <br /> </p> + +<h5><span class = "smaller"><i>Published for</i><br /> +THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY<br /> +<i>by the</i></span><br /> +OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS<br /> +<span class = "smallest">LONDON NEW YORK +TORONTO</span></h5> + +<hr class = "page" /> + +<h6>FIRST PUBLISHED 1911<br /> +REPRINTED 1964</h6> + +<p> <br /> </p> + +<p> <br /> </p> + +<h6><b>Original Series</b>, No. 141<br /> +REPRINTED LITHOGRAPHICALLY IN GREAT BRITAIN<br /> +AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD<br /> +BY VIVIAN RIDLER<br /> +PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY</h6> + +<hr class = "page" /> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/dedic.png" width = "223" height = "40" +alt = "To my Father" title = "To my Father" /> +</p> + +<h5>QUEM<br /> + <br /> +QUAMVIS LONGISSIMO INTERVALLO<br /> + <br /> +SEQUI TAMEN CONOR.</h5> + +</div> +<!-- end div titlepage --> + +<hr class = "page" /> + +<div class = "maintext"> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_vii" id = "page_vii">vii</a></span> + +<h2><a name = "contents" id = "contents">CONTENTS</a></h2> + +<table class = "toc" summary = "table of contents"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class = "right smallest">PAGE</td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "header"> +<td colspan = "2"><a href = "#intro">Introduction:</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "inset" colspan = "2">The two Versions of the Poem ‘Erthe +upon Erthe’</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#intro_versions">ix</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "inset" colspan = "2">Descriptive List of MSS. of the +Poem</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#intro_list">x</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "inset" colspan = "2">The <b>A</b> Version</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#intro_a">xiv</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "inset" colspan = "2">The <b>B</b> Version</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#intro_b">xvi</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "inset" colspan = "2">The Cambridge Text</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#intro_cam">xxv</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "inset" colspan = "2">Origin and Growth of the Poem</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#intro_origin">xxix</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "inset" colspan = "2">Later Versions of the Poem</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#intro_later">xxxv</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "inset" colspan = "2">Literary Interest</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#intro_interest">xxxviii</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "inset" colspan = "2">Editor’s Note</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#intro_note">xli</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "header"> +<td colspan = "2"><a href = "#poem_A">The <b>A</b> Version:</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">1.</td> +<td>MS. Harleian 2253</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemA_1">1</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">2.</td> +<td>MS. Harleian 913</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemA_2">1</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "header"> +<td colspan = "2"><a href = "#poem_B">The <b>B</b> Version:</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">1.</td> +<td>William Billyng’s MS</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_1">5</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">2.</td> +<td>MS. Thornton</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_2">6</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">3.</td> +<td>MS. Selden supra 53</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_3">7</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">4.</td> +<td>MS. Egerton 1995</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_4">8</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">5.</td> +<td>MS. Harleian 1671</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_5">9</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">6.</td> +<td>MS. Brighton</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_6">10</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">7.</td> +<td>The Stratford-on-Avon Inscription</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_7">11</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">8.</td> +<td>MS. Rawlinson C. 307</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_8">12</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">9.</td> +<td>MS. Harleian 4486</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_9">13</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">10.</td> +<td>MS. Lambeth 853</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_10">14</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">11.</td> +<td>MS. Laud Miscellaneous 23</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_11">16</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">12.</td> +<td>MS. Cotton Titus A. xxvi</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_12">19</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">13.</td> +<td>MS. Rawlinson Poetical 32</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_13">20</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item"> +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_viii" id = "page_viii">viii</a></span> +14.</td> +<td>MS. Porkington 10</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_14">24</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">15.</td> +<td>MS. Balliol 354</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_15">27</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">16.</td> +<td>MS. Harleian 984</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_16">29</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">17.</td> +<td>The Maitland MS.</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_17">30</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item">18.</td> +<td>John Reidpeth’s MS.</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_18">31</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "header"> +<td colspan = "2"><a href = "#poem_cam">The Cambridge Text</a></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poem_cam">32</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "header"> +<td colspan = "2"><a href = "#notes">Notes</a> and +<a href = "#notes_analogues">Analogues</a></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#notes">35</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "header"> +<td colspan = "2"><a href = "#app1">Appendix:</a></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "inset" colspan = "2"><p><a href = "#app1">I.</a> +‘Erthe’ Poem in Latin, French, and English (Record Office Roll, +Ex<sup>r</sup>. K. R. Proceedings, Bdle. 1, and MS. British Museum +Additional 25478)</p></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#app1">41</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "inset" colspan = "2"><a href = "#app2">II.</a> +(<b>B</b> Version) additions:</td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#poemB_19">19.</a></td> +<td>MS. Trinity College Cambridge R. 3. 21</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_19">47</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "item"><a href = "#poemB_20">20.</a></td> +<td>MS. Trinity College Cambridge B. 15. 39</td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#poemB_20">48</a></td> +</tr> + +<tr class = "header"> +<td colspan = "2"><a href = "#glossary">Glossary</a></td> +<td class = "number"><a href = "#glossary">50</a></td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<div class = "intro"> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_ix" id = "page_ix">ix</a></span> + +<h2><a name = "intro" id = "intro">INTRODUCTION</a></h2> + +<h4><a name = "intro_versions" id = "intro_versions"> +The Two Versions of the Poem ‘Erthe upon Erthe’.</a></h4> + +<p><span class = "firstword">The</span> Middle English poem of <i>Erthe +upon Erthe</i> is one which occurs fairly frequently in +fifteenth-century MSS. and even later. It was a favourite theme for +Commonplace Books, and was frequently inserted on the spare leaves at +the beginning or end of a manuscript. From the many texts of the poem +which have survived, and from the fact that portions of it continued to +be inscribed on walls and tombstones up to the beginning of the +nineteenth century, a wide popularity may be deduced. The extant +versions, moreover, point to a knowledge of the poem throughout the +greater part of England, as well as in the south of Scotland. The +grimness of the motive, based on the words <i>Memento homo quod cinis es +et in cinerem reverteris</i>, allies the text both with the earlier +group of poems relating to <i>The Soul and the Body</i>, and with the +more or less contemporary <i>Dance of Death</i>, but whereas the two +latter groups can claim a popularity which extended over western Europe, +<i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> exists only in Middle English texts, and in one +parallel Latin version.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_1" id = +"tag_intro_1" href = "#note_intro_1">1</a> It is, indeed, difficult to +see how the play upon the word <i>earth</i> on which the poem depends +could have been reproduced with equal success in any language outside +English, and the Latin version is distinctly inferior in this respect. +There would seem, therefore, to be good reason for the assumption that +<i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> is of English origin, belonging to the same +class of literature as the English versions of the <i>Soul and Body</i> +poems.</p> + +<p>The earliest texts of the poem known to be extant are found in MSS. +Harleian 2253 and 913, both dated about the beginning of the fourteenth +century. The two texts vary greatly in length—MS. +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_x" id = "page_x">x</a></span> +Harl. 2253 consists of four lines as against seven six-lined stanzas in +MS. Harl. 913—and the latter text has the parallel Latin rendering +mentioned above, but they coincide so far as they go, and appear to +represent a thirteenth or fourteenth-century type of the poem, which may +be called the <b>A</b> version.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_2" id += "tag_intro_2" href = "#note_intro_2">2</a></p> + +<p>Another poem of the same kind, which differs considerably from the +<b>A</b> version, but is, in all probability, closely connected with it +in origin, is common in fifteenth-century MSS. I have traced +eighteen texts of this version, dating from the fifteenth to the +seventeenth century, all of which represent or are based upon the same +common type, though individual transcribers appear to have expanded the +theme according to their own taste. Such additions may easily be +distinguished, since they seldom succeed in maintaining either the grim +simplicity, or the fundamental play upon the word <i>earth</i>, which +characterize the genuine portions of the poem. This common +fifteenth-century type may be called the <b>B</b> version.</p> + +<p>Lastly, a single fifteenth-century MS. (Cambridge University Library, +Ii, 4. 9) has preserved a text of the poem in which some attempt +seems to have been made to combine the <b>A</b> with the <b>B</b> +version. This text may be called the <b>C</b> version, or Cambridge +text.</p> + +<p>In the following pages an attempt has been made to justify the +premises in part laid down already, and to show that the <b>A</b> and +<b>B</b> versions may be traced back to a common source, and that this +source was not only confined to England, but was itself English.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "intro_list" id = "intro_list"> +MSS. of the Poem ‘Erthe upon Erthe’.</a></h4> + +<p>The following is a list of the manuscripts in which the poem +occurs:—</p> + +<p>MSS. of the <b>A</b> Version:</p> + +<div class = "list"> + +<p>1. MS. Harl. 2253, fol. 57, v<sup>o</sup>, dated c. 1307. Four +lines inserted between a French poem on the Death of Simon de Montfort, +and an English poem on the Execution of Simon Fraser. Printed by +J. Ritson, <i>Ancient Songs and Ballads from the Reign of +K. Henry II to the Revolution</i>, p. 13 (1790), by +E. Flügel, <i>Anglia</i>, xxvi. 216 (1903), and by +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xi" id = "page_xi">xi</a></span> +W. Heuser, <i>Die Kildare-Gedichte</i> (<i>Bonner Beiträge zur +Anglistik</i>, xiv. 179) (1904). (See the facsimile opposite the +title-page.)</p> + +<p>2. MS. Harl. 913, fol. 62, r<sup>o</sup> (c. 1308-1330). +Seven six-lined English stanzas alternating with seven of the same +purport in Latin. Printed by T. Wright, <i>Reliquiae Antiquae</i>, +ii. 216 (1841), by F. J. Furnivall, <i>Early Eng. Poems and Lives +of Saints</i>, p. 150 (printed for the Philological Society, +Berlin, 1862), and by W. Heuser, <i>ibid.</i>, p. 180.</p> + +</div> + +<p>MSS. of the <b>B</b> Version:</p> + +<div class = "list"> + +<p>1. William Billyng’s MS. (dated 1400-1430). Five four-lined +stanzas, preceded by the figure of a naked body, rudely drawn, having a +mattock in its right hand, and a spade at its feet. At the end of the +poem is a prone figure of a skeleton accompanied by two draped +figures.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_3" id = "tag_intro_3" href = +"#note_intro_3">3</a> Printed by W. Bateman, <i>Billyng’s Five +Wounds of Christ</i>, no. 3 (Manchester, 1814),<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_intro_4" id = "tag_intro_4" href = "#note_intro_4">4</a> +‘from a finely written and illuminated parchment roll, about two and +three-quarter yards in length: it is without date, but by comparing it +with other poetry, it appears to have been written early in the +fifteenth century; the illuminations and ornaments with which it is +decorated correspond to those of missals written about the reign of +Henry V; the style may therefore fix its date between the years 1400 and +1430. The author<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_5" id = "tag_intro_5" +href = "#note_intro_5">5</a> gives his name and mark at the bottom of +the roll.’ Reprinted from Bateman’s text by J. Montgomery, <i>The +Christian Poet</i>, edit. 1 and 2, p. 45 (1827), edit. 3, +p. 58 (1828).</p> + +<p>2. MS. Thornton (Lincoln Cath. Libr.), fol. 279 (c. 1440). Five +stanzas<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_6" id = "tag_intro_6" href = +"#note_intro_6">6</a> without mark of strophic division. Printed by +G. G. Perry, <i>Religious Poems in Prose and Verse</i>, p. 95 +(E.E.T.S., No. xxvi, 1867, reprinted 1889, p. 96), and by +C. Horstmann, <i>Yorkshire Writers (Richard Rolle of Hampole)</i>, +i. 373 (1895).</p> + +<p>3. MS. Selden supra 53, fol. 159, v<sup>o</sup> (c. 1450). +Six stanzas (strophic division indicated in the first two), written in a +different hand on the back of a spare leaf at the end of the +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xii" id = "page_xii">xii</a></span> +MS.; stanza 5 of the usual <b>B</b> version omitted. Quoted by +H. G. Fiedler, <i>Modern Language Review</i> (April 1908), III. +iii. 221. Not printed before.</p> + +<p>4. MS. Egerton 1995, fol. 55, r<sup>o</sup> (William Gregory’s +Commonplace Book, dated c. 1430-1450, cf. J. Gairdner, +<i>Collections of a London Citizen</i>. Camden. Soc. 1876 n.s. xvii). +Seven stanzas without strophic division. Not printed before.</p> + +<p>5. MS. Harl. 1671, fol. 1*, r<sup>o</sup> (fifteenth century). +Seven stanzas written in the left-hand column on the fly-leaf at the +beginning of the MS., which consists of a ‘large Theological Treatise, +imperfect at both ends, which seemeth to have been entituled “The Weye +to Paradys”’.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_7" id = "tag_intro_7" +href = "#note_intro_7">7</a> The upper portion of the leaf contains a +poem in praise of St. Herasmius. Not printed before.</p> + +<p>6. MS. Brighton, fol. 90, v<sup>o</sup> (fifteenth century). +Seven stanzas. Printed by Fiedler, <i>M. L. R.</i> III. iii. 219, +from the last leaf of a MS. formerly seen by him in possession of an +antiquary at Brighton, and containing a Latin treatise on the seven +Sacraments.</p> + +<p>7. Stratford-on-Avon Inscription (after 1450). Seven stanzas, +formerly on the west wall of the nave in the Chapel of the Trinity at +Stratford-on-Avon, cf. R. B. Wheler, <i>Hist. and Antiq. of +Stratford-on-Avon</i>, p. 98: ‘against the west wall of the nave, +upon the south side of the arch was painted the martyrdom of Thomas à +Becket, whilst kneeling at the altar of St. Benedict in Canterbury +Cathedral; below this was represented the figure of an angel (probably +St. Michael) supporting a long scroll, upon which were written the +following rude verses: Erth oute of erthe,’ &c. ‘Beneath were two +men, holding another scroll over a body wrapt in a winding sheet, and +covered with some emblems of mortality with these lines: Whosoo hym be +thowghte,’ &c. (v. Note on p. 36). These paintings were +probably added in the reign of Henry VII, when the Chapel was restored +by Sir Hugh Clopton (died 1496), who built New Place opposite the Chapel +in 1483. They were discovered in 1804 beneath a coating of whitewash, +and were copied and engraved, but have since been more than once +re-coated with whitewash, and all trace of the poem has now disappeared. +Facsimiles, +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xiii" id = "page_xiii">xiii</a></span> +etched and coloured by hand, exist in Thomas Fisher’s <i>Series of +Ancient Allegorical, Historical, and Legendary Paintings in fresco, +discovered on the walls of the Chapel of the Trinity, belonging to the +Gild of the Holy Cross, at Stratford-on-Avon, in Warwickshire, from +drawings made at the time of their discovery</i> (1807). Printed by +R. B. Wheler, <i>ibid.</i> (1806), by Longfellow, <i>Outre-Mer</i> +(<i>Père-La-Chaise</i>, note on p. 67), 1851, and by W. P. +Reeves, <i>Mod. Lang. Notes</i>, IX. iv. 203 (April 1894).</p> + +<p>8. MS. Rawlinson C. 307, fol. 2, r<sup>o</sup> (after 1458). +Eight stanzas, of which three are peculiar to this MS., and are of a +more distinctly Northern dialect than the remainder. The poem is the +only English text in a MS. containing Latin prose and verse. Two Latin +poems in the same hand as <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> refer to the death of +Gilbert Pynchbeck at York in 1458, which would fix the date c. 1460, or +later. The three independent stanzas were printed by Fiedler, +<i>ibid.</i> p. 221.</p> + +<p>9. <a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_8" id = "tag_intro_8" +href = "#note_intro_8">8</a>MS. Harl. 4486, fol. 146, r<sup>o</sup> +(fifteenth century). Eight stanzas added on the last leaf but one of a +copy of <i>Le Livre de Sydrac</i>, immediately after the colophon. The +last two leaves and the cover of the MS. contain various scribblings in +fifteenth-century hands, chiefly of Latin aphorisms and rimes. Folio +147, v<sup>o</sup>, contains the signature of Tho. Baker, who may +possibly have transcribed the English poem. Not printed before.</p> + +<p>10. MS. Lambeth 853, fol. 35 (c. 1430-1450). Twelve stanzas. Printed +by F. J. Furnivall, <i>Hymns to the Virgin and Christ</i>, +p. 88 (E.E.T.S. 1867, No. xxiv, reprinted 1895).</p> + +<p>11. MS. Laud Misc. 23, fol. 111, v<sup>o</sup> (before 1450). Twelve +stanzas, varying very slightly from MS. Lambeth. Not printed before.</p> + +<p>12. MS. Cotton Titus A xxvi, fol. 153, r<sup>o</sup> (fifteenth +century). Six four-lined stanzas, apparently the beginning of a +transcript of MS. Lambeth. Not printed before.</p> + +<p>13. MS. Rawlinson Poetic. 32, v<sup>o</sup> (after 1450). Thirty-two +stanzas, each of four short lines, corresponding to half the normal +stanza; stanzas 17 to 30 are peculiar to this MS. The greater part +printed by Fiedler, <i>ibid.</i> p. 222.</p> + +<p>14. MS. Porkington 10, fol. 79, v<sup>o</sup> (fifteenth century). +Twelve six-lined stanzas, of which stanzas 7 to 11 are peculiar to +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xiv" id = "page_xiv">xiv</a></span> +this MS. Printed by Halliwell, <i>Early Eng. Misc. in Prose and Verse, +selected from an inedited MS. of the 15th cent.</i>, p. 39 (Warton +Club, 1855), and by Fiedler, ibid. p. 225.</p> + +<p>15. MS. Balliol 354, fol. 207, v<sup>o</sup> (Richard Hill’s +Commonplace Book, dated before 1504). Sixteen stanzas, of which stanzas +6 to 14 introduce an independent digression on the Nine Worthies. +Printed by Flügel, <i>Anglia</i>, xxvi. 94 (1903), and by Roman Dyboski, +<i>Songs, Carols, and Other Misc. Poems</i>, p. 90 (E.E.T.S. 1907, +extra ser. ci).</p> + +<p>16. MS. Harl. 984, fol. 72, r<sup>o</sup> (sixteenth century). The +preceding leaf of the MS. has been torn out, leaving only two lines of +what may be assumed to be verse 6, and the whole of verse 7, which occur +with other fragments on the last leaf but one.</p> + +<p>17. The Maitland MS. Pepysian Library, Magd. Coll. Cambr., MS. 2553, +p. 338 (c. 1555-1585). Seven stanzas in the Lowland Scots +dialect, with the ascription ‘quod Marsar’. Thomas Pinkerton published +portions of the MS. in his <i>Ancient Scottish Poems never before in +print . . . from the MS. Collections of Sir Richard +Maitland</i> (London, 1786), but omitted <i>Eird upon Eird</i>. Not +printed before.</p> + +<p>18. The Reidpeth MS. Cambridge Univ. Libr. Ll. 5. 10, fol. 43, +v<sup>o</sup>, copied 1622-1623 ‘a me Joanne Reidpeth’. Seven +stanzas, probably transcribed from the Maitland MS., but concluding +‘quod Dumbar’. Not printed before.</p> + +</div> + +<p>MS. of the <b>C</b> Version:</p> + +<p class = "list"> +The Cambridge Text. Cambr. Univ. Libr. Ii. 4. 9, fol. 67, r<sup>o</sup> +(fifteenth century). Eighty-two lines comprising twenty-two or +twenty-three stanzas. The text is followed by a coloured picture of a +young knight, standing on a hill with a skeleton below. A scroll +proceeding from the knight has the words: <i>Festina tempus et memento +finis</i>, while one proceeding from the skeleton runs: <i>In omni opere +memorare nouissima et in eternum non peccabis</i>. Printed by Heuser, +<i>Kildare-Gedichte</i>, p. 213.</p> + +<h4><a name = "intro_a" id = "intro_a"> +The <b>A</b> Version.</a></h4> + +<p>The <b>A</b> version exists in two forms, one a short popular stanza +of four lines (MS. Harl. 2253), apparently of the nature of a +riddle, the other a longer poem of seven English and seven Latin stanzas +(MS. Harl. 913), each English verse being followed by its +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xv" id = "page_xv">xv</a></span> +Latin equivalent. The metrical form of the Latin verses is one often +used in Latin poems of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, +a six-lined stanza, rimed <i>aaaabb</i>, with the rhythm of the +well-known</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +<i>méum ést propósitúm</i> | <i>ín tabérna móri.</i></p> + +<p>The English verses are also in the form of a six-lined stanza +<i>aaaabb</i>, but the first four lines have the same loose four-stress +rhythm as the lines in MS. Harl. 2253, and the concluding couplet is on +the principle of the septenarius. Both the English and the Latin lines +rime at the caesura as well as at the end of the line, but this is less +uniformly the rule in the English verses. There is close verbal +connexion between the four lines in MS. Harl. 2253, and the opening +lines of the longer poem, as will appear from a comparison of the +two:—</p> + +<p><i>MS. Harl.</i> 2253.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Erþe toc of erþe erþe wyþ woh</p> +<p>erþe oþer erþe to þe erþe droh</p> +<p>erþe leyde erþe in erþene þroh</p> +<p>þo heuede erþe of erþe erþe ynoh</p> +</div> + +<p><i>MS. Harl.</i> 913.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>whan erþ haþ erþ . iwonne wiþ wow</p> +<p>þan erþ mai of erþ . nim hir inow</p> +<p>erþ vp erþ . falliþ fol frow</p> +<p>erþ toward erþ . delful him drow.</p> +<p>of erþ þou were makid . <i>and</i> mon þou art ilich</p> +<p>in on erþ awaked . þe pore <i>and</i> þe riche.</p> +</div> + +<p>The connexion between these two versions might be explained in two +ways. The short version of MS. Harl. 2253 may be the beginning of a +transcript of the longer poem in which the scribe broke off because his +memory failed him, or because he was only acquainted with a popular +version of the opening lines. On the other hand, the short version may +be the older, and the more learned composer of the poem in MS. Harl. 913 +may have been elaborating this and other such riddling stanzas current +at the time. But any attempt to decide between these two possibilities +must necessarily depend upon the conclusion formed as to the relation of +the Latin stanzas in MS. Harl. 913 to their English equivalents, and +this question will be more conveniently discussed in connexion with the +general origin of the <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> poems. As regards the date +of the two MSS., MS. Harl. 2253 is generally ascribed to the beginning +of the fourteenth century, +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xvi" id = "page_xvi">xvi</a></span> +and the Kildare MS. (MS. Harl. 913) is dated c. 1308 by Crofton +Croker, c. 1308 to 1330 by Heuser, while Paul Meyer is of opinion that +it may belong to an earlier period still. The dialect of both poems is +South Midland, probably of the western part of the district. MS. Harl. +2253, which is commonly associated with Leominster, has <i>heuede</i> +(4). MS. Harl. 913 has <i>lutil</i>, <i>schrud</i>, <i>muntid</i>, +<i>heo</i>, <i>mon</i>, <i>lond</i>, and S. Midl. forms of verbs. +We have therefore two types of the <b>A</b> version, standing in close +verbal relation to each other, of much the same date and dialect, and +representing in all probability the kind of <i>Erthe</i> poem current at +the end of the thirteenth century in the South-west Midland +district.</p> + +<h4><a name = "intro_b" id = "intro_b"> +The <b>B</b> Version.</a></h4> + +<p>As will appear from the foregoing account of the MSS., the eighteen +texts of the <b>B</b> version vary considerably in length, many of them +introducing stanzas which do not recur elsewhere. A comparison of +the number and arrangement of the stanzas in each text is given on the +next page, the stanzas being numbered according to the order of their +arrangement in the text to which they belong, and the corresponding +stanzas in the various texts grouped under columns. MSS. Thornton, +Selden, and Egerton have no mark of strophic division, but fall +naturally into mono-rimed stanzas of four lines. All the remaining texts +are arranged in four-lined stanzas with mono-rime,<a class = "tag" name += "tag_intro_9" id = "tag_intro_9" href = "#note_intro_9">9</a> with the +exception of MS. Porkington, which represents an evident expansion of +the original metrical scheme, an additional long line being attached to +each stanza by means of a short bob-line, giving a six-lined stanza, +<i>aaaabb</i>. In MS. Rawl. Poet. each long line is written as two short +lines, so that the usual four-lined stanza appears in this text as two +stanzas, each consisting of four half-lines. This arrangement is +facilitated by the regular internal rime on the word <i>erthe</i>. The +order of the fifteenth-century MSS. of the <b>B</b> version observed in +the table corresponds to that in the foregoing list of MSS., and in the +printed text, and is not always strictly chronological, it being more +convenient for purposes of comparison to group the texts according to +their length. It will be seen that the three late texts (MSS. Harl. 984, +Maitland, and Reidpeth) revert to the normal seven-stanza type, and that +this appears to have been the form of the poem known to the compiler of +the Cambridge text, a comparison of which is added.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xvii" id = "page_xvii">xvii</a></span> + +<p class = "mynote"> +The “Independent Stanzas”, here shown as a separate table, were printed +as the last column of the main table, following “Common Stanzas”.</p> + +<table class = "compare" summary = "see text"> +<tr> +<th class = "null" colspan = "2">Text.</th> +<th colspan = "12">Common Stanzas.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">1.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>Wm. Billyng’s Text</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>—</td> +<td>—</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">2.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Thornton</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>—</td> +<td>—</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">3.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Selden, supra 53</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>—</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>6</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">4.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Egerton 1995</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>6</td> +<td>7</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">5.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Harl. 1671</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>6</td> +<td>7</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">6.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Brighton</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>6</td> +<td>7</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">7.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>Stratford Inscription</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>6</td> +<td>7</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">8.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Rawl. C. 307</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>—</td> +<td>—</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">9.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Harl. 4486</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>6</td> +<td>7</td> +<td>8</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">10.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Lambeth 853</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>8</td> +<td>9</td> +<td>11</td> +<td>12</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>6</td> +<td>7</td> +<td>10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">11.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Laud Misc. 23</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>8</td> +<td>9</td> +<td>11</td> +<td>12</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>6</td> +<td>7</td> +<td>10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">12.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Cotton Titus A. xxvi</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>—</td> +<td>—</td> +<td>—</td> +<td>—</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>6</td> +<td>—</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">13.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Rawl. Poet.</p></td> +<td>1.2.</td> +<td>3.4.</td> +<td>6.5.</td> +<td>7.8.</td> +<td>11.12.</td> +<td>—</td> +<td>—</td> +<td>31.32.</td> +<td>15.16.</td> +<td>—</td> +<td>9.10.</td> +<td>13.14.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">14.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Porkington 10</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>6</td> +<td>12</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">15.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Balliol 354</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>15</td> +<td>16</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">16.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Harl. 984<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_intro_10" id = "tag_intro_10" href = +"#note_intro_10">10</a></p></td> +<td>(1)</td> +<td>(2)</td> +<td>(3)</td> +<td>(4)</td> +<td>(5)</td> +<td>6</td> +<td>7</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">17.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Maitland</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>6</td> +<td>7</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">18.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Reidpeth</p></td> +<td>1</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>5</td> +<td>6</td> +<td>7</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "text null" colspan = "2">The Cambridge Text</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>3.8.</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>10</td> +<td>9</td> +<td>11</td> +<td>—</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th class = "null" colspan = "2"> </th> +<th class = "null" colspan = "12"> </th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th class = "null" colspan = "2">Text.</th> +<th colspan = "12">Independent Stanzas.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">8.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Rawl. C. 307</p></td> +<td colspan = "12">stanzas 6. 7. 8. (3)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">13.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Rawl. Poet.</p></td> +<td colspan = "12">17 to 30. (14)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">14.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Porkington 10</p></td> +<td colspan = "12">7 to 11 (5)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">15.</td> +<td class = "text"><p>MS. Balliol 354</p></td> +<td colspan = "12">6 to 14 (9)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "text null" colspan = "2">The Cambridge Text</td> +<td colspan = "12"> +<p>6. 7. 13. 18 resemble <b>A</b> Version.</p> +<p>4. 5. 12. 14 to 17. 19 to 22 independent (11)</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xviii" id = "page_xviii">xviii</a></span> +<p>It will be seen from the table that eleven of these texts have seven +stanzas in common, and that fifteen of them have five in common. Of the +three remaining texts, MS. Harl. 984 has a missing leaf, but would +clearly appear to belong to the seven-stanza type, raising the above +numbers to twelve texts of seven stanzas, and sixteen of five. MS. +Selden again obviously represents the usual seven-stanza type with the +accidental omission of verse 5. MS. Titus has four of the customary five +verses, breaks off to follow the arrangement of the Lambeth MS., and +comes to an end after copying two of the additional verses in the +Lambeth text before reaching the usual fifth verse. Assuming that it +represents a transcription of the Lambeth text, MS. Titus might be +classed with the five-stanza type, or possibly, like MS. Lambeth, with +the seven-stanza type. It may therefore be assumed that all eighteen of +the B texts have five stanzas in common, or are based upon such a common +type, and that thirteen, or possibly fourteen of them, represent a +common type with seven stanzas, six of which are further found in the +Cambridge text. These common stanzas vary very little in the different +MSS. as regards either the actual text or the order of lines and +stanzas, and it seems probable that the normal <b>B</b> version +consisted of seven stanzas, ending with a personal exhortation which has +been omitted, or possibly not yet added, in five of the texts. In four +MSS.—Lambeth, Laud, Rawl. P., and Harl. 4486—an interesting +final stanza, containing a prayer, has been added. Three of these texts, +MSS. Lamb., Laud, and Rawl. P., correspond in three other additional +stanzas, which seems to point to some closer relationship between them, +and two, or more strictly one and a half, of these additional stanzas +are also found in MS. Titus, which appears to be a transcript of the +Lambeth text. The scribe of MS. Titus followed the Lambeth text until he +reached the middle of verse 6, when he apparently wearied of the task, +and broke off with a new couplet of his own, entirely foreign in idea +and metre to the <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> poems:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Lewe thy syne & lyffe in right,</p> +<p>And þan shalt thou lyffe in heuyn as a knyght.</p> +</div> + +<p>The text, as a whole, is badly written with many erasures, and points +to a careless hand.</p> + +<p>The additional stanzas cited in the table as independent contain +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xix" id = "page_xix">xix</a></span> +mere variations on the main theme, and it is highly probable that the +more expanded texts are the later, and represent individual additions to +a popular poem, since they generally fail to maintain the internal rime +on the word <i>erthe</i> which is an evident characteristic of the +genuine verses. In the case of the five MSS. in question, MS. Harl. 4486 +might be taken to represent the original type, and MSS. Lamb., Laud<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_11" id = "tag_intro_11" href = +"#note_intro_11">11</a>, and Titus an expansion of this, while the +author of Rawl. P. was obviously acquainted with the Lambeth text, or +its original, and added to it certain stanzas of his own, leaving out +three of the verses in Lambeth to make room for these. Whether the +eighth stanza which MSS. Harl. 4486, Lamb., Laud, and Rawl. P. have in +common belongs to the original type of the <b>B</b> version, or was +itself a later addition, can scarcely be determined, but as it seems to +be confined to these four texts, the latter view is perhaps the more +probable. It must, however, have been added early, as it occurs already +in MSS. Lamb. and Laud before 1450, and preserves the principle of the +internal rime on <i>erthe</i>. The relative dates of MSS. Lambeth and +Rawl. P. as fixed by Furnivall and Madden (MS. Lamb. 1430-1450, +R. P. after 1450) would bear out this theory of the relationship +between these two texts, and it may further be noted that both have the +same prefatory <i>De terra plasmasti me</i>, otherwise found only in MS. +Harl. 1671, and that both exhibit the same tendency to employ a direct +personal mode of address, and to lengthen out the original text by +superfluous words.</p> + +<p>Cf. for example, MS. Harl. 4486, verse 5 (so MS. Laud, verse +8)—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Why erthe loueth erthe wonder me thynke,</p> +<p>Or why that erthe for erthe swete wylle or swynke, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p>with MS. Lamb. verse 8—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Whi þat erþe <i>to myche</i> loueþ erþe, wondir me þink,</p> +<p>Or whi þat erþe for <i>superflue</i> erþe <i>to sore</i> sweete wole +or swynk</p> +</div> + +<p>and MS. Rawl. P. verse 11—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Or whi that erthe for the erthe</p> +<p><i>Unresonably</i> swete wol or swynke.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xx" id = "page_xx">xx</a></span> +<p>The exact date of the text in MS. Titus is indeterminate, but, as +stated above, it is evidently based on MS. Lambeth or its original, and +might be ascribed to c. 1450 or later. The text in MS. Harl. 4486 has +been added by some later owner of the MS. on the last leaves of a +fifteenth-century transcript of <i>Le Livre de Sydrac</i>. The +handwriting of <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> is also fifteenth century, but +the exact date again cannot be determined. The text, however, is far +simpler and nearer to the original than that of the other four MSS., and +evidently represents an earlier type than these, though the actual +transcript may be later.</p> + +<p>With the exception of these five MSS., it is not easy to group the +eighteen texts of the <b>B</b> version on any system based upon the +additional stanzas, since these fail to bear out any theory as to closer +relationship between individual MSS., though the connexion of ideas is +often close owing to the similarity of the theme. Thus the nine +additional stanzas in MS. Balliol contain a digression upon the nine +worthies with an interesting reference in verse 12 to the Dance of +Powlis, i.e. the Dance of Death formerly depicted outside St. Paul’s +Cathedral (v. Notes, p. 36). It is in the Cambridge text alone +that the additional stanzas supply an interesting connexion with the +<b>A</b> version, which places this text, unfortunately corrupt and +difficult to decipher, in an important position as a link between +<b>A</b> and <b>B</b>.</p> + +<p>With regard to possible relationships dependent upon variations in +the order or arrangement of the lines in the seven common stanzas, it +may be pointed out that the first verse in MS. Egerton consists of three +lines only, the usual second line being omitted, and that both MS. Harl. +1671 and MS. Porkington omit the same line, though each of these +supplies a new and independent fourth line to fill the gap:—</p> + +<p>(<i>MS. Egerton</i> 1995)</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe owte of þe erthe ys wounderly wrought,</p> +<p>Erthe vppon erthe hathe sette hys thought</p> +<p>How erthe a-pon erthe may be hy brought.</p> +</div> + +<p>(<i>MS. Harl.</i> 1671)</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe apon erthe ys waxyne and wrought,</p> +<p>And erthe apon erthe hathe ysette all hys thought</p> +<p>How that erth apon erth hye myght be brought,</p> +<p><i>But how that erth scal to the erth thyngketh he noht</i>.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxi" id = "page_xxi">xxi</a></span> +<p>(<i>MS. Porkington 10</i>)</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe vppon erthe is woundyrely wrouȝte;</p> +<p>Erthe vppon erthe has set al his þouȝte</p> +<p>How erthe vppon erth to erthe schall be brouȝte;</p> +<p><i>There is none vppon erth has hit in þouȝte.</i></p> +<p class = "deep">Take hede!</p> +<p>Whoso þinkyse on his ende, ful welle schal he spede.</p> +</div> + +<p>It is obvious that these new lines are an afterthought, especially in +the case of MS. Porkington, where the rime-word <i>þouȝte</i> has to be +repeated. Possibly these three texts depend upon a common original in +which the usual second line <i>Erth hath gotyn vppon erth a dygnyte of +noght</i> was lacking, or MS. Egerton may have been the original of the +other two. But MS. Harl. 1671 varies from the other two in the first +line also, using a version which is otherwise confined to the Cambridge +text—</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Erthe apon erthe ys <i>waxyne and</i> wrought—</p> + +<p>and both it and MS. Porkington begin <i>erthe upon erthe</i> like the +later texts, as opposed to the more usual <i>erthe owte of erthe</i>, so +that there is no clear evidence of a closer relationship between these +three texts.</p> + +<p>In verse 4, again, an inversion of the customary order of the second +or third lines is common to MSS. Rawl. C., Porkington, Maitland, +Reidpeth, and the Stratford-on-Avon inscription, but the verse easily +lends itself to transposition of the kind, and in MS. Rawl. C. the usual +first line is also put third, so that the order of lines as compared +with the normal arrangement becomes 2. 3. 1. 4. Beyond the self-evident +fact that the Maitland and Reidpeth MSS. must be grouped together, no +relationship of the MSS. can be deduced from this transposition, though +it may point to a second popular version with inversion of lines 2 and +3.</p> + +<p>One of the most important differences of reading in the common +stanzas occurs in the first line of the poem, where twelve of the +eighteen MSS. read <i>erthe out of erthe</i>, while the remaining six, +as well as the Cambridge text, have <i>erthe upon erthe</i>. Three of +these six are definitely later transcripts: MS. Porkington is obviously +a later modification of the original four-lined stanza, and MSS. +Maitland and Reidpeth belong to the late sixteenth and early seventeenth +centuries respectively; the beginning of MS. Harl. 984 +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxii" id = "page_xxii">xxii</a></span> +is not preserved, and the remaining two texts, MSS. Selden and Harl. +1671, belong to c. 1450, while the Cambridge text, as will be shown +later, cannot be regarded as original. Evidently <i>erthe owt of +erthe</i> was the original reading, but the version <i>erthe upon +erthe</i> was introduced early, and appears to have survived the other. +A similar change occurs in the last line of verse 2, where MS. +Harl. 1671 and the Stratford text substitute <i>erth upon erth</i> for +<i>out of</i>, <i>from</i>, <i>of</i>, of the other texts, and again in +the third line of verse 4 (l. 2 in the texts mentioned above as +transposing these lines) where the same two MSS. read <i>erth upon +erth</i> for the normal <i>erth unto</i> (<i>into</i>, <i>to</i>) +<i>erthe</i>; also in the fourth line of verse 7, where MSS. Harl. 4486, +Lamb., Laud, Maitland, and Reidpeth read <i>upon</i> for <i>owte of</i>. +Now the last two lines of the first verse of the poem invariably use the +phrase <i>erth upon erthe</i>, and it occurs repeatedly throughout the +poem as a synonym for <i>man</i>: e.g. verse 2, line 1; 3, ll. 1, 3; 4, +ll. 1, 2 (or 3); 5, l. 3; 6, ll. 1, 3; 7, l. 1. It +was very natural that the common phrase, and the one best adapted to +serve as a title to the poem, should tend to replace others, but it +seems probable that wherever the substitution occurs it may be taken as +due to a later tradition, and consequently as a proof of non-originality +or comparative lateness in the text in which it is found. A similar +change, and one to be explained in a similar way, is the introduction of +<i>wonderly</i> for <i>wyckydly</i> in the first line of verse 7 on the +analogy of the first line of the poem, which occurs in MSS. Harl. 1671 +and Stratford, and also in the late MSS. Maitland and Reidpeth.</p> + +<p>Other variations of reading are less noteworthy. In the second line +of verse 1, ten MSS., ranging from the early Thornton and Lambeth to the +late Maitland and Reidpeth, read <i>dignite</i>, while the others vary +between <i>nobley</i> (MS. Brighton, cf. the Cambridge text), +<i>nobul þyng</i> (Billyng), <i>worschyp</i> (Selden), and <i>an +abbey</i>, perhaps an error for <i>nobley</i> (Harl. 4486). The +remaining three MSS. omit the line. In the fourth line of verse 2, the +alliterative <i>piteous parting</i> of MSS. Billyng, Egerton, Brighton, +Harl. 4486, Lamb., Laud, Titus, and Rawl. P., is replaced by <i>hard +parting</i> not only in the Stratford text and in the later MSS. +(Porkington, Balliol, Maitland, Reidpeth), but also in MSS. Thornton and +Rawl. C., while other readings are <i>dolful</i> (MS. Selden, cf. +the Cambridge text) and <i>heuy</i> (MS. Harl. 1671). It is +difficult here to decide between <i>piteous</i> +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxiii" id = "page_xxiii">xxiii</a></span> +and <i>hard</i>, but the preference should probably rest with the +alliterative phrase. In the fourth line of verse 3, the alliterative +<i>scharpe schowres</i> is evidently the original reading, and it occurs +in all texts except Stratford, Rawl. P., and Balliol.</p> + +<p>In the first line of verse 4, <i>erthe goeth upon erthe as moulde +upon moulde</i> occurs in thirteen texts, and two others (Stratford and +Balliol, cf. also the Cambridge text) keep the rime <i>mould</i> while +altering the line. The other two readings found, <i>colde opon colde</i> +(Rawl. C.), and <i>golde appone golde</i> (Thornton), are obviously +non-original, particularly the latter, which repeats the rime-word +<i>gold</i> in two successive lines.</p> + +<p>Other variations and occasional transpositions of lines occur in +individual MSS., but are unimportant.</p> + +<p>It will thus be seen that the popular traditional version of the poem +tended to become modified, and even corrupt, already in the fifteenth +century, and that such modifications are usually more apparent in the +later texts. It is also evident that individual transcribers felt +themselves at liberty to expand the traditional version, and that many +tried their hand at such variations on the original theme, but the +striking absence of proof of relationship outside the seven stanzas of +the normal version, as well as the frequent unimportant variations found +in the common stanzas, seems to point clearly to the conclusion that the +original was a popular poem of seven, or possibly only five, stanzas, +widely known over England, and that the more simple and naïve of the +seventeen texts extant are also more genuine, and nearer to the +original.</p> + +<p>Many of the texts are accompanied by a short prefatory or concluding +verse in English or Latin. The English verse—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>When lyffe is most loued, and deth is moste hated,</i></p> +<p><i>Then dethe draweth his drawght and makyth man full naked</i></p> +</div> + +<p>occurs as a preface in MSS. Harl. 4486 and 1671, Lambeth, Laud, Rawl. +P., and Egerton, and as a conclusion in Billyng’s text. The Latin +<i>Memento homo quod cinis es et in cinerem reverteris</i> occurs, in +full or in part, in MSS. Harl. 4486, Egerton, Rawl. C., Lambeth, and +Billyng, and <i>De terra plasmasti me</i> in MSS. Harl. 1671, Lambeth, +and Rawl. P. The two stanzas in rime royal on the <i>Procese of +Dethe</i> which immediately precede <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> in the +Porkington MS. are transcribed as a separate poem, and if not separate, +would rather belong to the preceding text, a translation +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxiv" id = "page_xxiv">xxiv</a></span> +of the Latin <i>Visio Philiberti</i> in rime royal, than to <i>Erthe +upon Erthe</i>. The latter poem often accompanies either a <i>Dance of +Death</i> or one of the numerous <i>Soul and Body</i> dialogues, no +doubt because of the similarity of the theme, but it is not necessary to +regard these kindred poems as forming an essential part of each other. +So in the Balliol MS., <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> is preceded by an +eight-lined Latin stanza on the theme <i>vado mori</i>, which is +probably part of a <i>Dance of Death</i>. Here again no basis for a +grouping of the MSS. can be found.</p> + +<p>The two late texts—MSS. Maitland and Reidpeth—represent a +Lowland Scots version of the poem, and are obviously copies of the same +original. Probably the Reidpeth text is a transcription of the Maitland, +but it contains some obvious misreadings of it, as in verse 3, line 3, +<i>bowris</i> (Maitl.), <i>towris</i> (Reidpeth) repeating the +rime-word; 5, l. 20, <i>within</i> (Maitl.), <i>with</i> +(Reidpeth). The Maitland MS., compiled c. 1555-1585, adds the colophon +<i>quod Marsar</i>. The later Reidpeth MS., 1622-1623, concludes with +the words <i>quod Dumbar</i>. Mersar, or Marsar, is mentioned in +Dunbar’s <i>Lament for the Makaris</i>, and is usually identified with a +William Mersar of the household of James IV, mentioned 1500 to 1503. In +any case, if he were a contemporary of Dunbar, he could scarcely be +assigned to a sufficiently early date to account for the widespread +popularity of <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> all over England in 1450, and the +fact that the two MSS. assign the poem to different authors, of whom +Dunbar is manifestly impossible, and Mersar at least improbable, may be +explained as an instance of that readiness of posterity to attach a +known name to a work of unknown origin, of which other examples are not +wanting. It is, however, of interest to find that the poem had made its +way to Scotland by 1550 or thereabouts.</p> + +<p>As regards dialect, the majority of the MSS. of the <b>B</b> version +show traces of Northern dialect, most of them preserving the Nth. plural +in <i>-is</i> in the rimes <i>touris</i>, <i>schowrys</i>, &c. In +verse 3 also the majority of the texts have the Nth. <i>bigged</i> or +<i>biggid</i>, but six (MSS. Billyng, Egerton, Rawl. P., Porkington, +Balliol, and the Stratford text) use the Midl. or Sth. <i>bilded</i> or +<i>billed</i>. In verse 4 the rime requires the form <i>wold</i> rather +than the common Nth. <i>wald</i>, and even the Maitland MS. retains +<i>wold</i> for the sake of the rime, whereas MS. Reidpeth substitutes +<i>wald</i>, sacrificing the rime. +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxv" id = "page_xxv">xxv</a></span> +MSS. Thornton and Rawl. C. show distinct Nth. features, such as the +verb-endings <i>-is</i> (pres. ind. 3 sg.), <i>-and</i> (pres. +part.), <i>-id</i>, <i>-it</i>, <i>-in</i> (past part.), and MS. Rawl. +C. has the Nth. <i>whate gates at þu gase</i> riming with <i>fase</i> +(<i>foes</i>). But few of the MSS. represent pure dialect-forms, and an +investigation of the dialect of the texts is of little assistance +towards determining that of the original poem. Such evidence as exists +points, on the whole, to the North Midland district, and a widespread +popularity in the North, which led to the later knowledge of the poem +across the Border, but the popularity was evidently not confined to the +North, and Southern as well as Northern forms may be traced in both +early and late transcripts.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "intro_cam" id = "intro_cam"> +The Cambridge Text.</a></h4> + +<p>The Cambridge MS., as has been already stated, combines portions of +both the <b>A</b> and the <b>B</b> version with several independent +stanzas. At first sight it might appear to represent a transitional +stage in the development of the <b>B</b> from the <b>A</b> type, but +closer examination shows that this is not the case, and that the text is +merely a later compilation from the two. The writer must have had some +knowledge both of the longer <b>A</b> version represented by MS. Harl. +913, and of the common seven-stanza <b>B</b> type, and seems to have +tried to combine his recollections in one poem, halting between the +four-lined and six-lined stanza, repeating himself here and there, and +adding certain new verses of his own. There is no grouping into stanzas +in the MS., but a division is easily made by the rimes, and these give +mono-rimed stanzas of four lines chiefly, with one of six lines, and +some fragmentary ones of two or three. In one case a stanza has been +broken up and the two couplets inserted at different points +(ll. 9-10, 27-28). As has been shown in the table of MSS. of the +<b>B</b> version, six verses of the <b>B</b> type may be traced, while +four verses show distinct correspondence with <b>A</b>, and eleven are +independent of either. A comparison of the similar lines +follows:—</p> + +<table class = "parallel" summary = "parallel texts"> +<tr> +<td> +<p>(<i>MS. Cambr.</i> Ii. 4. 9) ll. 1-4.</p> +</td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p>(<i>MS. Harl.</i> 4486.) <b>B</b> Version.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe vpon erthe is waxin & wrought,</p> +<p>Erthe takys on erthe a nobylay of nought;</p> +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxvi" id = "page_xxvi">xxvi</a></span> +<p>Now erthe vpon erthe layes all his þought</p> +<p>How erthe vpon erthe sattys all at noght.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe owte of erthe is wonderly wrowghte,</p> +<p>Erthe of the erthe hathe gete an abbey<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_intro_12" id = "tag_intro_12" href = "#note_intro_12">12</a> of +nawte,</p> +<p>Erthe apon erthe hath sett<i>e</i> al his thowghte</p> +<p>How erthe apon erthe may be hye browte.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>ll. 9-10, 27-28.</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe vpon erth wolde be a kyng,</p> +<p>But howe erth xal to erth thynkyth he no thyng.</p> +<p>When erthe says to erth: ‘My rent þou me bryng,’</p> +<p>Then has erth fro erthe a dolfull p<i>ar</i>tyng.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe apon erthe be he a kyng<i>e</i>,</p> +<p>Butt how erth schall<i>e</i> to erthe thynketh<i>e</i> he +nothyng<i>e</i>.</p> +<p>When erthe byddeth erthe his rent home bryng<i>e</i>,</p> +<p>Then schall<i>e</i> erth<i>e</i> owte of erthe haue a pyteous<a class += "tag" name = "tag_intro_13" id = "tag_intro_13" href = +"#note_intro_13">13</a> p<i>ar</i>tyng<i>e</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>ll. 5-8.</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe vpon erth has hallys & towr<i>is</i>;</p> +<p>Erthe says to erth: ‘This is alle owr<i>is</i>.’</p> +<p>But q<i>ua</i>n erth vpon erth has byg<i>g</i>yd his +bowr<i>is</i></p> +<p>Than xal erth for the erth haue scharpe schowr<i>is</i>.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">3</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe apon erthe wynneth castell<i>es</i> & towres.</p> +<p>Then seyth<i>e</i> erthe to erthe: ‘These byth<i>e</i> all<i>e</i> +owres.’</p> +<p>When erthe apon erthe hath bygged<i>e</i> vp his bowres</p> +<p>Then schall<i>e</i> erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Cf. l. 66.</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>If erth haue mys don, he getyth scharpe sho<i>u</i>rs.</p> +</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>ll. 33-35.</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe wrotys in erth as molys don in molde,</p> +<p>Erthe vpon erth glydys as golde,</p> +<p>As erthe leve in erthe eu<i>e</i>r mor<i>e</i> schulde.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe gothe apon erthe as molde apon molde.</p> +<p>So goeth erthe apon erthe all<i>e</i> gleteryng<i>e</i> in golde,</p> +<p>Lyke as erthe into erthe neu<i>er</i> go scholde,</p> +<p>And ȝet schall<i>e</i> erthe into erthe rather then be wolde.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>ll. 29-32.</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>How erthe louys erth wondyr me thynke,</p> +<p>How erthe for erth wyll swete and swynke.</p> +<p>When erth is in <i>e</i>rthe broght w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>-in the +brynke</p> +<p>What as herth than of erthe but a fowle sty<i>n</i>ke.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">5</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Why erthe loueth<i>e</i> erthe wonder me thynke,</p> +<p>Or why that erthe for erthe swete wyll<i>e</i> or swynke,</p> +<p>Ffor whan erthe apon erthe is browte w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>yn þe +brynke,</p> +<p>Then schall<i>e</i> erthe of the erthe haue a fowle stynke.</p> +</td> +</tr> + + +<tr> +<td> +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxvii" id = "page_xxvii">xxvii</a></span> +ll. 36-37.</td> +<td></td><td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe vpon erth mynd eu<i>er</i> more þou make</p> +<p>How erthe xal to erth when deth wyll hy<i>m</i> take.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Loo erthe apon erthe consyder<i>e</i> thow may</p> +<p>How erthe co<i>m</i>myth to erthe naked all way.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td colspan = "2"> +<p>(<i>MS. Harl.</i> 913) <b>A</b> Version.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>ll. 19-22.</td> +<td colspan = "2">v. 5, ll. 1, 2, 5, 6.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erth vpon erthe gos in the weye,</p> +<p>Prykys and prankys on a palfreye;</p> +<p>When erth has gotyn erth alle that he maye,</p> +<p>He schal haue but seven fote at his last daye.</p> +</td> +<td></td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erþ is a palfrei to king a<i>nd</i> to quene,</p> +<p>Erþ is ar la<i>n</i>g wei, þouw we lutil wene.</p> +<p>Whan erþ haþ erþ wiþ st<i>r</i>einþ þus geten,</p> +<p>Alast he haþ is leinþ miseislich i-meten.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>ll. 41-46, 23-26.</td> +<td colspan = "2">v. 2.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Ffor erth gos in erth walkand in vede,</p> +<p>And erthe rydys on erth on a fayr stede,</p> +<p>When he was goty<i>n</i> in erth erth to his mede,</p> +<p>Than is erth layde in erthe wormys to fede.</p> +<p>Whylke are the wormys the flesch brede?</p> +<p>God wote the wormys for to ryght rede.</p> +<p>Than xal not be lyky<i>n</i>g vnto hy<i>m</i></p> +<p>Bu[t] an olde sely cloth to wynde erthe in,</p> +<p>When erthe is in erth for wormys wyn,</p> +<p>The rof of his hows xal ly on his chyn.</p> +</td> +<td></td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erþ geþ on erþ wrikkend in weden,</p> +<p>Erþ toward erþ wormes to feden;</p> +<p>Erþ b<i>er</i>riþ to erþ al is lif deden;</p> +<p>When erþ is i<i>n</i> erþe, heo muntid þi meden.</p> +<p>When erþ is i<i>n</i> erþe, þe rof is on þe chynne;</p> +<p>Þan schullen an hu<i>n</i>dred wormes wroten on þe skin.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>ll. 63-64.</td> +<td colspan = "2">v. 6, ll. 5-6.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe bygyth hallys & erth bygith towres,</p> +<p>When erth is layd in erth, blayke is his bo<i>ur</i>s;</p> +</td> +<td></td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erþ bilt castles, a<i>nd</i> erþe bilt toures;</p> +<p>Whan erþ is on erþe, blak beþ þe boures.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>l. 38.</td> +<td colspan = "2">v. 6, l. 3.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Be war<i>e</i>, erth, for erthe, for sake of thi sowle.</p> +</td> +<td></td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erþ uppon erþ be þi soule hold.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxviii" id = "page_xxviii">xxviii</a></span> +<p>The additional verses in MS. Cambr. bear some slight resemblance to +other additional lines found in MSS. of the <b>B</b> type, and this is +interesting as showing that the writer worked on the same lines in +expanding his text, and was perhaps acquainted with some of the longer +<b>B</b> texts. On the other hand characteristic differences in the +treatment of the theme would seem to support the view that these verses +are really individual additions and not derived from any of the other +texts. The lines in question are given below:—</p> + +<table class = "parallel" summary = "parallel texts"> +<tr> +<td width = "50%"><i>MS. Cambr.</i> ll. 71-82.</td> +<td width = "50%"><i>MS. Rawl. C.</i> v. 8.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>God walkyd in erth as longe as he wolde,</p> +<p>He had not in this erth but hong<i>er</i> & colde,</p> +<p>And in this erth also his body was solde,</p> +<p>Her<i>e</i> in this erth, whan þ<i>a</i>t he was xxx<sup>t</sup>i +ȝer<i>e</i> olde.</p> +</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Now he þ<i>a</i>t erthe opon erthe ordande to go</p> +<p>Graunt þ<i>a</i>t erthe vpon erthe may govern hym so,</p> +<p>Þat when erthe vnto erthe shall<i>e</i> be taken to,</p> +<p>Þat þe saule of þis erthe suffre no wo.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse" rowspan = "2"> +<p>God lytyd in erth, blyssed be that stou<i>n</i>de!</p> +<p>He sauyd hijs herth w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i> many a scharpe wounde,</p> +<p>Ffor to sawe erth owght of hell grou<i>n</i>de,</p> +<p>He deyd in erth vpon þe rode w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i> many a blody +vou<i>n</i>de.</p> +</td> +<td><i>MS. Rawl. P.</i> vv. 31, 32.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Lord God that erthe tokist in erthe,</p> +<p>And suffredist paynes ful stille,</p> +<p>Late neuer erthe for the erthe</p> +<p>In dedly synne ne spille.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>And God ros ovght of the est this erth for to spede,</p> +<p>And went into hell as was gret nede,</p> +<p>And toke erth from sorowe þ<i>i</i>s erth for to spede,</p> +<p>The ryght wey to heuen blys I<i>esus</i> Cryst vs lede!</p> +</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>But that erthe in this erthe</p> +<p>Be doynge euer thi wille,</p> +<p>So that erthe for the erthe</p> +<p>Stye up to thi holi hille.<br /> +(Cf. Harl. 4486, v. 8; Lamb. v. 12; Laud v. 12).</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>It is therefore evident that the Cambridge text shows knowledge of +both the <b>A</b> and the <b>B</b> versions, but the text in its +existing form must represent either a corrupt copy of the original with +frequent dislocation of lines, or, what is perhaps more likely from the +instances of repetition of the same words or ideas which occur, +a clumsy compilation from the two made by some one who perhaps had +<b>B</b> before him and remembered portions of <b>A</b> imperfectly. +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxix" id = "page_xxix">xxix</a></span> +Such repetitions occur in verses 2 and 18, the latter repeating three of +the rime-words of the former verse, as well as the phrase <i>scharpe +schowris</i>; and again in verses 4 and 19, and in verses 6, 7, and 13. +In any case the text must be regarded as later than the <b>A</b> and +<b>B</b> versions, and not as forming a link between them. The dialect +is Northern, but not uniformly so.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "intro_origin" id = "intro_origin"> +Origin and Growth of the Poem.</a></h4> + +<p>The question as to the source of the poem <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i>, +and the relationship of the <b>A</b> and <b>B</b> versions to the +original, and to each other, is a difficult one. The existence of a +parallel Latin version in one of the oldest MSS. is clearly an important +point to be taken into consideration in any attempt at an investigation +of the origin of the poem, and it will be well before proceeding further +to form some conclusion as to the relation in which the English and +Latin stanzas in MS. Harl. 913 stand to each other. The correspondence +of the two versions is not strictly verbal, but it is evident that +either the English or the Latin stanzas represent a rather free +rendering of the verses which accompany them. In favour of a Latin +origin it may be pointed out that the metrical form of the Latin stanzas +is one frequently employed in Latin poems of the time, that the subject +is a favourite monastic theme, and that the manner of the poem is in +keeping with contemporary Anglo-Latin compositions, such as the +well-known <i>Cur mundus militat sub vana gloria</i>. The natural +tendency would be to attribute a poem of the kind to Latin origin, +especially if, as in this case, a Latin version were +forthcoming.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, it may be pointed out that the Latin text is not +known to exist in any other MS., and appears indeed to have no separate +existence from the English stanzas which accompany it, whereas English +texts of the poem without trace of a Latin rendering or original are +very common.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_14" id = "tag_intro_14" +href = "#note_intro_14">14</a> The text was one frequently used in +epitaphs, but no Latin epitaph of the kind is known to have existed, +although Latin was commonly used in epitaphs at the time when the poem +was most widely popular.</p> + +<p>Further, word-plays of the kind found here upon the word <i>erthe</i> +are certainly not common in Latin verse of the time, and the Latin +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxx" id = "page_xxx">xxx</a></span> +text does not render the play as effectively as the English does, +employing alternately the three terms <i>terra</i>, <i>vesta</i>, +<i>humus</i>, in place of the English <i>erthe</i>, and failing to +maintain these consistently. The play on the word <i>earth</i>, which is +the most essential feature of the poem, could not have been given with +the same effect as in English either in Latin or in any mediaeval +language.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_15" id = "tag_intro_15" href += "#note_intro_15">15</a></p> + +<p>Thirdly, in support of an English origin it may be urged that close +verbal connexion can be traced between the English text of both +versions, but more especially of the earlier (<b>A</b>), and other poems +dating from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, particularly the +various Dialogues of <i>The Soul and the Body</i>:—</p> + +<table class = "parallel" summary = "parallel texts"> +<tr> +<td> +<p><i>MS. Harl.</i> 913, l. 17 (<b>A</b>).</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +When erþ is in erþe, þe rof is on þe chynne.</p> + +<p><i>MS. Cambr. Univ. Libr.</i> Ii. 4. 9, l. 25 (<b>C</b>)</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>When erthe is in erth for wormys wyn,</p> +<p>Þe rof of his hows xal ly on his chyn.</p> +</div> + +</td> +<td> + +<p>Cf. <i>Dialogues of Soul and Body</i>, (<i>Worcester fragment</i>) +12th cent.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>‘nu þu havest neowe hus inne beþrungen, lowe beoþ helewes.</p> +<p>Þin rof liþ on þine breoste, ful . . . colde is þe ibedded.</p> +</div> + +<p>(<i>Bodl. Fragm.</i>) 12th cent.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Þe rof bið ibyld þire broste ful neh.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +<p>(<i>MS. Auchinleck</i>) 13th cent.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Wiþ wormes is now ytaken þin in,</p> +<p>Þi bour is bilt wel cold in clay,</p> +<p>Þe rof <i>shal take to</i><a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_16" id = +"tag_intro_16" href = "#note_intro_16">16</a> þi chin.</p> +</div> + +<p>(<i>MS. Harl.</i> 2253) 14th cent.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>When þe flor is at þy rug,</p> +<p>Þe rof ys at þy neose.</p> +</div> + +<p>Cf. <i>Death</i> 152 (13th cent.) in Morris, <i>O. E. Misc.</i>, +p. 168 (<i>Jesus MS.</i>).</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Þi bur is sone ibuld</p> +<p class = "indent">Þat þu schalt wunyen inne,</p> +<p>Þe rof <i>& þe virste</i><a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_17" +id = "tag_intro_17" href = "#note_intro_17">17</a></p> +<p class = "indent">Schal ligge on þine chynne.</p> +<p>Nu þe schulen wurmes</p> +<p class = "indent">Wunyen wiþinne.</p> +</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxxi" id = "page_xxxi">xxxi</a></span> + +<p><i>MS. Harl.</i> 913, l. 66 (<b>A</b>).</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Erþ bilt castles, & erþe bilt toures;</p> +<p>Whan erþ is on erþe, blak beþ þe boures.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>MS. Harl.</i> 4486 (<b>B</b>); <i>so other</i> <b>B</b> +<i>texts</i>.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe apon erthe wynneth<i>e</i> castelles & towres.</p> +<p>Then seythe erthe to erthe: ‘These byth<i>e</i> alle owres’.</p> +<p>When erthe apon erthe hath byggede vp his bowres,</p> +<p>Then schalle erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>MS. Cambr.</i> 63 (<b>C</b>).</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe bygyth hallys & erth bygith towres,</p> +<p>When erþ is layd in erth, blayke is his bours;</p> +</div> + +<p><i>ibid.</i> 5-8</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Erthe vpon erthe has hallys & towris <i>&c.</i></p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Cf. <i>Soul & Body Dialogues</i> (<i>MSS. Auchinleck, Digby, +Vernon, Laud</i>).</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Whare be þine castels & þine tours,</p> +<p>Þine chaumbres & þine heiȝe halle,</p> +<p class = "center">.   .   .   .   .</p> +<p>Wrecche, ful derk it is þi bour</p> +<p>To morn þou schalt þerin falle.</p> +</div> + +<p>(<i>ibid.</i>)</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Halles heiȝe & bours briȝt</p> +<p>Y hadde y bilt & mirþes mo.</p> +</div> + +<p>(<i>MS. Harl.</i> 2253).</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +thi castles & thy toures.</p> + +<p>Cf. <i>Death</i> 29.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ah seoþþen mony mon</p> +<p class = "indent">By-yet bures & halle,</p> +<p>Forþi þe wrecche soule</p> +<p class = "indent">Schal into pyne falle.</p> +</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<p><i>MS. Harl.</i> 913. 42 (<b>A</b>).</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Be þou þre niȝt in a þrouȝ, þi frendschip is ilor.<a class = "tag" name += "tag_intro_18" id = "tag_intro_18" href = "#note_intro_18">18</a></p> + +</td> +<td> + +<p>Cf. <i>Visio Philiberti</i> (<i>MS. Porkington</i>).</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +When þou art dede þi frenschype is aslepe.</p> + +<p>Cf. <i>Soul & Body</i> (<i>MS. Auchinleck</i>).</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +that alle þine frend beon fro þe fledde.</p> + +<p>Cf. <i>Death</i> 97.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Hwer beoð alle þine freond</p> +<p class = "indent">Þet fayre þe bi-hehte</p> +<p>And fayre þe igretten</p> +<p class = "indent">Bi weyes and bi strete.</p> +<p>Nu heo walleþ wrecche</p> +<p class = "indent">Alle þe forlete</p> +<p>Nolde heo non herestonkes<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_19" id = +"tag_intro_19" href = "#note_intro_19">19</a></p> +<p class = "indent">Nu þe imete.</p> +</div> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxxii" id = "page_xxxii">xxxii</a></span> +<p><i>MS. Cambr.</i> l. 21 (<b>C</b>).</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>When erth has gotyn erthe alle that he maye</p> +<p>He schal haue but seven fote at his laste daye.</p> +</div> +</td> +<td> +<p>Cf. <i>Soul & Body</i> (<i>MSS. Auchinl.</i>, <i>Digby</i>).</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Now schaltow haue at al þi siþe</p> +<p>Bot seuen fet, vnneþe þat.</p> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The play upon the word <i>earth</i> recurs in other English poems. +Cf. <i>A Song on the Times</i> (MS. Harl. 913), early +fourteenth century—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_20" id = "tag_intro_20" href = +"#note_intro_20">20</a> Whan erthe hath erthe i-gette</p> +<p class = "indent">And of erthe so hath i-nouȝ,</p> +<p>When he is therin i-stekke,</p> +<p class = "indent">Wo is him that was in wouȝ.</p> +</div> + +<p>where the idea and the two rime-words are the same as in <i>MS. +Harl.</i> 2253—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Erþe toe of erþe erþe wyþ woh,</p> +<p>Erþe oþer erþe to þe erþe droh,</p> +<p>Erþe leyde erþe in erþene þroh,</p> +<p>Þo heuede erþe of erþe erþe ynoh.</p> +</div> + +<p>It will be remembered that these two MSS. (Harl. 913 and 2253) are +the two which preserve texts of the <b>A</b> version, and the opening +lines of the <i>Song on the Times</i> would appear to give further proof +of a connexion between the two <b>A</b> texts.</p> + +<p>Further, in <i>MS. Lansdowne</i> 762 (v. <i>Reliquiae Antiquae</i> I. +260), under the heading <i>Terram terra tegat</i>, occur these +lines:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>First to the erthe I bequethe his parte,</p> +<p>My wretched careyn is but fowle claye,</p> +<p>Like than to like, erthe in erthe to laye;</p> +<p>Sith it is, according by it I wolle abide,</p> +<p>As for the first parte of my wille, that erthe erthe hide.</p> +</div> + +<p>In this case the English words are evidently based upon the Latin +phrase, but this does not disprove an English origin for the poem +<i>Erthe upon Erthe</i>, since any verses of the kind must ultimately +have been based on the idea that man is dust, and the idea itself must +have been first presented and have become widely known through such +Latin elegiac phrases as <i>Memento homo quod cinis es et in cinerem +reverteris</i>, or <i>De terra plasmasti me</i>, both of which so +frequently accompany <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i>, or as the above cited +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxxiii" id = "page_xxxiii">xxxiii</a></span> +<i>Terram terra tegat</i>. The verse in <i>MS. Lansdowne</i> might +rather be considered as supplying further proof of the popular tendency +to replace such phrases by English verses, expressing the same idea, but +themselves English, not Latin in origin, and making the most of the +possible word-play. Such word-plays were evidently popular between the +thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. Cf. the well-known passage in +<i>Piers Plowman</i>, c. xxi. 389.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>So lyf shal lyf lete ther lyf hath lyf anyented,</p> +<p>So that lyf quyte lyf, the olde lawe hit asketh.</p> +<p><i>Ergo</i>, soule shal soule quyte and synne to synne wende.</p> +</div> + +<p>In view of this evidence, I am inclined to think that the Latin +version in MS. Harl. 913 is the translation, and the English the +original, and that the oldest form of <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> which has +been preserved is that found in the four lines in MS. Harl. +2253:—</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Erþe toc of erþe erþe wyþ woh &c.</p> + +<p>Short riddling stanzas of the kind, based upon the Latin phrases +mentioned above, may have been popular in the thirteenth century, and +this particular one was evidently known and used by the author of the +<i>Song on the Times</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_21" id = +"tag_intro_21" href = "#note_intro_21">21</a> The writer of the version +preserved in MS. Harl. 913 seems to have been a more learned man, +acquainted with poems like the Dialogues between <i>the Soul and the +Body</i>, who elaborated the four lines of MS. Harl. 2253, and perhaps +other verses of the same kind, into a poem of seven six-lined stanzas, +the additional couplet often introducing a new idea precisely as in the +case of the similarly expanded verse-form in MS. Porkington. Either this +man or a later transcriber appears to have added the Latin rendering +which accompanies the poem, and to have further exercised himself in +varying the word-play. Heuser<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_22" id = +"tag_intro_22" href = "#note_intro_22">22</a> points out that the +mistakes in the MS. would support the view that the English text is a +copy of an original in another dialect, and it is possible that the +Latin version belongs to this MS. alone, since a second poem in the same +MS. is accompanied by an unfinished translation into Latin.</p> + +<p>This theory as to the origin of the two texts of the <b>A</b> version +receives further support from the fact that it also accounts most +satisfactorily for the development and popularity of the <b>B</b> +version. Apart from the play on the word <i>erthe</i> and the similarity +of the +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxxiv" id = "page_xxxiv">xxxiv</a></span> +theme, there is only one point of close verbal connexion between the two +versions. In MS. Harl. 913 (A) the sixth stanza runs as +follows:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p class = "indent">Erþ gette on erþ gersom & gold,</p> +<p class = "indent">Erþ is þi moder, in erþ is þi mold.</p> +<p class = "indent">Erþ uppon erþ be þi soule hold;</p> +<p class = "indent">Er erþe go to erþe, bild þi long bold.</p> +<p>Erþ bilt castles, and erþe bilt toures;</p> +<p>Whan erþ is on erþe, blak beþ þe boures.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the <b>B</b> version, the rimes <i>gold</i> : <i>mold</i>, +<i>toures</i> : <i>boures</i>, regularly recur in the third and fourth +stanzas, and line 5 of the <b>A</b> text is preserved in slightly +modified form in the first line of verse 3:— (MS. Harl. 4486, +vv. 3 and 4)</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe apon erthe wynnethe castelles and towres.</p> +<p>Then seythe erthe to erthe: ‘These bythe alle owres.’</p> +<p>When erthe apon erthe hath byggede vp his bowres,</p> +<p>Then schalle erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Erthe gothe apon erthe as molde apon molde.</p> +<p>So goethe erthe apon erthe alle gleterynge in golde,</p> +<p>Lyke as erthe unto erthe neuer go scholde,</p> +<p>And ȝet schalle erthe into erthe rather then he wolde.</p> +</div> + +<p>In the Cambridge text the rime-words <i>towres</i> : <i>bours</i> are +introduced twice over, representing both the versions given +above:—</p> + +<table class = "parallel" summary = "parallel texts"> +<tr> +<td>(ll. 63, 64)</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe bygyth hallys & erthe bygith towres,</p> +<p>When erth is layd in erth, blayke is his bours;</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>as in the <i>A</i> version;</p> + +<table class = "parallel" summary = "parallel texts"> +<tr> +<td>(ll. 5, 7)</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Erthe vpon erth has hallys & towris . . .</p> +<p>But quan erth vpon erth has bygyd his bowres,</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>as in the <b>B</b> version.</p> + +<p>The two stanzas of the <b>B</b> version which contain these +rime-words are the two which recur most frequently on tombstones and +mural inscriptions, and it seems possible that they represent a second +early form of the <i>Erthe</i> poems. It is evident that the rime-words +<i>gold</i> : <i>mold</i>, <i>bowres</i> : <i>towres</i>, depend upon an +early tradition. Probably verses similar to the short stanza in MS. +Harl. 2253, and containing these words, were in existence before the +learned writer of the longer <b>A</b> text in MS. Harl. 913 introduced +them in his poem, and, becoming widely known, formed the nucleus of the +<b>B</b> version. Both the <b>A</b> and the <b>B</b> versions might +therefore be held to depend upon popular stanzas of this kind, +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxxv" id = "page_xxxv">xxxv</a></span> +which gave rise about the end of the thirteenth century to the long poem +of MS. Harl. 913, and during the fourteenth century to the original of +the <b>B</b> version, a poem in seven four-lined stanzas. The +earlier version is connected more particularly with the Southwest +Midland district; the later seems to have originated rather in the North +or North Midlands, but it soon became known all over England, and is +found in the South of Scotland shortly after 1500. Only one +fifteenth-century writer, the author of the Cambridge text, shows direct +knowledge of the <b>A</b> text, but the <b>B</b> version was evidently +widely known, and a favourite theme for additions and modifications. On +tombstones and mural inscriptions it survived up to the nineteenth +century.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "intro_later" id = "intro_later"> +Later Versions of the Poem.</a></h4> + +<p>As has been already pointed out, the Middle English texts of <i>Erthe +upon Erthe</i> occur for the most part in the Commonplace Books of the +day, often on the spare leaves at the beginning or end of the MS., as if +the collector or some later owner had been struck by the poem and +anxious to preserve it. That this interest was not confined to the +fifteenth century is shown by the occurrence of the text in the Maitland +and Reidpeth MSS. A still later instance of it occurs in the +Pillerton Hersey Registers, dating from 1559 onwards, where the +following verse has been scribbled on the last leaf, probably by some +seventeenth-century clerk (cf. C. C. Stopes, <i>Athenaeum</i>, +Sept. 19, 1908):—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Earth upon earth bould house and bowrs,</p> +<p>Earth upon earth sayes all is ours.</p> +<p>Earth upon earth when all is wroght,</p> +<p>Earth upon earth sayes all is for nought.</p> +</div> + +<p>Here the first two lines represent a corrupt type of the same lines +in verse 3 of the <b>B</b> version, while the rimes <i>wroght</i> : +<i>nought</i> recall verse 1.</p> + +<p>Another interesting trace of a late popular version is mentioned in +the <i>Gentleman’s Magazine</i> for March, 1824, where a certain Mr. +J. Lawrence tells how he was invited, during a visit to Beaumont +Hall, Essex, to see the following inscription, written and decorated by +a cow-boy on an attic wall:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Earth goes upon the earth, glittering like gold;</p> +<p>Earth goes to the earth sooner than ’twould;</p> +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxxvi" id = "page_xxxvi">xxxvi</a></span> +<p>Earth built upon the earth castles and towres;</p> +<p>Earth said to the earth, ‘All shall be ours.’</p> +</div> + +<p>Here portions of verses 3 and 4 of the <b>B</b> version have been +combined as in the epitaphs at Melrose and Clerkenwell cited below, +pointing either to a corrupt popular version of the <b>B</b> text, or +possibly to an earlier type<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_23" id = +"tag_intro_23" href = "#note_intro_23">23</a> in which the rimes +<i>gold</i> : <i>mold</i>, &c. were immediately associated with the +rimes <i>towres</i> : <i>bowres</i> as in <b>A</b> (MS. Harl. 913, +v. 6). The former assumption is the more probable, since the verse +appears to be directly based upon stanzas 3 and 4 of the usual <b>B</b> +version.</p> + +<p>The majority of the later instances of the text occur on tombstones +or memorial tablets. The poem was peculiarly adapted for this purpose, +based as it was on the very words of the Burial Service. Indeed, the +short verses from which it is here assumed to have originated might well +be supposed to have been written in the first place as epitaphs, if +evidence of the use of English epitaphs in the thirteenth century<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_24" id = "tag_intro_24" href = +"#note_intro_24">24</a> were forthcoming. As has been already stated, +the seven verses of the normal <b>B</b> version occurred in full among +the mural paintings in the Chapel of the Holy Trinity at +Stratford-on-Avon, belonging to the Guild of the Holy Cross, where they +appear to have been used as a monumental inscription already in the +latter part of the fifteenth century.</p> + +<p>A well-known late instance of the text is the inscription on a +tombstone in the parish churchyard which surrounds Melrose Abbey, +mentioned by Scott. The stone is headed as follows:—</p> + +<p class = "center">Memento Mori.<br /> +Here lyes James Ramsay, portioner of Melrose, who died<br /> +July 15th, 1761.</p> + +<p>On the back is the following verse:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>The Earth goeth on the Earth</p> +<p class = "indent">Glistring like gold,</p> +<p>The Earth goeth to the Earth</p> +<p class = "indent">Sooner than it wold;</p> +<p>The Earth builds on the Earth</p> +<p class = "indent">Castles & Towers,</p> +<p>The Earth says to the Earth:</p> +<p class = "indent">‘All shall be ours.’</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxxvii" id = "page_xxxvii">xxxvii</a></span> +<p>This was translated into German by Theodor Fontane (<i>Poems</i>, 4th +edit., Berlin, 1892, p. 447). Cf. Fiedler, <i>Mod. Lang. +Review</i>, April 1908.</p> + +<p>Other inscriptions are as follows:—</p> + +<p>On an old brass, quoted by W. Williams, <i>Notes and Queries</i>, I. +vii. 577, and thought by him to belong to the Church of St. Helen’s, +London<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_25" id = "tag_intro_25" href = +"#note_intro_25">25</a>:—</p> + +<p class = "center"> +‘Here lyeth y<sup>e</sup> bodyes of<br /> +James Pomley, y<sup>e</sup> sonne of ould<br /> +Dominick Pomley and Jane his<br /> +wyfe: y<sup>e</sup> said James deceased y<sup>e</sup> 7th<br /> +day of Januarie Anno Domini 1592<br /> +he beyng of y<sup>e</sup> age of 88 years, &<br /> +y<sup>e</sup> sayd Jane deceased y<sup>e</sup> — day<br /> +of — D —</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Earth goeth upõ Earth as moulde upõ moulde;</p> +<p>Earth goeth upõ Earth all glittering as golde,</p> +<p>As though earth to y<sup>e</sup> earth never turne sholde;</p> +<p>And yet shall earth to y<sup>e</sup> earth sooner than he wolde.</p> +</div> + +<p>On a tomb at Edmonton of unknown date (possibly sixteenth century), +mentioned by Weever (<i>Ancient Funerall Monuments</i>) in 1631, and by +Pettigrew (<i>Chronicles of the Tombs</i>, p. 67) in +1857:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Erth goyth upon erth as mold upon mold,</p> +<p>Erth goyth upon erth al glisteryng in gold,</p> +<p>As though erth to erth ner turne shold,</p> +<p>And yet must erth to erth soner than he wolde.</p> +</div> + +<p>Formerly on a headstone in St. James’s Churchyard, Clerkenwell, +deciphered about 1812, but already lost in 1851, probably owing to the +dismantling of the churchyard. (Cf. <i>Notes and Queries</i>, III. +i. 389):—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Earth walks on Earth like glittering gold;</p> +<p>Earth says to Earth ‘We are but mold’.</p> +<p>Earth builds on Earth castles & towers;</p> +<p>Earth says to Earth, ‘All shall be ours!’</p> +</div> + +<p>Formerly on a tombstone at St. Martin’s, Ludgate, to Florens +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxxviii" id = "page_xxxviii">xxxviii</a></span> +Caldwell esq. of London & Ann Mary Wilde, his wife (Pettigrew, +p. 67)<a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_26" id = "tag_intro_26" +href = "#note_intro_26">26</a>:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Earth goes to Earth, as mold to mold;</p> +<p>Earth treads on Earth, glittering in gold:</p> +<p>Earth as to Earth returne ne’er shoulde;</p> +<p>Earth shall to Earth goe e’er he wolde.</p> +<p class = "indent">Earth upon Earth consyder may;</p> +<p class = "indent">Earth goes to Earth naked away.</p> +<p>Earth though on Earth be stowt & gay</p> +<p>Earth shall from Earth passe poore away.</p> +<p class = "indent">Be mercifull & charitable,</p> +<p class = "indent">Relieve the poor as thou art able.</p> +<p class = "indent">A shrowd to the grave</p> +<p class = "indent">Is all thou shalt have.</p> +</div> + +<p>This interesting monument has unfortunately disappeared. Doubtless +there are many other traces of the poem to be found, but it appears to +have been rarely used on tombstones after 1700,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_intro_27" id = "tag_intro_27" href = "#note_intro_27">27</a> and +earlier monuments, unless specially preserved, are rarely decipherable +at the present day.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "intro_interest" id = "intro_interest"> +Literary Interest.</a></h4> + +<p><i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> cannot be said to possess great literary +value in itself. The interest of the poem lies chiefly in its evident +popularity, and in the insight it gives into the kind of literature +which became popular in the Middle Ages. It belongs essentially to the +same class as the <i>Soul and Body</i> Poems, and the <i>Dance of +Death</i>. In the early days of its introduction into Western Europe, +Christianity made great use in its appeal to the mass of the people of +the fear of death and dread of the Judgement. The early monastic writers +dwelt upon the idea of man’s mortality and decay, and the transitoriness +of human rank and pleasure. Hence the frequency with which such themes +as the <i>Dance of Death</i> were treated in literature and in art. +Closely allied with this idea of the fleeting nature of earthly things, +and to some extent a result of it, was the +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xxxix" id = "page_xxxix">xxxix</a></span> +conception of the separation of man’s bodily from his spiritual self +which pervades all mediaeval post-Christian literature. In Old English +times already, this sense of a sharp division between the two is +embodied in No. xliv of the O.E. <i>Riddles</i>:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_28" id = "tag_intro_28" href = +"#note_intro_28">28</a> Ic wat indryhtne æþelum deorne</p> +<p>ȝiest in ȝeardum, þæm se grimma ne mæg</p> +<p>hunger sceððan ne se hata þurst,</p> +<p>yldo ne adle [ne se enga deað],</p> +<p>ȝif him arlice esne þenað,</p> +<p>se þe agan sceal [his ȝeongorscipe]</p> +<p>on þam siðfæte: hy gesunde æt ham</p> +<p>findaþ witode him wiste ⁊ blisse,</p> +<p>cnosles unrim, care, ȝif se esne</p> +<p>his blaforde hyreð yfle</p> +<p>frean on fore, ne wile forht wesan</p> +<p>broþer oþrum: him þæt bam sceðeð,</p> +<p>þonne hy from bearme begen hweorfað</p> +<p>anre magan ellorfuse</p> +<p>moddor ⁊ sweostor.</p> +</div> + +<p>This sets forth the same conception of the duality in man as is +represented in the O.E. <i>Speech of the Soul to the Body</i>, and in +the whole group of <i>Soul and Body</i> poems, and the idea recurs +constantly in other monastic texts, cf. Morris, <i>O. E. +Miscellany</i>, iii (<i>Sinners Beware</i>), p. 83:—</p> + +<table class = "parallel" summary = "parallel texts"> +<tr> +<td class = "number"> +326.</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>þe feondes heom forþ ledeþ</p> +<p class = "indent">Boþe lychom and saule.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number"> +331-336.</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Þe saule seyþ to þe lychome,</p> +<p>Accursed wurþe þi nome,</p> +<p class = "indent">Þin heaued and þin heorte.</p> +<p>Þu vs hauest iwroht þes schome,</p> +<p>And alle þene eche grome</p> +<p class = "indent">Vs schall euer smerte.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>MS. Harl.</i> 2253, fol. 106, v<sup>o</sup>, l. 7: þe fleysh stont +aȝeyn þe gost.</p> + +<p>These two fundamental ideas of the transitoriness and hence +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xl" id = "page_xl">xl</a></span> +worthlessness of man’s earthly part, and the cleavage between it and his +spiritual part, lie at the root of much of the mediaeval literature, and +represent the two not incompatible extremes to which the monastic ideal +of life, from its very one-sidedness, was capable of leading: on the one +hand a certain morbid materialism, on the other an ascetic mysticism. +Nor can it be denied that the mediaeval mind took a certain grim +pleasure in dwelling upon the more grotesque aspect of these things. The +O.E. poet found the same enjoyment in describing his ‘Ȝifer’—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><a class = "tag" name = "tag_intro_29" id = "tag_intro_29" href = +"#note_intro_29">29</a>se wyrm, þe þa ȝeaȝlas beoð</p> +<p>nædle scearpran: se genydeð to</p> +<p>ærest eallra on þam eorðsciæfe,</p> +</div> + +<p>as the painters of the <i>Dance of Death</i> in the drawing of their +skeletons and emblems of mortality, or the Gothic carver in his +gargoyles. Perhaps, too, some satisfaction in dwelling upon the +hollowness of earthly joys, and the bitter fate of those who took their +fill of them, was not lacking to a few of those who had turned their +backs upon them.</p> + +<p><i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> is perhaps more especially concerned with the +first of the two conceptions mentioned above, man’s mortality, but, as +has already been shown, a close connexion exists between it and the +<i>Soul and Body</i> poems, and though the idea of the duality in man is +not mentioned, it is certainly present. The poem is more popular in form +than either the <i>Dance of Death</i> or the various <i>Soul and +Body</i> Dialogues, perhaps because of its purely English origin, and +seems to represent a later and more popular product of the ideas which +gave rise to the other two groups. Its short mono-rimed stanza, its +jingling internal rime, and its half-riddling, half-punning character, +appear to have especially commended it to popular favour, and it is +significant that it became most widely-known in its simpler forms.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xli" id = "page_xli">xli</a></span> +<h4><a name = "intro_note" id = "intro_note"> +Editor’s Note.</a></h4> + +<p>In preparing the text of this edition, all the available MSS. have +been consulted, the only two not examined being William Billyng’s MS. +and the Brighton MS., which were formerly in the possession of private +owners, and have eluded all search for them. As exhaustive a search as +was possible has been made for other texts of the poem, but it has often +escaped cataloguing, and it is probable that other copies of the +<b>B</b> version, at least, exist.</p> + +<p>The punctuation, inverted commas, and regular use of initial capitals +in the text are the Editor’s. The MSS. vary in their use of capitals, +the same MS. being often inconsistent with itself, while the Cambridge +text frequently employs them for unimportant words in the middle of the +line, as p. 33, l. 45, Ar, &c. Capitals have been added in +the case of all proper names. Letters and words which are obscure or +illegible in the MS., or which appear to have been accidentally omitted, +are enclosed in square brackets, and a hyphen has been inserted where +the MS. separates a prefix or particle from the rest of the word. The +MS. writings ff, þ, ȝ, v for u and vice versa, have been retained +in the text, and <ins class = "correction" +title = "printed as ‘ll’ with single line through">ɫɫ</ins>, +<ins class = "correction" +title = "printed as ‘th’ with single line through">ŧħ</ins>, +expanded to ll<i>e</i>, th<i>e</i>, but it was not +thought advisable to expand m~, n~, to m<i>e</i>, n<i>e</i>, nor other +letters such as d, r, g, when written with a final flourish. +Fifteenth-century scribes appear to have used such flourishes at the end +of the word rather as a matter of habit than with any particular +meaning, and the forms to which expansion of them would lead, such as +<i>one</i>, <i>onne</i> for <i>on</i>, are frequently most improbable. +It was therefore thought better to ignore such flourishes, or to +indicate the persistent use of them by a footnote.</p> + +<p>As the conclusions arrived at in the Introduction with regard to the +relationship of the English and Latin versions in MS. Harl. 913, and the +verbal connexion with the <i>Soul and Body</i> Dialogues, agree, to some +extent, with those indicated by Heuser, <i>Die Kildare-Gedichte</i>, pp. +176-80, it is only reasonable to state that the greater part of the work +upon the subject had been done, and a projected article upon it written +in reply to Professor Fiedler’s in the <i>Modern Language Review</i>, +before I had any knowledge of Heuser’s text, and that my conclusions had +been formed independently of his, though his have helped to strengthen +and confirm them. Moreover I owe his work +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page_xlii" id = "page_xlii">xlii</a></span> +a very real debt, since I first learned from it of the existence of the +Cambridge Text, which has been a most important link in the building up +of the general theory as to the connexion between the different versions +of the poem.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, it is a pleasure to express thanks for kind and +courteous assistance to the authorities of the British Museum, the +Public Record Office, the Bodleian, Cambridge University Library and +Lincoln Cathedral Library; to the librarian of Lambeth Palace Library, +to whom I am indebted for the collation of the Lambeth text; to the +authorities of Magdalene College, Cambridge, for permission to copy and +print the Maitland text; to Lord Harlech for the loan of the Porkington +MS.; to Professor Fiedler for permission to use the Brighton text; to +Professor Priebsch, who pointed out the text in MS. Harl. 4486; to Miss +Helen Sandison, of Bryn Mawr College, U.S.A., for the discovery of the +text in the Appendix and for two of the Analogues, and to Professor +Skeat for valuable advice and suggestions. In particular this text owes +much to my Father, Sir James Murray of the <i>Oxford Dictionary</i>, who +has read the proofs, and in the midst of his own arduous work has always +been ready with help and advice, to my friend Miss K. S. Block, +Lecturer in English at the Royal Holloway College, and, above all, to +Dr. Furnivall, in whom all scholars and students of English mourn to-day +the loss of a great pioneer, and an ever-ready friend and adviser.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Oxford,</span></p> + +<p class = "inset"><i>July</i> 1910.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p>Since this was sent to press two other copies of the <b>B</b> version +have come to light at Cambridge, and have by kind permission been +inserted on pp. 47, 48 as Appendix II:—</p> + +<div class = "list"> +<p>(<b>B</b> 19) MS. Trinity College R. 3. 21, fol. 33, v<sup>o</sup>, a +copy of the normal <b>B</b> version in seven stanzas.</p> + +<p>(<b>B</b> 20) MS. Trinity College B. 15. 39, fol. 170, which contains +nine stanzas of the expanded text preserved in MSS. Lambeth and Laud, +and appears to represent a distinct copy of the original of these two +(see Introd. p. xix).</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> + +<hr /> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_1" id = "note_intro_1" href = +"#tag_intro_1">1.</a> +A second Latin version of an <i>Erthe</i> poem, together with the same +poem in Anglo-French, and in Middle English, occurs on the back of a +Roll in the Public Record Office, dating from the time of Edward II +(Ex<sup>r</sup>. K. R. Proceedings, Bdle. 1; old No. 845/21), and +in a 19th cent. transcript of this in MS. Brit. Mus. Addit. 25478; it is +given in the Appendix. Both the Latin and the French appear to be +translations or paraphrases of the English, with an additional verse or +two.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_2" id = "note_intro_2" href = +"#tag_intro_2">2.</a> +The English text in the Appendix consists of nine four-lined stanzas, +and is distinct from either of the two current versions of the poem. It +appears to have been suggested by the opening lines of <b>A</b>, and may +be regarded as a single sub-type of <b>A</b>, not affecting the main +line of argument of the Introduction. (See Appendix, p. 46.)</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_3" id = "note_intro_3" href = +"#tag_intro_3">3.</a> +This is repeated on each page of Bateman’s text, and is, perhaps, his +own design.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_4" id = "note_intro_4" href = +"#tag_intro_4">4.</a> +See Bateman’s Preface.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_5" id = "note_intro_5" href = +"#tag_intro_5">5.</a> +Probably not the author but the copier of the MS.: see Notes.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_6" id = "note_intro_6" href = +"#tag_intro_6">6.</a> +All the stanzas of the <b>B</b> version are four-lined except MS. +Porkington.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_7" id = "note_intro_7" href = +"#tag_intro_7">7.</a> +v. Wanley’s Catalogue.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_8" id = "note_intro_8" href = +"#tag_intro_8">8.</a> +My attention was called to this MS. by the kindness of Prof. +Priebech.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_9" id = "note_intro_9" href = +"#tag_intro_9">9.</a> +MS. Laud Misc. is not written throughout in metrical lines, but the +divisions of the stanzas, and, in most cases, of the lines, are clearly +indicated.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_10" id = "note_intro_10" href = +"#tag_intro_10">10.</a> +The first leaf of this text has been torn out and the verses in brackets +are only conjectural.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_11" id = "note_intro_11" href = +"#tag_intro_11">11.</a> +MS. Laud represents, in the main, the same version as MS. Lamb., but the +variant readings preclude the idea of its being a copy of Lamb., unless +the scribe deliberately tried to modify his original on the lines of +Harl. 4486 and Rawl. P. The changes in the text (ll. 26, 27, +47: see Notes) show that it cannot be the original of Lamb. It appears +to be a transcript from the same original made about the same date, or a +little earlier than the Lambeth text.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_12" id = "note_intro_12" href = +"#tag_intro_12">12.</a> +<i>Cf. MS. Brighton</i> nobley.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_13" id = "note_intro_13" href = +"#tag_intro_13">13.</a> +<i>Cf. MS. Selden</i> delful.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_14" id = "note_intro_14" href = +"#tag_intro_14">14.</a> +The Latin and Anglo-French texts in the Appendix are evidently +renderings of the English poem which accompanies them.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_15" id = "note_intro_15" href = +"#tag_intro_15">15.</a> +This is clearly seen in the Latin and French versions in the Appendix +where the Latin text uses <i>terra in terra</i>, and the French <i>terre +en terre</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_16" id = "note_intro_16" href = +"#tag_intro_16">16.</a> +<i>Vernon MS. <em>to resten on</em>, Digby, <em>shal rest right +at</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_17" id = "note_intro_17" href = +"#tag_intro_17">17.</a> +<i>Cotton MS.</i> þe rof þe firste.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_18" id = "note_intro_18" href = +"#tag_intro_18">18.</a> +Cf. Frendles ys þe dede (<i>Proverbs of Hendyng</i>, l. 288).</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_19" id = "note_intro_19" href = +"#tag_intro_19">19.</a> += heres þonkes, <i>of their own free will</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_20" id = "note_intro_20" href = +"#tag_intro_20">20.</a> +Compare with this the text in the Appendix which begins:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Whanne eorthe hath eorthe wiþ wrong igete—</p> + +<p>and in the French version:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Quant terre auera en terre large terre gayne.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_21" id = "note_intro_21" href = +"#tag_intro_21">21.</a> +See the Appendix, p. 46.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_22" id = "note_intro_22" href = +"#tag_intro_22">22.</a> +<i>Die Kildare-Gedichte</i> (Bonn, 1904).</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_23" id = "note_intro_23" href = +"#tag_intro_23">23.</a> +See p. xxxiv above.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_24" id = "note_intro_24" href = +"#tag_intro_24">24.</a> +The earliest known epitaphs in English date from the fourteenth +century.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_25" id = "note_intro_25" href = +"#tag_intro_25">25.</a> +There is no record of this brass at the church of St. Helen’s, +Bishopsgate.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_26" id = "note_intro_26" href = +"#tag_intro_26">26.</a> +Dated 1590 by Ernest R. Suffling, <i>Epitaphia</i> (1909), +p. 382.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_27" id = "note_intro_27" href = +"#tag_intro_27">27.</a> +A late instance of its use is given by Ch. Box (<i>Elegies and +Epitaphs</i>, Glouc. 1892) as found by him on the tomb of a bricklayer, +who died in 1837, aged 90:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Earth walks upon Earth like glittering gold,</p> +<p>Earth says to Earth, ‘We are but mould’;</p> +<p>Earth builds upon Earth castles and towers,</p> +<p>Earth says to Earth, ‘All is ours’!</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_28" id = "note_intro_28" href = +"#tag_intro_28">28.</a> +Printed from Grein-Wülcker, <i>Bibliothek der ags. Poesie</i>, iii. +212.—(I know of a most noble guest in the dwellings, hidden +from men, whom fierce hunger cannot torment, nor burning thirst, nor +age, nor sickness [nor close-pressing death], if the servant who shall +[bear him company] in his course serves him honourably: they, +prospering, shall find abundance and bliss, countless joys, allotted to +them at home, but (they shall find) sorrow, if the servant obeys his +lord and master ill upon their journey, and will not show him reverence, +the one brother to the other: that shall afflict them both, when they +two depart, hastening hence, from the bosom of their common kinswoman, +mother and sister.)</p> + +<p><a name = "note_intro_29" id = "note_intro_29" href = +"#tag_intro_29">29.</a> +Grein-Wülcker, iii. 105.—(The worm whose jaws are sharper than +needles, who first of all the worms in the grave forces his way to +him.)</p> +</div> + +</div> + +<!-- end div intro --> + + +<div class = "texts"> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page1" id = "page1">1</a></span> + +<h2><span class = "subhead">THE MIDDLE ENGLISH POEM</span><br /> +ERTHE UPON ERTHE.</h2> + + +<h3><a name = "poem_A" id = "poem_A">I.</a><br /> +<span class = "subhead"><b>A</b> VERSION.</span></h3> + + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemA_1" id = "poemA_1">1.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Harleian 2253.</span> c. 1307.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 57, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p>Erþe toc of erþe erþe wyþ woh,</p> +<p>Erþe oþer erþe to þe erþe droh,</p> +<p>Erþe leyde erþe in erþene þroh,</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>Þo heuede erþe of erþe erþe ynoh.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemA_2" id = "poemA_2">2.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Harleian 913.</span> c. +1308-1330.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 62, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent2"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_1" id = "tag_a2_1" href = +"#note_a2_1">1</a>Whan erþ haþ erþ iwonne wiþ wow,</p> +<p class = "indent2">Þan erþ mai of erþ nim hír inow.</p> +<p class = "indent2">Erþ vp<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_2" id = +"tag_a2_2" href = "#note_a2_2">2</a> erþ falliþ fol frow<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_a2_3" id = "tag_a2_3" href = "#note_a2_3">3</a>;</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p class = "indent2">Erþ toward erþ delful hi<i>m</i> drow.</p> +<p>Of erþ þou wer<i>e</i> makid, a<i>nd</i> mon þou art ilich;</p> +<p>In on erþ awaked þe pore a<i>nd</i> þe riche.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent2">T<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> p<i>er</i> +i<i>n</i>iuriam cu<i>m</i> t<i>er</i>ra lucratur,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p class = "indent2">Tu<i>n</i>c de t<i>er</i>ra cepiam<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_a2_4" id = "tag_a2_4" href = "#note_a2_4">4</a> t<i>er</i>ra +sorciatur.</p> +<p class = "indent2">T<i>er</i>ra sup<i>er</i> aream subito frustratur; +[fol. 62, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p class = "indent2">Se t<i>r</i>axit ad aridam t<i>er</i>raq<i>ue</i> +tristatur.</p> +<p>De t<i>er</i>ra plasmaris, es simil<i>is</i><a class = "tag" name = +"tag_a2_5" id = "tag_a2_5" href = "#note_a2_5">5</a> virroni,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Vna t<i>er</i>ra paup<i>er</i>es ac dites s<i>un</i>t proni.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page2" id = "page2">2</a></span> +<p class = "stanza indent2"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erþ geþ on erþ wrikkend in weden,</p> +<p class = "indent2">Erþ toward erþ wormes to feden;</p> +<p class = "indent2">Erþ b<i>er</i>riþ<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_6" +id = "tag_a2_6" href = "#note_a2_6">6</a> to erþ al is lif deden;</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p class = "indent2">When erþ is i<i>n</i> erþe, heo muntid<a class = +"tag" name = "tag_a2_7" id = "tag_a2_7" href = "#note_a2_7">7</a> þi +meden.</p> +<p>When erþ is i<i>n</i> erþe, þe rof is on þe chynne<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_a2_8" id = "tag_a2_8" href = "#note_a2_8">8</a>;</p> +<p>Þan schullen an hu<i>n</i>dred wormes wroten on þe skin.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent2">Vesta p<i>er</i>git uestibus s<i>upe</i>r +ueste<i>m</i> vare,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p class = "indent2">Artat<i>ur</i> & uermibus vesta pastu<i>m</i> +dare;</p> +<p class = "indent2">Ac cu<i>m</i> gestis o<i>mn</i>ibus ad +uesta<i>m</i> migrare;</p> +<p class = "indent2">Cu<i>m</i> uesta sit scrobibus, q<i>u</i>is wlt<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_9" id = "tag_a2_9" href = +"#note_a2_9">9</a> suspirare?</p> +<p>Cu<i>m</i> sit uesta po<i>n</i>ita<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_10" +id = "tag_a2_10" href = "#note_a2_10">10</a>, doma ta<i>n</i>git +mentu<i>m</i>;</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Tu<i>n</i>c i<i>n</i> cute ca<i>n</i>dida verru<i>n</i>t<a class = +"tag" name = "tag_a2_11" id = "tag_a2_11" href = "#note_a2_11">11</a> +u<i>er</i>mes centu<i>m</i>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent2"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erþ askiþ erþ, a<i>nd</i> erþ hir answerid,</p> +<p class = "indent2">Whi erþ hatid erþ, a<i>nd</i> erþ erþ verrid.</p> +<p class = "indent2">Erþ haþ erþ, a<i>nd</i> erþ erþ teriþ,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p class = "indent2">Erþ geeþ on erþ, a<i>nd</i> erþ erþ berriþ.</p> +<p>Of erþ þow wer<i>e</i> bigun, on erþ þou schalt end;</p> +<p>Al þ<i>a</i>t þou i<i>n</i> erþ wonne<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_a2_12" id = "tag_a2_12" href = "#note_a2_12">12</a>, to erþ schal +hit wend.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent2">Hum<i>us</i> humu<i>m</i> repetit, & +re<i>spo</i>nsu<i>m</i> datur,</p> +<p class = "linenum">32</p> +<p class = "indent2">Humu<i>m</i> q<i>u</i>are n<i>e</i>gligit, & +humo fruatur.</p> +<p class = "indent2">Hum<i>u</i>s humu<i>m</i> porrigit, sic & +operatur,</p> +<p class = "indent2">S<i>upe</i>r humu<i>m</i> p<i>er</i>agit, humo +q<i>uod</i><a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_13" id = "tag_a2_13" href = +"#note_a2_13">13</a> portatur.</p> +<p>Humo sic i<i>n</i>ciperis, ac humo meabis;</p> +<p class = "linenum">36</p> +<p>Q<i>uo</i>d humo q<i>ue</i>sieris, humo totu<i>m</i> dabis.</p> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 63, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p class = "stanza indent2"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erþ get hit<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_14" id = "tag_a2_14" href = +"#note_a2_14">14</a> on erp maist<i>r</i>i a<i>nd</i> miȝte;</p> +<p class = "indent2">Al we beþ erþ, to erþ we beþ idiȝte;</p> +<p class = "indent2">Erþ askeþ carayne of ki<i>n</i>g a<i>nd</i> of +kniȝt;</p> +<p class = "linenum">40</p> +<p class = "indent2">Whan erþ is i<i>n</i> erþ, so lowȝ he be liȝt.</p> +<p>Whan þi riȝt a<i>nd</i> þi wowȝ wendiþ þe bi-for,</p> +<p>Be þou þre niȝt i<i>n</i> a þrouȝ, þi f<i>r</i>endschip is i-lor.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page3" id = "page3">3</a></span> +<p class = "stanza indent2">Terra ui<i>m</i>q<i>ue</i><a class = "tag" +name = "tag_a2_15" id = "tag_a2_15" href = "#note_a2_15">15</a> +b<i>r</i>auivm t<i>er</i>ra collucratur;</p> +<p class = "linenum">44</p> +<p class = "indent2">Tot<i>us</i> cet<i>us</i> hominvm de t<i>er</i>ra +patratur<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_16" id = "tag_a2_16" href = +"#note_a2_16">16</a>;</p> +<p class = "indent2">Ops cadau<i>er</i> militvm q<i>ue</i> regis +sc<i>r</i>utatur;</p> +<p class = "indent2">Cu<i>m</i> det<i>ur</i> i<i>n</i> tumulvm, mox +t<i>er</i>ra voratur.</p> +<p>Cu<i>m</i> ius & i<i>us</i>ticivm cora<i>m</i> te +migrabu<i>n</i>t,</p> +<p class = "linenum">48</p> +<p>Pauci p<i>er</i> t<i>r</i>inoctivm morte<i>m</i> +deplorabu<i>n</i>t.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent2"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Erþ is a palfrei to king a<i>nd</i> to quene,</p> +<p class = "indent2">Erþ is ar<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_17" id = +"tag_a2_17" href = "#note_a2_17">17</a> la<i>ng</i> wei, þouw we lutil +wene,</p> +<p class = "indent2">Þ<i>a</i>t weriþ g<i>r</i>ouer a<i>nd</i> +g<i>r</i>oy<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_18" id = "tag_a2_18" href = +"#note_a2_18">18</a> a<i>nd</i> schrud so schene,</p> +<p class = "linenum">52</p> +<p class = "indent2">Whan erþ makiþ is liuerei, he g<i>r</i>auiþ vs +i<i>n</i> g<i>r</i>ene.</p> +<p>Whan erþ haþ erp wiþ st<i>r</i>einþ þus geten,</p> +<p>Alast he haþ is leinþ miseislich i-meten.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent2">Dic uesta<i>m</i><a class = "tag" name = +"tag_a2_19" id = "tag_a2_19" href = "#note_a2_19">19</a> +dext<i>r</i>arium regiq<i>ue</i> regine,</p> +<p class = "linenum">56</p> +<p class = "indent2">It<i>er</i> lo<i>n</i>gu<i>m</i> marium, +q<i>uod</i> e<i>st</i> sine fine,</p> +<p class = "indent2">I<i>n</i>dum<i>en</i>tu<i>m</i> uarium dans cedit +se<i>n</i>tine<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_20" id = "tag_a2_20" href += "#note_a2_20">20</a>,</p> +<p class = "indent2">Q<i>ua</i>ndo<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_21" id += "tag_a2_21" href = "#note_a2_21">21</a> dat corrodium, noa +t<i>r</i>adit ruine.</p> +<p>Cu<i>m</i> p<i>er</i> fortitudinem tenet hanc luc<i>r</i>atam,</p> +<p class = "linenum">60</p> +<p>Capit lo<i>n</i>gitudinem mis<i>er</i>e metatam.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent2"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +Erþ gette on erþ gersom a<i>nd</i> gold,</p> +<p class = "indent2">Erþ is þi moder, in erþ is þi mold.</p> +<p class = "indent2">Erþ uppon erþ be þi soule hold;</p> +<p class = "linenum">64</p> +<p class = "indent2">Er erþe go to erþe, bild þi long bold.</p> +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 63, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p>Erþ bilt<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_22" id = "tag_a2_22" href = +"#note_a2_22">22</a> castles, a<i>nd</i> erþe bilt toures;</p> +<p>Whan erþ is on erþe, blak beþ þe boures.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent2">Hum<i>us</i> q<i>ue</i>rit pl<i>ur</i>ima +sup<i>er</i> humu<i>m</i> bona,</p> +<p class = "linenum">68</p> +<p class = "indent2">Hum<i>us</i> e<i>st</i> mat<i>er</i> tua, i<i>n</i> +q<i>u</i>a sumas dona<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_23" id = +"tag_a2_23" href = "#note_a2_23">23</a>.</p> +<p class = "indent2">A<i>n</i>i<i>m</i>e sis famula s<i>upe</i>r +humu<i>m</i> prona;</p> +<p class = "indent2">Domu<i>m</i> d<i>e</i>i p<i>er</i>petra +m<i>un</i>do cu<i>m</i> corona.</p> +<p>Ops t<i>ur</i>res edificat ac castra de petra;</p> +<p class = "linenum">72</p> +<p>Q<i>ua</i>n<i>do</i><a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_24" id = +"tag_a2_24" href = "#note_a2_24">24</a> fatu<i>m</i> capiat, penora +<i>sun</i>t tetra.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page4" id = "page4">4</a></span> +<p class = "stanza indent2"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +Þenk man i<i>n</i> lond<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_25" id = +"tag_a2_25" href = "#note_a2_25">25</a> on þi last ende,</p> +<p class = "indent2">Whar of þou co<i>m</i> a<i>nd</i> whoder schaltou +wend.</p> +<p class = "indent2">Make þe wel at on wiþ hi<i>m</i> þ<i>a</i>t is so +hend,</p> +<p class = "linenum">76</p> +<p class = "indent2">A<i>nd</i> dred þe of þe dome lest sin þe +schend.</p> +<p>For he is<a class = "tag" name = "tag_a2_26" id = "tag_a2_26" href = +"#note_a2_26">26</a> king of blis, a<i>nd</i> mon of moch<i>e</i> +mede,</p> +<p>Þ<i>a</i>t deliþ þe dai f<i>r</i>am niȝt, a<i>nd</i> leniþ lif +a<i>nd</i> dede.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent2">De fine nouissimo mauors mediteris,</p> +<p class = "linenum">80</p> +<p class = "indent2">Huc q<i>u</i>o uen<i>er</i>is uico, dic q<i>u</i>o +g<i>r</i>adieris.</p> +<p class = "indent2">Miti p<i>r</i>ude<i>n</i>tissimo co<i>n</i>cordare +deris,</p> +<p class = "indent2">Hesides iudic[i]o<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_a2_27" id = "tag_a2_27" href = "#note_a2_27">27</a>, ne noxa +da<i>m</i>pneris.</p> +<p>Q<i>uia</i> rex e<i>st</i> gl<i>or</i>ie, dans m<i>en</i>sura +restat;</p> +<p class = "linenum">84</p> +<p>Mutat nocte<i>m</i> de die, vita<i>m</i> morte<i>m</i> prestat.</p> + +<p class = "stanza deep">Am<i>en</i>.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_a2_1" id = "note_a2_1" href = "#tag_a2_1">1.</a> +<i>Cf. Reliquiae Antiquae, <em><span class = "smallroman">II.</span> +216</em>; Furnivall, Early Eng. Poems and Lives of Saints, +<em>p. 150</em>; Heuser, Kildare-Gedichte, +<em>p. 180</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_2" id = "note_a2_2" href = "#tag_a2_2">2.</a> +<i>read <em>upon</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_3" id = "note_a2_3" href = "#tag_a2_3">3.</a> +<i>in margin <em>festi<i>n</i>e</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_4" id = "note_a2_4" href = "#tag_a2_4">4.</a> +<i>MS. <em>cepiam</em>, so Reliq. Ant.; Furn., Heuser, +<em>copiam</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_5" id = "note_a2_5" href = "#tag_a2_5">5.</a> +<i>MS. <em>simil’</em>, Furn. <em>simile</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_6" id = "note_a2_6" href = "#tag_a2_6">6.</a> +<i>MS. <em>b’riþ</em>, Furn., Reliq. Ant. <em>beriþ</em>, Heuser +<em>berriþ</em>, cf. l. 28.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_7" id = "note_a2_7" href = "#tag_a2_7">7.</a> +<i><em>muntiþ</em>, in margin <em>metit<i>ur</i></em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_8" id = "note_a2_8" href = "#tag_a2_8">8.</a> +<i>MS. originally <em>schynne</em>, <em>s</em> erased.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_9" id = "note_a2_9" href = "#tag_a2_9">9.</a> +<i><em>vult</em>, cf. Furn.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_10" id = "note_a2_10" href = "#tag_a2_10">10.</a> +<i>MS. <em>põita</em>, Furn., Heuser <em>posita</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_11" id = "note_a2_11" href = "#tag_a2_11">11.</a> +<i>in margin <em>t<i>r</i>ahu<i>nt</i></em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_12" id = "note_a2_12" href = "#tag_a2_12">12.</a> +<i>in margin <em>luc<i>r</i>ataris</em>, Heuser +<em>lucrabaris</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_13" id = "note_a2_13" href = "#tag_a2_13">13.</a> +<i>MS. <em>humo <ins class = "correction" title = +"printed as ‘q’ with line through stem: exact form unclear">ꝗ</ins></em>, +Reliq. Ant., Furn. <em>humoque</em>, Heuser <em>humo quod</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_14" id = "note_a2_14" href = "#tag_a2_14">14.</a> +<i>? <em>getith</em>, in margin <em>luc<i>ratur</i></em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_15" id = "note_a2_15" href = "#tag_a2_15">15.</a> +<i>MS. <em>uĩqȝ</em>, Reliq. Ant., Furn. <em>vincit</em>, Heuser +<em>vimque</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_16" id = "note_a2_16" href = "#tag_a2_16">16.</a> +<i>MS. <em>p<sup>a</sup>rtratur</em>, Furn. <em>portratur</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_17" id = "note_a2_17" href = "#tag_a2_17">17.</a> +<i>MS. <em>ar</em>, Heuser <em>a</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_18" id = "note_a2_18" href = "#tag_a2_18">18.</a> +<i>Heuser <em>grey</em> (lies <em>fou and grey</em>?).</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_19" id = "note_a2_19" href = "#tag_a2_19">19.</a> +<i>Furn. <em>est tam</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_20" id = "note_a2_20" href = "#tag_a2_20">20.</a> +<i>MS. <em>sẽtine</em>, Furn. <em>sentine</em>, Reliq. Ant. +<em>sentinæ</em>, so <em>reginæ</em>, <em>ruinæ</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_21" id = "note_a2_21" href = "#tag_a2_21">21.</a> +<i>MS. <em>Qñ</em>, Furn. <em>omne</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_22" id = "note_a2_22" href = "#tag_a2_22">22.</a> +<i>in margin <em>bildiþ</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_23" id = "note_a2_23" href = "#tag_a2_23">23.</a> +<i>Furn. H. <em>dorna</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_24" id = "note_a2_24" href = "#tag_a2_24">24.</a> +<i>MS. <em>qñ</em>, Furn. <em>quin</em> or <em>quando</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_25" id = "note_a2_25" href = "#tag_a2_25">25.</a> +<i>Heuser ? <em>ilome</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_26" id = "note_a2_26" href = "#tag_a2_26">26.</a> +<i>MS. <em>h<sup>e</sup>is</em>.</i><a class = "tag" name = "endtagA" id += "endtagA" href = "#endnoteA">A</a></p> + +<p><a name = "note_a2_27" id = "note_a2_27" href = "#tag_a2_27">27.</a> +<i>MS. <em>iudico</em>: Reliq. Ant. <em>judicio</em>, Furn., Heuser +<em>iudicio</em>.</i></p> +</div> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page5" id = "page5">5</a></span> + +<h3><a name = "poem_B" id = "poem_B">II<ins class = "correction" +title = ". missing">. </ins></a><br /> +<span class = "subhead"><b>B</b> VERSION.</span></h3> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_1" id = "poemB_1">1.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">William Billyng’s MS.</span> c. +1400-1430 ?.</h4> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b1_1" id = "tag_b1_1" href = +"#note_b1_1">1</a>Erth owte of erth is wondyrly wroght,</p> +<p>Ffor erth hath geten of erth a nobul thyng of noght,</p> +<p>Erthe uppon erthe hath set alle hys thoght</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>How erthe uppon erthe may be hygh broght.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erthe uppon erthe yet wolde be a kynge,</p> +<p>But how erth shall to erth thynketh he nothyng;</p> +<p>But when erth byddyth erth his dute hom bryng,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Than shall erth fro erth have a peteus<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b1_2" id = "tag_b1_2" href = "#note_b1_2">2</a> partyng.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erth wynnyth uppon erth both castellys and towris;</p> +<p>Than sayth erth unto erth: ‘This is alle owres’.</p> +<p>But whan erth uppon erth hath byllyd all his bowrys,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Thanne shalle erth for erth suffer sharpe showres.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erth byldyth uppon erth as molde uppo<i>n</i> molde,</p> +<p>And erth goth uppo<i>n</i> erth glyttryng alle gold,</p> +<p>Lyke as erth unto erth neuer goe sholde;</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>Ann justly tha[n]<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b1_3" id = "tag_b1_3" +href = "#note_b1_3">3</a> shalle erth go to erth rather þa<i>n</i><a +class = "tag" name = "tag_b1_4" id = "tag_b1_4" href = +"#note_b1_4">4</a> he wolde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Why man erth loveth erth wondyr me thynke,</p> +<p>Or why that erth for erth swet wylle or swynke,</p> +<p>Ffor whan erth uppon erth is broght w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>i<i>n</i> þe<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_b1_5" id = "tag_b1_5" href = +"#note_b1_5">5</a> brynke,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Than shal þe<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b1_6" id = "tag_b1_6" href = +"#note_b1_6">6</a> erth of erth have a ryght fowle sty[n]ke<a class = +"tag" href = "#note_b1_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +Memento<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b1_7" id = "tag_b1_7" href = +"#note_b1_7">7</a> ho<i>mo</i> quod cinis es <i>e</i>t in cinere<i>m</i> +reverteris.</p> +<p>Ffac bene du<i>m</i> vivis, post morte[m]<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b1_8" id = "tag_b1_8" href = "#note_b1_8">8</a> viv<i>er</i>e si +vis.</p> +<p>Wha<i>n</i> lyffe is most louyd and deth most hated,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Than deth drawyth hys drawght and maketh ma<i>n</i> ful naked.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b1_1" id = "note_b1_1" href = "#tag_b1_1">1.</a> +<i>From Bateman’s print (William Billyng, Five Wounds of Christ, +Manchester, 1814).</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b1_2" id = "note_b1_2" href = "#tag_b1_2">2.</a> +<i>Bateman <em>petrus</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b1_3" id = "note_b1_3" href = "#tag_b1_3">3.</a> +<i>B. <em>tha</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b1_4" id = "note_b1_4" href = "#tag_b1_4">4.</a> +<i>B. <em>yã</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b1_5" id = "note_b1_5" href = "#tag_b1_5">5.</a> +<i>B. <em>w<sup>t</sup>i y<sup>e</sup></em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b1_6" id = "note_b1_6" href = "#tag_b1_6">6.</a> +<i>B. <em>y<sup>e</sup></em>; <em>styke</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b1_7" id = "note_b1_7" href = "#tag_b1_7">7.</a> +<i>B. <em>momento</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b1_8" id = "note_b1_8" href = "#tag_b1_8">8.</a> +<i>B. <em>morte</em>.</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page6" id = "page6">6</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_2" id = "poemB_2">2.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Thornton.</span> c. 1440.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 279.]</p> + +<p class = "indent3">Memento homo Quod Sinis Es</p> +<p class = "indent3">Et in cenerem Reuerteris.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b2_1" id = "tag_b2_1" href = +"#note_b2_1">1</a>Erthe owte of erthe es wondirly wroghte,</p> +<p>Erthe hase getyn one erthe a dignyte of noghte,</p> +<p>Erthe appon<i>e</i> erthe hase sett alle his thoghte</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>How þat erthe appon<i>e</i> erthe may be heghe broghte.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erthe appon<i>e</i> erthe wolde be a kynge,</p> +<p>Bot howe þ<i>a</i>t erthe to erthe sail thynkis he no thynge.</p> +<p>When erthe bredis erthe & his rentis<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b2_2" id = "tag_b2_2" href = "#note_b2_2">2</a> home brynge,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Thane schalle<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b2_3" id = "tag_b2_3" href += "#note_b2_3">3</a> erthe of erthe hafe full harde partynge.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erthe appon<i>e</i> erthe wynnys castells and towrrys.</p> +<p>Thane saise<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b2_4" id = "tag_b2_4" href = +"#note_b2_4">4</a> erthe vnto erthe: ‘This es alle owrris’.</p> +<p>When erthe appo<i>ne</i> erthe hase bigged vp his bourris,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Than schalle erthe for erthe suffire scharpe scowrrys<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_b2_5" id = "tag_b2_5" href = "#note_b2_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erthe gose appon<i>e</i> erthe as golde appone golde,</p> +<p>He that gose appon<i>e</i> erthe gleterande as golde,</p> +<p>Lyke als erthe neu<i>er</i> more<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b2_6" id += "tag_b2_6" href = "#note_b2_6">6</a> goo to erthe scholde,</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>And ȝitt schal erthe vnto erthe ȝa rathere þan he wolde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Now why þ<i>a</i>t erthe luffis erthe wondire me thynke,</p> +<p>Or why þ<i>a</i>t erthe for erthe scholde oþ<i>er</i> swete or +swynke,</p> +<p>For when þ<i>a</i>t erthe appon<i>e</i> erthe es broghte +w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>in brynke,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Thane schalle erthe of erthe hafe a foulle stynke.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent3">Mors Soluit Omnia.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b2_1" id = "note_b2_1" href = "#tag_b2_1">1.</a> +<i>Cf. G. G. Perry, Religious Poems in Prose and Verse (E.E.T.S. <em>No. +xxvi. 1867, p. 95, 1889, p. 96</em>); C. Horstmann, +Yorkshire Writers, <em>1. 373</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b2_2" id = "note_b2_2" href = "#tag_b2_2">2.</a> +<i>repeated in MS. <em>rentys</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b2_3" id = "note_b2_3" href = "#tag_b2_3">3.</a> +<i>Perry <em>sall</em>, MS., Horstmann <em>schalle</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b2_4" id = "note_b2_4" href = "#tag_b2_4">4.</a> +<i>perh. <em>sase</em>, MS. indistinct, Perry <em>thus +sase</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b2_5" id = "note_b2_5" href = "#tag_b2_5">5.</a> +<i>perh. <em>stourrys</em> as in Perry, but all other texts have +<em>schowrys</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b2_6" id = "note_b2_6" href = "#tag_b2_6">6.</a> +<i>MS. <em>more</em>, Perry <em>mare</em>.</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page7" id = "page7">7</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_3" id = "poemB_3">3.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Selden</span> Supra 53. c. +1450.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 159, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b3_1" id = "tag_b3_1" href = +"#note_b3_1">1</a>Erthe apon erthe ys wonderly wroth<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_b3_2" id = "tag_b3_2" href = "#note_b3_2">2</a>,</p> +<p>Erthe apon erthe hath worschyp of nogth,</p> +<p>Erthe apon erthe hath set<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b3_3" id = +"tag_b3_3" href = "#note_b3_3">3</a> al hys thowth</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>How erthe apon erth myth be hy browth.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erthe apon erth wolde be a kyng<i>e</i>;</p> +<p>How erth schal to þe erth thy[n]k<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b3_4" +id = "tag_b3_4" href = "#note_b3_4">4</a> he no thyng<i>e</i>.</p> +<p>Whan erth bydyth erth hys rent h[om]e<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_b3_4">4</a> bryng<i>e</i>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Þan schal erth fro þe erth [haue]<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b3_5" +id = "tag_b3_5" href = "#note_b3_5">5</a> a delful partyng<i>e</i><a +class = "tag" name = "tag_b3_6" id = "tag_b3_6" href = +"#note_b3_6">6</a>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erth apon erth wyn[nyth ca<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b3_7" id = +"tag_b3_7" href = "#note_b3_7">7</a>]stellys <i>and</i> towrys;</p> +<p>Þan seyth erth to þe erth: ‘Þose beth al owrys’.</p> +<p>Whan erth apon erth hath byggyt al hys bowrys<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b3_8" id = "tag_b3_8" href = "#note_b3_8">8</a>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Þan schal erth for þe erth suffyr scharpe [s]chowrys<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_b3_9" id = "tag_b3_9" href = "#note_b3_9">9</a>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Lo erth apon erth consyder þ<i>o</i>u may</p> +<p>Þ<i>a</i>t erth cometh owte of þ<i>e</i> erth nakyt alway.</p> +<p>Þan how scholde erth apon erthe be prowt [or gay]<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_b3_10" id = "tag_b3_10" href = "#note_b3_10">10</a></p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>Whan erth schal to þ<i>e</i> erth in so pore aray?</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Erth goth on erth as molde doþe on molde,</p> +<p>Erth goth on erth glydderande in golde,</p> +<p>Lyk as erth to erth neuyre go scholde.</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Ȝyt schal erth to þ<i>e</i> erth rathyr þan þey wolde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +I cowsayl erth apon erth þ<i>a</i>t wykytly hath wroht,</p> +<p>Whyle erth ys apon erth to turne al hys tho[w]th<a class = "tag" name += "tag_b3_11" id = "tag_b3_11" href = "#note_b3_11">11</a>.</p> +<p>Now pray we to God þ<i>a</i>t al erth wrowth,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Þat erth owt of erth to blys myth be browth.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b3_1" id = "note_b3_1" href = "#tag_b3_1">1.</a> +<i>The poem is in a different hand on the last leaf of the MS., and the +writing is much worn and stained, and in many cases barely legible. +A few letters have been re-written in black ink by a later +hand.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b3_2" id = "note_b3_2" href = "#tag_b3_2">2.</a> +<i><em>wroht</em>, cf. <em>nogth</em>, <em>thowth</em>, <em>browth</em>, +and similar cases of <em>th</em> for <em>ht</em> in v. 6.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b3_3" id = "note_b3_3" href = "#tag_b3_3">3.</a> +<i>MS. perhaps <em>iset</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b3_4" id = "note_b3_4" href = "#tag_b3_4">4.</a> +<i>MS. obscure.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b3_5" id = "note_b3_5" href = "#tag_b3_5">5.</a> +<i>omitted in MS.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b3_6" id = "note_b3_6" href = "#tag_b3_6">6.</a> +<i><em>partyn</em> re-written in black ink, <em>ge</em> of the original +hand still clear.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b3_7" id = "note_b3_7" href = "#tag_b3_7">7.</a> +<i>MS. stained and illegible; portions of <em>nyth a</em> seem to be +visible.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b3_8" id = "note_b3_8" href = "#tag_b3_8">8.</a> +<i><em>bow</em> in original hand, <em>rys</em> re-written in black +ink.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b3_9" id = "note_b3_9" href = "#tag_b3_9">9.</a> +<i>The second hand has re-written <em>chowrys</em> ignoring the +<em>s</em> which is no longer visible.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b3_10" id = "note_b3_10" href = "#tag_b3_10">10.</a> +<i><em>o</em> and <em>y</em> re-written, the rest illegible.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b3_11" id = "note_b3_11" href = "#tag_b3_11">11.</a> +<i><em>w</em> no longer legible.</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page8" id = "page8">8</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_4" id = "poemB_4">4.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Egerton 1995.</span> c. +1430-1450.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 55, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "center">(William Gregory’s Commonplace-Book.)</p> + +<p class = "stanza">Memento homo q<i>uod</i> cinis es et in cinerem +reuerteris.</p> +<p>Whenne lyfe ys moste louyde, and dethe ys moste hatyde,</p> +<p>Dethe drawythe hys draught<i>e</i>, and makythe man nakyde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">4</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +Erthe owte of þe erthe ys wounderly wrought<i>e</i>,</p> +<p>Erthe vppon erthe hathe sette hys thought<i>e</i></p> +<p>Howe erthe a-pon erthe may be hy brought<i>e</i><a class = "tag" name += "tag_b4_1" id = "tag_b4_1" href = "#note_b4_1">1</a>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">8</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erthe vppon erthe wolde be a kynge;</p> +<p>Howe erthe shalle vnto erthe thynkythe he noo thynge.</p> +<p>Whenne erthe byddys erthe hys rentys home brynge,</p> +<p>Thenne shalle erthe of the erthe haue a pytyus partynge.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">12</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erthe a-pon erthe wynnys castellis and towrys;</p> +<p>Thenne erthe saythe vnto<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b4_2" id = +"tag_b4_2" href = "#note_b4_2">2</a> erthe: ‘Thys ys alle owrys’.</p> +<p>Whenne erthe a-pon erthe hathe bylde vppe hys bourys,</p> +<p>Thenne shalle erthe for the erthe suffer sharpe schowrys.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">16</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erthe goythe a-pon erthe as molde a-pon molde;</p> +<p>Erthe gothe a-pon erthe alle gleterynge in golde,</p> +<p>Lyke as erthe vnto erthe neuyr [go]<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b4_3" +id = "tag_b4_3" href = "#note_b4_3">3</a> scholde,</p> +<p>And yet shalle erthe vnto erthe rathyr thenne he wolde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">20</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Why erthe louythe erthe woundyr I thynke,</p> +<p>Or why erthe for the erthe swete wylle or swynke,</p> +<p>Ffor whenne erthe a-pon erthe ys brought<i>e</i> w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>yn +brynke,</p> +<p>Thenne shalle erthe of erthe haue a foule stynke.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">24</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +Loo erthe a-pon erthe consyder þ<i>o</i>u may</p> +<p>Howe erthe comythe to erthe nakyd alle day.</p> +<p>Why scholde erthe a-pon erthe goo stowte and gay,</p> +<p>Syn erthe vnto erthe shalle pas in pore a-ray?</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">28</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +I consylle erthe a-pon erthe þ<i>a</i>t wyckydly hathe +wrought<i>e</i>,</p> +<p>Whyle erthe ys a-pon erthe to turne vppe hys thought<i>e</i>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 55, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p>And pray to God a-pon erthe that alle the erthe hathe +wrought<i>e</i>,</p> +<p>That erthe owte of the erthe to blys may be brought.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent6">Amen. Caue si vis.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b4_1" id = "note_b4_1" href = "#tag_b4_1">1.</a> +<i>The second line in omitted here and in No. 5, where a new line has +been added.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b4_2" id = "note_b4_2" href = "#tag_b4_2">2.</a> +<i>MS. <em>vnt</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b4_3" id = "note_b4_3" href = "#tag_b4_3">3.</a> +<i>Omitted in MS., but required by metre.</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page9" id = "page9">9</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_5" id = "poemB_5">5.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Harleian 1671.</span> 15th +century.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 1*, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +Erthe apon erthe ys waxyne and wrought<i>e</i>,</p> +<p>And erthe apon erthe hathe ysette all<i>e</i> hys thought<i>e</i></p> +<p>Howe that erth<i>e</i> apon erth<i>e</i> hye myght be +brought<i>e</i>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>But how that erth<i>e</i> scal to the erth<i>e</i> thyngketh<i>e</i> +he noht<i>e</i>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erthe apon erth<i>e</i> wolde be a kyng,</p> +<p>Butte how that erth<i>e</i> schal to erth<i>e</i> thynketh he no +thynge,</p> +<p>Ffor when erth<i>e</i> byddyth<i>e</i> erth<i>e</i> hys rente home<a +class = "tag" name = "tag_b5_1" id = "tag_b5_1" href = +"#note_b5_1">1</a> brynge,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Than hath<i>e</i> erth<i>e</i> apon erth<i>e</i> heuy partyng.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Eerthe apon erth<i>e</i> wynnyth castells and touris,</p> +<p>And erth<i>e</i> sayth<i>e</i> to the erth<i>e</i>: ‘Thys ys +all<i>e</i> ourys’.</p> +<p>Wanne erth<i>e</i> apon erth<i>e</i> syttyth<i>e</i> wyth-in hys +bovrys,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Yeȝt schall<i>e</i> erth<i>e</i><a class = "tag" name = "tag_b5_2" id += "tag_b5_2" href = "#note_b5_2">2</a> for the erthe suffre scharpe +schourys.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erth<i>e</i> goyth<i>e</i> on erth<i>e</i> as mowlde apon<i>ne</i> +mowlde,</p> +<p>And erth<i>e</i> goyth on erth<i>e</i> gletterant as golde,</p> +<p>Like as erth<i>e</i> apon erth<i>e</i> neuer dye schoulde.</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>Ȝyt schall erth<i>e</i> to the erth<i>e</i> rather than he wolde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Why that erth<i>e</i> louyth erth<i>e</i> wond<i>er</i> me thynke,</p> +<p>Or why that erth<i>e</i> apon erth<i>e</i> swete or swynke,</p> +<p>Ffor whan<i>ne</i> erth<i>e</i> apon erth<i>e</i> ys brought wyth-in +the brynke,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Than ys erth<i>e</i> apon erth<i>e</i> botte a fowle stynke.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +Erth<i>e</i> apon erth<i>e</i> knoweth<i>e</i> eche day</p> +<p>Howe erth<i>e</i> cometh to the erth<i>e</i> naked all<i>e</i> +waye.</p> +<p>Why schulde erth<i>e</i> apon erth<i>e</i> go stowte or gay,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Syth erth<i>e</i> apon erth<i>e</i> schal passe in pore aray?</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +I cowncell<i>e</i> erth<i>e</i> apon erth<i>e</i> that wonderly hath +wrought<i>e</i></p> +<p>Whyles that erth<i>e</i> ys apon erth<i>e</i> to turne all hys +thought<i>e</i>,</p> +<p>And y pray to God apon erth<i>e</i> that all<i>e</i> erth<i>e</i> +hath wrought<i>e</i>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>That erth<i>e</i> out of erth<i>e</i> to blysse may be +brought<i>e</i>. Amen.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent4"><a class = "tag" name = "tag_b5_3" id = +"tag_b5_3" href = "#note_b5_3">3</a>Whanne lyf ys moste louyd,</p> +<p class = "indent4">And dethe ys most hatyd,</p> +<p class = "indent4">Dethe drawyth hys drawghte</p> +<p class = "linenum">32</p> +<p class = "indent4">And maketh a man ful naked.</p> +<p class = "indent6">De t<i>er</i>ra plasmasti me.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b5_1" id = "note_b5_1" href = "#tag_b5_1">1.</a> +<i>MS. <em>hime</em> crossed out, and <em>home</em> written in same +line</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_b5_2" id = "note_b5_2" href = "#tag_b5_2">2.</a> +<i>MS. <em>erht<i>e</i></em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b5_3" id = "note_b5_3" href = "#tag_b5_3">3.</a> +<i>written parallel with the poem in the right-hand column. +A signature apparently follows, but is indecipherable.</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page10" id = "page10">10</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_6" id = "poemB_6">6.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Brighton</span>. 15th century.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 90, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b6_1" id = "tag_b6_1" href = +"#note_b6_1">1</a>Erthe oute of erthe is wondyrly +wroghte,</p> +<p>Erthe vpon erthe gete nobley of noughte,</p> +<p>Erthe vpon erthe has sete all his thovghte</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>How erthe vpon erthe may be hye brovghte.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erthe vpon erthe wolde be a kynge,</p> +<p>How erthe sall to erthe thenkys he nothyng,</p> +<p>For whan erthe byddes erthe his rent home brynge,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Þan sall erthe from erthe haf petus +p<i>ar</i>tynge.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erthe vpon erthe wynnes castells and tours;</p> +<p>Than says erthe vnto erthe: ‘This is all ovres’.</p> +<p>But whan erthe opon erthe has bigged his borowes,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Than sall erthe for the erthe sofur sharpe shovres.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erthe gothe vpon erthe os movlde opon movlde,</p> +<p>Erthe gothe opon erthe glyd<i>er</i>yng os golde,</p> +<p>Lyke as erthe to erthe neu<i>er</i> go shulde.</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>Ȝyte shall erthe to erthe rather þan he wolde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Why þ<i>a</i>t erthe loues erthe wond<i>er</i> me +thynkes,</p> +<p>Vr why þ<i>a</i>t erthe vpon erthe swetys or +swynkes,</p> +<p>Ffor whan erthe opon erthe is brente +w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>in þe brynkes,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Þan sall erthe of the erthe hafe a foule stynke.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +Lo erthe vpon erthe consider þou may</p> +<p>How erthe comes into þe erthe nakyd all way.</p> +<p>Why sulde erthe vpon erthe go stovte or gay,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Sethen erthe oute of erthe sall passe in por aray?</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +I concell erthe opon erthe þ<i>a</i>t wykkydly has +wrouthe,</p> +<p>The whyle þ<i>a</i>t erthe is vpon erthe to turn vp his +thouthe,</p> +<p>And praye to God vpon erthe þat all the erthe +wrouhte,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>Þ<i>a</i>t erthe oute of erthe to blys may be +browthe.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b6_1" id = "note_b6_1" href = "#tag_b6_1">1.</a> +<i>Printed, by kind permission, from H. G. Fiedler’s text (Mod. Lang. +Review, <em><span class = "smallroman">III.</span> iii. +219</em>).</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page11" id = "page11">11</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_7" id = "poemB_7">7.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">Stratford-on-Avon Inscription.</span> +15th century.</h4> + +<p class = "center">(Formerly in the Chapel of the Trinity.)</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +Erthe oute of erth ys wondurly wroght,</p> +<p>Erth hath gotyn vppon erth a dygnyte of noght,</p> +<p>Erth ypon erth hath sett<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b7_1" id = +"tag_b7_1" href = "#note_b7_1">1</a> all hys thowht</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>How erth apon erth may be hey browght.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erth vpon erth wold be a kyng,</p> +<p>But how that erth gott to erth he thyngkys<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b7_2" id = "tag_b7_2" href = "#note_b7_2">2</a> nothyng.</p> +<p>When erth byddys erth hys rentys whom bryng,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Then schall erth apon erth haue a hard p<i>ar</i>tyng<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_b7_3" id = "tag_b7_3" href = "#note_b7_3">3</a>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erth apon erth wy<i>n</i>nys castellys and towrys;</p> +<p>Then seth erth vnto erth: ‘Thys ys all owrys’.</p> +<p>When erth apon erth hath bylde hye<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b7_4" +id = "tag_b7_4" href = "#note_b7_4">4</a> bowrys,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Then schall erth for erth suffur many hard schowrys.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erth goth apon erth as man apon mowld,</p> +<p>Lyke as erth apon erth neu<i>er</i><a class = "tag" name = "tag_b7_5" +id = "tag_b7_5" href = "#note_b7_5">5</a> goo schold.</p> +<p>Erth goth apon erth as glisteryng gold,</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>And yet schall erth vnto erth rather then he wold.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Why that erth loueth erth wondur me thynke,</p> +<p>Or why that erth wold for erth other swett or swynke.</p> +<p>When erth apon erth ys broght w<i>ith</i>yn the brynke,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Then schall erth apon erth have a fowll stynke.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +Lo erth on erth, consedur thow may</p> +<p>How erth co<i>m</i>myth to erth nakyd all way.</p> +<p>Why schall erth apon erth goo stowte or gay,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Seth erth out of erth schall passe yn poor aray?</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +I counsill erth apone erth that ys wondurly wrogt,</p> +<p>The w<i>h</i>yll<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b7_6" id = "tag_b7_6" +href = "#note_b7_6">6</a> þ<i>a</i>t erth ys apon erthe to torne hys +thowht,</p> +<p>And pray to God vpon erth þ<i>a</i>t all erth wroght,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>That all crystyn soullys to þe<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b7_7" id = +"tag_b7_7" href = "#note_b7_7">7</a> blis may be broght.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b7_1" id = "note_b7_1" href = "#tag_b7_1">1.</a> +<i>Fisher (Facsimile of inscription) <em>seth</em>; Reeves (Mod. Lang. +Notes, ix. 4, 203) <em>sett</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b7_2" id = "note_b7_2" href = "#tag_b7_2">2.</a> +<i>Reeves <em>thynkys</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b7_3" id = "note_b7_3" href = "#tag_b7_3">3.</a> +<i>Fisher, Reeves <em>ptyng</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b7_4" id = "note_b7_4" href = "#tag_b7_4">4.</a> +<i>Fisher <em>hye</em>, Reeves <em>hys</em>; cf. H. 4486 hath</i> <ins +class = "correction" title = "printed in italics">bygged hy his +bowres</ins></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b7_5" id = "note_b7_5" href = "#tag_b7_5">5.</a> +<i>Fisher <em>neuu</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b7_6" id = "note_b7_6" href = "#tag_b7_6">6.</a> +<i>Fisher, Reeves <em>w<sup>h</sup>yll</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b7_7" id = "note_b7_7" href = "#tag_b7_7">7.</a> +<i>Fisher <em>y</em> for <em>y<sup>e</sup></em>.</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page12" id = "page12">12</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_8" id = "poemB_8">8.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Rawlinson C. 307.</span> c. +1460.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 2, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p>Memento homo quod cinis es et in cinerem reuerteris.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +Erthe opon erthe hath set all<i>e</i> his thoght</p> +<p>How that erthe opon erthe may be hy broght.</p> +<p>Erthe oute of erthe is wonderly wroght,</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>Erthe hase of erthe a dignytie of noght.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erthe opon erthe wolde be a kyng,</p> +<p>Bot how erthe shall<i>e</i> to erthe thynkis he nothyng.</p> +<p>Ya bot when erthe byddis erthe his rentis hym bryng,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Than shall<i>e</i> erthe hafe of erthe a full<i>e</i> harde +p<i>ar</i>tyng.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erthe opon erthe byggis castels and towres,</p> +<p>Than sais erthe vnto erthe: ‘All<i>e</i> þis is ours’.</p> +<p>Ya bot when erthe opon erthe hath byggid vp his bowres,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Than shall<i>e</i> erthe<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b8_1" id = +"tag_b8_1" href = "#note_b8_1">1</a> for erthe suffre sharpe +showres.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erth<i>e</i> gose on erthe<a class = "tag" href = "#note_b8_1">1</a> +glitterand as golde,</p> +<p>Like as erthe<a class = "tag" href = "#note_b8_1">1</a> vnto erthe<a +class = "tag" href = "#note_b8_1">1</a> neu<i>er</i> go shulde.</p> +<p>Ya bot when erthe goeth on erthe as colde opon colde,</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>Yit shall<i>e</i> erthe vnto erthe rather þan<i>ne</i> he wolde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Whi that erthe luffis erthe wondre me thynke,</p> +<p>Or whi þat erthe for erthe swete wyll<i>e</i> or swynke,</p> +<p>Ffor when erthe<a class = "tag" href = "#note_b8_1">1</a> opon erthe +is brought with-in brynke,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Than shall<i>e</i> erthe hafe of erthe<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_b8_1">1</a> a wonder foule stynke.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +What may erthe say to erthe at beste tyme of all<i>e</i>?</p> +<p>Noght bot þ<i>a</i>t erthe opon erthe shall<i>e</i> hafe a +fall<i>e</i>.</p> +<p>Bot when erthe oute of erthe<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_b8_1">1</a> shall<i>e</i> com to the laste call<i>e</i>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Than sall<i>e</i> erthe be<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b8_2" id = +"tag_b8_2" href = "#note_b8_2">2</a> full<i>e</i> ferde for þe sely +sall<i>e</i>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +Beholde þ<i>o</i>u erthe opon erthe what worship þ<i>o</i>u hase,</p> +<p>And thynk þ<i>o</i>u erthe opon erthe what maistres þ<i>o</i>u +mase,</p> +<p>And how erthe opon erthe what gatis at þ<i>o</i>u gase,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>And þ<i>o</i>u sall<i>e</i> fynde it forsuthe that þ<i>o</i>u haste +many fase.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">8</span> +Now he þ<i>a</i>t erthe opon erthe ordande<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b8_3" id = "tag_b8_3" href = "#note_b8_3">3</a> to go</p> +<p>Graunte þ<i>a</i>t erthe vpon erthe may govern hym so,</p> +<p>Þat when erthe vnto erthe shall<i>e</i> be taken to,</p> +<p class = "linenum">32</p> +<p>That þe saule of þis erthe suffre no wo.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><i>Final <em>n</em> is often written <em>n~</em>; so +<em>m~</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b8_1" id = "note_b8_1" href = "#tag_b8_1">1.</a> +<i>possibly MS. <em>ertha</em>; final <em>e</em> in this MS. is often +written very like <em>a</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b8_2" id = "note_b8_2" href = "#tag_b8_2">2.</a> +<i>looks like <em>ba</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b8_3" id = "note_b8_3" href = "#tag_b8_3">3.</a> +<i>looks like <em>ordanda</em>.</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page13" id = "page13">13</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_9" id = "poemB_9">9.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Harleian 4486.</span> 15th +century.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 146, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p>Memento homo q<i>uo</i>d cinis es & [in] cinerem +reu<i>er</i>teris,</p> +<p>Ffac b<i>e</i>n<i>e</i> du<i>m</i> viuis, post morte<i>m</i> viuere +si vis.</p> +<p>When<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b9_1" id = "tag_b9_1" href = +"#note_b9_1">1</a> lyffe is most loued<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_b9_1">1</a>, & deth is moste hated,</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>Then dethe<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b9_2" id = "tag_b9_2" href = +"#note_b9_2">2</a> draweth<i>e</i> his drawght<i>e</i> & +makyth<i>e</i> man full<i>e</i> naked.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +Erthe owte of erthe is wonderly wrowght<i>e</i>,</p> +<p>Erthe of the erthe hathe gete an abbey of nawte,</p> +<p>Erthe apon erthe hath<i>e</i> sett all<i>e</i> his thowghte</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>How erthe apon erthe may be hye browte.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erthe apon erthe be he<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b9_3" id = "tag_b9_3" +href = "#note_b9_2">3</a> a kyng<i>e</i>,</p> +<p>Butt how erth<i>e</i> schall<i>e</i> to erthe thynketh<i>e</i> he +nothyng<i>e</i>.</p> +<p><a class = "tag" name = "tag_b9_4" id = "tag_b9_4" href = +"#note_b9_4">4</a>When erthe byddeth<i>e</i> erthe his rent home +bryng<i>e</i>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Then schall<i>e</i> erthe owte of erthe haue a pyteous +p<i>ar</i>tyng<i>e</i>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erthe apon erthe wynneth<i>e</i> castell<i>es</i> & towres.</p> +<p>Then seyth<i>e</i> erthe to erthe: ‘These byth<i>e</i> all<i>e</i> +owres’.</p> +<p>When erthe apon erthe hath bygged<i>e</i> vp his bowres,</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>Then schall<i>e</i> erthe for the erthe suffre scharpe schowres.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erthe gothe apon erthe as molde apon molde.</p> +<p>So goeth<i>e</i> erthe apon erthe all<i>e</i> gleteryng<i>e</i> in +golde,</p> +<p>Lyke as erthe into erthe neu<i>er</i> go scholde,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>And ȝet schalle erthe into erth<i>e</i> rather then he wolde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Why erthe loueth<i>e</i> erthe wonder me thynke,</p> +<p>Or why that erthe for erthe swete wyll<i>e</i> or swynke,</p> +<p>Ffor whan erthe apon erthe is browte w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>yn þe +brynke,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Then schall<i>e</i> erthe of the erthe haue a fowle stynke.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +Loo, erthe apon erthe, consyder<i>e</i> thow may</p> +<p>How erthe com<i>m</i>yth<i>e</i> to erthe naked all<i>e</i> way.</p> +<p>Why scholde erthe apon erthe go stowte or gay,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>Whan erthe schall<i>e</i> passe owte of erthe in a pore aray?</p> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 146, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +Therfor erthe apon erthe that wykedly hast wrought<i>e</i>,</p> +<p>Whyle erthe is apon erthe torne agayne thy thowght<i>e</i>,</p> +<p>And pray to God apon erthe that all<i>e</i> erthe hath wroughte</p> +<p class = "linenum">32</p> +<p>That this erthe apon this erthe to blysse may be browte.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page14" id = "page14">14</a></span> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">8</span> +Now Lorde that madyst for erthe & sufferdyst paynes ylle,</p> +<p>Lett neu<i>er</i> this erthe for this erthe i<i>n</i> myschyffe +spylle,</p> +<p>But that this erthe in this erthe be eu<i>er</i> worchyng<i>e</i> thy +wylle,</p> +<p class = "linenum">36</p> +<p>So that this erthe fro þ<i>is</i> erthe may stye vp to thy hylle.</p> + +<p class = "stanza deep">Amen.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b9_1" id = "note_b9_1" href = "#tag_b9_1">1.</a> +<i>Final <em>n</em> is uniformly written <em>n~</em> in this text +excepting in the word <em>in</em>. Final <em>d</em> is frequently +written <em>d~</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b9_2" id = "note_b9_2" href = "#tag_b9_2">2, 3.</a> +<i>added above the line.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b9_4" id = "note_b9_4" href = "#tag_b9_4">4.</a> +<i>The first words in ll. 11, 14, 15 seem to have been freshened +up.</i></p> +</div> + + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_10" id = "poemB_10">10.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Lambeth 853.</span> c. +1430-1450.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 35.]</p> + +<p class = "stanza">Whanne liif is moost loued, and deeþ is moost +hatid:</p> +<p>Þanne dooþ deeþ drawe his drawȝt, & makiþ ma<i>n</i> ful +nakid.</p> +<p class = "indent6">De terra plasmasti me, <i>&c.</i></p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">4</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +Erþe out of erþe is wondirly wrouȝt,</p> +<p>Erþe of erþe haþ gete a dignyte of nouȝt,</p> +<p>Erþe upo<i>n</i> erþe haþ sett al his þouȝt,</p> +<p>How þat erþe upon erþe may be hiȝ brouȝt.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">8</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erþe upon erþe wold he be a king;</p> +<p>B<i>u</i>t how erþe schal to erþe þenkiþ he no [fol. 36] þing;</p> +<p>Wha<i>n</i>ne þat erþe biddiþ erþe hise rentis hom bring,</p> +<p>Þan schal erþe out of erþe haue a piteuous parting.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">12</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erþe vpon erþe wy<i>n</i>neþ castels & touris,</p> +<p>Þan seiþ erþe to erþe: ‘Now is þis al houris’.</p> +<p>Wha<i>n</i>ne erþe upon erþe haþ biggid up hise boure[s],</p> +<p>Þanne schal erþe upo<i>n</i> erþe suffir scharpe schouris.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">16</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erþe gooth vpon erþe as molde upon molde,</p> +<p>So gooth erþe upon erþe al gliteringe in golde,</p> +<p>Like as erþe vnto erþe neu<i>er</i>e go schulde,</p> +<p>And ȝit schal erþe vnto erthe raþ<i>er</i> þan he wolde.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page15" id = "page15">15</a></span> +<p class = "stanza linenum">20</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +O þ<i>o</i>u wrecchid erþe þat on erþe traueilist nyȝt and day,</p> +<p>To florische þe erþe, to peynte þe erþe wit<i>h</i> wantowne +aray,</p> +<p>Ȝit schal þou erþe for al þi erþe, make þou it neu<i>er</i>e so +queynte & gay,</p> +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 37.]</p> +<p>Out of þis erþe in-to þe erþe, þ<i>er</i>e to clinge as a clot of +clay.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">24</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +O wrecchid man whi art þ<i>o</i>u proud, þat art of þe erþe makid?</p> +<p>Hid<i>er</i> brouȝttist þou no schroud, but poore come þou and +nakid.</p> +<p>Whanne þi soule is went out, & þi bodi in erþe rakid,</p> +<p>Þan þi bodi þat was rank & undeuout, of alle men is bihatid.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">28</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +Out of þis erþe cam to þis erþe þis wrecchid garnement;</p> +<p>To hide þis erþe, to happe þis erþe, to hi<i>m</i> was cloþinge +lente;</p> +<p>Now gooþ erþe upon erþe, ruli raggid and rent,</p> +<p>Þ<i>er</i>fore schal erþe vndir þe erþe haue hidiose turment.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">32</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">8</span> +Whi þat erþe to myche loueþ erþe wondir me þink,</p> +<p>Or whi þat erþe for sup<i>er</i>flue erþe to sore sweete wole or +swynk;</p> +<p>Ffor wha<i>n</i>ne þat erþe upo<i>n</i> erþe is brouȝt +w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>i<i>n</i>ne þe brink,</p> +<p>Þan schal erþe of þe erþe haue a rewful swynk.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">36</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">9</span> +Lo erþe upon erþe considere þou may,</p> +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 38.]</p> +<p>How erþe comeþ i<i>n</i>to erþe nakid al way,</p> +<p>Whi schulde erþe upon erþe go now so stoute or gay,</p> +<p>Wha<i>n</i>ne erþe schal passe out of erþe in so poore aray?</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">10</span> +Wolde God þ<i>er</i>fore þis erþe, while þat he is upon this erþe,</p> +<p class = "linenum">40</p> +<p class = "indent3">Vpon þis wolde he<i>r</i>tili þinke,</p> +<p>& how þe erþe out of þe erþe schal haue his aȝen-risynge,</p> +<p>And þis erþe for þis erþe schal ȝeelde streite rekenyng;</p> +<p>Schulde neu<i>er</i>e þan þis erþe for þis erþe mysplese heuene +king.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">44</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">11</span> +Þerfore þou erþe upon erþe put so wickidli hast wrouȝt,</p> +<p>While þat þou erþe art upon erþe turne aȝen þi þouȝt,</p> +<p>And praie to þat God upo<i>n</i> erþe þat al þe erþe haþ wrouȝt,</p> +<p>Þat þou erþe upon erþe to blis may be brouȝt.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page16" id = "page16">16</a></span> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">48</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">12</span> +O þou Lord þat madist þis erþe for þis erþe & suffridist heere +peynes ille,</p> +<p>Lete neu<i>er</i>e þis erþe for þis erþe myscheue ne spille,</p> +<p>But þat þis erþe on þis [fol. 39] erþe be eu<i>er</i>e worchinge þi +wille,</p> +<p>So þ<i>a</i>t þis erþe from þis erþe may stie up to þin hiȝ +hille.</p> + +<p class = "stanza deep">Amen.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">52</p> +<p class = "stanza">Memento homo quod cinis es, et i<i>n</i> +cinere<i>m</i> reu<i>er</i>teris,</p> +<p>Ffac bene dum viuis. post mortem viu<i>er</i>e si uis.</p> +<p>Tangere qui gaudet. meretricem qualiter audet.</p> +<p>Palmis pollutis. regem tractare salutis.</p> +<p class = "linenum">56</p> +<p>Credo in deum patrem omnipotentem.</p> + +</div> + +<p class = "center"> +(<i>Here follows the Creed in English verse.</i>)</p> + + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_11" id = "poemB_11">11.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Laud Misc.</span> 23. Before +1450.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 111, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p>Whan lyf is moost louyd & deeþ is moost hatyd:</p> +<p>Thanne deeth drawyth his draut and makith man ful nakid.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +Erthe out of erthe is wo<i>n</i>dirly wrouȝt,</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>Erthe of the erthe hath gete a dignyte of nowth<i>e</i>,</p> +<p>Erthe vp-on e<i>r</i>the hath set al his thouȝt</p> +<p>How that erthe vp-on erthe may be hyȝ browth.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erthe vp-on erthe wolde be a kyng;</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>But how erthe shal to erthe thinkiþ he no thi<i>n</i>g;</p> +<p>Wha<i>n</i> that erthe biddeth erthe his rentys hoom bring,</p> +<p>Thanne shal erthe out of the erthe haue a pet<i>ous</i> partyng.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page17" id = "page17">17</a></span> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erthe vp-on erthe wynnyth castellis and towris<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b11_1" id = "tag_b11_1" href = "#note_b11_1">1</a>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Tha<i>n</i>ne seith erthe to erthe: ‘This is al owris.’</p> +<p>Whan erthe vp-on erthe hath biggid alle his bouris,</p> +<p>Thanne shal erthe for erthe suffre sharp showris.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erthe gooth up-on erthe as moolde vp-on moolde,</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>So gooth erthe vp-on erthe al gleteryng in goolde,</p> +<p>Like as erthe vn-to erthe neu<i>er</i>e goo<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b11_2" id = "tag_b11_2" href = "#note_b11_2">2</a> shulde;</p> +<p>Yit shal erthe vnto erþe<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b11_3" id = +"tag_b11_3" href = "#note_b11_3">3</a> rather<i>e</i> than he wolde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +O thou wrecchid erthe, that on the erthe [fol. 112, <ins class = +"correction" title = "text reads ‘2^o’">r<sup>o</sup></ins>] traueylist +nyȝt and day,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>To florissh<i>e</i> the erthe, to peynte the erthe wyth wantone +a-ray;</p> +<p>Ȝit shal thow erthe, for all<i>e</i> thyn erthe, make thow it +neu<i>er</i> so queynt & gay,</p> +<p>Out of the erthe in-to the erthe, ther to clynge as clot of clay.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +O wrecchide man whi art thow p<i>r</i>ude, that art of erthe makid?</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Hidir broutyst thow no shroude, but por<i>e</i> cam thow & +nakid.</p> +<p>Whan thi soule is went out, & thi body in erthe rakid,</p> +<p>Tha<i>n</i>ne thi body that was rank and louyd of alle men, is +hatyd.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +Out of the erthe cam to this erthe his wantyng garneme<i>n</i>t;</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>To hyde this erthe, to wrappe this erthe, to him was clothing +lent;</p> +<p>Now gooth erthe up-on erthe, ruly raggid and rent,</p> +<p>Therfor shal erthe vndir erthe haue hidous turme<i>n</i>t.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">8</span> +Whi that erthe louyth erthe wondir me thinke,</p> +<p class = "linenum">32</p> +<p>Or whi that erthe for erthe swete wole or swinke;</p> +<p>Ffor whan that erthe up-on the erthe is brouȝt wyth-i<i>n</i>ne the +brinke,</p> +<p>Thanne shal erthe of the erthe haue a rewfull<i>e</i> stinke.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "finger"> +<img src = "images/finger.gif" width = "30" height = "13" +alt = "-->" /></span> +<span class = "stanza">9</span> +Lo erthe up-on erthe consider thow may,</p> +<p class = "linenum">36</p> +<p>How erthe in-to the erthe comyth nakid al-way,</p> +<p>Whi shuld erthe vp-on erthe go stout [fol. 112, v<sup>o</sup>] or +gay,</p> +<p>Wha<i>n</i> erthe shal passe out of erthe in a por<i>e</i> aray?</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page18" id = "page18">18</a></span> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">10</span> +Wolde therfor<i>e</i> this erthe on this erthe, on this hertly +thinke,</p> +<p class = "linenum">40</p> +<p>How that erthe out of the erthe shal haue risynge,</p> +<p>And thus erthe for erthe<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b11_4" id = +"tag_b11_4" href = "#note_b11_4">4</a> yeelde shal streyt rikenynge,</p> +<p>Shulde neuer<i>e</i> erthe for erthe mysplese heuene kyng.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">11</span> +Thow erthe up-on erthe, that wickydly hast wrout,</p> +<p class = "linenum">44</p> +<p>While that erthe is vp-on erthe, turne a-ȝen thi thout,</p> +<p>And preye to God vp-on erthe, that alle the erthe hath wrouȝt,</p> +<p>That erthe vp-on erthe to blisse may be brouȝt.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">12</span> +Lord God that erthe madist & for the erthe suffredist peynys +ille,</p> +<p class = "linenum">48</p> +<p>Lete neu<i>er</i>e þis erþe<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b11_5" id = +"tag_b11_5" href = "#note_b11_5">5</a> for this erthe myscheue ne +spille,</p> +<p>But that this erthe in this erthe be eu<i>er</i>e worching thi +wille,</p> +<p>So that erthe fro this erthe stye up on thyn hyȝe hille. Amen.</p> +<p>p<i>ar</i> charite, God it graunte that it so be.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">52</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "finger"> +<img src = "images/finger.gif" width = "30" height = "13" +alt = "-->" /></span> +<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b11_6" id = "tag_b11_6" href = +"#note_b11_6">6</a>Tange<i>re</i> qui gaudes m<i>er</i>etricem +qualit<i>er</i> audes<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b11_7" id = +"tag_b11_7" href = "#note_b11_7">7</a>.</p> +<p>Palmis pollutis regem tractar<i>e</i> salutis.</p> +</div> + +<p>(<i>The poem</i> Whi is the wor[l]d belouyd that fals is and veyn, +<i>follows immediately.</i>)</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b11_1" id = "note_b11_1" href = "#tag_b11_1">1.</a> +<i><em>towris</em> added in margin by the same hand.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b11_2" id = "note_b11_2" href = "#tag_b11_2">2.</a> +<i>MS. <em>goo ne</em>; <em>ne</em> crossed out, and marked +<em>ṇẹ</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b11_3" id = "note_b11_3" href = "#tag_b11_3">3.</a> +<i><em>vnto erþe</em> inserted in red above the line.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b11_4" id = "note_b11_4" href = "#tag_b11_4">4.</a> +<i><em>for erthe</em> repeated and crossed out in red.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b11_5" id = "note_b11_5" href = "#tag_b11_5">5.</a> +<i><em>þis erþe</em> added above the line, <em>erþe</em> in red.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b11_6" id = "note_b11_6" href = "#tag_b11_6">6.</a> +<i>In left margin <em>de sac<i>er</i>dotib<i>us</i></em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b11_7" id = "note_b11_7" href = "#tag_b11_7">7.</a> +<i>in right margin <em>h<i>oc</i> in decretis</em>.</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page19" id = "page19">19</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_12" id = "poemB_12">12.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Cotton Titus A.</span> xxvi. 15th +century.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 153, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +Erthe oute of erthe is wondirly wroght,</p> +<p>Erthe of þe erthe hathe goten a dyngnyte of noght,</p> +<p>Erthe vpon erthe hathe set all<i>e</i> hys thovght</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>Houe erthe vpon erthe maye be hyghe broght.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erthe vpon erthe wolde be a kyng;</p> +<p>Bot how erthe shall<i>e</i> to erthe thynkethe he nothyng;</p> +<p>Whan that erthe biddethe erthe hys rentis hom to bryng,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Than shall<i>e</i> erthe oute of erthe haue a pytous +p<i>ar</i>tyng.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Whan erthe vpon erthe wynythe casteles & tourys,</p> +<p>Than says erthe to erthe: ‘Þys is all<i>e</i> ourys’.</p> +<p>And whan erthe vpon erthe hathe byggid hys bourys,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Than shall<i>e</i> erthe vpon erthe suffer sharpe shoures.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erthe gothe vpon erthe as molde vpon molde<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b12_1" id = "tag_b12_1" href = "#note_b12_1">1</a>,</p> +<p>So gothe erthe vpon erthe all<i>e</i> glytryng in golde,</p> +<p>Lyke as erthe into erthe never goo sholde;</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>And y<i>e</i>t shal<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b12_2" id = +"tag_b12_2" href = "#note_b12_2">2</a> erthe in to erthe rathar then he +wolde.</p> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 153, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +O thou wreched erthe that on erthe trauayles nyght & daye</p> +<p>To fflorysshe<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b12_3" id = "tag_b12_3" +href = "#note_b12_3">3</a> and paynt þe erthe w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i> wanton +araye;</p> +<p>Y<i>e</i>t sshalle þou, erthe, for all<i>e</i> thy erthe, make +þ<i>o</i>u it neu<i>er</i> so queynt or gaye,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Oute of thys erthe in to erthe to klyng as clot in claye.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +O wrechyd man, why<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b12_4" id = "tag_b12_4" +href = "#note_b12_4">4</a> art þ<i>o</i>u<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b12_5" id = "tag_b12_5" href = "#note_b12_5">5</a> prowde that of +erth art maked,</p> +<p>And hyder thou broght no shrowde, bot pore com and nakyd?</p> +<p>Lewe thy syne and lyffe in ryght,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>And than shalt thou lyffe in heuyn as a knyght.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><i>Final <em>n</em> is written <em>n~</em> as a rule in this text, so +<em>m~</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b12_1" id = "note_b12_1" href = "#tag_b12_1">1.</a> +<i>MS. <em>moldee</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b12_2" id = "note_b12_2" href = "#tag_b12_2">2.</a> +<i>MS. <em>shal do</em> or <em>de</em>, the second word crossed +out.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b12_3" id = "note_b12_3" href = "#tag_b12_3">3.</a> +<i>MS. <em>To fflorysshe þe erthe</em>, the last two words crossed out, +cf. MS. Lambeth, <em>v. 5</em>, MS. Rawl. Poet., <em>v. 15</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b12_4" id = "note_b12_4" href = "#tag_b12_4">4.</a> +<i>MS. <em>why at</em>, <em>at</em> crossed out.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b12_5" id = "note_b12_5" href = "#tag_b12_5">5.</a> +<i>MS. <em>þ<sup>t</sup></em>.</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page20" id = "page20">20</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_13" id = "poemB_13">13.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Rawlinson Poetical 32.</span> After +1450.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 32, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "center">A descripture alchimicall of erthe & the nature +of man<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b13_1" id = "tag_b13_1" href = +"#note_b13_1">1</a>.</p> + +<div class = "narrow"> +<p class = "stanza">Whanne life is most louyd,</p> +<p>And deth is most hatid,</p> +<p>Deth drawith his drauȝte</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>And makith a man nakid.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +Erthe oute of erthe</p> +<p>Is wonderly wrouȝte;</p> +<p>Erthe hath of the erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Ȝetyn a dignite of noughte.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erthe a-pon erthe</p> +<p>Hath set alle his thoughte</p> +<p>How erthe apon erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>May be hiere y-broughte.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erthe a-pon erthe</p> +<p>Wolde be made a kyng,</p> +<p>How erthe schal to erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>Thynkyng no thyng.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Whanne erthe biddith erthe</p> +<p>Than he his rente hom brynge,</p> +<p>Thanne schal erthe for erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Haue a petous partynge.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Whanne erthe apon erthe</p> +<p>Hath billid al his bowris,</p> +<p>Thanne schalle erthe for erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Suffre ful harde schowris.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">[fol. 33, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +Erthe a-pon erthe</p> +<p>Wynnyth castellis and towris.</p> +<p>Thanne saithe erthe to erthe:</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>‘This is alle owris’.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +Erthe gothe apon erthe</p> +<p>As molde a-pon molde,</p> +<p>Erthe gothe apon erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">32</p> +<p>Gleteryng alle in golde,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page21" id = "page21">21</a></span> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">8</span> +As thouh erthe to erthe</p> +<p>Neu<i>er</i> a-yen go schulde,</p> +<p>But yit schal erthe to þ<i>e</i> erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">36</p> +<p>Rather thanne he wolde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">9</span> +Oute of the erthe cam the erthe</p> +<p>Wantynge his garnament,</p> +<p>To hide the erthe, to lappe the erthe,</p> +<p class = "linenum">40</p> +<p>To hym was clothing y-lent.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">10</span> +Now goth the erthe apon erthe</p> +<p>Disgesily ragged and to-rent,</p> +<p>Therfore schal erthe vnder erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">44</p> +<p>Suffer ful grete turment.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">11</span> +Whi that erþe loueþ erthe</p> +<p>Wonder y may thinke,</p> +<p>Or whi that erthe for the erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">48</p> +<p>Unresonably swete wol or swynke,</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">[fol. 33, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">12</span> +Ffor whanne erthe vnder erthe</p> +<p>Is brouȝte withynne brynke,</p> +<p>Thanne schal erthe of the erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">52</p> +<p>Haue an oribyll stynke.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">13</span> +Yif erthe wold of erthe</p> +<p>Thus hartily haue thynkynge,</p> +<p>And how erthe out of erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">56</p> +<p>Shal at last haue risynge,</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">14</span> +Thanne schal erthe for erthe</p> +<p>Yelde riht streite rekenynge,</p> +<p>Thanne schuld [erthe] for erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">60</p> +<p>Neuer mys-plese heuene kynge.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">15</span> +Thow wrecchid erthe þ<i>a</i>t thus for erthe</p> +<p>Trauelist nyht and day</p> +<p>To florische the erthe, to paynte the erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">64</p> +<p>With thi wanton array,</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">16</span> +Yit schalt thou erthe for alle thi erthe,</p> +<p>Make thou neuer so gay,</p> +<p>Ffor thi erthe in to erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">68</p> +<p>Clynge as clotte in clay.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page22" id = "page22">22</a></span> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">17</span> +Thinke now erthe how thou in erthe</p> +<p>Goist euer in dethis<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b13_2" id = +"tag_b13_2" href = "#note_b13_2">2</a> grace,</p> +<p>And thanne thou erthe for the erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">72</p> +<p>Shalt neuer stryue ne race.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">[fol. 34, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">18</span> +Bute for thou erthe with thi erthe</p> +<p>Hauntist enuye and hate,</p> +<p>Therefor schal erthe for erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">76</p> +<p>Be excludid from heuene gate.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">19</span> +Ffowle erthe whi louyst thou erthe</p> +<p>That is thi dedly foo,</p> +<p>And bildist on erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">80</p> +<p>As thou schuldist dwelle euer moo?</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">20</span> +But thou erthe forsake the erthe,</p> +<p>Or that thou hennys goo,</p> +<p>Vnder erthe for lust of erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">84</p> +<p>Thou schalt haue sorow and woo.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">21</span> +Whiles erthe may in erthe</p> +<p>To festis and to drynkis gon,</p> +<p>Til the be made frome the erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">88</p> +<p>As bare as any bon.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">22</span> +Thanne if erthe comyth to erthe</p> +<p>Makyng sorow and mone,</p> +<p>Thanne saith erthe to the erthe,</p> +<p class = "linenum">92</p> +<p>‘Thou were a felow, but now art thou none’.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">23</span> +Thus the erthe queytith the erthe</p> +<p>That doith to him seruyse,</p> +<p>Or tristyn on erthe, or plese the erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">96</p> +<p>In any maner wise.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">[fol. 34, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">24</span> +Therfor thou erthe be ware of erthe</p> +<p>And thou the wele auyse,</p> +<p>Lest thou erthe p<i>er</i>ische for erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">100</p> +<p>By-fore the hihe iustyse.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page23" id = "page23">23</a></span> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">25</span> +Ffor the erthe was made of erthe</p> +<p>At the first begynnynge,</p> +<p>That erthe schuld labour the erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">104</p> +<p>In trowthe and sore swynkynge;</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">26</span> +But now erthe lyueth in erthe</p> +<p>With falshode and begilynge,</p> +<p>Therfor schal erthe for erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">108</p> +<p>Be punsched in payne euerlastynge.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">27</span> +But erthe forsake the erthe</p> +<p>And alle his falshede,</p> +<p>And of the erthe restore the erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">112</p> +<p>Goodis that ben mys-gete,</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">28</span> +Or that erthe be doluyn in erthe</p> +<p>And vnder fote y-trede,</p> +<p>Ffor synne of erthe, þ<i>a</i>t hath do in erthe,</p> +<p class = "linenum">116</p> +<p>Fful sore he schalle be bete.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">29</span> +Drede thou erthe while thou in erthe</p> +<p>Hast witte & resoune at thi wille,</p> +<p>That, erthe, for loue of erthe,</p> +<p class = "linenum">120</p> +<p>Thi soule thou nougth spille.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">[fol. 35, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">30</span> +And thou erthe, repente the in erthe</p> +<p>Of alle that thou hast don ille,</p> +<p>And thanne schalt thou, erthe apon erthe,</p> +<p class = "linenum">124</p> +<p>Goddis biddyngis fulfille.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">31</span> +Lord God that erthe tokist in erthe,</p> +<p>And suffredist paynes ful stille,</p> +<p>Late neuer erthe for the erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">128</p> +<p>In dedly synne ne spille,</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">32</span> +But that erthe in this erthe</p> +<p>Be doynge euer thi wille,</p> +<p>So that erthe for the erthe</p> +<p class = "linenum">132</p> +<p>Stye vp to thi holy hille. Amen. S. J.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b13_1" id = "note_b13_1" href = "#tag_b13_1">1.</a> +<i>Added in a later hand, probably 16th century.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b13_2" id = "note_b13_2" href = "#tag_b13_2">2.</a> +<i>MS. <em>deth is</em>.</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page24" id = "page24">24</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_14" id = "poemB_14">14.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Porkington 10.</span> 15th +century.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 79, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b14_1" id = "tag_b14_1" href = +"#note_b14_1">1</a>Erthe vppo<i>n</i> erth<i>e</i> is +wo<i>u</i>ndyr<i>e</i>ly wro<i>u</i>ȝte;</p> +<p>Erthe vppo<i>n</i> erthe has set al his þouȝte<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b14_2" id = "tag_b14_2" href = "#note_b14_2">2</a></p> +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 80, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p>How erthe vppo<i>n</i> erth to erthe schall<i>e</i> be<a class = +"tag" name = "tag_b14_3" id = "tag_b14_3" href = "#note_b14_3">3</a> +brouȝte;</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>Ther is no<i>n</i>e vppo<i>n</i> erth has hit in þouȝte.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag_b14_4" id = "tag_b14_4" href = "#note_b14_2">4</a></p> +<p class = "deep">Take hede!</p> +<p>Whoso þinkyse on<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b14_5" id = "tag_b14_5" +href = "#note_b14_5">5</a> his end<i>e</i>, ful well<i>e</i> schal he +sped<i>e</i>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erth vppo<i>n</i> erth wold<i>e</i> be a kynge;</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>How erth schal to erthe he þink<i>is</i> no þinge.</p> +<p>Whe<i>n</i> erth byddyþ erth his rent who<i>m</i>e brynge,</p> +<p>The<i>n</i> schal erth fro þe erth have a hard<i>e</i> parttynge,</p> +<p class = "deep">W<i>i</i>t<i>h</i> care;</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Ffor erth vppo<i>n</i> erþe wott<i>is</i> neu<i>er</i> we<i>r</i> +þ<i>er</i>for to far<i>e</i>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erth vppo<i>n</i> erth wy<i>n</i>nis castyll<i>is</i> & tovris.</p> +<p>The<i>n</i> sayþe erth to erth: ‘Al þ<i>i</i>s is ourus’.</p> +<p>Whe<i>n</i> erth vpp<i>on</i> erth has bylde al his bovres,</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>The<i>n</i> schal erth fro þe erth soffyr<i>e</i> scharpe +schorrys,</p> +<p class = "deep">And<i>e</i> smarte.</p> +<p>Ma<i>n</i>, amend<i>e</i> þe betyme, þi lyfe ys but a starte.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erth gose on erth as mold<i>e</i> vpon<i>ne</i> molde,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Lyke as erth to þe erth neu<i>er</i> a-gayne schold<i>e</i>;</p> +<p>Erth gose on erth glytteryng in gold<i>e</i><a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b14_6" id = "tag_b14_6" href = "#note_b14_6">6</a>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 80, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p>Ȝet shale erth to þe erth, raþ<i>er</i> þe<i>n</i> he wolde.</p> +<p class = "deep">Be owris!</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Ȝefe þi alm<i>is</i> w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i> þi hand<i>e</i>. Trust to no +secatovrs.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Why þ<i>a</i>t erth louis erþe merwel me þinke,</p> +<p><a class = "tag" name = "tag_b14_7" id = "tag_b14_7" href = +"#note_b14_7">7</a>Or why erth vppo<i>n</i> erth wyl swet or swinke,</p> +<p><a class = "tag" href = "#note_b14_7">7</a>Ffor whe<i>n</i> erth +vppo<i>n</i> erth is bro<i>u</i>þt to þe brynke,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>The<i>n</i> schal erth frov þe erth have a fovl stynke</p> +<p class = "deep">To smele,</p> +<p>Wars þe<i>n</i> þe caryo<i>n</i> þ<i>a</i>t lyis in þe fele.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page25" id = "page25">25</a></span> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +Lo, erth vppo<i>n</i> erth, co<i>n</i>sayfe þ<i>i</i>s þ<i>o</i>u +maye,</p> +<p class = "linenum">32</p> +<p>That þ<i>o</i>u co<i>m</i>mys frome þe erth nakyd<i>e</i> +alway[<i>e</i>];</p> +<p>How schuld<i>e</i> erth vppo<i>n</i> erth soe<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b14_8" id = "tag_b14_8" href = "#note_b14_8">8</a> prod<i>e</i> or +gaye,</p> +<p>Sen<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b14_9" id = "tag_b14_9" href = +"#note_b14_9">9</a> erth v<i>n</i>to erth schal pase i<i>n</i> symple +araye,</p> +<p class = "deep">Unclad<i>e</i>?</p> +<p class = "linenum">36</p> +<p>Cloth þe nakyd whyl þ<i>o</i>u may, for so Gode þe bade.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +Erth vppo<i>n</i> erth, me þinkyȝ þe ful blynd<i>e</i>,</p> +<p>That on erth ryches to set al<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b14_10" id += "tag_b14_10" href = "#note_b14_10">10</a> þi mynd<i>e</i>;</p> +<p>In þe gospel wrytty<i>n</i>e exampul I fynde,</p> +<p class = "linenum">40</p> +<p>The pore went to heyuy<i>n</i>, þe rych to hel I fynd<i>e</i>,</p> +<p class = "deep">W<i>i</i>tt skyle:</p> +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 81, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p>The co<i>m</i>mandment<i>is</i> of God<i>e</i> wold<i>e</i> he not +fulfyle.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">8</span> +Erth vppo<i>n</i> erth, deyle duly thy goode</p> +<p class = "linenum">44</p> +<p>To þe por<i>e</i> pepul þ<i>a</i>t favtt pe þi fovde,</p> +<p>Ffor þe loue of þi Lord<i>e</i>, þ<i>a</i>t rent was on þe roode,</p> +<p>And<i>e</i> for þi loue on þe crose sched his<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b14_11" id = "tag_b14_11" href = "#note_b14_11">11</a> hart +blode,—</p> +<p class = "deep">Go rede!—</p> +<p class = "linenum">48</p> +<p> nW<i>i</i>ttovte a<i>n</i>ny place to reste on his hede.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">9</span> +Erth vppo<i>n</i> erth, take tent to my steyuyne;</p> +<p>Whyl þ<i>o</i>u leuyst, fulfyle þe w<i>er</i>kys of mercy vij.</p> +<p>Loke þ<i>o</i>u lete, for oode ne for ewyne,</p> +<p class = "linenum">52</p> +<p>Ffor þo by<i>n</i>e þe werk<i>is</i> þat helpyne vs to +heyuy<i>n</i>e,</p> +<p class = "deep">In haste.</p> +<p>Tho ded<i>is</i> who so dose þar, hy<i>m</i>e neu<i>er</i> be +agaste.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">10</span> +Erth vppo<i>n</i> erth, be þ<i>o</i>u neu<i>er</i> so gaye,</p> +<p class = "linenum">56</p> +<p>Thow moue<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b14_12" id = "tag_b14_12" href += "#note_b14_12">12</a> wend<i>e</i> of þ<i>i</i>s world<i>e</i> an +vnreydy waye;</p> +<p>Turne þe betyme, whyle þ<i>a</i>t þ<i>o</i>u maye,</p> +<p>Leste it lede þe into hele, to logege þ<i>er</i> for<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_b14_13" id = "tag_b14_13" href = "#note_b14_13">13</a> +ay,</p> +<p class = "deep">In pyne;</p> +<p class = "linenum">60</p> +<p>Ffor þ<i>er</i> is noþ<i>er</i> to gett bred<i>e</i>, ale, ne +wyne.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page26" id = "page26">26</a></span> +<p class = "stanza linenum">[fol. 81, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">11</span> +Erth vppo<i>n</i> erth, God<i>e</i> ȝeyf þe grace,</p> +<p>Whyle þ<i>o</i>u leuuyst vppo<i>n</i> erth, to purway þe a place</p> +<p>In heywy<i>n</i> to dweyll<i>e</i>, whyl þ<i>a</i>t þ<i>o</i>u hast +space;</p> +<p class = "linenum">64</p> +<p>That myrthe for to myse it w<i>er</i> a karful case.</p> +<p class = "deep">Ffor whye?</p> +<p>That myrth is w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>owtty<i>n</i> end<i>e</i>, I tel þe +securlye.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">12</span> +I co<i>n</i>cele erth vppo<i>n</i> erth þ<i>a</i>t wykyd<i>e</i>ly has +wroȝte,</p> +<p class = "linenum">68</p> +<p>Whyl erth is on erth, to torn all<i>e</i> his þovȝte,</p> +<p>And<i>e</i> pray to Gode vppo<i>n</i> erth, þ<i>a</i>t al mad<i>e</i> +of nov[ȝte]<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b14_14" id = "tag_b14_14" href = +"#note_b14_14">14</a>,</p> +<p>That erth owte of erth to blys may be bovȝte<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b14_15" id = "tag_b14_15" href = "#note_b14_15">15</a></p> +<p class = "deep">W<i>i</i>tt myȝthe<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b14_16" +id = "tag_b14_16" href = "#note_b14_16">16</a>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">72</p> +<p>Thorow helpe Jh<i>e</i>su Cryst þ<i>a</i>t was our<i>e</i> +lad<i>is</i> byrthe.</p> +<p class = "indent6">Do for þiself.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b14_1" id = "note_b14_1" href = "#tag_b14_1">1.</a> +<i>Cf. Halliwell, Early Eng. Misc. in Prose and Verse, printed for the +Warton Club, <em>1855, p. 39</em>, Fiedler, Mod. Lang. Review, +<em><span class = "smallroman">III.</span> iii. 225</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_2" id = "note_b14_2" href = "#tag_b14_2">2, +4.</a> +<i>MS. <em>þoũȝte</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_3" id = "note_b14_3" href = "#tag_b14_3">3.</a> +<i>MS. <em>bo</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_5" id = "note_b14_5" href = "#tag_b14_5">5.</a> +<i>MS. <em>oñ</em>, <em>on~</em>, throughout.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_6" id = "note_b14_6" href = "#tag_b14_6">6.</a> +<i>MS. <em>in ĩ gold<i>e</i></em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_7" id = "note_b14_7" href = "#tag_b14_7">7.</a> +<i>These two lines are transposed in the MS.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_8" id = "note_b14_8" href = "#tag_b14_8">8.</a> +<i>MS. <em>soe</em>, Halliwell <em>soe</em>, Fiedler +<em>goe</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_9" id = "note_b14_9" href = "#tag_b14_9">9.</a> +<i>MS. <em>señ</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_10" id = "note_b14_10" href = +"#tag_b14_10">10.</a> +<i>H. <em>setal</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_11" id = "note_b14_11" href = +"#tag_b14_11">11.</a> +<i>H. F. <em>schedhis</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_12" id = "note_b14_12" href = +"#tag_b14_12">12.</a> +<i>MS. <em>mõu</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_13" id = "note_b14_13" href = +"#tag_b14_13">13.</a> +<i>MS. <em>þ<sup>r</sup>for</em>, H. F. <em>therefor</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_14" id = "note_b14_14" href = +"#tag_b14_14">14.</a> +<i>MS. only <em>nov</em> now legible.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_15" id = "note_b14_15" href = +"#tag_b14_15">15.</a> +<i>MS. <em>bovȝte</em>, Halliwell <em>bouȝt</em>, Fiedler +<em>brouȝt</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b14_16" id = "note_b14_16" href = +"#tag_b14_16">16.</a> +<i>MS. Halliwell <em>myȝthe</em>, probably erroneous for +<em>myrthe</em>.</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page27" id = "page27">27</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_15" id = "poemB_15">15.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Balliol 354.</span> Before +1504.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 207, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "center">(Richard Hill’s Commonplace-Book.)</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +Erth owt of erth is worldly wrowght,</p> +<p>Erth hath gote<i>n</i> oppo<i>n</i> erth a dygnite of nowght,</p> +<p>Erth vpon erth hath<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b15_1" id = +"tag_b15_1" href = "#note_b15_1">1</a> set all his thowght,</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>How þ<i>a</i>t erth vpon erth myght be hye browght.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erth vpon erth wold be a kyng,</p> +<p>But how þ<i>a</i>t erth shall to erth, he thy<i>n</i>kith no +thyng;</p> +<p>Whe<i>n</i> erth biddith erth his rent<i>es</i><a class = "tag" name += "tag_b15_2" id = "tag_b15_2" href = "#note_b15_2">2</a> home +bryng,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>The<i>n</i> shall erth for erth haue a hard p<i>ar</i>tyng.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erth vpon erth wy<i>n</i>neth castl<i>les</i><a class = "tag" href = +"#note_b15_2">2</a> & towres,</p> +<p>The<i>n</i> seyth erth vnto erth: ‘Þis is all owres’;</p> +<p>But whe<i>n</i> erth vpo<i>n</i> erth hath bildyd his bowres,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Tha<i>n</i> shall erth for erth suffre hard showres.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erth vpon erth hath welth vpon molde,</p> +<p>Erth goth vpon erth glydryng all i<i>n</i> golde,</p> +<p>Like as he vnto erth neu<i>er</i> torn shuld;</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>& yet shal erth vnto erth son<i>er</i> tha<i>n</i> he wold.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Why þ<i>a</i>t erth loweth erth, wonder<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b15_3" id = "tag_b15_3" href = "#note_b15_3">3</a> I thynk;</p> +<p>Or why þ<i>a</i>t erth will for erth swet or swynk;</p> +<p>For wha<i>n</i> erth vpon erth is browght w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>in þe +brynk,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Than shall erth for erth suffre a fowle stynk.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +As erth vpon erth were þe worthyes ix,</p> +<p>& as erth vpon erth i<i>n</i> honour dide shyne;</p> +<p>But erthe liste not to know how þei shuld enclyn,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>& þ<i>er</i> crow<i>n</i>nys leyd i<i>n</i> erth, wha<i>n</i> +deth hath made hys fyne.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page28" id = "page28">28</a></span> +<p class = "stanza linenum">[fol. 208, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +As erth vpon erth, full<i>e</i> worthy was Josue,</p> +<p>Dauyd þe worthy kyng, Judas Machabe;</p> +<p>They were but erth vpon erth, no<i>n</i> of the<i>m</i> thre,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>And so fro<i>m</i> erth vnto erth þei loste þ<i>er</i> dignite.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">8</span> +Alisand<i>er</i> was but erth, þ<i>a</i>t all the world wan,</p> +<p>& Ector vpon erth was hold a worthy ma<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>& Julius Cesar þ<i>a</i>t þe empire first be-gan;</p> +<p class = "linenum">32</p> +<p>& now, as erth w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>in erth, þei lye pale & +wan.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">9</span> +Arthur was but erth, for all his renown;</p> +<p>No more was kyng Charlis, ne Godfrey of Bolown;</p> +<p>But now erth hath t<i>o</i>rned þ<i>er</i> noblenes vpsodown;</p> +<p class = "linenum">36</p> +<p>& thus erth goth to erth, by short co<i>n</i>clusion.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">10</span> +Who so rekyn also of Will<i>iam</i> Conquerowr<i>e</i><a class = "tag" +name = "tag_b15_4" id = "tag_b15_4" href = "#note_b15_4">4</a>,</p> +<p>Kyng Harry þe first, þ<i>a</i>t was of knyghthode flowr<i>e</i><a +class = "tag" href = "#note_b15_4">4</a>;</p> +<p>Erth hath closed the<i>m</i> ful streytly i<i>n</i> his +bowr<i>e</i><a class = "tag" href = "#note_b15_4">4</a>;</p> +<p class = "linenum">40</p> +<p>Loo, the ende of worthynes! here is no more socowr<i>e</i><a class = +"tag" href = "#note_b15_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">11</span> +Now thei þ<i>a</i>t leve vpon erth, both yong & old,</p> +<p>Thynk how ye shall to erth, be ye neu<i>er</i> so bold;</p> +<p>Ye be vnsiker, wheþ<i>er</i> it be i<i>n</i> hete or cold,</p> +<p class = "linenum">44</p> +<p>Like as yo<i>u</i>r brether<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b15_5" id = +"tag_b15_5" href = "#note_b15_5">5</a> did beffore, as I haue told.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">12</span> +Now ye folk þ<i>a</i>t be here, ye may not long endure,</p> +<p>But þ<i>a</i>t ye shall torn to erth, I do you ensure;</p> +<p>& yf ye lyst of þe trewth to se a playn fugure,</p> +<p class = "linenum">48</p> +<p>Go to seynt Powlis, & see þ<i>er</i> the portratowr<i>e</i><a +class = "tag" href = "#note_b15_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">13</span> +All ys erth, & shall be erth, as it shew<i>i</i>t<i>h</i> ther,</p> +<p><a class = "tag" name = "tag_b15_6" id = "tag_b15_6" href = +"#note_b15_6">6</a>Þ<i>er</i>-for, or dredfull deth w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i> +his dart you dere,</p> +<p>& for to torn i<i>n</i> to erth, no ma<i>n</i> shall it +forbere,</p> +<p class = "linenum">52</p> +<p>Wisely pu<i>r</i>vey you beffore, & þ<i>er</i>-of haue no +fere.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">14</span> +Now, sith by deth we shal al pas, it is to vs c<i>er</i>teyn,</p> +<p>For of þe erth we co<i>m</i> all, & to þe erth shall torn +agayn;</p> +<p>Þ<i>er</i>-for to strive of grucche it were but i<i>n</i> vayn,</p> +<p class = "linenum">56</p> +<p>For all is erth, & shall be erth, no thyng more +c<i>er</i>tayn.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page29" id = "page29">29</a></span> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">15</span> +Now erth vppon erth, co<i>n</i>sydre thow may,</p> +<p>How erth co<i>m</i>meth to erth nakyd all way.</p> +<p>Why shuld erth vpon erth go stowt or gay,</p> +<p class = "linenum">60</p> +<p>Sith erth owt of erth shall passe in pore a-ray?</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">16</span> +I co<i>n</i>saill you vpon erth þ<i>a</i>t wikkidly haue wrowght,</p> +<p>Whill þ<i>a</i>t erth is on erth, torn vp yo<i>u</i>r thowght,</p> +<p>& pray to God vppon erth, þ<i>a</i>t all þe erth hath +wrowght,</p> +<p class = "linenum">64</p> +<p>Þ<i>a</i>t erth owt of erth to blis may be browght.</p> + +<p class = "stanza deep">Amen.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><i>Cf. Roman Dyboski, E.E.T.S. extra ser. ci <em>(1907), +p. 90</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b15_1" id = "note_b15_1" href = "#tag_b15_1">1.</a> +<i>D. erron. <em>hat[h]</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b15_2" id = "note_b15_2" href = "#tag_b15_2">2.</a> +<i>D. reads <em>rentes</em>, <em>castlles</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b15_3" id = "note_b15_3" href = "#tag_b15_3">3.</a> +<i>MS. <em>worder</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b15_4" id = "note_b15_4" href = "#tag_b15_4">4.</a> +<i>D. reads <em>-owr</em> throughout.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b15_5" id = "note_b15_5" href = "#tag_b15_5">5.</a> +<i>D. erron. <em>brother</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b15_6" id = "note_b15_6" href = "#tag_b15_6">6.</a> +<i>Line 50 would be better placed after l. 51.</i></p> +</div> + + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_16" id = "poemB_16">16.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Harleian 984.</span> 16th +century.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 72, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b16_1" id = "tag_b16_1" href = +"#note_b16_1">1</a>How schuld<i>e</i> erthe vpon erthe be prud & +gay</p> +<p>Whe<i>n</i> erthe schal to erthe in so por<i>e</i> aray?</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +I consell erthe vpon erthe þ<i>a</i>t wikyd hade wroȝt,</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>Whyle erthe ys apon erthe to tu<i>r</i>ne al his þoȝt,</p> +<p>And<i>e</i> p<i>r</i>ay to God þ<i>a</i>t al þe world wroȝt<a class = +"tag" name = "tag_b16_2" id = "tag_b16_2" href = "#note_b16_2">2</a></p> +<p>Þ<i>a</i>t erthe out of erthe to blesse may be broȝt.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b16_1" id = "note_b16_1" href = "#tag_b16_1">1.</a> +<i>The previous leaf of the MS., which evidently contained the beginning +of the poem, has been torn out.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b16_2" id = "note_b16_2" href = "#tag_b16_2">2.</a> +<i>MS. <em>woȝt</em>.</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page30" id = "page30">30</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_17" id = "poemB_17">17.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">The Maitland MS.</span> (<span class = +"smallcaps">Pepysian MS. 2553</span>, p. 338.) c. 1555-1585.</h4> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b17_1" id = "tag_b17_1" href = +"#note_b17_1">1</a>Eyrd vpone eird wondirfallie is wrocht,</p> +<p>Eird hes gottin vpone eird ane dignite for nocht,</p> +<p>Eird apone eird hes set all his thocht</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>How þat<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b17_2" id = "tag_b17_2" href = +"#note_b17_2">2</a> eird vpone eird till hicht may be brocht.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Eird apone eird wald fayne be a king,</p> +<p>And how þat eird gois to eird thinkis he no thing.</p> +<p>Quhone eird bydd<i>is</i> eird his rentis hame to bring,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Than sall eird haue to eird herd depairting.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Eird apon eird wy<i>n</i>nis castellis and towris,</p> +<p>Than sayis eird vntill eird: ‘All þir ar owris’.</p> +<p>Quhone eird apone eird hes biggit all his bowris,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Than sall eird vpone eird suffir scharp schowris.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Eyrd apone eird and mold vpone mold,</p> +<p>Lyke as eird vnto eird never go sold.</p> +<p>Eird gois apone eird glitterand as gold,</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>Ȝit sall eird go to eird sonar nor he wold.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +How þat eird luiffis eird grit wondir I think,</p> +<p>Or quhy þat eird will for eird owþir swet or swynk.</p> +<p>Quhone þat eird w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>in eird is closit vndir bynk,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Than sall eird w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>in eird haue ane ewill stynk.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +Lo eird vpone eird considdir þow may,</p> +<p>How eird vnto<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b17_3" id = "tag_b17_3" +href = "#note_b17_3">3</a> eird gois nakit away,</p> +<p>Quhy sould eird apone eird go ow<i>er</i> proud or gay,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Sen eird vntill eird sall wend in pure array?</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +I counsall eird vpone eird þat wondirlie is wrocht,</p> +<p>Q<i>uhi</i>ll<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b17_4" id = "tag_b17_4" +href = "#note_b17_4">4</a> eird is apone eird to turne all his +thocht,</p> +<p>And pray to God apone eird þat maid all of nocht,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>That eird vpone eird to blys may be brocht.</p> +<p class = "deep">Q<i>uo</i>d marsar.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b17_1" id = "note_b17_1" href = "#tag_b17_1">1.</a> +<i>Printed by kind permission of the authorities of Magdalene College, +Cambridge.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b17_2" id = "note_b17_2" href = "#tag_b17_2">2.</a> +<i>MS. <em>yat</em>; <em>þ</em> regularly written as <em>y</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b17_3" id = "note_b17_3" href = "#tag_b17_3">3.</a> +<i>MS. <em>apone</em> crossed out, <em>vnto</em> written above.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b17_4" id = "note_b17_4" href = "#tag_b17_4">4.</a> +<i>MS. <em>q<sup>l</sup>l</em>.</i></p> +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page31" id = "page31">31</a></span> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><a name = "poemB_18" id = "poemB_18">18.</a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">John Reidpeth’s MS. Cambr. Univ. Libr.</span> + Ll. 5. 10.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 43, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "center">(Transcribed from the Maitland MS. 1622-3.)</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +Eird vpoun eird wonderfull is wrocht,</p> +<p>Eird hes gottin vpoun eird ane dignitie for nocht,</p> +<p>Eird vpoun eird hes sett all his thocht</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>How þat<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b18_1" id = "tag_b18_1" href = +"#note_b18_1">1</a> eird vpoun eird till hicht may be brocht.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">[fol. 44, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Eird vpoun Eird wold fane be ane king,</p> +<p>And how þat eird gois to eird thinkis he nothing.</p> +<p>Quhen eird bidd<i>is</i> eird his rentis hame to bring,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Than sall eird haue to eird herd depairting.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Eird vpoun Eird wins castell<i>is</i> and towris;</p> +<p>Than sayis eird vnto eird: ‘All now ar ouris’.</p> +<p>Quhen eird vpoun eird hes biggit all his towris,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Than sall eird vpoun eird suffer grit showris.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Eird vpoun eird and mold vpoun mold,</p> +<p>Lyk as eird vnto eird neuer go sold,</p> +<p>Eird gois vpoun eird glitterand as gold,</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>Ȝitt sall eird go to eird sonear nor he wald.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +How þat eird luiffis eird grit wonder I think,</p> +<p>Or quhy þat eird will for eird owther sweit or swink,</p> +<p>Quhen þat eird w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>in eird is closit vnder bink,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Than sall eird w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i> eird haue ane evill stink.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +Lo eird vpoun eird considder thow may</p> +<p>How eird vnto eird gois nakit away,</p> +<p>Quhy sould eird vpoun eird go o<i>u</i>r<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b18_2" id = "tag_b18_2" href = "#note_b18_2">2</a> proud or +gay,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Sen eird vntill eird sall wend in pure aray?</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +I counsall eird vpoun eird þat wondirlie is wrocht,</p> +<p>Q<i>uhi</i>ll eird is vpoun eird to turne all his thocht,</p> +<p>And pray to God vponn eird þat maid all of nocht,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>That eird vpoun eird to blis may be brocht.</p> +<p class = "deep">Quod dumbar.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b18_1" id = "note_b18_1" href = "#tag_b18_1">1.</a> +<i>MS. <em>yat</em>; <em>þ</em> regularly written as <em>y</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b18_2" id = "note_b18_2" href = "#tag_b18_2">2.</a> +<i><em>over</em>, MS. <em>o<sup>r</sup></em>.</i></p> +</div> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page32" id = "page32">32</a></span> + +<h3><a name = "poem_cam" id = "poem_cam">III.</a><br /> +<span class = "subhead">THE CAMBRIDGE TEXT.</span></h3> + +<div class = "verse"> +<h4><span class = "smallcaps">Cambridge Univ. Libr.</span> Ii. 4. 9. + 15th century.</h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 67, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +Erthe vpon erth is waxi<i>n</i> and wrought,</p> +<p>Erthe takys on erth a nobylay of nought;</p> +<p>Now erthe vpon erthe layes all his þought</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>How erthe vpon erthe sattys all at noght.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erthe vpon erth has hallys & towr<i>is</i><a class = "tag" name = +"tag_cam_1" id = "tag_cam_1" href = "#note_cam_1">1</a>;</p> +<p>Erthe says to erth: ‘This is alle owr<i>is</i>’.</p> +<p>But q<i>ua</i>n erth vpon erth has byg<i>g</i>yd his +bowr<i>is</i>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Than xal erth for the erth haue scharpe schowr<i>is</i>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erthe vpon erth wolde be a kyng,</p> +<p>But hove<a class = "tag" name = "tag_cam_2" id = "tag_cam_2" href = +"#note_cam_2">2</a> erth xal to erth thynkyth he no thyng.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +And of the same erthe mad God ma<i>n</i>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>And sethe he made that erth & callyd it Ad<i>a</i>m,</p> +<p>For loue of erthe, the wych was woman,</p> +<p>That erth in this erthe fyrst be-gan.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Erthe goos on erth & tyllys w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i> hys plowe,</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>Erthe a-geyn erth holdys it full toght<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_cam_3" id = "tag_cam_3" href = "#note_cam_3">3</a>,</p> +<p>Erthe vpon [erth] stelis hym a slogh<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_cam_4" id = "tag_cam_4" href = "#note_cam_4">4</a>,</p> +<p>Erthe on this erth thynkys he has neu<i>er</i> i-nowe<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_cam_5" id = "tag_cam_5" href = "#note_cam_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +Erth vpon erthe gos in the weye,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Prykys and prankys on a palfreye;</p> +<p>When erth has gotyn erth alle that he maye,</p> +<p>He schal haue but seven fote at his last daye.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +Than xal not be lyky<i>n</i>g vn-to hy<i>m</i></p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Bu[t]<a class = "tag" name = "tag_cam_6" id = "tag_cam_6" href = +"#note_cam_6">6</a> an olde sely cloth to wynde erthe in,</p> +<p>When erthe is in erth for wormys wyn,</p> +<p>The rof of his hows xal ly on his chyn.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page33" id = "page33">33</a></span> +<p class = "stanza linenum">[fol. 67, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">8</span> +<a class = "tag" name = "tag_cam_7" id = "tag_cam_7" href = +"#note_cam_7">7</a>When erthe says to erth: ‘My rent þ<i>o</i>u me +bryng’,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>Then has erth fro erthe a dolfull p<i>ar</i>tyng.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">9</span> +How erthe louys erth wondyr me thynke,</p> +<p>How erth for erth wyll swete and swynke.</p> +<p>When erth is in erthe broght w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>-in the brynke,</p> +<p class = "linenum">32</p> +<p>What as herth than of erthe but a fowle sty<i>n</i>ke?</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">10</span> +Erthe wrotys in erth as molys don in molde,</p> +<p>Erthe vp-on erth glydys as golde,</p> +<p>As erthe leve in erthe eu<i>er</i> mor<i>e</i> schulde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">36</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">11</span> +Erthe vp-on erth mynd eu<i>er</i> mor<i>e</i> þ<i>o</i>u make</p> +<p>How erthe xal to erth when deth wyll hy<i>m</i> take.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">12</span> +Be war<i>e</i>, erth, for erthe, for sake of thi sowle,</p> +<p>Erthe may of erth at þe last take a fowle,</p> +<p class = "linenum">40</p> +<p>When erth is in erthe her<i>e</i> so long in his slogh.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">13</span> +Ffor erth gos in erth walkand in vede,</p> +<p>And erthe rydys on erth on a fayr stede,</p> +<p>When he was<a class = "tag" name = "tag_cam_8" id = "tag_cam_8" href += "#note_cam_8">8</a> goty<i>n</i> in erth erth to his mede,</p> +<p class = "linenum">44</p> +<p>Than is erth layde in erthe wormys to fede.</p> +<p>Whylke ar the wormys the flesch brede?</p> +<p>God wote the wormys for to ryght rede.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">14</span> +Erthe a-geyn erthe I holde it on-kynde,</p> +<p class = "linenum">48</p> +<p>Erthe is as sone wroth as is the wynde,</p> +<p>Swyche fowle erth mekyl may we fynde,</p> +<p>That wyl speke fayr<i>e</i> befor<i>e</i> vs & falsly +be-hy<i>n</i>de.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">[fol. 68, r<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">15</span> +When erth vp-on erth be-gy<i>n</i>nys to be wroth,</p> +<p class = "linenum">52</p> +<p>Erth vpon erth swerys many a gret othe,</p> +<p>Erth berys p<i>r</i>ide in herte & i<i>n</i> cloth,</p> +<p>When erth is layde i<i>n</i> erth þan xal it be loth.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">16</span> +Erthly coveytous makyth erth to be schent,</p> +<p class = "linenum">56</p> +<p>Erth for this erth yeld<i>is</i> a gret rent,</p> +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page34" id = "page34">34</a></span> +<p>If erth in thys erth levyd in good entent</p> +<p>Than dar<i>e</i> erthe nevyr recke wher<i>e</i> that he went.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">17</span> +Erth vp-on erth is stronge as a mast,</p> +<p class = "linenum">60</p> +<p>And erth wyth is erth fyghtys ful fast,</p> +<p>Ther<i>e</i> is non so stowte that in erth may hy<i>m</i> cast,</p> +<p>And alle xal we be erth at the last.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">18</span> +Erthe bygyth hallys & erth bygith towres,</p> +<p class = "linenum">64</p> +<p>When erth is layd in erth, blayke is his bo<i>ur</i>s;</p> +<p>If erth haue welth, he dwellyth in flowr<i>es</i><a class = "tag" +name = "tag_cam_9" id = "tag_cam_9" href = "#note_cam_9">9</a>,</p> +<p>And if erth haue mys don, he getyth scharpe sho<i>ur</i>s.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">19</span> +If erth wyste in erth q<i>ua</i>t that erth is,</p> +<p class = "linenum">68</p> +<p>Ther wolde neu<i>er</i> erth in erth do a-mys.</p> +<p>God mad erth of erth, & namyd it for his,</p> +<p>Adam of erth in erthly paradys.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">20</span> +God walkyd in erth as longe as he wolde,</p> +<p class = "linenum">72</p> +<p>He had not in this erth but hong<i>er</i> & colde,</p> +<p>And in this erth also his body was solde,</p> +<p>Her<i>e</i> in this erth, whan þ<i>a</i>t he was xxx<sup>t</sup>i +ȝer<i>e</i> olde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza linenum">[fol. 68, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">21</span> +God lytyd in erth, blyssed be that stou<i>n</i>de!</p> +<p class = "linenum">76</p> +<p>He sauyd hijs herth w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i> many a scharpe +wou<i>n</i>de,</p> +<p>Ffor to sawe erth owght of hell grou<i>n</i>de,</p> +<p>He deyd in erth vpon þe rode w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i> many a blody +vou<i>n</i>de<a class = "tag" name = "tag_cam_10" id = "tag_cam_10" href += "#note_cam_10">10</a>.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">22</span> +And God ros ovght of the est<a class = "tag" name = "tag_cam_11" id = +"tag_cam_11" href = "#note_cam_11">11</a> this erth for to spede,</p> +<p class = "linenum">80</p> +<p>And went into hell as was gret nede,</p> +<p>And toke erth from sorowe þ<i>us</i><a class = "tag" name = +"tag_cam_12" id = "tag_cam_12" href = "#note_cam_12">12</a> erth for to +spede,</p> +<p>The ryght wey to heuen blys Iesus Cryst vs lede!</p> +<p class = "deep">fine.</p> +</div> + +<p>(<i>The rest of the page is occupied by a coloured picture of a +knight and a skeleton with Latin mottoes, v. Introduction, p. +xiv.</i>)</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_cam_1" id = "note_cam_1" href = "#tag_cam_1">1.</a> +<i>or <em>towr<i>es</i></em>, <em>owr<i>es</i></em>, &c.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_cam_2" id = "note_cam_2" href = "#tag_cam_2">2.</a> +<i>MS. <em>hove</em> for <em>howe</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_cam_3" id = "note_cam_3" href = "#tag_cam_3">3.</a> +? <i>error for <em>togh</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_cam_4" id = "note_cam_4" href = "#tag_cam_4">4.</a> +<i>Heuser <em>flogh</em>, but MS<ins class = "correction" title = +". missing">. </ins>appears to be <em>slogh</em> as in l. 40.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_cam_5" id = "note_cam_5" href = "#tag_cam_5">5.</a> +<i>MS. <em>was neuer non</em> crossed out, <em>has neu<i>er</i> I +nowe</em> written above.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_cam_6" id = "note_cam_6" href = "#tag_cam_6">6.</a> +<i>MS. <em>bu</em>, the last letter of the word has been erased.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_cam_7" id = "note_cam_7" href = "#tag_cam_7">7.</a> +<i>These two lines form the missing half of v. 3, and are perhaps +inserted here with the idea of forming a six-lined stanza.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_cam_8" id = "note_cam_8" href = "#tag_cam_8">8.</a> +<i>better <em>has</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_cam_9" id = "note_cam_9" href = "#tag_cam_9">9.</a> +<i>or <em>flowr<i>is</i></em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_cam_10" id = "note_cam_10" href = +"#tag_cam_10">10.</a> +<i><em>wounde</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_cam_11" id = "note_cam_11" href = +"#tag_cam_11">11.</a> +<i>MS. clearly <em>est</em>, perh. error for <em>erth</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_cam_12" id = "note_cam_12" href = +"#tag_cam_12">12.</a> +<i>MS. <em>y<sup>9</sup></em> = <em>þus</em>, perh. for +<em>þis</em>.</i></p> +</div> + +</div> +<!-- end div texts --> + + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page35" id = "page35">35</a></span> +<h2><a name = "notes" id = "notes">NOTES.</a></h2> + + +<p><a href = "#page1"><b>Page 1.</b></a> <b>MS. Harl. 2253.</b> These +four lines were apparently regarded by Wanley, together with the +preceding French strophe, as forming part of the poem on the Death of +Simon de Montfort, and are not noted by him in the British Museum +Catalogue. Böddeker also omitted them from his <i>Altenglische +Dichtungen des MS. Harl. 2253</i> (Berlin 1878). They were, however, +already noted by Pinkerton in 1786, see <i>Ancient Scottish Poems never +before in print . . . from the MS. Collections of Sir Richard +Maitland</i>, ii, Note on p. 466: ‘In the same (i.e. Harleian) +library, No. 2253, is another of the same kind, beginning,</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Erthe toc of erthe erthe wyth wote.</p> + +<p>It is only one stanza; and another piece of one stanza preceding it, +both are put by Mr. Wanley, in the Catalogue, as part of a French song +on Sir Simon de Montfort, which they follow: but such mistakes +frequently arise from the crowded manner of old MSS.’ The facsimile +opposite the title-page shows the lines as they occur in the MS.</p> + +<p><a href = "#page5"><b>Page 5.</b></a> <b>William Billyng’s MS.</b> +The ‘finely written and illuminated parchment roll’ described by William +Bateman in his preface to Billyng’s <i>Five Wounds of Christ</i>, of +which forty copies were privately printed by him at Manchester in 1814, +contained the following poems:—</p> + +<p>1. The Five Wounds of Christ (fifteen stanzas in rime royal).</p> + +<p>2. At hygh none whan the belle dothe tylle (eighteen lines).</p> + +<p>3. Erth owte of Erth (six stanzas).</p> + +<p>4. Pes maketh plente (five lines).</p> + +<p>The whole is signed <b>Willm̃ Billyng</b>. It has been frequently +suggested that Billyng was the author of these poems, but it is evident +that he was not the author of <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i>, though his may be +one of the earliest transcripts of the <b>B</b> version, and the lines +<i>Pes maketh plente</i> also occur elsewhere, cf. MS. Digby 230 +(fifteenth century). He may have been the author of <i>The Five Wounds +of Christ</i>, but it is more probable, considering the usual origin of +other fifteenth-century collections of the kind, that he was merely the +collector and transcriber of the texts. Cf. F. J. Furnivall, +<i>Notes and Queries</i>, IV. iii. 103. It is possible that this may be +the William Billyng who, in 1474, became rector of Toft Monks in Norfolk +on the presentation of the Provost and Scholars of King’s College, +Cambridge, and who appears to have held the benefice until 1506 (see +<i>Notes and Queries</i>, III. iv. 173; Blomefield, <i>Norfolk</i>, +viii. 63).<a class = "tag" name = "tag_notes_1" id = "tag_notes_1" +href = "#note_notes_1">1</a> The parchment roll was formerly preserved +in Bateman’s collection of antiquities at Lomberdale House, Derbyshire. +This collection was broken up and sold after Bateman’s death, the +archaeological remains being purchased by the Sheffield Museum, and the +books and MSS. sold at Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge’s rooms in +1893, but all attempts to trace Billyng’s MS. after the breaking up of +the collection have been unsuccessful. A copy of the printed text +is in the British Museum.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page36" id = "page36">36</a></span> +<p>Montgomery’s reprint of the poem in 1827 was taken from Bateman’s +version, and differs from it only in some very slight corrections in +spelling. It has been suggested that this reprint was the source of the +<i>Earth upon Earth</i> Epitaphs which occur, but these were current +from the sixteenth century on, and, as has been already pointed out (see +Introduction, pp. xxxvi ff.), the usual form of the Epitaph, even +in the latest versions, differed from that of the actual poem.</p> + +<p><a href = "#page7"><b>Page 7.</b></a> <b>MS. Selden Supra 53.</b> +This text omits verse 5, and inverts the normal order of verses 4 and 6 +(see Table on p. xvii of Introduction). The text is written in a neat +hand in the left-hand column on the back of a spare leaf (fol. 159) at +the end of the MS., after Lydgate’s <i>Dance of Macabre</i>. The +right-hand column contains Latin scribblings, perhaps by the scribe who +re-wrote small portions of <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> (see p. 7, +footnotes). A few lines are scribbled in another hand upon the +front side of the leaf, which is otherwise blank. The back of the leaf +was evidently unprotected, and is much rubbed and worn. The space below +Lydgate’s last verse and colophon on fol. 158 v<sup>o</sup> contains two +odd stanzas in English in the same metre as Lydgate’s poem, beginning +‘Let se your hand my ladi, dam emperys’, in a hand of the late fifteenth +century, and a French stanza of four lines (‘Qui met son cuer tout en +Deu, Il a son cuer et si a Deu’, &c.) in a French hand, perhaps as +late as 1500. Both of these were quite possibly inserted in the MS. +later than <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i>, the exact date of which is +indeterminate, but it was probably copied in between 1450 and 1500.</p> + +<p><a href = "#page8"><b>Page 8.</b></a> <b>MS. Egerton 1995.</b> This +MS. was evidently a Commonplace book. Its contents are described by +Gairdner, <i>Collections of a London Citizen</i> (Camden Society, 1876). +The MS. is written throughout in fifteenth-century hand, and appears to +be the work of one scribe. Gairdner thinks the whole collection may be +ascribed to William Gregory of the Skinners’ Company, who was Mayor of +London in 1451, and who seems to have been the author of part, at least, +of the Chronicle of London at the end of the MS.</p> + +<p><a href = "#page10"><b>Page 10.</b></a> <b>MS. Brighton.</b> +Fiedler’s account of this MS. is as follows:— ‘Noch eine andre +Fassung des Gedichtes habe ich mir vor einigen Jahren aus einer +Handschrift abgeschrieben, die damals im Besitze eines Antiquars in +Brighton war, über deren weiteren Verbleib ich aber nichts ermitteln +könnte. Es war eine Pergamenthandschrift, folio, von 90 Blättern. Sie +enthielt eine lateinische Abhandlung über die sieben Sacramente “Oculi +Sacerdotis”, und auf der ursprünglich frei gebliebenen Rückseite des +letzten Blattes war von einer Hand des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts das +englische Gedicht eingetragen.’ (<i>Mod. Lang. Review</i>, III. iii. +219.)</p> + +<p><a href = "#page11"><b>Page 11.</b></a> <b>Stratford-on-Avon +Inscription.</b> A full account of this inscription has been given in +the Introduction, p. xii. The lines ‘Whosoo hym be thowghte’, there +mentioned as being inscribed beneath <i>Erthe upon Erthe</i>, are given +by Fisher as follows:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Whosoo hym be thowght Inwardly and ofte</p> +<p class = "indent">How hard hyt ys to flett</p> +<p>From bede to peyt From peyt to peyne that +neu<i>er</i></p> +<p class = "indent">Schall seys Certen</p> +<p>He wold not doo no syn all þ<i>is</i> world to +wynne.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page37" id = "page37">37</a></span> +<p>The same lines are found on other monumental inscriptions. Weever +(<i>Ancient Funeral Monuments</i>, p. 425) mentions them as +occurring in sixteenth-century inscriptions in Churches at Saffron +Walden and Faversham respectively, and Rogers (<i>Monuments and +Monumental Inscriptions in Scotland</i>, ii. 210) quotes them from a +tombstone in the parish of Dun. The following version is from Bodl. MS. +Tanner 407, fol. 36, v<sup>o</sup> (sixteenth century):—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>He that hath thoughte</p> +<p>ful in-wardly and ofte</p> +<p>how hard it is to flyt</p> +<p>fro bedde on to pyt</p> +<p>fro pytte on to pyne</p> +<p>whiche neuyr schal haue fyne</p> +<p>for alle thys world to wynne</p> +<p>wold not do a synne.</p> +</div> + +<p><a href = "#page16"><b>Page 16.</b></a> <b>MS. Laud Misc. 23.</b> +This is the only text which is not written in metrical lines. The MS. +being small, it was not as a rule possible to fit one line of the poem +into a single line of the page, and the run-on lines involved waste of +space. The scribe wrote verse 1 in metrical lines, verses 2 and 3 as if +in two long lines, and the remainder of the poem in paragraphs, each +paragraph coinciding with a verse. Each new line or paragraph is +indicated by a red capital, and the metrical lines are distinguished by +pause-marks (√̣, ·, √, |), and by touching up the first letter of the +line in red. In vv. 6, 7, and 8, the scribe appears to have lost count +of the lines, as the three verses are written in two paragraphs, and +letters in the middle of a line are often marked in red. At the top of +the first leaf a later hand has scribbled the words <i>haue made me</i>. +A few other such scribbles occur elsewhere in the MS.</p> + +<p>l. 26 (p. 17). <i>Thi body that was rank and louyd of alle men, is +hatyd.</i> The reading is inferior to MS. Lambeth, l. 27:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +þan þi bodi þat was rank & undeuout of alle men is +bihatid—</p> + +<p>and the change led to the placing of the pause (indicated in +the MS.) after men.</p> + +<p>l. 27. <i>Out of the erthe cam to this erthe his wantyng +garnement.</i> This line seems to be a compromise between the readings +of MSS. Lamb. and Rawl. P.</p> + +<p>(<i>MS. Lamb. 28</i>)</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Out of þis erþe cam to þis erþe þis wrecchid garnement.</p> + +<p>(<i>MS. Rawl. P. 37</i>)</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Oute of the erthe cam the erthe wantynge his garnament.</p> + +<p>But the rest of the verse follows Lamb, rather than Rawl. P., cf. +<i>ruly, raggid and rent</i>, <i>hidous turment</i>, beside Rawl. P. +<i>disgesily ragged and to-rent</i>, <i>ful grete turment</i>.</p> + +<p>l. 34 has the correct reading <i>stinke</i>, as in MSS. Harl. 4486 +and Rawl. P.; Lamb. repeats <i>swynk</i>.</p> + +<p>l. 39 (p. 18). <i>Wolde therfore this erthe on this erthe on this +hertly thinke</i>, is superior to the exaggeratedly long line in Lamb. +40, but both are inferior to MS. Rawl. P., ll. 53, 54<ins class = +"correction" title = "printed . for ,">, </ins>where the correct rime is +preserved:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +thinkynge : risynge : rekenynge : kynge.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page38" id = "page38">38</a></span> +<p>l. 47. <i>Lord God that erthe madist & for the erthe suffredist +peynys ille.</i> It is difficult to determine what was the original form +of this line. The readings of the other texts which have the verse are +as follows:—</p> + +<p>(<i>Harl. 4486, 33</i>)</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Now Lorde that madyst for erthe & sufferdyst paynes ille.</p> + +<p>(<i>Lamb. 48</i>)</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +O þou Lord that madist þis erþe for þis erþe & suffridist heere +peynes ille.</p> + +<p>(<i>Rawl. P. 125-6</i>).</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Lord God that erthe tokist in erthe And suffredist paynes ful +stille.</p> + +<p>Possibly MS. Laud has transposed the <i>and</i>, and the correct +reading should be <i>that erthe madist for the erthe & suffredist +paynes ille</i>, in which case Harl. 4486 has merely omitted the first +<i>erthe</i>, while the other two texts have modified the older +version.</p> + +<p><a href = "#page24"><b>Page 24.</b></a> <b>MS. Porkington 10.</b> +<i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> is preceded by the two following +stanzas:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Lo wordly folk<i>es</i> thouȝ þ<i>is</i> p<i>ro</i>cese of dethe</p> +<p>Be not swete, ne synke not i<i>n</i> your mynde.</p> +<p>Whe<i>n</i> age co<i>m</i>myþ & schorteth is her brethe,</p> +<p>And dethe co<i>m</i>myþ, he is not far behynde;</p> +<p>The<i>n</i> her dyscressio<i>n</i> schal wel knov & fynde</p> +<p>That to have mynd of deþ it is ful nesseserry,</p> +<p>Ffor deth wyl co<i>m</i>e; dovtl<i>es</i> he wyl not long tarry.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Of what estate ȝe be, ȝovng or wold,</p> +<p>That redyth vppon þ<i>is</i> dredful storrye,</p> +<p>As in a myrrovr her ȝe may be-holde</p> +<p>The ferful ende of al your joy & glorie;</p> +<p>Therfor þ<i>is</i> mat<i>er</i> redvs vs to yovr memory:—</p> +<p>Ȝe þ<i>at</i> syttyþ nowe hye vppon þe whele,</p> +<p>Thynke vppo<i>n</i> yovr end, & alle schal be we[le].</p> +</div> + +<p>The MS. is in Lord Harlech’s library at Brogyntyn (formerly +Porkington) near Oswestry, Salop.</p> + +<p><a href = "#page28"><b>Page 28.</b></a> <b>MS. Balliol 354.</b> l. +48. <i>Go to seynt Poulis, & see þer the portratowre.</i> Cf. Stow, +<i>Survey of London</i>, 1598: ‘There was also one great cloister on the +north side of this church (St. Paul’s), environing a plot of +ground, of old time called Pardon churchyard . . . About this +cloister was artificially and richly painted the Dance of Machabray, or +Dance of Death, commonly called the Dance of Paul’s; the like whereof +was painted about St. Innocent’s cloister at Paris, in France. The +metres or poesy of this dance were translated out of French into English +by John Lidgate, monk of Bury, and with the picture of death leading all +estates, painted about the cloister, at the special request and in the +dispence of Jenken Carpenter, in the reign of Henry V.’</p> + +<p><i>Ibid.</i> ‘John Carpenter, townclerk of London, in the reign of +Henry V, caused with great expense to be curiously painted upon board, +about the north cloister of Paule’s, a monument of Death leading +all estates, with the speeches of Death, and answer of every state. This +cloister was pulled down 1549.’</p> + +<p>Cf. Sir T. More, <i>Works</i> (ed. 1557, folio), p. 77: ‘We wer never +so gretly moved by the beholding of the Daunce of Deth pictured in +Paule’s.’</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page39" id = "page39">39</a></span> +<p><a href = "#page30"><b>Page 30.</b></a> <b>Maitland MS.</b> Omitted +by Pinkerton from his printed text of the Maitland MS. as ‘a silly +jingling piece, shewing the vanity of man, who is but earth, building +upon earth: priding himself in gold which is but earth’, &c. +Pinkerton also knew of ‘several pieces of the same kind in MSS. of Old +English poetry’, see Note on MS. Harl. 2253, p. 36. He had strong +views against the indiscriminate printing of old MSS., and was unwilling +to sacrifice ‘the character of a man of taste to that of an antiquary; +as of all characters he should the least chuse that of an hoarder of +ancient dirt’.</p> + +<p><a href = "#page32"><b>Page 32.</b></a> <b>MS. Cambridge</b> (Univ. +Libr. I. 1. iv. 9). l. 17. The reading <i>slogh</i> is supported by +Professor Skeat. It is difficult to see what meaning could be attached +to <i>flogh</i>, as in Heuser’s text.</p> + +<p><a href = "#page33"><b>Page 33.</b></a> l. 48. <i>As wroth as the +wynde</i> was a favourite mediaeval proverb. Cf. <i>Sir Gawayne and the +Grene Knight</i>, l. 319: he wex as wroth as wynde; <i>Piers +Plowman</i>, C. iv. 486: As wroth as the wynd wex Mede ther-after; +<i>Richard the Redeles</i>, iii. 153: thei woll be wroth as the +wynde.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "notes_analogues" id = "notes_analogues"> +ANALOGUES.</a></h4> + +<p>It may be of interest to note here some other instances of the use of +the theme <i>Earth upon Earth</i>, not immediately connected with the +poem under discussion.</p> + +<p>An early instance of the phrase occurs in a Poem on the Death of +Edward IV, written by Skelton probably soon after the event (9th April, +1483), beginning <i>Miseremini mei ye that ben my ffryndys</i>. Verse 2 +runs as follows:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>I slepe now in molde, as it is naturall</p> +<p class = "indent">That erth vnto erth hath his reuerture:</p> +<p>What ordeyned God to be terestyall,</p> +<p class = "indent">Without recours to the erth of nature?</p> +<p class = "indent">Who to lyue euer may himselfe assure?</p> +<p>What is it to trust on mutabilyte,</p> +<p class = "indent">Sith that in this world nothing may indure?</p> +<p>For now am I gone, that late was in prosperyte:</p> +<p>To presume thervppon, it is but a vanyte,</p> +<p class = "indent">Not certayne, but as a chery fayre full of wo:</p> +<p>Reygned not I of late in greate felycite?</p> +<p class = "indent"><i>Et, ecce, nunc in pulvere dormio!</i></p> +</div> + +<p class = "right"> +(<i>Poetical Works of Skelton</i>, ed. Dyce, I. i; London, 1843).</p> + +<p>The poem was inserted amongst the imprinted works of Lydgate, who +could not have been alive in 1483, cf. MS. Harl. 4011, fol. 169, +v<sup>o</sup>, where it occurs among Lydgate’s works.</p> + +<p>In John Taylor’s <i>Trauels of Twelve-Pence</i>, 1630 folio (Spenser +Soc. reprint, p. 82), this verse occurs:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Far<a class = "tag" name = "tag_notes_2" id = "tag_notes_2" href = +"#note_notes_2">2</a> though from <i>Earth</i> man hath originall,</p> +<p>And to the <i>Earth</i>, from whence he came doth fall,</p> +<p>Though he be Earth, & can claime nought but earth,</p> +<p>(As the fraile portion due vnto his birth)</p> +<p>Yet many thousands that the earth doth breed,</p> +<p>Haue no place (certain) where to lodge or feed.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page40" id = "page40">40</a></span> +<p>The following lines occur in a small volume called <i>The Compleat +Bell-Man, being a Pattern for all sorts of People to take notice of the +most remarkable Times and Dayes in the Year</i>, by H. Crouch +(seventeenth century). The book contains thirty-nine verses, for +Saint-Days and Anniversaries chiefly, a few being on more general +subjects. The last verse, No. 39, <i>Upon the day of Doom</i>, runs as +follows:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>When Earth of Earth shall turn to Earth</p> +<p>That was but Earth even from its Birth,</p> +<p>Then Earth from Earth shall rise again</p> +<p>To endlesse joy, or endlesse pain,</p> +<p>Let Earth then serve and please his Maker</p> +<p>That Earth of Heaven may be pertaker.</p> +</div> + +<p>The following is an Epitaph on Roger Earth of Dinton, Wilts, died +1634 (see E. R. Suffling, <i>Epitaphia</i>, p. 81):—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>From Earth wee came, to Earth wee must returne,</p> +<p>Witness this EARTH that Lyes within this VRNE.</p> +<p>Begott by EARTH: Borne also of Earth’s WOMBE,</p> +<p>74 yeares lived EARTH, now Earth’s his TOMBE.</p> +<p>In Earth EARTH’S Body Lyes Vnder this STONE,</p> +<p>But from this Earth to Heauen EARTH’S soule is gone.</p> +</div> + +<p>Another later epitaph is quoted by Suffling, p. 339, from Loughter, +Glamorganshire, without name or date:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>O Earth! O Earth observe this well,</p> +<p class = "indent">That Earth to Earth must go to dwell,</p> +<p>That Earth to Earth must close remain</p> +<p class = "indent">Till Earth for Earth shall come again.</p> +</div> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_notes_1" id = "note_notes_1" href = +"#tag_notes_1">1.</a> +But this is not in agreement with Bateman’s opinion as to the age of the +original parchment roll (1400-1430), see Introduction, p. xi.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_notes_2" id = "note_notes_2" href = +"#tag_notes_2">2.</a> +? for.</p> +</div> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page41" id = "page41">41</a></span> +<h3><a name = "app1" id = "app1">APPENDIX I.</a></h3> + + +<p>The three following <i>Erthe</i> poems, in Latin, French, and English +respectively, were discovered too late for inclusion in the text. They +represent renderings of the same poem in the three languages, and are +preserved on the back of a Roll<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_1" id = +"tag_app_1" href = "#note_app_1">1</a> in the Public Record Office, +containing a copy of the Ordinances of the fifth year of Edward II +(of which other copies exist in the British Museum, the Record +Office, and the Treasury at Canterbury). The poems in question are +written on the back of the Roll, towards the end, the Latin and French +in parallel columns, and the English below, five verses under the Latin, +and four under the French. They are preceded by a number of Latin +recipes in another hand, and a few in French follow. The handwriting of +the poems is smaller and neater than that of the Ordinances, or the +Latin recipes, but was ascribed by Hunter<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_app_2" id = "tag_app_2" href = "#note_app_2">2</a> to the time of +Edward II, and may perhaps be assigned to the fourteenth century. The +French is fourteenth-century Anglo-French, and the texts probably belong +to that century, though this copy of them may not have been made until +after 1400.</p> + +<p>A nineteenth-century transcript of the poems exists in the British +Museum, Addit. MS. 25478 (fol. 1-3), described in the Catalogue as +containing ‘Transcripts of miscellaneous English poetry, with a few +Latin pieces, chiefly derived from MS. sources: xivth to xixth century’. +The binding is marked ‘Collectanea Hunteriana’, and the MS. was acquired +with various others of the Hunter collection in 1863. The handwriting +varies, and these three poems are not in Hunter’s own hand. The +transcript is headed ‘Copy of a Poem in Latin, French, and English, +which is written in a hand of the reign of Edward II, on the dorse of a +Roll which contains a copy of the ordinances of the fifth year of Edward +II, which are printed in the Statutes of the Realm I. 157-168’. The text +given below has been collated with this transcript, and variant readings +in the latter given in the footnotes under the name Hunter (H.).</p> + +<p>The British Museum transcript was discovered by Miss Helen Sandison +of Bryn Mawr, U.S.A., who kindly acquainted me with her discovery, and +was of great assistance in the search for the original Roll, which was +eventually found in a bundle awaiting rearrangement at the Record +Office. A large stain on the original text has rendered a +considerable portion of the Latin and a few words in the French almost +illegible, and Hunter’s transcript has left blanks at these points. Mr. +S. C. Ratcliff, of the Record Office, has given me much kind and +courteous assistance in deciphering the missing words, thanks to which I +have been able to fill up all the gaps, except that in verse 8, +l. 3 of the Latin. Hunter’s text at this point runs as +follows:—</p> + +<table class = "parallel" summary = "parallel texts"> +<tr> +<td>4. l. 4.</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Sic t’ra put<sup>e</sup>dinis . . . t’re venas.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>6. l. 4.</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Terra t’rã faciat flere ieu . . . . .</p></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>7.</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>De t’ra resurg’e t’ra deb . . . . . . . .</p> +<p>Et quod t’ra meruit . . . . . . . .</p> +<p>Hic dum terra vix’it . . . . . . .</p> +<p>Ut in t’ra valeat . . . . . dere</p></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>8.</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Adu’sus t’rigenas . . . . terra stabit</p> +<p>Et t’ra int’roga . . . . . . . . abit</p> +<p>Terra finem cap . . . . . . . gabit</p> +<p>Quod terra promiserat t’ra . . . urgabit.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>and in the French:—</p> + +<table class = "parallel" summary = "parallel texts"> +<tr> +<td>9. l. 2.</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Sayt cydaunt a la tere qe tere soit sauve</p> +<p>. . . . . . . eyne de tere ou tere est benure.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<h4><span class = "smallcaps">Record Office Roll</span> (Ex<sup>r</sup>. +K. R. Parl. Proc., Bdle. 1).</h4> + +<div class = "mynote"> + +<p>The following text was printed on two pairs of facing pages:</p> + +<table class = "outline" summary = "parallel texts"> +<tr> +<td rowspan = "2">pg. 42</td> +<td>Latin Text<br />stz. 1-5</td> +<td>French Text<br />stz. 1-5</td> +<td rowspan = "2">pg. 43</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!-- <td></td> --> +<td>English Text<br /> stz. 1-3.2</td> +<td>English Text<br /> stz. 3.3-5</td> +<!-- <td></td> --> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td rowspan = "2">pg. 44</td> +<td>Latin Text<br />stz. 6-11</td> +<td>French Text<br />stz. 6-10</td> +<td rowspan = "2">pg. 45</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<!-- <td></td> --> +<td>English Text<br /> stz. 6-7</td> +<td>English Text<br /> stz. 8-9</td> +<!-- <td></td> --> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>For this e-text, it is shown in its original layout as described by +the editor (above). Footnote numbering reflects the printed text.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum left"><a name = "page42" id = "page42">42</a></span> +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page43" id = "page43">43</a></span> + +<table class = "parallel" summary = "parallel texts"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "2" abbr = "Latin"><span class = "smallcaps">Latin +Text</span> (in left column).</th> +<td rowspan = "14"> </td> +<th colspan = "2" abbr = "French"> +<span class = "smallcaps">French Text</span> (in right column).</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">1</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p class = "right smaller">[MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 2, r<sup>o</sup>]</p> +<p>In terra cu<i>m</i> terra sit fraude p<i>er</i>quisita,</p> +<p>Terra t<i>er</i>re v<i>er</i>mib<i>us</i> sic put<i>r</i>essit +trita,</p> +<p>Terra t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> deseret, erit et finita,</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>Terra tu<i>n</i>c a terren[i]s<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_3" id += "tag_app_3" href = "#note_app_3">3</a> mox erit oblita.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p class = "right smaller">[MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 1, r<sup>o</sup>]</p> +<p>Q<i>u</i>ant t<i>er</i>re auera en<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_9" +id = "tag_app_9" href = "#note_app_9">9</a> terre large terre gayne,</p> +<p>& t<i>er</i>re s<i>er</i>ra en terre a la mort liuere,</p> +<p>Puis ert tere en tere de v<i>er</i>myne mange,</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>Dounc vendra tere en tere & toust ert oblie.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Terra p<i>er</i> sup<i>er</i>bia<i>m</i> terram cum ascendit,</p> +<p>Terra tu<i>n</i>c cupidine t<i>er</i>ram comp<i>re</i>hendit,</p> +<p>Terra morti p<i>ro</i>ximans t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> dat et vendit,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Ad t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> viuenciu<i>m</i> t<i>er</i>ra manus +tendit.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Q<i>u</i>ant tere sour t<i>er</i>re de orgoyl descline,</p> +<p>& tere ils<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_10" id = "tag_app_10" +href = "#note_app_10">10</a> [vers] tere par coueitise encline,</p> +<p>Dounc tere ils<a class = "tag" href = "#note_app_10">10</a> [vers] +tere se treit a Ruyne,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>& tere a haute tere requeit medicine.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">3</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Terra t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> speculans no<i>n</i> iustificari,</p> +<p>Et ad t<i>er</i>re t<i>er</i>minu<i>m</i> t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> +inclinari.</p> +<p>Terra t<i>er</i>re s<i>er</i>uiens vult<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_app_4" id = "tag_app_4" href = "#note_app_4">4</a> refrigerari,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Et t<i>er</i>ra t<i>er</i>ribilis in terra locari.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">3</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Q<i>u</i>ant tere ne peot de t<i>er</i>re la malueste +sourueyndre,</p> +<p>Par force deit tere de t<i>er</i>re te<i>m</i>ptaciouns +esteyndre,</p> +<p>Encontre la fiele tere sa tere deit refreyndre,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Q<i>u</i>ant tere leue en tere face sa tere moyndre.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>In t<i>er</i>ra q<i>u</i>id possidet t<i>er</i>ra nisi penas</p> +<p>Q<i>u</i>ando t<i>er</i>ra respicit t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> lite +plenas,</p> +<p>Et t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> defic<i>er</i>e tanq<i>uam</i> t<i>er</i>re +tenas,</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>Sic t<i>er</i>ra put<i>r</i>edinis intrat<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_app_5" id = "tag_app_5" href = "#note_app_5">5</a> terre venas?</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Quey ad tere de tere forq<i>u</i>e dolour & peygne</p> +<p>Q<i>u</i>ant tere veyt en terre soun enemi demeygne,</p> +<p>& tere coust en tere a la mort c<i>er</i>teyne<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_app_11" id = "tag_app_11" href = "#note_app_11">11</a>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>& tere pase en tere par frelete humeyne?</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td> +<p class = "right smaller">[MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 1, v<sup>o</sup>]</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">5</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Terra no<i>n</i> co<i>n</i>siderat t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> firma +mente,</p> +<p>Atq<i>ue</i> t<i>er</i>ra labit<i>ur</i> in t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> +repente,</p> +<p>Terra<i>m</i> suo sang<i>u</i>ine t<i>er</i>ra redimente,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Terra<i>m</i> potens eruit de t<i>er</i>ra dolente.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">5</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>O tu cheytiue tere de tere, remembrez</p> +<p>Vo<i>us</i> estes pris de tere & tere deuendrez,</p> +<p>Pensez<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_12" id = "tag_app_12" href = +"#note_app_12"><ins class = "correction" title = +"footnote anchor invisible">12</ins></a> +coment en tere & par tere pecchez,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>& tere fiust en tere tant fortment<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_app_13" id = "tag_app_13" href = "#note_app_13">13</a> +rechatez.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number"> +<span class = "pagenum left"><a name = "page44" id = "page44">44</a></span> +6</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Terra q<i>u</i>ando respicit t<i>e</i>rra<i>m</i> +t<i>er</i>minare,</p> +<p>Terra t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> debuit sese castigare,</p> +<p>Terra t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> valeat vt humiliare,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Terra t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> faciat flere ieiunare<a class = "tag" name += "tag_app_19" id = "tag_app_19" href = "#note_app_19">19</a>.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number"> +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page45" id = "page45">45</a></span> +6</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Quant tere veyt q<i>ue</i> tere se treit a la mort,</p> +<p>& tere nad en tere forq<i>ue</i> poure confort,</p> +<p>Q<i>u</i>ant tere moert<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_25" id = +"tag_app_25" href = "#note_app_25">25</a> en tere ni ad nul resort,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Merueille est q<i>ue</i> tere de tere nad retort.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">7</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>De t<i>er</i>ra resurg<i>er</i>e t<i>er</i>ra debet vere<a class = +"tag" href = "#note_app_19">19</a>,</p> +<p>Et quod t<i>er</i>ra meruit t<i>er</i>ra<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_app_19">19</a> possidere<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_app_19">19</a>,</p> +<p>Hic du<i>m</i> t<i>er</i>ra vix<i>er</i>it t<i>er</i>ra<a class = +"tag" href = "#note_app_19">19</a> valet<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_app_19">19</a> flere<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_app_19">19</a>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>Ut in t<i>er</i>ra valeat t<i>er</i>ra<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_app_19">19</a> post<a class = "tag" href = "#note_app_19">19</a> +gaudere<a class = "tag" href = "#note_app_19">19</a>.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">7</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Q<i>u</i>ant tere<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_26" id = +"tag_app_26" href = "#note_app_26">26</a> deit de tere leuer +sodeynement,</p> +<p>Tere vendra en tere p<i>u</i>r oy<i>e</i>r jugement,</p> +<p>Dounc auera tere en tere dolour & t<i>u</i>rment,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>Si tere neit fet en tere bon amendement.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +<p class = "right smaller">[MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 2, v<sup>o</sup>]</p> +</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">8</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Adu<i>er</i>sus t<i>er</i>rigenas q<i>u</i>ando<a class = "tag" href += "#note_app_19">19</a> terra stabit,</p> +<p>Et t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> int<i>er</i>rogans t<i>er</i>ra<a class = +"tag" href = "#note_app_19">19</a> tu<i>n</i>c<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_app_19">19</a> culpabit<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_app_19">19</a>,</p> +<p>Terra fine<i>m</i> cap[ia]t t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i><a class = "tag" href += "#note_app_19">19</a> . . . gabit<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_20" +id = "tag_app_20" href = "#note_app_20">20</a>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">32</p> +<p>Quod t<i>er</i>ra p<i>ro</i>mis<i>er</i>at t<i>er</i>ra tu<i>n</i>c<a +class = "tag" href = "#note_app_19">19</a> negabit<a class = "tag" name += "tag_app_21" id = "tag_app_21" href = "#note_app_21">21</a>.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">8</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Angel<i>e</i>s vendrount en tere la tere resusciter,</p> +<p>& dirrount a la tere de tere couent leuer,</p> +<p>Deuant le Roy de tere en tere deuez aller<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_app_27" id = "tag_app_27" href = "#note_app_27">27</a>,</p> +<p class = "linenum">32</p> +<p>Q<i>u</i>e<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_28" id = "tag_app_28" href += "#note_app_28">28</a> soffri en tere p<i>u</i>r tere dolour amer.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">9</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>In t<i>er</i>ra q<i>u</i>i mortuus & in t<i>er</i>ra natus</p> +<p>Ffuit<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_22" id = "tag_app_22" href = +"#note_app_22">22</a>, t<i>er</i>ram p<i>ro</i>tegat sic & +t<i>er</i>re<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_23" id = "tag_app_23" href += "#note_app_23">23</a> gratus,</p> +<p>Vt in t<i>er</i>ra quilibet de t<i>er</i>ra formatus,</p> +<p class = "linenum">36</p> +<p>Terre ponat t<i>er</i>minu<i>m</i> t<i>er</i>re comendatus.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">9</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Jesu, q<i>u</i>e p<i>u</i>r la tere en tere fiust ne,</p> +<p>Soyt eydaunt<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_29" id = "tag_app_29" +href = "#note_app_29">29</a> a la tere q<i>u</i>e tere soit sauue,</p> +<p>& nos meyne<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_30" id = "tag_app_30" +href = "#note_app_30">30</a> de tere ou tere est benure,</p> +<p class = "linenum">36</p> +<p>Kar si sumes en tere par tere t<i>u</i>rmente<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_app_31" id = "tag_app_31" href = "#note_app_31">31</a>.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">10</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>In t<i>er</i>ra cu<i>m</i> Ang<i>e</i>li t<i>er</i>ra<i>m</i> +suscitabunt,</p> +<p>In t<i>er</i>ra terribiles tube resonabunt,</p> +<p>De t<i>er</i>ra t<i>er</i>rigene corpora leuabunt,</p> +<p class = "linenum">40</p> +<p>Et ad t<i>er</i>re judice<i>m</i> terre tunc clamabunt.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">10</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Dolour est en tere par tere & par mer,</p> +<p>Ffaus est tere en tere & tere desir auer,</p> +<p>Pluis ne voil en tere ore<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_32" id = +"tag_app_32" href = "#note_app_32">32</a> de tere chaunter.</p> +<p class = "linenum">40</p> +<p>Dieu deynt tere en tere de viuauns habiter. Amen.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">11</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>O tu terre do<i>mi</i>ne! t<i>er</i>re miserere,</p> +<p>Et t<i>er</i>ra respiciens terenos tuere,</p> +<p>In t<i>er</i>ra deficim<i>us</i>, terra sumus vere,</p> +<p class = "linenum">44</p> +<p>Nos in t<i>er</i>ra gl<i>or</i>ie t<i>er</i>ram fac videre.</p> +</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td colspan = "5"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "2" abbr = "English left column"> +<span class = "pagenum left"><a name = "page42a" id = "page42a">[42]</a></span> +<span class = "smallcaps">English Text</span><br />(in left column, +below Latin)</th> +<td rowspan = "8"> </td> +<th colspan = "2" abbr = "English right column"> +(in right column, below French)</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td> +<p class = "right smaller">[MS. Addit. 25478, fol. 3, r<sup>o</sup>]</p> +</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">1</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Whanne eorthe hath eorthe wiþ wrong igete,</p> +<p>And eorthe in eorthe biginneþ to alete,</p> +<p>And eorthe i<i>n</i> eorthe wiþ wormes is afrete,</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>Thanne eorthe is on eorthe sone forȝete.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page44a" id = "page44a">[44]</a></span> +<p>Whan eorthe iseoþ eorthe to endinge drawe,</p> +<p>& eorthe on eorthe wiþ deþ is islawe,</p> +<p>& eorthe on eorthe wiþ wormes in ignawe,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Þanne eorthe may eorthe hi<i>m</i> seluen iknawe.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td> +<p class = "right smaller">[MS. Addit. 25478<ins class = "correction" +title = ", missing">, </ins>fol. 3, v<sup>o</sup>]</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">2</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Wanne eorthe ouer eorthe þorw p<i>r</i>ude styeþ,</p> +<p>And eorthe toward eorthe þorw coueytise wryeþ,</p> +<p>& eorthe into eorthe toward þe deþ hyeþ,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Þanne eorthe aȝeyn eorthe toward heuene c<i>r</i>ieþ.<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_app_6" id = "tag_app_6" href = "#note_app_6">6</a></p> +</td> +<td class = "number">7</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Wan eorthe ssal of eorthe netfulliche aryse,</p> +<p>& eorthe on eorthe ihere þilke assise</p> +<p>Þer eorthe ne may eorthe noþer<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_24" id += "tag_app_24" href = "#note_app_24">24</a> lere ne wise,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>Þanne eorthe sal on eorthe g<i>r</i>imliche agrise.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">3</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Whan eorthe juynt eorthe so luþ<i>er</i><a class = "tag" name = +"tag_app_7" id = "tag_app_7" href = "#note_app_7">7</a> to awelden,</p> +<p>& eorthe on þ<i>a</i>t eorthe allewey<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_app_8" id = "tag_app_8" href = "#note_app_8">8</a> bi helden,</p> +<span class = "pagenum left"><a name = "page43a" id = "page43a">[43]</a></span> +<p>& eorthe on eorthe sone bigynneþ for to elden,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Hou may þat<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_14" id = "tag_app_14" +href = "#note_app_14">14</a> eorthe on eorthe wo<a class = "tag" href = +"#note_app_14">14</a> belden?</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">8</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page45a" id = "page45a">[45]</a></span> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne eorthe sal to eorthe holden gret cheste,</p> +<p>& eorthe asken eorthe were is hiere byheste</p> +<p>Þ<i>a</i>t eorthe byhet eorthe allewey to leste,</p> +<p class = "linenum">32</p> +<p>Wanne eorthe t<i>ur</i>neþ to eorthe toward Helle feste.</p> +</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "number">4</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>What haueþ eorthe on eorthe bote pouȝt<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_app_15" id = "tag_app_15" href = "#note_app_14">15</a> and<a class += "tag" href = "#note_app_14">15</a> wo,</p> +<p>Whan eorthe iseoþ<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_16" id = +"tag_app_16" href = "#note_app_16">16</a> eorthe his dedliche fo,</p> +<p>& eorthe into eorthe so sone gynneþ guo,</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>& eorthe iworthe to eorthe alle we sullen so?</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">9</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Houre Lou<i>er</i>d þ<i>a</i>t on eorthe for eorthe was iboren,</p> +<p>On eorthe of eorthe wiþ wounden to-toren,</p> +<p>Wyte eorthe fro<i>m</i> eorthe þ<i>a</i>t ne be furloren,</p> +<p class = "linenum">36</p> +<p>& b<i>r</i>inge eorthe to þ<i>a</i>t eorthe þer beþ his +icoren.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">5</td> +<td class = "verse"> +<p>Alas why naþ eorthe<a class = "tag" name = "tag_app_17" id = +"tag_app_17" href = "#note_app_17">17</a> in eorthe is þouȝt,</p> +<p>Hou eorthe is on eorthe wiþ synnes of-souȝt,</p> +<p>& eorthe was in eorthe so mychfulliche ibouȝt,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Þ<i>a</i>t eorthe þorw eorthe ne foelle<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_app_18" id = "tag_app_18" href = "#note_app_18">18</a> to +nouȝt?</p> +</td> +<td></td> +<td> +<p class = "right">Amen.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page46" id = "page46">46</a></span> +<p>It will be seen that the Latin and French versions do not correspond +exactly with the English text, the French in particular being a mere +paraphrase of it, but this was, no doubt, largely due to the exigencies +of the rime. The French text has ten stanzas as against nine in the +English poem, and the Latin has eleven, the additional stanzas being an +expansion of the theme after the manner of Anglo-Latin poems of the +kind. It is evident both from the variant attempts at expansion of the +text in the Latin and French, and from the greater freshness and more +skilful use of the play on the word <i>erthe</i> of the English text, +that the latter is the original, and this supports the view already +expressed (Introd. p. xxxiii) as to the relation of the English and +Latin versions in MS. Harl. 913. It is improbable, at least, that the +<i>Erthe upon Erthe</i> poems should all be derived from two Latin +poems, the differences between which are too great to admit of a common +original, but which were both translated into English verse, and became, +in course of time, modified and popularized. On the other hand, the fact +that one fourteenth-century poem of the kind had been supplied with a +Latin rendering might easily account for an attempt at Latin and French +translations in the case of a second, and there seems to be reason for +believing that the author of the latter text was acquainted with the +poem in MS. Harl. 913. As has been already noted in the Introduction +(p. xxxii), the first line of the English version corresponds in +idea with that of the text in MS. Harl. 913:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +Whan erþ haþ erþ iwanne wiþ wow.</p> + +<p>and in actual wording with that of the <i>Song on the Times</i>:</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +When erthe hath erthe i-gette.</p> + +<p>Otherwise no verbal connexion can be traced with any of the texts of +<i>Erthe upon Erthe</i>, though the phrase <i>eorthe on eorthe</i> +recurs four times, and there is, of necessity, some similarity of +treatment and idea. Thus the remainder of verse 1 contains a reference +to the destruction by worms, mentioned in MS. Harl. 913, v. 2, and in +the Cambridge text, vv. 7 and 13, as well as to the proverb that +the dead are soon forgotten, cf. MS. Harl. 913, v. 4 (Introd. p. +xxxi); verse 5 exhorts man to think of death, as does v. 6 of the B +Version; and the poem ends with a prayer, as do MSS. Harl. 4486, +Lambeth, Laud, Titus, and Rawl. P., as well as Rawl. C., and the +Cambridge text. But the wording, and, in the two latter cases, the +treatment, is different, and the general similarity is less than might +he expected from the triteness of the theme. Both the <b>A</b> and the +<b>B</b> Version lay stress on the contrast between man’s present +earthly glory and his future mingling with the dust, whereas the text in +the Appendix dwells on the inevitableness of death, the pains of death, +and the future judgement (only mentioned here and in MS. Harl. 913). The +poem appears to represent an individual treatment of the subject, +suggested perhaps by the text in MS. Harl. 913, with its Latin +rendering, and possibly also influenced by the <i>Song on the Times</i> +in the same MS. It may be regarded as being ultimately based, like MS. +Harl. 913, on the short stanzas current at the beginning of the +fourteenth century, and as furnishing additional evidence of the early +popularity of the theme, a popularity which gave rise at first to +individual poems like this and MS. Harl. 913, and later to the +repetition and expansion of one common type as in the B Version. But, +unlike MS. Harl. 913, this text stands apart from the more popular types +of the poem, and has no connexion with either the B Version or the +Cambridge text. It must therefore have been written before the short +normal type of the B Version became current, and probably before it took +shape as a poem of several stanzas, that is before 1400. The want of +close connexion between it and the more usual types of the poem given +above, makes the omission of it from the text the less to be regretted, +since it represents a side-issue rather than a link in the development +of the poem as here treated.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_app_1" id = "note_app_1" href = "#tag_app_1">1.</a> +Ex<sup>r</sup>. K. R. Parl. Proceedings, Bdle. 1 (Old No. 645/21).</p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_2" id = "note_app_2" href = "#tag_app_2">2.</a> +Joseph Hunter, the antiquary (1783-1861), Sub-Commissioner of the Public +Records 1833, Assistant-Keeper of the Records 1838.</p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_3" id = "note_app_3" href = "#tag_app_3">3.</a> +<i>MS. <em>aterrens</em> as one word.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_4" id = "note_app_4" href = "#tag_app_4">4.</a> +<i>MS. <em>wlt</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_5" id = "note_app_5" href = "#tag_app_5">5.</a> +<i>this word is very obscure, and is omitted by Hunter; portions of +<em>nt</em> and the second <em>t</em> can be seen.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_6" id = "note_app_6" href = "#tag_app_6">6.</a> +<i>H. <em>b<sup>i</sup>reþ</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_7" id = "note_app_7" href = "#tag_app_7">7.</a> +<i>H. <em>luþ</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_8" id = "note_app_8" href = "#tag_app_8">8.</a> +<i>the MS. has a gap after <em>allewey</em> with space for a word of +five or six letters, but there is no erasure nor trace of any +omission.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_9" id = "note_app_9" href = "#tag_app_9">9.</a> +<i>inserted above the line.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_10" id = "note_app_10" href = +"#tag_app_10">10.</a> +<i>MS. has <em>ils</em>, surely a scribal error; the original had +probably <em>u<i>er</i>s</em> = <em>vers ‘towards’</em>, with the MS. +compendium for <em>er</em>, written over and confused with the second +stroke of the <em>u</em> so as to look like <em>il</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_11" id = "note_app_11" href = +"#tag_app_11">11.</a> +<i>H. <em>e’teyne</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_12" id = "note_app_12" href = +"#tag_app_12">12.</a> +<i>H. <em>peisez</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_13" id = "note_app_13" href = +"#tag_app_13">13.</a> +<i>H. <em>foilment</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_14" id = "note_app_14" href = "#tag_app_14">14, +15.</a> +<i>in fresher ink above the line.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_16" id = "note_app_16" href = +"#tag_app_16">16.</a> +<i>MS. <em>isoeþ</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_17" id = "note_app_17" href = +"#tag_app_17">17.</a> +<i>above the line.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_18" id = "note_app_18" href = +"#tag_app_18">18.</a> +<i>MS. <em>foelle</em>; ? <em>falle</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_19" id = "note_app_19" href = +"#tag_app_19">19.</a> +<i>All words marked <sup>19</sup> are omitted in H.’s transcript, the +MS. at this point being stained and obscure.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_20" id = "note_app_20" href = +"#tag_app_20">20.</a> +<i>Professor Robinson Ellis suggests <em>obiu<i>r</i>gabit</em> here, +which would fit the space: there is room for 2-3 letters, and possibly a +trace of an <em>r</em> contraction.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_21" id = "note_app_21" href = +"#tag_app_21">21.</a> +<i><ins class = "correction" title = +"printed as Roman (non-emphatic)">H.</ins> <em>urgabit</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_22" id = "note_app_22" href = +"#tag_app_22">22.</a> +<i>obscure, H. <em>fuit</em>; MS. might be <em>ffinit</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_23" id = "note_app_23" href = +"#tag_app_23">23.</a> +<i>H. <em>t’roe</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_24" id = "note_app_24" href = +"#tag_app_24">24.</a> +<i>H. <em>neþer</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_25" id = "note_app_25" href = +"#tag_app_25">25.</a> +<i>H. <em>mo ert</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_26" id = "note_app_26" href = +"#tag_app_26">26.</a> +<i>inserted in margin; H. omits.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_27" id = "note_app_27" href = +"#tag_app_27">27.</a> +<i>H. <em>aler</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_28" id = "note_app_28" href = +"#tag_app_28">28.</a> +<i>H. <em>le</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_29" id = "note_app_29" href = +"#tag_app_29">29.</a> +<i>H. <em>sayt cydaunt</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_30" id = "note_app_30" href = +"#tag_app_30">30.</a> +<i>H. <em>. . . . . . eyne</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_31" id = "note_app_31" href = +"#tag_app_31">31.</a> +<i>H. <em>t<sup>r</sup>menti</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_app_32" id = "note_app_32" href = +"#tag_app_32">32.</a> +<i>H. <em>ou</em>.</i></p> +</div> + + +<div class = "texts"> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page47" id = "page47">47</a></span> + +<h3><a name = "app2" id = "app2">APPENDIX II.</a></h3> + +<h4><a name = "poemB_19" id = "poemB_19"><span class = +"smallcaps"><b>B</b> Version 19.</span></a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Trinity College Cambridge R. 3. +21.</span></h4> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 33, v<sup>o</sup>.]</p> + +<p class = "full smaller"> +(This text represents the normal seven-stanza type of the <b>B</b> +version, but without precise verbal agreement with any text printed +above.)</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent3"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +rthe vppon erthe so wondyrly wrought,</p> +<p class = "indent">E Erthe opon erthe hath gete a dignite +of nought,</p> +<p class = "indent3">Erthe opon erthe hath set all hys thought</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p class = "indent3">How erthe opon erthe may on hyght be brought.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erthe opon erthe wold be a kyng;</p> +<p>But how that erthe goth to erthe thynketh he nothyng.</p> +<p>When erthe byddyth erthe hys rent home bryng,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Than erthe from erthe hath full hard partyng.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erthe opon erthe wynneth castelles and towres;</p> +<p>Than seyth erthe to erthe: ‘Thys ys all owres’.</p> +<p>When erthe opon erthe hath bylde halles and bowres,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Then shall erthe fro erthe suffre sharpe showres.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erthe goth opon erthe as molde opon molde,</p> +<p>Erthe goth opon erthe and glytereth as golde,</p> +<p>Lyke as erthe to erthe neu<i>er</i> go sholde.</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>And yet shall erthe to erthe rather then he wolde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +Why erthe loueth erthe wondyr I may thynke,</p> +<p>Or why erthe for erthe wyll other swete or s[w]ynke,</p> +<p>Ffor when erthe in-to erthe ys brought w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i>yn the +brynke,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Than shall erthe of erthe haue a foule stynke.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +Lo erthe opon erthe consider<i>e</i> well thow may</p> +<p>How erthe co<i>m</i>meth to erthe nakyd alway.</p> +<p>Why shuld erthe than opon erthe go stout and gay</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Seth erthe in-to erthe shall passe in a pore aray?</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +I counsell erthe opon erthe that wykkyd hath wrought,</p> +<p>Whyle erthe ys opon erthe to torne vp hys thought,</p> +<p>And pray God opon erthe that all erthe hath wrought,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>That erthe out of erthe to blysse may be brought. Amen.</p> + +<p class = "stanza deep">Memorare nouissima.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page48" id = "page48">48</a></span> + +<h4><a name = "poemB_20" id = "poemB_20"><span class = +"smallcaps"><b>B</b> Version 20.</span></a><br /> +<span class = "smallcaps">MS. Trinity College Cambridge B. 15. +39.</span></h4> + +<p class = "linenum">[fol. 170.]</p> + +<p class = "full smaller"> +This text (in MS. not written in metrical lines) preserves 9 stanzas of +the 12-stanza version in MSS. Lambeth and Laud, and appears to represent +a distinct and perhaps older copy of the original of these two. The +mistake in v. 8 precludes its being the original.</p> + +<p class = "stanza indent">De terra plasmasti me, <i>etc.</i></p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">1</span> +<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b20_1" id = "tag_b20_1" href = +"#note_b20_1">1</a>Erþe out of erþe is wondirli wrouȝt,</p> +<p>Erþe of erþe haþ gete a dignite of nouȝt,</p> +<p>Erþe vpon erþe haþ sett al his þouȝt,</p> +<p class = "linenum">4</p> +<p>Howe þat erþe vpon erþe may be hiȝ brouȝt.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">2</span> +Erþe vpon erþe wolde ben a king;</p> +<p>But how erþe schal to erþe þenkiþ he no þing;</p> +<p>Whanne þan erþe biddiþ erþe hise rentis hoom bring,</p> +<p class = "linenum">8</p> +<p>Þanne schal erþe out of erþe haue a piteuous p<i>ar</i>tinge.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">3</span> +Erþe vpon erþe wy<i>n</i>neþ castels and tours,</p> +<p>Þanne seiþ erþe to erþe: ‘þis is all ouris.’</p> +<p>Whanne erþe vpon<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b20_2" id = "tag_b20_2" +href = "#note_b20_2">2</a> erþe [haþ biggid]<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b20_3" id = "tag_b20_3" href = "#note_b20_3">3</a> up his +bouris,</p> +<p class = "linenum">12</p> +<p>Þan schal erþe for erþe for<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b20_4" id = +"tag_b20_4" href = "#note_b20_4">4</a> suffre scharpe schouris.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">4</span> +Erþe gooþ upon erþe as molde upon moolde,</p> +<p>So gooþ erþe upon erþe al glitiringe in golde,</p> +<p>Lijk as erþe vnto erþe neu<i>er</i>e go scholde,</p> +<p class = "linenum">16</p> +<p>And ȝit schal erþe vnto erþe raþir þan he wolde.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">5</span> +O þou [fol. 170, v<sup>o</sup>] wrecchid erþe þat in þe erþe trauellist +niȝt & day,</p> +<p>To florische þe erþe, to peinte þe erþe wiþ wantowne aray,</p> +<p>Ȝit schalt þou erþe for al þi erþe, make þou it neu<i>er</i>e so +queinte or gay,</p> +<p class = "linenum">20</p> +<p>Out of þis erþe in-to þe erþe, þere to klinge as a clot of clay.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">6</span> +O wrecchid man whi art þou proud þat art of erþe makid?</p> +<p>Hidir brouȝtist þou no schroud, but pore come þou and nakid.</p> +<p>Whanne þi soule is went out & þi bodi in<a class = "tag" name = +"tag_b20_5" id = "tag_b20_5" href = "#note_b20_5">5</a> erþe rakid,</p> +<p class = "linenum">24</p> +<p>Þan bi [bodi]<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b20_6" id = "tag_b20_6" +href = "#note_b20_6">6</a> þat was rank & bilouid of al men is +bihatid.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page49" id = "page49">49</a></span> +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">7</span> +Out of þis erþe cam to þis erþe þis wantinge grarnement<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_b20_7" id = "tag_b20_7" href = "#note_b20_7">7</a>;</p> +<p>To hide þis erþe, to happe þis erþe, to him was cloþing lent;</p> +<p>But now<a class = "tag" name = "tag_b20_8" id = "tag_b20_8" href = +"#note_b20_8">8</a> gooþ erþe upon erþe, ruli raggid & rent,</p> +<p class = "linenum">28</p> +<p>Þerfore schal erþe vndir þe erþe haue hidous turment.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">8</span> +Þ<i>er</i>fore þ<i>o</i>u erþe vpon erþe þat wikkidli hast wrouȝt,</p> +<p>While þat erþe is upon erþe turne aȝen þi þouȝt,</p> +<p>& pray to God vpon erthe þat [al þe erþe haþ]<a class = "tag" +name = "tag_b20_9" id = "tag_b20_9" href = "#note_b20_9">9</a> +wrouȝt,</p> +<p class = "linenum">32</p> +<p>Þat erþe vpon erþe to blis may be brouȝt.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"><span class = "stanza">9</span> +Now Lord þat erþe madist for erþe & suffridist peines ille,</p> +<p>Lete neu<i>er</i>e þis erþe for þis erþe mischeue ne spille,</p> +<p>But þat þis erþe in þis erþe be euere worchinge þi wille,</p> +<p class = "linenum">36</p> +<p>So that erþe fro þis erþe stie vp to þin hiȝ hille. <span class = +"smallcaps">Amen.</span></p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Memento homo quod cinis es. et in cinerem reuerteris.</p> +<p>Ffac bene dum viuis. post mortem viu<i>er</i>e si vis.</p> + +</div> + +<p>A man þat wilneþ for to p<i>ro</i>fite in þe wey of +p<i>er</i>fecciou<i>n</i> & souvereinli to plese God. he muste +studie bisili for to haue þese maters in his herte þat folewiþ here +aftir.</p> + +<p class = "verse"> +First biþenke þee [etc.]</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "note_b20_1" id = "note_b20_1" href = "#tag_b20_1">1.</a> +<i>MS. erron. begins with a capital <em>D</em>.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b20_2" id = "note_b20_2" href = "#tag_b20_2">2.</a> +<i>Crossed out in MS.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b20_3" id = "note_b20_3" href = "#tag_b20_3">3.</a> +<i>Omitted in MS.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b20_4" id = "note_b20_4" href = "#tag_b20_4">4.</a> +<i>So in MS.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b20_5" id = "note_b20_5" href = "#tag_b20_5">5.</a> +<i>MS. <em>is</em> erron. for <em>in</em></i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b20_6" id = "note_b20_6" href = "#tag_b20_6">6.</a> +<i>Omitted in MS.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b20_7" id = "note_b20_7" href = "#tag_b20_7">7.</a> +<i>erron. for <em>garnement</em></i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b20_8" id = "note_b20_8" href = "#tag_b20_8">8.</a> +<i><em>erþe vpon erþe</em> inserted after <em>now</em> in MS. and +crossed out.</i></p> + +<p><a name = "note_b20_9" id = "note_b20_9" href = "#tag_b20_9">9.</a> +<i>MS. erroneously repeats, from l. 29, <em>þat vickidli hast +wrouȝt</em>.</i></p> +</div> + +</div> +<!-- end div texts --> + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page50" id = "page50">50</a></span> +<h2><a name = "glossary" id = "glossary">GLOSSARY.</a></h2> + +<div class = "mynote"> +<p>Outlined entries are from the author’s <a href = +"#addenda">Addenda</a>, referring to the English text in <a href = +"#app1">Appendix I</a> (pages 42–45). Yogh <b>ȝ</b> is +alphabetized as <b>g</b>, thorn <b>þ</b> as <b>th</b>. Links lead to the +top of the page.</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<a href = "#letter_A"> A </a> +<a href = "#letter_B"> B </a> +<a href = "#letter_C"> C </a> +<a href = "#letter_D"> D </a> +<a href = "#letter_E"> E </a> +<a href = "#letter_F"> F </a> +<a href = "#letter_G"> G </a> +<a href = "#letter_H"> H </a> +<a href = "#letter_I"> IJ </a> +<a href = "#letter_K"> K </a> +<a href = "#letter_L"> L </a><br /> +<a href = "#letter_M"> M </a> +<a href = "#letter_N"> N </a> +<a href = "#letter_O"> O </a> +<a href = "#letter_P"> P </a> +<a href = "#letter_Q"> Q </a> +<a href = "#letter_R"> R </a> +<a href = "#letter_S"> S </a> +<a href = "#letter_T"> T </a> +<a href = "#letter_U"> U </a> +<a href = "#letter_V"> V </a> +<a href = "#letter_W"> W </a> +</p> +</div> + +<div class = "glossary"> + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_A" id = "letter_A">Abbey</a></b>, <i>sb.</i> +<a href = "#page13">13.<em>6</em></a>. <i>perh. erron. for</i> nobley.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Afrete</b>, <i>pp.</i> devoured, eaten <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>3</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Agaste</b>, <i>a.</i> aghast <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>54</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Agayn(e)</b>, ageyn, aȝen, ayen, <i>adv.</i> again <a href = +"#page13">13.<em>30</em></a>, <a href = "#page15">15.<em>45</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>34</em></a>, <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>20</em></a>, <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>54</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>prep.</i> against <a href = +"#page38">38.<em>47</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aȝenrisynge</b>, <i>sb.</i> resurrection <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>41</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Agrise</b>, <i>vb.</i> tremble, quake <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>28</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Al</b>, all, <i>a.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>49, +53</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Alas</b>, <i>int.</i> <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>17</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ale</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page25">25.<em>60</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Alete</b>, <i>vb.</i> to let go, forsake <a href += "#page42a">42.<em>3</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Almis</b>, <i>sb.</i> alms <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>24</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Also</b>, <i>adv.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>37</em></a>, +<a href = "#page34">34.<em>73</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Alway(e)</b>, all(e) way(e), <i>adv.</i> always <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>22</em></a>, +<a href = "#page10">10.<em>22</em></a>, <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>32</em></a>, <a href = "#page29">29.<em>58</em></a>, +&c.</p> + +<p><b>Amende</b>, <i>vb. imp.</i> <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>18</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Amys</b>, <i>adv.</i> amiss <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>68</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Answerid</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> answereth <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>25</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Apone</b>, ap(p)one, <i>prep.</i>, <i>var. of</i> upon <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>3, 5, 9</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>1, 2, +3</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>1, 2</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Ar</b>, <a href = "#page3">3.<em>50</em></a>. ? <i>erron. for</i> +a.</p> + +<p><b>Aray(e)</b>, array, <i>sb.</i> array <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>16</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>26</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>18</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>64</em></a>, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>24</em></a>, +&c., &c.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Aryse</b>, <i>vb.</i> arise <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>25</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Askeþ</b>, askiþ, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> <a href = "#page2">2.<em>25, +39</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Assise</b>, <i>sb.</i> the Judgement <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>26</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Auyse</b>, <i>vb. imp.</i> bethink thyself, consider <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>98</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Awaked</b>, <i>vb. pr. pl.</i> awaken <a href = +"#page1">1.<em>6</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Away</b>, <i>adv.</i> <a href = "#page30">30.<em>22</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>22</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Awelden</b>, <i>vb.</i> wield, rule <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>9</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ay</b>, <i>adv.</i> aye <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>58</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_B" id = "letter_B">Bare</a></b>, <i>a.</i> <a href += "#page22">22.<em>88</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Be</b>, <i>vb.</i> <a href = "#page5">5.<em>4, 5</em></a>, <a href += "#page6">6.<em>4, 5</em></a>, &c., &c.;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>imp.</i> <a href = "#page3">3.<em>63</em></a>, <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>97</em></a>, <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>23</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>subj.</i> <a href = "#page13">13.<em>9</em></a>, <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>35</em></a>, &c;</p> +<p><i>2 p. pr.</i> art<ins class = "correction" title = "superfluous ."> +</ins><a href = "#page1">1.<em>5</em></a>, <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>24, 45</em></a>, <a href = +"#page19">19.<em>21</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> is, ys <a href = "#page2">2.<em>16, 17, 40, +42</em></a>, <a href = "#page3">3.<em>49, 50</em></a>, <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>1</em></a>, &c., es <a href = "#page6">6.<em>1, 10, +19</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pr. pl.</i> be, beth <a href = "#page2">2.<em>38</em></a>, <a href += "#page3">3.<em>66</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>10</em></a>, +<a href = "#page28">28.<em>43, 45</em></a>, bythe <a href = +"#page13">13.<em>14</em></a>, byne <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>52</em></a>, ar <a href = "#page30">30.<em>10</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>10</em></a>, <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>45</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>2 p. p.</i> were <a href = "#page1">1.<em>5</em></a>, <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>29</em></a>, <a href = "#page22">22.<em>92</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. p.</i> was <a href = "#page15">15.<em>29</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>40</em></a>, <a href = "#page23">23.<em>101</em></a>, +&c.;</p> +<p><i>p. pl.</i> were <a href = "#page27">27.<em>21</em></a>, <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>27</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Before</b>, beffore, byfore, <i>adv.</i> before <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>44, 52</em></a>.</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>prep.</i> <a href = "#page22">22.<em>100</em></a>, +<a href = "#page33">33.<em>50</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Begilynge</b>, <i>sb.</i> beguiling <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>106</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Begynnynge</b>, <i>sb.</i> beginning <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>102</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Begynnys</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> begins <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>51</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>3 p. p.</i> began <a href = "#page28">28.<em>31</em></a>, <a href += "#page32">32.<em>14</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pp.</i> bigun <a href = "#page2">2.<em>29</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Beholde</b>, <i>vb. imp.</i> behold <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>25</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Behynde</b>, <i>prep.</i> behind <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>50</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Belden</b>, <i>vb.</i> build up <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>12</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Beriþ</b>, berriþ, berys, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> bears <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>15, 28</em></a>, <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>53</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Beste</b>, <i>a.</i> best <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>21</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bete</b>, <i>pp.</i> beaten <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>116</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Betyme</b>, <i>adv.</i> betimes <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>18</em></a>, <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>57</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Be ware</b>, <i>vb. imp.</i> beware <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>97</em></a>, <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>38</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Biddethe</b>, biddis, biddith, bydd-es, -eth, -is, -ys, -yth(e), +bydyth, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> bids <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>7</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>7</em></a>, <a href += "#page8">8.<em>9</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>7</em></a>, +<a href = "#page10">10.<em>7</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>3 p. p.</i> bade <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>36</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Biddyngis</b>, <i>sb.</i> biddings <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>124</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bigged</b>, biggid, -it, bygged(e), -id, -it, -yd, -yt, <i>pp.</i> +built, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>11</em></a>, <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>11</em></a>, <a href = "#page10">10.<em>11</em></a>, +<a href = "#page12">12.<em>11</em></a>, <a href = +"#page13">13.<em>15</em></a>, <a href = "#page14">14.<em>14</em></a>, +<a href = "#page17">17.<em>13</em></a>, <a href = +"#page19">19.<em>11</em></a>, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>11</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>11</em></a>, <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>7</em></a>; ON. byggja.</p> + +<p><b>Bihatid</b>, <i>pp.</i> hated <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>27</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Bi-holden</b>, <i>vb.</i> keep, retain <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>10</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bild</b>, <i><ins class = "correction" title = "text has ‘v.’">vb. +</ins> imp.</i> build <a href = "#page3">3.<em>64</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>2 p. pr.</i> bildist <a href = "#page22">22<ins class = +"correction" title = ". invisible">.</ins><em>79</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> bilt, <a href = "#page3">3.<em>65</em></a>, byldyth +<a href = "#page5">5.<em>13</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pp.</i> bildyd, billid, bylde, byllyd, <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>11</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>13</em></a>, +<a href = "#page11">11.<em>11</em></a>, <a href = +"#page20">20.<em>22</em></a>, <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>11</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Bink</b>, bynk, <i>sb.</i> bank <a href = +"#page30">30.<em>19</em></a>, <a href = "#page31">31.<em>19</em></a>. +L. Scots.</p> + +<p><b>Blak</b>, blayke, <i>a.</i> black <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>66</em></a>, <a href = "#page34">34.<em>64</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Blesse</b>, <i>sb.</i>, <i>var. of</i> blis, bliss <a href = +"#page29">29.<em>6</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Blis</b>, blys, blysse, <i>sb.</i> bliss <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>77</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>24</em></a>, +<a href = "#page8">8.<em>30</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>28</em></a>, +<a href = "#page10">10.<em>28</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Blode</b>, <i>sb.</i> blood <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>46</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Blynde</b>, <i>a.</i> blind <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>37</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Blyssed</b>, <i>pp.</i> blessed <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>75</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bodi</b>, body, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page15">15.<em>26, +27</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>25, 26</em></a>, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>73</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bold</b>, <i>sb.</i> dwelling <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>64</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bold</b>, <i>a.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>42</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bon</b>, <i>sb.</i> bone <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>88</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Borowes</b>, <i>sb. erron. for</i> bowres, bowers <a href = +"#page10">10.<em>11</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Both</b>, <i>pron.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>41</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bour(e)s</b>, bour(r)is, bourys, bowres, -is, -ys, <i>sb. pl.</i> +bowers <a href = "#page3">3.<em>66</em></a>, <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>11</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>11</em></a>, +<a href = "#page8">8.<em>13</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>11</em></a>, +<a href = "#page12">12.<em>11</em></a>, <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>13</em></a>, +<a href = "#page27">27.<em>11</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Bouȝte</b>, <i>pp. erron. for</i> broȝt <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>70</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Brede</b>, <i>sb.</i> bread <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>60</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bredis</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> breeds <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>7</em></a>; (<i>perh. erron. for</i> biddis);</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>3 p. p.</i> brede <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>45</em></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page51" id = "page51">51</a></span> +<p><b>Brente</b>, <i>pp.</i> burnt <a href = +"#page10">10.<em>19</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Brether</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> brothers <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>44</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bring</b>, bryng(e), <i>vb.</i> <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>7</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>7</em></a>, <a href += "#page7">7.<em>7</em></a><ins class = "correction" +title = ", missing">, </ins><a href = "#page14">14.<em>10</em></a>, +&c.;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>imp.</i> bryng <a href = "#page33">33.<em>27</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>2 p. p.</i> broght, brouȝttist, broutyst <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>25</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>24</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>22</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pp.</i> brocht, bro(u)ght(e), broht, brouȝt(e), brouþt, browt(h)e, +<a href = "#page5">5.<em>4</em></a>, <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>4</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>4</em></a>, <a href += "#page8">8.<em>6</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>3</em></a>, +<a href = "#page10">10.<em>4, 28</em></a>, <a href = +"#page13">13.<em>8</em></a>, <a href = "#page14">14.<em>7</em></a>, +<a href = "#page30">30.<em>4</em></a>, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Brink</b>(<b>e</b>), brynk(e), <i>sb.</i> brink (of the grave) +<a href = "#page5">5.<em>19</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>19</em></a>, +<a href = "#page15">15.<em>34</em></a>, <a href = +"#page17">17.<em>33</em></a>, <a href = "#page27">27.<em>19</em></a>, +&c.;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pl.</i> brynkes <a href = +"#page10">10.<em>19</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Byggis</b>, bygith, -yth, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> builds <i>v.</i> +bigged <a href = "#page12">12.<em>9</em></a>, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>63</em></a>.</p> + +<div class = "addenda"> +<p><b>Byheste</b>, <i>sb.</i> promise <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>30</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Byhet</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> promises <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>31</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Byrthe</b>, <i>sb.</i> birth <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>72</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_C" id = "letter_C">Calle</a></b>, <i>sb.</i> +summons <a href = "#page12">12.<em>23</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Callyd</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. p.</i> called, named <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>12</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Carayne</b>, caryon, <i>sb.</i> carrion <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>39</em></a>, <a href = "#page24">24.<em>30</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Care</b>, <i>sb.</i> care, anxiety <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>11</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Case</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page26">26.<em>64</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cast</b>, <i>vb.</i> <a href = "#page34">34.<em>61</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Castles</b>, castells, casteles, castels, castells, -es, -is, -ys, +castylles, <i>sb. pl.</i> castles <a href = "#page3">3.<em>65</em></a>, +<a href = "#page5">5.<em>9</em></a>, <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>9</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7<ins class = "correction" +title = ". invisible">.</ins><em>9</em></a>, <a href = +"#page8">8.<em>11</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>9</em></a>, +&c., &c.</p> + +<p><b>Certayn</b>, certeyn, <i>a.</i> certain <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>53, 56</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Cheste</b>, <i>sb.</i> strife, dispute <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>29</em></a>; OE. cēast, <i>older</i> cēas, L. +causa.</p> + +<p><b>Chyn</b>, chynne, <i>sb.</i> chin <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = "#page32">32.<em>26</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Clay</b>(<b>e</b>), <i>sb.</i> <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>23</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>22</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>20</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>68</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Clinge</b>, clynge, klyng, <i>vb.</i> to shrink up, decay <a href += "#page15">15.<em>23</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>22</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>20</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>68</em></a>.</p> +<p class = "inset">Cf. <i>E. E. Allit. P.</i> A. 856, oure corses in +clottez clynge, <i>Hymns to Virgin and Christ</i>, p. 85, in coold +clay now schal y clinge.</p> + +<p><b>Closed</b>, closit, <i>pp.</i> enclosed, shut up <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>39</em></a>, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>19</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>19</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Clot</b>, clotte, <i>sb.</i> clot of clay, a hardened lump of +earth, <a href = "#page15">15.<em>23</em></a>, <a href = +"#page17">17.<em>22</em></a>, <a href = "#page19">19.<em>20</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>68</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>replaced by</i> NE. clod.</p> + +<p><b>Cloth</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page32">32.<em>24</em></a>, +<a href = "#page33">33.<em>53</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cloth</b>, <i>vb. imp.</i> clothe <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>36</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Clothing</b>(<b>e</b>), <i>sb.</i> <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>29</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>28</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>40</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Cold</b>(<b>e</b>), <i>sb.</i> <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>15</em></a>, <a href = "#page28">28.<em>43</em></a>, +<a href = "#page34">34.<em>72</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Com</b>, <i>vb.</i> come <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>23</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>2 p. pr.</i> commys <a href = "#page25">25.<em>32</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> comes, comeþ, commeth, comyth(e), commyth <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>24</em></a>, +<a href = "#page9">9<ins class = "correction" +title = ". invisible">.</ins><em>22</em></a>, +<a href = "#page10">10.<em>22</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p><i>2 p. p.</i> cam <a href = "#page17">17<ins class = "correction" +title = ". invisible">.</ins><em>24</em></a>, +cem(e) <a href = "#page15">15.<em>25</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>22</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pl.</i> com <a href = "#page28">28.<em>54</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Commandmentis</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> commandments, <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>42</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Concele</b>, concell, consaill, consell, consylle, counsall, +counsill, cowncelle, cowsayl, <i>vb. 1 p. pr.</i> counsel, advise +<a href = "#page7">7.<em>21</em></a>, <a href = +"#page8">8.<em>27</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9<ins class = +"correction" title = ". invisible">.</ins><em>25</em></a>, <a href = +"#page10">10.<em>25</em></a>, <a href = "#page11">11.<em>25</em></a>, +<a href = "#page26">26.<em>67</em></a>, <a href = "#page29">29.<em>3, +61</em></a>, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>25</em></a>, <a href = +"#page31">31.<em>25</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Conclusion</b>, <i>sb.</i> close, termination, <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>36</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Consayfe</b>, <i>vb.</i> conceive, grasp, understand <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>31</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Consider</b>(<b>e</b>), consedur, considder, considdir, +consyder(e), consydre, <i>vb.</i> consider <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>13</em></a>, <a href = "#page10">10.<em>21</em></a>, +<a href = "#page11">11.<em>21</em></a>, <a href = +"#page13">13.<em>25</em></a>, <a href = "#page15">15.<em>36</em></a>, +<a href = "#page29">29.<em>57</em></a>, <a href = +"#page30">30.<em>21</em></a>, <a href = +"#page31">31.<em>21</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Coueytise</b>, <i>sb.</i> covetousness <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>6</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Coveytous</b>, <i>sb.</i> covetousness <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>55</em></a>, <i>Conf. of ending for</i> covetise, OF. +coveitise. Cf. <i>Paston Letters</i>, No. 582, II. 313, the unkyndnesse +and covetuse that was shewed me.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Crieþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> cries <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>8</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Crose</b>, <i>sb.</i> cross <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>46</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Crownnys</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> crowns <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>24</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Crystyn</b>, <i>a.</i> Christian <a href = +"#page11">11.<em>28</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_D" id = "letter_D">Dai</a></b>, day(e), <i>sb.</i> +day <a href = "#page4">4.<em>78</em></a>, <a href = +"#page8">8.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = "#page15">15.<em>20</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>62</em></a>, <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>22</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dare</b>, <i>vb. subj.</i> need <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>58</em></a>; ME. thar for tharf, OE. þearf; <i>from +confusion with</i> dare, OE. dearr.</p> + +<p><b>Dart</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>50</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dede</b>, <i>sb.</i> deed <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>78</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pl.</i> deden, dedis <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>15</em></a>, <a href = "#page25">25.<em>54</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Dedliche</b>, <i>a.</i> deadly <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>14</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dedly</b>, <i>a.</i> deadly, mortal <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>78</em></a>, <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>128</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Delful</b>, dolfull, <i>a.</i> sorrowful, doleful <a href = +"#page1">1.<em>4</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>8</em></a>, <a href += "#page33">33.<em>28</em></a>; OF. doel, duel, deol, mod. F. deuil.</p> + +<p><b>Deliþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> divides, separates <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>78</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Depairting</b>, <i>sb.</i> separation, parting <a href = +"#page30">30.<em>8</em></a>, <a href = "#page31">31.<em>8</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dere</b>, <i>vb.</i> harm, injure <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>50</em></a>; OE. derian.</p> + +<p><b>Deth</b>(<b>e</b>), deeþ, <i>sb.</i> death <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>3</em></a>, <a href += "#page9">9.<em>30, 31</em></a>, <a href = "#page13">13.<em>3, +4</em></a>, <a href = "#page14">14.<em>2</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>gen.</i> dethis <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>70</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Deyle</b>, <i>vb. imp.</i> distribute <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>43</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dignite</b>, dignitie, dignyte, dignytie, dygnite, dygnyte, +dyngnyte, <i>sb.</i> high estate or position, honour <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = "#page11">11.<em>2</em></a>, +<a href = "#page12">12.<em>4</em></a>, <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>5</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>4</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = +"#page20">20.<em>8</em></a>, <a href = "#page27">27.<em>2</em></a>, +<a href = "#page30">30.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = +"#page31">31.<em>2</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Disgesily</b>, <i>adv.</i> strangely, extraordinarily <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>42</em></a>; OF. desguisié, disguised.</p> + +<p><b>Do</b>, <i>vb.</i> <a href = "#page34">34.<em>68</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> doþe, dooþ, doith, dose <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = "#page14">14.<em>2</em></a>, +<a href = "#page22">22.<em>94</em></a>, <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>54</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pl.</i> don <a href = "#page33">33.<em>33</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>imp.</i> do <a href = "#page26">26.<em>73</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pl. p.</i> did <a href = "#page28">28.<em>44</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>p. pr.</i> doynge <a href = "#page23">23.<em>130</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pp.</i> do, don <a href = "#page23">23.<em>115, 122</em></a>, +<a href = "#page34">34.<em>66</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Doluyn</b>, <i>pp.</i> buried <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>113</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dome</b>, <i>sb.</i> judgement <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>76</em></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page52" id = "page52">52</a></span> +<p><b>Draught</b>, draut, drawght(e), drawȝt, <i>sb.</i> drawing of a +bow, bowshot <a href = "#page5">5.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = +"#page8">8.<em>3</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>31</em></a>, <a href += "#page13">13.<em>4</em></a>, <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>2</em></a>.</p> +<p class = "inset">Cf. R. Brunne <i>Chron. Wace</i> (c. 1330) 862, al +vnwylland þat draught he drow.</p> + +<p><b>Drawe</b>, <i>vb.</i> draw <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>1</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> drawethe, drawith, drawyth(e) <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>3</em></a>, <a href += "#page9">9.<em>31</em></a>, <a href = "#page13">13.<em>4</em></a>, +<a href = "#page20">20.<em>3</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. p.</i> droh, drow <a href = "#page1">1.<em>2, 4</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Dred(e)</b>, <i>vb. imp.</i> dread <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>76</em></a>, <a href = "#page23">23.<em>117</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dredfull</b>, <i>a.</i> dreadful, terrible <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>50</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Drynkis</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> drinking feasts <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>86</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Duly</b>, <i>adv.</i> duly, rightly <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>43</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dute</b>, <i>sb.</i> duty, dues <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>7</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dwelle</b>, dweylle, <i>vb.</i> dwell <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>80</em></a>, <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>63</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>3 p. pr.</i> dwellyth <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>65</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Dye</b>, <i>vb.</i> die <a href = "#page9">9.<em>15</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>3 p. p.</i> deyd <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>78</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_E" id = "letter_E">Earth</a></b>, eird, erth, +erthe, herth, <i>sb.</i> earth <a href = "#page1">1.<em>1</em></a>, +&c., &c.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Elden</b>, <i>vb.</i> to grow old <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>11</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Empire</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>31</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Enclyn</b>, <i>vb.</i> incline, be disposed, desire <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>23</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>End</b>, <i>vb.</i> <a href = "#page2">2.<em>29</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ende</b>, <i>sb.</i> end <a href = "#page4">4.<em>73</em></a>, +<a href = "#page24">24.<em>6</em></a>, <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>66</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Endinge</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>21</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Endure</b>, <i>vb.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>45</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ensure</b>, <i>vb.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>46</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Entent</b>, <i>sb.</i> intent, purpose <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>57</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Enuye</b>, <i>sb.</i> envy <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>74</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Eorthe</b>, <i>sb.</i> earth <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>1</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Erþene</b>, <i>a.</i> earthen <a href = +"#page1">1.<em>3</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Erthly</b>, <i>a.</i> earthly <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>55</em></a>, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>70</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Est</b>, <i>sb.</i> east, (<i>perh. erron. for</i> erth) <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>79</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Euer(e)</b>, <i>adv.</i> ever <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>35</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>50</em></a>, +<a href = "#page18">18.<em>49</em></a>, <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>80</em></a>, <a href = "#page23">23.<em>130</em></a>, +<a href = "#page33">33.<em>35, 36</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Euerlastynge</b>, <i>a.</i> everlasting <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>108</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Evill</b>, ewill, <i>a.</i> evil <a href = +"#page30">30.<em>20</em></a>, <a href = +"#page31">31.<em>20</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ewyne</b>, <i>sb.</i> even <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>51</em></a>.</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p>For oode ne for ewyne, for odd nor even, on no account whatever.</p> +<p>Cf. even and odd, all included, without exception.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Exampul</b>, <i>sb.</i> example <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>39</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Excludid</b>, <i>pp.</i> excluded <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>76</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_F" id = "letter_F">Falle</a></b>, <i>sb.</i> +<a href = "#page12">12.<em>22</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Falliþ</b>, <i>vb<ins class = "correction" title = ". missing">. +</ins>3 p. pr.</i> falls, <a href = "#page1">1.<em>3</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Falshede</b>, falshode, <i>sb.</i> falsehood <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>106, 110</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Falsly</b>, <i>adv.</i> falsely <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>50</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fane</b>, fayne, <i>a.</i> fain <a href = +"#page30">30.<em>5</em></a>, <a href = "#page31">31.<em>5</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fare</b>, <i>vb.</i> go <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>12</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fase</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> foes <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>28</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fast</b>, <i>adv.</i> <a href = "#page34">34.<em>60</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Favtt</b>, <i>vb. p. pl.</i> fought <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>44</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fayr</b>, <i>a.</i> fair <a href = "#page33">33<ins class = +"correction" title = ". invisible">.</ins><em>42</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>adv.</i> fayre <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>50</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fede</b>, feden, <i>vb.</i> feed <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = "#page33">33.<em>44</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fele</b>, <i>sb.</i>, <i>prob.</i> fell, moor <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>30</em></a>; ON. fjallr.</p> + +<p><b>Felow</b>, <i>sb.</i> fellow <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>92</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ferde</b>, <i>pp.</i> afraid, terrified <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>24</em></a><ins class = "correction" +title = ". for ;">; </ins>OE. (for) fǣred.</p> + +<p><b>Fere</b>, <i>sb.</i> fear <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>52</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Festis</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> feasts, <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>86</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>First</b>, fyrst, <i>a. & adv.</i> <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>102</em></a>, <a href = "#page28">28.<em>31, +38</em></a>, <a href = "#page32">32.<em>14</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Flesch</b>, <i>sb.</i> flesh <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>45</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Florische</b>, florisshe, fflorysshe, <i>vb.</i> adorn, embellish +<a href = "#page15">15.<em>21</em></a>, <a href = +"#page17">17.<em>20</em></a>, <a href = "#page19">19.<em>18</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>63</em></a>; OF. florir, floriss-.</p> + +<p><b>Flowre</b>, <i>sb.</i> flower <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>38</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pl.</i> flowres <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>65</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Foelle</b>, <i>vb. subj.</i> ? fall <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>20</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Folk</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>45</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Foo</b>, <i>sb.</i> foe <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>78</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pl.</i> fase <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>28</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Forbere</b>, <i>vb.</i> forbear <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>51</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Forȝete</b>, <i>pp.</i> forgotten <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>4</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Forsake</b>, <i>sb. subj.</i> <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>81</em></a>, <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>109</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Forsuthe</b>, <i>int.</i> forsooth <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>28</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fote</b>, <i>sb.</i> foot <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>114</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pl.</i> <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>22</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fovde</b> <i>sb.</i> food <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>44</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Foul(e)</b>, foulle, fovl, fowll(e), <i>a.</i> foul <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>20</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>20</em></a>, +<a href = "#page8">8.<em>22</em></a>, <a href = +"#page11">11.<em>20</em></a>, <a href = "#page22">22.<em>77</em></a>, +<a href = "#page24">24.<em>28</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Fowle</b>, <i>sb.</i> evil, hurt <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>39</em></a>.</p> +<p class = "inset">Cf. Sowdone of Babylone (c. 1400) 199, foule shall +hem this day bifalle. <i>NE. sense of</i> foul <i>as</i> trip, +collision, <i>not found in ME.</i></p> + +<p><b>Frendschip</b>, <i>sb.</i> friendship, <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>42</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Frow</b>, <i>adv.</i> (<i>glossed</i> festine) swiftly, hastily +<a href = "#page1">1.<em>3</em></a>; ON. frãr, swift.</p> + +<p><b>Fugure</b>, <i>sb.</i> figure <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>47</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ful</b>, full(e), <i>adv.</i> fully <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>32</em></a>, +<a href = "#page13">13.<em>4</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Fulfille</b>, fulfyle, <i>vb.</i> fulfil <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>124</em></a>, <a href = "#page25">25.<em>42, +50</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Furloren</b>, <i>pp.</i> lost <a href = +"#page46">46.<em>35</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fyghtys</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> fights, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>60</em></a>,</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>p. pl.</i> favtt <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>44</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fynd(e)</b>, <i>vb.</i> find <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>28</em></a>, <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>49</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>1 p. pr.</i> <a href = "#page25">25.<em>39, +40</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fyne</b>, <i>sb.</i> end <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>24</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_G" id = "letter_G">Ga</a></b>, gase, <i>v.</i> go, +goest <a href = "#page6">6.<em>16</em></a>, <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>27</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Garnament</b>, garnement, <i>sb. early form of </i> garment +<a href = "#page15">15.<em>28</em></a>, <a href = +"#page17">17.<em>27</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>38</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gate</b>, <i>sb.</i> gate <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>76</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gatis</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> way <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>27</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gay(e)</b>, <i>a.</i> <a href = "#page8">8.<em>25</em></a>, +<a href = "#page9">9.<em>23</em></a>, <a href = +"#page19">19.<em>19</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Gersom</b>, <i>sb.</i> treasure, <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>61</em></a>; OE. gersume.</p> + +<p><b>Gett</b>, <i>vb.</i> get <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>60</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> get hit (? <i>erron. for</i> getith, <i>glossed</i> +lucratur) <a href = "#page2">2.<em>37</em></a>, getyth <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>66</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>3 p. p.</i> gete, gette <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>61</em></a>, <a href = "#page10">10.<em>2</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pp.</i> gete(n), +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page53" id = "page53">53</a></span> +getyn, goten, gottin, gotyn <a href = "#page3">3.<em>53</em></a>, +<a href = "#page5">5.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>2</em></a>, +<a href = "#page11">11.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = +"#page13">13.<em>6</em></a>, <a href = "#page19">19.<em>2</em></a>, +<a href = "#page30">30.<em>2</em></a>, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Gleterande</b>, gleteryng(e), gletterant, <i>p. pr.</i> glittering +<a href = "#page6">6.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = +"#page8">8.<em>16</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>14</em></a>, +<a href = "#page13">13.<em>18</em></a>, <a href = +"#page17">17.<em>16</em></a>, <a href = +"#page20">20.<em>32</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> Gliteringe.</p> + +<p><b>Glisteryng</b>, <i>p. pr.</i> sparkling, glittering <a href = +"#page11">11.<em>15</em></a>; MLG. glistern.</p> + +<p><b>Gliteringe</b>, glitterand, glyt(t)ryng, glytteryng, <i>p. pr.</i> +glittering <a href = "#page5">5.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>13</em></a>, <a href = "#page14">14.<em>17</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>21</em></a>, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>15</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>15</em></a>; ON. glitra, to shine.</p> + +<p><b>Glydderande</b>, glyd(e)ryng, <i>p. pr.</i> <i>for</i> +glitterande, &c. <a href = "#page7">7.<em>18</em></a>, <a href = +"#page10">10.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>14</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> Gliteringe.</p> + +<p><b>Glydys</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr. for</i> glytys, glitters <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>34</em></a>; ON. glita, to shine.</p> + +<p><b>Go(e)</b>, gon, goo, ȝa, <i>vb.</i> go <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>15, 16</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>15, +16</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>19</em></a>, <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>82</em></a>, &c.;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>2 p. pr.</i> gase, goist <a href = "#page12">12.<em>27</em></a>, +<a href = "#page22">22.<em>70</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> ge(e)th, goeth, gois, go(o)th(e), gos(e), goos, gott, +goyth(e), <a href = "#page2">2.<em>13, 28</em></a>, <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>13, 14</em></a>, +<a href = "#page8">8.<em>16</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>13, +14</em></a>, <a href = "#page11">11.<em>6</em></a>, <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>13, 15</em></a>, <a href = "#page14">14.<em>16, +17</em></a>, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>6, 15, 22</em></a>, <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>15, 19</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p><i>3 p. subj.</i> go <a href = "#page3">3.<em>64</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>imp.</i> go <a href = "#page25">25.<em>47</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>God</b>, <i>sb. n. pr.</i> <a href = "#page7">7.<em>23</em></a>, +<a href = "#page8">8.<em>29</em></a>, <a href = +"#page9">9.<em>27</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>gen.</i> Goddis <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>124</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gold(e)</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page3">3.<em>61</em></a>, +<a href = "#page5">5.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>13, +14</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Good</b>, <i>a.</i> <a href = "#page34">34.<em>57</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Goode</b>, <i>sb.</i> property, <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>43</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pl.</i> goodis <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>112</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gospel</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page25">25.<em>39</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Govern</b>, <i>vb.</i> <a href = "#page12">12.<em>30</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Grace</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page22">22.<em>70</em></a><ins +class = "correction" title = "printed ; for ,">, </ins><a href = +"#page26">26.<em>61</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Grauiþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> buries, covers up, <a href = +"#page8">8.<em>52</em></a>; OE. grafan.</p> + +<p><b>Grawnte</b>, <i>vb. subj.</i> grant <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>30</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Grene</b>, <i>a.</i> green <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>52</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gret</b>(<b>e</b>), grit, <i>a.</i> great <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>44</em></a>, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>17</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>12, 17</em></a>, <a href = "#page33">33.<em>52, +56</em></a>, <a href = "#page34">34.<em>80</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Grimliche</b>, <i>adv.</i> terribly <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>28</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Grouer</b>, <i>sb.</i> a kind of fur, <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>51</em></a>; OF. gros vair, <i>opposed to</i> menu vair, +minever.</p> + +<p><b>Grounde</b>, <i>sb.</i> bottom, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>77</em></a>; cf. OE. helle grund.</p> + +<p><b>Groy</b>, <i>sb.</i> grey fur, <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>51</em></a>,</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>erron. for</i> grey, <i>or perhaps contamination of</i> ME. gra, +gro (ON. grãr) <i>with</i> grey (OE. grǣg).</p> +<p>Cf. Berners <i>Froiss.</i> II. ccii. 622, furred with Myneuere and +gray.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Grucche</b>, <i>sb.</i> grudge <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>55</em></a>.</p> +<p class = "inset">To strive of grucche, to strive against as a +grievance.</p> + +<div class = "addenda"> +<p><b>Guo</b>, <i>vb.</i> go <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>15</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gynneþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> begins <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>15</em></a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_H" id = "letter_H">Haf(e)</a></b>, <i>vb.</i> have +<a href = "#page6">6.<em>8, 20</em></a>, <a href = "#page10">10.<em>8, +20</em></a>, <a href = "#page12">12.<em>8, 20, 22</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hallys</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> halls <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>5</em></a>, <a href = "#page34">34.<em>63</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hame</b>, <i>sb.</i> home <a href = "#page30">30.<em>7</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>7</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hande</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page24">24.<em>24</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Happe</b>, <i>vb.</i> wrap <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>29</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hard(e)</b>, herd, <i>a.</i> hard <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>8</em></a>, <a href = "#page11">11.<em>8, 12</em></a>, +<a href = "#page30">30.<em>8</em></a>, <a href = +"#page31">31.<em>8</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Hart</b>, herte, <i>sb.</i> heart <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>46</em></a>, <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>53</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hartily</b>, hertili, hertly, <i>adv.</i> heartily <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>40</em></a>, <a href = "#page18">18<ins class = +"correction" title = ". invisible">.</ins><em>39</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>54</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Haste</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page25">25.<em>53</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hate</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page22">22.<em>74</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hate</b>, <i>vb.</i> hate;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> hatid <a href = "#page2">2.<em>26</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pp.</i> hated, hatid, hatyd(e) <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>23</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>2</em></a>, <a href += "#page9">9.<em>30</em></a>, <a href = "#page13">13.<em>3</em></a>, +<a href = "#page14">14.<em>1</em></a>, <a href = +"#page16">16.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>26</em></a>, +<a href = "#page20">20.<em>2</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Hauntist</b>, <i>vb. 2 p. pr.</i> practisest habitually <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>74</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Haue</b>, have, haf(e), <i>vb.</i> have <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>8, 20</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>8, 20</em></a>, +<a href = "#page8">8.<em>10, 22</em></a>, <a href = "#page10">10.<em>8, +20</em></a>, &c.;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>1 p. pr.</i> haue <a href = "#page28">28.<em>44</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>2 p. pr.</i> hase, hast(e), <a href = "#page12">12.<em>25, +28</em></a>, <a href = "#page13">13.<em>29</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> has(e), hath(e) <a href = "#page1">1.<em>1</em></a>, +<a href = "#page2">2.<em>27</em></a>, <a href = "#page5">5.<em>2, +3</em></a>, <a href = "#page12">12.<em>1, 11</em></a>, &c.; hes +<a href = "#page30">30.<em>2, 11</em></a>, <a href = "#page31">31.<em>2, +11</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pr. pl.</i> haue <a href = "#page29">29.<em>61</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>imp.</i> haue <a href = "#page28">28.<em>52</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. subj.</i> haue <a href = "#page34">34.<em>65</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. p.</i> had(e), heuede <a href = "#page1">1.<em>4</em></a>, +<a href = "#page29">29.<em>3</em></a>, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>72</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Haueþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> has <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>13</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hede</b>, <i>sb.</i> head <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>48</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hede</b>, <i>sb.</i> heed <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>5</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heere</b>, here, <i>adv.</i> <a href = +"#page16">16.<em>48</em></a>, <a href = "#page28">28.<em>40, +45</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heghe</b>, hey, <i>v.</i> hiȝ <a href = "#page6">6.<em>4</em></a>, +<a href = "#page11">11.<em>4</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hel(e)</b>, hell, <i>vb.</i> hell <a href = "#page25">25.<em>40, +58</em></a>, <a href = "#page34">34.<em>77</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Helle-feste</b>, <i>sb.</i> Hell-fortress +<a href = "#page45a">45.<em>32</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Helpe</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page26">26.<em>72</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Helpyne</b>, <i>vb. 3 pl. pr.</i> help <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>52</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hend</b>, <i>a.</i> gracious <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>75</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hennys</b>, <i>adv.</i> hence <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>82</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Herd</b>, herte, hertili, <i>v.</i> Hard, Hart, Hartily.</p> + +<p><b>Hete</b>, <i>sb.</i> heat <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>43</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heuen(e)</b>, heuyn, heyuyn(e), heywyn, <i>sb.</i> heaven <a href += "#page15">15.<em>43</em></a>, <a href = "#page19">19.<em>24</em></a>, +<a href = "#page25">25<ins class = "correction" +title = ". invisible">.</ins><em>40, 52</em></a>, +<a href = "#page26">26.<em>63</em></a>, +<a href = "#page34">34.<em>82</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Heuy</b>, <i>a.</i> heavy <a href = "#page9">9.<em>8</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hicht</b>, <i>sb.</i> height <a href = +"#page30">30.<em>4</em></a>, <a href = "#page31">31.<em>4</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hide</b>, hyde, <i>vb.</i> <a href = "#page15">15.<em>29</em></a>, +<a href = "#page17">17.<em>28</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>39</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hider</b>, hidir, hyder, <i>adv.</i> hither <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>25</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>24</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>22</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hidiose</b>, hidous, <i>a.</i> hideous <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>31</em></a>, <a href = +"#page17">17.<em>30</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hiȝ</b>, hihe, heghe, hey, hy(e), hyȝ, hygh(e), <i>a. & +adv.</i> high <a href = "#page5">5.<em>4</em></a>, <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>4</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>4</em></a>, <a href += "#page8">8.<em>4</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>3</em></a>, +<a href = "#page10">10.<em>4</em></a>, <a href = "#page11">11.<em>4, +11</em></a>, <a href = "#page12">12.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = +"#page13">13.<em>8</em></a>, <a href = "#page14">14.<em>7</em></a>, +<a href = "#page16">16.<em>6, 51</em></a>, <a href = +"#page19">19.<em>4</em></a>, <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>100</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">hiere (higher) <a href = +"#page20">20.<em>12</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hille</b>, hylle, <i>sb.</i> hill <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>36</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>51</em></a>, +<a href = "#page18">18.<em>50</em></a>, <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>132</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hold</b>, <i>vb<ins class = "correction" title = "superfluous ;"> +</ins>3 p. pr.</i> holdys <a href = "#page32">32.<em>16</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pp.</i> hold <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>30</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hold</b>, <i>a.</i> faithful <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>63</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Holy</b>, <i>a.</i> holy <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>132</em></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page54" id = "page54">54</a></span> +<p><b>Hom(e)</b>, hoom, whom(e), <i>sb.</i> home <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>7</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>7</em></a>, <a href += "#page11">11.<em>7</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>9</em></a>, +<a href = "#page24">24.<em>9</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> hame.</p> + +<p><b>Honger</b>, <i>sb.</i> hunger <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>72</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Honour</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page27">27.<em>22</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Houe</b>, hove, how(e) <i>conj.</i> how <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>4, 6</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>4, 6</em></a>, +<a href = "#page7">7.<em>4, 6</em></a>, &c., &c.</p> + +<p><b>Hows</b>, <i>sb.</i> house <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>26</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hundred</b>, <i>num.</i> <a href = "#page2">2.<em>18</em></a>.</p> + +<div class = "addenda"> +<p><b>Hyeþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> hastens <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>7</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_I" id = "letter_I">Iboren</a></b>, <i>pp.</i> born +<a href = "#page45a">45.<em>33</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ibouȝt</b>, <i>pp.</i> redeemed <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>19</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Icoren</b>, <i>pp. a.</i> chosen ones <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>35</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Idiȝte</b>, <i>pp.</i> placed, set <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>38</em></a>.</p> + +<div class = "addenda"> +<p><b>Igete</b>, <i>pp.</i> got <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>1</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ignawe</b>, <i>pp.</i> devoured <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>23</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ihere</b>, <i>vb.</i> hear <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>26</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iknawe</b>, <i>vb.</i> know <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>24</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Ilich</b>, alike <a href = "#page1">1.<em>5</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ille</b>, ylle, <i>a. & adv.</i> ill <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>33</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>48</em></a>, +<a href = "#page18">18.<em>47</em></a>, <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>122</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ilor</b>, <i>pp.</i> lost <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>42</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> Loste.</p> + +<p><b>Imeten</b>, <i>pp.</i> measured <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>54</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Inow(e)</b>, ynoh, enough <a href = "#page1">1.<em>2, 4</em></a>, +<a href = "#page32">32.<em>18</em></a>.</p> + +<div class = "addenda"> +<p><b>Iseoþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> sees <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>21</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Islawe</b>, <i>pp.</i> slain <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>22</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Iustly</b>, <i>adv.</i> justly <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>16</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iustyse</b>, <i>sb.</i> justice, judge, <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>100</em></a>.</p> + +<div class = "addenda"> +<p><b>Iuynt</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> joins <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>9</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iworthe</b>, <i>vb.</i> become <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>16</em></a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_K" id = "letter_K">Karful</a></b>, <i>a.</i> +grievous, sad, full of care, <a href = "#page26">26.<em>64</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>King</b>, kyng(e), <i>sb.</i> <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>39</em></a>, <a href = "#page5">5.<em>5</em></a>, <a href += "#page7">7.<em>5</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>7</em></a>, +<a href = "#page9">9.<em>5</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Klyng</b>, <i>v.</i> clinge.</p> + +<p><b>Kniȝt</b>, knyght, <i>sb.</i> knight <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>39</em></a>, <a href = "#page19">19.<em>24</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Know</b>, <i>vb.</i> <a href = "#page27">27.<em>23</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>3 p. pr.</i> knowethe <a href = +"#page9">9.<em>21</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Knyȝthode</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>38</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_L" id = "letter_L">Labour</a></b>, <i>vb.</i> +<a href = "#page23">23.<em>103</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ladis</b>, <i>sb.</i> Lady’s <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>72</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lang</b>, long, <i>a.</i> <a href = "#page3">3.<em>50, +64</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>adv.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>45</em></a>, +<a href = "#page33">33.<em>40</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lappe</b>, <i>vb.</i> wrap <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>39</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Last(e)</b>, <i>a.</i> <a href = "#page4">4.<em>73</em></a>, +<a href = "#page12">12.<em>23</em></a>, <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>22</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">at þe last <a href = "#page33">33.<em>39</em></a>, +<a href = "#page34">34.<em>62</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Late</b>, lete, lett, <i>vb. imp.</i> let <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>34</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>49</em></a>, +<a href = "#page18">18.<em>48</em></a>, <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>127</em></a>, <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>51</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lay</b>, <i>vb.<ins class = "correction" title = "superfluous ;"> +</ins>3 p. pr.</i> layes <a href = "#page32">32.<em>3</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>3 p. p.</i> leyd(e) <a href = "#page1">1.<em>3</em></a>, <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>24</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pp.</i> layd(e) <a href = "#page33">33.<em>44, 54</em></a>, +<a href = "#page34">34.<em>64</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Lede</b>, <i>vb. subj.</i> lead <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>58</em></a>, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>82</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Leinþ</b>, <i>sb.</i> length <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>54</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Leniþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> rewards <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>78</em></a>. OE. lēanian.</p> + +<p><b>Lent(e)</b>, y-lent, <i>pp.</i> lent, granted <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>29</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>28</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>40</em></a><ins class = "correction" title = +"printed . for ;">; </ins>OE. lǣnan.</p> + +<div class = "addenda"> +<p><b>Lere</b>, <i>vb.</i> teach <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>27</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Leste</b>, <i>vb.</i> last <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>31</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Lest(e)</b>, <i>conj.</i> <a href = "#page4">4.<em>76</em></a>, +<a href = "#page25">25.<em>58</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Leve</b>, lyffe, <i>vb.</i> live <a href = +"#page19">19.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = "#page28">28.<em>41</em></a>, +<a href = "#page33">33.<em>35</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>2 p. pr.</i> leuyst, leuuyst <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>50</em></a>, <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>62</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> lyueth <a href = "#page23">23.<em>105</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>imp.</i> lyffe <a href = "#page19">19.<em>23</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. p.</i> levyd <a href = "#page34">34.<em>57</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Lewe</b>, <i>vb. imp.</i> leave <a href = +"#page19">19.<em>29</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lif(e)</b>, liif, lyf(e), lyffe, <i>sb.</i> life <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>15</em></a>, <a href = "#page5">5.<em>23</em></a>, +<a href = "#page8">8.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>29</em></a>, +<a href = "#page13">13.<em>3</em></a>, <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>1</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>1</em></a>, +<a href = "#page20">20.<em>1</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Liȝt</b>, lyt, <i>vb.</i> alight, descend;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>3 p. p.</i> lytyd <a href = "#page34">34.<em>75</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pp.</i> liȝt <a href = "#page2">2.<em>40</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Like</b>, lyk(e), <i>conj.</i> like <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>15</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>15</em></a>, +<a href = "#page7">7.<em>19</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>17</em></a>, +<a href = "#page9">9.<em>15</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>List</b>, lyst, <i>vb.</i> desire <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>47</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>3 p. p.</i> liste <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>23</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Liuerei</b>, <i>sb.</i> livery, <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>52</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Logege</b>, <i>vb.</i> lodge <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>58</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Loke</b>, <i>vb. imp.</i> look <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>51</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lond</b>, <i>sb.</i> land <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>73</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lord(e)</b>, <i>nom. pr.</i> <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>33</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>48</em></a>, +<a href = "#page18">18.<em>47</em></a>, <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>125</em></a>, <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>45</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Loste</b>, <i>vb. p. pl.</i> lost <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>28</em></a>.;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> Ilor.</p> + +<p><b>Loth</b>, <i>a.</i> loth, unwilling <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>54</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Loue</b>, <i>sb.</i> love <a href = "#page23">23.<em>119</em></a>, +<a href = "#page25">25.<em>45</em></a>, <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>13</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Loue</b>, love, <i>vb.</i> love;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>2 p. pr.</i> louyst <a href = "#page22">22.<em>77</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> loues, -is, -ys, <a href = +"#page9">9.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = "#page10">10.<em>17</em></a>, +<a href = "#page24">24.<em>25</em></a>, <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>29</em></a>;</p> +<p>loueth, -yth, loveth, -yth(e), loweth <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>19</em></a>, +<a href = "#page11">11.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = +"#page17">17.<em>31</em></a>, <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>17</em></a>;</p> +<p>lu(i)ffis, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>17</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>17</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pp.</i> loued, louyd(e) <a href = "#page5">5.<em>23</em></a>, +<a href = "#page8">8.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>29</em></a>, +<a href = "#page13">13.<em>3</em></a>, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Louerd</b>, <i>sb.</i> Lord <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>33</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lowȝ</b>, <i>adv.</i> low <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>40</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lust</b>, <i>sb.</i> desire <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>83</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Luþer</b>, <i>a.</i> wicked <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>9</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Lutil</b>, <i>adv.</i> little <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>50</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ly</b>, <i>vb.</i> lie <a href = "#page32">32.<em>26</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> lyis <a href = "#page24">24.<em>30</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pl. pr.</i> lye <a href = "#page26">26.<em>32</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Lyffe</b>, lyneth, <i>v.</i> Leve.</p> + +<p><b>Lykyng</b>, <i>p. pr.</i> pleasing, desirable <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>23</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_M" id = "letter_M">Mai</a></b>, may(e), <i>vb. pr. +sg.</i> may <a href = "#page1">1.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>4</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>4</em></a>, &c., +&c.;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>pl.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>45</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>2 p. pr.</i> moue <a href = "#page25">25.<em>56</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. p.</i> myght, myth <a href = "#page7">7.<em>4, 24</em></a>, +<a href = "#page9">9.<em>3</em></a>, <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>4</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Maistri</b>, <i>sb.</i> mastery, lordship <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>37</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pl.</i> maistres <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>26</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Make</b>, <i>vb. subj.</i> <a href = "#page15">15.<em>22</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>19</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>66</em></a>, <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>36</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>2 p. pr.</i> mase <a href = "#page12">12.<em>26</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> maketh, -ith, -yth(e) <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>3</em></a>, <a href += "#page9">9.<em>32</em></a>, <a href = "#page14">14.<em>2</em></a>, +<a href = "#page16">16.<em>2</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>2 p. p.</i> madist, -yst <a href = "#page14">14.<em>33</em></a>, +<a href = "#page16">16.<em>48</em></a>, <a href = +"#page18">18.<em>47</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. p.</i> mad(e) <a href = "#page26">26.<em>69</em></a>, <a href += "#page32">32.<em>11</em></a>, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>69</em></a>;</p> +<p>maid <a href = "#page30">30.<em>27</em></a>, <a href = +"#page31">31.<em>27</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>p. pr.</i> makyng <a href = "#page22">22.<em>90</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pp.</i> made <a href = "#page20">20.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>87</em></a>, <a href = "#page23">23.<em>101</em></a>, +<a href = "#page27">27.<em>24</em></a>;</p> +<p>maked, -id, <a href = "#page1">1.<em>5</em></a>, <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>23</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>21</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Man</b>, mon, <i>sb.</i> man <a href = "#page4">4.<em>71, +77</em></a>, <a href = "#page5">5.<em>17, 24</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Maner</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page22">22.<em>96</em></a>; any +maner wise, any kind of way.</p> + +<p><b>Many</b>, <i>a.</i> <a href = "#page11">11.<em>12</em></a>, +<a href = "#page12">12.<em>28</em></a>, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>76</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mast</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page34">34.<em>59</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mede</b>, <i>sb.</i> meed, reward <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>77</em></a>, <a href = "#page33">33.<em>43</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pl.</i> meden <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>16</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mekyl</b>, <i>a.</i> much <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>49</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> Moche, myche.</p> + +<p><b>Mercy</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page25">25.<em>50</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Merwel</b>, <i>sb.</i> marvel <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>25</em></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page55" id = "page55">55</a></span> +<p><b>Miȝte</b>, <i>sb.</i> power, might <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>37</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Miseislich</b>, <i>adv.</i> uncomfortably <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>54</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Moche</b>, myche, <i>a.</i> much <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>77</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>adv.</i> <a href = "#page15">15.<em>32</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>v.</i> Mekyl.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Moder</b>, <i>sb.</i> mother <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>62</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mold</b>, <i>sb.</i> mould, pattern, <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>62</em></a>; OFr. modle.</p> + +<p><b>Mold(e)</b>, moolde, moulde, mowld<ins class = "correction" title += "opening ( missing">(e)</ins>, <i>sb.</i> mould, earth <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>13</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>17</em></a>, +<a href = "#page9">9.<em>13</em></a>, <a href = +"#page10">10.<em>13</em></a>, <a href = "#page11">11.<em>13</em></a>, +<a href = "#page17">17.<em>15</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Molys</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> moles <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>33</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mone</b>, <i>sb.</i> moan <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>90</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>More</b>, <i>adv.</i> <a href = "#page6">6.<em>15</em></a>, +<a href = "#page28">28.<em>34</em></a>, <a href = "#page33">33.<em>35, +36</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p>moo <a href = "#page22">22.<em>80</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>a.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>40</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Most(e)</b>, moost, <i>adv.</i> <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>23</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>2</em></a>, <a href += "#page14">14.<em>1</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Moue</b>, <i>vb. 2 p. pr.</i> may <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>56</em></a>; see Mai.</p> + +<p><b>Muntid</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>16</em></a> (<i>glossed</i> metitur) measures, appoints; +OE. myntan, to intend, propose, hint.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Mychfulliche</b>, <i>adv.</i> greatly, at so +great cost <a href = "#page43a">43.<em>19</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mynd(e)</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page25">25.<em>38</em></a>, +<a href = "#page33">33.<em>36</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Myrth(e)</b>, <i>sb.</i> mirth, joy <a href = "#page26">26.<em>64, +66</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Myscheue</b>, <i>vb. subj.</i> come to grief, meet with misfortune +<a href = "#page16">16.<em>49</em></a>, <a href = +"#page18">18.<em>48</em></a>; OF. meschever.</p> + +<p><b>Myschyffe</b>, <i>sb.</i> misfortune, evil plight <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>34</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mysdon</b>, misdone <a href = "#page34">34.<em>66</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Myse</b>, <i>vb.</i> miss <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>64</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mysgete</b>, <i>p.</i> misgotten <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>112</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mysplese</b>, <i>vb.</i> displease <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>43</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>42</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>60</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_N" id = "letter_N">Naked</a></b>, nakid, -it, +-yd(e), -yt, <i>a.</i> naked <a href = "#page5">5.<em>24</em></a>, +<a href = "#page7">7.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>24</em></a>, +<a href = "#page15">15.<em>37</em></a>, <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>32</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Namyd</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. p.</i> named <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>69</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nawte</b>, <i>pr.</i>, <i>v.</i> Nocht, noght.</p> + +<p><b>Nede</b>, <i>sb.</i> need <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>80</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Netfulliche</b>, <i>adv.</i> of necessity +<a href = "#page44a">44.<em>25</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Neuer(e)</b>, neuyr(e), never, nevyr, <i>adv.</i> never <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>15</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>19</em></a>, +<a href = "#page8">8.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>22</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>21</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>15</em></a>, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>58</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Niȝt</b>, nyȝt, nyght, nyht, <i>sb.</i> night <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>78</em></a>, <a href = "#page15">15.<em>20</em></a>, +<a href = "#page17">17.<em>19</em></a>, <a href = +"#page19">19.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>62</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nim</b>, <i>vb.</i> take <a href = "#page1">1.<em>2</em></a>, OE. +niman.</p> + +<p><b>Noblenes</b>, <i>sb.</i> high estate, nobility <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>35</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nobley</b>, nobylay, <i>sb.</i> noble estate or condition <a href += "#page10">10.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>2</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nobul</b>, <i>a.</i> noble <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>2</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nocht</b>, noght(e), nogth, noht, nouȝt, nought(e), nowght, nawte, +<i>pr.</i> nought <a href = "#page5">5.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>2</em></a>, <a href += "#page9">9.<em>4</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Non(e)</b>, <i>pr.</i> none <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>92</em></a>, <a href = "#page28">28.<em>27</em></a>, +<a href = "#page34">34.<em>61</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nor</b>, <i>conj.</i> than <a href = "#page30">30.<em>16</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>16</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nother</b>, <i>conj.</i> neither <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>60</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nothing(e)</b>, nothyng(e), <i>pr.</i> nothing <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>6</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>6</em></a>, <a href += "#page24">24.<em>8</em></a>, <a href = +"#page31">31.<em>6</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Now(e)</b>, <i>adv.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>41</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>10</em></a>, <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>3</em></a>.</p> + + +<div class = "addenda"> +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_O" id = "letter_O">Of-souȝt</a></b>, <i>pp.</i> +attacked <a href = "#page43a">43.<em>18</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Old(e)</b>, <i>a.</i> old <a href = "#page28">28.<em>41</em></a>, +<a href = "#page34">34.<em>74</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Onkynde</b>, <i>a.</i> unkind, unnatural <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>47</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Oode</b>, <i>sb.</i> odd <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>51</em></a>,</p> +<p class = "inset">for oode ne for ewyne, for odd nor even, on no +account.</p> + +<p><b>Opon</b>, <i>prep.</i> <i>var. of</i> upon <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>1, 2</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Or</b>, <i>adv.</i> before <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>113</em></a>, <a href = "#page28">28.<em>50</em></a>; +OE. ǣr.</p> + +<p><b>Ordande</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. p.</i> ordained <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>29</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Oribyll</b>, <i>a.</i> horrible <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>52</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Othe</b>, <i>sb.</i> oath <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>52</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Oþer</b>, <i>a.</i> other <a href = "#page1">1.<em>2</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Other</b>, owther, owþir, <i>conj.</i> either, or <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>18</em></a>, <a href = "#page11">11.<em>18</em></a>, +<a href = "#page30">30.<em>18</em></a>, <a href = +"#page31">31.<em>18</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Our(e)s</b>, ouris, -us, -ys, owres, -is, -ys, owrris, houris, +<i>pron.</i> ours <a href = "#page5">5.<em>10</em></a>, <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>10</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>10</em></a>, +<a href = "#page8">8.<em>12</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>10</em></a>, +&c, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Owris</b>, ? ours <a href = "#page24">24.<em>23</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_P" id = "letter_P">Pale</a></b>, <i>a.</i> <a href += "#page28">28.<em>32</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Palfrei</b>, palfreye, <i>sb.</i> palfrey <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>49</em></a>, <a href = "#page32">32.<em>20</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paradys</b>, <i>sb.</i> Paradise <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>70</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Parting</b>, partyng(e), parttynge, <i>sb.</i> parting, +leave-taking, <a href = "#page5">5.<em>8</em></a>, <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>8</em></a>, <a href = "#page14">14.<em>11</em></a>, +<a href = "#page24">24.<em>10</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Pas(e)</b>, passe, <i>vb.</i> pass <a href = +"#page8">8.<em>26</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>24</em></a>, +<a href = "#page10">10.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>34</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Payne</b>, <i>sb.</i> pain <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>108</em></a>,</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pl.</i> paynes, peynes, peynys <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>33</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>48</em></a>, +<a href = "#page18">18.<em>47</em></a>, <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>126</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Paynt(e)</b>, peynte, <i>vb.</i> paint <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>21</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>20</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>18</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>63</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pepul</b>, <i>sb.</i> people, <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>44</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Perische</b>, <i>vb. subj.</i> perish <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>99</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Petous</b>, petus, <i>a.</i> <a href = +"#page10">10.<em>8</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>10</em></a>, +<a href = "#page20">20.<em>20</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> Piteuous.</p> + +<p><b>Petrus</b>, <i>a.</i> ? piteous <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>8</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Piteuous</b>, pyteous, pytous, pytyus, <i>a.</i> piteous <a href = +"#page8">8.<em>10</em></a>, <a href = "#page13">13.<em>12</em></a>, +<a href = "#page14">14.<em>11</em></a>, <a href = +"#page19">19.<em>8</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Place</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page25">25.<em>48</em></a>, +<a href = "#page26">26.<em>62</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Playn</b>, <i>a.</i> plain <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>47</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Plese</b>, <i>vb.</i>, please <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>95</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Plowe</b>, <i>sb.</i> plough <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>15</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Poor(e)</b>, por(e), pure, <i>a.</i> poor <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>16</em></a>, <a href = "#page10">10.<em>24</em></a>, +<a href = "#page11">11.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = "#page15">15.<em>25, +39</em></a>, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>24</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Pore</b>, <i>sb.</i> the poor, <a href = +"#page1">1.<em>6</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Portratowre</b>, <i>sb.</i> portraiture <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>48</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Praie</b>, <b>pray(e)</b>, preye, <i>vb.</i> <a href = +"#page8">8.<em>29</em></a>, <a href = "#page10">10.<em>27</em></a>, +&c.,</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>imp.</i> <a href = "#page13">13.<em>31</em></a>, <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>46</em></a>, <a href = "#page18">18.<em>45</em></a>, +<a href = "#page29">29.<em>63</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>1 p. pr.</i> <a href = "#page9">9.<em>27</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pr. pl.</i> <a href = "#page7">7.<em>23</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Prankys</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> to show oneself off, strut, +parade <a href = "#page32">32.<em>20</em></a>; MDu. pronken.</p> + +<p><b>Pride</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page33">33.<em>53</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prode</b>, proud, prowde, prowt, prude, <i>a.</i> proud <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>15</em></a>, <a href = "#page15">15.<em>24</em></a>, +<a href = "#page17">17.<em>23</em></a>, <a href = +"#page19">19.<em>21</em></a>, <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>33</em></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page56" id = "page56">56</a></span> +<p class = "addenda"><b>Prude</b>, <i>sb.</i> pride <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>5</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Prykys</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> to spur one’s horse <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>20</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Punsched</b>, <i>pp.</i> punished <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>108</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Purvey</b>, purway, <i>vb.</i> make provision <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>52</em></a>; provide, furnish <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>62</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Pyne</b>, <i>sb.</i> pain <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>59</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_Q" id = "letter_Q">Quene</a></b>, <i>sb.</i> queen +<a href = "#page3">3.<em>49</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Queynt(e)</b>, <i>a.</i> ingenious, elaborate, fine <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>22</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>21</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>19</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Queytith</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> requiteth <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>93</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Quhen</b>, quhone, <i>adv.</i> <a href = "#page30">30.<em>7, 11, +19</em></a>, <a href = "#page31">31.<em>7, 11, 19</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> Whan(ne), when(ne).</p> + +<p><b>Quhill</b>, quhy, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>23, 26</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>23, 26</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> While, Whi.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_R" id = "letter_R">Race</a></b>, <i>vb.</i> to tear +away, snatch <a href = "#page22">22.<em>72</em></a>; OF. racher, -ier, +<i>from</i> arrachier.</p> + +<p><b>Ragged</b>, raggid, <i>a.</i> <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>30</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>29</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>42</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rakid</b>, <i>pp.</i> raked, covered, buried <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>26</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>25</em></a>; +ON. raka to scrape, rake, cf. Ch. Monkes T. 143 in hoote coles he hath +hym seluen raked.</p> + +<p><b>Rank</b>, <i>a.</i> proud, haughty <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>27</em></a>, <a href = +"#page17">17.<em>26</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rather(e)</b>, rathar, rathyr, <i>adv.</i> <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>16</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>16</em></a>, +<a href = "#page7">7.<em>20</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Recke</b>, <i>vb.</i> reck, care, heed <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>58</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rede</b>, <i>vb.</i> read <a href = "#page25">25.<em>47</em></a>; +guide, direct <a href = "#page33">33.<em>46</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rekenyng</b>(<b>e</b>), rikenynge, <i>sb.</i> account <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>42</em></a>, <a href = "#page18">18.<em>41</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>58</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rekyn</b>, <i>vb. subj.</i> reckon, take count of <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>37</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Renown</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>33</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rent</b>, to-rent, <i>pp.</i> rent, torn <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>30</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>29</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>42</em></a>, <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>45</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rent(e)</b>, <i>sb.</i> revenue, income, tribute <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>7</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>7</em></a>, <a href += "#page10">10.<em>7</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pl.</i> rentes, -is, -ys, <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>7</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>9</em></a>, <a href += "#page11">11.<em>7</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Repente</b>, <i>vb. imp.</i> <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>121</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Resoune</b>, <i>sb.</i> reason <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>118</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Reste</b>, <i>vb.</i> rest <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>48</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Restore</b>, <i>vb. imp.</i> <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>111</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rewful</b>, rewfulle, <i>a.</i> rueful <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>35</em></a>, <a href = +"#page17">17.<em>34</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Riche</b>, rych, <i>sb.</i> rich <a href = +"#page1">1.<em>6</em></a>, <a href = "#page25">25.<em>40</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Right</b>, <i>sb.</i> righteousness, good <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>41</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Right</b>, riht, ryght, <i>a.</i> <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>82</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>adv.</i> <a href = "#page5">5.<em>20</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>58</em></a>, <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>46</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Risynge</b>, <i>sb.</i> uprising, resurrection <a href = +"#page18">18.<em>40</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>56</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rode</b>, roode, <i>sb.</i> rood <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>45</em></a>, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>78</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rof</b>, <i>sb.</i> roof <a href = "#page2">2.<em>17</em></a>, +<a href = "#page32">32.<em>26</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ros</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. p.</i> rose <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>79</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ruli</b>, ruly, <i>a. or adv.</i> rueful(ly) <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>30</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>29</em></a><ins +class = "correction" title = "printed , for ;">; </ins>OE. hrēowlīe.</p> + +<p><b>Ryches</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> riches <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>38</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Rydys</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> rides <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>42</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_S" id = "letter_S">Sake</a></b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href += "#page33">33.<em>38</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Salle</b>, <i>sb.</i> hall, palace, court <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>24</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Same</b>, <i>a.</i> <a href = "#page32">32.<em>11</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Saule</b>, <i>sb.</i> soul <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>32</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> Soule.</p> + +<p><b>Save</b>, sawe, <i>vb.</i> save <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>77</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>3 p. pr.</i> sauyd <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>76</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Say</b>, <i>vb.</i> <a href = "#page12">12.<em>21</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> sais(e), sase <a href = "#page6">6.<em>10</em></a>, +<a href = "#page12">12.<em>10</em></a><ins class = "correction" title = +"printed , for ;">; </ins></p> +<p>saith(e), sayth(e) <a href = "#page5">5.<em>10</em></a>, <a href = +"#page8">8.<em>12</em></a>, <a href = "#page20">20.<em>27</em></a>, +<a href = "#page22">22.<em>91</em></a>;</p> +<p>sayis, says <a href = "#page10">10.<em>10</em></a>, <a href = +"#page30">30.<em>10</em></a>, <a href = "#page31">31.<em>10</em></a><ins +class = "correction" title = "printed , for ;">; </ins></p> +<p>seiþ, seyth, seth <a href = "#page7">7.<em>10</em></a>, <a href = +"#page11">11.<em>10</em></a>, <a href = "#page14">14.<em>13</em></a>, +&c.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Schal</b>, shall, <i>vb.</i> shall;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>2 p. pr.</i> schalt, <a href = "#page2">2.<em>29</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> sal(e), sc(h)al, schall(e), shall(e) <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>8, 12</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>8, 16</em></a>, +<a href = "#page7">7.<em>6, 20</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p><i>pl.</i> schullen <a href = "#page2">2.<em>18</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>2 p. p.</i> schuldist <a href = "#page22">22.<em>80</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. p.</i> scholde, schould(e), schuld(e), shuld, sold, sulde +<a href = "#page6">6.<em>15</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>15, +23</em></a>, <a href = "#page10">10.<em>23</em></a>, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Scharp(e)</b>, sharp(e), <i>a.</i> sharp <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>12</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>12</em></a>, +<a href = "#page8">8.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = +"#page17">17.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>12</em></a>, +&c.</p> + +<p><b>Sched</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. p.</i> shed <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>46</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Schend</b>, <i>vb. subj.</i> shame, disgrace <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>76</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pp.</i> schent <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>55</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Schene</b>, <i>a.</i> bright, beautiful <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>51</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Schouris</b>, -ys, schowres, -is, -ys, shour(e)s, showres, -is, +<i>sb. pl.</i> <a href = "#page5">5.<em>12</em></a>, <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>12</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>14</em></a>, +&c., &c.;</p> +<p class = "inset">scowrrys <a href = "#page6">6.<em>12</em></a>, +schorrys <a href = "#page24">24.<em>16</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Schroud</b>, schrud, shroude, shrowde, <i>sb.</i> clothing <a href += "#page3">3.<em>51</em></a>, <a href = "#page15">15.<em>25</em></a>, +<a href = "#page17">17.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = +"#page19">19.<em>22</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scowrrys</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> <a href = "#page6">6.<em>12</em></a>, +showers; (<i>or perh.</i> stourrys, battles, tumults, OF. estor, +estour).</p> + +<p><b>Secatours</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> executors <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>24</em></a>, ME. <i>also</i> secetour, sectour.</p> + +<p><b>Securlye</b>, <i>adv.</i> certainly, surely, <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>66</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Seluen</b>, <i>pron.</i> self <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>24</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sely</b>, <i>a.</i> blessed <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>24</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">simple <a href = "#page32">32.<em>24</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sen</b>, syn, <i>conj.</i> since <a href = +"#page8">8.<em>26</em></a>, <a href = "#page25">25.<em>34</em></a>, +<a href = "#page30">30.<em>24</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Seruyse</b>, <i>sb.</i> service <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>94</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Set</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> sattys <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>4</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pp.</i> set(e), sett(e), ysette <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>3</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>3</em></a>, <a href += "#page7">7.<em>3</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Seth(e)</b>, sethen, sith, syth, <i>conj.</i> since <a href = +"#page9">9.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = "#page10">10.<em>24</em></a>, +<a href = "#page11">11.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = +"#page29">29.<em>60</em></a>, <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>12</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Seven</b>, <i>nu.</i> <a href = "#page32">32.<em>22</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Seynt Powlis</b>, <a href = "#page28">28.<em>48</em></a> St. +Paul’s.</p> + +<p><b>Shewith</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> shews <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>49</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Short</b>, <i>a.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>36</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Shyne</b>, <i>vb.</i> shine <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>22</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sin</b>, synne, <i>sb.</i> sin, <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>76</em></a>, <a href = "#page23">23.<em>115</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Skin</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page2">2.<em>18</em></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page57" id = "page57">57</a></span> +<p><b>Skyle</b>, <i>sb.</i> reason <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>41</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Slogh</b>, <i>sb.</i> slough, skin, covering, <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>40</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Smarte</b>, <i>sb.</i> smart, pain <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>17</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Smele</b>, <i>vb.</i> smell <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>29</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Socowre</b>, <i>sb.</i> succour <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>40</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Soffyre</b>, sofur, <i>vb.</i> <a href = +"#page10">10.<em>12</em></a>, <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>16</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> Suffer.</p> + +<p><b>Solde</b>, <i>pp.</i> sold <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>73</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sone</b>, <i>adv.</i> soon <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>48</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">sonar, sone(a)r <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>16</em></a>, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>16</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>16</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sore</b>, <i>a.</i> sore, grievous <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>104</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>adv.</i> <a href = "#page15">15.<em>33</em></a>, +<a href = "#page23">23.<em>116</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sorow(e)</b>, <i>sb.</i> sorrow <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>84</em></a>, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>81</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Soule</b>, sowle, <i>sb.</i> soul <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>63</em></a>, <a href = "#page33">33.<em>38</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> Saule.</p> + +<p><b>Space</b>, <i>sb.</i> space of time, respite <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>63</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sped(e)</b>, <i>vb.</i> speed <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>6</em></a>, <a href = "#page34">34.<em>81</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Spille</b>, spylle, <i>vb.</i> perish, be destroyed <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>34</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>49</em></a>, +<a href = "#page18">18.<em>48</em></a>, <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>128</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Starte</b>, <i>sb.</i> a sudden movement <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>18</em></a>.</p> +<p class = "inset">Thi lyfe ys but a starte, but for a moment.</p> + +<p><b>Stede</b>, <i>sb.</i> steed <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>42</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Stelis</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> steals <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>17</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Steyuyne</b>, <i>sb.</i> voice <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>49</em></a>; OE. stefn.</p> + +<p><b>Stie</b>, stye, <i>vb.</i> ascend, mount <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>36</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>51</em></a>, +<a href = "#page18">18.<em>50</em></a>, <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>132</em></a>; OE. stīgan.</p> + +<p><b>Stille</b>, <i>adv.</i> silently <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>126</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Stink</b>, stynk(e), <i>sb.</i> stink <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>20</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>22</em></a>, +<a href = "#page30">30.<em>20</em></a>, <a href = +"#page31">31.<em>20</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Stounde</b>, <i>sb.</i> hour <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>75</em></a>; OE. stund.</p> + +<p><b>Stourrys</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> conflicts <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>12</em></a>; OF. estor, (<i>probably</i> Scourrys; +<i>v.</i> Schouris).</p> + +<p><b>Stoute</b>, stowte, <i>a.</i> bold, proud <a href = +"#page8">8.<em>25</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>23</em></a>, +<a href = "#page15">15.<em>38</em></a>, &c.; cf. OF. estout.</p> + +<p><b>Streinþ</b>, <i>sb.</i> force, violence <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>53</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Streite</b>, streyt, <i>a.</i> close, exact <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>42</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>41</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>58</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Streytly</b>, <i>adv.</i> closely <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>39</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Strive</b>, stryue, <i>vb.</i> <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>72</em></a>, <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>55</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Stronge</b>, <i>a.</i> strong <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>59</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Styeþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> ascends, mounts +up <a href = "#page42a">42.<em>5</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Styke</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page5">5.<em>20</em></a>, +<i>erron. for</i> stynke.</p> + +<p><b>Suffer</b>, -ir(e), -yr(e), suffre, soffyre, sofur, <i>vb.</i> +suffer <a href = "#page5">5.<em>12</em></a>, <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>12</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>12</em></a>, +<a href = "#page8">8.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>12</em></a>, +<a href = "#page10">10.<em>12</em></a>, <a href = +"#page11">11.<em>12</em></a>, <a href = "#page24">24.<em>16</em></a>, +&c.;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>2 p. p.</i> sufferdyst, suffredist, suffridist +<a href = "#page14">14.<em>32</em></a>, <a href = +"#page16">16.<em>48</em></a>, <a href = "#page18">18.<em>47</em></a>, +<a href = "#page23">23.<em>126</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Sullen</b>, <i>vb. 1 pl. pr.</i> shall <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>16</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Superflue</b>, <i><ins class = "correction" +title = ". missing">a.</ins></i> superfluous +<a href = "#page15">15.<em>33</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sweet(e)</b>, sweit, swet(e), swett, <i>vb.</i> sweat <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>18</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>18</em></a>, +<a href = "#page11">11.<em>18</em></a>, <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>33</em></a>, <a href = "#page21">21.<em>48</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>18</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>3 p. pr.</i> swetys <a href = +"#page10">10.<em>18</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Swerys</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> swears <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>52</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Swink(e)</b>, swynk(e), <i>vb.</i> toil, labour, <i>ref. as +for</i> sweet(e) <i>supra</i>.</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>3 p. pr.</i> swynkes <a href = +"#page10">10.<em>18</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Swynkynge</b>, labour, exertion <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>104</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Symple</b>, <i>a.</i> simple <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>34</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Syttythe</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> sits <a href = +"#page9">9.<em>11</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_T" id = "letter_T">Take</a></b>, <i>vb.</i> <a href += "#page33">33.<em>37, 39</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>imp.</i> <a href = "#page24">24.<em>5</em></a>, <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>49</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> takys <a href = "#page32">32.<em>2</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>2 p. p.</i> tokist <a href = "#page23">23.<em>125</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. p.</i> toc, toke <a href = "#page1">1.<em>1</em></a>, <a href += "#page34">34.<em>81</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pp.</i> taken <a href = "#page12">12.<em>31</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Tent</b>, <i>sb.</i> heed, attention <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>49</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Teriþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> tears <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>27</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Than(ne)</b>, then(ne), <i>adv.</i> then, <a href = +"#page1">1.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = "#page2">2.<em>18</em></a>, <a href += "#page5">5.<em>12</em></a>, <a href = "#page11">11.<em>8</em></a>, +&c., &c.</p> + +<p><b>That</b>, <i>pron. and conj.</i> <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>30</em></a>, <a href = "#page3">3.<em>51</em></a>, +<a href = "#page6">6.<em>17</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pl.</i> þose <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>10</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Thenk</b>, think(e), thynk, <i>vb.</i> think <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>40</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>39</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>46</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>imp.</i> <a href = "#page4">4.<em>72</em></a>, <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>26</em></a>, <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>42</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>1 p. pr.</i> <a href = "#page8">8.<em>19</em></a>, <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>17</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>17</em></a>;</p> +<p>methink(e), thynke, thynkes <a href = "#page5">5.<em>17</em></a>, +<a href = "#page6">6.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>17</em></a>, +<a href = "#page10">10.<em>17</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> þenkiþ, thenkys <a href = +"#page10">10.<em>6</em></a>, <a href = "#page14">14.<em>9</em></a>;</p> +<p>thinkis, thynketh(e), -ith, -yth(e), -is, -ys(e), thyngkethe, +thyngkys <a href = "#page5">5.<em>6</em></a>, <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>6</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>8</em></a>, <a href += "#page9">9.<em>4</em></a>, <a href = "#page11">11.<em>6</em></a>, +<a href = "#page13">13.<em>10</em></a>, <a href = +"#page16">16.<em>8</em></a>, <a href = "#page19">19.<em>6</em></a>, +&c.;</p> +<p><i>p. pr.</i> thynkyng <a href = "#page20">20.<em>16</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Þilke</b>, <i>pron.</i> that same <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>26</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>This</b>, thys, <i>pron.</i> <a href = "#page5">5.<em>10</em></a>, +<a href = "#page6">6.<em>10</em></a>, &c.;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>pl.</i> these <a href = "#page13">13.<em>14</em></a>;</p> +<p>þir <a href = "#page30">30.<em>10</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Thocht</b>, thoght(e), thought(e), þouȝt(e), thouthe, thowght(e), +thowht, thowth, <i>sb.</i> thought <a href = "#page5">5.<em>3</em></a>, +<a href = "#page6">6.<em>3</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>3, +22</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>5, 28</em></a>, <a href = +"#page9">9.<em>2, 26</em></a>, <a href = "#page10">10.<em>3, +26</em></a>, <a href = "#page11">11.<em>3, 26</em></a>, <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>1</em></a>, &c., &c.</p> + +<p><b>Thynkynge</b>, <i>sb.</i> thought, consideration, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>54</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Thorow</b>, <i>prep.</i> through, <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>72</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Þre</b>, <i>nu.</i> three <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>42</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Þroh</b>, þrouȝ, <i>sb.</i> coffin, <a href = +"#page1">1.<em>3</em></a>, <a href = "#page2">2.<em>42</em></a>; <ins +class = "correction" title = "text has ‘O.E.’">OE.</ins> þrūh.</p> + +<p><b>Thouh</b>, þouw, <i>conj.</i> though <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>50</em></a>, <a href = "#page21">21.<em>33</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Till</b>, <i>prep.</i> to, <a href = "#page30">30.<em>4</em></a>, +<a href = "#page31">31.<em>4</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Toght</b>, <i>adv.</i> <a href = "#page32">32.<em>16</em></a>, +<i>prob. erron. for</i> togh, tough;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>rimes</i> plowe, slogh, inowe.</p> + +<p><b>Torn(e)</b>, turn(e), <i>vb.</i> turn <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>22</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>28</em></a>, +<a href = "#page9">9.<em>26</em></a>, <a href = +"#page10">10.<em>26</em></a>, <a href = "#page11">11.<em>26</em></a>, +&c., &c.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Totoren</b>, <i>pp.</i> torn, rent <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>34</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tour(e)s</b>, -is, -ys, towres, -is, -ys, towrrys, <i>sb.</i> +towers <a href = "#page3">3.<em>65</em></a>, <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>9</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>9</em></a>, <a href += "#page7">7.<em>9</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>9</em></a>, +<a href = "#page10">10.<em>9</em></a>, &c., &c.</p> + +<p><b>Toward</b>, <i>prep.</i> <a href = "#page2">2.<em>14</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trauayles</b>, traue(i)list, traueylist, <i>vb.</i></p> +<p class = "inset"><i>2 p. pr.</i> labourest <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>20</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>19</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>62</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trede</b>, <i>vb.</i> tread;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pp.</i> ytrede <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>114</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Trewth</b>, trowthe, <i>sb.</i> truth <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>104</em></a>, <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>47</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tristyn</b>, <i>vb.</i> trust <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>95</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>imp.</i> trust <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>24</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Turment</b>, <i>sb.</i> torment <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>31</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>30</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>44</em></a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page58" id = "page58">58</a></span> +<p><b>Tyllys</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> tills the ground, <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>15</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Tyme</b>, <i>sb.</i> time, <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>21</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_U" id = "letter_U">Unclade</a></b>, <i>a.</i> +<a href = "#page25">25.<em>35</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Undeuout</b>, <i>a.</i> undevout, <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>27</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Unresonably</b>, <i>adv.</i> unreasonably, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>48</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Unreydy</b>, <i>a.</i> unready <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>56</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Unsiker</b>, <i>a.</i> uncertain, <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>43</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Upon</b>, uppon, vp(p)on, vpoun, <i>prep.</i> <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>3, 4, 5</em></a>, &c., <a href = "#page8">8.<em>5, +7</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> Apon, Opon, Ypon.</p> + +<p><b>Upsodown</b>, <i>adv.</i> upside-down <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>35</em></a>, <i>from</i> up swa down.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_V" id = "letter_V">Vayn</a></b>, in vayn, in vain +<a href = "#page28">28.<em>55</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Vede</b>, <i>sb.</i>, <i>for</i> weed—dress, apparel <a href += "#page33">33.<em>41</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Verrid</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> warreth <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>26</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b><a name = "letter_W" id = "letter_W">Walk</a></b>, <i>vb.<ins class = +"correction" title = "superfluous ;"> </ins>3 p. p.</i> walkyd <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>71</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>p. pr.</i> walkand <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>41</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wan</b>, <i>a.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>32</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wan</b>, <i>vb.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>29</em></a>; +<i>v.</i> Win.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Wan</b>(<b>ne</b>), were, when, where <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>5</em></a>, <a href = "#page44a">44.<em>25</em></a>, +<a href = "#page45a">45.<em>30, 32</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wanton</b>, wantowne, <i>a.</i> <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>21</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>20</em></a>, +<a href = "#page19">19.<em>18</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>64</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wantyng(e)</b>, <i>p. pr.</i> lacking <a href = +"#page17">17.<em>27</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>38</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wars</b>, <i>a.</i> worse <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>30</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Waxin</b>, -yne, <i>pp.</i> waxen, grown <a href = +"#page9">9.<em>1</em></a>, <a href = "#page32">32.<em>1</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Waye</b>, wei, wey(e), <i>sb.</i> way <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>50</em></a>, <a href = "#page25">25.<em>56</em></a>, +<a href = "#page32">32.<em>19</em></a>, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>82</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Weden</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> weeds, apparel <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>13</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wel(le)</b>, <i>adv.</i> well <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>75</em></a>, <a href = "#page24">24.<em>6</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Welth</b>, <i>sb.</i> wealth, <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>13</em></a>, <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>65</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wend(e)</b>, <i>vb.</i> wend, go <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>30</em></a>, <a href = "#page4">4.<em>74</em></a>, +<a href = "#page25">25.<em>56</em></a>, <a href = +"#page30">30.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = +"#page31">31.<em>24</em></a>;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>pr. pl.</i> wendiþ <a href = "#page2">2.<em>41</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>3 p. p.</i> went <a href = "#page34">34.<em>58</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Wene</b>, <i>vb. 1 pl. pr.</i> think, expect, ween <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>50</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Weriþ</b>, <i>vb. pr. pl.</i> wear <a href = +"#page3">3.<em>51</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Werkis</b>, werkys, <i>sb. pl.</i> works <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>50, 52</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Whan(ne)</b>, when(ne), quhen, quhene, <i>adv.</i> when <a href = +"#page1">1.<em>1</em></a>, <a href = "#page2">2.<em>17</em></a>, <a href += "#page5">5.<em>11</em></a>, &c., &c.</p> + +<p><b>Whar-of</b>, whereof <a href = "#page4">4.<em>74</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Whi</b>, why, quhy, <i>conj.</i> <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>26</em></a>, <a href = "#page5">5.<em>17</em></a>, +<a href = "#page6">6.<em>18</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>19</em></a>, +&c.</p> + +<p><b>While</b>, whill, quhill, whyl(e), whyles, <i>conj.</i> while +<a href = "#page7">7.<em>22</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>28</em></a>, +<a href = "#page9">9.<em>26</em></a>, <a href = +"#page13">13.<em>30</em></a>, &c.;</p> +<p class = "inset">the whyle þat <a href = "#page10">10.<em>26</em></a>, +<a href = "#page11">11.<em>26</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Whoder</b>, <i>adv.</i> whither <a href = +"#page4">4.<em>74</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wickidli</b>, wickydly, wikkidly, wikyd, wyckydly, wykedly, +wy(k)kydly, wykydely, wykytly, <i>adv.</i> wickedly <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>21</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>27</em></a>, +<a href = "#page10">10.<em>25</em></a>, <a href = +"#page13">13.<em>29</em></a>, <a href = "#page15">15.<em>44</em></a>, +<a href = "#page18">18.<em>43</em></a>, <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>67</em></a>, <a href = "#page29">29.<em>3, +61</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Will</b>, wyl, wyll(e), wol(e), <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>18</em></a>, <a href = "#page12">12.<em>18</em></a>, +<a href = "#page13">13.<em>22</em></a>, <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>33</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>32</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>48</em></a>, &c.;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>3 p. p. & p. pl.</i> wold(e) <a href = "#page5">5.<em>5, +16</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>5, 16</em></a>, <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>5, 20</em></a>, &c., &c.;</p> +<p>wald <a href = "#page30">30.<em>5</em></a>, <a href = +"#page31">31.<em>16</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Wille</b>, wylle, <i>sb.</i> will <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>35</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>50</em></a>, +<a href = "#page18">18.<em>49</em></a>, <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>130</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Win</b>, <i>vb.</i> to win;</p> + +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>3 p. pr.</i> wins <a href = "#page31">31.<em>9</em></a>, +wynneth(e), -yth(e), -es, -is, -ys, <a href = "#page5">5.<em>9</em></a>, +<a href = "#page6">6.<em>9</em></a>, <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>9</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>9</em></a>, &c., +&c.;</p> +<p><i>2 p. p.</i> wonne <a href = "#page2">2.<em>30</em></a>; <i>3 p. +p.</i> wan <a href = "#page28">28.<em>29</em></a>;</p> +<p><i>pp.</i> iwonne <a href = "#page1">1.<em>1</em></a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><b>Wise</b>, <i>sb.</i> manner, fashion, guise, <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>96</em></a>.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Wise</b>, <i>vb.</i> guide, direct <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>27</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wisely</b>, <i>adv.</i> <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>52</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Within</b>, -inne, -yn, -ynne, <i>adv.</i> <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>19</em></a>, &c., &c.</p> + +<p><b>Withowttyn</b>, wittovte, <i>prep.</i> without <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>48</em></a>, <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>66</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Witte</b>, <i>sb.</i> wit, intelligence <a href = +"#page23">23.<em>118</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wo</b>, woo, <i>sb.</i> woe <a href = +"#page12">12.<em>32</em></a>, <a href = +"#page22">22.<em>84</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Woh</b>, wow, <i>sb.</i> evil <a href = +"#page1">1.<em>1</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>pl.</i> wowȝ <a href = "#page2">2.<em>41</em></a>. +OE. wōh, wōȝ-, crooked, evil.</p> + +<p><b>Wol(e)</b><ins class = "correction" title = ", missing">, </ins><a +href = "#page15">15.<em>33</em></a>, <a href = +"#page17">17.<em>32</em></a>, <a href = +"#page21">21.<em>48</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>v.</i> Will.</p> + +<p><b>Woman</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page32">32.<em>13</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wonder</b>, -ir(e), wondre, wondur, wondyr, woundyr, <i>sb.</i> +wonder <a href = "#page5">5.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>19</em></a>, +<a href = "#page9">9.<em>17</em></a>, <a href = +"#page10">10.<em>17</em></a>, &c., &c.</p> + +<p><b>Wonderfull</b>, wondirfullie, <i>adv.</i> wonderfully <a href = +"#page30">30.<em>1</em></a>, <a href = "#page31">31.<em>1</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wonderly</b>, wondirlie, -ly, wondurly, wondyrly, wounderly, +woundyrely, <i>adv.</i> wondrously <a href = "#page5">5.<em>1</em></a>, +<a href = "#page6">6.<em>1</em></a>, <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>1</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>4</em></a>, <a href += "#page10">10.<em>1</em></a>, <a href = "#page11">11.<em>1</em></a>, +<a href = "#page12">12.<em>3</em></a>, <a href = +"#page13">13.<em>5</em></a>, <a href = "#page14">14.<em>4</em></a>, +<a href = "#page16">16.<em>3</em></a>, <a href = +"#page19">19.<em>1</em></a>, <a href = "#page20">20.<em>6</em></a>, +<a href = "#page24">24.<em>1</em></a>, <a href = +"#page30">30.<em>25</em></a>, <a href = +"#page31">31.<em>25</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Worching(e)</b>, -ynge, <i>p. pr.</i> working <a href = +"#page14">14.<em>35</em></a>, <a href = "#page16">16.<em>50</em></a>, +<a href = "#page18">18.<em>49</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>World</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>29</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Worldly</b>, <i>adv.</i> <a href = "#page27">27.<em>1</em></a>, +<i>perh. erron. for</i> wonderly.</p> + +<p><b>Wormes</b>, -ys, <i>sb. pl.</i> <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = "#page32">32.<em>25</em></a>, +<a href = "#page33">33.<em>44, 45, 46</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wor-schyp</b>, -ship, <i>sb.</i> <a href = +"#page7">7.<em>2</em></a>, <a href = "#page12">12.<em>25</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Worthy</b>, <i>a.</i> <a href = "#page28">28.<em>25, +30</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>sb. pl.</i> worthyes <a href = +"#page27">27.<em>21</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Worthynes</b>, <i>sb.</i> worthiness, honour, <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>40</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wote</b>, wottis, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> knows <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>12</em></a>, <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>46</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>3 p. p.</i> wyste <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>67</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wounde</b>, <i>sb.</i> wound <a href = "#page34">34.<em>76, +78</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wrecchid(e)</b>, wreched, -yd, <i>a.</i> wretched <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>20, 24, 28</em></a>, <a href = "#page17">17.<em>19, +23</em></a>, <a href = "#page19">19.<em>17, 21</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wrikkend</b>, <i>p. pr.</i> moving, walking <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>13</em></a>; Dan. vrikke, Du. wrikken.</p> + +<p><b>Wrocht</b>, wroght(e), wroht, wroth, wrought(e), wrouȝt(e), +wrouhte, +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page59" id = "page59">59</a></span> +wrout(h)e, wrowght(e), <i>pp.</i> wrought, made <a href = +"#page5">5.<em>1</em></a>, <a href = "#page6">6.<em>1</em></a>, <a href += "#page7">7.<em>1, 23</em></a>, <a href = "#page8">8.<em>1, 27, +29</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>1, 25, 27</em></a>, &c., +&c.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Wrong</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>1</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wroten</b>, <i>vb.</i> to root, turn up with the snout <a href = +"#page2">2.<em>18</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>3 p. pr.</i> wrotys <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>33</em></a>; <ins class = "correction" +title = "text has ‘O.E.’">OE.</ins> wrotian.</p> + +<p><b>Wroth</b>, <i>a.</i> <a href = "#page33">33.<em>48, +51</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset">(<a href = "#page7">7.<em>1</em></a>, spelling of +wroht, <i>v.</i> Wrocht, wroght).</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Wryeþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> turns, inclines +<a href = "#page42a">42.<em>6</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wryttyne</b>, written <a href = "#page25">25.<em>39</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wyn</b>, <i>sb.</i> joy, pleasure <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>25</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wynde</b>, <i>sb.</i> wind <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>48</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wynde</b>, <i>vb.</i> to wind <a href = +"#page32">32.<em>24</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wyne</b>, <i>sb.</i> wine <a href = +"#page25">25.<em>60</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wyste</b>, <a href = "#page34">34.<em>67</em></a>; <i>v.</i> +Wote.</p> + +<p class = "addenda"><b>Wyte</b>, <i>vb. imp.</i> guard, keep <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>35</em></a>.</p> + + +<p><b>Ya</b>, <i>int.</i> yea, verily <a href = "#page12">12.<em>7, 11, +15</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Yelde</b>, yeelde, ȝeelde, <i>vb.</i> yield, render, pay <a href = +"#page15">15.<em>42</em></a>, <a href = "#page18">18.<em>41</em></a>, +<a href = "#page21">21.<em>58</em></a>;</p> +<p class = "inset"><i>3 p. pr.</i> yeldis <a href = +"#page33">33.<em>56</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Yeȝt</b>, yet, ȝet, yit, ȝit(t), ȝyt(e), <i>adv.</i> yet <a href = +"#page6">6.<em>16</em></a>, <a href = "#page7">7.<em>20</em></a>, +<a href = "#page8">8.<em>18</em></a>, <a href = "#page9">9.<em>12, +16</em></a>, &c.</p> + +<p><b>Yong</b>, <i>a.</i> young, <a href = +"#page28">28.<em>41</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ypon</b>, <i>prep.</i> var. of upon <a href = +"#page11">11.<em>3</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ȝefe</b>, ȝeyf, <i>vb. imp.</i> give <a href = +"#page24">24.<em>24</em></a>, <a href = +"#page26">26.<em>61</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ȝere</b>, <i>sb. pl.</i> years <a href = +"#page34">34.<em>74</em></a>.</p> + + + + +<span class = "pagenum"><a name = "page60" id = "page60">60</a></span> +<h2><a name = "addenda" id = "addenda">ADDENDA</a></h2> + +<p class = "center">(from the text in the <a href = +"#app1">Appendix</a>).</p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +This section is included for completeness. All entries have been added +to the main <a href = "#glossary">Glossary</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Afrete</b>, <i>pp.</i> devoured, eaten <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>3</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Agrise</b>, <i>vb.</i> tremble, quake <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>28</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Alas</b>, <i>int.</i> <a href = "#page43a">43.<em>17</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Alete</b>, <i>vb.</i> to let go, forsake <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>3</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Aryse</b>, <i>vb.</i> arise <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>25</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Assise</b>, <i>sb.</i> the Judgement <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>26</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Awelden</b>, <i>vb.</i> wield, rule <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>9</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Belden</b>, <i>vb.</i> build up <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>12</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bi-holden</b>, <i>vb.</i> keep, retain <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>10</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Byheste</b>, <i>sb.</i> promise <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>30</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Byhet</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> promises <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>31</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Cheste</b>, <i>sb.</i> strife, dispute <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>29</em></a>; OE. cēast, <i>older</i> cēas, L. +causa.</p> + +<p><b>Coueytise</b>, <i>sb.</i> covetousness <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>6</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Crieþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> cries <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>8</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Dedliche</b>, <i>a.</i> deadly <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>14</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Elden</b>, <i>vb.</i> to grow old <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>11</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Endinge</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>21</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Eorthe</b>, <i>sb.</i> earth <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>1</em></a>, &c.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Foelle</b>, <i>vb. subj.</i> ? fall <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>20</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Forȝete</b>, <i>pp.</i> forgotten <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>4</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Furloren</b>, <i>pp.</i> lost <a href = +"#page46">46.<em>35</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Grimliche</b>, <i>adv.</i> terribly <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>28</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Guo</b>, <i>vb.</i> go <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>15</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gynneþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> begins <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>15</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Haueþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> has <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>13</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Helle-feste</b>, <i>sb.</i> Hell-fortress <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>32</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hyeþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> hastens <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>7</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Iboren</b>, <i>pp.</i> born <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>33</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ibouȝt</b>, <i>pp.</i> redeemed <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>19</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Icoren</b>, <i>pp. a.</i> chosen ones <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>35</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Igete</b>, <i>pp.</i> got <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>1</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ignawe</b>, <i>pp.</i> devoured <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>23</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ihere</b>, <i>vb.</i> hear <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>26</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iknawe</b>, <i>vb.</i> know <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>24</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iseoþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> sees <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>14</em></a>, <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>21</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Islawe</b>, <i>pp.</i> slain <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>22</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iuynt</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> joins <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>9</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Iworthe</b>, <i>vb.</i> become <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>16</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Lere</b>, <i>vb.</i> teach <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>27</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Leste</b>, <i>vb.</i> last <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>31</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Louerd</b>, <i>sb.</i> Lord <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>33</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Luþer</b>, <i>a.</i> wicked <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>9</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Mychfulliche</b>, <i>adv.</i> greatly, at so great cost <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>19</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Netfulliche</b>, <i>adv.</i> of necessity <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>25</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Of-souȝt</b>, <i>pp.</i> attacked <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>18</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Prude</b>, <i>sb.</i> pride <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>5</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Seluen</b>, <i>pron.</i> self <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>24</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Styeþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> ascends, mounts up <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>5</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sullen</b>, <i>vb. 1 pl. pr.</i> shall <a href = +"#page43a">43.<em>16</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Þilke</b>, <i>pron.</i> that same <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>26</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Totoren</b>, <i>pp.</i> torn, rent <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>34</em></a>.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<b>Wan</b>(<b>ne</b>), were, when, where <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>5</em></a>, <a href = "#page44a">44.<em>25</em></a>, +<a href = "#page45a">45.<em>30, 32</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wise</b>, <i>vb.</i> guide, direct <a href = +"#page44a">44.<em>27</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wrong</b>, <i>sb.</i> <a href = "#page42a">42.<em>1</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wryeþ</b>, <i>vb. 3 p. pr.</i> turns, inclines <a href = +"#page42a">42.<em>6</em></a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wyte</b>, <i>vb. imp.</i> guard, keep <a href = +"#page45a">45.<em>35</em></a>.</p> + +</div> +<!-- end div glossary --> + +</div> +<!-- end div maintext --> + +<div class = "endnote"> +<h5>Transcriber’s Footnote</h5> + +<p><a name = "endnoteA" id = "endnoteA" href = "#endtagA">A.</a> Printed +footnote:<br /> + <br /> +<img src = "images/page4footnote.png" width = "127" height = "32" +alt = "page image" /></p> + +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Erthe Upon Erthe, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ERTHE UPON ERTHE *** + +***** This file should be named 33768-h.htm or 33768-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/7/6/33768/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Charlene Taylor, JackMcJiggins, +David Garcia and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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