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+Project Gutenberg's McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 2, July, 1893, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 2, July, 1893
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: September 20, 2010 [EBook #33771]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, JULY, 1893 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Katherine Ward, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+VOL. I    JULY, 1893    No. 2
+
+
+_Copyright, 1893, by S. S. McClure, Limited. All rights reserved._
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  An Afternoon with Oliver Wendell Holmes. By Edward E. Hale.       99
+  In the Name of the Law! By Stanley J. Weyman.                    110
+  "Human Documents."                                               119
+  Wild Beasts. By Raymond Blathwayt.                               126
+  John Horseleigh, Knyght. By Thomas Hardy.                        136
+  The Race to the North Pole. By Hugh Robert Mill, D.Sc.           147
+  Lieutenant Peary's Expedition. By Cleveland Moffett.             156
+  An Expedition to the North Magnetic Pole. By W. H. Gilder.       159
+  The Merchantmen. By Rudyard Kipling.                             163
+  Monsieur de Blowitz. By W. Morton Fullerton.                     166
+  On the Track of the Reviewer. By Doctor William Wright.          174
+  Romantic Stories from the Family History of the Brontës.         181
+  A Strange Story: The Lost Years. By Lizzie Hyer Neff.            182
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  Oliver Wendell Holmes                                             99
+  O. W. Holmes's Birth-Place at Cambridge, Mass.                   100
+  Garden Door of the Cambridge House.                              100
+  House in Rue Monsieur le Prince.                                 101
+  Residence in Beacon Street, Boston.                              102
+  The Bay Window in Doctor Holmes's Study.                         103
+  A Corner in Doctor Holmes's Study.                               103
+  Dorothy Q.                                                       104
+  Dorothy Q's House in Quincy, Mass.                               105
+  Holmes Delivering His Farewell Address, Harvard.                 105
+  Summer Residence at Beverly Farms.                               107
+  O. W. Holmes and E. E. Hale.                                     108
+  O. W. Holmes in His Favorite Seat at Beverly.                    109
+  Edward Everett Hale.                                             120
+  M. de Blowitz.                                                   122
+  Thomas Alva Edison.                                              124
+  Karl Hagenbeck.                                                  127
+  Fridtjof Nansen.                                                 151
+  Robert E. Peary.                                                 156
+  Colonel W. H. Gilder.                                            159
+  General A. W. Greely.                                            160
+  Professor T. C. Mendenhall.                                      160
+  Diagram of the North Magnetic Pole Region.                       161
+  Professor C. A. Schott.                                          162
+  The Dining-Room in M. De Blowitz's Paris Home.                   167
+  M. De Blowitz in His Study.                                      169
+  The Lampottes; The Country House of M. De Blowitz.               171
+  Charlotte Brontë.                                                180
+
+
+
+
+AN AFTERNOON WITH OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.
+
+BY EDWARD E. HALE.
+
+
+My first recollection of Doctor Holmes is seeing him standing on a
+bench at a college dinner when I was a boy, in the year 1836. He was
+full of life and fun, and was delivering--I do not say reading--one of
+his little college poems. He always writes them with joy, and recites
+them--if that is the word--with a spirit not to be described. For he
+is a born orator, with what people call a sympathetic voice, wholly
+under his own command, and entirely free from any of the tricks of
+elocution. It seems to me that no one really knows his poems to the
+very best, who has not had the good fortune to hear him read some of
+them.
+
+[Illustration: Oliver Wendell Holmes Boston, May 24th, 1893.]
+
+But I had known all about him before that. As little boys, we had by
+heart, in those days, the song which saved "Old Ironsides" from
+destruction. That was the pet name of the frigate "Constitution,"
+which was a pet Boston ship, because she had been built at a Boston
+shipyard, had been sailed with Yankee crews, and, more than once, had
+brought her prizes into Boston Harbor.
+
+We used to spout at school:
+
+  "Nail to the mast her holy flag,
+    Spread every threadbare sail,
+  And give her to the god of storms,
+    The lightning and the gale!"
+
+Ah me! There had been a Phi Beta anniversary not long before, where
+Holmes had delivered a poem. You may read "Poetry, a Metrical Essay,"
+in the volumes now. But you will look in vain for the covert allusions
+to Julia and Susan and Elizabeth and the rest, which, to those who
+knew, meant the choicest belles of our little company. Have the queens
+of to-day any such honors?
+
+Nobody is more accessible than Doctor Holmes. I doubt if any doorbell
+in Boston is more rung than his. And nowhere is the visitor made more
+kindly at home. His own work-room takes in all the width of a large
+house in Beacon Street; a wide window commands the sweep of the mouth
+of Charles River; in summer the gulls are hovering above it, in winter
+you may see them chaffing together on bits of floating ice, which is
+on its way to the sea. Across that water, by stealthy rowing, the
+boats of the English squadron carried the men who were to die at
+Concord the next day, at Concord Bridge. Beyond is Bunker Hill
+Monument; and just this side of the monument Paul Revere crossed the
+same river to say that that English army was coming.
+
+[Illustration: O. W. HOLMES'S BIRTH-PLACE AT CAMBRIDGE, MASS., ERECTED IN
+1725, A.D. FROM PHOTO BY WILFRID A. FRENCH.]
+
+For me, I had to deliver on Emerson's ninetieth birthday an address on
+my memories of him and his life. Holmes used to meet him, from college
+days down, in a thousand ways, and has written a charming memoir of
+his life. I went round there one day, therefore, to ask some
+questions, which might put my own memories of Emerson in better light,
+and afterwards I obtained his leave to make this sketch of the talk of
+half an hour. When we think of it here, if we ever fall to talking
+about such things, every one would say that Holmes is the best talker
+we have or know. But when you are with him, you do not think whether
+he is or is not. You are under the spell of his kindness and genius.
+Still no minute passes in which you do not say to yourself: "I hope I
+shall remember those very words always."
+
+[Illustration: GARDEN DOOR OF THE CAMBRIDGE HOUSE.]
+
+Thinking of it after I come home, I am reminded of the flow and fun of
+the Autocrat. But you never say so to yourself when you are sitting in
+his room.
+
+I had arranged with my friend Mr. Sample that he should carry his
+camera to the house, and it was in gaps in this very conversation that
+the picture of both of us was taken. I told Doctor Holmes how pleased
+I was at this chance of going to posterity under his escort.
+
+I told him of the paper on Emerson which I had in hand, and thanked
+him, as well as I could, in a few words, for his really marvellous
+study of Emerson in the series of American authors. I said I really
+wanted to bring him my paper to read. What I was trying to do, was to
+show that the great idealist was always in touch with his time, and
+eager to know what, at the moment, were the real facts of American
+life.
+
+_I._ I remember where Emerson stopped me on State Street once, to
+cross-question me about some details of Irish emigration.
+
+_Holmes._ Yes, he was eager for all practical information. I used to
+meet him very often on Saturday evenings at the Saturday Club; and I
+can see him now, as he bent forward eagerly at the table, if any one
+were making an interesting observation, with his face like a hawk as
+he took in what was said. You felt how the hawk would be flying
+overhead and looking down on your thought at the next minute. I
+remember that I once spoke of "the three great prefaces," and quick as
+light Emerson said, "What are the three great prefaces?" and I had to
+tell him.
+
+_I._ I am sure I do not know what they are. What are they?
+
+_Holmes._ They are Calvin's to his "Institutes," Thuanus's to his
+history, and Polybius's to his.
+
+_I._ And I have never read one of them!
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE IN RUE MONSIEUR LE PRINCE WHERE DOCTOR HOLMES
+LIVED FOR TWO YEARS WHEN STUDYING MEDICINE IN PARIS.]
+
+_Holmes._ And I had then never read but one of them. It was a mere
+piece of encyclopædia learning of mine.
+
+_I._ What I shall try to do in my address is to show that Emerson
+would not have touched all sorts of people as he did, but for this
+matter-of-fact interest in his daily surroundings--if he had not gone
+to town-meetings, for instance. Was it you or Lowell who called him
+the Yankee Plato?
+
+_Holmes._ Not I. It was probably Lowell, in the "Fable for Critics." I
+called him "a wingèd Franklin," and I stand by that. Matthew Arnold
+quoted that afterwards, and I was glad I had said it.
+
+_I._ I do not remember where you said it. How was it?
+
+Doctor Holmes at once rose, went to the turning book-stand, and took
+down volume three of his own poems, and read me with great spirit the
+passage. I do not know how I had forgotten it.
+
+  "Where in the realm of thought, whose air is song,
+  Does he, the Buddha of the West, belong?
+  He seems a wingèd Franklin, sweetly wise,
+  Born to unlock the secrets of the skies;
+  And which the nobler calling,--if 'tis fair
+  Terrestrial with celestial to compare,--
+  To guide the storm-cloud's elemental flame,
+  Or walk the chambers whence the lightning came,
+  Amidst the sources of its subtile fire,
+  And steal their effluence for his lips and lyre?"
+
+Here he said, with great fun, "One great good of writing poetry is to
+furnish you with your own quotations." And afterwards, when I had made
+him read to me some other verses from his own poems, he said, "Oh,
+yes, as a reservoir of the best quotations in the language, there is
+nothing like a book of your own poems."
+
+[Illustration: O. W. HOLMES'S RESIDENCE IN BEACON STREET, BOSTON.]
+
+I said that there was no greater nonsense than the talk of Emerson's
+time, that he introduced German philosophy here, and I asked Holmes if
+he thought that Emerson had borrowed anything in the philosophical
+line from the German. He agreed with me that his philosophy was
+thoroughly home-bred, and wrought out in the experience of his own
+home-life. He said that he was disposed to believe that that would be
+true of Emerson which he knew was true of himself. He knew Emerson
+went over a great many books, but he did not really believe that he
+often really read a book through. I remember one of his phrases was,
+that he thought that Emerson "tasted books;" and he cited a bright
+lady from Philadelphia, whom he had met the day before, who had said
+that she thought men of genius did not rely much upon their reading,
+and had complimented him by asking if he did so. Holmes said:
+
+"I told her--I had to tell her--that in reading my mind is always
+active. I do not follow the author steadily or implicitly, but my
+thought runs off to right and left. It runs off in every direction,
+and I find I am not so much taking his book as I am thinking my own
+thoughts upon his subject."
+
+_I._ I want to thank you for your contrast between Emerson and
+Carlyle: "The hatred of unreality was uppermost in Carlyle; the love
+of what is real and genuine, with Emerson." Is it not perhaps possible
+that Carlyle would not have been Carlyle but for Emerson? Emerson
+found him discouraged, and as he supposed alone, and at the very
+beginning led him out of his darkest places.
+
+I think it was on this that Doctor Holmes spoke with a good deal of
+feeling about the value of appreciation. He was ready to go back to
+tell of the pleasure he had received from persons who had written to
+him, even though he did not know them, to say of how much use some
+particular line of his had been. Among others he said that Lothrop
+Motley had told him that, when he was all worn out in his work in a
+country where he had not many friends, and among stupid old manuscript
+archives, two lines of Holmes's braced him up and helped him through:
+
+  "Stick to your aim: the mongrel's hold will slip,
+  But only crowbars loose the bulldog's grip."
+
+He was very funny about flattery. "That is the trouble of having so
+many friends, everybody flatters you. I do not mean to let them hurt
+me if I can help it, and flattery is not necessarily untrue. But you
+have to be on your guard when everybody is as kind to you as everybody
+is to me."
+
+[Illustration: THE BAY WINDOW IN DOCTOR HOLMES'S STUDY.]
+
+He said, in passing, that Emerson once quoted two lines of his, and
+quoted them horribly. They are from the poem called "The Steamboat:"
+
+  "The beating of her restless heart,
+    Still sounding through the storm."
+
+Emerson quoted them thus:
+
+  "The pulses of her iron heart
+    Go beating through the storm."
+
+[Illustration: A CORNER IN DOCTOR HOLMES'S STUDY.]
+
+I was curious to know about Doctor Holmes's experience of country
+life, he knows all nature's processes so well. So he told me how it
+happened that he went to Pittsfield. It seems that, a century and a
+half ago, his ancestor, Jacob Wendell, had a royal grant for the whole
+township there, with some small exception, perhaps. The place was at
+first called Pontoosoc, then Wendelltown, and only afterward got the
+name of Pittsfield from William Pitt. One part of the Wendell property
+descended to Doctor Holmes's mother. When he had once seen it he was
+struck with its beauty and fitness for a country home, and asked her
+that he might have it for his own. It was there that he built a house
+in which he lived for eight or nine years. He said that the Housatonic
+winds backwards and forwards through it, so that to go from one end of
+his estate to the other in a straight line required the crossing it
+seven times. Here his children grew up, and he and they were enlivened
+anew every year by long summer days there.
+
+He was most interesting and animated as he spoke of the vigor of life
+and work and poetical composition which come from being in the open
+air and living in the country. He wrote, at the request of the
+neighborhood, his poem of "The Ploughman," to be read at a cattle-show
+in Pittsfield. "And when I came to read it afterwards I said, 'Here it
+is! Here is open air life, here is what breathing the mountain air and
+living in the midst of nature does for a man!' And I want to read you
+now a piece of that poem, because it contained a prophecy." And while
+he was looking for the verses, he said, in the vein of the Autocrat,
+"Nobody knows but a man's self how many good things he has done."
+
+So we found the first volume of the poems, and there is "The
+Ploughman," written, observe, as early as 1849.
+
+  "O gracious Mother, whose benignant breast
+  Wakes us to life, and lulls us all to rest,
+  How thy sweet features, kind to every clime,
+  Mock with their smile the wrinkled front of time!
+  We stain thy flowers,--they blossom o'er the dead;
+  We rend thy bosom, and it gives us bread;
+  O'er the red field that trampling strife has torn,
+  Waves the green plumage of thy tasselled corn;
+  Our maddening conflicts sear thy fairest plain,
+  Still thy soft answer is the growing grain.
+  Yet, O our Mother, while uncounted charms
+  Steal round our hearts in thine embracing arms,
+  Let not our virtues in thy love decay,
+  And thy fond sweetness waste our strength away.
+
+  No! by these hills, whose banners now displayed
+  In blazing cohorts Autumn has arrayed;
+  By yon twin summits, on whose splintery crests
+  The tossing hemlocks hold the eagles' nests;
+  By these fair plains the mountain circle screens,
+  And feeds with streamlets from its dark ravines,--
+  True to their home, these faithful arms shall toil
+  To crown with peace their own untainted soil;
+  And, true to God, to freedom, to mankind,
+  If her chained bandogs Faction shall unbind,
+  These stately forms, that bending even now
+  Bowed their strong manhood to the humble plough,
+  Shall rise erect, the guardians of the land,
+  The same stern iron in the same right hand,
+  Till o'er the hills the shouts of triumph run,
+  The sword has rescued what the ploughshare won!"
+
+Now, in 1849, I, who remember, can tell you, every-day people did not
+much think that Faction was going to unbind her bandogs and set the
+country at war; and it was only a prophet-poet who saw that there was
+a chance that men might forge their ploughshares into swords again.
+But you see from the poem that Holmes was such a prophet-poet, and
+now, forty-four years after, it was a pleasure to hear him read these
+lines.
+
+[Illustration: DOROTHY Q. FROM THE PORTRAIT IN DOCTOR HOLMES'S STUDY.]
+
+I asked him of his reminiscences of Emerson's famous Phi Beta Kappa
+oration at Cambridge, which he has described, as so many others have,
+as the era of independence in American literature. We both talked of
+the day, which we remembered, and of the Phi Beta dinner which
+followed it, when Mr. Everett presided, and bore touching tribute to
+Charles Emerson, who had just died. Holmes said: "You cannot make the
+people of this generation understand the effect of Everett's oratory.
+I have never felt the fascination of speech as I did in hearing him.
+Did it ever occur to you,--did I say to you the other day,--that when
+a man has such a voice as he had, our slight nasal resonance is an
+advantage and not a disadvantage?"
+
+I was fresher than he from his own book on Emerson, and remembered
+that he had said there somewhat the same thing. His words are: "It is
+with delight that one who remembers Everett in his robes of rhetorical
+splendor; who recalls his full-blown, high-colored, double-flowered
+periods; the rich, resonant, grave, far-reaching music of his speech,
+with just enough of nasal vibration to give the vocal sounding-board
+its proper value in the harmonies of utterance,--it is with delight
+that such a one recalls the glowing words of Emerson whenever he
+refers to Edward Everett. It is enough if he himself caught enthusiasm
+from those eloquent lips. But many a listener has had his youthful
+enthusiasm fired by that great master of academic oratory." I knew,
+when I read this, that Holmes referred to himself as the "youthful
+listener," and was glad that within twenty-four hours he should say so
+to me.
+
+[Illustration: DOROTHY Q'S HOUSE IN QUINCY, MASS.[1]]
+
+So we fell to talking of his own Phi Beta poem. A good Phi Beta poem
+is an impossibility; but it is the business of genius to work the
+miracles, and Holmes's is one of the few successful Phi Beta poems in
+the dreary catalogue of more than a century. The custom of having
+"_the_ poem," as people used to say, as if it were always the same, is
+now almost abandoned.
+
+[Illustration: DOCTOR O. W. HOLMES DELIVERING HIS FAREWELL ADDRESS AS
+PARKMAN PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY IN THE MEDICAL SCHOOL OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY,
+NOVEMBER 28, 1882. FROM A PROOF PRINT IN THE POSSESSION OF DOCTOR JAMES
+R. CHADWICK.]
+
+Fortunately for us both, a tap was heard at the door, and Mr. John
+Holmes appeared, his brother. Mr. John Holmes has not chosen to
+publish the bright things which he has undoubtedly written, but in all
+circles where he favors people with his presence he is known as one of
+the most agreeable of men. Everybody is glad to set him on the lines
+of reminiscences. The two brothers, with great good humor, began
+telling of a dinner party which Doctor Holmes had given, within a few
+days, to a number of gentlemen whose average ages, according to them,
+exceeded eighty. One has to make allowance for the exaggeration of
+their fun, but I think, from the facts which they dropped, that the
+average must have been maintained. One would have given a good deal to
+be old enough to be permitted to be at that dinner. This led to talk
+of the Harvard class of 1829, for whose meetings Holmes has written so
+many of his charming poems. He said that they are now to have a dinner
+within a few days, and named the gentlemen who were to be there. Among
+them, of course, is Doctor Samuel F. Smith, the author of "America." I
+noticed that Doctor Holmes always called him "My country 'tis of
+thee," and so did all of us. And then these two critics began
+analyzing that magnificent song. "It will not do to laugh at it.
+People show that they do not know what they are talking about when
+they speak lightly of it. Did you ever think how much is gained by
+making the first verse begin with the singular number? Not _our_
+country, but '_My_ country,' '_I_ sing of thee'? There is not an
+American citizen but can make it his own, and does make it his own, as
+he sings it. And it rises to a Psalm-like grandeur at the end." "It is
+a magnificent hold to have upon fame to have sixty million people sing
+the verses that you have written." John Holmes said: "How good
+'templed hills' is, and that is not alone in the poem." Both John
+Holmes and I plead to be permitted to come to the class dinner, but
+Doctor Holmes was very funny. He pooh-poohed us both; we were only
+children, and we were not to be present at so rare a solemnity. For
+me, I already felt that I had been wicked in wasting so much of his
+time. But he has the gift of making you think that you are the only
+person in the world, and that he is only living for your pleasure.
+Still I knew, as a matter of fact, that this was not so, and very
+unwillingly I took myself away.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As I walked home I meditated on the fate of a first-rate book in our
+time. Holmes had expressed unaffected surprise that I spoke with the
+gratitude which I felt about his "Life of Emerson." The book must have
+cost him the hard work of a year. It is as remarkable a study as one
+poet ever made of another. Yet I think he said to me that no one had
+seemed to understand the care and effort which he had given to it.
+
+Here is the position in the United States now about the criticism of
+such work. At about the time that the "North American Review" ceased
+to review books, there came, as if by general consent, an end to all
+elaborate criticism of new books here.
+
+I think myself that this is a thing very much to be regretted. In old
+times, whoever wrote a good book was tolerably sure that at least one
+competent person would study it and write down what he thought about
+it; and, from at least one point of view, an author had a prospect of
+knowing how his book struck other people. Now we have nothing but the
+hasty sketches, sometimes very good, which are written for the daily
+or weekly press.
+
+[Illustration: O. W. HOLMES'S SUMMER RESIDENCE AT BEVERLY FARMS.]
+
+So it happens that I, for one, have never seen any fit recognition of
+the gift which Doctor Holmes made to our time and to the next
+generation when he made his study of Emerson's life for the "American
+Men of Letters" series. Apparently he had not. Just think of it! Here
+is a poet, the head of our "Academy," so far as there is any such
+Academy, who is willing to devote a year of his life to telling you
+and me what Emerson was, from his own personal recollections of a near
+friend, whom he met as often as once a week, and talked with perhaps
+for hours at a time, and with whom he talked on literary and
+philosophical subjects. More than this, this poet has been willing to
+go through Emerson's books again, to re-read them as he had originally
+read them when they came out, and to make for you and me a careful
+analysis of all these books. He is one of five people in the country
+who are competent to tell what effect these books produced on the
+country as they appeared from time to time. And, being competent, he
+makes the time to tell us this thing. That is a sort of good fortune
+which, so far as I remember, has happened to nobody excepting Emerson.
+When John Milton died, there was nobody left who could have done such
+a thing; certainly nobody did do it, or tried to do it. I must say, I
+think it is rather hard that when such a gift as that has been given
+to the people of any country, that people, while boasting of its
+seventy millions of numbers, and its thousands of billions of acres,
+should not have one critical journal of which it is the business to
+say at length, and in detail, whether Doctor Holmes has done his duty
+well by the prophet, or whether, indeed, he has done it at all.
+
+[Illustration: O. W. HOLMES AND E. E. HALE. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN
+DOCTOR HOLMES'S STUDY, MAY 22, 1893.]
+
+When we left Doctor Holmes, he and his household were looking forward
+to the annual escape to Beverly. Somebody once wrote him a letter
+dated from "Manchester-by-the-Sea," and Holmes wrote his reply under
+the date "Beverly-by-the-Depot." And here let me stop to tell one of
+those jokes for which the English language and Doctor Holmes were
+made. A few years ago, in a fit of economy, our famous Massachusetts
+Historical Society screwed up its library and other offices by some
+fifteen feet, built in the space underneath, and rented it to the city
+of Boston. This was all very well for the treasurer; but for those of
+us who had passed sixty years, and had to climb up some twenty more
+iron stairs whenever we wanted to look at an old pamphlet in the
+library, it was not so great a benefaction. When Holmes went up, for
+the first time, to see the new quarters of the Society, he left his
+card with the words, "O. W. Holmes. High-story-call Society." We
+understood then why the councils of the Society had been over-ruled by
+the powers which manage this world, to take this flight towards
+heaven.
+
+I ought to have given a hint above of his connection and mine with the
+society of "People who Think we are Going to Know More about Some
+Things By and By." This society was really formed by my mother, who
+for some time, I think, was the only member. But one day Doctor Holmes
+and I met in the "Old Corner Bookstore," when the Corner had been
+moved to the corner of Hamilton Place, and he was telling me one of
+the extraordinary coincidences which he collects with such zeal. I
+ventured to trump his story with another; and, in the language of the
+ungodly, I thought I went one better than he. This led to a talk about
+coincidences, and I said that my mother had long since said that she
+meant to have a society of the people who believed that sometime we
+should know more about such curious coincidences. Doctor Holmes was
+delighted with the idea, and we "organized" the society then and
+there; he was to be president, I was to be secretary, and my mother
+was to be treasurer. There were to be no other members, no entrance
+fees, no constitution, and no assessments. We seldom meet now that we
+do not authorize a meeting of this society and challenge each other to
+produce the remarkable coincidences which have passed since we met
+before.
+
+There is an awful story of his about the last time a glove was thrown
+down in an English court-room. It is a story in which Holmes is all
+mixed up with a marvellous series of impossibilities, such as would
+make Mr. Clemens's hair grow gray, and add a new chapter to his
+studies of telepathy. I will not enter on it now, with the detail of
+the book that fell from the ninth shelf of a book-case, and opened at
+the exact passage where the challenge story was to be described. No, I
+will not tell another word of it; for if I am started upon it, it will
+take up the whole of this number of Mr. McClure's Magazine. But
+sometime, when Mr. McClure wants to make the whole magazine thrill
+with excitement, he will write to Doctor Holmes, and ask him for that
+story of the "challenge of battle."
+
+[Illustration: O. W. HOLMES IN HIS FAVORITE SEAT AT BEVERLY.]
+
+As for the story of his hearing Doctor Phinney at Rome, and the other
+story of Mr. Emerson's hearing Doctor Phinney at Rome, I never tell
+that excepting to confidential friends who know that I cannot tell a
+lie. For if I tell it to any one else, he looks at me with a quizzical
+air, as much as to say, "This is as bad as the story of the 'Man
+Without a Country;' and I do not know how much to believe, and how
+much to disbelieve."
+
+  [1] Also called the Peter Butler house. Sewall in his diary speaks of
+      it as Mr. Quincy's new house (1680-85). There Dorothy was born
+      and married.
+
+
+
+
+IN THE NAME OF THE LAW!
+
+BY STANLEY J. WEYMAN.
+
+
+On the moorland above the old gray village of Carbaix, in
+Finistére--Finistére, the most westerly province of Brittany--stands a
+cottage, built, as all the cottages in that country are, of rough-hewn
+stones. It is a poor, rude place to-day, but it wore an aspect far
+more rude and primitive a hundred years ago--say on an August day in
+the year 1793, when a man issued from the doorway, and, shading his
+eyes from the noonday sun, gazed long and fixedly in the direction of
+a narrow rift which a few score paces away breaks the monotony of the
+upland level. This man was tall and thin and unkempt, his features
+expressing a mixture of cunning and simplicity. He gazed a while in
+silence, but at length uttered a grunt of satisfaction as the figure
+of a woman rose gradually into sight. She came on slowly, in a
+stooping posture, dragging behind her a great load of straw, which
+completely hid the little sledge on which it rested, and which was
+attached to her waist by a rope of twisted hay.
+
+The figure of a woman--rather of a girl. As she drew nearer it could
+be seen that her cheeks, though brown and sunburned, were as smooth as
+a child's. She looked scarcely eighteen. Her head was bare, and her
+short petticoats, of some coarse stuff, left visible bare feet thrust
+into wooden shoes. She advanced with her head bent and her shoulders
+strained forward, her face dull and patient. Once, and once only, when
+the man's eyes left her for a moment, she shot at him a look of scared
+apprehension; and later, when she came abreast of him, her breath
+coming and going with her exertions, he might have seen, had he looked
+closely, that her strong brown limbs were trembling under her.
+
+But the man noticed nothing in his impatience, and only chid her for
+her slowness. "Where have you been dawdling, lazy-bones?" he cried.
+
+She murmured, without halting, that the sun was hot.
+
+"Sun hot!" he retorted. "Jeanne is lazy, I think! _Mon Dieu_, that I
+should have married a wife who is tired by noon! I had better have
+left you to that never-do-well Pierre Bounat. But I have news for you,
+my girl."
+
+He lounged after her as he spoke, his low, cunning face--the face of
+the worst kind of French peasant--flickering with cruel pleasure, as
+he saw how she started at his words. She made no answer, however.
+Instead, she drew her load with increased vehemence towards one of the
+two doors which led into the building. "Well, well, I will tell you
+presently," he called after her. "Be quick and come to dinner."
+
+He entered himself by the other door. The house was divided into two
+chambers by a breast-high partition of wood. The one room served for
+kitchen; the other, now half full of straw, was barn and granary,
+fowl-house and dove-cote, in one. "Be quick!" he called to her.
+Standing in the house-room, he could see her head as she stooped to
+unload the straw.
+
+In a moment she came in, her shoes clattering on the floor. The
+perspiration stood in great beads on her forehead, and showed how
+little she had deserved his reproach. She sat down silently, avoiding
+his eyes; but he thought nothing of this. It was no new thing. It
+pleased him, if anything.
+
+"Well, my Jeanne," he said, in his gibing tone, "are you longing for
+my news?"
+
+The hand she stretched out towards the pitcher of cider, which, with
+black bread and onions, formed their meal, shook, but she answered
+simply: "If you please, Michel."
+
+"Well, the Girondins have been beaten, my girl, and are flying all
+over the country. That is the news. Master Pierre is among them, I do
+not doubt, if he has not been killed already. I wish he would come
+this way."
+
+"Why?" she asked, suddenly looking up at last, a flash of light in her
+gray eyes.
+
+"Why?" he repeated, grinning across the table at her, "because he
+would be worth five crowns to me. There is five crowns, I am told, on
+the head of every Girondin who has been in arms, my girl."
+
+The French Revolution, it will be understood, was at its height. The
+more moderate and constitutional Republicans--the Girondins, as they
+were called--worsted in Paris by the Jacobins and the mob, had lately
+tried to raise the provinces against the capital, and to this end had
+drawn together at Caen, near the border of Brittany. They had been
+defeated, however, and the Jacobins, in this month of August, were
+preparing to take a fearful vengeance at once on them and the
+Royalists. The Reign of Terror had begun. Even to such a boor as this,
+sitting over his black bread, the Revolution had come home, and, in
+common with many a thousand others, he wondered what he could make of
+it.
+
+The girl did not answer, even by the look of contempt to which he had
+become accustomed, and for which he hated her; and he repeated, "Five
+crowns! Ah, it is money, that is! _Mon Dieu!_" Then, with a sudden
+exclamation, he sprang up. "What is that?" he cried.
+
+He had been sitting with his back to the barn, but he turned now so as
+to face it. Something had startled him--a rustling in the straw behind
+him. "What is that?" he said again, his hand on the table, his face
+lowering and watchful.
+
+The girl had risen also; and, as the last word passed his lips, sprang
+by him with a low cry, and aimed a frantic blow with her stool at
+something he could not see.
+
+"What is it?" he asked, recoiling.
+
+"A rat!" she answered, breathless. And she aimed another blow at it.
+
+"Where?" he asked, fretfully. "Where is it?" He snatched his stool,
+too, and at that moment a rat darted out of the straw, ran nimbly
+between his legs, and plunged into a hole by the door. He flung the
+wooden stool after it; but, of course, in vain. "It was a rat!" he
+said, as if before he had doubted it.
+
+"Thank God!" she muttered. She was shaking all over.
+
+He stared at her in stupid wonder. What did she mean? What had come to
+her? "Have you had a sunstroke, my girl?" he said, suspiciously.
+
+Her nut-brown face was a shade less brown than usual, but she met his
+eyes boldly, and said: "No," adding an explanation which for the
+moment satisfied him. But he did not sit down again. When she went out
+he went out also. And though, as she retired slowly to the rye fields
+and work, she repeatedly looked back at him, it was always to find his
+eyes upon her. When this had happened half a dozen times, a thought
+struck him. "How now?" he muttered. "The rat ran out of the straw!"
+
+Nevertheless he still stood gazing after her, with a cunning look upon
+his features, until she disappeared over the edge of the rift, and
+then he crept back to the door of the barn, and stole in out of the
+sunlight into the cool darkness of the raftered building, across which
+a dozen rays of light were shooting, laden with dancing motes. Inside
+he stood stock still until he had regained the use of his eyes, and
+then he began to peer round him. In a moment he found what he sought.
+Half upon, and half hidden by, the straw, lay a young man, in the deep
+sleep of utter exhaustion. His face, which bore traces of more than
+common beauty, was now white and pinched; his hair hung dank about his
+forehead. His clothes were in rags; and his feet, bound up in pieces
+torn at random from his blouse, were raw and bleeding. For a short
+while Michel Tellier bent over him, remarking these things with
+glistening eyes. Then the peasant stole out again. "It is five
+crowns!" he muttered, blinking in the sunlight. "Ha, ha! Five
+crowns!"
+
+He looked round cautiously, but could see no sign of his wife; and
+after hesitating and pondering a minute or two, he took the path
+for Carbaix, his native astuteness leading him to saunter slowly
+along in his ordinary fashion. After that the moorland about the
+cottage lay seemingly deserted. Thrice, at intervals, the girl
+dragged home her load of straw, but each time she seemed to linger
+in the barn no longer than was necessary. Michel's absence, though
+it was unlooked-for, raised no suspicion in her breast, for he would
+frequently go down to the village to spend the afternoon. The sun
+sank lower, and the shadow of the great monolith, which, standing
+on the highest point of the moor, about a mile away, rose gaunt and
+black against a roseate sky, grew longer and longer; and then, as
+twilight fell, the two coming home met a few paces from the cottage.
+He asked some questions about the work she had been doing, and she
+answered briefly. Then, silent and uncommunicative, they went in
+together. The girl set the bread and cider on the table, and going to
+the great black pot which had been simmering all day upon the fire,
+poured some broth into two pitchers. It did not escape Michel's
+frugal eye that there was still a little broth left in the bottom
+of the pot, and this induced a new feeling in him--anger. When his
+wife hailed him by a sign to the meal, he went instead to the door,
+and fastened it. Thence he went to the corner and picked up the
+wood-chopper, and armed with this came back to his seat.
+
+The girl watched his movements first with surprise, and then with
+secret terror. The twilight was come, and the cottage was almost dark,
+and she was alone with him; or, if not alone, yet with no one near who
+could help her. Yet she met his grin of triumph bravely. "What is
+this?" she said. "Why do you want that?"
+
+"For the rat," he answered grimly, his eyes on hers.
+
+"Why not use your stool?" she strove to murmur, her heart sinking.
+
+"Not for this rat," he answered. "It might not do, my girl. Oh, I know
+all about it," he continued. "I have been down to the village, and
+seen the mayor, and he is coming up to fetch him." He nodded towards
+the partition, and she knew that her secret was known.
+
+"It is Pierre," she said, trembling violently, and turning first
+crimson and then white.
+
+"I know it, Jeanne. It was excellent of you! Excellent! It is long
+since you have done such a day's work."
+
+"You will not give him up?"
+
+"My faith, I shall!" he answered, affecting, and perhaps really
+feeling, wonder at her simplicity. "He is five crowns, girl! You do
+not understand. He is worth five crowns, and the risk nothing at
+all."
+
+If he had been angry, or shown anything of the fury of the suspicious
+husband; if he had been about to do this out of jealousy or revenge,
+she would have quailed before him, though she had done him no wrong,
+save the wrong of mercy and pity. But his spirit was too mean for the
+great passions; he felt only the sordid ones, which to a woman are the
+most hateful. And instead of quailing, she looked at him with flashing
+eyes. "I shall warn him," she said.
+
+"It will not help him," he answered, sitting still, and feeling the
+edge of the hatchet with his fingers.
+
+"It will help him," she retorted. "He shall go. He shall escape before
+they come."
+
+"I have locked the doors!"
+
+"Give me the key!" she panted. "Give me the key, I say!" She had risen
+and was standing before him, her figure drawn to its full height. He
+rose hastily and retreated behind the table, still retaining the
+hatchet in his grasp.
+
+"Stand back!" he said, sullenly. "You may awaken him, if you please,
+my girl. It will not avail him. Do you not understand, fool, that he
+is worth five crowns? And listen! It is too late now. They are here!"
+
+A blow fell on the door as he spoke, and he stepped towards it. But at
+that despair moved her, and she threw herself upon him, and for a
+moment wrestled with him. At last, with an effort he flung her off,
+and, brandishing his weapon in her face, kept her at bay. "You vixen!"
+he cried, savagely, retreating to the door, with a pale cheek and his
+eyes still on her, for he was an arrant coward. "You deserve to go to
+prison with him, you jade! I will have you in the stocks for this!"
+
+She leaned against the wall where she had fallen, her white,
+despairing face seeming almost to shine in the darkness of the
+wretched room. Meanwhile the continuous murmur of men's voices outside
+could now be heard, mingled with the ring of weapons; and the summons
+for admission was again and again repeated, as if those without had no
+mind to be kept waiting.
+
+"Patience! patience! I am opening!" he cried. Still keeping his face
+to her, he unlocked the door and called on the men to enter. "He is in
+the straw, M. le Mayor!" he cried in a tone of triumph, his eyes still
+on his wife. "He will give you no trouble, I will answer for it! But
+first give me my five crowns, mayor. My five crowns!"
+
+He still felt so much fear of his wife that he did not turn to see the
+men enter, and was taken by surprise when a voice at his elbow--a
+strange voice--said, "Five crowns, my friend? For what, may I ask?"
+
+In his eagerness and excitement he suspected nothing, but thought only
+that the mayor had sent a deputy. "For what? For the Girondin!" he
+answered, rapidly. Then at last he turned and found that half-a-dozen
+men had entered, and that more were entering. To his astonishment,
+they were all strangers to him--men with stern, gloomy faces, and
+armed to the teeth. There was something so formidable in their
+appearance that his voice faltered as he added: "But where is the
+mayor, gentlemen? I do not see him."
+
+No one answered, but in silence the last of the men--there were eleven
+in all--entered and bolted the door behind him. Michel Tellier peered
+at them in the gloom with growing alarm. In return the tallest of the
+strangers, who had entered first and seemed to be in command, looked
+round keenly. At length this man spoke. "So you have a Girondin here,
+have you?" he said, his voice curiously sweet and sonorous.
+
+"I was to have five crowns for him," Michel muttered dubiously.
+
+"Oh! Pétion," continued the spokesman to one of his companions, "can
+you kindle a light? It strikes me that we have hit upon a dark
+place."
+
+The man addressed took something from his pouch. For a moment there
+was silence, broken only by the sharp sound of the flint striking the
+steel. Then a sudden glare lit up the dark interior, and disclosed the
+group of cloaked strangers standing about the door, the light gleaming
+back from their muskets and cutlasses. Michel trembled. He had never
+seen such men as these before. True, they were wet and travel-stained,
+and had the air of those who spend their nights in ditches and under
+haystacks. But their pale, stern faces were set in indomitable
+resolve. Their eyes glowed with a steady fire, and they trod as kings
+tread. Their leader was a man of majestic height and beauty, and in
+his eyes alone there seemed to lurk a spark of some lighter fire, as
+if his spirit still rose above the task which had sobered his
+companions. Michel noted all this in fear and bewilderment; noted the
+white head and yet vigorous bearing of the man who had struck the
+light; noted even the manner in which the light died away in the dim
+recesses of the barn.
+
+"And this Girondin--is he in hiding here?" said the tall man.
+
+"That is so," Michel answered. "But I had nothing to do with hiding
+him, citizen. It was my wife hid him in the straw there."
+
+"And you gave notice of his presence to the authorities?" continued
+the stranger, raising his hand to repress some movement among his
+followers.
+
+"Certainly, or you would not have been here," replied Michel, better
+satisfied with himself.
+
+The answer struck him down with an awful terror. "That does not
+follow," said the tall man, coolly, "for we are Girondins!"
+
+"You are?"
+
+"Without doubt," the other answered, with majestic simplicity; "or
+there are no such persons. This is Pétion, and this Citizen Buzot.
+Have you heard of Louvet? There he stands. For me, I am Barbaroux."
+
+Michel's tongue seemed glued to the roof of his mouth. He could not
+utter a word. But another could. On the far side of the barrier a
+sudden rustling was heard, and while all turned to look--but with
+what different feelings--the pale face of the youth over whom
+Michel had bent in the afternoon appeared above the partition. A
+smile of joyful recognition effaced for the time the lines of
+exhaustion. The young man, clinging for support to the planks,
+uttered a cry of thankfulness. "It is you! It is really you! You are
+safe!" he exclaimed.
+
+"We are safe, all of us, Pierre," Barbaroux answered. "And now"--and
+he turned to Michel Tellier with sudden thunder in his voice--"this
+man whom you would have betrayed is our guide, let me tell you, whom
+we lost last night. Speak, man, in your defence, if you can. Say what
+you have to say why justice shall not be done upon you, miserable
+caitiff, who would have sold a man's life for a few pieces of
+silver!"
+
+The wretched peasant's knees trembled, and the perspiration stood upon
+his brow. He heard the voice as the voice of a judge. He looked in the
+stern eyes of the Girondins, and read only anger and vengeance. Then
+he caught in the silence the sound of his wife weeping, for at
+Pierre's appearance she had broken into wild sobbing, and he spoke out
+of the base instincts of his heart.
+
+"He was her lover," he muttered. "I swear it, citizens."
+
+"He lies!" cried the man at the barrier, his face transfigured with
+rage. "I loved her, it is true, but it was before her old father sold
+her to this Judas. For what he would have you believe now, my friends,
+it is false. I, too, swear it."
+
+A murmur of execration broke from the group of Girondins. Barbaroux
+repressed it by a gesture. "What do you say of this man?" he asked,
+turning to them, his voice deep and solemn.
+
+"He is not fit to live!" they answered in chorus.
+
+The poor coward screamed as he heard the words, and, flinging himself
+on the ground, he embraced Barbaroux's knees in a paroxysm of terror.
+But the judge did not look at him. Barbaroux turned, instead, to
+Pierre Bounat. "What do you say of him?" he asked.
+
+"He is not fit to live," said the young man solemnly, his breath
+coming quick and fast.
+
+"And you?" Barbaroux continued, turning and looking with his eyes of
+fire at the wife, his voice gentle, and yet more solemn.
+
+A moment before she had ceased to weep, and had stood up listening and
+gazing, awe and wonder in her face. Barbaroux had to repeat his
+question before she answered. Then she said, "He is not fit to die."
+
+There was silence for a moment, broken only by the entreaties of the
+wretch on the floor. At last Barbaroux spoke. "She has said rightly,"
+he pronounced. "He shall live. They have put us out of the law and set
+a price on our heads; but we will keep the law. He shall live. But,
+hark you," the great orator continued, in tones which Michel never
+forgot, "if a whisper escape you as to our presence here, or our
+names, or if you wrong your wife by word or deed, the life she has
+saved shall pay for it.
+
+"Remember!" he added, shaking Michel to and fro with a finger, "the
+arm of Barbaroux is long, and though I be a hundred leagues away, I
+shall know and I shall punish. So, beware! Now rise, and live!"
+
+The miserable man cowered back to the wall, frightened to the core of
+his heart. The Girondins conferred a while in whispers, two of their
+number assisting Pierre to cross the barrier. Suddenly there came--and
+Michel trembled anew as he heard it--a loud knocking at the door. All
+started and stood listening and waiting. A voice outside cried: "Open!
+open! in the name of the law!"
+
+"We have lingered too long," Barbaroux muttered. "I should have
+thought of this. It is the Mayor of Carbaix come to apprehend our
+friend."
+
+Again the Girondins conferred together. At last, seeming to arrive at
+a conclusion, they ranged themselves on either side of the door, and
+one of their number opened it. A short, stout man, girt with a
+tricolor sash, and wearing a huge sword, entered with an air of
+authority--being blinded by the light he saw nothing out of the
+common--and was followed by four men armed with muskets.
+
+Their appearance produced an extraordinary effect on Michel Tellier.
+As they one by one crossed the threshold, the peasant leaned forward,
+his face flushed, his eyes gleaming, and counted them. They were only
+five. And the others were twelve. He fell back, and from that moment
+his belief in the Girondins' power was clinched.
+
+"In the name of the law!" panted the mayor. "Why did you not--" Then
+he stopped abruptly, his mouth remaining open. He found himself
+surrounded by a group of grim, silent mutes, with arms in their hands,
+and in a twinkling it flashed into his mind that these were the eleven
+chiefs of the Girondins, whom he had been warned to keep watch for. He
+had come to catch a pigeon and had caught a crow. He turned pale and
+his eyes dropped. "Who are--who are these gentlemen?" he stammered, in
+a ludicrously altered tone.
+
+"Some volunteers of Quumpen, returning home," replied Barbaroux, with
+ironical smoothness.
+
+"You have your papers, citizens?" the mayor asked, mechanically; and
+he took a step back towards the door, and looked over his shoulder.
+
+"Here they are!" said Pétion rudely, thrusting a packet into his
+hands. "They are in order."
+
+The mayor took them, and longing only to see the outside of the
+door, pretended to look through them, his little heart going
+pit-a-pat within him. "They seem to be in order," he assented,
+feebly. "I need not trouble you further, citizens. I came here under
+a misapprehension, I find, and I wish you a good journey."
+
+He knew, as he backed out, that he was cutting a poor figure. He would
+fain have made a more dignified retreat. But before these men,
+fugitives and outlaws as they were, he felt, though he was Mayor of
+Carbaix, almost as small a man as did Michel Tellier. These were the
+men of the Revolution. They had bearded nobles and pulled down kings.
+There was Barbaroux, who had grappled with Marat; and Pétion, the
+Mayor of the Bastille. The little Mayor of Carbaix knew greatness when
+he saw it. He turned tail, and hurried back to his fireside, his
+body-guard not a whit behind him.
+
+Five minutes later the men he feared and envied came out also, and
+went their way, passing in single file into the darkness which brooded
+over the great monolith; beginning, brave hearts, another of the few
+stages which still lay between them and the guillotine. Then in the
+cottage there remained only Michel and Jeanne. She sat by the dying
+embers, silent, and lost in thought. He leaned against the wall, his
+eyes roving ceaselessly, but always when his gaze met hers it fell.
+Barbaroux had conquered him. It was not until Jeanne had risen to
+close the door, and he was alone, that he wrung his hands, and
+muttered: "Five crowns! Five crowns gone and wasted!"
+
+
+
+
+"HUMAN DOCUMENTS."
+
+  Facing this pastel, in an opposite corner of the room, another
+  little thing full of sadness catches my eye, despite the deepening
+  twilight. It is a yellow-stained photograph hung on the wall in a
+  simple, wooden frame. It is the young Prince Imperial, who was
+  killed in Africa a dozen years ago, but is shown here as a mere
+  child in knee breeches. An odd, but touching, fancy it was of the
+  Empress Eugenie to place this souvenir of her son, the last of the
+  Napoleons, in the very room where that other one was born, the
+  giant who shook the earth....
+
+  How strange and startling it will be a century or two hence
+  for our descendants to turn over the photographs of their
+  ancestors!... The portraits left by our forefathers, expressive
+  though they may be, whether painted or engraved, can never
+  produce in us an impression equally vivid; but photographs are
+  the very reflections of living beings, fixing their precise
+  attitudes, their gestures, their most fleeting expressions.
+  What a curious thing it will be, what an awe-inspiring thing for
+  future generations to study our faces when we shall have fallen
+  into the dead past!...--A fragment from Loti's "Book of Pity
+  and of Death."
+
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.
+
+EDWARD EVERETT HALE, clergyman and author, born in Boston in 1822, was
+graduated at Harvard in 1839. While a clergyman, he is perhaps best
+known to the world as a philanthropist and an author. He has written
+short stories, novels, juvenile books, works of travel, essays,
+biography, and history, besides giving much time to his pastoral
+duties, to preaching, lecturing, and the organization of charities. He
+founded the magazine "Old and New," afterward merged in "Scribner's"
+(now "The Century"). Two of his short stories, "My Double, and How He
+Undid Me," and "The Man Without a Country," are classics.
+
+HENRI ADOLPHE STEPHAN OPPER, known to the world as M. DE BLOWITZ, born
+at Blowitz, Bohemia, on December 28, 1825, migrated to France in 1848,
+and became engaged as professor of the German language and literature
+at the Lycée of Tours. Here he remained till 1860, when he left to
+fill, successively, similar posts at Limoges, Poictiers, and
+Marseilles. He married the daughter of a paymaster of the French
+Marine. It was not till 1871 that he became a naturalized Frenchman,
+and, after the French defeat by the Germans, he was a confidant and
+emissary of both Gambetta and Thiers. His entrance into journalism was
+as the collaborateur of Lawrence Oliphant, the special correspondent
+of the "London Times" at Versailles. On Oliphant's retirement, M. de
+Blowitz was promoted by the editor of the "Times," to fill his place.
+The subsequent career of the great correspondent has been identified
+with some of the most striking episodes in modern politics and
+journalism.
+
+DANIEL VIERGE URRABIETA, born in Madrid, 1852, became a student of
+the Fine Arts Academy of Madrid in 1865. In 1869 he went to Paris
+and began his career of illustrator. In 1881 he was stricken by an
+attack of paralysis, which it was feared would be fatal. But for the
+last four or five years he has been growing steadily better in
+health, and has been able to resume his brilliant work. Although
+but little known to the public at large, he ranks among the most
+original and striking of modern artists, and is without doubt at the
+head of the illustrators.
+
+THOMAS ALVA EDISON, born at Alva, Ohio, February 11, 1847, had no
+schooling except the attrition of life. At the age of fifteen, having
+been taught telegraphy, he graduated from the life of a train newsboy
+into that of an operator, and, during several years of wandering,
+acquired extraordinary skill. The study of theory ran _æquo pede_ with
+executive work. He quickly invented the automatic repeater to transfer
+messages from one to another wire. It is needless to touch upon his
+further achievements which have made his name famous in the whole
+civilized world.
+
+
+EDWARD EVERETT HALE.
+
+[Illustration: FROM AN OLD DAGUERREOTYPE.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 37. 1859.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 39. 1861.]
+
+[Illustration: FROM AN UNDATED DAGUERREOTYPE TAKEN BEFORE 1855.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 43. 1865.]
+
+[Illustration: MR. HALE AND HIS CHILDREN IN 1869.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 48. 1870.]
+
+[Illustration: MR. HALE IN 1888.]
+
+
+M. DE BLOWITZ.
+
+[Illustration: 1866.]
+
+[Illustration: 1875. PARIS.]
+
+[Illustration: 1884. CONSTANTINOPLE. TAKEN IN THE COSTUME IN WHICH HE
+INTERVIEWED THE SULTAN.]
+
+[Illustration: M. DE BLOWITZ AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+DANIEL VIERGE URRABIETA.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 13. 1865.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 17. 1869. MADRID.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 19. 1871. PARIS.]
+
+[Illustration: VIERGE IN 1890.]
+
+
+THOMAS ALVA EDISON.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 3. 1850.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 13. 1860.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 31. 1878. EDISON AND THE FIRST PHONOGRAPH.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 44. 1891. EDISON AND THE IMPROVED PHONOGRAPH.]
+
+[Illustration: EDISON AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+
+
+WILD BEASTS.
+
+HOW THEY ARE TRANSPORTED AND TRAINED.
+
+BY RAYMOND BLATHWAYT.
+
+
+Few of those people who go to a menagerie realize what an immense
+undertaking it is to transport wild beasts from the land of their
+birth and of their freedom to the land of their imprisonment, and, too
+frequently, of their death. I will ask my readers to picture for
+themselves an African desert blazing beneath a burning sun. Across the
+weary waste of sand a long column of men and animals is wending its
+slow way. As it draws nearer we see that it is a caravan of wild
+animals on their way from the interior to the seaboard. And as it
+passes us, the vast mass of living creatures, as in a chemical
+process, slowly dissolves itself into distinct particles and
+individualities. Let us regard them carefully. In the first place we
+notice a procession of fourteen stately giraffes, then come five
+elephants, a huge rhinoceros, four wild buffaloes bellowing sadly
+after the mates they have forever left behind. Then there go lumbering
+by a number of enormous carts or wagons, in which are safely confined
+thirty hyenas, five leopards, six lions, two chetahs, sixteen
+antelopes, two lynxes, one serval, one wardbob, twenty smaller
+carnivorous animals, four African ant-eaters, and forty-five monkeys.
+And then there come slowly prancing by, wary, restless, cunning,
+twenty-six ostriches. There are twenty boxes of birds, from which
+sounds of shrill screaming are constantly proceeding. There are
+upwards of a hundred Abyssinian goats scattered here and there in the
+procession. These are to give milk for the young animals, and to serve
+as food and meat for the old. The caravan is on its way through the
+desert to Suakim, which is the first shipping place for Europe. There
+are no less than a hundred and twenty camels in it, which are
+required to carry the food for this caravan, and there are upwards of
+a hundred and sixty drivers in the procession. It takes the caravans
+upwards of thirty-six days to cover the distance which lies between
+Cassala in the interior of Nubia and the port of Suakim, for which
+they are bound. The same journey is usually performed by quick post
+camels in twelve days.
+
+This is the exact account of a caravan which Karl Hagenbeck told me he
+brought across the desert in the year 1870. "It is tremendously
+anxious work," said he, "the transportation of these animals across
+sea and land. The amount of water which we have to carry with us in
+goats' hides upon camels' backs is prodigious, for nothing would be
+more awful than to run short of water in the middle of the desert, and
+to be surrounded by a number of wild beasts, maddened with heat and
+unquenchable thirst. The principal food for the young elephants and
+rhinoceroses on the way home is a fruit called nabeck, that is, a kind
+of cherry of which they are very fond. Giraffes and antelopes and
+ostriches are provided with the doura corn that grows in the interior.
+All these bigger animals walk, and as they jog along my people feed
+them occasionally with hard ship biscuit, which appears to sustain
+them well through the journey. At four o'clock every morning the
+caravan strikes its tents and begins its march. They go plodding along
+till ten o'clock, when the day becomes too hot for further progress."
+
+[Illustration: KARL HAGENBECK.]
+
+"But do the animals never attempt to escape?" said I.
+
+"Well, not often," replied Karl Hagenbeck; "but," he added, with a
+hearty laugh of recollection, "I remember that once, in that very year
+1870, of which I have just been telling you, the whole of the
+ostriches, twenty-six in number, ran away just as we were getting them
+into the railway station at Suakim. Away they went, heading straight
+for the desert. I never was in such a dreadful fix in my life. At last
+it struck me that it would be a good plan to drive all the goats and
+camels towards them; we did so, and, when the ostriches saw them
+advancing, they formed themselves into a flock, and we drove the whole
+lot into the station. The birds were caught one by one and put into
+the cars. That was the last transport, by-the-by, that poor Casanova
+ever brought over. Indeed, he died at Alexandria in the very midst of
+the whole business, and we buried him on the evening of his death. It
+was a dreadful time, and everything appeared to be against us, for at
+the very moment of his death, just as we were getting the animals on
+board ship, a fearful earthquake shook the whole land. I thought there
+was something about to happen, for the animals were very uneasy, the
+birds were twittering, the monkeys were chattering and trembling, the
+lions were roaring constantly, the elephants were deafening with their
+long trumpetings. Suddenly I felt the steamer quivering from stem to
+stern. The sea was tossing, the sun was hidden behind a thick yellow
+mist. I looked toward the land where the minarets were toppling down,
+and where the greatest horror and confusion appeared to prevail, and
+all the while poor Casanova lay dead or dying below. I shall never
+forget that awful morning.
+
+"We had had the greatest possible difficulty just before, too, for at
+Suakim the railway people had told us that we had too many wagons, and
+that they would not transport us any farther. However, I soon settled
+that by going up to the directors of the railway and demanding from
+them an express train immediately; 'for,' said I, 'these animals are
+for the Emperor of Austria,' and to prove this I showed them a great
+document sealed by the emperor himself."
+
+
+ADVENTURES WITH ESCAPED ANIMALS.
+
+"On another occasion I was journeying through Suez with a giraffe
+which for five months had been living in the German Consul's garden. I
+was leading it to the station when it suddenly took fright and ran
+away. For four long, weary miles I hung on to the wretched beast, but
+at last I was obliged to drop the rope and let it go. A smart little
+Nubian boy then took up the chase; he got hold of the rope and
+eventually tied it round a tree, and after a while we led the animal
+quietly back to the station.
+
+"But one of the most alarming adventures that ever overtook me whilst
+I was transporting animals was that which occurred once when twelve
+elephants broke away from me and rushed through the streets of Vienna.
+The whole twelve had been deposited in a _dépôt_, where they had to
+rest for two days. I was taking six of the elephants to lead them to
+the station, and when my back was turned and I was engaged with these
+six elephants, the other six stealthily and quietly pulled up the iron
+rings by which they were fastened to the ground, trumpeted loudly,
+and, before I knew what had happened, the twelve animals were rushing
+through the streets of Vienna. At last, after a long chase, I caught
+the biggest elephant, and led it to the station, the others following
+quietly enough. But my troubles were not over yet, for I hardly got
+the first four into a railway van when the others began to howl. The
+four elephants in the train plunged and kicked about, and at last they
+broke their ropes and ran out of the van, followed by all the others,
+and into the open streets. Then began another hunt up the big
+fashionable streets, down little courts and alleys, once after one
+which ran into a big shop, all over a big park, and this went on for
+three hours, until, at last, greatly to my relief, I got them safely
+into the station and packed into the vans for their journey."
+
+
+WILD ANIMALS ABOARD SHIP.
+
+"Perhaps the most difficult part of transportation, notwithstanding
+all the adventures I have had on land, is the getting the big animals
+on board ship. Take elephants for instance. They are placed in barges
+and then they are slung up in big slings on to the steamer. This is
+very difficult and very anxious work, for very often they are killed
+by the breaking of their necks or their legs. And then again, once
+they are on board ship, it is very difficult to bring elephants alive
+to Europe. They suffer dreadfully from sea-sickness, and cannot eat.
+Some of them are put between decks, and some of them have stables
+fitted up for them on deck.
+
+"I remember once that Casanova left Africa with a cargo of forty
+elephants, thirteen only of which reached Trieste alive, and only
+twelve came here to me in Hamburg. On one occasion, in 1881 I think it
+was, I was bringing over a large cargo of forty-two ostriches from
+the Somali country. We were going through the Red Sea, when suddenly a
+violent storm broke upon us. It was pitch dark on deck, but I went
+below to look at my birds, and by the dim light of the lantern, and
+the flash of lightning that every now and again lit up the whole of
+the ship, I saw that the poor creatures were swaying to and fro, and
+that they were in the greatest possible discomfort. That night more
+than thirty of them broke their legs, and the next day we had to throw
+their bodies into the sea, and out of the forty-two I brought only
+nine home to Europe. But perhaps one of the most dangerous adventures
+that I ever had in transporting wild beasts was in 1871. I was taking
+a rhinoceros from the East India Docks to the Zoölogical Gardens in
+London. To do this I had to take it and lead it through the docks on a
+flat trolly. At last we got the beast hoisted on a wagon, and fastened
+by all four legs. Suddenly an engine drove by. The animal became
+hideously frightened, his eyes rolled white, then red. He then planted
+his horn under the seat upon which the man who was driving the wagon
+was seated. Away went the man, away went the seat, clean over the
+three horses. They in their turn became dreadfully frightened, too,
+and bolted. I hit the beast as hard as ever I could with a rope. We
+managed to tie another rope round his neck and fastened it down, and
+at last we got him safely down the Commercial Road, and then settled
+in some stables. I had a big box made for him, and at last conveyed
+him safely to his destination; but I wouldn't go through that
+experience again for a million of money.
+
+"I was once bringing home a full-grown alligator," continued Mr.
+Hagenbeck, smiling at the thought of the adventure of which he was
+about to tell me, "and I was travelling on a passenger ship. One
+morning a most amusing incident occurred, but one which all the same
+might have been attended with serious consequences. I had paid my
+usual morning visit to my travelling companion, and had seen to his
+supply of food and water, and having assured myself that he was quite
+comfortable and well looked after, I retired to my cabin to lie down,
+the day being very hot. Suddenly I heard a great tramping overhead and
+the screaming of women and children. I could not think what was the
+matter, so I ran up on deck; as I went I passed a number of people
+rushing down the companion way. The male passengers were on the
+captain's deck; the sailors were climbing the rigging as fast as they
+could. The deck was perfectly clear. In the midst of the empty deck
+stood my alligator, the innocent cause of this sudden commotion, with
+gently smiling jaws, looking wonderingly on. After a good long time
+and much difficulty I got the beast into his own habitation."
+
+
+TRAINING OF WILD BEASTS.
+
+It is told of the mad King of Bavaria, that he used frequently to
+command great theatrical entertainments at which he himself was the
+only spectator. A similar experience befell myself when I was visiting
+Hamburg. For Mr. Karl Hagenbeck, at my special request, and with
+great good nature, gave two full performances in my honor, at which,
+like the mad Bavarian monarch, I was the only spectator. In the first
+performance only very young animals took part, but as they had been
+working since last January year, they were pretty well up to all the
+little tricks they had been taught. My readers will imagine a great
+circle carefully railed off from the outside world by iron bars. Round
+this circle, upon a number of little stands, sat the performing
+animals, waiting to take their respective "turns," as they say in the
+music halls; in the midst of the circle sat myself, with a beautiful
+little baby lion on my knee, which amused itself by playing with my
+watch chain and handkerchief. Two little tigers which got tired of
+sitting still suddenly jumped down from their perches and ran up to
+play with me and the baby lion. A young lion on another perch yawned
+so loud that we all, animals and men, looked up to see what was the
+matter. Mr. Hagenbeck walked round the circle, stroking the animals,
+most of which affectionately kissed him as he passed.
+
+
+YOUNG ANIMALS AT SCHOOL.
+
+At this moment Mr. Mellermann, who is one of the finest wild beast
+trainers in the world, entered the circle with his whip in his hand,
+which, as he entered, he cracked smartly, causing the animals to
+spring sharply to attention upon their little seats. Karl Hagenbeck
+introduced me to Mr. Mellermann, who is indeed his own brother-in-law
+as well as being his trainer.
+
+"What is your rule of training, Mr. Mellermann?" said I.
+
+"Kindness and coolness and firmness," he replied, "as you will see in
+this performance. Come on, pussies," he continued, "show this
+gentleman how you can run round the circle."
+
+The pussies, as he called them, fairly big tigers as I should have
+considered them, unwillingly crept off their seats, growling not a
+little. Mr. Mellermann cracked his whip smartly, but did not hit
+them. The animals then began to run very prettily round and round the
+circle. So well did they do their little tricks that Mr. Mellermann
+said: "Now you shall have some sugar, you have been very good." He
+placed in my hand a few lumps of sugar which I myself gave to them,
+greatly to their pleasure. Then a pyramid was formed by some young
+tigers, some lions, a couple of ponies, and four young goats. The
+pyramid itself consisted of a small double ladder upon the steps of
+which the animals somewhat nervously took their places, and upon which
+they stood gazing quietly down upon us, until they were told that they
+might go back to their places. After a while, when school was over,
+the goats and ponies left the arena, and then the door of a big cage,
+which gave upon the circle, was thrown wide open. It was pretty to see
+the little lions and tigers running home, for all the world like an
+infant school dismissed to play. The pretty creatures gambolled about
+for a short while in their cage, and then lay down to rest.
+
+
+A WONDERFUL PERFORMANCE.
+
+"And now," said Mr. Hagenbeck, "the older animals are coming in to do
+their performance."
+
+Several attendants entered the building as he spoke; for to handle a
+large number of fully grown wild animals is no light matter. The first
+animals to come rushing into the arena were a number of huge German
+boar-hounds--great affectionate beasts they were, too. I patted one of
+them as he passed me, and he reared himself on his hind legs, threw
+his forepaws round my neck, and delightedly covered my face with
+kisses. Each boar-hound on entering the circle went to his own
+allotted place with all the sense of a human being. A few moments
+afterwards a door was thrown open, and in walked the lions and tigers.
+Splendid big beasts these last were. Some looked very good-tempered,
+although it is to be acknowledged that one tiger had evidently got out
+of bed the wrong side, whilst a lion that had arrived comparatively
+recently from Nubia evinced now and again a strong disposition to
+rebel against the novel circumstances in which he found himself
+placed. Three bears then walked in--a polar bear, a sloth bear, and a
+black bear, the latter causing much amusement by quietly entering on
+its hind legs. Then came a couple of elephants, a camel, four ponies,
+several goats, and last of all a big, sleepy sheep, which seemed to be
+on particularly intimate terms with one of the lions.
+
+One of the most remarkable things that I noticed in Karl Hagenbeck's
+menagerie is the marvellous unity and loving-kindness which is brought
+to pass amongst his animals. They are fondling and playing with each
+other the whole day long. Like the younger animals, they took their
+seats upon the rickety pedestals which are provided for them. It was a
+wonder to me how such huge beasts were able to balance themselves so
+easily and comfortably as they did upon such small and slender
+supports. One of them, however, came to grief in a most amusing
+manner. The human beings were standing talking together in the middle
+of the circle, when suddenly a loud crash and an indignant howl was
+heard. We all turned to see what was the matter, as did also the wild
+beasts themselves; one of the lions had suddenly tumbled down off his
+perch, or rather the perch had fallen with him, and there he lay, more
+startled than hurt, wondering what on earth had happened. It was
+partly his own fault, poor dear fellow, for he had fallen asleep
+whilst waiting for the performance to begin, and so lost his balance.
+But his look of indignant surprise was so ludicrously human that none
+of us could help laughing. However, both he and his pedestal were
+speedily reinstated in their former position, and a lump of sugar soon
+restored him to his usual tranquillity of spirit.
+
+"And will the animals be arranged round the Chicago circus like this,
+Mr. Hagenbeck?" said I.
+
+"Everything will be exactly as you see it to-day," he replied.
+"Perhaps, if anything, on a bigger scale."
+
+At this moment the band struck up a stirring tune, on hearing which
+the animals delightedly pricked their ears, and all became life and
+animation at once!
+
+"My animals love music," said Mr. Hagenbeck, "and they perform twice
+as well with a band as they do without."
+
+The first thing that took place was the riding round the circus on a
+pony by a full-grown lion. Round and round they went. The pony
+spiritedly enough; the lion, it must be confessed, looking, as wild
+beasts generally do when engaged in such performances, rather a fool.
+
+"The ponies and dogs were at first dreadfully afraid of the lions and
+tigers," explained Mr. Hagenbeck, "but they soon got over it. These
+two animals were the rage of all Paris when I was performing there a
+year or two ago. Four ponies refused altogether, but at last we
+managed to persuade this one to accomplish the trick."
+
+"Has your brother-in-law never been hurt by any of these animals?"
+
+"Only once," said he, "when he tried to separate a dog and a tiger
+which were fighting, and the dog bit him. The dogs are frequently very
+plucky, and sometimes attack the lions."
+
+The next feature in the programme was that a tiger should ride round
+the circus on a tricycle. A man rolled in the tricycle, the tiger was
+called by name to come down from his perch, which he did slowly and
+unwillingly enough. "For," said Mr. Hagenbeck, "he always hates this
+ride of his." Then the tiger sullenly mounted the tricycle exactly as
+is shown in the picture, growling frequently the whole time; two of
+the boar-hounds walked behind as footmen, the band struck up a slow
+tune, the tiger set the tricycle in motion, and slowly and solemnly
+enough the little procession passed round the circus. "Now," said the
+chief trainer, "I'll show you how a tiger can roll a ball along,
+standing upon it the whole time." Some trestles were brought in,
+placed at equal distances from each other, and a long plank was laid
+across them, and then there was placed upon it a huge wooden ball.
+"Come on, Cæsar," cried Mr. Mellermann, "it's your turn now." To our
+surprise a beautiful lion jumped down from his pedestal and ran gayly
+up to Mr. Mellermann. "No, no, no, you dear old stupid," said the
+trainer, leading him back to his perch; "I want Cæsar, not you." But
+all our persuasion couldn't get Cæsar the tiger to come down, so Mr.
+Mellermann went boldly up to him and gently flicked him with his whip.
+Cæsar got slowly down, snarling and growling the whole time. "Come on,
+then, there's a good fellow," said Mr. Mellermann, and after a while
+Cæsar was persuaded to balance himself on the ball which he rolled
+slowly along the plank. Having done it once or twice forwards and
+backwards, he was allowed to return to his seat, which he did with
+great joy and satisfaction. Mr. Mellermann then went up to him, told
+him he had been a good fellow, and gave him a special bit of meat all
+to himself. "I always do that," said he, coming back to where I was
+standing, "when an animal has shown any unwillingness to perform his
+tricks, for there is nothing that encourages them like kindness."
+
+"Which animals show the most intelligence?" said I.
+
+"Well," replied Mr. Mellermann, "I don't think there is much
+difference between them. Lions and tigers, males and females, are
+equally clever; and," continued Mr. Mellermann, "I think it is all
+rubbish to say that tigers are not as affectionate or as easily tamed
+as lions. Why, look here," he continued, going up to a splendid Royal
+Bengal tiger which greeted him with a most extravagant affection as he
+threw his arms round the creature's neck and drew the great head down
+on a level with his own, "you couldn't get a more affectionate beast
+than this is, I am sure."
+
+On this particular morning the animals seemed to be a little flighty,
+which Karl Hagenbeck explained to me was owing to the fact that the
+young animals were so close by, and the old ones wanted to play with
+them. Next, one of the bears was led forth to walk on the tight rope,
+this appliance really being a long narrow plank. Very cleverly he
+balanced himself on his hind legs, and walked, first forwards and then
+backwards, with wonderful skill and ease. The trainer walked beside
+him, encouraging him now and again with the words, "Steady, John,
+steady," treating him, indeed, exactly as he would treat a boy at
+school. In the middle of his performance a loud snarling and growling
+was suddenly heard; a tiger and a leopard had begun quarrelling, and,
+as the leopard had been behaving very badly the whole morning, and
+distracting the attention of the school, he was sent back to his den
+in disgrace. Meanwhile the bear retired to his pedestal and sat down
+upon it with a graceful and self-satisfied air. "That bear very much
+pleased the Emperor of Austria and the King of Bavaria when they came
+here some years ago," said Mr. Hagenbeck, and then he took a beautiful
+silver cigar-case out of his pocket, from which he offered me a very
+fine weed. This cigar-case, he told me, had been given him on that
+memorable occasion by the King of Bavaria himself.
+
+Then a see-saw was constructed in the middle of the circus, upon one
+end of which stood a lion, and upon the other end of which stood a
+tiger. A bear standing in the middle preserved the peace between them.
+Two leopards stood on guard on either side, and then the bear set the
+see-saw in motion by walking alternately from one side to the other.
+
+Then took place a curious and amusing performance. Four lions and
+tigers were arranged in a row at an equal distance from one another.
+Some of the German boar-hounds were let loose, and one after another
+they gayly started a game of leap-frog with the wild beasts, who
+seemed to enjoy it to the full as much as they did. After they had
+finished their performance, some enormous double ladders were brought
+in. The great Polar bear was persuaded to take his place at the very
+top; next to him on either side, on the next rung of the ladder, was a
+beautiful boar-hound; then came two royal Bengal tigers, and then a
+couple of the finest lions I ever saw. Round about the base of the
+pyramid were grouped, in picturesque profusion, lions, tigers,
+leopards, and dogs. There they stood perfectly still, and uttering not
+a single sound, until, very suddenly, Mr. Mellermann cracked his
+whip, when the animals joyfully quitted their strained positions and
+retired to their seats. "Ah!" said Mr. Hagenbeck, as he turned to me,
+"no living human being can imagine what it means to get those animals
+to do that. It makes a man old and sick and nervous before his time.
+I'll never do it again after the Chicago Exhibition. Life is too short
+for such a strain. I wouldn't take any money for those animals now
+that they are trained, although I was offered only the other day
+upwards of sixty thousand dollars for them."
+
+And now came the _pièce de résistance_ of the whole affair. A large
+Roman chariot was rolled into the circus; two huge tigers were led
+forth, and, growling much, they were harnessed to it; and then there
+was ushered into the chariot, with no little state, a noble and
+stately lion. A robe of royal crimson was fastened round his neck, a
+gleaming crown was placed upon his head, the reins were thrown upon
+his shoulders, two boar-hounds took their position as footmen in the
+rear of the chariot, Mr. Mellermann cracked his whip, and the royal
+chariot drawn by the tigers rolled solemnly round the circus. After
+this a curious thing occurred. The entertainment was at an end, the
+band quitted the building, and the animals were allowed to play about,
+all jumbled up together. They seemed perfectly happy, gambolling with
+pure pleasure round Mr. Mellermann and his assistants, between whom
+and the animals the strongest affection most evidently exists. After
+they had played about for a few minutes, the order was given that they
+should retire to their cells, which they did by devious ways and
+by-paths, the last glimpse I caught of them being that of a tiger
+playfully sparring with a tawny African lion.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN HORSELEIGH, KNYGHT
+
+BY THOMAS HARDY.
+
+Illustrated by Mr. Harry C. Edwards.
+
+
+In the earliest and mustiest volume of the Havenpool marriage
+registers (said the thin-faced gentleman) this entry may still be read
+by anyone curious enough to decipher the crabbed handwriting of the
+date. I took a copy of it when I was last there; and it runs thus (he
+had opened his pocket-book, and now read aloud the extract; afterwards
+handing round the book to us, wherein we saw transcribed the
+following):
+
+  Mast^r John Horseleigh, Knyght, of the p'ysshe of Clyffton was
+  maryd to Edith the wyffe late off John Stocker, m'chawnte of
+  Havenpool the xiiij daie of December be p'vylegge gevyn by our
+  sup'me hedd of the chyrche of Ingelonde Kynge Henry the viii^th
+  1539.
+
+Now, if you turn to the long and elaborate pedigree of the ancient
+family of the Horseleighs of Clyfton Horseleigh, you will find no
+mention whatever of this alliance, notwithstanding the privilege given
+by the sovereign and head of the Church; the said Sir John being
+therein chronicled as marrying, at a date apparently earlier than the
+above, the daughter and heiress of Richard Phelipson of Montislope, in
+Nether Wessex, a lady who outlived him, of which marriage there were
+issue two daughters and a son, who succeeded him in his estates. How
+are we to account for these, as it would seem, contemporaneous wives?
+A strange local tradition only can help us, and this can be briefly
+told.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One evening in the autumn of the year 1540 or 1541, a young sailor,
+whose Christian name was Roger, but whose surname is not known, landed
+at his native place of Havenpool, on the South Wessex coast, after a
+voyage in the Newfoundland trade, then newly sprung into existence. He
+returned in the ship "Primrose" with a cargo of "trayne oyle brought
+home from the New Founde Lande," to quote from the town records of the
+date. During his absence of two summers and a winter, which made up
+the term of a Newfoundland "spell," many unlooked-for changes had
+occurred within the quiet little seaport, some of which closely
+affected Roger the sailor. At the time of his departure his only
+sister Edith had become the bride of one Stocker, a respectable
+townsman, and part owner of the brig in which Roger had sailed; and it
+was to the house of this couple, his only relatives, that the young
+man directed his steps. On trying the door in Quay Street he found it
+locked, and then observed that the windows were boarded up. Inquiring
+of a bystander, he learned for the first time of the death of his
+brother-in-law, though that event had taken place nearly eighteen
+months before.
+
+"And my sister Edith?" asked Roger.
+
+"She's married again--as they do say, and hath been so these twelve
+months. I don't vouch for the truth o't, though if she isn't she ought
+to be."
+
+Roger's face grew dark. He was a man with a considerable reserve of
+strong passion, and he asked his informant what he meant by speaking
+thus.
+
+The man explained that shortly after the young woman's bereavement a
+stranger had come to the port. He had seen her moping on the quay, had
+been attracted by her youth and loneliness, and in an extraordinarily
+brief wooing had completely fascinated her--had carried her off, and,
+as was reported, had married her. Though he had come by water, he was
+supposed to live no very great distance off by land. They were last
+heard of at Oozewood, in Upper Wessex, at the house of one Wall, a
+timber-merchant, where, he believed, she still had a lodging, though
+her husband, if he were lawfully that much, was but an occasional
+visitor to the place.
+
+"The stranger?" asked Roger. "Did you see him? What manner of man was
+he?"
+
+"I liked him not," said the other. "He seemed of that kind that hath
+something to conceal, and as he walked with her he ever and anon
+turned his head and gazed behind him, as if he much feared an
+unwelcome pursuer. But, faith," continued he, "it may have been the
+man's anxiety only. Yet did I not like him."
+
+"Was he older than my sister?" Roger asked.
+
+"Ay, much older; from a dozen to a score of years older. A man of some
+position, may be, playing an amorous game for the pleasure of the
+hour. Who knoweth but that he have a wife already? Many have done the
+thing hereabouts of late."
+
+Having paid a visit to the graves of his relatives, the sailor next
+day went along the straight road which, then a lane, now a highway,
+conducted to the curious little inland town named by the Havenpool
+man. It is unnecessary to describe Oozewood on the South-Avon. It has
+a railway at the present day, but thirty years of steam traffic past
+its precincts have hardly modified its original features. Surrounded
+by a sort of fresh-water lagoon, dividing it from meadows and coppice,
+its ancient thatch and timber houses have barely made way even in the
+front street for the ubiquitous modern brick and slate. It neither
+increases nor diminishes in size; it is difficult to say what the
+inhabitants find to do, for, though trades in wood-ware are still
+carried on, there cannot be enough of this class of work now-a-days to
+maintain all the house-holders, the forests around having been so
+greatly thinned and curtailed. At the time of this tradition the
+forests were dense, artificers in wood abounded, and the timber trade
+was brisk. Every house in the town, without exception, was of oak
+framework, filled in with plaster, and covered with thatch, the
+chimney being the only brick portion of the structure. Inquiry soon
+brought Roger the sailor to the door of Wall, the timber-dealer
+referred to, but it was some time before he was able to gain admission
+to the lodging of his sister, the people having plainly received
+directions not to welcome strangers.
+
+She was sitting in an upper room, on one of the lath-backed,
+willow-bottomed "shepherd's" chairs, made on the spot then as to this
+day, and as they were probably made there in the days of the
+Heptarchy. In her lap was an infant, which she had been suckling,
+though now it had fallen asleep; so had the young mother herself for a
+few minutes, under the drowsing effects of solitude. Hearing footsteps
+on the stairs, she awoke, started up with a glad cry, and ran to the
+door, opening which she met her brother on the threshold.
+
+"Oh, this is merry! I didn't expect 'ee!" she said. "Ah, Roger--I
+thought it was John." Her tones fell to disappointment.
+
+The sailor kissed her, looked at her sternly for a few moments, and
+pointing to the infant, said: "You mean the father of this?"
+
+"Yes, my husband," said Edith.
+
+"I hope so," he answered.
+
+"Why, Roger, I'm married--of a truth am I!" she cried.
+
+"Shame upon 'ee, if true! If not true, worse. Master Stocker was an
+honest man, and ye should have respected his memory longer. Where is
+thy husband?"
+
+"He comes often. I thought it was he now. Our marriage has to be kept
+secret for a while; it was done privily for certain reasons, but we
+were married at church like honest folk--afore God we were, Roger--six
+months after poor Stocker's death."
+
+"'Twas too soon," said Roger.
+
+"I was living in a house alone; I had nowhere to go to. You were far
+over sea in the New Found Land, and John took me and brought me
+here."
+
+"How often doth he come?" says Roger again.
+
+"Once or twice weekly," says she.
+
+"I wish th' 'dst waited till I returned, dear Edy," he said. "It mid
+be you are a wife--I hope so. But, if so, why this mystery? Why this
+mean and cramped lodging in this lonely copse-circled town? Of what
+standing is your husband, and of where?"
+
+"He is of gentle breeding; his name is John. I am not free to tell his
+family name. He is said to be of London, for safety' sake; but he
+really lives in the county next adjoining this."
+
+"Where in the next county?"
+
+"I do not know. He has preferred not to tell me, that I may not have
+the secret forced from me, to his and my hurt, by bringing the
+marriage to the ears of his kinsfolk and friends."
+
+Her brother's face flushed. "Our people have been honest townsmen,
+well-reputed for long; why should you readily take such humbling from
+a sojourner of whom th' 'st know nothing?"
+
+They remained in constrained converse till her quick ear caught a
+sound, for which she might have been waiting--a horse's footfall. "It
+is John!" said she. "This is his night--Saturday."
+
+"Don't be frightened lest he should find me here," said Roger. "I am
+on the point of leaving. I wish not to be a third party. Say nothing
+at all about my visit, if it will incommode you so to do. I will see
+thee before I go afloat again."
+
+Speaking thus he left the room, and descending the staircase let
+himself out by the front door, thinking he might obtain a glimpse of
+the approaching horseman. But that traveller had in the meantime gone
+stealthily round to the back of the homestead, and peering along the
+pinion-end of the house Roger discerned him unbridling and haltering
+his horse with his own hands in the shed there.
+
+Roger retired to the neighboring inn called the Black Lamb, and
+meditated. This mysterious method of approach determined him, after
+all, not to leave the place till he had ascertained more definite
+facts of his sister's position--whether she were the deluded victim of
+the stranger or the wife she obviously believed herself to be. Having
+eaten some supper, he left the inn, it being now about eleven o'clock.
+He first looked into the shed, and, finding the horse still standing
+there, waited irresolutely near the door of his sister's lodging. Half
+an hour elapsed, and, while thinking he would climb into a loft hard
+by for a night's rest, there seemed to be a movement within the
+shutters of the sitting-room that his sister occupied. Roger hid
+himself behind a fagot-stack near the back door, rightly divining that
+his sister's visitor would emerge by the way he had entered. The door
+opened, and the candle she held in her hand lighted for a moment the
+stranger's form, showing it to be that of a tall and handsome
+personage, about forty years of age, and apparently of a superior
+position in life. Edith was assisting him to cloak himself, which
+being done he took leave of her with a kiss and left the house. From
+the door she watched him bridle and saddle his horse, and having
+mounted and waved an adieu to her as she stood, candle in hand, he
+turned out of the yard and rode away.
+
+The horse which bore him was, or seemed to be, a little lame, and
+Roger fancied from this that the rider's journey was not likely to be
+a long one. Being light of foot he followed apace, having no great
+difficulty on such a still night in keeping within earshot some few
+miles, the horseman pausing more than once. In this pursuit Roger
+discovered the rider to choose bridle-tracks and open commons in
+preference to any high road. The distance soon began to prove a more
+trying one than he had bargained for; and when out of breath and in
+some despair of being able to ascertain the man's identity, he
+perceived an ass standing in the star-light under a hayrick, from
+which the animal was helping itself to periodic mouthfuls.
+
+The story goes that Roger caught the ass, mounted, and again resumed
+the trail of the unconscious horseman, which feat may have been
+possible to a nautical young fellow, though one can hardly understand
+how a sailor would ride such an animal without bridle or saddle,
+and strange to his hands, unless the creature was extraordinarily
+docile. This question, however, is immaterial. Suffice it to say,
+that at dawn the following morning Roger beheld his sister's lover or
+husband entering the gates of a large and well-timbered park on the
+south-western verge of the White Hart Forest (as it was then
+called), now known to everybody as the Vale of Blackmoor. Thereupon
+the sailor discarded his steed, and finding for himself an obscurer
+entrance to the same park a little farther on, he crossed the grass
+to reconnoitre.
+
+He presently perceived amid the trees before him a mansion which, new
+to himself, was one of the best known in the county at that time. Of
+this fine manorial residence hardly a trace now remains; but a
+manuscript, dated some years later than the events we are regarding,
+describes it in terms from which the imagination may construct a
+singularly clear and vivid picture. This record presents it as
+consisting of "a faire yellow freestone building, partly two and
+partly three storeys; a faire halle and parlour, both waynscotted; a
+faire dyning roome and withdrawing roome, and many good lodgings; a
+kitchen adjoyninge backwarde to one end of the dwelling-house, with a
+faire passage from it into the halle, parlour, and dyninge roome, and
+sellars adjoyninge.
+
+"In the front of the house a square greene court, and a curious
+gatehouse with lodgings in it, standing with the front of the house to
+the south; in a large outer court three stables, a coach-house, a
+large barne, and a stable for oxen and kyne, and all houses
+necessary.
+
+"Without the gatehouse, paled in, a large square greene, in which
+standeth a faire chappell; of the south-east side of the greene court,
+towards the river, a large garden.
+
+"Of the south-west side of the greene court is a large bowling greene,
+with fower mounted walks about it, all walled about with a batteled
+wall, and sett with all sorts of fruit; and out of it into the feildes
+there are large walks under many tall elmes orderly planted."
+
+Then follows a description of the orchards and gardens; the servants'
+offices, brewhouse, bakehouse, dairy, pigeon-houses, and corn-mill;
+the river and its abundance of fish; the warren, the coppices, the
+walks; ending thus--
+
+"And all the country north of the house, open champaign, sandy
+feildes, very dry and pleasant for all kindes of recreation, huntinge,
+and hawkinge, and profitable for tillage.... The house hath a large
+prospect east, south, and west, over a very large and pleasant vale
+... is seated from the good markett towns of Sherton Abbas three
+miles, and Ivel a mile, that plentifully yield all manner of
+provision; and within twelve miles of the south sea."
+
+It was on the grass before this seductive and picturesque structure
+that the sailor stood at gaze under the elms in the dim dawn of Sunday
+morning, and saw to his surprise his sister's lover and horse vanish
+within the court of the building.
+
+Perplexed and weary, Roger slowly retreated, more than ever convinced
+that something was wrong in his sister's position. He crossed the
+bowling green to the avenue of elms, and, bent on further research,
+was about to climb into one of these, when, looking below, he saw a
+hole large enough to allow a man to creep to the hollow interior. Here
+Roger ensconced himself, and having eaten a crust of bread which he
+had hastily thrust into his pocket at the inn, he fell asleep upon the
+stratum of broken touchwood that formed the floor of the hollow.
+
+He slept soundly and long, and was awakened by the sound of a bell. On
+peering from the hole he found the time had advanced to full day; the
+sun was shining brightly. The bell was that of the "faire chappell"
+on the green outside the gatehouse, and it was calling to matins.
+Presently the priest crossed the green to a little side-door in the
+chancel, and then from the gateway of the mansion emerged the
+household, the tall man whom Roger had seen with his sister on the
+previous night, on his arm being a portly dame, and, running beside
+the pair, two little girls and a boy. These all entered the chapel,
+and the bell having ceased and the environs become clear, the sailor
+crept out from his hiding.
+
+He sauntered towards the chapel, the opening words of the service
+being audible within. While standing by the porch he saw a belated
+servitor approaching from the kitchen-court to attend the service
+also. Roger carelessly accosted him, and asked, as an idle wanderer,
+the name of the family he had just seen cross over from the mansion.
+
+"Od zounds! if ye modden be a stranger here in very truth, goodman.
+That war Sir John and his dame, and his children Elizabeth, Mary, and
+John."
+
+"I be from foreign parts. Sir John what d'ye call'n?"
+
+"Master John Horseleigh, Knight, who had a'most as much lond by
+inheritance of his mother as a had by his father, and likewise some by
+his wife. Why, baint his arms dree goolden horses' heads, and idden
+his lady the daughter of Master Richard Phelipson of Montislope, in
+Nether Wessex, known to us all?"
+
+"It mid be so, and yet it mid not. However, th' 'lt miss thy prayers
+for such an honest knight's welfare, and I have to traipse seaward
+many miles."
+
+He went onward, and, as he walked, continued saying to himself, "Now
+to that poor wronged fool Edy. The fond thing! I thought it; 'twas too
+quick--she was ever amorous. What's to become of her? God wot! How be
+I going to face her with the news, and how be I to hold it from her?
+To bring this disgrace on my father's honored name, a double-tongued
+knave!" He turned and shook his fist at the chapel and all in it, and
+resumed his way.
+
+Perhaps it was owing to the perplexity of his mind that, instead of
+returning by the direct road towards his sister's obscure lodging in
+the next county, he followed the highway to Casterbridge, some fifteen
+miles off, where he remained drinking hard all that afternoon and
+evening, and where he lay that and two or three succeeding nights,
+wandering thence along the Anglebury road to some village that way,
+and lying the Friday night after at his native place of Havenpool. The
+sight of the familiar objects there seems to have stirred him anew to
+action, and the next morning he was observed pursuing the way to
+Oozewood that he had followed on the Saturday previous, reckoning, no
+doubt, that Saturday night would, as before, be a time for finding Sir
+John with his sister again.
+
+He delayed to reach the place till just before sunset. His sister was
+walking in the meadows at the foot of the garden, with a nursemaid who
+carried the baby, and she looked up pensively when he approached.
+Anxiety as to her position had already told upon her once rosy cheeks
+and lucid eyes. But concern for herself and child was displaced for
+the moment by her regard of Roger's worn and haggard face.
+
+"Why, you are sick, Roger! You are tired! Where have you been these
+many days? Why not keep me company a bit? My husband is much away. And
+we have hardly spoke at all of dear father and of your voyage to the
+New Land. Why did you go away so suddenly? There is a spare chamber at
+my lodging."
+
+"Come indoors," he said. "We'll talk now--talk a good deal. As for him
+(nodding to the child), better heave him into the river; better for
+him and you!"
+
+She forced a laugh, as if she tried to see a good joke in the remark,
+and they went silently indoors.
+
+"A miserable hole!" said Roger, looking around the room.
+
+"Nay, but 'tis very pretty!"
+
+"Not after what I've seen. Did he marry 'ee at church in orderly
+fashion?"
+
+"He did sure--at our church at Havenpool."
+
+"But in a privy way?"
+
+"Ay, because of his friends--it was at night time."
+
+"Ede, ye fond one, for all that he's not thy husband! Th' 'rt not his
+wife, and the child is a bastard. He hath a wife and children of his
+own rank, and bearing his name; and that's Sir John Horseleigh of
+Clyfton Horseleigh, and not plain Jack, as you think him, and your
+lawful husband. The sacrament of marriage is no safeguard now-a-days.
+The king's new-made headship of the Church hath led men to practise
+these tricks lightly."
+
+She had turned white. "That's not true, Roger!" she said. "You are in
+liquor, my brother, and you know not what you say. Your seafaring
+years have taught 'ee bad things."
+
+"Edith--I've seen them; wife and family--all. How canst----"
+
+They were sitting in the gathered darkness, and at that moment steps
+were heard without. "Go out this way," she said. "It is my husband. He
+must not see thee in this mood. Get away till to-morrow, Roger, as you
+care for me."
+
+She pushed her brother through a door leading to the back stairs, and
+almost as soon as it was closed her visitor entered. Roger, however,
+did not retreat down the stairs; he stood and looked through the
+bobbin-hole. If the visitor turned out to be Sir John, he had
+determined to confront him.
+
+It was the knight. She had struck a light on his entry, and he kissed
+the child, and took Edith tenderly by the shoulders, looking into her
+face.
+
+"Something's gone awry wi' my dear," he said. "What is it? What's the
+matter?"
+
+"Oh, Jack!" she cried. "I have heard such a fearsome rumor--what doth
+it mean? He who told me is my best friend. He must be deceived! But
+who deceived him, and why? Jack, I was just told that you had a wife
+living when you married me, and have her still!"
+
+"A wife? H'm."
+
+"Yes, and children. Say no, say no!"
+
+"My God! I have no lawful wife but you; and as for children, many or
+few, they are all bastards, save this one alone!"
+
+"And that you be Sir John Horseleigh of Clyfton?"
+
+"I mid be. I have never said so to 'ee."
+
+"But Sir John is known to have a lady, and issue of her!"
+
+The knight looked down. "How did thy mind get filled with such as
+this?" he asked.
+
+"One of my kindred came."
+
+"A traitor! Why should he mar our life? Ah! you said you had a brother
+at sea--where is he now?"
+
+"_Here!_" said a stern voice behind him. And, flinging open the door,
+Roger faced the intruder. "Liar," he said, "to call thyself her
+husband!"
+
+Sir John fired up, and made a rush at the sailor, who seized him by
+the collar, and in the wrestle they both fell, Roger under. But in a
+few seconds he contrived to extricate his right arm, and drawing from
+his belt a knife which he wore attached to a cord round his neck, he
+opened it with his teeth, and struck it into the breast of Sir John
+stretched above him. Edith had during these moments run into the next
+room to place the child in safety, and when she came back the knight
+was relaxing his hold on Roger's throat. He rolled over upon his back
+and groaned.
+
+The only witness of the scene, save the three concerned, was the
+nursemaid, who had brought in the child on its father's arrival. She
+stated afterwards that nobody suspected Sir John had received his
+death wound; yet it was so, though he did not die for a long while,
+meaning thereby an hour or two; that Mistress Edith continually
+endeavored to staunch the blood, calling her brother Roger a wretch,
+and ordering him to get himself gone; on which order he acted, after a
+gloomy pause, by opening the window, and letting himself down by the
+sill to the ground.
+
+It was then that Sir John, in difficult accents, made his dying
+declaration to the nurse and Edith, and, later, the apothecary, which
+was to this purport: that the Dame Horseleigh who passed as his wife
+at Clyfton, and who had borne him three children, was in truth and
+deed, though unconsciously, the wife of another man. Sir John had
+married her several years before, in the face of the whole county, as
+the widow of one Decimus Strong, who had disappeared shortly after her
+union with him, having adventured to the North to join the revolt of
+the Nobles, and on that revolt being quelled retreated across the sea.
+Two years ago, having discovered the man to be still living in France,
+and not wishing to disturb the mind and happiness of her who believed
+herself his wife, yet wishing for legitimate issue, Sir John had
+informed the king of the facts, who had encouraged him to wed
+honestly, though secretly, the young merchant's widow at Havenpool;
+she being, therefore, his lawful wife, and she only. That to avoid all
+scandal and hubbub he had purposed to let things remain as they were
+till fair opportunity should arise of making the true case known with
+least pain to all parties concerned; but that, having been thus
+suspected and attacked by his own brother-in-law, his zest for such
+schemes and for all things had died out in him, and he only wished to
+commend his soul to God.
+
+That night, while the owls were hooting from the forest that encircled
+the sleeping townlet, and the South-Avon was gurgling through the
+wooden piles of the bridge, Sir John died there in the arms of his
+wife. She concealed nothing of the cause of her husband's death save
+the subject of the quarrel, which she felt it would be premature to
+announce just then, and until proof of her status should be
+forthcoming. But before a month had passed, it happened, to her
+inexpressible sorrow, that the child of this clandestine union fell
+sick and died. From that hour all interest in the name and fame of the
+Horseleighs forsook the younger of the twain who called themselves
+wives of Sir John, and, being careless about her own fame, she took no
+steps to assert her claims, her legal position having, indeed, grown
+hateful to her in her horror at the tragedy. And Sir William Byrt, the
+curate who had married her to her husband, being an old man and
+feeble, was not disinclined to leave the embers unstirred of such a
+fiery matter as this, and to assist her in letting established things
+stand. Therefore, Edith retired with the nurse, her only companion
+and friend, to her native town, where she lived in absolute obscurity
+till her death at no great age. Her brother was never seen again in
+England.
+
+A strangely corroborative sequel to the story remains to be told.
+Shortly after the death of Sir John Horseleigh, a soldier of fortune
+returned from the Continent, called on Dame Horseleigh the fictitious,
+living in widowed state at Clyfton Horseleigh, and, after a singularly
+brief courtship, married her. The tradition at Havenpool and elsewhere
+has ever been that this man was already her husband, Decimus Strong,
+who re-married her for appearance's sake only.
+
+The illegitimate son of this lady by Sir John succeeded to the estates
+and honors, and his son after him, there being nobody alert to
+investigate their pretensions. Little difference would it have made to
+the present generation, however, had there been such a one, for the
+family in all its branches, lawful and unlawful, has been extinct
+these many score years, the last representative but one being killed
+at the siege of Sherton Castle, while attacking in the service of the
+Parliament, and the other being outlawed later in the same century for
+a debt of ten pounds, and dying in the county jail. The mansion house
+and its appurtenances were, as I have previously stated, destroyed,
+excepting one small wing which now forms part of a farmhouse, and is
+visible as you pass along the railway from Casterbridge to Ivel. The
+outline of the old bowling-green is also distinctly to be seen.
+
+This, then, is the reason why the only lawful marriage of Sir John, as
+recorded in the obscure register at Havenpool, does not appear in the
+pedigree of the house of Horseleigh.
+
+[Illustration: Ye Ende.]
+
+
+
+
+[_"THE EDGE OF THE FUTURE" SERIES._]
+
+THE RACE TO THE NORTH POLE.
+
+THE EXPEDITIONS OF NANSEN AND JACKSON.
+
+BY HUGH ROBERT MILL, D.SC., Author of "The Realm of Nature."
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+Arctic enthusiasm is an intermittent fever, returning in almost
+epidemic form after intervals of normal indifference. Twelve years ago
+there was a wide-spread outbreak, but for the last ten years the
+symptoms have never been so severe as to result in a great expedition.
+If all goes well this summer there will be a renewed paroxysm; no less
+than three new ventures northward being sent out by different routes
+to converge on the pole.
+
+It is refreshing, in this prosaic time, to recognize the power of pure
+sentiment in the quest for glory. Polar research is a survival, or
+rather an evolution, of knight-errantry, and our Childe Rolands
+challenge the "Dark Tower of the North" as dauntlessly as ever their
+forbears wound slug-horn at gate of enchanted castle. The "woe of
+years" invests the quest with elements which redeem failure from
+disgrace; but whoever succeeds in overcoming the difficulties that
+have baffled all the "lost adventurers" will make the world ring with
+his fame as it never rang before. We commonplace human beings are as
+quick to see and prompt to appreciate heroic daring, perseverance, and
+valor as ever were the dames of mythic Camelot; and the race for the
+pole will be watched by the world with generous sympathy.
+
+Incidentally the fresh Arctic journeys must secure much scientific
+information, but that aspect of them appeals to the few. It is as a
+display of the grandest powers of man in conflict with the tyranny of
+his surroundings that Arctic travel appeals directly to the heart.
+Since McClure, in 1850, forced the north-west passage from Bering
+Strait to Baffin Bay, and Nordenskjold, in 1878, squeezed the "Vega"
+through, between ice and land, from the North Cape to the Pacific, the
+futility of the golden dreams of the greedy old merchants who tried to
+reach the wealth of the Orient by short cuts through the ice has been
+demonstrated. Although no money is likely to be made out of the
+Arctic, we want information thence which it is almost impossible to
+get; and the almost impossible is dear to every valiant heart.
+
+We know a good deal about the state of matters near the poles, but yet
+not enough to let us understand all the phenomena of our own lands. In
+this respect, however, the South Pole is the most promising field, for
+its surroundings probably conceal the mainspring of the great system
+of winds which do the work of the air on every land and sea. Dr.
+Nansen has promised to go there after returning from the North, and
+solving its simpler problems. The chilly distinction of being the
+coldest part of the earth is probably due to the northern parts of
+Eastern Siberia, and not to the North Pole. The "magnetic pole," where
+the needle hangs vertically, has been found in the Arctic archipelago
+north of America, and in many ways scientific observations there are
+worth more than at the North Pole itself.
+
+We know that, if attained, the North Pole would probably be like
+any other part of the Arctic regions, presenting a landscape of ice
+and snow, perhaps with black rock showing here and there, containing
+fossils of a former age of heat, perhaps broken by pools or lanes of
+open water. The pole has no physical mark any more than the top of a
+spinning coin has, and the pole is not even a fixed point; like
+the end of the axis of the spinning coin, it moves a little to and
+fro on the circumference. If the geographical point were reached, the
+pole-star would be seen shining almost vertically overhead,
+describing a tiny circle around the actual zenith; and all the
+other stars of the northern half of the sky would appear slowly
+wheeling in horizontal circles, never rising, never setting, and each
+completing its circuit in the space of twenty-three hours and
+fifty-six minutes. In summer the sun would appear similarly, never
+far above the horizon, but circling for more than half the year in a
+spiral, winding upward until about 25° above the horizon, and winding
+downward again until lost to view. The periods of daylight and
+darkness at the poles do not last exactly six months each, as little
+geography books are prone to assert. Such little books ignore the
+atmosphere for the sake of simplicity, but the air-shell that
+shuts in our globe bends the rays of light, so that the sun appears
+before his theoretical rising, and remains in sight after his
+theoretical setting. At the pole, in fact, the single "half-yearly
+day" is a week longer than the one "half-yearly night."
+
+At the North Pole there is only one direction--south. One could go
+south in as many ways as there are points on the compass card, but
+every one of these ways is south; east and west have vanished. The
+hour of the day at the pole is a paradoxical conception, for that
+point is the meeting place of every meridian, and the time of all
+holds good, so that it is always any hour one cares to mention.
+Unpunctuality is hence impossible--but the question grows complex, and
+its practical solution concerns few.
+
+No one needs to go to the pole to discover all that makes that
+point different from any other point of the surface. But the whole
+polar regions are full of unknown things, which every Arctic
+explorer of the right stamp looks forward to finding. And the reward
+he looks forward to most is the approval of the few who understand and
+love knowledge for its own sake, rather than the noisy applause of
+the crowd who would cheer him, after all, much as they cheer a
+winning prize-fighter, or race-horse, or political candidate.
+
+The difficulties that make the quest of the pole so arduous have been
+discovered by slow degrees. It is marvellous how soon nearly the full
+limits of northward attainment were reached. In 1596 Barents
+discovered Spitzbergen in about 78° north; in 1770 Hudson reached 80°;
+in 1827 Parry, by sledging on the ice when his ship became fast,
+succeeded in touching 82° 45´. Since then all the enormous resources
+of modern science--steam, electricity, preserved foods and the
+experience of centuries--have only enabled forty miles of additional
+poleward advance to be made.
+
+The accompanying map gives a fair idea of the form of the Arctic
+regions, and remembering that the circle marked 80° is distant seven
+hundred miles from the pole, the reader can realize the distances
+involved. The Arctic Basin, occupied by the Arctic Sea, is ringed in
+by land; the northern coasts of America, Europe, and Asia, forming a
+roughly circular boundary broken by three well-marked channels
+communicating with the ocean. Bering Strait between America and Asia
+is the narrowest, Baffin Bay between America and Greenland is wider,
+branching into a number of ice-blocked sounds to the westward, and
+tapering off into Smith Sound in the north-east. The widest channel
+of the three lies between Greenland and Europe, and this is bisected
+just south of 80° North by the island group of Spitzbergen.
+
+The whole region is one of severe cold, and the sea is frozen for
+the greater part of the year, land and water becoming almost
+indistinguishable, but for the incessant movement and drift of the
+sea-ice. In summer the sea-ice breaks up into floes which may drift
+away southward and melt, or be driven by the wind against the
+shores of continents or islands, leaving lanes of open water which
+a shift of wind may change and close in an hour. Icebergs launched
+from the glaciers of the land also drift with tide, current, and
+wind through the more or less open water. Possibly at some times the
+pack may open and a clear waterway run through to the pole, and old
+whalers tell of many a year when they believed that a few days'
+steaming would carry them to the end of the world, if they could have
+seized the opportunity. At other times, routes traversed in safety
+time after time may be effectively closed for years, and all advance
+barred. Food in the form of seals or walrus in the open water,
+reindeer, musk ox, polar bears or birds on the land, may often be
+procured, but these sources cannot be relied upon. Advance northward
+may be made by water in a ship, or by dog-sledge, or on foot, over
+the frozen snow or ice. Each method has grave drawbacks. Advance by
+sea is stopped when the young ice forms in autumn, and land advance
+is hampered by the long Arctic night which enforces months of
+inaction, more trying to health and spirits than the severest
+exertion.
+
+Smith Sound has been the channel by which most recent Arctic explorers
+have pushed north. Thus Markham reached latitude 83° 20´ North, in
+1876, and in 1882 Lockwood got four miles farther north, coming nearer
+the pole than any other man. From his farthest point an express train
+could cover the intervening distance in ten hours, but the best ice
+traveller would require months, even if the way were smooth. This
+route has been by common consent abandoned, at least for advance by
+water. No high latitude has been reached from Bering Strait nor along
+the east coast of Greenland. For ships the most open way to the north
+lies to the west of Spitzbergen, as Parry found two generations ago.
+Neither of the two projected expeditions from Europe is, however,
+intended to take this route. Mr. Jackson means to advance over the ice
+in sledges, trusting that Franz-Josef Land stretches northward to the
+immediate neighborhood of the pole. Doctor Nansen also founds his plan
+on a theory, but his is so novel, and involves a plan of action so
+different from all previously attempted, that it must be considered in
+detail.
+
+
+NANSEN AND HIS PLANS.
+
+Fridtjof Nansen, who planned and will lead the Norwegian expedition
+starting in June, is a naturalist, thirty-two years of age. He is
+singularly adapted physically for deeds of daring and endurance,
+perfectly equipped intellectually for command and research. His
+lithe, erect figure testifies to athletic training, while his
+expansive forehead and firm chin equally betoken thoughtfulness and
+determination. He is a typical Norseman, fair in complexion and
+hair, simple and rather reserved in manner, and modest almost to a
+fault. No one can see him without becoming his friend. He speaks
+English fluently, and a quiet, half-repressed humor lights up his
+conversation. Never overstepping the truth, he does not seem to
+feel the temptation of spinning imaginative yarns so over-powering
+for the undisciplined traveller. He knows his own strength, and
+measuring himself against the difficulties he proposes to meet, he
+feels confident of victory, and inspires others with his own faith.
+There is no turning back when once his mind is fully made up.
+
+Nansen's whole life has been a training for the exploit he now engages
+in. After graduating at the University of Christiania, he was
+appointed curator of the Museum at Bergen, and carried out several
+important biological researches, of which that on the anatomy of
+whales is perhaps the best known. He was a diligent student of the
+great Norwegian naturalist Sars, and on his return from Greenland he
+entered into a closer relation by marrying the professor's daughter.
+Mrs. Nansen is said to be the most accomplished lady ski-runner in
+Norway, as her husband is the champion of his sex; their portraits in
+the costume of this national sport are extremely characteristic. She
+had originally planned to accompany Doctor Nansen on the Arctic
+voyage, but has reluctantly relinquished the intention. She stays
+behind with her little girl only a few months old. For the last three
+years Doctor Nansen has devoted himself entirely to the study of
+various branches of science likely to be of service to him in the
+accomplishment of his great ambition, and in organizing every detail
+of his expedition.
+
+The chief circumstance in which Nansen differs from all his
+predecessors is, that he prepares no line of retreat. To the common
+question, "But how are you to come back?" his reply in word and deed
+has always been, "I will never come back. I shall go through to the
+other side." Thus, in crossing Greenland in 1888, he started from the
+uninhabited east coast, so that he and his companions had to go
+forward--retreat meant destruction. Such determination is only
+redeemed from obstinacy by the forethought which inspires it. Before
+setting out to cross Greenland, Nansen crossed the mountains of Norway
+from Bergen to Christiania in winter, thus proving his mastery of the
+ski or Norwegian snow-shoes, and testing his power of withstanding
+cold and fatigue. Just as the crossing of the Norwegian mountains
+proved his competence for the splendid feat of crossing Greenland,
+that journey by its success establishes his ability for enduring the
+severest privations which his new expedition may be called upon to
+undergo.
+
+[Illustration: FRIDTJOF NANSEN.]
+
+A careful study of all the known phenomena of the Arctic Basin, and
+the records of all the exploring, whaling, and sealing voyages in
+these waters which were accessible, impressed two facts upon him--one,
+that the currents of the Polar Basin were more regular and more
+powerful agents than had been previously supposed; the other, that the
+failure of the great expeditions to the north was in most cases due to
+the great number of men carried, and the labor involved in keeping
+open a line of retreat. The moral of this is simple enough: to sail as
+far as possible with the currents, to take as few men as possible, and
+these in thorough training for Arctic work, and to make no provision
+for retreat. For the valor and heroic efforts of the earlier Arctic
+explorers there can never be anything but praise; those men fought
+against the most terrific odds, and stood their ground without
+flinching, and their opinion on all matters connected with Arctic
+travel carries the utmost weight. Nansen breaks away from all
+tradition; he goes right against every cherished principle of all the
+older Arctic men. He will secure no line of retreat, he will carry
+only eleven men with him, every one of whom is inured to hardship and
+expert in ice-travel. He is bound by no orders, but has perfect
+freedom to alter his plans should circumstances seem to demand it. His
+plan is to drift with the currents, and the evidence for the currents
+moving in the direction he wishes to go is as follows:
+
+The great drift of polar water southward along the east coasts of
+Labrador and of Greenland has been known from the beginning of
+Atlantic navigation, and the icebergs and floes carried along are
+serious obstacles to the shipping of the North Atlantic. It is
+estimated that between Greenland and Spitzbergen about eighty or
+ninety cubic miles of water pour southward every day. The current,
+like that down Smith Sound, flows from the north, but the water cannot
+originate there. There is a very slight northward extension of the
+Gulf Stream drift along the west coasts of Spitzbergen and Greenland,
+but the main drift of North Atlantic water from the southward sets
+round the North Cape of Norway, keeping the sea free from ice all the
+year round. It is felt in the Kara Sea, and as a north-easterly stream
+along the coast of Novaya Zemlya. It is difficult to estimate the
+volume of this drift, but from certain observations made by the
+Norwegian Government it seems to be about sixty cubic miles per day.
+There is a current running on the whole northward from the Pacific
+through Bering Strait with a volume of perhaps fifteen cubic miles a
+day, and in addition there is the volume of perhaps two cubic miles
+daily poured out during summer by the great American and Siberian
+rivers. This water is fresh and warm, and accumulating near shore in
+autumn it gives rise to the ice-free border which let the "Vega" slip
+round the north of Asia. Even where the sea is covered with floating
+ice, there are perceptible currents, and the ice-pack is never at
+rest.
+
+Since the vast body of water north of 80° between Franz-Josef Land and
+Greenland is streaming from the north, and since it must be derived
+somehow from water which comes from the south, it is evident that
+north-flowing currents of considerable power must exist in the Arctic
+Basin. Parry in his splendid voyage of 1827 spent months in sledging
+northward on a vast ice-floe which all the while was drifting south
+faster than the dogs could drag the sledges northward.
+
+This polar current is the exit by which Doctor Nansen intends to
+leave the Polar Basin. It is a current which strews the coast of
+Greenland with Siberian and North American driftwood, all coming
+from the north, perhaps across the pole itself. Mud containing
+microscopic shells which only occur in Siberia has been collected
+on some of these southward-bound ice-floes. On one occasion a
+throwing-stick of a form used exclusively by the Eskimo of Alaska to
+cast their harpoons was picked up on the west coast of Greenland,
+having obviously been drifted round Cape Farewell, as the boats of
+many a whaler shipwrecked in the polar current have been drifted
+before. But perhaps the most interesting argument is that derived
+from the drift of the "Jeannette." The "Jeannette" (once a British
+gunboat, and afterward employed as the "Pandora" in attempting to
+repeat the north-west passage) was sent out by the proprietor of the
+"New York Herald," under the command of De Long, to push north to the
+pole, through Bering Strait, in 1879. In September of that year she
+got fast in the ice, and drifted on the whole north-westward for
+nearly two years. At last she was crushed in the ice on June 13,
+1881, to the north of the New Siberian Islands. The drift of the
+"Jeannette" was becoming faster as she got farther west; indeed, it
+was possibly the more rapid movement of the current that set the
+floes in motion and led to the crushing of the vessel. Three years
+after she sank, an ice-floe was found on the south coast of
+Greenland at Julianehaab, on which were a number of articles,
+including documents relating to the stores and boats of the
+"Jeannette," bearing De Long's signature. The relics had a romantic
+history, and have given rise to controversy; but before their
+authenticity had been seriously questioned they were sacrificed to
+the sense of order of a Copenhagen housewife. Nansen is certain that
+the relics did come from the "Jeannette," and he believes they were
+drifted like the wood and Siberian mud upon an ice-raft across the
+pole or in its immediate vicinity.
+
+His resolve was made accordingly "to take a ticket with the ice," as
+he phrases it, and so drift across. The point where it would be best
+to join the current, Nansen decided to be off the New Siberian
+Islands, although Captain Wiggins recommends the most northerly point
+of continental land, Cape Chelyuskin, as a more likely starting place.
+At first Nansen proposed to follow the "Jeannette" through Bering Sea,
+but he has now decided to take the nearer route round the North Cape,
+through the Kara Sea, and along the coast of Asia, as the "Vega" went,
+striking northward off the Lena Delta. It will require extremely
+skilful navigation even to reach the starting point, and it may even
+be impossible to do so in one year, but, having reached and run into
+the ice, another question comes to the front. The vessel in which the
+drift of several years is to be made must not share the fate of the
+"Jeannette," if human ingenuity can avoid it. And ingenuity has been
+taxed to produce a ship of the most perfect kind.
+
+Nansen's little vessel, launched at Laurvik last October, suits his
+venture and himself as well as the famous "long serpents" of his
+ancestors suited them and their voyages of conquest and discovery a
+thousand years ago. She is built of wood, but is of a strength never
+hitherto aimed at. The frame timbers, Nansen modestly says, "may be
+said to be well-seasoned," for though cut from the gnarled oaks of
+Italy they have been stored in a Norwegian dockyard during the whole
+lifetime of the explorer. These timbers--the ribs of the ship--are a
+foot thick, and are placed only two inches apart, the intervening
+spaces being filled with a special composition, so that even the
+skeleton of the ship would be water-tight should the planks be
+stripped off. Inside, the walls are lined with pitch-pine planks
+alternately four inches and eight inches thick, with cross-beams and
+supports to resist pressure in every direction, as shown in the
+accompanying section. Outside, there is a three-inch skin of oak,
+carefully calked and made water-tight, then covered by another skin of
+oak four inches thick, which in turn is encased in a still thicker
+layer of the hard and slippery greenheart. Bow and stern are heavily
+plated with iron to cut through thin ice. Finally, to render her fit
+for living in during the coldest weather, the water-tight compartment
+set apart for this purpose (one of three) is lined, walls and ceiling,
+with layers of non-conducting material. Tarred canvas, cork, wood,
+several inches of felt enclosed by painted canvas, and finally a
+wooden wainscot, promise to effectually keep out the cold. In the
+roof, a layer of two inches of reindeer's hair has also been
+introduced.
+
+The form of the vessel is as original as her material. She measures
+one hundred and twenty-eight feet in extreme length, thirty-six in
+beam, and is seventeen feet deep. With a full cargo she will draw
+fifteen feet, and have a freeboard of little more than three feet. She
+is pointed fore and aft, the stern being so formed that the propeller
+and rudder are deeply immersed to escape floating ice, and both these
+vital fittings are placed in wells, through which they may be brought
+on board in case of need, or readily replaced if damaged. The hull is
+rounded so that even the keel does not project materially. The form is
+designed so that when the ice begins to press, it will not crush but
+lift the ship, as one might lift an egg from a table by sliding two
+hands under it. Her rig, as shown in the illustration, is simply that
+of a three-masted fore and aft schooner, with a very tall mainmast,
+designed to carry the crow's nest for the look-out. This will stand
+one hundred and five feet above the water, thus affording the wide
+view indispensable in ice navigation. A captive balloon would have
+been used as well, but the necessary fittings were too heavy to carry.
+The engine is not of great power, as no particular reason exists for
+high speed, and with a coal capacity of only three hundred tons
+economy of fuel is of the first importance.
+
+The ship is prophetically named the "Fram," or "Forward," and for her
+the viking explorer is determined there will be no turning back.
+
+It is possible that in spite of all precautions the "Fram" may be
+nipped in the ice-floe which will carry her along, or stranded on some
+unknown northern land. This contingency is provided for by two large
+decked boats, twenty-nine feet long, either of which could accommodate
+the whole crew. These would be placed on the ice to serve as houses,
+and in the end could be used for the return voyage. Many smaller boats
+are carried, and light sledges with dog teams, in case it becomes
+necessary to travel over the ice. The invaluable "ski" would of course
+be used in such an emergency, and plenty of tarred canvas would be
+carried, by means of which the sledges could be converted into boats.
+Provisions for five years, at least, are stowed away on board; also
+books for study and recreation, and a complete equipment of scientific
+instruments for observations and collecting of every kind. The ship
+carries no alcoholic drink; alcohol is taken only as a fuel for use
+when the coal runs out, or if the ship has to be left. Nansen does not
+smoke, and very likely he may regulate the smoking of his followers,
+for his views on hygiene are clear, and his determination to enforce
+them strong. The eleven men chosen for the enterprise have the fullest
+faith in their leader, and that respect for his splendid qualities as
+a man which is essential to good order being maintained. For in the
+hardships of Arctic travel there is no sentimental deference to a
+leader unless he is the best man of the party, and Arctic hardships
+quickly reduce things and men to their real worth. Nansen and his crew
+will prove, we are confident, as firmly knit together as the timbers
+of the "Fram" herself. Captain Sverdrup, who accompanied him across
+Greenland, goes as navigating officer of the "Fram."
+
+Perhaps the most original of the many original fittings of this little
+polar cruiser is the dynamo which will for the first time in the
+history of exploration supply abundant light during the whole Arctic
+night. When there is wind a windmill will work it; but in the calm
+weather the men, in watches, will take their necessary exercise in
+tramping round a capstan to the strains of a musical box of long
+Arctic experience--it was in the "Jeannette,"--and thus at least eight
+hours of perfect light will be secured every day.
+
+Everything that foresight can suggest and money can buy has been
+secured to make the voyage a success; but even in the most sanguine
+mind the risk must appear great, and the time of suspense will be
+long. The drift across the polar area cannot occupy less than two
+years, and provisions are carried for five. But we need not dwell on
+dangers; the personality of Nansen rises above them all--the motto he
+carries with him in a little volume of condensed poetry, as powerful
+meat for the soul as any of his cunningly concocted extracts are for
+the body, is the wish of all his friends--
+
+  "Greet the Unseen with a cheer,
+  Bid him forward, breast and back as either should be,
+  'Strive and thrive!' cry 'Speed--fight on, fare ever
+  There as here!'"
+
+The Norwegian expedition goes out under the command of a hero full of
+experience, ripe in knowledge, certain to do all that a strong and
+trained man can accomplish, backed by large grants of money from his
+own government, and smaller gifts from people and societies in many
+lands.
+
+
+JACKSON'S EXPEDITION.
+
+The British expedition which has been projected is not a national
+effort. It is purely private, planned and equipped by private
+enterprise and private money, in order to follow up the line in which
+private exertions have already done more for polar exploration than
+many government expeditions have achieved. Its leader, Mr. Frederick
+G. Jackson, is a business man, possessed of leisure and sufficient
+means, and experienced in travel in all parts of the world. Of the
+same age as Doctor Nansen, and, like him, married, he is as typical an
+Englishman as the latter is a Norseman. Pluck and "go" are his in very
+large measure; experience in serious ice-work he cannot lay claim to,
+but he knows more about the Arctic regions than many famous explorers
+did on their first setting out. Mr. Jackson has made a summer cruise
+to the far north, and, under the tuition of a canny Peterhead whaler,
+he has picked up many wrinkles which will help him in time of need. He
+is a keen sportsman rather than a man of science, but his ten
+companions will be chosen for their ability to make all necessary
+scientific observations and collections. If his plans fall out as he
+hopes, Jackson will be the most eager in the race to the pole, and it
+will not be his fault if the Union Jack is not the first flag planted
+on that much coveted site. He intends to leave England about the
+middle of July, or perhaps as late as the beginning of August.
+
+His plan of attack is that which is most approved by the Arctic
+admirals of the British navy. It is to approach by Franz-Josef Land,
+which may in favorable years be comparatively easily reached. On
+landing, a depot will be formed and stores laid up as a base for
+retreat; and then, by sledging northward along the land-ice, the coast
+would be delineated and mapped as far as it extends, other depots
+established, and if the surface proves suitable, and if Franz-Josef
+Land proves, as is probable, not to have a great northerly extent, an
+advance may be made on the sea-ice, carrying boats for crossing open
+water.
+
+It seems very probable that in this way the highest latitudes of
+earlier explorers may be passed, and in Franz-Josef Land life is more
+tolerable than in perhaps any other place at the same latitude. Mr.
+Leigh Smith, the most successful Arctic yachtsman, spent the winter of
+1881-82 in a hut built on an island in the south of Franz-Josef Land,
+after his ship was wrecked, and without winter clothing, and he found
+bears and walrus plentiful enough to keep himself and his party
+supplied with fresh meat. The country however is very desolate, in
+spite of its comparatively genial conditions. Mr. Jackson intends to
+hire or purchase a steam whaler to convey him to Franz-Josef Land, and
+for navigation he has secured the services of Mr. Crowther, Leigh
+Smith's ice-master. After establishing winter quarters, he will make
+some preliminary trips to test his sledges and complete the survey of
+the southern part of the land, reserving the great northward march for
+the spring of 1894. He is pushing forward his preparations quietly and
+quickly, and, as he does not ask for public money, he does not feel it
+necessary to publish any of the details of his intended mode of life.
+It is difficult to forecast the result of his expedition. From the
+little we know about Franz-Josef Land, it appears certain that with a
+favorable season much good work could be done, and there is more
+satisfaction in contemplating an expedition in which pluck and
+endurance count than the mere passive submission to the laws of
+physical geography, on which Nansen depends. In two years he hopes to
+prove that Franz-Josef Land is or is not a practicable road to the
+pole.
+
+We have no data to make a comparison between the two brave men, nor
+any wish to do so. But Nansen is Nansen, and Jackson has yet to win
+his spurs; to him therefore would be the greater glory if success
+attend him.
+
+For our part, we heartily desire that Nansen, Peary, and Jackson may
+meet simultaneously at the pole, and return betimes to tell their
+story and share the honors. The aggravating thing is, that the
+expeditions may never reach their proper starting point. Many a good
+ship has knocked about for a whole season in the Kara Sea without
+getting a lead through the ice; the effort to reach Franz-Josef Land
+has not been often made, and it is a sinister omen that the
+"Tegetthof," which discovered that region, arrived there after
+eighteen months of drifting fast in the floes. But we shall see.
+
+
+
+
+LIEUTENANT PEARY'S EXPEDITION.
+
+BY CLEVELAND MOFFETT.
+
+
+Before the end of June, Civil Engineer Robert E. Peary of the United
+States Navy will have sailed on another expedition for the Arctic
+regions. The party will go by the way of Newfoundland, Baffin's Bay,
+and Whale Sound, to Inglefield Gulf, which lies just southeast of
+Smith Sound and south of the promontory containing the great Humboldt
+glacier. The winter camp will be established at the head of Bowdoin
+Bay, some forty miles to the east of Redcliffe House, where Lieutenant
+Peary passed the winter of '91, '92.
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT E. PEARY.]
+
+The programme of the expedition may be briefly summarized as follows:
+
+The party will be absent about two years and a half, a three years'
+leave of absence having been accorded Lieutenant Peary by the Navy
+Department. They expect to be in camp, as indicated, by the last week
+in July, when the staunch "Falcon," a sealing steamer which carries
+them, will land the expedition and return to Newfoundland. The months
+of August and September, all they will have before the Arctic night
+sets in, will be utilized in three ways: a party will be sent inland
+over the ice-cap with a large store of provisions, which will be
+stored as far to the north as possible, to await the expedition of the
+ensuing spring; another party, under Lieutenant Peary himself, will
+make a careful survey of Inglefield Gulf, which is of rare scientific
+interest on account of the tremendous glaciers which discharge into
+it; and a third party will busy itself hunting reindeer and other game
+to supply the expedition with fresh meat.
+
+By November 1, 1893, they will go into winter quarters, all occupying
+a single house, which will be made as comfortable as possible. During
+the five or six months of darkness, scientific work will be carried
+on, including a thorough study of Esquimo habits and institutions.
+Clothing will be made of reindeer skins, and, in general, preparations
+be completed for the advance over the ice-cap. Lieutenant Peary hopes
+to start the sledges northward early in March, thus gaining two months
+on the start made in '92. The season of '94 will be spent in advancing
+as rapidly as possible to the northern extremity of Greenland, to
+Independence Bay, discovered by Lieutenant Peary in his recent
+expedition. At this point the party will divide, several men being
+detailed to explore the northeastern coast of Greenland as far to the
+south as Cape Bismarck, while Lieutenant Peary with two picked men
+will push across the fjord separating Greenland from the land beyond,
+and will advance thence still farther to the north, as circumstances
+may direct. It is probable that Lieutenant Peary will spend the winter
+of '94 to '95 somewhere in the neighborhood of northernmost Greenland,
+very probably in the most extreme northern latitude in which any white
+man has wintered. In the spring of '95, or as soon as the season will
+permit, he will make a further and final advance, leaving time enough
+for the party to return to Inglefield Gulf before the fall. There a
+relief ship will be in waiting to carry the expedition back to New
+York with the results of their explorations.
+
+So much for Lieutenant Peary's time-table; now for what he hopes to
+accomplish.
+
+To begin with, the party expect to attain the highest north ever
+reached by any Arctic expedition. The present record is held by the
+Greely expedition, two members of which reached 83° 24´ north
+latitude. The farthest north reached by Lieutenant Peary in his last
+expedition was 82° north latitude, which is some eighty-four
+geographical miles south of the point reached by Lieutenant Lockwood
+of the Greely party. Then, as already mentioned, a complete survey
+will be made of Inglefield Gulf, and also of the entirely unknown
+stretch of land on the northeastern coast of Greenland, between
+Independence Bay and Cape Bismarck.
+
+In addition to this, the main object of the expedition is to make a
+complete map of the land lying to the north of Greenland, or, rather,
+the Archipelago, for it is believed that this region is occupied by an
+extensive group of islands. Unfortunately there is reason for thinking
+that the lofty ice-cap which will allow the explorers to reach the
+northernmost point of Greenland by sledging over the inland ice does
+not continue in the same way over the islands to the north of
+Greenland. Both Lieutenant Peary in his observations on the east, and
+Lieutenant Lockwood on the west, remarked that the land stretching
+away to the north was in many places bare of ice and snow, and rugged
+in its character. One reason for this absence of an inland ice-cap
+here is the fact that these islands to the north lie low in the ocean
+compared with mountainous Greenland. Hence, in the summer, which is
+the only season when an advance would be possible, the ice and snow
+melt to a great extent and leave the land bare. Now in case Lieutenant
+Peary finds that there is no continuous ice on this northern land, he
+will skirt around the shore on the ice of the open sea, for this is
+present winter and summer alike. It is likely that such an advance
+over the ice-pack will be attended by very serious difficulties, the
+ice being heaped up in broken and uneven surfaces, with mountains and
+chasms to baffle the party. There may also be spaces of open water
+where boats or rafts will have to be used instead of sledges. At any
+rate, the advance will be made as far as possible, and the land to the
+north of Greenland studied and mapped as far as may be.
+
+It is not the purpose of the expedition to seek the North Pole itself.
+They may and very probably will get nearer to the Pole than anyone has
+hitherto done. Lieutenant Peary is confident that he will make the
+farthest north, and General Greely is inclined to admit this, and told
+me some days ago in Washington that he should not be surprised if
+Lieutenant Peary reached 85° north latitude. In any event, an approach
+to the North Pole will be an incident in the expedition, and not its
+main object.
+
+Several important considerations make it probable that Lieutenant
+Peary's present expedition will attain a considerable measure of
+success. In the first place, in starting from Bowdoin Bay instead of
+from Redcliffe House, there will be a gain of forty miles rough
+hauling, which meant in the recent expedition two weeks' valuable
+time. From Bowdoin Bay, the party will be able to climb to the inland
+ice-cap by the shortest and easiest possible route. The fact that an
+abundant supply of provisions will be sent ahead during the present
+summer will be a great advantage, and will do away with the necessity
+of a supporting party such as was employed on the last expedition. To
+save the carrying of a ton or so of provisions for even a hundred
+miles is a matter of great importance. Lieutenant Peary expects to
+make a further saving in time by choosing a course midway between the
+one taken on his last journey to Independence Bay and the one taken on
+his return journey. These two courses, it will be remembered, were
+unsatisfactory, because in the advance to Independence Bay he went too
+far to the west and was caught in immense fissures and depressions
+leading to the glaciers, while on the return journey he went so far
+to the east that the great elevation above the sea level, often eight
+thousand feet or more, made it difficult to find the way or take
+observations on account of perpetual fogs. Now he proposes to avoid
+the two extremes, and to search for an easier course in a happy
+medium. A still greater gain in time will be made by starting the
+expedition early in March, 1894, instead of waiting until May, as was
+the case before.
+
+A novel feature of the expedition, and one that will be of great
+service, it is believed, in hauling the loads, will be the use of pack
+horses in addition to the dog teams. Lieutenant Peary, during his
+recent western trip, secured a number of hardy burros in Colorado,
+which he believes will be able to endure the Arctic winter. At any
+rate, they will be very valuable in carrying the advance provisions
+this present season, and on a pinch they can be turned into steaks. It
+has been found possible to fit snow shoes to the hoofs of these pack
+horses, so as to allow them to advance as rapidly as the dogs. An
+experiment similar to this has been tried in Norway, where ponies have
+been used successfully on snow, and also in Alaska.
+
+As to the size of the exploring party, it will be small, comprising
+not more than ten men in all, and several of these will be left behind
+at the winter quarters. Lieutenant Peary fully realizes that an
+exploring party is no stronger than the weakest of its members, and
+will take along with him only men whose endurance and loyalty have
+been fully demonstrated. From the winter camp the line of advance will
+be Independence Bay, where the party will divide, Lieutenant Peary
+pushing on to the north, and his other men exploring southward to
+Cape Bismarck. From that point the latter party will be instructed to
+return to the winter camp directly across Greenland. There is no human
+way of knowing how Lieutenant Peary will return.
+
+One question which will occur to anxious friends of the explorer is,
+how Lieutenant Peary and his two companions will live during the
+winter of '94 and '95, at the northernmost point of Greenland, where
+the foot of man has never trod, and where no supplies could reach
+them. The answer to this question is, that the party will take with
+them a very large supply of dried meat and other necessaries, and that
+they count on finding musk oxen in the region where they will camp. In
+his previous expedition, Lieutenant Peary killed five of these musk
+oxen near Independence Bay, and he saw many others. With such a supply
+of fresh meat, and with abundant means of protecting themselves
+against the cold, there is no reason why the party may not live
+through the winter without serious danger or even extraordinary
+discomfort. Leigh Smith was able to pass a winter on Franz-Josef Land
+under much less favorable conditions.
+
+In a general way it may be said, in conclusion, that the present Peary
+expedition starts out with bright prospects. Advantage has been taken
+of errors and oversights made by others in the past. Dangers and
+difficulties have been foreseen, and will be guarded against. A
+sensible, and to a great extent feasible, plan of advance has been
+adopted. In a word, everything would seem to have been done to prevent
+the recurrence of one of those wretched tragedies which have stained
+and saddened the records of Arctic exploration.
+
+  EDITOR'S NOTE.--The expedition of Lieutenant Peary is undertaken
+  at his own expense, with the aid of voluntary subscriptions.
+
+  Contributions from one dollar up may be sent to Professor
+  Angelo Heilprin, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
+  Pennsylvania.
+
+
+
+
+AN EXPEDITION TO THE NORTH MAGNETIC POLE.
+
+BY W. H. GILDER. Author of "Schwatka's Search," "Ice Pack and Tundra,"
+etc.
+
+
+On the Fourth of July, 1879, after a long and tedious journey over
+territory never before crossed by man, I stood with Lieutenant
+Schwatka on Cape Felix, the most northern point of King William's
+Land.
+
+Looking in the direction of the Isthmus of Boothia, not more than
+twenty miles to the eastward, across the frozen surface of McClintock
+Channel, we could see the snow-covered hills of Cape Adelaide, radiant
+with all the tints of the rainbow, in the light of the midnight sun.
+It was there that, nearly half a century before, Sir James Ross had
+located the North Magnetic Pole. The place is invested with deep
+interest to all explorers, but, with us, the pleasure was mitigated by
+the knowledge that we were entirely devoid of instruments with which
+to improve the opportunity of either verifying the work already done
+or continuing it upon the same line of research.
+
+Ever since that time I have been strongly imbued with the desire to
+return to that field of labor with a party of observers properly
+equipped to make an exhaustive search through that storehouse of
+hidden knowledge.
+
+About three years ago I brought the subject uppermost in my mind to
+the attention of Professor T. C. Mendenhall, Superintendent of the
+United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, in Washington, and to that of
+his assistant, Professor Charles A. Schott, in charge of the computing
+division of that bureau. From the first both of these gentlemen have
+been strong advocates of such an expedition.
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL W. H. GILDER.]
+
+"The importance of a redetermination of the geographical position of
+the North Magnetic Pole," said Professor Mendenhall, in a letter to
+the Secretary of the Treasury written at that time, "has long been
+recognized by all interested in the theory of the earth's magnetism
+or its application. The point as determined by Ross in the early part
+of this century was not located with that degree of accuracy which
+modern science demands and permits, and, besides, it is altogether
+likely that its position is not a fixed one. Our knowledge of the
+secular variation of the magnetic needle would be greatly increased
+by better information concerning this Magnetic Pole, and, in my
+judgment, it would be the duty of the Government to offer all possible
+encouragement to any suitably organized exploring expedition which
+might undertake to seek for this information."
+
+Acting upon a further recommendation in this letter, the Secretary of
+the Treasury requested the President of the National Academy of
+Sciences to appoint a committee of its members, or others familiar
+with the difficult problems involved, "to formulate a plan or scheme
+for carrying out a systematic search for the North Magnetic Pole, and
+kindred work," and such a committee was subsequently appointed, with
+Professor S. P. Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, as
+chairman.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL A. W. GREELY.]
+
+The work proposed by this expedition has attracted the attention and
+held the interest of scientists everywhere, and material aid from
+several scientific bodies has already been pledged toward the securing
+of the necessary funds for transporting the party to the field of its
+labors, and its maintenance while at work there.
+
+The observers will be selected from among the officers of the United
+States Navy attached to the Coast Survey, who have had special
+training in magnetic field work. That bureau will also provide the
+necessary instruments, but, in the absence of any appropriation that
+could be applied to the transportation and maintenance of the party in
+the field, the funds for that purpose have to be obtained by the
+voluntary contribution of those with means and inclination to aid so
+important an enterprise.
+
+Said the late Professor Trowbridge of Columbia College, in a lecture
+upon the data to be obtained by this expedition for subsequent expert
+discussion, "We are living in an epoch in the world's history when man
+is struggling for a higher and more perfect life, not only against the
+degrading tendencies of his inherited nature, but to make the forces
+of nature subservient to his advancement and well being. Among these
+forces there are none which seem to affect or control the conditions
+of animal life on the earth more than heat, light, electricity, and
+magnetism, all, perhaps, the manifestations of one cosmical agent. As
+the variations of the magnetic force appear to follow lesser and
+greater cycles, it is not impossible that nearly all terrestrial
+phenomena, which depend on causes allied to magnetism, follow similar
+cycles. We can now predict the course of storms; may we not hope to
+determine their origin and predict their recurrence, as far as they
+depend upon the forces which have been mentioned? A knowledge of the
+laws of the cycles through which these forces pass is the first and
+only step in this direction to be taken, and this step must be made by
+patient, long-continued observations."
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR T. C. MENDENHALL.]
+
+An immediate practical use of the observations to be made is their
+application to the correction of compass errors. Every one can see
+that such work as tends to render the mariner's compass a more
+reliable instrument must be of immediate and direct benefit, not only
+to the sailor, but to the surveyor on land.
+
+Admitting that the observations of such an expedition as that to the
+North Magnetic Pole will be of scientific and general value, it
+remains to explain something of the personnel of the party, how the
+work is to be conducted, and by what route it will reach the field of
+its labor.
+
+Besides the two observers of terrestrial magnetism to be supplied by
+the Coast Survey, there will be a physician fitted by education and
+habits of study to take charge of some scientific portion of the work,
+in which he will be specially instructed by the Superintendent of the
+Coast Survey or his assistant. There will also be three sailors
+selected from the whaling fleet, who will have charge of the three
+whale boats belonging to the outfit, and act as assistants to the
+several observers. The writer of this article, by reason of his
+experience in Arctic travel, will have charge of the expedition in all
+except the scientific work, the reports on which will be turned over
+directly to the officers of the United States Coast and Geodetic
+Survey for reduction and discussion upon the return of the party from
+the field.
+
+The scheme of work has already been prepared by Professor Charles A.
+Schott, who is looked upon as probably the best informed on all the
+details of terrestrial magnetism of all men in this or any other
+country. In the course of his exhaustive report upon this subject he
+says: "The magnetic observations proper will comprise the measure of
+the three elements, the declination, the dip, and the intensity, which
+fully define the magnetic force at a place. The measures will be
+partly absolute and partly differential, and will be considered under
+two heads; those to be taken while travelling, and those to be
+attended to at winter quarters." Detailed instructions for this work
+are given which are too technical to be interesting except to the
+specialist. He recommends that a single cocoon thread carrying a
+sewing needle shall be used to observe the declination where by
+proximity to the Magnetic Pole the horizontal force is weak. For it
+must be borne in mind that the Magnetic Pole is the point where the
+vertical force, called "dip," is greatest--represented by 90°--while
+the horizontal force, called "declination," is 0°.
+
+[Illustration: DIAGRAM OF THE NORTH MAGNETIC POLE REGION.]
+
+The observations for dip, naturally the most important of the survey,
+will be made with a Kew Dip Circle employing two needles; the usual
+reversals of circle, face, and polarity should be attended to at each
+station, to place the instrument in the plane of the magnetic
+meridian. The usual method of finding the plane of the meridian will
+probably not answer in that part of the world for want of sufficient
+accuracy; the direction of the magnetic meridian should, therefore,
+be taken as indicated by the delicately suspended needle of the
+declination instrument, and, where this method fails, dip observations
+should be made in any two planes 90° apart, of which the first plane
+is preferably that of the meridian as guessed at.
+
+It is proposed to charter a steam whaler to take the party from St.
+John's, Newfoundland, to the northern part of Repulse Bay, which,
+being directly connected with Hudson's Bay, is the nearest point to
+the pole-containing area that is accessible any year. There a
+permanent station is to be erected where regular observations will be
+continued all the time and from which each spring a field party
+(perhaps two) will start to locate the geographical position of the
+pole.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR C. A. SCHOTT.]
+
+It may be well to repeat that the Magnetic Pole is that point where
+the needle of the dip circle is absolutely vertical--where it stands
+at exactly 90° to the plane of the horizon.
+
+To find this unknown spot the observer follows as nearly as possible
+the direction indicated by the delicately poised needle of the
+declinometer. The magnetic meridian is not always a straight line, and
+may therefore indicate a very circuitous route, but by a system
+something like the regular approaches to a besieged fort one may be
+certain of arriving there eventually.
+
+For instance, when the needle indicates a dip of 89° the stations
+should be nearer together--say not farther apart than twenty miles, if
+possible, and these intervals should be less as the dip increases.
+
+Suppose the observer to have reached a point where the dip is found to
+be 89° 30´, and at the next station he has 89° 35´, at the next
+89° 40´. At the next he may find only 89° 37´; he then returns to
+where he found the greatest dip and starts off at right angles, one
+way or the other, to that course. As long as the dip continues to
+increase, he knows he is travelling in the right direction. When it
+again decreases he returns to the point of his last greatest dip and
+travels at right angles to his last course as long as the dip
+increases. In this way he will eventually see the absolute verticity
+of the suspended needle marked and know he has reached the North
+Magnetic Pole at last. Sir James Ross did not succeed so well, the
+needle marking only 89° 59´ of verticity. But as this would indicate
+that he was within one and a quarter to two miles of the point sought,
+he was justified in feeling elated at his success.
+
+It is believed, however, that with the improved instruments of the
+present day, and in the light of our increased knowledge of
+terrestrial magnetism, absolute accuracy is now demanded. These
+observations will have to be repeated from time to time until at last
+we shall know with certainty whether or not the North Magnetic Pole is
+a fixed or movable point, and if it is found to move, the direction
+and rate of that motion shall be positively determined.
+
+
+
+
+THE MERCHANTMEN.
+
+BY RUDYARD KIPLING.
+
+
+  King Solomon drew merchantmen
+    Because of his desire
+  For peacocks, apes, and ivory
+    From Tarshish unto Tyre:
+  And Drake he sacked La Guayra,
+    So stout of heart was he;
+  But we be only sailormen
+    That use upon the sea.
+
+  _Coastwise--cross-seas--round the world and back again,
+    Where the flaw shall head us or the full trade suits!
+  Plain-sail--storm-sail--lay your board and tack again--
+    And that's the way we pay Paddy Doyle for his boots!_
+
+  Now we have come to youward
+    To walk beneath the trees,
+  And see the folk that live on land
+    And ride in carriages.
+  Oh, sure they must be silly gulls
+    That do with pains desire
+  To build a house that cannot move
+    Of stones and sticks and mire.
+
+  We bring no store of ingots,
+    Of gold or precious stones,
+  But that we have we gathered
+    With sweat and aching bones:
+  In flame beneath the tropics,
+    In frost upon the floe,
+  And jeopardy of every wind
+    That does between them go.
+
+  And some we got by purchase,
+    And some we had by trade,
+  And some we took by courtesy
+    Of pike and carronade,
+  At midnight, 'mid sea meetings
+    For charity to keep,
+  And light the rolling homeward bound
+    That rode a foot too deep.
+
+  By sport of bitter weather
+    We're walty, strained, and scarred
+  From the kentledge of the kelson
+    To the slings upon the yard.
+  Six oceans had their will of us
+    To carry all away--
+  Our galley's in the Baltic,
+    And our boom's in Mossel Bay!
+
+  We've floundered off the Texel,
+    Awash with sodden deals,
+  We've slipped from Valparaiso
+    With the Norther at our heels:
+  We've ratched beyond the Crossets
+    That tusk the Southern Pole,
+  And dipped our gunnels under
+    To the dread Agulhas' roll.
+
+  Beyond all outer chartings
+    We sailed where none have sailed,
+  And saw the land-lights burning
+    On islands none have hailed.
+  Our hair stood up for wonder,
+    But when the night was done
+  There rolled the deep to windward
+    Blue-empty 'neath the sun!
+
+  Strange consorts rode beside us
+    And brought us evil luck;
+  The witch-fire climbed our channels,
+    And danced on vane and truck:
+  Till, through the red tornado,
+    That lashed us nigh to blind,
+  We saw The Dutchman plunging,
+    Full canvas, head to wind!
+
+  We've heard the Midnight Leadsman
+    That calls the black deeps down--
+  Ay, thrice we heard The Swimmer,
+    The soul that may not drown.
+  On frozen bunt and gasket
+    The sleet-cloud drave her hosts,
+  When, manned by more than signed with us,
+    We passed the Isle o' Ghosts!
+
+  And north, among the hummocks,
+    A biscuit-toss below,
+  We met the silent shallop
+    That frighted whalers know;
+  For down a bitter ice-lane,
+    That opened as he sped,
+  We saw dead Henry Hudson
+    Steer, North by West, his dead.
+
+  So dealt God's waters with us
+    Beneath the roaring skies,
+  So walked His signs and marvels
+    All naked to our eyes:
+  But we were heading homeward
+    With trade to lose or make--
+  Good Lord, they slipped behind us
+    In the tailing of our wake!
+
+  Let go, let go the anchors;
+    Now shamed at heart are we
+  To bring so poor a cargo home
+    That had for gift the sea!
+  Let go--let go the anchors--
+    Ah, fools were we and blind--
+  The worst we saved with bitter toil,
+    The best we left behind!
+
+  _Coastwise--cross-seas--round the world and back again,
+    Where the flaw shall fail us or the trades drive down:
+  Plain-sail--storm-sail--lay your board and tack again--
+    And all to bring a cargo into London Town!_
+
+
+
+
+MONSIEUR DE BLOWITZ.
+
+BY W. MORTON FULLERTON.
+
+
+When Taine died, people whom his books had interested felt a sudden
+longing to say all that they had been thinking about his famous theory
+of the "_milieu_." Taine had been, with Renan, the chief literary
+medium of thought in France; but while Renan was altogether useful,
+caring as he did more for his method than for its results, Taine, with
+his imperative and beautiful consistency, imposed on the younger
+generation a habit of applying the principle of environment which was
+somewhat lacking in criticism. No one but an artist of his surprising
+agility and perceptions could have made such a method so universal.
+The French wilfully attain clearness by defect of vision, but this is
+the same thing as saying that they attain plausibility at the expense
+of truth. Taine died, and the thing we lacked courage to say to his
+face we have all been saying now that he is safe and irresponsible, as
+well as unresponsive, in the earth.
+
+An inevitable way, undoubtedly, to be assured of the insufficiency of
+Taine's method is to read Taine's books; and the first book of all,
+the "Essay on La Fontaine," is, I may insert the observation, as
+conclusive as the last in this respect. But in order to obtain the
+conviction that what the critic can get to know of the environing
+conditions of any product, human or other, does not explain that
+product, one needs not go to Taine's books; one has only to apply it
+to the things and people one knows best. The result will be
+unsatisfactory. The critic will find a thousand elements in that
+particular product's individuality thus left unexplained; in a word,
+the theory is one natural, no doubt, to the Olympians, who see all
+things; but impracticable for men who, even at their best, see only
+very little. Apply it to yourself; apply it to your friends. Apply it
+to the person of whom I am going to speak, to M. de Blowitz, the Paris
+correspondent of an English newspaper, the "Times." The act will
+result in a failure, a scientific failure, whatever the artistic
+success. Yet M. de Blowitz is a very remarkable human fact; and that a
+philosophic or critical method cannot be applied to him with triumph,
+for both him and the method--is this not of itself a consideration
+extraordinary enough to vitiate the whole method? A much more
+important thing to know than what determined this or that product,
+whether it be the Book of Judges, or the Panama trial, or M. Taine, or
+M. de Blowitz, is what they themselves determined; what followed,
+because of their existence; and though this be reasoning in a dizzy
+circle, I cling to the remark as a not unapt way to introduce my
+subject. A chief reason why M. de Blowitz is worth considering is,
+that he is and always has been a producer himself, a fact pregnant
+with a thousand others, rather than the resultant of many vague facts
+that have gone before. Most of us must be content with being,
+comparatively speaking, only results. M. de Blowitz, prodigious result
+as he is, is even more striking as initiator, as himself the creator
+of a special environment, as himself in his own way a "final cause."
+
+[Illustration: THE DINING-ROOM IN M. DE BLOWITZ'S PARIS HOME.]
+
+Cosmopolite in a world becoming rapidly no larger than the tiniest
+of the asteroids, M. de Blowitz is one of those who have most
+contributed to this planetary shrinkage. His career is a continual
+and entertaining illustration of the truth that tact can render even
+tolerance successful. For he is the most amiable, the most tolerant
+of men, and yet he has blazed a wide path through the woodland of
+warring interests in which every man who seeks to succeed runs risk,
+not only of losing his way, but of setting all the other denizens of
+the forest against him. Ordinarily, success implies that a man is a
+man of only one idea. What Frenchman said: "Truth is a wedge that
+makes its way only by being struck"? I have forgotten. At all events,
+isn't the remark nine times out of ten true? But M. de Blowitz
+could apply for the honor of being the proverbial exception. His
+workshop is full of wedges, and a more impatient man would have
+used up all of them long ago, after having hammered the battered
+tops into a condition of splay disfigurement. M. de Blowitz does not
+do this. He knew and knows a better way. He can afford to wait. He
+likes to wait. He has the good and amiable heart of a man who, like
+Odysseus, has seen many men and countries, and knows that all
+things--I include even people who are "bores"--have a point of
+view that may be rendered interesting. Himself one of the most
+individualized of contemporary institutions, his own career is a
+standing argument against the sacredness of the idea of institutions.
+Yet, though he has inevitably learned how relative things in general
+are, he himself appeals to his friends as unusually self-contained
+and absolute. Diplomatist among diplomatists, he is more powerful than
+any of them, because he works in the interest of the whole rather than
+in that of a part. Loyal absolutely to the "Times," which, to its
+accidental honor, has entangled him, the "Times" is, at its best, only
+the accidental projection, a kind of chronic double, of himself. His
+letters are kind attentions which have the air of a continual
+favor. Though better recompensed than favors sometimes are, and
+though, whatever their contents, they will be read by everybody,
+this is not only because what the author writes is important, but
+because he does not write when he has nothing to say.
+
+
+M. DE BLOWITZ AT HIS SUMMER HOME.
+
+This reticence is superb, and one of its practical results has been
+the remarkable physical vigor of this man who is after all no longer
+young. One should see him in his country home. M. de Blowitz went up
+and down the north coast of France, hunting for an eyry. He found it
+on the wooded top of one of the side slopes of the thousand and one
+ravines in which fishermen along that coast had fixed their cabins, at
+the small hamlet of _Les Petites Dalles_. Like Alphonse Karr at
+Etretat, he made the fame of this spot. Your guide-book will tell you
+the fact. "M. de Blowitz, correspondent of the English newspaper the
+'Times,' has a villa here." I defy you to find any other distinction
+special to this place. The high Normandy coast is always charming, but
+it is equally so at a hundred other points. And of what charm there is
+here simply as village, M. Blowitz's presence would seem to threaten
+the partial extinction. For this very presence is rendering the spot
+famous and crowded. Sit in the afternoon listening to the three
+violins that provide the music, and, taking your absinthe on one of
+those hard benches within the narrow limits of the space there called
+Casino, you will run the risk of overhearing a conversation like
+this:
+
+"This is your first summer here?"
+
+"Yes, came last night. I am tired of Pau, and thought I could bury
+myself here. But there's too much world."
+
+"Yes, but what a world it is!"
+
+"Oh, I don't mind that! They say there's enough society in the villas.
+Since de Blowitz built the _Lampottes_ and has brought his friends
+down, there are some people _très bien de la meilleure société_ on the
+cliffs. That's the place up there, the house with the flag above all
+the others. I walked up there this morning. He has a tennis court.
+Looking up the gravel walk, I saw him sitting on the veranda. That's
+M. Ernest Daudet's place just under him in the trees--_mais voilà_;
+there he is."
+
+Towards three o'clock in the afternoon, indeed, almost daily, M. de
+Blowitz has an amiable habit. He walks down with members of his
+family, and the guests who are staying with him, to the pretty
+bathing-cabins, in front of which stretches an improvised awning, and,
+picturesque in his colored flannels, he sits himself down with a cigar
+to watch the bathers. He, the most distinguished of European critics,
+is here and now the object of many curious and admiring observations.
+He holds here a little court on the shingle beach. Brightly dressed
+women gather to him from every point of the compass; while he who has
+his emissaries in every quarter of the world, and whose subtle
+influence is felt at each episode of the European movement, gives
+himself up with pardonable indulgence--under the ample umbrella--to
+the pretty trifles of glib women's charm and chatter. Before he has
+enjoyed enough, and obedient to one of those harmless devices in which
+well-taught men of the world often indulge, he retires from this
+charmed and, as I can affirm, charming circle, and climbs to the great
+villa on the cliff. There are letters to be written and telegrams to
+be sent to Paris, and perhaps an article meditated during the
+afternoon.
+
+[Illustration: M. DE BLOWITZ IN HIS STUDY.]
+
+The doors of the _Lampottes_ are wide open upon the great veranda, and
+the winds of the channel enter there, warmed from blowing over the
+upland grass. The life within is the ideally tranquil existence of an
+English country gentleman. Where did this cosmopolite, who really has
+no English roots, learn the system? For the hospitality of England can
+scarcely be translated with full flavor into any other idiom. The
+_schloss_ of Germany or of the Tyrol, the _chateau_ of France, have
+never, within my experience of lazy summers, afforded just the same
+delightful background as the country house of England. Yet to the
+_Lampottes_ the peculiar air has somehow been conjured. All the
+country round about this house is Norman, and therefore English--that
+is, dense, rich, familiar--so that the English illusion is complete.
+But no reader of M. de Blowitz's correspondence in the "Times" would
+ever have thought of placing the author in these surroundings. The
+_raconteur_ of the reminiscences in "Harper's Magazine" must appeal to
+the American reader as a sort of bustling incarnation of the
+ubiquitous telegraph, unwearied, and knowing not even in his dreams
+the first soothing tremor of the sound of the word "rest." On the
+contrary, M. de Blowitz rests frequently and smiles quietly. Large
+himself, he likes large air, large rooms, large landscapes, large and
+general ideas. And what contributes to all this more than rest, which
+gives time to think? It is a generous and natural temper, and that is
+why the great doors from the veranda are open to the channel winds.
+
+Although M. de Blowitz wears in his buttonhole, in bright contrast to
+the famous flowing tie, the rosette of the French Legion of Honor, he
+is not in race a Frenchman; yet he is sufficiently French in two
+conspicuous characteristics. The French strike me as being, with the
+Americans, the most naturally intelligent people on the western part
+of the planet. But the Frenchman is also _bon enfant_, and for the
+moment I do not stop to consider that he always remains _enfant_. To
+be intelligent and _bon enfant_ at once is to promise all kinds of
+successes in life, and to be both is to make success charming. M. de
+Blowitz is both. He has been, therefore, a charming success. The
+nature of this success defies analysis, but as a result can be
+described.
+
+
+THE BEGINNING OF A CAREER.
+
+It is now more than twenty years since a young man appeared before
+the enthusiast, Laurence Oliphant, then correspondent of the English
+"Times," and rendered himself so indispensable to Oliphant that
+the latter, with the quixotic temper peculiar to him, felt it, I
+believe, a moral duty to abdicate. This young man had already so
+distinguished himself at Marseilles, during Communal riots there, as
+to attract the attention and merit the gratitude of Thiers. Justly
+rating his powers as a diplomatist, and knowing himself to be an
+indefatigable worker, he conceived the notion of becoming a sort
+of general self-accredited representative to every European Court,
+and of inducing the "Times" to afford him an organ of communication
+with his diplomatic rivals everywhere. The "Times" is the secluded
+pool into which England loves to gaze when it plays the _rôle_ of
+Narcissus. And when Narcissus-England admires itself therein, that
+is, once a day the year round, it not only sees the healthy,
+beaming, determined visage of John Bull, but notes with approval
+his quiet expression of patience and caution, his willingness to
+wait. The "Times" kept M. de Blowitz waiting for some time before
+it found him as relatively indispensable as he really was, and
+always has been since; but finally the moment came when M. de Blowitz,
+seated before his desk, could feel himself more than the equal of
+his diplomatist _confrères_. Statesman he was not, nor ambassador; for
+these words imply limitations, a condition of responsibility to
+this or that state. But diplomatist he was, and in this entire
+class of men he was the most powerful of all; for he found himself
+in the position of critic, unattached, of the European movement, owing
+allegiance to no country, although sought out by the representatives
+of all. What position save that of the Pope afforded a more enviable
+outlook? The chances were undoubtedly all on the side of his playing
+the great _rôle_ which the happy coincidence of an unusually
+exciting time in Europe, and his own activity, tact and perception,
+combined to create for him. He has himself lately been telling us
+in an American magazine some of the episodes in which he played his
+part. I will not dilute the flavor of the original by any individual
+essence of my own. The reminiscences are accessible and are not to
+be imitated. But to the reader of them one fact above all others
+will be evident: M. de Blowitz was and is a diplomatist of the
+first order. Seek to explain the eternal hatred felt towards him by a
+Prince Bismarck on any other ground. The attempt is impossible.
+
+
+IDEALS OF A GREAT JOURNALIST.
+
+Whatever M. de Blowitz's loyalty to the "Times," he has been loyal
+above all to his own ideal. This ideal has always been to get at the
+most political truth possible as a condition of exerting an individual
+influence on European states in the interest of European peace. To me,
+individually, this ideal seems rather too generous. Everybody
+now-a-days wants to take a part in affairs, when only to look on is
+surely the one wise part to take. But generous M. de Blowitz is, and
+he is demonstrating now, in a series of "recollections," that his
+ideal can be carried out in a striking way. I do not deny for a moment
+that the point is proven. I doubt very much, however, if any other
+similar series of facts will ever be marshalled to the same end. But
+all the more reason for being belongs, just for this cause, to the
+"Blowitziana."
+
+[Illustration: THE _Lampottes_; THE COUNTRY HOUSE OF M. DE BLOWITZ.]
+
+The "Blowitziana"! This, however, is just what some of us feel more
+inspired, than at liberty, to give. I recall here, over this paper,
+too many things at once; and all the impressions, seeing M. de Blowitz
+as I do continually, fortunately lack perspective. But to note this
+and that about him seems in a way as much a duty as a pleasure, for I
+remember well that my original notion of this remarkable man was
+widely different from that which began to form in my mind once I knew
+him. I don't think that people who hear about him, people who read his
+name in the newspapers, the average citizen of the world who doesn't
+know him personally, have quite the right idea about him. During the
+last twenty years he has obtained a reputation for being the most
+persistent ferreter of news in existence; but in many minds there is
+distrust whenever, over his signature, some unexpected revelation
+comes to change the key in the European concert. Perhaps an
+unlooked-for document is published, interrupting the plans of
+European statesmen, bringing to nothing all their most elaborate
+scheming; and on the morrow, by some official source, comes a denial
+that any such document was ever dreamed of. It is obviously
+impracticable for M. de Blowitz to give his proofs, and this or that
+unthinking reader, used to a thousand irresponsible writers who care
+only for what is sensational, and who never verify their information,
+hurriedly relegates the disclosure of the "Times" correspondent to the
+same category. This is natural enough, of course. But let there be no
+mistake. The revelation was worthy of the name; of this you may be
+sure. M. de Blowitz has done all that he intended to do. He has nipped
+in the bud this or that diplomatic scheme; he has anticipated some
+subsequent further revelation; or it may be he has laid the net for
+some other and less wary diplomatist. The diplomatists themselves are
+not so incredulous. They listen to what M. de Blowitz is saying with a
+more respectful attention, and, thinking discretion the better part of
+valor, they usually end in bringing their mite to his universal
+diplomatic bureau. Upon his discretion they know they can count.
+
+Here is a fact in point. Breakfasting once in Paris with an amiable
+lady and a very distinguished diplomatist who was also a poet, the
+conversation fell on the subject of M. de Blowitz and Count Munster
+who had recently been the object of a long-resounding letter in the
+"Times." The diplomatist who sat opposite me spoke freely of the
+Munster episode, which was then entertaining the whole of Europe, save
+the person most concerned.
+
+"M. de Blowitz," said he, "is our only peer. But there should be honor
+even among thieves. He has 'cooked Count Munster's goose.'"
+
+"Yes," I replied, "but with fuel of Count Munster's own providing."
+
+"Quite so," he continued; "but of course we are paid to deny just such
+things as this. And I have heard of licensed jesters, but the world
+has come to a pretty pass if we are to be at the mercy of licensed
+truth-tellers. What will become, this side of the Orient, of our
+profession?"
+
+"I agree with you," interrupted our host; "but what does it matter so
+only diplomacy may be the bay-leaves of poets, and you may have time
+to take the world into your confidence in verse?"
+
+This estimate, implied in the ambassador's somewhat cynical words,
+has always been shared by all M. de Blowitz's _confrères_. It would
+be more than amusing, it would be curiously instructive, to
+corroborate this anecdote by comparison with the hundred others that
+tremble in the ink of my pen. But fortunately it is many years before
+"Blowitziana" will be written, while now there are Hawaii and
+Panama and the Papal ambassador to the United States to occupy our
+attention. Yet because of the existence of just this assurance in
+the foreign offices of all the European powers, it seems necessary to
+set the average reader on his guard against a natural error. What
+it all comes to is this--M. Jules Simon has said it--"Newspapers are
+better served than kings and peoples."
+
+Everybody has been recently talking of an extraordinary scheme of M.
+de Blowitz for the reformation of journalism. That article, crackling
+with anathema against the ignorance and irresponsibility of most
+modern journalism, and warm with generous and high notions of what
+constitutes the duty and privilege of the journalist, had about it a
+surprising flavor of detachment and idealism which recalled the famous
+Utopian schemes familiar in the pedantic idiom of scholars. It was a
+dream, a warning--a vision of a kind of journalistic "City of God."
+But the air of that city is, after all, the air of the world in which
+M. de Blowitz, the most surprisingly unprofessional of men, seems
+eternally to live.
+
+Not that he is always an idealist. He was not, for instance, when,
+jumping the wall at Versailles after a dinner to the Shah of Persia,
+he outwitted every journalist in the palace garden, and, as he says,
+"made five enemies in a single well-employed evening." No, even the
+most ubiquitous of American reporters would admit that he may be
+practical enough when need be. But after all, and above all, he is an
+idealist, marked by a distinguished imagination and an amiable and
+generous sympathy. No journalistic tag is on him. He is simply a
+gentleman with the widest interests and uncommon capacities who
+succeeded in convincing the "Times" (this, of itself, is surely by way
+of being a _vrai coup de maître_), and then every other intelligent
+observer, of his power and usefulness. He has his own philanthropic
+ends, for the propagation of which it pleases him to have so esteemed
+a medium as the "Times."
+
+
+IN HIS PARIS HOME.
+
+The people who come to see him--the deputies, the ministers, the
+ambassadors, the writers, the artists, the simple _gens du monde_--come
+more often not to his office, but to his warm and hospitable home.
+Here, in one of the streets that wind about the Star Arch at the head
+of the Champs Élysées, he receives all the world, rather as the
+charming gentleman than the historic journalist de Blowitz. The
+centre--I must add the admired centre--of a devoted family circle, he
+discourses at his dinner-table of the serious events of the day,
+volubly, picturesquely, and with conviction. Yet he is always ready to
+listen, and even to alter his opinions at a moment's notice, though
+that notice must be good. While he himself makes the coffee, the talk
+becomes less exacting and more general. Often he tells you of his
+pictures, and points out to you the panels set into the wall of the
+room, works of his friends, great canvases by M. Clairin or Mme. Sarah
+Bernhardt; and one, a sunny view of the Norman house on the cliff, by
+M. Duphot. After dinner in the private study, with its high walls
+covered with paintings and souvenirs and autograph photographs of the
+greatest names of France, you smoke in the arms of your easy-chair,
+the wood fire burning brightly in an ample chimney; while your host,
+propped by divan cushions, and with one leg curled under him, drops
+grandly into pleasant reminiscences. One has visions of Bagdad. After
+an hour like this, you wonder when M. de Blowitz works. But he has been
+working all the time. He has been thinking in one half of a very
+capacious brain and talking from another. The chances are that he will
+have planned a column article for the "Times" newspaper, left you for
+a half hour to rummage in his books while he dictates the article,
+telephoned for his carriage to await him at nine o'clock in the court
+below, and asked you to accompany him to the opera--all before he has
+finished his cigar. But then the cigar is a remarkably good one, and
+knows not, as is the case with ambassadorial nicotine, the protective
+customs of France.
+
+Life means to M. de Blowitz a mental activity and alertness that never
+sleep. Yet he is always amiable, tolerating everything except
+stupidity. He is a journalist by "natural selection." But that, in the
+Europe of his time, and given the accidents of his fortune, made him
+the diplomatist that he has been and is. He can keep a secret as well
+as tell one. I repeat, he disproves that masterly theory of Taine, who
+drove facts like wild horses into a corral in order, having lassoed
+them, to tame them to his own uses; for, like Taine himself, he has
+made his own _milieu_, created his own series of facts, far more truly
+even than he is himself the striking and delightful resultant of
+others that have gone before.
+
+
+
+
+ON THE TRACK OF THE REVIEWER.
+
+A TRUE STORY OF REVENGE, CONNECTED WITH THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF
+"JANE EYRE."
+
+BY DOCTOR WILLIAM WRIGHT.
+
+
+The Brontë novels were first read and admired in the Ballynaskeagh
+manse. This statement I am able to make with fulness of knowledge.
+"Jane Eyre" was read, cried over, laughed over, argued over,
+condemned, exalted, by the Reverend David McKee, his brilliant
+children and numerous pupils, before the author was known publicly in
+England, or a single review of the work had appeared.
+
+The Reverend W. J. McCracken, an old pupil of the Ballynaskeagh manse,
+writes me on this point:
+
+"You have no doubt heard Mr. McKee's[2] opinion as to the source of
+Charlotte's genius. When Charlotte Brontë published one of her books,
+there was always an early copy sent to the uncles and aunts in
+Ballynaskeagh. As they had little taste for such literature, the book
+was sent straight over to our dear old friend Mr. McKee. If it pleased
+him, the Brontës would be in raptures with their niece, and
+triumphantly say to their neighbors, 'Mr. McKee thinks her very
+_cliver_.'
+
+"I well remember Mr. McKee reading one of Charlotte's novels, and, in
+his own inimitable way, making the remark: 'She is just her Uncle
+Jamie over the world. Just Jamie's strong, powerful, direct way of
+putting a thing.'"
+
+Mrs. McKee, now living in New Zealand, writes me: "My husband had
+early copies of the novels from the Brontës, and he pronounced them to
+be Brontë in warp and woof, before 'Currer Bell' was publicly known to
+be Charlotte Brontë. He held that the stories not only showed the
+Brontë genius and style, but that the facts were largely reminiscences
+of the Brontë family. He recognized many of the characters as founded
+largely on old Hugh's yarns, polished into literature. When 'Jane
+Eyre' came into the hands of the uncles they were troubled as to its
+character, but they were very grateful to my husband for his good
+opinion of its ability. He pronounced it a remarkable and brilliant
+work, before any of the reviews appeared."
+
+In addition to the five hundred pounds that Smith, Elder & Co. paid
+Charlotte Brontë for the copyright of each of her novels, they sent
+half a dozen copies direct to herself. The book was published on
+October 16th, and ten days later Charlotte thus acknowledged receipt
+of the copies:
+
+  _October 26, 1847._
+
+  "MESSRS. SMITH, ELDER & CO.:
+
+  "_Gentlemen_: The six copies of 'Jane Eyre' reached me this
+  morning. You have given the work every advantage which good paper,
+  clear type and a seemly outside can supply; if it fails, the fault
+  will lie with the author--you are exempt. I now await the judgment
+  of the press and the public. I am, gentlemen,
+
+  "Yours respectfully,
+
+  "C. BELL."
+
+Charlotte Brontë's friends were not numerous, and she was most anxious
+that none of the few should find out that she was the author. In the
+distribution of even her six copies, she would most likely send one to
+her friends in Ireland. When the volumes arrived in Ireland, there
+was no room for doubt as to the authorship of "Jane Eyre." The Brontës
+had no other friend in England to send them books. They themselves
+neither wrote nor read romances. They lived them.
+
+It was well known to the family that the clever brother in England
+had very clever daughters. Patrick was a constant correspondent
+with the home circle, and a not infrequent visitor. Their habits
+of study, their wonderful compositions, their education in Brussels,
+were steps in the ascending gradation of the girls, minutely
+communicated by the vicar to his only relatives, and fairly well
+understood in Ballynaskeagh. Something was expected.
+
+That something caused blank disappointment. C(urrer) B(ell) was a thin
+disguise for C(harlotte) B(rontë), but it did not deceive the
+relatives. Why concealment if there was nothing discreditable to
+conceal? A very little reading convinced the uncles and aunts that
+concealment was necessary.
+
+The book was not good like Willison's "Balm of Gilead," or like
+Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress." It was neither history like Goldsmith,
+nor biography like Johnson, nor philosophy like Locke, nor theology
+like Edwards; but "a parcel of lies, the fruit of living among
+foreigners."
+
+The Irish Brontës had never before seen a book like "Jane Eyre"--three
+volumes of babble that would take a whole winter to read. They laid
+the work down in despair; but after a little, Hugh resolved to show it
+to Mr. McKee, the one man in the district whom he could trust.
+
+The reputation of his nieces in England was dearer to Hugh Brontë than
+his own.
+
+He tied up the three volumes in a red handkerchief, and called with
+them at the manse. Contrary to his usual custom, he asked if he could
+see Mr. McKee alone. The interview, of which my information comes from
+an eye-witness, took place in a large parlor, which contained a bed,
+and a central table on which Mr. McKee's tea was spread.
+
+Hugh Brontë began in a mysterious whisper to unfold his sad tale
+to Mr. McKee, as if his niece had been guilty of some serious
+indiscretion. Mr. McKee comforted him by suggesting that the book
+might not have been written by his niece at all. At this point
+Hugh Brontë was prevailed upon to draw up to the table to partake of
+the abundant tea that had been prepared for Mr. McKee, while the
+latter proceeded to examine the book. Brontë settled down in the
+most self-denying manner to dispose of the heap of bread and butter,
+and the pot of tea, while McKee went galloping over the pages of the
+first volume of "Jane Eyre," oblivious to all but the fascinating
+story.
+
+The afternoon wore on; Brontë sat at the table, watching the features
+of the reader as they changed from somber to gay, and from flinty
+fierceness to melting pathos.
+
+When the servant went in to remove the tea things and light the
+candles, both men were sitting silent in the gloaming. McKee, roused
+from his state of abstraction, observed Brontë sitting at the _débris_
+and empty plates.
+
+"Hughey," he said, breaking the silence, "the book bears the Brontë
+stamp on every sentence and idea, and it is the grandest novel that
+has been produced in my time;" and then he added: "The child 'Jane
+Eyre' is your father in petticoats, and Mrs. Reed is the wicked uncle
+by the Boyne."
+
+The cloud passed from Hugh Brontë's brow, and the apologetic tone from
+his voice. He started up as if he had received new life, wrung Mr.
+McKee's hand, and hurried away comforted, to comfort others. Mr. McKee
+had said the novel was "_gran_" and that was enough for the Irish
+Brontës.
+
+There was joy in the Brontë house when Hugh returned and reported to
+his brothers and sisters what Mr. McKee had said. They needed no
+further commendation, for they knew no higher court on such a matter.
+They had all been alarmed lest Charlotte had done something to be
+ashamed of; but on Mr. McKee's approval, pride and elation of spirit
+succeeded depression and sinking of heart.
+
+Mr. McKee's opinion did not long remain unconfirmed. Reviews from the
+English magazines were quoted in the Newry paper, probably by Mr.
+McKee, and found their way quickly into the uncles' and aunts' hands.
+
+The publication of the book created a profound impression generally.
+It was felt in literary circles that a strong nature had broken
+through conventional restraints, that a fresh voice had delivered a
+new message. Men and women paused in the perusal of the pretty, the
+artificial, the inane, to listen to the wild story that had come to
+them with the breeze of the moorland and the bloom of the heather. And
+so exquisite was the gift of thought blended with the art of artless
+expression, that only the facts appeared in the transparent
+narrative.
+
+"The Times" declared: "Freshness and originality, truth and passion,
+singular felicity in the description of natural scenery, and in the
+analyzation of human thought, enable this tale to stand boldly out
+from the mass."
+
+"The Edinburgh Review" said: "For many years there has been no work of
+such power, piquancy, and originality."
+
+"Blackwood's Magazine" spoke thus: "'Jane Eyre' is an episode in this
+work-a-day world; most interesting, and touched at once by a daring
+and delicate hand."
+
+In "Frazer's Magazine" Mr. G. H. Lewes said: "Reality--deep,
+significant reality--is the characteristic of the book. It is
+autobiography, not perhaps in the naked facts and circumstances, but
+in the actual suffering and experience."
+
+"Tait's Magazine," "The Examiner," the "Athenæum," and the "Literary
+Gazette," followed in the same strain; while the "Daily News" spoke
+with qualified praise, and only the "Spectator," according to
+Charlotte, was "flat."
+
+The club coteries paused, the literary log-rollers were nonplussed,
+and Thackeray sat reading instead of writing.
+
+The interest in the story was intensified, inasmuch as no one knew
+whence had come the voice that had stirred all hearts. Nor did the
+interest diminish when the mystery was dispelled. On the contrary, it
+was much increased when it became known that the author was a little,
+shy, bright-eyed Yorkshire maiden, of Irish origin, who could scarcely
+reach up to great Thackeray's arm, or reply unmoved to his simplest
+remark.
+
+The Irish Brontës read the reviews of their niece's book with intense
+delight. To them the pæans of praise were successive whiffs of pure
+incense. They had never doubted that they themselves were superior to
+their neighbors, and they felt quite sure that their niece Charlotte
+was superior to every other writer.
+
+But the Brontës were not content to enjoy silently their niece's
+triumph and fame. Their hearts were full, and overflowed from the
+lips. They had reached the period of decadence, and were often heard
+boasting of the illustrious Charlotte. Sometimes even they would read
+to uninterested and unappreciative listeners scraps of praise cut from
+the Newry papers, or supplied to them from English sources by Mr.
+McKee. The whole heaven of Brontë fame was bright and cloudless;
+suddenly the proverbial bolt fell from the blue.
+
+"The Quarterly"[3] onslaught on "Jane Eyre" appeared, and all the good
+things that had been said were forgotten. The news travelled fast, and
+reached Ballynaskeagh. The neighbors, who cared little for what "The
+Times," "Frazer," "Blackwood," and such periodicals said, had got hold
+of the "Quarterly" verdict in a very direct and simple form. The
+report went round the district like wild-fire that the "Quarterly
+Review" had said Charlotte Brontë, the vicar's daughter, was a bad
+woman, and an outcast from her kind. The neighbors of the Brontës had
+very vague ideas as to what "The Quarterly" might be, but I am afraid
+the one bad review gave them more piquant pleasure than all the good
+ones put together. In the changed atmosphere the uncles and aunts
+assumed their old unsocial and taciturn ways. When their acquaintances
+came, with simpering smiles, to sympathize with them, their gossip was
+cut short by the Brontës, who judged rightly that the sense of
+humiliation pressed lightly on their comforters.
+
+In their sore distress they went to Mr. McKee. He was able to show
+them the "Review" itself. The reviewer had been speculating on the sex
+of Currer Bell, and, for effect, assumed that the author was a man,
+but he added:
+
+  "Whoever it be, it is a person who, with great mental power,
+  combines a total ignorance of the habits of society, a great
+  coarseness of taste, a heathenish doctrine of religion. For if we
+  ascribe the work to a woman at all, we have no alternative but to
+  ascribe it to one who has, from some sufficient reason, long
+  forfeited the society of her sex."
+
+Mr. McKee's reading of the review and words of comment gave no comfort
+to the Brontës. I am afraid his indignation at the cowardly attack
+only served to fan the flames of their wrath. The sun of his sympathy,
+however, touched their hearts, and their pent-up passion flowed down
+like a torrent of lava.
+
+The uncles of Charlotte Brontë always expressed themselves, when
+roused, in language which combined simplicity of diction with depth of
+significance. Hugh was the spokesman. White with passion, the words
+hissing from his lips, he vowed to take vengeance on the traducer of
+his niece. The language of malediction rushed from him, hot and
+pestiferous, as if it had come from the bottomless pit, reeking with
+sulphur and brimstone.
+
+Mr. McKee did not attempt to stem the wrathful torrent. He hoped that
+the storm would exhaust itself by its own fury. But in the case of
+Hugh Brontë the anger was not a mere thing of the passing storm. The
+scoundrel who had spoken of his niece as if she were a strumpet must
+die. Hugh's oath was pledged, and he meant to perform it. The
+brothers recognized the work of vengeance as a family duty. Hugh had
+simply taken in hand its execution.
+
+He set about his preparation with the calm deliberation befitting such
+a tremendous enterprise. Like Thothmes the Great, his first concern
+was with regard to his arms. Irishmen at that time had one national
+weapon. What the blood mare is to the Bedawi, or his sling was to King
+David, that was the _shillelagh_ to Hugh Brontë as avenger. Irishmen
+have proved their superiority as marksmen, with long-range rifles;
+they have always had a reputation for expertness at "the long bow;"
+but the blackthorn cudgel has always been the beloved hereditary
+weapon.
+
+The shillelagh was not a mere stick picked up for a few pence, or cut
+casually out of the common hedge. Like the Arab mare, it grew to
+maturity under the fostering care of its owner.
+
+The shillelagh, like the poet, is born, not made. Like the poet, too,
+it is a choice plant, and its growth is slow. Among ten thousand
+blackthorn shoots, perhaps not more than one is destined to become
+famous, but one of the ten thousand appears of singular fitness. As
+soon as discovered, it is marked, and dedicated for future service.
+Everything that might hinder its development is removed, and any
+off-shoot of the main stem is skilfully cut off. With constant care it
+grows thick and strong, upon a bulbous root that can be shaped into a
+handle.
+
+Hugh had for many years been watching over the growth of a young
+blackthorn sapling. It had arrived at maturity about the time the
+diabolical article appeared in "The Quarterly." The supreme moment of
+his life came just when the weapon on which he depended was ready.
+
+Returning from the manse, his whole heart and soul set on avenging his
+niece, his first act was to dig up the blackthorn so carefully that he
+might have enough of the thick root to form a lethal club. Having
+pruned it roughly, he placed the butt end in warm ashes, night after
+night, to season. Then when it had become sapless and hard, he cut it
+to shape, then "put it to pickle," as the saying goes. After a
+sufficient time in the salt water, he took it out and rubbed it with
+chamois and train-oil for hours. Then he shot a magpie, drained its
+blood into a cup, and with it polished the blackthorn till it became a
+glossy black with a mahogany tint.
+
+The shillelagh was then a beautiful, tough, formidable weapon, and
+when tipped with an iron ferrule was quite ready for action. It became
+Hugh's trusty companion. No Sir Galahad ever cherished his shield or
+trusted his spear as Hugh Brontë cherished and loved his shillelagh.
+
+When the shillelagh was ready, other preparations were quickly
+completed. Hugh made his will by the aid of a local school-master,
+leaving all he possessed to his maligned niece, and then, decked out
+in a new suit of broadcloth, in which he felt stiff and awkward, he
+departed on his mission of vengeance.
+
+He set sail from Warrenpoint for Liverpool by a vessel called the "Sea
+Nymph," and walked from Liverpool to Haworth. His brother James had
+been over the route a short time previously, and from him he had
+received all necessary directions as to the way. He reached the
+vicarage on a Sunday, when all, except Martha the old servant, were at
+church. At first she looked upon him as a tramp, and refused to admit
+him into the house; but when he turned to go to the church,
+road-stained as he was, she saw that the honor of the house was
+involved, and agreed to let him remain till the family returned. Under
+the conditions of the truce he was able to satisfy Martha as to his
+identity, and then she rated him soundly for journeying on the Sabbath
+day.
+
+Hugh's reception at the vicarage was at first chilling, but soon the
+girls gathered round him and inquired about the Glen, the Knock Hill,
+Emdale Fort, and the Mourne Mountains, but especially with reference
+to the local ghosts and haunted houses.
+
+Hugh was greatly disappointed to find his niece so small and frail.
+His pride in the Brontë superiority had rested mainly on the thews and
+comeliness of the family, and he found it difficult to associate
+mental greatness with physical littleness. On his return home he
+spoke of the vicar's family to Mr. McKee as "a poor _frachther_" a
+term applied to a brood of young chickens. From his brother Jamie,
+Hugh had heard that Branwell had something of the _spunk_ he had
+expected from the family on English soil; but he was too small,
+fantastic, and a chatterer, and could not drink more than two glasses
+of whiskey at the Black Bull without making a fool of himself. In
+fact, Jamie, during a visit, had to carry Branwell home, more than
+once, from that refuge of the thirsty, and as he had to lie in the
+same bed with his nephew he found him a most exasperating bed-fellow.
+He would toss about and rave and spout poetry in such a way as to make
+sleep impossible.
+
+The declaration of Hugh's mission of revenge was received by Charlotte
+with incredulous astonishment, but gentle Anne sympathized with him,
+and wished him success; but for her, Hugh would have returned straight
+home from Haworth in disgust.
+
+Patrick, as befitted a clergyman, condemned the undertaking, and did
+what he could to amuse Hughy. Careful that Hugh's entertainments
+should be to his taste, he took him to see a prize fight. His object
+was to show him "a battle that would take the conceit out of him." It
+had the contrary effect. Hugh thought that the combatants were too fat
+and lazy to fight, and he always asserted that he could have "licked
+them both."
+
+The vicar also took him to Sir John Armitage's, where he saw a
+collection of arms, some of which were exceedingly unwieldy. Hugh was
+greatly impressed with the heaviness of the armor, and especially with
+Robin Hood's helmet, which he was allowed to place on his head. Hugh
+admitted that he could not have worn the helmet or wielded the sword,
+but he maintained at the same time that he "could have eaten half a
+dozen of the men he saw in England"--in fact, taken them like a dish
+of whitebait.
+
+When Hugh Brontë had exhausted the wonders of Yorkshire, to which the
+vicar looked for moral effect, he started on his mission to London. A
+full and complete account of his search for the reviewer would be most
+interesting, though somewhat ludicrous, but the reader must be content
+with the scrappy information at my disposal.
+
+Through an introduction from a friend of Branwell's he found cheap
+lodgings with a working family from Haworth. As soon as Hugh had got
+fairly settled, he went direct to John Murray's publishing house and
+asked to see the reviewer. He declared himself an uncle of Currer
+Bell, and said he wished to give the reviewer some specific
+information.
+
+He had a short interview at Murray's with a man who said he was the
+editor of "The Quarterly," and who may have been Lockhart, but Hugh
+told him that he could only communicate to the reviewer his secret
+message.
+
+He continued to visit Murray's under a promise of seeing the reviewer,
+but he always saw the same man who at first had said that he was
+editor, but afterwards assured him he was the reviewer, and pressed
+him greatly to say who Currer Bell was.
+
+Hugh declined to make any statement except into the ear of the
+reviewer; but as the truculent character of the avenger was probably
+very apparent, his direct and bold move did not succeed, and at last
+they ceased to admit him at Murray's.
+
+Having failed there, he went to the publishers of "Jane Eyre," and
+told them plainly he was the author's uncle, and that he had come to
+London to chastise the "Quarterly Review" critic. They treated him
+civilly without furthering his quest, but he got from them, I believe,
+an introduction to the reading-room of the British Museum, and to some
+other reading-rooms.
+
+In the reading-room he was greatly disgusted to find how little
+interest was taken in the matter that absorbed his whole attention. He
+met, however, one kind old gentleman in the British Museum who
+thoroughly sympathized with him, and took him home with him several
+times. On one occasion he invited a number of people to meet him at
+dinner. The house had signs of wealth such as he had never before
+seen or dreamt of. Everybody was kind to him. After dinner he was
+called on for a speech, and when he sat down they cheered him and
+drank his health.
+
+They all examined his shillelagh, and, before parting, promised to do
+their best to aid him in discovering the reviewer; but his friend
+afterwards told him, at the Museum, that all had failed, and
+considered Hugh's undertaking hopeless.
+
+He tried other plans of getting on the reviewer's track. He would step
+into a book-shop, and buy a sheet of paper on which to write home, or
+some other trifling object. While paying for his small purchase he
+would lift "The Quarterly Review," and casually ask the book-seller
+who wrote the attack on "Jane Eyre."
+
+He always found the book-sellers communicative, if not well informed.
+Many told him that "Jane Eyre" was a well-known mistress of
+Thackeray's. None of them seemed able to bear the thought of appearing
+ignorant of anything. It was quite well known, others assured him,
+that Thackeray had written the review--"in fact, he admitted that he
+was the author of the review." Some declared that Mr. George Henry
+Lewes was the author, others said it was Harriet Martineau, and some
+ventured to say that Bulwer Lytton or Dickens was the critic. These
+names were given with confidence, and with details of circumstances
+which seemed to create a probability; but his friend, whom he met
+daily at the Museum, assured him that they were only wild and absurd
+guesses. Thus ended one of the strangest adventures within the whole
+range of literary adventure.
+
+Hugh Brontë failed to find the reviewer of his niece's novel, but
+explored London thoroughly. He saw the queen, but was better pleased
+to see her horses and talk with her grooms.
+
+He saw reviews of troops, and public demonstrations, and cattle shows,
+and the Houses of Parliament, and ships of many nations that lay near
+his lodging; and he visited the Crystal Palace and the Tower, and
+other objects of interest; and when his patience was exhausted and
+his money spent, he returned to Haworth on his homeward journey.
+
+[Illustration: CHARLOTTE BRONTË.]
+
+His stay at the vicarage was brief. During his absence, consumption
+had been rapidly sapping the life of the youngest girl, yet the gentle
+Anne received him with the warmest welcome, and talked of accompanying
+him to Ireland, which she spoke of as "home." At parting she threw her
+long, slender arms round his neck, and called him her noble uncle.
+Charlotte took him for a walk on the moor, asked a thousand questions,
+told him about Emily and Branwell, and, slipping a few sovereigns into
+his hand, advised him to hasten home. On the following day he parted
+forever from the family that he would have given his life to
+befriend.
+
+No welcome awaited him at home, because he had failed in his mission.
+He gave to Mr. McKee a detailed account of his adventures in England,
+but I do not think anyone else ever heard from him a single word
+regarding the sad home at Haworth. But as long as he lived he
+regretted his helplessness to avenge the slight put upon his niece,
+and seemed to look on the miscarriage of his plans as the great
+failure of his life.
+
+Since the foregoing article was put in type Doctor Wright has written
+to the editor of this magazine announcing that he has discovered the
+author of the "Quarterly" review. He says:
+
+  "Assuming the editor's responsibility for the incriminated
+  interpolations, who wrote the article itself? Secrets have a bad
+  time of it in our day, and the authorship of the article is no
+  longer a secret. As has been generally suspected, the writer was a
+  woman, and that woman was Miss Rigby, the daughter of a Norwich
+  doctor, and was better known as Lady Eastlake.
+
+  "The well-kept secret has been brought to light by Doctor
+  Robertson Nicoll in the 'Bookman' of September, 1892. Doctor
+  Nicoll found the key to the mystery in a letter written on March
+  31, 1849, by Sara Coleridge to Edward Quillman, and published in
+  the 'Memoirs and Letters of Sara Coleridge.' The following is the
+  passage referred to:
+
+  "'Miss Rigby's article on "Vanity Fair" was brilliant, as all her
+  productions are. But I could not agree to the concluding remark
+  about governesses. How could it benefit that uneasy class to
+  reduce the number of their employers, which, if high salaries were
+  considered in all cases indispensable, must necessarily be the
+  result of such a state of opinion?'
+
+  "The 'Quarterly' article on 'Vanity Fair' dealt also with 'Jane
+  Eyre,' and with the 'Report of the Governesses' Benevolent
+  Institution for 1847,' and it is without doubt the article
+  referred to by Sara Coleridge.
+
+  "On this matter Sara Coleridge was not likely to be under any
+  mistake. Miss Rigby was her intimate friend, and not likely to
+  conceal from her so important a literary event as the production
+  of a 'Quarterly' review.
+
+  "I am also informed that Mr. George Smith, the publisher of 'Jane
+  Eyre,' declares without hesitation or doubt that he had always
+  known that Lady Eastlake was the author of the 'Quarterly'
+  article, and that he had declined to meet her at dinner on account
+  of it.
+
+  "The fact that the brilliant Miss Rigby was the writer of the
+  review greatly strengthens my interpolation theory. To me it seems
+  beyond the range of things probable, that the pharisaic part of
+  the article could have come from the same source as 'Livonian
+  Tales' and the 'Letters from the Shores of the Baltic.'
+
+  "The article is therefore of a composite character. It was written
+  by Miss Rigby the year before her marriage with Sir Charles Lock
+  Eastlake, and heavily edited during the reign of Lockhart. I know
+  it will be said that the genial Lockhart would not have added the
+  objectionable fustian to the superior material supplied by Miss
+  Rigby; but I must repeat that it was his duty, as a mere matter of
+  business, and a purely editorial affair, to maintain the
+  traditional tone of the 'Review.'"
+
+  [2] The Reverend David McKee of Ballynaskeagh, a very successful
+      school teacher, who prepared hundreds of boys for college. Among
+      them was Captain Mayne Reid, who afterwards dedicated his book,
+      "The White Chief," to Mr. McKee. Ballynaskeagh, was the centre
+      of mental activity for the country round about. Its master was
+      the friend and neighbor of the Irish Brontës. He himself wrote
+      several books, one of which led to the beginning of a temperance
+      movement in Ireland. The writer of this article was his pupil at
+      the time of the publication of "Jane Eyre," and tells whereof he
+      knows personally, as well as some things of which he was
+      informed by Mr. McKee.
+
+  [3] The December number of the "Quarterly Review" of 1848 is perhaps
+      the most famous of the entire series. Its fame rests on a
+      mystery which has baffled literary curiosity for close on half a
+      century. "Who wrote the review of 'Jane Eyre'?" is a question
+      that has been asked by every contributor to English literature
+      since the critique appeared. But thus far the question has been
+      asked in vain.
+
+      The descendant and namesake of the eminent projector and
+      proprietor of "The Quarterly" does not feel at liberty to solve
+      the mystery by revealing the writer. I admire the loyalty of
+      John Murray to a servant whose work has attained an evil
+      pre-eminence. It is interesting to know, in these prying and
+      babbling times, that in the house of Murray the secret of even a
+      supposed ruffian is safe to the third generation.
+
+
+
+
+ANNOUNCEMENT.
+
+ROMANTIC STORIES FROM THE FAMILY HISTORY OF THE BRONTËS.
+
+
+The August and succeeding issues of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE will contain a
+series of papers giving the dramatic and hitherto unknown history of
+the Brontës in Ireland. They will throw a vivid light upon the origin
+of the Brontë novels, and upon the ancestors of the Brontës. As Doctor
+Wright says:
+
+  "Hugh Brontë, the father of Patrick, and grandfather of the famous
+  novelists, first makes his appearance as if he had stepped out of
+  a Brontë novel. His early experiences qualified him to take a
+  permanent place beside the child 'Jane Eyre' at Mrs. Reed's. The
+  treatment that embittered his childhood is never referred to by
+  the grand-daughters in their correspondence, but it is quite
+  evident that the knowledge of his hardships dominated their minds,
+  and gave a bent to their imaginations, when depicting the misery
+  of young lives dependent on charity."
+
+All the existing biographies of the Brontë sisters are confined to the
+Brontës in England. There were but two people competent to give the
+story of the Brontë ancestors: one, Captain Mayne Reid; and the other,
+Doctor William Wright, who has spent many years preparing this
+history.
+
+Doctor Wright had exceptional advantages for his labor of love. In his
+childhood his nurse told him the traditions of the Brontës; his tutor
+was full of recollections of the father, uncles, and grandfather of
+the novelists. As a student he wrote screeds of the Brontë novels in
+place of essays, having first been told the incidents and events by
+his tutor. His recollections, extending back to the early part of this
+century, have been strengthened by years of patient investigation.
+During different years Doctor Wright has spent several months at a
+time in Ireland, following up obscure traces of the family, hunting
+down traditions connected with the Brontës, or carefully verifying
+minute points derived from his own recollections or the reports of
+others. The result of these painstaking researches, which have
+extended over a lifetime, is an authentic narrative of great human
+interest.
+
+The unadorned history of the family reads like a Brontë novel. The
+adventures, the hairbreadth escapes, the struggles, the kidnapping,
+the abuse, which figure in these chapters are stranger than fiction.
+The courtship, elopement, and marriage of Hugh Brontë with Alice
+McGlory form one of the most extraordinary narratives of love and
+adventure that has ever been penned.
+
+The half-humorous, half-pathetic, but always intensely interesting,
+descriptions of the ancestors of the Brontë sisters, their peculiarities,
+the superstition with which some of them were regarded as masters of the
+black art, the respect that they commanded as fighters and singers and
+workmen, the side-lights thrown upon the early and bitter contest over
+tenant rights, the exposition of strange religious beliefs--all of this,
+and more that cannot here even be hinted at, serve to present a curious
+and vivid picture of everyday life in a corner of Ireland one hundred
+years ago.
+
+These articles bring out the hereditary and surrounding influences
+which helped to shape the genius of Charlotte Brontë. Aside from the
+value which they have because they furnish a remarkable commentary on
+the work of the great novelist, they are pages of real life of
+fascination and remarkable interest.
+
+The first article will give a glimpse of the early Brontës and the
+singular weird story of that dark foundling who brought ruin to his
+benefactors, and whose machinations resulted in the absolute
+separation of Hugh Brontë, the grandfather of the novelists, from his
+parents--a separation so complete that he was never able to learn in
+what part of Ireland his father's family lived. Hugh Brontë was
+kidnapped when he was six years old. The strange narrative of his
+abduction will be given in the August number of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+
+
+
+A STRANGE STORY: THE LOST YEARS
+
+LIZZIE HYER NEFF.
+
+
+I.
+
+Whether or not to relate the history that I now commence has been to
+me a seriously debated question.
+
+But after due reflection I decide that, being the only witness to the
+events that have lately been so startling to at least one community,
+it is my duty to state as clearly and exactly as possible, while yet
+fresh in my memory, the occurrences that came under my observation. I
+am satisfied in so doing that the contingencies which might arise from
+my silence would be much more serious in their effect upon my friends
+than their aversion to the publicity to which they may be subjected;
+but, of course, when completed, my statement will be subject to their
+wish in its disposal.
+
+Regarding myself, it is only necessary to state that last winter--I
+think it was the last week of January--my health became so alarming as
+to induce me to accept my son's urgent invitation to visit him in a
+far Western territory, hoping that the brighter sky and milder air
+would more than compensate for the long and lonely journey to one who
+is neither young nor adventurous.
+
+And the effect of the change was almost magical. My son is a civil and
+mining engineer, and, being unmarried, boards at the largest of the
+three hotels in the busy mining town upon the Southern Pacific road,
+which I shall call Brownville.
+
+I reached the place on the afternoon of a bright, balmy day--a May day
+it seemed to me--but being an unaccustomed traveller, the motion of
+the cars and the strangeness of the transition gave everything such a
+dreamlike unreality that I cannot recall the impressions of the first
+few days with as much distinctness as later ones. I was continually
+expecting my son to vanish, and myself to wake up in my room at home.
+This soon wore off, however. I think it was on the second day after my
+arrival, as we were starting down stairs to dinner, my son suddenly
+drew me back into my room as if to avoid some one who was passing.
+
+"I was afraid you might be startled," he exclaimed. "I was at first,
+and I am neither sick nor a lady. Mother, there is a young man here
+who will seem like one risen from the dead to you at first sight. He
+looks enough like Chester Mansfield to be his twin brother. I think I
+never saw so striking a resemblance before, but after you are
+acquainted with him the impression will wear away, because he is so
+different in every other way." Then we went down stairs, and meeting
+the young man at the dining-room door, my son introduced him as "Mr.
+Reynolds;" and thus began my acquaintance with him. Of course, after
+my son's cautionary remark, I noticed him closely, but I should have
+done so anyhow, I am sure, for the resemblance to the dead was so
+strong as to give me a very strange feeling, for Chester Mansfield had
+been only less dear to me than my own son. But as Howard had said, the
+resemblance seemed to wear away somewhat as I talked with him, and I
+began to wonder that I had felt it so much. This young man was older,
+stouter--and many shades darker in complexion than my friend. His
+manner, speech, and style of dress were wholly unlike those of the
+dead Chester, although his voice, while deeper, was very similar. He
+was attached to the hotel in some capacity, and went out with us to
+dinner after a moment's talk, and I found him to be a pleasant talker,
+with a ready fund of the slang which seems to be the evolving language
+of the Far West, and a very witty use of it; but he did not seem to be
+well informed on any subject that I could mention, a strong contrast
+to the scholarship of the dead man whose face he bore.
+
+Yet he had an unmistakable air of good breeding, and even of
+intelligence, although it was impossible to draw him into a connected
+conversation. He seemed to be very popular in the house.
+
+Howard was closely engaged in his work, which sometimes kept him away
+for a week at a time, and I had neither the strength nor courage to
+go very far from the house alone, through that odd, rushing,
+foreign-looking town, so I had much time to myself. I was the only
+woman at the house except the proprietor's wife and one Irish
+chambermaid. This, perhaps, would account for my interest in the
+young man, for I must confess that he occupied my thoughts a good
+deal during those first weeks. One Sabbath afternoon I saw him going
+away with a party of friends--stylishly dressed, hard-looking men,
+and I turned and spoke to Howard of the idea that I had formed of
+him.
+
+"I have thought of the same thing myself, mother," he replied. "That
+fellow is of Eastern origin, and he is well brought up, in spite of
+his efforts to conceal it. And you can't get a word out of him about
+his past. I've tried a dozen times. I'm positive that he puts on
+ignorance a good many times, just as a blind. There's a good deal of
+that here--men who have forgotten all about the East, you understand,
+and who have new names, and who don't write home by every mail. Now,
+weren't there other Mansfield boys besides Chester? His mother was a
+second wife, wasn't she, and there was another family who lived with
+their grandmother?"
+
+"Why, certainly there was!" I exclaimed, catching at the idea. "Three
+boys, and two of them went out to Denver, or somewhere in that region.
+Now I have it--that's just who he is. I wonder what crime he has
+committed--robbery, or perhaps murder--who knows?"
+
+"Oh, no! Take care, not quite so fast, mother. But I have a little
+clue that nobody else has had the interest to notice. It is more than
+mere coincidence. Of course Doctor Mansfield's sons would be brought
+up in the deepest piety, and when this fellow gets drunk--you'll hear
+him some night--he's terribly pious; prays and sings half the night to
+himself--old church hymns that were never heard in this place. And the
+thing that I notice is this: he prays like one who was brought up to
+it; not like some reprobate who has been scared into piety. I've heard
+them a few times, too, and I know the difference.
+
+"Now, that means a little, and when you put it with the company he
+keeps, especially Crouch, his chum, that black-looking fellow who was
+shooting at the target out there this morning, don't you see it grows
+quite interesting?"
+
+"I should think it does. Why, it is perfectly certain that he is a
+desperate sort of person. I wonder what he has done? It couldn't be
+the Cleveland fur robbery, I suppose," I said.
+
+Howard got up and shook himself and then laughed uproariously.
+
+"No, but he might be the Rahway murderer. You'd better lock the door
+fast and tight at night." (This was a stab at my well-known
+cowardice.)
+
+"And, little mother, if you think you have got hold of a delightful,
+bloody mystery, for the love of heaven keep still about it. A little
+talk will set a cyclone going if you're not particular."
+
+I resented this caution as quite unnecessary, but Howard laughed and
+shook his finger at me. I think he is at the age when a young man
+feels his physical and political superiority over his mother very
+fully. After he had gone out I sat thinking over his new idea. I had a
+faint suspicion that Howard was amusing himself at my interest in the
+matter, and was starting me in pursuit of something that he knew
+perfectly well beforehand; yet every word that he had said was
+fastened in my memory, and many little unnoticed things now came up to
+strengthen my suspicions.
+
+In Crouch, the evil-looking fellow, I had no interest, for he was not
+mysterious. He was a rascal at the first glance, and could not be
+anything else. And he was the sort of rascal that one is content not
+to investigate, but observe at the greatest possible distance.
+
+What, then, was young Reynolds' interest in him? I intended to write
+home the next day to ask about the Mansfield brothers, but Howard
+carried me off to the mines to camp for a few days, and my thoughts
+were turned in a new direction.
+
+The day after my return I went out for a walk through the town. I
+crossed the plaza and started down one of the diverging streets, when
+I suddenly found myself in a most unsavory neighborhood, and suspected
+that I must have crossed the "dead line," beyond which I had been told
+no white woman ever ventured. I turned to beat a hasty retreat, when I
+heard my name, and looking up saw Charlie Reynolds, apparently very
+drunk, issuing from the door of a dance saloon. One or two of his
+friends were smoking in the doorway. "Good evening, Mish Spencer," he
+said, with an aggravated bow. "Thish bad place for lady. See you home,
+Mish Spencer?"
+
+"No," I said, "you can't see me home, but I will see you home. You
+walk on before me, and I will follow."
+
+To my surprise he obeyed, and across the plaza and down the street of
+_adobe_ houses I steered my drunken companion, until I saw him safe
+within the doors of the Eldorado House, where I was assured that he
+would be put to bed.
+
+That night my son was detained at the mines, and I sat at my window
+alone in the marvellous moonlight so clear, so brilliant in that
+rarefied atmosphere, that I could see the round blue lines of the
+mountains in Mexico, sixty miles away. Sounds from different parts of
+the town came up with startling distinctness. I could distinguish
+every word of sentences spoken two squares away, and the barking of
+coyotes out in the mesquit brush that surrounded the town seemed to
+come from under my window. I seemed to be far from the rest of the
+earth, on some desolate peak that stood in vast solitude, for the
+stars were so large and bright, and the great glowing moon seemed to
+hang just overhead.
+
+There were no trees on the great blue mountains, no grass in the stony
+valleys, and I realized in their absence how much we owe to the
+mission of the green and growing. There was no sense of companionship
+in the babel of sounds and languages that came up from the wicked
+little town. I am afraid that a few homesick tears came to my eyes.
+
+Suddenly one of the grand old hymns of my church struck the intense
+air. A clear, strong, manly voice. How familiar it sounded, ringing
+out alone! I sat spellbound, for it was, as my son had said, not the
+effort of a tyro, but the cultivated voice of a cultivated man. Coming
+just at this moment in the grandly solemn night, its effect upon me
+was indescribable, and a new thought flashed into my mind, which I am
+ashamed to confess was not there before. Why cannot this young man,
+whatever he may have done, be saved through this early training? I
+could not sleep for this thought, and waited impatiently for the
+morning, resolved to undertake some missionary work in behalf of
+Charlie Reynolds.
+
+
+II.
+
+The Chester Mansfield to whom I have referred was the young minister
+of my church, and also the son of my dearest friend. Mrs. Mansfield
+had been my playmate and schoolmate in childhood, my confidante in
+girlhood, and when we were matrons and neighbors our early affection
+had settled into the deep, enduring friendship of later life. She had
+married our minister and was an exemplary wife and mother. Our
+children were schoolmates also, and her only son Chester was a boy of
+unusual promise. He distinguished himself in school and college, and,
+finishing his course just before his father's death, was unanimously
+called to fill the vacant pulpit. Here his eloquence and spirituality
+fully justified the promise of his youth, and he became almost the
+idol of his congregation. He married a lovely girl, and life seemed to
+hold for him the highest blessings that man can dream of.
+
+The sorrow, then, of his sudden and peculiarly sad death cannot be
+described. Not only his family and church, but the whole town, mourned
+as if for a brother, and the church could not hold the concourse that
+followed his body to the grave.
+
+The mothers and sisters and the frail young wife were almost crushed
+by the blow, and even after the lapse of nearly five years it was
+fresh enough in my heart to make Charlie Reynolds' face bring back
+those days of mourning with sad reality. I formed then the hope,
+foolish, perhaps, that if this young man should be found to be a
+relative of the dead man and reclaimed, he might in some measure
+atone to those bereaved ones for their loss. With this idea, I
+improved every opportunity to cultivate Charlie Reynolds' acquaintance
+and win his good opinion, although I was much embarrassed by the
+laughing eyes that Howard never failed to turn upon me in my
+efforts at conversation.
+
+They were efforts, indeed; for if I had come from a foreign land, and
+spoken an unknown language, I could hardly have had more difficulty in
+finding a topic of common interest or in making myself intelligible,
+for old-fashioned English seemed to be less understood than any others
+of the numerous tongues I heard.
+
+I could hear from my window, Mexicans, Chinamen, Indians, Frenchmen,
+and Spaniards chatting in the plaza, until I could almost guess what
+they said, but the vernacular of the American miner and rancher is
+beyond comprehension.
+
+There are about four topics discussed at the Eldorado tables, chief of
+all, the mines, and to this day I cannot talk coherently about drifts
+and leads and dumps, and the like.
+
+Then there were the games, the most absorbing of all, who had lost and
+won, and as I don't know one card nor one game from another, I am not
+interested in that subject. There was, it seemed to me, a fresh murder
+or robbery or Indian fight to discuss every morning at breakfast; and
+the ranch talk, in which my most intelligent questions always provoked
+a shout of laughter. When I quoted Talmage one morning, a young man
+looked at me pityingly, and said, "Oh, he's dead a year ago! He had
+one of the finest saloons in Las Vegas; he was a smart man, poor
+fellow!" My attempts to interest my table companions in a description
+of the Chautauqua and its purpose, and the mission of the W. C. T. U.,
+and their painful efforts to be politely interested, almost sent my
+son into convulsions in consequence of laughing into his coffee-cup;
+and the intense earnestness with which the man they called Bunco Brown
+asked, "And didn't they sell no booze there?" and then, "Well, then,
+how in thunder do they get it if they're too pious to steal?" might
+have seemed amusing to one who was not struck by the horror of the
+fact that the man could not conceive of life for any person without
+drink.
+
+So, owing to the missionary's usual difficulty in making himself
+understood, I had to wait to learn a means of communication with my
+subject. I even ventured to the door of the billiard room and tried to
+manifest an interest in the science of the game, but here, also, I
+was too hopelessly old-fashioned to be able to comprehend the beauty
+of the angles, and beat an ignominious retreat. I heard Charlie remark
+as I went up-stairs: "Game, for such a pious old lady, isn't she?" I
+took it as a compliment.
+
+But my opportunity finally came through the humble instrumentality of
+an onion. It was about the size of a dinner-plate, and lay on the
+newel-post as I came down stairs one morning. Charlie was standing in
+the front door, with his back to me, peeling an orange. He turned
+around at my exclamation of surprise and asked, "Why, don't they grow
+like that where you live?"
+
+"In New England? Oh dear, no!" I cried; and then he asked me a number
+of questions, and seemed very much interested in my account of
+vegetables and fruit and trees and flowers in the East. I was
+delighted to tell him, although I had a lurking suspicion that such a
+remarkable ignorance of that country was feigned. And yet his eyes, so
+wonderfully like Chester Mansfield's, except in expression, had a
+certain vacant honesty--for which, I presume, an accustomed
+story-teller could find a better expression--that I was obliged to
+believe genuine. As soon as he found that I was curious about the
+flora and fauna of the locality, he took great pains in bringing me
+specimens, and on two occasions took me out for a walk to see
+something that could not be brought. In this closer acquaintance I
+found so much that was kind and pleasant, and so many peculiar little
+resemblances to my dead friend--a backward toss of the head when he
+laughed, a frown when listening, an odd little gesture with the left
+hand in explaining anything--that he puzzled me more and more. Among
+the few books that I could find to read in the town was the "Woman in
+White," which I read with compunction, not having been addicted to
+works of fiction, and the curious resemblance between the two women
+made a deep impression upon me, and seemed to have a strange
+significance just at this time. Although I had as yet not succeeded in
+drawing any confidence from Charlie--who, indeed, seldom spoke of
+himself, and never related any past experience--a very suspicious
+trait I thought, I felt sure that time would unravel the dark mystery
+that enveloped him.
+
+Just as I was feeling that I had now Charlie's friendship, the man
+Crouch seemed to become jealous of my influence, and became so
+attentive to him that my acquaintance with him was virtually suspended
+for a time. One day, a bright, hot day in March, a Mexican wagon train
+arrived in town, laden with beans, hides, and "Chili Colorade," and a
+crowd of rancheros from another direction swarmed into the plaza. The
+town was full of excitement and whiskey; the tinkle of the dance
+saloons came up from all quarters; the rancheros, with their red
+shirts and broad hats, galloped their tough mustangs madly through the
+streets, firing at random, and lassoing the unlucky curs and pigs that
+happened to be in the way. While there were street brawls at every
+corner, I hardly dared to leave my room, and I could not venture to
+sit by my window. It was a great relief that Howard came in very
+early. All through the evening I listened to the confused sounds that
+came up through the resonant air, and could distinguish the soft voice
+of the pretty Mexican girl in the saloon opposite my window,
+accompanied by her castanet. It was another of those still, white
+nights, when the town seemed to hang in mid-air. I felt the
+premonition of impending disaster so common to nervous women, and made
+Howard sit in my room as long as I could think of a pretext for
+keeping him. When I was alone, I lay wakeful through the noisy hours,
+waiting for daylight. At perhaps three o'clock, or a little later, I
+fell into a semi-conscious doze, from which I was aroused by the
+footsteps and low voices of men in the hall. The slowness of the
+steps, and the hushed tone in which they spoke, gave me a thrill of
+terror. Something had happened. Yes, they were talking about it, and
+carrying something--some one--by. "Right this way, lay him on the
+bed." "What, doctor?" "Pretty near dead." "Small chance," and so on.
+Then with strained nerves I listened for the doctor, heard him come,
+heard his quick directions, heard the running to and fro to get what
+he required, and then arose and dressed myself with trembling hands,
+unable to bear the tension any longer, and thinking that I might be of
+assistance. I went to Howard's door, aroused him, and sent him to
+learn what was the matter. He went a little reluctantly, but returned
+wide awake.
+
+"Why, it's Charlie Reynolds, poor fellow! I guess he's about
+killed--some row, I suppose; didn't wait to find out. The doctor is
+attending to him now."
+
+A little later, in the gray, solemn dawn, the doctor came out of the
+room in which Charlie had been laid, and I went to learn the worst. I
+knew now that I had grown very fond of the young man, and I could see
+that Howard liked him, too.
+
+
+III.
+
+The doctor looked at me curiously. "He is pretty badly hurt, but I
+think he will pull through. I don't suppose it makes any particular
+difference to him or anybody else, whether he does or not!" he said,
+brushing his hat with his coat-sleeve.
+
+"Why not?" I demanded.
+
+"Why, because he will only pull through this to get killed in some
+other scrape, and before he can get into anything else he will have to
+answer for this one. You know how he was hurt?"
+
+"No, I don't know anything about it."
+
+"He robbed a fellow in the night, and the man chased him and shot him,
+and finding that he still ran, knocked him down with the butt end of
+his pistol, threw it at him; that is the worst hurt he had. And he is
+an old customer, for this blow opened an old place; it isn't the first
+time he has been caught. I've just trepanned it--quite a serious
+operation under the circumstances."
+
+"And the pistol wounds?"
+
+"Nothing but scratches; they won't hurt."
+
+"Well, he is a human creature, with an immortal soul, and I shall take
+care of him, anyhow. There is nobody else to do it, so I intend to," I
+said as calmly as I could, after all this terrible information, which
+had shaken me none the less for the doctor's indifferent tone and
+manner.
+
+"Very well, ma'am, I wish you success. There's nothing to do now but
+keep him quiet until I come back after breakfast."
+
+I walked in alone and looked at the still, white face under the
+bandages. He was evidently under the influence of a heavy opiate, for
+there was no sign of life, except the faint breathing.
+
+I could not help feeling a great pity for the young man, so friendless
+and so indifferently regarded, and with such a future to look forward
+to in his recovery. No clue could be found to his past or his family,
+if he had any.
+
+I took it as more than mere accident that he had fallen thus helpless
+and suffering into my hands, and resolved to use to the utmost my
+skill and influence for the best.
+
+He lay for a good many days--I cannot tell just how many--in a
+comatose condition, and I did not for a moment relax my watch, except
+to take a little rest now and then. At length there began to be signs
+of returning consciousness. The dull eyes would open and gaze vacantly
+around the room.
+
+He could utter a few incoherent words, and the hands groped in a
+troubled way among the bed-clothes. And day by day, as the bronze tint
+of the skin disappeared, and the features grew clearer and thinner,
+that marvellous likeness grew stronger, until, looking at him, I
+rubbed my eyes sometimes, and believed myself the victim of an
+hallucination.
+
+One morning, at length, he opened his eyes, and looked at me with a
+new intelligence, an attentiveness that I had never seen in him
+before.
+
+As he lay there with bright open eyes the likeness was simply
+intolerable, as I thought of the career that he represented. I busied
+myself in bringing the basin of water and sponge to bathe his face and
+hands. He was evidently trying to recall the circumstances of his
+injury and account for his presence there, for he looked in turn at me
+and the room, and then at the bed in which he lay.
+
+"Mrs. Spencer, I cannot think how you come to be here. Was I much
+hurt?"
+
+"Yes, you were pretty badly hurt, but you will soon be all right now
+if you keep quiet. Don't move your head. I will wash your hands now."
+
+He closed his eyes as if weary with even the effort he had made, and
+soon fell asleep, as naturally as a child.
+
+Later in the day he awoke and seemed strange. He looked at me with the
+same puzzled expression. I was heating some drink for him over a
+spirit lamp when he spoke in a strangely familiar voice, although very
+weak.
+
+"Mrs. Spencer, has anything happened at home that you have come to me,
+and not mother? I had a letter from mother yesterday, and all were
+well. Was the accident very fatal?"
+
+I dropped the cup I was holding; my heart seemed to stop beating. For
+the white, serious face on the pillow was not that of Charlie
+Reynolds, but Chester Mansfield! I ran out of the room, down the hall,
+and into my own room. I had no motive in doing so, because I was too
+much startled and I think terrified for thought.
+
+My first collected idea was, that I had dwelt upon the subject so much
+during lonely days and nights of vigil that I was now a victim of
+subjective vision--I was for the moment insane upon that subject. I
+sent for the doctor immediately, and after bathing my face and trying
+to steady my quivering nerves, returned to my patient whom I was
+afraid I might have shocked by my sudden exit. He looked surprised,
+and watched me curiously.
+
+"I think you had better not talk any more. The doctor says you must be
+kept quiet." And I busied my hands in smoothing down the bed-clothes.
+
+"I will be quiet; but you must tell me one or two things. Are they all
+well at home--Lucia, and mother and the girls? and how many were hurt
+in the accident?"
+
+"They are all well at home. I am visiting here," I managed to answer,
+and he turned away his head, apparently satisfied. I paced up and down
+the hall until the doctor came, and drew him into a vacant room to
+tell him the situation. He looked at me incredulously when I had
+finished my excited narrative, reached for my wrist, and shook his
+head. "You have been working too hard over that fellow," he said. "You
+will be the next patient."
+
+"But he asked for his wife and called her by name. Come and see which
+is the lunatic," and I led the way to the sick-room.
+
+"Ah!" he said in a cheery tone, going to the bedside. "I see we are
+getting along bravely, and look as smart as folks that have a whole
+skull."
+
+The patient (I didn't know what name to call him) smiled, but without
+a trace of recognition.
+
+"I suppose you are my physician, and I am probably indebted to you for
+my life," he said feebly.
+
+The doctor looked puzzled. "You don't seem to recall my face."
+
+"No, I suppose I was knocked senseless. The last thing I can remember
+is going down the embankment. I tried to jump, but my foot caught, and
+I struck my head against something. There was a young woman in the
+opposite berth--was she killed, I wonder? She had two little children.
+I suppose I have been unconscious for sometime. It must have happened
+yesterday, didn't it?"
+
+"It was several days ago," said the doctor, soothingly. "You had
+better rest a while, and then you can tell us more, and about
+yourself."
+
+"This lady can tell you all about me. She has known me all my life,"
+and he closed his eyes wearily.
+
+The doctor looked at me significantly, and I followed him into the
+hall.
+
+"What in the world does this mean? That young man is no more
+Charlie Reynolds than I am. I can only account for the case in one
+way, and that is a very unusual one. The operation I performed last
+week restored his skull to its normal shape. There was quite a
+deep indenture and a consequent pressure upon the brain, which
+undoubtedly affected, probably suspended, his memory. Now this young
+man--minister, did you say?----"
+
+"Yes," I interrupted. "But this is the awful part of it. He is
+dead--buried--five years ago. I saw him buried, have gone to his grave
+many times, and now he lies there and talks to me. And Charlie
+Reynolds, drunkard and robber. Oh, no! no!"
+
+"You say your friend was killed in a railroad accident on his vacation
+trip? How was the body identified? Who saw it after it was sent
+home?"
+
+"None of his family saw the remains, he was so badly burned. I see. It
+must have been the wrong body."
+
+"And the railroad, of course, had him cared for until he was well. And
+then he couldn't tell who he was, and drifted about until he fell into
+bad company. He has been a cat's paw for this gang, no doubt. Well,
+you've got a pretty little sensation upon your hands. I'd like to see
+you get back and tell your story."
+
+I wondered how he could talk and smile so carelessly, but in that
+country nobody is surprised at anything. I went back to my patient,
+after dispatching a messenger for Howard, who was working in the "San
+Jacinto," twenty miles away.
+
+Chester, as I could safely call him now, was extremely anxious about
+his fellow passengers, and thought they must be in the hotel at this
+time. I was familiar with the shocking details of the disaster at the
+time, but could not recall them with sufficient accuracy to satisfy
+him. The five years intervening were apparently entirely lost. He
+could scarcely believe us when we told him that he had lain
+unconscious for more than a week.
+
+Howard came in the evening, and was amazed beyond his power of
+expression. He thought over the complex situation a long time before
+he made any effort to communicate with the family of the patient.
+Chester could not understand why we had not telegraphed before, and we
+could not explain. We called a council of three and debated. Chester
+Mansfield, the gifted, irreproachable minister of our large church,
+was held to be tried for robbery and assault as soon as he was able to
+appear. We could not take him away. What word could we send to the
+young wife, about whom he continually asked, and the old mother? We
+finally left it to Howard, who telegraphed to the wife that her
+husband had been found alive, though recovering from serious illness;
+that he was in our care, but wished her to join him as soon as
+possible; and that the body sent home as his must have been that of
+another man.
+
+When we told Chester that she had been sent for he exclaimed, "How can
+she leave her baby? She would have been with me but for that three
+months old baby." The baby was now a tall boy of five in kilts.
+Although the complications arising from this strange case were
+countless, we managed to keep the real story from Chester until he was
+sufficiently recovered to bear it, and indeed we did not then tell him
+of the serious misdeeds of his other self.
+
+But when the young wife came after her long journey, and we led her,
+for the first time without her mourning dress, up to his room, he knew
+that to her he was in truth one risen from the dead. I opened the door
+for her, and when I heard her cry of joy as she sprang forward,
+satisfied at last of his identity, and his low, "My love, my love!" I
+closed the door and went away to weep a few tears to myself, but not
+of sorrow.
+
+My story is told. We secured bail for Charles Reynolds and took him
+home, to await the fall term of court, where he expects to have no
+difficulty in proving his innocence in his present person. To himself
+his case presents some metaphysical and moral studies quite at
+variance with his own belief. He cannot yet comprehend the silence of
+his conscience at this time of need. The sensation created by our
+return, and all subsequent events, are well known to those who will
+read this statement, so that I need tell no more.
+
+My only object in writing so minute an account, and detailing such
+conversations as I could remember, is to protect him forever, as far
+as my word will avail, from any insinuation of intentional or
+conscious wrong doing in those five lost years, knowing as I do the
+conditions of life exacted of a clergyman and fearing some future
+recrimination.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Transcriber Notes
+
+The Table of Contents and the List of Illustrations were added by the
+transcriber. Quotation marks changed to standardize usage. All other
+original punctuation and archaic spelling (i.e. chetahs, serval,
+wardbob, and Bagdad) preserved as written.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 2,
+July, 1893, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, JULY, 1893 ***
+
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+<title>McClure's Magazine, Vol. I, No. 2, July 1893, a Project Gutenberg eBook</title>
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+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 2, July, 1893, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 2, July, 1893
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: September 20, 2010 [EBook #33771]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, JULY, 1893 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Katherine Ward, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<h1>McClure&#8217;s Magazine</h1>
+<hr class='mini' />
+<p class='center larger'><b>July, 1893.</b></p>
+<p class='center larger'><b>Vol. I. No. 2</b></p>
+<p class='center padtop'><i>Copyright, 1893, by <span class='smcap'>S. S. McClure</span>, Limited. All rights reserved.</i></p>
+<hr class='pb' />
+<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
+<table border='0' cellpadding='2' cellspacing='0' summary='Contents' style='margin:1em auto;'>
+<tr>
+  <td />
+  <td valign='top' align='right'><p class="smaller ralign">PAGE</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>An Afternoon with Oliver Wendell Holmes.</span> By Edward E. Hale.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#AN_AFTERNOON_WITH_OLIVER_WENDELL_HOLMES_BY_EDWARD_E_HALE'>99</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>In the Name of the Law!</span> By Stanley J. Weyman.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#IN_THE_NAME_OF_THE_LAW_BY_STANLEY_J_WEYMAN'>110</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>&#8220;Human Documents.&#8221;</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#HUMAN_DOCUMENTS'>119</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Wild Beasts.</span> By Raymond Blathwayt.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#WILD_BEASTS_HOW_THEY_ARE_TRANSPORTED_AND_TRAINED__BY_RAYMOND_BLATHWAYT'>126</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>John Horseleigh, Knyght.</span> By Thomas Hardy.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#JOHN_HORSELEIGH_KNYGHT_BY_THOMAS_HARDY___ILLUSTRATED_BY_MR_HARRY_C_EDWARDS'>136</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Race to the North Pole.</span> By Hugh Robert Mill, D.Sc.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_RACE_TO_THE_NORTH_POLE__THE_EXPEDITIONS_OF_NANSEN_AND_JACKSON__BY_HUGH_ROBERT_MILL_DSC_AUTHOR_OF_THE_REALM_OF_NATURE'>147</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Lieutenant Peary&#8217;s Expedition.</span> By Cleveland Moffett.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#LIEUTENANT_PEARYS_EXPEDITION_BY_CLEVELAND_MOFFETT'>156</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>An Expedition to the North Magnetic Pole.</span> By W. H. Gilder.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#AN_EXPEDITION_TO_THE_NORTH_MAGNETIC_POLE_BY_W_H_GILDER_AUTHOR_OF_SCHWATKAS_SEARCH_ICE_PACK_AND_TUNDRA_ETC'>159</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>The Merchantmen.</span> By Rudyard Kipling.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#THE_MERCHANTMEN_BY_RUDYARD_KIPLING'>163</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Monsieur de Blowitz.</span> By W. Morton Fullerton.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#MONSIEUR_DE_BLOWITZ_BY_W_MORTON_FULLERTON'>166</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>On the Track of the Reviewer.</span> By Doctor William Wright.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#ON_THE_TRACK_OF_THE_REVIEWER__A_TRUE_STORY_OF_REVENGE_CONNECTED_WITH_THE_FIRST_PUBLICATION_OF_JANE_EYRE__BY_DOCTOR_WILLIAM_WRIGHT'>174</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>Romantic Stories from the Family History of the Brontës.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#ANNOUNCEMENT___ROMANTIC_STORIES_FROM_THE_FAMILY_HISTORY_OF_THE_BRONTS'>181</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left' style='padding-right:4em;'><span class='smcap'>A Strange Story: The Lost Years.</span> By Lizzie Hyer Neff.</td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#A_STRANGE_STORY__THE_LOST_YEARS_LIZZIE_HYER_NEFF'>182</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr class='pb' />
+<h2>Illustrations</h2>
+<table border='0' cellpadding='2' cellspacing='0' summary='Illustrations' style='margin:1em auto;'>
+<col style='width:75%;' />
+<col style='width:25%;' />
+<tr>
+  <td />
+  <td valign='top' align='right'><p class="smaller ralign">PAGE</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Oliver Wendell Holmes</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_1'>99</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>O. W. Holmes&#8217;s Birth-Place at Cambridge, Mass.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_2'>100</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Garden Door of the Cambridge House.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_3'>100</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>House in Rue Monsieur le Prince.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_4'>101</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Residence in Beacon Street, Boston.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_5'>102</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Bay Window in Doctor Holmes&#8217;s Study.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_6'>103</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>A Corner in Doctor Holmes&#8217;s Study.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_7'>103</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Dorothy Q.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_8'>104</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Dorothy Q&#8217;s House in Quincy, Mass.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_9'>105</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Holmes Delivering His Farewell Address, Harvard.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_10'>105</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Summer Residence at Beverly Farms.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_11'>107</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>O. W. Holmes and E. E. Hale.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_12'>108</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>O. W. Holmes in His Favorite Seat at Beverly.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_13'>109</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Edward Everett Hale.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_23'>120</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>M. de Blowitz.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_31'>122</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Thomas Alva Edison.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_39'>124</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Karl Hagenbeck.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_45'>127</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Fridtjof Nansen.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_70'>151</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Robert E. Peary.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_71'>156</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Colonel W. H. Gilder.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_72'>159</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>General A. W. Greely.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_73'>160</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Professor T. C. Mendenhall.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_74'>160</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Diagram of the North Magnetic Pole Region.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_75'>161</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Professor C. A. Schott.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_76'>162</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The Dining-Room in M. De Blowitz&#8217;s Paris Home.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_79'>167</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>M. De Blowitz in His Study.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_80'>169</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>The <i>Lampottes</i>; The Country House of M. De Blowitz.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_81'>171</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td valign='top' align='left'><span class='smcap'>Charlotte Brontë.</span></td>
+  <td valign='bottom' align='right'><a href='#linki_83'>180</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr class='toprule' />
+<div class='chsp'>
+<a name='AN_AFTERNOON_WITH_OLIVER_WENDELL_HOLMES_BY_EDWARD_E_HALE' id='AN_AFTERNOON_WITH_OLIVER_WENDELL_HOLMES_BY_EDWARD_E_HALE'></a>
+<h2>AN AFTERNOON WITH OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Edward E. Hale.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>My first recollection of
+Doctor Holmes is
+seeing him standing
+on a bench at
+a college dinner
+when I was a boy,
+in the year 1836.
+He was full of life
+and fun, and was delivering&mdash;I do not
+say reading&mdash;one of his little college
+poems. He always writes them with joy,
+and recites them&mdash;if that is the word&mdash;with
+a spirit not to be described.
+For he is a born orator, with what people
+call a sympathetic voice, wholly
+under his own command, and entirely
+free from any of the tricks of elocution.
+It seems to me that no one really
+knows his poems to the very best, who
+has not had the good fortune to hear
+him read some of them.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_1' id='linki_1'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus098.jpg' alt='' title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Boston, May 24th, 1893." width='423' height='670' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>But I had known all about him before
+that. As little boys, we had by
+heart, in those days, the song which
+saved &#8220;Old Ironsides&#8221; from destruction.
+That was the pet name of the
+frigate &#8220;Constitution,&#8221; which was a pet
+Boston ship, because she had been built
+at a Boston shipyard, had been sailed
+with Yankee crews, and, more than
+once, had brought her prizes into Boston
+Harbor.</p>
+<p>We used to spout at school:</p>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>&#8220;Nail to the mast her holy flag,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Spread every threadbare sail,</p>
+<p>And give her to the god of storms,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>The lightning and the gale!&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>Ah me! There had been a Phi Beta
+anniversary not long before, where
+Holmes had delivered a poem. You
+may read &#8220;Poetry, a Metrical Essay,&#8221;
+in the volumes now. But you will look
+in vain for the covert allusions to Julia
+and Susan and Elizabeth and the rest,
+which, to those who knew, meant the
+choicest belles of our little company.
+Have the queens of to-day any such
+honors?</p>
+<p>Nobody is more accessible than Doctor
+Holmes. I doubt if any doorbell
+in Boston is more rung than his. And
+nowhere is the visitor made more
+kindly at home. His own work-room
+takes in all the width of a large house
+in Beacon Street; a wide window commands
+the sweep of the mouth of
+Charles River; in summer the gulls are
+hovering above it, in winter you may
+see them chaffing together on bits of
+floating ice, which is on its way to the
+sea. Across that water, by stealthy
+rowing, the boats of the English squadron
+carried the men who were to die
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_100' name='page_100'></a>100</span>
+at Concord the next day, at Concord
+Bridge. Beyond is Bunker Hill Monument;
+and just this side of the monument
+Paul Revere crossed the same
+river to say that that English army was
+coming.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_2' id='linki_2'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus100a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='535' height='366' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+O. W. HOLMES&#8217;S BIRTH-PLACE AT CAMBRIDGE, MASS., ERECTED IN 1725, A.D. FROM PHOTO BY WILFRID A. FRENCH.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>For me, I had to deliver on Emerson&#8217;s
+ninetieth birthday an address
+on my memories of him and his life.
+Holmes used to meet him, from college
+days down, in a thousand ways,
+and has written a charming memoir of
+his life. I went round there one day,
+therefore, to ask some questions, which
+might put my own memories of Emerson
+in better light, and afterwards I
+obtained his leave to make this sketch
+of the talk of half an hour. When
+we think of it here, if we ever fall to
+talking about such things, every one
+would say that Holmes is the best
+talker we have or know. But when
+you are with him, you do not think
+whether he is or is not. You are under
+the spell of his kindness and genius.
+Still no minute passes in which you do
+not say to yourself: &#8220;I hope I shall
+remember those very words always.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:269px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_3' id='linki_3'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus100b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='269' height='393' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+GARDEN DOOR OF THE CAMBRIDGE HOUSE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>Thinking of</span> it after I come home, I
+am reminded of the flow and fun of the
+Autocrat. But you never say so to
+yourself when you are sitting in his
+room.</p>
+<p>I had arranged with my friend Mr.
+Sample that he should carry his camera
+to the house, and it was in gaps in
+this very conversation that the picture
+of both of us was taken. I told Doctor
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_101' name='page_101'></a>101</span>
+Holmes how pleased I was at this
+chance of going to posterity under his
+escort.</p>
+<p>I told him of the paper on Emerson
+which I had in hand, and thanked him,
+as well as I could, in a few words, for his
+really marvellous study of Emerson in
+the series of American authors. I said I
+really wanted to bring him my paper
+to read. What I was trying to do,
+was to show that the great idealist was
+always in touch
+with his time, and
+eager to know
+what, at the moment,
+were the
+real facts of
+American life.</p>
+<p><i>I.</i> I remember
+where Emerson
+stopped me on
+State Street once,
+to cross-question
+me about some
+details of Irish
+emigration.</p>
+<p><i>Holmes.</i> Yes, he
+was eager for all
+practical information.
+I used to
+meet him very
+often on Saturday
+evenings at the
+Saturday Club;
+and I can see him
+now, as he bent
+forward eagerly
+at the table, if
+any one were
+making an interesting
+observation,
+with his face like a hawk as he
+took in what was said. You felt how
+the hawk would be flying overhead and
+looking down on your thought at the
+next minute. I remember that I once
+spoke of &#8220;the three great prefaces,&#8221;
+and quick as light Emerson said,
+&#8220;What are the three great prefaces?&#8221;
+and I had to tell him.</p>
+<p><i>I.</i> I am sure I do not know what
+they are. What are they?</p>
+<p><i>Holmes.</i> They are Calvin&#8217;s to his
+&#8220;Institutes,&#8221; Thuanus&#8217;s to his history,
+and Polybius&#8217;s to his.</p>
+<p><i>I.</i> And I have never read one of
+them!</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:292px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_4' id='linki_4'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus101.jpg' alt='' title='' width='292' height='420' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE HOUSE IN RUE MONSIEUR LE PRINCE WHERE DOCTOR HOLMES LIVED FOR TWO YEARS WHEN STUDYING MEDICINE IN PARIS.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'><i>Holmes.</i> And I had</span> then never read
+but one of them. It was a mere piece
+of encyclopædia learning of mine.</p>
+<p><i>I.</i> What I shall try to do in my address
+is to show that Emerson would
+not have touched all sorts of people
+as he did, but for this matter-of-fact
+interest in his daily surroundings&mdash;if
+he had not gone to town-meetings, for
+instance. Was it you or Lowell who
+called him the Yankee Plato?</p>
+<p><i>Holmes.</i> Not I.
+It was probably
+Lowell, in the
+&#8220;Fable for Critics.&#8221;
+I called him
+&#8220;a wingèd Franklin,&#8221;
+and I stand
+by that. Matthew
+Arnold quoted
+that afterwards,
+and I was glad I
+had said it.</p>
+<p><i>I.</i> I do not
+remember where
+you said it. How
+was it?</p>
+<p>Doctor Holmes
+at once rose, went
+to the turning
+book-stand, and
+took down volume
+three of his
+own poems, and
+read me with
+great spirit the
+passage. I do
+not know how
+I had forgotten
+it.</p>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>&#8220;Where in the realm of thought, whose air is song,</p>
+<p>Does he, the Buddha of the West, belong?</p>
+<p>He seems a wingèd Franklin, sweetly wise,</p>
+<p>Born to unlock the secrets of the skies;</p>
+<p>And which the nobler calling,&mdash;if &#8217;tis fair</p>
+<p>Terrestrial with celestial to compare,&mdash;</p>
+<p>To guide the storm-cloud&#8217;s elemental flame,</p>
+<p>Or walk the chambers whence the lightning came,</p>
+<p>Amidst the sources of its subtile fire,</p>
+<p>And steal their effluence for his lips and lyre?&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>Here he said, with great fun, &#8220;One
+great good of writing poetry is to furnish
+you with your own quotations.&#8221;
+And afterwards, when I had made him
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_102' name='page_102'></a>102</span>
+read to me some other verses from his
+own poems, he said, &#8220;Oh, yes, as a
+reservoir of the best quotations in the
+language, there is nothing like a book
+of your own poems.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:350px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_5' id='linki_5'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus102.jpg' alt='' title='' width='350' height='506' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+O. W. HOLMES&#8217;S RESIDENCE IN BEACON STREET, BOSTON.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>I said that</span> there was no greater nonsense
+than the talk of Emerson&#8217;s time,
+that he introduced German philosophy
+here, and I asked Holmes if he thought
+that Emerson had borrowed anything
+in the philosophical
+line
+from the German. He
+agreed with
+me that his
+philosophy
+was thoroughly
+home-bred,
+and
+wrought out
+in the experience
+of his
+own home-life.
+He said
+that he was
+disposed to
+believe that
+that would be
+true of Emerson
+which he
+knew was true
+of himself.
+He knew Emerson
+went
+over a great
+many books,
+but he did not
+really believe
+that he often
+really read a
+book through.
+I remember
+one of his
+phrases was, that he thought that Emerson
+&#8220;tasted books;&#8221; and he cited
+a bright lady from Philadelphia, whom
+he had met the day before, who had
+said that she thought men of genius
+did not rely much upon their reading,
+and had complimented him by asking
+if he did so. Holmes said:</p>
+<p>&#8220;I told her&mdash;I had to tell her&mdash;that
+in reading my mind is always active.
+I do not follow the author steadily or
+implicitly, but my thought runs off to
+right and left. It runs off in every
+direction, and I find I am not so much
+taking his book as I am thinking my
+own thoughts upon his subject.&#8221;</p>
+<p><i>I.</i> I want to thank you for your contrast
+between Emerson and Carlyle:
+&#8220;The hatred of unreality was uppermost
+in Carlyle; the love of what is real and
+genuine, with Emerson.&#8221; Is it not
+perhaps possible that Carlyle would
+not have been Carlyle but for Emerson?
+Emerson
+found him
+discouraged,
+and as he supposed
+alone,
+and at the very
+beginning led
+him out of
+his darkest
+places.</p>
+<p>I think it
+was on this
+that Doctor
+Holmes spoke
+with a good
+deal of feeling
+about the
+value of appreciation.
+He was ready
+to go back to
+tell of the
+pleasure he
+had received
+from persons
+who had written
+to him,
+even though
+he did not
+know them,
+to say of how
+much use
+some particular
+line of his
+had been. Among others he said that
+Lothrop Motley had told him that,
+when he was all worn out in his work
+in a country where he had not many
+friends, and among stupid old manuscript
+archives, two lines of Holmes&#8217;s
+braced him up and helped him through:</p>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>&#8220;Stick to your aim: the mongrel&#8217;s hold will slip,</p>
+<p>But only crowbars loose the bulldog&#8217;s grip.&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>He was very funny about flattery.
+&#8220;That is the trouble of having so many
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_103' name='page_103'></a>103</span>
+friends, everybody flatters you. I do
+not mean to let them hurt me if I can
+help it, and flattery is not necessarily
+untrue. But you have to be on your
+guard when everybody is as kind to
+you as everybody is to me.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_6' id='linki_6'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus103a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='387' height='371' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE BAY WINDOW IN DOCTOR HOLMES&#8217;S STUDY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>He said, in passing, that Emerson
+once quoted two lines of his, and
+quoted them horribly. They are from
+the poem called &#8220;The Steamboat:&#8221;</p>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>&#8220;The beating of her restless heart,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Still sounding through the storm.&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>Emerson quoted them thus:</p>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>&#8220;The pulses of her iron heart</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Go beating through the storm.&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:275px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_7' id='linki_7'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus103b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='275' height='424' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+A CORNER IN DOCTOR HOLMES&#8217;S STUDY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>I was curious</span> to know about Doctor
+Holmes&#8217;s experience of country life, he
+knows all nature&#8217;s processes so well.
+So he told me how it happened that
+he went to Pittsfield. It seems that, a
+century and a half ago, his ancestor,
+Jacob Wendell, had a royal grant for
+the whole township there, with some
+small exception, perhaps. The place
+was at first called Pontoosoc, then
+Wendelltown, and only afterward got
+the name of Pittsfield from William
+Pitt. One part of the Wendell property
+descended to Doctor Holmes&#8217;s
+mother. When he had once seen it he
+was struck with its beauty and fitness
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_104' name='page_104'></a>104</span>
+for a country home, and asked her that
+he might have it for his own. It was
+there that he built a house in which he
+lived for eight or nine years. He said
+that the Housatonic winds backwards
+and forwards through it, so that to go
+from one end of his estate to the other
+in a straight line required the crossing
+it seven times. Here his children grew
+up, and he and they were enlivened
+anew every year by
+long summer days
+there.</p>
+<p>He was most interesting
+and animated
+as he spoke
+of the vigor of life
+and work and poetical
+composition
+which come from
+being in the open
+air and living in the
+country. He wrote,
+at the request of
+the neighborhood,
+his poem of &#8220;The
+Ploughman,&#8221; to be read at a cattle-show
+in Pittsfield. &#8220;And when I came
+to read it afterwards I said, &#8216;Here it
+is! Here is open air life, here is what
+breathing the mountain air and living
+in the midst of nature does for a man!&#8217;
+And I want to read you now a piece
+of that poem, because it contained a
+prophecy.&#8221; And while he was looking
+for the verses, he said, in the vein of
+the Autocrat, &#8220;Nobody knows but a
+man&#8217;s self how many good things he
+has done.&#8221;</p>
+<p>So we found the first volume of the
+poems, and there is &#8220;The Ploughman,&#8221;
+written, observe, as early as 1849.</p>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>&#8220;O gracious Mother, whose benignant breast</p>
+<p>Wakes us to life, and lulls us all to rest,</p>
+<p>How thy sweet features, kind to every clime,</p>
+<p>Mock with their smile the wrinkled front of time!</p>
+<p>We stain thy flowers,&mdash;they blossom o&#8217;er the dead;</p>
+<p>We rend thy bosom, and it gives us bread;</p>
+<p>O&#8217;er the red field that trampling strife has torn,</p>
+<p>Waves the green plumage of thy tasselled corn;</p>
+<p>Our maddening conflicts sear thy fairest plain,</p>
+<p>Still thy soft answer is the growing grain.</p>
+<p>Yet, O our Mother, while uncounted charms</p>
+<p>Steal round our hearts in thine embracing arms,</p>
+<p>Let not our virtues in thy love decay,</p>
+<p>And thy fond sweetness waste our strength away.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>No! by these hills, whose banners now displayed</p>
+<p>In blazing cohorts Autumn has arrayed;</p>
+<p>By yon twin summits, on whose splintery crests</p>
+<p>The tossing hemlocks hold the eagles&#8217; nests;</p>
+<p>By these fair plains the mountain circle screens,</p>
+<p>And feeds with streamlets from its dark ravines,&mdash;</p>
+<p>True to their home, these faithful arms shall toil</p>
+<p>To crown with peace their own untainted soil;</p>
+<p>And, true to God, to freedom, to mankind,</p>
+<p>If her chained bandogs Faction shall unbind,</p>
+<p>These stately forms, that bending even now</p>
+<p>Bowed their strong manhood to the humble plough,</p>
+<p>Shall rise erect, the guardians of the land,</p>
+<p>The same stern iron in the same right hand,</p>
+<p>Till o&#8217;er the hills the shouts of triumph run,</p>
+<p>The sword has rescued what the ploughshare won!&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>Now, in 1849, I, who remember, can
+tell you, every-day people did not
+much think that Faction was going to
+unbind her bandogs and set the country
+at war; and it was only a prophet-poet
+who saw that there was a chance
+that men might forge their ploughshares
+into swords again. But you see
+from the poem that Holmes was such
+a prophet-poet, and now, forty-four
+years after, it was a pleasure to hear
+him read these lines.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:120px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_8' id='linki_8'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus104.jpg' alt='' title='' width='120' height='202' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+DOROTHY Q. FROM THE PORTRAIT IN DOCTOR HOLMES&#8217;S STUDY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>I asked him</span> of his reminiscences of
+Emerson&#8217;s famous Phi Beta Kappa oration
+at Cambridge, which he has described,
+as so many others have, as the
+era of independence in American literature.
+We both talked of the day,
+which we remembered, and of the Phi
+Beta dinner which followed it, when
+Mr. Everett presided, and bore touching
+tribute to Charles Emerson, who
+had just died. Holmes said: &#8220;You
+cannot make the people of this generation
+understand the effect of Everett&#8217;s
+oratory. I have never felt the fascination
+of speech as I did in hearing him.
+Did it ever occur to you,&mdash;did I say to
+you the other day,&mdash;that when a man
+has such a voice as he had, our slight
+nasal resonance is an advantage and
+not a disadvantage?&#8221;</p>
+<p>I was fresher than he from his own
+book on Emerson, and remembered
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_105' name='page_105'></a>105</span>
+that he had said there somewhat the
+same thing. His words are: &#8220;It is
+with delight that one who remembers
+Everett in his robes of rhetorical
+splendor; who recalls his full-blown,
+high-colored, double-flowered periods;
+the rich, resonant, grave, far-reaching
+music of his speech, with just enough
+of nasal vibration to give the vocal
+sounding-board its proper value in the
+harmonies of utterance,&mdash;it is with delight
+that such a one recalls the glowing
+words of Emerson whenever he
+refers to Edward Everett. It is enough
+if he himself caught enthusiasm from
+those eloquent lips. But many a listener
+has had his youthful enthusiasm
+fired by that great master of academic
+oratory.&#8221; I knew, when I read this,
+that Holmes referred to himself as the
+&#8220;youthful listener,&#8221; and was glad that
+within twenty-four hours he should say
+so to me.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_9' id='linki_9'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus106.jpg' alt='' title='' width='568' height='405' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+DOROTHY Q&#8217;S HOUSE IN QUINCY, MASS.<a name='FNanchor_0001' id='FNanchor_0001'></a><a href='#Footnote_0001' class='fnanchor'>[1]</a><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>So we fell to talking of his own Phi
+Beta poem. A good Phi Beta poem is
+an impossibility; but it is the business
+of genius to work the miracles, and
+Holmes&#8217;s is one of the few successful
+Phi Beta poems in the dreary catalogue
+of more than a century. The custom of
+having &#8220;<i>the</i> poem,&#8221; as people used to
+say, as if it were always the same, is
+now almost abandoned.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_10' id='linki_10'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus107.jpg' alt='' title='' width='568' height='509' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+DOCTOR O. W. HOLMES DELIVERING HIS FAREWELL ADDRESS AS PARKMAN PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY IN THE MEDICAL SCHOOL OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY, NOVEMBER 28, 1882. FROM A PROOF PRINT IN THE POSSESSION OF DOCTOR JAMES R. CHADWICK.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Fortunately for us both, a tap was
+heard at the door, and Mr. John Holmes
+appeared, his brother. Mr. John
+Holmes has not chosen to publish the
+bright things which he has undoubtedly
+written, but in all circles where he
+favors people with his presence he is
+known as one of the most agreeable of
+men. Everybody is glad to set him on
+the lines of reminiscences. The two
+brothers, with great good humor, began
+telling of a dinner party which Doctor
+Holmes had given, within a few days,
+to a number of gentlemen whose average
+ages, according to them, exceeded
+eighty. One has to make allowance
+for the exaggeration of their fun, but
+I think, from the facts which they
+dropped, that the average must have
+been maintained. One would have
+given a good deal to be old enough to
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_106' name='page_106'></a>106</span>
+be permitted to be at that dinner. This
+led to talk of the Harvard class of 1829,
+for whose meetings Holmes has written
+so many of his charming poems.
+He said that they are now to have a
+dinner within a few days, and named the
+gentlemen who were to be there. Among
+them, of course, is Doctor Samuel F.
+Smith, the author of &#8220;America.&#8221; I
+noticed that Doctor Holmes always
+called him &#8220;My country &#8217;tis of thee,&#8221;
+and so did all of us. And then these
+two critics began analyzing that magnificent
+song. &#8220;It will not do to laugh
+at it. People show that they do not
+know what they are talking about when
+they speak lightly of it. Did you ever
+think how much is gained by making
+the first verse begin with the singular
+number? Not <i>our</i> country, but &#8216;<i>My</i>
+country,&#8217; &#8216;<i>I</i> sing of thee&#8217;? There is not
+an American citizen but can make it his
+own, and does make it his own, as
+he sings it. And it rises to a Psalm-like
+grandeur at the end.&#8221; &#8220;It is a
+magnificent hold to have upon fame to
+have sixty million people sing the verses
+that you have written.&#8221; John Holmes
+said: &#8220;How good &#8216;templed hills&#8217; is,
+and that is not alone in the poem.&#8221;
+Both John Holmes and I plead to be
+permitted to come to the class dinner,
+but Doctor Holmes was very funny. He
+pooh-poohed us both; we were only
+children, and we were not to be present
+at so rare a solemnity. For me, I already
+felt that I had been wicked in
+wasting so much of his time. But he
+has the gift of making you think that
+you are the only person in the world,
+and that he is only living for your
+pleasure. Still I knew, as a matter of
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_107' name='page_107'></a>107</span>
+fact, that this was not so, and very unwillingly
+I took myself away.</p>
+<hr class='tb' />
+<p>As I walked home I meditated on
+the fate of a first-rate book in our
+time. Holmes had expressed unaffected
+surprise that I spoke with the gratitude
+which I felt about his &#8220;Life of
+Emerson.&#8221; The book must have cost
+him the hard work of a year. It is as
+remarkable a study as one poet ever
+made of another. Yet I think he said
+to me that no one had seemed to
+understand the care and effort which
+he had given to it.</p>
+<p>Here is the position in the United
+States now about the criticism of such
+work. At about the time that the
+&#8220;North American Review&#8221; ceased to
+review books, there came, as if by general
+consent, an end to all elaborate
+criticism of new books here.</p>
+<p>I think myself that this is a thing
+very much to be regretted. In old
+times, whoever wrote a good book was
+tolerably sure that at least one competent
+person would study it and write
+down what he thought about it; and,
+from at least one point of view, an
+author had a prospect of knowing
+how his book struck other people.
+Now we have nothing but the hasty
+sketches, sometimes very good, which
+are written for the daily or weekly
+press.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_11' id='linki_11'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus108.jpg' alt='' title='' width='478' height='269' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+O. W. HOLMES&#8217;S SUMMER RESIDENCE AT BEVERLY FARMS.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>So it happens that I, for one, have
+never seen any fit recognition of the
+gift which Doctor Holmes made to our
+time and to the next generation when
+he made his study of Emerson&#8217;s life
+for the &#8220;American Men of Letters&#8221;
+series. Apparently he had not. Just
+think of it! Here is a poet, the head
+of our &#8220;Academy,&#8221; so far as there is
+any such Academy, who is willing to
+devote a year of his life to telling you
+and me what Emerson was, from his
+own personal recollections of a near
+friend, whom he met as often as once
+a week, and talked with perhaps for
+hours at a time, and with whom he
+talked on literary and philosophical
+subjects. More than this, this poet
+has been willing to go through Emerson&#8217;s
+books again, to re-read them as
+he had originally read them when they
+came out, and to make for you and me
+a careful analysis of all these books.
+He is one of five people in the country
+who are competent to tell what
+effect these books produced on the
+country as they appeared from time to
+time. And, being competent, he makes
+the time to tell us this thing. That is
+a sort of good fortune which, so far as
+I remember, has happened to nobody
+excepting Emerson. When John Milton
+died, there was nobody left who
+could have done such a thing; certainly
+nobody did do it, or tried to do it.
+I must say, I think it is rather hard
+that when such a gift as that has been
+given to the people of any country,
+that people, while boasting of its seventy
+millions of numbers, and its thousands
+of billions of acres, should not
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_108' name='page_108'></a>108</span>
+have one critical journal of which it
+is the business to say at length, and
+in detail, whether Doctor Holmes has
+done his duty well by the prophet, or
+whether, indeed, he has done it at
+all.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_12' id='linki_12'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus109.jpg' alt='' title='' width='550' height='482' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+O. W. HOLMES AND E. E. HALE. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN DOCTOR HOLMES&#8217;S STUDY, MAY 22, 1893.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>When we left Doctor Holmes, he
+and his household were looking forward
+to the annual escape to Beverly.
+Somebody once wrote him a letter
+dated from &#8220;<ins title='Added hyphen before Sea'>Manchester-by-the-Sea</ins>,&#8221;
+and Holmes wrote his reply under
+the date &#8220;Beverly-by-the-Depot.&#8221; And
+here let me stop to tell one of those
+jokes for which the English language
+and Doctor Holmes were made. A
+few years ago, in a fit of economy, our
+famous Massachusetts Historical Society
+screwed up its library and other
+offices by some fifteen feet, built in the
+space underneath, and rented it to the
+city of Boston. This was all very well
+for the treasurer; but for those of us
+who had passed sixty years, and had
+to climb up some twenty more iron
+stairs whenever we wanted to look at
+an old pamphlet in the library, it was
+not so great a benefaction. When
+Holmes went up, for the first time, to
+see the new quarters of the Society, he
+left his card with the words, &#8220;O. W.
+Holmes. High-story-call Society.&#8221;
+We understood then why the councils
+of the Society had been over-ruled by
+the powers which manage this world,
+to take this flight towards heaven.</p>
+<p>I ought to have given a hint above
+of his connection and mine with the
+society of &#8220;People who Think we are
+Going to Know More about Some
+Things By and By.&#8221; This society was
+really formed by my mother, who for
+some time, I think, was the only member.
+But one day Doctor Holmes and
+I met in the &#8220;Old Corner Bookstore,&#8221;
+when the Corner had been moved to
+the corner of Hamilton Place, and he
+was telling me one of the extraordinary
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_109' name='page_109'></a>109</span>
+coincidences which he collects with
+such zeal. I ventured to trump his
+story with another; and, in the language
+of the ungodly, I thought I
+went one better than he. This led to
+a talk about coincidences, and I said
+that my mother had long since said
+that she meant to have a society of the
+people who believed that sometime we
+should know more about such curious
+coincidences. Doctor Holmes was
+delighted with the idea, and we &#8220;organized&#8221;
+the society then and there; he
+was to be president, I was to be secretary,
+and my mother was to be treasurer.
+There were to be no other members,
+no entrance fees, no constitution, and
+no assessments. We seldom meet now
+that we do not authorize a meeting of
+this society and challenge each other
+to produce the remarkable coincidences
+which have passed since we met before.</p>
+<p>There is an awful story of his about
+the last time a glove was thrown down
+in an English court-room. It is a story
+in which Holmes is all mixed up with
+a marvellous series of impossibilities,
+such as would make Mr. Clemens&#8217;s
+hair grow gray, and add a new chapter
+to his studies of telepathy. I will not
+enter on it now, with the detail of the
+book that fell from the ninth shelf of
+a book-case, and opened at the exact
+passage where the challenge story was
+to be described. No, I will not tell
+another word of it; for if I am started
+upon it, it will take up the whole of
+this number of Mr. McClure&#8217;s Magazine.
+But sometime, when Mr. McClure
+wants to make the whole magazine
+thrill with excitement, he will write to
+Doctor Holmes, and ask him for that
+story of the &#8220;challenge of battle.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_13' id='linki_13'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus110.jpg' alt='' title='' width='577' height='413' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+O. W. HOLMES IN HIS FAVORITE SEAT AT BEVERLY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>As for the story of his hearing Doctor
+Phinney at Rome, and the other
+story of Mr. Emerson&#8217;s hearing Doctor
+Phinney at Rome, I never tell that
+excepting to confidential friends who
+know that I cannot tell a lie. For if I
+tell it to any one else, he looks at me
+with a quizzical air, as much as to say,
+&#8220;This is as bad as the story of the
+&#8216;Man Without a Country;&#8217; and I do
+not know how much to believe, and
+how much to disbelieve.&#8221;</p>
+<hr class='fn' />
+<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0001' id='Footnote_0001'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0001'><span class='label'>[1]</span></a>
+<p>Also called the Peter Butler house. Sewall in his diary speaks of it as Mr. Quincy&#8217;s new house (1680-85).
+There Dorothy was born and married.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class='toprule' />
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_110' name='page_110'></a>110</span>
+<a name='IN_THE_NAME_OF_THE_LAW_BY_STANLEY_J_WEYMAN' id='IN_THE_NAME_OF_THE_LAW_BY_STANLEY_J_WEYMAN'></a>
+<h2>IN THE NAME OF THE LAW!
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Stanley J. Weyman.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>On the moorland
+above the old
+gray village of
+Carbaix, in Finistére&mdash;Finistére,
+the most
+westerly province
+of Brittany&mdash;stands
+a
+cottage, built,
+as all the cottages
+in that
+country are,
+of rough-hewn
+stones. It is a
+poor, rude place to-day, but it wore an
+aspect far more rude and primitive a
+hundred years ago&mdash;say on an August
+day in the year 1793, when a man issued
+from the doorway, and, shading his
+eyes from the noonday sun, gazed long
+and fixedly in the direction of a narrow
+rift which a few score paces away
+breaks the monotony of the upland
+level. This man was tall and thin and
+unkempt, his features expressing a mixture
+of cunning and simplicity. He
+gazed a while in silence, but at length
+uttered a grunt of satisfaction as the
+figure of a woman rose gradually into
+sight. She came on slowly, in a stooping
+posture, dragging behind her a
+great load of straw, which completely
+hid the little sledge on which it rested,
+and which was attached to her waist by
+a rope of twisted hay.</p>
+<p>The figure of a woman&mdash;rather of a
+girl. As she drew nearer it could be
+seen that her cheeks, though brown and
+sunburned, were as smooth as a child&#8217;s.
+She looked scarcely eighteen. Her head
+was bare, and her short petticoats, of
+some coarse stuff, left visible bare feet
+thrust into wooden shoes. She advanced
+with her head bent and her
+shoulders strained forward, her face
+dull and patient. Once, and once only,
+when the man&#8217;s eyes left her for a
+moment, she shot at him a look of scared
+apprehension; and later, when she came
+abreast of him, her breath coming and
+going with her exertions, he might have
+seen, had he looked closely, that her
+strong brown limbs were trembling
+under her.</p>
+<p>But the man noticed nothing in his
+impatience, and only chid her for her
+slowness. &#8220;Where have you been
+dawdling, lazy-bones?&#8221; he cried.</p>
+<p>She murmured, without halting, that
+the sun was hot.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Sun hot!&#8221; he retorted. &#8220;Jeanne
+is lazy, I think! <i>Mon Dieu</i>, that I
+should have married a wife who is tired
+by noon! I had better have left you
+to that never-do-well Pierre Bounat.
+But I have news for you, my girl.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He lounged after her as he spoke,
+his low, cunning face&mdash;the face of the
+worst kind of French peasant&mdash;flickering
+with cruel pleasure, as he saw how
+she started at his words. She made no
+answer, however. Instead, she drew her
+load with increased vehemence towards
+one of the two doors which led into the
+building. &#8220;Well, well, I will tell you
+presently,&#8221; he called after her. &#8220;Be
+quick and come to dinner.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He entered himself by the other door.
+The house was divided into two chambers
+by a breast-high partition of wood.
+The one room served for kitchen; the
+other, now half full of straw, was barn
+and granary, fowl-house and dove-cote,
+in one. &#8220;Be quick!&#8221; he called to her.
+Standing in the house-room, he could
+see her head as she stooped to unload
+the straw.</p>
+<p>In a moment she came in, her shoes
+clattering on the floor. The perspiration
+stood in great beads on her forehead,
+and showed how little she had
+deserved his reproach. She sat down
+silently, avoiding his eyes; but he
+thought nothing of this. It was no
+new thing. It pleased him, if anything.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_111' name='page_111'></a>111</span></div>
+<p>&#8220;Well, my Jeanne,&#8221; he said, in his
+gibing tone, &#8220;are you longing for my
+news?&#8221;</p>
+<p>The hand she stretched out towards
+the pitcher of cider, which, with black
+bread and onions, formed their meal,
+shook, but she answered simply: &#8220;If
+you please, Michel.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:319px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_14' id='linki_14'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus112.jpg' alt='' title='' width='319' height='518' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>&#8220;Well, the</span> Girondins have been
+beaten, my girl, and are flying all over
+the country.
+That is the
+news. Master
+Pierre is among
+them, I do not
+doubt, if he has
+not been killed
+already. I wish
+he would come
+this way.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why?&#8221; she
+asked, suddenly
+looking up at
+last, a flash of
+light in her gray
+eyes.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why?&#8221; he
+repeated, grinning
+across the
+table at her,
+&#8220;because he
+would be worth
+five crowns to
+me. There is
+five crowns, I
+am told, on the
+head of every
+Girondin who
+has been in
+arms, my girl.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The French
+Revolution, it
+will be understood,
+was at
+its height. The
+more moderate and constitutional Republicans&mdash;the
+Girondins, as they were
+called&mdash;worsted in Paris by the Jacobins
+and the mob, had lately tried to
+raise the provinces against the capital,
+and to this end had drawn together at
+Caen, near the border of Brittany.
+They had been defeated, however, and
+the Jacobins, in this month of August,
+were preparing to take a fearful vengeance
+at once on them and the Royalists.
+The Reign of Terror had begun.
+Even to such a boor as this,
+sitting over his black bread, the Revolution
+had come home, and, in common
+with many a thousand others, he wondered
+what he could make of it.</p>
+<p>The girl did not answer, even by the
+look of contempt to which he had become
+accustomed, and for which he
+hated her; and he repeated, &#8220;Five
+crowns! Ah, it is money, that is! <i>Mon
+Dieu!</i>&#8221; Then,
+with a sudden
+exclamation, he
+sprang up.
+&#8220;What is that?&#8221;
+he cried.</p>
+<p>He had been
+sitting with his
+back to the
+barn, but he
+turned now so
+as to face it.
+Something had
+startled him&mdash;a
+rustling in the
+straw behind
+him. &#8220;What is
+that?&#8221; he said
+again, his hand
+on the table, his
+face lowering
+and watchful.</p>
+<p>The girl had
+risen also; and,
+as the last word
+passed his lips,
+sprang by him
+with a low cry,
+and aimed a
+frantic blow
+with her stool
+at something
+he could not
+see.</p>
+<p>&#8220;What is it?&#8221; he asked, recoiling.</p>
+<p>&#8220;A rat!&#8221; she answered, breathless.
+And she aimed another blow at it.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Where?&#8221; he asked, fretfully.
+&#8220;Where is it?&#8221; He snatched his stool,
+too, and at that moment a rat darted
+out of the straw, ran nimbly between
+his legs, and plunged into a hole by
+the door. He flung the wooden stool
+after it; but, of course, in vain. &#8220;It
+was a rat!&#8221; he said, as if before he
+had doubted it.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_112' name='page_112'></a>112</span></div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:336px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_15' id='linki_15'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus113.jpg' alt='' title='' width='336' height='511' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>&#8220;Thank God!&#8221;</span> she muttered. She
+was shaking all over.</p>
+<p>He stared at her in stupid wonder.
+What did she mean? What had come
+to her? &#8220;Have you had a sunstroke,
+my girl?&#8221; he said, suspiciously.</p>
+<p>Her nut-brown face was a shade less
+brown than usual, but she met his
+eyes boldly, and said: &#8220;No,&#8221; adding
+an explanation which for the moment
+satisfied him. But he did not sit down
+again. When she went out he went
+out also. And though, as she retired
+slowly to the rye fields and work, she
+repeatedly looked back at him, it was
+always to find his eyes upon her.
+When this had happened half a dozen
+times, a thought struck him. &#8220;How
+now?&#8221; he muttered. &#8220;The rat ran
+out of the straw!&#8221;</p>
+<p>Nevertheless he still stood gazing
+after her, with a cunning look upon his
+features, until she disappeared over the
+edge of the rift, and then he crept back
+to the door of the barn, and
+stole in out of the sunlight into
+the cool darkness of the raftered
+building, across which a dozen
+rays of light were shooting,
+laden with dancing motes. Inside
+he stood stock still until
+he had regained the use of his
+eyes, and then he began to peer
+round him. In a moment he
+found what he sought. Half
+upon, and half hidden by, the
+straw, lay a young man, in the
+deep sleep of utter exhaustion.
+His face, which bore traces of
+more than common beauty, was
+now white and pinched; his
+hair hung dank about his forehead.
+His clothes were in rags;
+and his feet, bound up in pieces
+torn at random from his blouse,
+were raw and bleeding. For a
+short while Michel Tellier bent
+over him, remarking these
+things with glistening eyes.
+Then the peasant stole out
+again. &#8220;It is five crowns!&#8221; he
+muttered, blinking in the sunlight.
+&#8220;Ha, ha! Five crowns!&#8221;</p>
+<p>He looked round cautiously,
+but could see no sign of
+his wife; and after hesitating
+and pondering a minute or two,
+he took the path for Carbaix, his
+native astuteness leading him to saunter
+slowly along in his ordinary fashion.
+After that the moorland about
+the cottage lay seemingly deserted.
+Thrice, at intervals, the girl dragged
+home her load of straw, but each time
+she seemed to linger in the barn no
+longer than was necessary. Michel&#8217;s
+absence, though it was unlooked-for,
+raised no suspicion in her breast, for
+he would frequently go down to the
+village to spend the afternoon. The
+sun sank lower, and the shadow of the
+great monolith, which, standing on the
+highest point of the moor, about a mile
+away, rose gaunt and black against a
+roseate sky, grew longer and longer;
+and then, as twilight fell, the two coming
+home met a few paces from the
+cottage. He asked some questions
+about the work she had been doing,
+and she answered briefly. Then, silent
+and uncommunicative, they went in together.
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_113' name='page_113'></a>113</span>
+The girl set the bread and
+cider on the table, and going to the
+great black pot which had been simmering
+all day upon the fire, poured
+some broth into two pitchers. It did
+not escape Michel&#8217;s frugal eye that
+there was still a little broth left in the
+bottom of the pot, and this induced a
+new feeling in him&mdash;anger. When his
+wife hailed him by a sign to the meal,
+he went instead to the door, and fastened
+it. Thence he went to the corner
+and picked up the wood-chopper, and
+armed with this came back to his seat.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:417px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_16' id='linki_16'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus114.jpg' alt='' title='' width='417' height='482' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>The girl watched</span> his movements first
+with surprise, and then with secret terror.
+The twilight was come, and the
+cottage was almost dark, and she was
+alone with him; or, if not alone, yet
+with no one near who could help her.
+Yet she met his grin of triumph bravely.
+&#8220;What is this?&#8221; she said. &#8220;Why do
+you want that?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;For the rat,&#8221; he answered grimly,
+his eyes on hers.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why not use your stool?&#8221; she strove
+to murmur, her heart sinking.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Not for this rat,&#8221; he answered. &#8220;It
+might not do, my girl. Oh, I know
+all about it,&#8221; he continued. &#8220;I have
+been down to the village, and seen the
+mayor, and he is coming up to fetch
+him.&#8221; He nodded towards the partition,
+and she knew that her secret was
+known.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It is Pierre,&#8221; she said, trembling
+violently, and turning
+first crimson and
+then white.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I know it, Jeanne.
+It was excellent
+of you! Excellent!
+It is long since you
+have done such a
+day&#8217;s work.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;You will not give
+him up?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;My faith, I
+shall!&#8221; he answered,
+affecting, and perhaps
+really feeling,
+wonder at her simplicity.
+&#8220;He is five
+crowns, girl! You
+do not understand.
+He is worth five
+crowns, and the risk
+nothing at all.&#8221;</p>
+<p>If he had been
+angry, or shown anything
+of the fury of
+the suspicious husband;
+if he had been
+about to do this out
+of jealousy or revenge,
+she would
+have quailed before
+him, though she had
+done him no wrong, save the wrong
+of mercy and pity. But his spirit was
+too mean for the great passions; he
+felt only the sordid ones, which to a
+woman are the most hateful. And
+instead of quailing, she looked at him
+with flashing eyes. &#8220;I shall warn
+him,&#8221; she said.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It will not help him,&#8221; he answered,
+sitting still, and feeling the edge of the
+hatchet with his fingers.</p>
+<p>&#8220;It will help him,&#8221; she retorted.
+&#8220;He shall go. He shall escape before
+they come.&#8221;</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_114' name='page_114'></a>114</span></div>
+<p>&#8220;I have locked the doors!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Give me the key!&#8221; she panted.
+&#8220;Give me the key, I say!&#8221; She had
+risen and was standing before him, her
+figure drawn to its full height. He
+rose hastily and retreated behind the
+table, still retaining the hatchet in his
+grasp.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Stand back!&#8221; he said, sullenly.
+&#8220;You may awaken him, if you please,
+my girl. It will not avail him. Do
+you not understand, fool, that he is
+worth five crowns? And listen! It is
+too late now. They are here!&#8221;</p>
+<p>A blow fell on the door as he spoke,
+and he stepped towards it. But at that
+despair moved her, and she threw herself
+upon him, and for a moment
+wrestled with him. At last, with an
+effort he flung her off, and, brandishing
+his weapon in her face, kept her at
+bay. &#8220;You vixen!&#8221; he cried, savagely,
+retreating to the door, with a pale
+cheek and his eyes still on her, for he
+was an arrant coward. &#8220;You deserve
+to go to prison with him, you jade! I
+will have you in the stocks for this!&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:458px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_17' id='linki_17'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus115.jpg' alt='' title='' width='458' height='336' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>She leaned against</span> the wall where
+she had fallen, her white, despairing
+face seeming
+almost to shine
+in the darkness
+of the wretched
+room. Meanwhile
+the continuous
+murmur
+of men&#8217;s
+voices outside
+could now be
+heard, mingled
+with the ring
+of weapons;
+and the summons
+for admission
+was
+again and again
+repeated, as if
+those without
+had no mind
+to be kept
+waiting.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Patience! patience! I am opening!&#8221;
+he cried. Still keeping his face
+to her, he unlocked the door and called
+on the men to enter. &#8220;He is in the
+straw, M. le Mayor!&#8221; he cried in a
+tone of triumph, his eyes still on his
+wife. &#8220;He will give you no trouble, I
+will answer for it! But first give me
+my five crowns, mayor. My five
+crowns!&#8221;</p>
+<p>He still felt so much fear of his wife
+that he did not turn to see the men
+enter, and was taken by surprise when
+a voice at his elbow&mdash;a strange voice&mdash;said,
+&#8220;Five crowns, my friend? For
+what, may I ask?&#8221;</p>
+<p>In his eagerness and excitement he
+suspected nothing, but thought only
+that the mayor had sent a deputy.
+&#8220;For what? For the Girondin!&#8221; he
+answered, rapidly. Then at last he
+turned and found that half-a-dozen
+men had entered, and that more were
+entering. To his astonishment, they
+were all strangers to him&mdash;men with
+stern, gloomy faces, and armed to the
+teeth. There was something so formidable
+in their appearance that his
+voice faltered as he added: &#8220;But
+where is the mayor, gentlemen? I do
+not see him.&#8221;</p>
+<p>No one answered, but in silence the
+last of the men&mdash;there were eleven in
+all&mdash;entered and bolted the door behind
+him. Michel Tellier peered at
+them in the gloom with growing alarm.
+In return the tallest of the strangers,
+who had entered first and seemed to be
+in command, looked round keenly. At
+length this man spoke. &#8220;So you have
+a Girondin here, have you?&#8221; he said,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_115' name='page_115'></a>115</span>
+his voice curiously sweet and sonorous.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I was to have five crowns for him,&#8221;
+Michel muttered dubiously.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh! Pétion,&#8221; continued the spokesman
+to one of his companions, &#8220;can
+you kindle a light? It strikes me that
+we have hit upon a dark place.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The man addressed took something
+from his pouch. For a moment there
+was silence, broken only by the sharp
+sound of the flint striking the steel.
+Then a sudden glare lit up the dark
+interior, and disclosed the group of
+cloaked strangers standing about the
+door, the light gleaming back from
+their muskets and cutlasses. Michel
+trembled. He had never seen such
+men as these before. True, they were
+wet and travel-stained, and had the
+air of those who spend their nights in
+ditches and under haystacks. But their
+pale, stern faces were set in indomitable
+resolve. Their eyes glowed with
+a steady fire, and they trod as kings
+tread. Their leader was a man of majestic
+height and beauty, and in his
+eyes alone there seemed to lurk a spark
+of some lighter fire, as if his spirit still
+rose above the task which had sobered
+his companions. Michel noted all this
+in fear and bewilderment; noted the
+white head and yet vigorous bearing
+of the man who had struck the light;
+noted even the manner in which the
+light died away in the dim recesses of
+the barn.</p>
+<p>&#8220;And this Girondin&mdash;is he in hiding
+here?&#8221; said the tall man.</p>
+<p>&#8220;That is so,&#8221; Michel answered.
+&#8220;But I had nothing to do with hiding
+him, citizen. It was my wife hid
+him in the straw there.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;And you gave
+notice of his presence
+to the authorities?&#8221;
+continued
+the stranger, raising
+his hand to repress
+some movement
+among his
+followers.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Certainly, or
+you would not have
+been here,&#8221; replied
+Michel, better satisfied
+with himself.</p>
+<p>The answer struck him down with
+an awful terror. &#8220;That does not follow,&#8221;
+said the tall man, coolly, &#8220;for we
+are Girondins!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;You are?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Without doubt,&#8221; the other answered,
+with majestic simplicity; &#8220;or
+there are no such persons. This is
+Pétion, and this Citizen Buzot. Have
+you heard of Louvet? There he
+stands. For me, I am Barbaroux.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Michel&#8217;s tongue seemed glued to
+the roof of his mouth. He could not
+utter a word. But another could. On
+the far side of the barrier a sudden
+rustling was heard, and while all
+turned to look&mdash;but with what different
+feelings&mdash;the pale face of the
+youth over whom Michel had bent in
+the afternoon appeared above the partition.
+A smile of joyful recognition
+effaced for the time the lines of exhaustion.
+The young man, clinging
+for support to the planks, uttered a
+cry of thankfulness. &#8220;It is you! It
+is really you! You are safe!&#8221; he exclaimed.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:274px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_18' id='linki_18'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus116.jpg' alt='' title='' width='274' height='207' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>&#8220;We are safe,</span> all of us, Pierre,&#8221; Barbaroux
+answered. &#8220;And now&#8221;&mdash;and
+he turned to Michel Tellier with sudden
+thunder in his voice&mdash;&#8220;this man
+whom you would have betrayed is our
+guide, let me tell you, whom we lost
+last night. Speak, man, in your defence,
+if you can. Say what you have
+to say why justice shall not be done
+upon you, miserable caitiff, who would
+have sold a man&#8217;s life for a few pieces
+of silver!&#8221;</p>
+<p>The wretched peasant&#8217;s knees trembled,
+and the perspiration stood upon
+his brow. He heard the voice as the
+voice of a judge. He looked in the
+stern eyes of the
+Girondins, and
+read only anger
+and vengeance.
+Then he caught in
+the silence the
+sound of his wife
+weeping, for at
+Pierre&#8217;s appearance
+she had broken
+into wild sobbing,
+and he spoke
+out of the base instincts
+of his heart.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_116' name='page_116'></a>116</span></div>
+<p>&#8220;He was her lover,&#8221; he muttered. &#8220;I
+swear it, citizens.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;He lies!&#8221; cried the man at the barrier,
+his face transfigured with rage.
+&#8220;I loved her, it is true, but it was
+before her old father sold her to this
+Judas. For what he would have you
+believe now, my friends, it is false. I,
+too, swear it.&#8221;</p>
+<p>A murmur of execration broke from
+the group of Girondins. Barbaroux
+repressed it by a gesture. &#8220;What do
+you say of this man?&#8221; he asked, turning
+to them, his voice deep and solemn.</p>
+<p>&#8220;He is not fit to live!&#8221; they
+answered in chorus.</p>
+<p>The poor coward screamed as he
+heard the words, and, flinging himself
+on the ground, he embraced Barbaroux&#8217;s
+knees in a paroxysm of terror.
+But the judge did not look at him.
+Barbaroux turned, instead, to Pierre
+Bounat. &#8220;What do you say of him?&#8221;
+he asked.</p>
+<p>&#8220;He is not fit to live,&#8221; said the young
+man solemnly, his breath coming quick
+and fast.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:339px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_19' id='linki_19'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus117.jpg' alt='' title='' width='339' height='474' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>&#8220;And you?&#8221;</span> Barbaroux continued,
+turning and looking with his eyes of
+fire at the wife, his voice gentle, and
+yet more solemn.</p>
+<p>A moment before she had ceased to
+weep, and had stood up listening and
+gazing, awe and wonder in her face.
+Barbaroux had to repeat his question
+before she answered. Then she said,
+&#8220;He is not fit to die.&#8221;</p>
+<p>There was silence for a moment,
+broken only by the entreaties of the
+wretch on the floor. At last Barbaroux
+spoke. &#8220;She has said rightly,&#8221; he
+pronounced. &#8220;He shall live. They
+have put us out of the law and set a
+price on our heads; but we will keep
+the law. He shall live. But, hark
+you,&#8221; the great orator continued, in
+tones which Michel never forgot, &#8220;if a
+whisper escape you as to our presence
+here, or our names, or if you wrong
+your wife by word or deed, the life she
+has saved shall pay for it.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Remember!&#8221; he added, shaking
+Michel to and fro with a finger, &#8220;the
+arm of Barbaroux is long, and though
+I be a hundred leagues away, I shall
+know and I shall punish. So, beware!
+Now rise, and live!&#8221;</p>
+<p>The miserable man cowered back to
+the wall, frightened to the core of his
+heart. The Girondins conferred a while
+in whispers, two of their number assisting
+Pierre to cross the barrier. Suddenly
+there came&mdash;and Michel trembled
+anew as he heard it&mdash;a loud
+knocking at the door. All started and
+stood listening and waiting. A voice
+outside cried: &#8220;Open! open! in the
+name of the law!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;We have lingered too long,&#8221; Barbaroux
+muttered. &#8220;I should have
+thought of this. It is the Mayor of Carbaix
+come to apprehend our friend.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Again the Girondins conferred
+together. At last, seeming
+to arrive at a conclusion,
+they ranged themselves on
+either side of the door, and
+one of their number opened it.
+A short, stout man, girt with
+a tricolor sash, and wearing
+a huge sword, entered with an
+air of authority&mdash;being blinded
+by the light he saw nothing
+out of the common&mdash;and was
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_117' name='page_117'></a>117</span>
+followed by four men armed with
+muskets.</p>
+<p>Their appearance produced an extraordinary
+effect on Michel Tellier.
+As they one by one crossed the threshold,
+the peasant leaned forward, his
+face flushed, his eyes gleaming, and
+counted them. They were only five.
+And the others were twelve. He fell
+back, and from that moment his belief
+in the Girondins&#8217; power was clinched.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:431px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_20' id='linki_20'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus118.jpg' alt='' title='' width='431' height='531' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>&#8220;In the name</span> of the law!&#8221; panted
+the mayor. &#8220;Why did you not&mdash;&#8221;
+Then he stopped abruptly, his mouth
+remaining open. He found himself
+surrounded by a group of grim, silent
+mutes, with arms in their hands, and
+in a twinkling it flashed into his mind
+that these were the eleven chiefs of
+the Girondins, whom he had been
+warned to keep watch for. He had
+come to catch a pigeon and had caught
+a crow. He turned pale and his eyes
+dropped. &#8220;Who are&mdash;who are these
+gentlemen?&#8221; he stammered, in a ludicrously
+altered tone.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Some volunteers of Quumpen, returning
+home,&#8221; replied Barbaroux, with
+ironical smoothness.</p>
+<p>&#8220;You have your papers, citizens?&#8221;
+the mayor asked, mechanically; and
+he took a step back towards the door,
+and looked over his shoulder.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Here they
+are!&#8221; said Pétion
+rudely, thrusting
+a packet into his
+hands. &#8220;They
+are in order.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The mayor
+took them, and
+longing only to
+see the outside
+of the door, pretended
+to look
+through them,
+his little heart
+going pit-a-pat
+within him.
+&#8220;They seem to
+be in order,&#8221; he
+assented, feebly.
+&#8220;I need not
+trouble you further,
+citizens. I
+came here under
+a misapprehension,
+I find, and
+I wish you a good
+journey.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He knew, as
+he backed out,
+that he was cutting
+a poor figure.
+He would
+fain have made
+a more dignified
+retreat. But before
+these men, fugitives and outlaws
+as they were, he felt, though he was
+Mayor of Carbaix, almost as small a
+man as did Michel Tellier. These were
+the men of the Revolution. They had
+bearded nobles and pulled down kings.
+There was Barbaroux, who had grappled
+with Marat; and Pétion, the Mayor
+of the Bastille. The little Mayor
+of Carbaix knew greatness when he saw
+it. He turned tail, and hurried back
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_118' name='page_118'></a>118</span>
+to his fireside, his body-guard not a
+whit behind him.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_21' id='linki_21'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus119a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='439' height='454' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>Five minutes later the men he feared
+and envied came out also, and went
+their way, passing in single file into the
+darkness which brooded over the great
+monolith; beginning, brave hearts,
+another of the few stages which still
+lay between them and the guillotine.
+Then in the cottage there remained
+only Michel and Jeanne. She sat by
+the dying embers, silent, and lost in
+thought. He leaned against the wall,
+his eyes roving ceaselessly, but always
+when his gaze met hers it fell. Barbaroux
+had conquered him. It was
+not until Jeanne had risen to close the
+door, and he was alone, that he wrung
+his hands, and muttered: &#8220;Five crowns!
+Five crowns gone and wasted!&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_22' id='linki_22'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus119b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='581' height='281' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<hr class='toprule' />
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_119' name='page_119'></a>119</span>
+<a name='HUMAN_DOCUMENTS' id='HUMAN_DOCUMENTS'></a>
+<h2>&#8220;HUMAN DOCUMENTS.&#8221;</h2>
+</div>
+<blockquote>
+<p><i>Facing this pastel, in an opposite corner of the room, another little thing full of
+sadness catches my eye, despite the deepening twilight. It is a yellow-stained photograph
+hung on the wall in a simple, wooden frame. It is the young Prince Imperial,
+who was killed in Africa a dozen years ago, but is shown here as a mere child in
+knee breeches. An odd, but touching, fancy it was of the Empress Eugenie to place
+this souvenir of her son, the last of the Napoleons, in the very room where that other
+one was born, the giant who shook the earth....</i></p>
+<p><i>How strange and startling it will be a century or two hence for our descendants
+to turn over the photographs of their ancestors!... The portraits left by our
+forefathers, expressive though they may be, whether painted or engraved, can never
+produce in us an impression equally vivid; but photographs are the very reflections
+of living beings, fixing their precise attitudes, their gestures, their most fleeting
+expressions. What a curious thing it will be, what an awe-inspiring thing for
+future generations to study our faces when we shall have fallen into the dead
+past!...</i>&mdash;A fragment from Loti&#8217;s &#8220;Book of Pity and of Death.&#8221;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h3>BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.</h3>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Edward Everett Hale</span>, clergyman and
+author, born in Boston in 1822, was graduated
+at Harvard in 1839. While a clergyman, he
+is perhaps best known to the world as a philanthropist
+and an author. He has written short
+stories, novels, juvenile books, works of travel,
+essays, biography, and history, besides giving
+much time to his pastoral duties, to preaching,
+lecturing, and the organization of charities. He
+founded the magazine &#8220;Old and New,&#8221; afterward
+merged in &#8220;Scribner&#8217;s&#8221; (now &#8220;The Century&#8221;).
+Two of his short stories, &#8220;My
+Double, and How He Undid Me,&#8221; and &#8220;The
+Man Without a Country,&#8221; are classics.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Henri Adolphe Stephan Opper</span>, known to
+the world as <span class='smcap'>M. de Blowitz</span>, born at Blowitz,
+Bohemia, on December 28, 1825, migrated to
+France in 1848, and became engaged as professor
+of the German language and literature at
+the Lycée of Tours. Here he remained till 1860,
+when he left to fill, successively, similar posts at
+Limoges, Poictiers, and Marseilles. He married
+the daughter of a paymaster of the French
+Marine. It was not till 1871 that he became a
+naturalized Frenchman, and, after the French
+defeat by the Germans, he was a confidant and
+emissary of both Gambetta and Thiers. His
+entrance into journalism was as the collaborateur
+of Lawrence Oliphant, the special correspondent
+of the &#8220;London Times&#8221; at Versailles.
+On Oliphant&#8217;s retirement, M. de Blowitz was
+promoted by the editor of the &#8220;Times,&#8221; to fill
+his place. The subsequent career of the great
+correspondent has been identified with some of
+the most striking episodes in modern politics
+and journalism.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Daniel Vierge Urrabieta</span>, born in Madrid,
+1852, became a student of the Fine Arts
+Academy of Madrid in 1865. In 1869 he went
+to Paris and began his career of illustrator. In
+1881 he was stricken by an attack of paralysis,
+which it was feared would be fatal. But for the
+last four or five years he has been growing
+steadily better in health, and has been able to
+resume his brilliant work. Although but little
+known to the public at large, he ranks among
+the most original and striking of modern artists,
+and is without doubt at the head of the illustrators.</p>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Thomas Alva Edison</span>, born at Alva, Ohio,
+February 11, 1847, had no schooling except the
+attrition of life. At the age of fifteen, having
+been taught telegraphy, he graduated from the
+life of a train newsboy into that of an operator,
+and, during several years of wandering, acquired
+extraordinary skill. The study of theory ran
+<i>æquo pede</i> with executive work. He quickly
+invented the automatic repeater to transfer messages
+from one to another wire. It is needless
+to touch upon his further achievements which
+have made his name famous in the whole civilized
+world.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_120' name='page_120'></a>120</span></div>
+<h3>EDWARD EVERETT HALE.</h3>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:212px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_23' id='linki_23'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus121a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='212' height='244' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+FROM AN OLD DAGUERREOTYPE.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:335px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_24' id='linki_24'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus121b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='335' height='393' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 37. 1859.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:188px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_25' id='linki_25'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus121c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='188' height='248' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 39. 1861.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:189px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_26' id='linki_26'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus121d.jpg' alt='' title='' width='189' height='247' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+FROM AN UNDATED DAGUERREOTYPE TAKEN BEFORE 1855.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:157px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_27' id='linki_27'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus121e.jpg' alt='' title='' width='157' height='377' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 43. 1865.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:279px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_28' id='linki_28'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_121' name='page_121'></a>121</span>
+<img src='images/illus122a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='279' height='395' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+MR. HALE AND HIS CHILDREN IN 1869.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:220px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_29' id='linki_29'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus122b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='220' height='311' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 48. 1870.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_30' id='linki_30'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus122c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='426' height='420' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+MR. HALE IN 1888.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_122' name='page_122'></a>122</span></div>
+<h3 style='clear: both'>M. DE BLOWITZ.</h3>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:177px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_31' id='linki_31'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus123a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='177' height='392' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+1866.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:246px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_32' id='linki_32'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus123b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='246' height='364' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+1875. PARIS.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:187px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_33' id='linki_33'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus123c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='187' height='387' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+1884. CONSTANTINOPLE. TAKEN IN THE COSTUME IN WHICH HE INTERVIEWED THE SULTAN.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:277px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_34' id='linki_34'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus123d.jpg' alt='' title='' width='277' height='305' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+M. DE BLOWITZ AT THE PRESENT DAY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_123' name='page_123'></a>123</span></div>
+<h3 style='clear: both'>DANIEL VIERGE URRABIETA.</h3>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:167px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_35' id='linki_35'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus124a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='167' height='503' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 13. 1865.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:239px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_36' id='linki_36'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus124b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='239' height='506' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 17. 1869. MADRID.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:214px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_37' id='linki_37'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus124c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='214' height='287' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 19. 1871. PARIS.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:241px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_38' id='linki_38'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus124d.jpg' alt='' title='' width='241' height='291' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+VIERGE IN 1890.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_124' name='page_124'></a>124</span></div>
+<h3 style='clear: both'>THOMAS ALVA EDISON.</h3>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:250px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_39' id='linki_39'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus125a.jpg' alt='' title='' width='250' height='308' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 3. 1850.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figright' style='width:267px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_40' id='linki_40'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus125b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='267' height='313' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 13. 1860.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_41' id='linki_41'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus125c.jpg' alt='' title='' width='526' height='366' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 31. 1878. EDISON AND THE FIRST PHONOGRAPH.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_42' id='linki_42'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_125' name='page_125'></a>125</span>
+<img src='images/illus126.jpg' alt='' title='' width='580' height='304' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+AGE 44. 1891. EDISON AND THE IMPROVED PHONOGRAPH.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_43' id='linki_43'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus126b.jpg' alt='' title='' width='446' height='493' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+EDISON AT THE PRESENT DAY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<hr class='toprule' />
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_126' name='page_126'></a>126</span>
+<a name='WILD_BEASTS_HOW_THEY_ARE_TRANSPORTED_AND_TRAINED__BY_RAYMOND_BLATHWAYT' id='WILD_BEASTS_HOW_THEY_ARE_TRANSPORTED_AND_TRAINED__BY_RAYMOND_BLATHWAYT'></a>
+<h2>WILD BEASTS.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcaplc'>HOW THEY ARE TRANSPORTED AND TRAINED.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_44' id='linki_44'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus127.png' alt='' title='' width='512' height='372' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>Few of those people who go to a
+menagerie realize what an immense
+undertaking it is to transport wild
+beasts from the land of their birth and
+of their freedom to the land of their
+imprisonment, and, too frequently, of
+their death. I will ask my readers
+to picture for themselves an African
+desert blazing beneath a burning sun.
+Across the weary waste of sand a long
+column of men and animals is wending
+its slow way. As it draws nearer
+we see that it is a caravan of wild
+animals on their way from the interior
+to the seaboard. And as it passes us,
+the vast mass of living creatures, as in
+a chemical process, slowly dissolves
+itself into distinct particles and individualities.
+Let us regard them carefully.
+In the first place we notice a
+procession of fourteen stately giraffes,
+then come five elephants, a huge rhinoceros,
+four wild buffaloes bellowing
+sadly after the mates they have forever
+left behind. Then there go lumbering
+by a number of enormous carts
+or wagons, in which are safely confined
+thirty hyenas, five leopards, six
+lions, two chetahs, sixteen antelopes,
+two lynxes, one serval, one wardbob,
+twenty smaller carnivorous animals,
+four African ant-eaters, and forty-five
+monkeys. And then there come slowly
+prancing by, wary, restless, cunning,
+twenty-six ostriches. There are twenty
+boxes of birds, from which sounds of
+shrill screaming are constantly proceeding.
+There are upwards of a hundred
+Abyssinian goats scattered here
+and there in the procession. These are
+to give milk for the young animals, and
+to serve as food and meat for the old.
+The caravan is on its way through the
+desert to Suakim, which is the first
+shipping place for Europe. There are
+no less than a hundred and twenty
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_127' name='page_127'></a>127</span>
+camels in it, which are required to
+carry the food for this caravan, and
+there are upwards of a hundred and
+sixty drivers in the procession. It
+takes the caravans upwards of thirty-six
+days to cover the distance which
+lies between Cassala in the interior of
+Nubia and the port of Suakim, for
+which they are bound. The same
+journey is usually performed by quick
+post camels in twelve days.</p>
+<p>This is the exact account of a caravan
+which Karl Hagenbeck told me he
+brought across the desert in the year
+1870. &#8220;It is tremendously anxious
+work,&#8221; said he, &#8220;the
+transportation of these
+animals across sea and
+land. The amount of
+water which we have to
+carry with us in goats&#8217;
+hides upon camels&#8217; backs
+is prodigious, for nothing
+would be more awful
+than to run short of water
+in the middle of the
+desert, and to be surrounded
+by a number of
+wild beasts, maddened
+with heat and unquenchable
+thirst. The principal
+food for the young
+elephants and rhinoceroses
+on the way home
+is a fruit called nabeck,
+that is, a kind of cherry
+of which they are very
+fond. Giraffes and antelopes
+and ostriches are
+provided with the doura
+corn that grows in the interior. All
+these bigger animals walk, and as they
+jog along my people feed them occasionally
+with hard ship biscuit, which
+appears to sustain them well through
+the journey. At four o&#8217;clock every
+morning the caravan strikes its tents
+and begins its march. They go plodding
+along till ten o&#8217;clock, when the
+day becomes too hot for further progress.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:191px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_45' id='linki_45'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus128.png' alt='' title='' width='191' height='353' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+KARL HAGENBECK.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>&#8220;But do the</span> animals never attempt
+to escape?&#8221; said I.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, not often,&#8221; replied Karl
+Hagenbeck; &#8220;but,&#8221; he added, with a
+hearty laugh of recollection, &#8220;I remember
+that once, in that very year
+1870, of which I have just been telling
+you, the whole of the ostriches, twenty-six
+in number, ran away just as we
+were getting them into the railway
+station at Suakim. Away they went,
+heading straight for the desert. I
+never was in such a dreadful fix in my
+life. At last it struck me that it
+would be a good plan to drive all the
+goats and camels towards them; we
+did so, and, when the ostriches saw
+them advancing, they formed themselves
+into a flock, and we drove the
+whole lot into the station. The birds
+were caught one by one and put into
+the cars. That was the
+last transport, by-the-by,
+that poor Casanova ever
+brought over. Indeed,
+he died at Alexandria in
+the very midst of the
+whole business, and we
+buried him on the evening
+of his death. It was
+a dreadful time, and
+everything appeared to
+be against us, for at the
+very moment of his
+death, just as we were
+getting the animals on
+board ship, a fearful
+earthquake shook the
+whole land. I thought
+there was something
+about to happen, for the
+animals were very uneasy,
+the birds were
+twittering, the monkeys
+were chattering and
+trembling, the lions
+were roaring constantly, the elephants
+were deafening with their long trumpetings.
+Suddenly I felt the steamer
+quivering from stem to stern. The
+sea was tossing, the sun was hidden
+behind a thick yellow mist. I looked
+toward the land where the minarets
+were toppling down, and where the
+greatest horror and confusion appeared
+to prevail, and all the while poor Casanova
+lay dead or dying below. I
+shall never forget that awful morning.</p>
+<p>&#8220;We had had the greatest possible
+difficulty just before, too, for at Suakim
+the railway people had told us
+that we had too many wagons, and
+that they would not transport us any
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_128' name='page_128'></a>128</span>
+farther. However, I soon settled that
+by going up to the directors of the
+railway and demanding from them an
+express train immediately; &#8216;for,&#8217; said
+I, &#8216;these animals are for the Emperor
+of Austria,&#8217; and to prove this I showed
+them a great document sealed by the
+emperor himself.&#8221;</p>
+<h3>ADVENTURES WITH ESCAPED ANIMALS.</h3>
+<p>&#8220;On another occasion I was journeying
+through Suez with a giraffe which
+for five months had been living in the
+German Consul&#8217;s garden. I was leading
+it to the station when it suddenly
+took fright and ran away. For four
+long, weary miles I hung on to the
+wretched beast, but at last I was obliged
+to drop the rope and let it go. A smart
+little Nubian boy then took up the
+chase; he got hold of the rope and
+eventually tied it round a tree, and
+after a while we led the animal quietly
+back to the station.</p>
+<p>&#8220;But one of the most alarming adventures
+that ever overtook me whilst
+I was transporting animals was that
+which occurred once when twelve elephants
+broke away from me and
+rushed through the streets of Vienna.
+The whole twelve had been deposited
+in a <i>dépôt</i>, where they had to rest for
+two days. I was taking
+six of the elephants to
+lead them to the station,
+and when my back was
+turned and I was engaged
+with these six elephants,
+the other six
+stealthily and quietly
+pulled up the iron rings
+by which they were fastened
+to the ground,
+trumpeted loudly, and,
+before I knew what had
+happened, the twelve
+animals were rushing
+through the streets of
+Vienna. At last, after
+a long chase, I caught
+the biggest elephant, and led it to the
+station, the others following quietly
+enough. But my troubles were not
+over yet, for I hardly got the first four
+into a railway van when the others
+began to howl. The four elephants in
+the train plunged and kicked about,
+and at last they broke their ropes and
+ran out of the van, followed by all
+the others, and into the open streets.
+Then began another hunt up the big
+fashionable streets, down little courts
+and alleys, once after one which ran
+into a big shop, all over a big park,
+and this went on for three hours, until,
+at last, greatly to my relief, I got them
+safely into the station and packed into
+the vans for their journey.&#8221;</p>
+<h3>WILD ANIMALS ABOARD SHIP.</h3>
+<p>&#8220;Perhaps the most difficult part of
+transportation, notwithstanding all the
+adventures I have had on land, is the
+getting the big animals on board ship.
+Take elephants for instance. They
+are placed in barges and then they are
+slung up in big slings on to the steamer.
+This is very difficult and very anxious
+work, for very often they are killed by
+the breaking of their necks or their
+legs. And then again, once they are
+on board ship, it is very difficult to
+bring elephants alive to Europe. They
+suffer dreadfully from sea-sickness, and
+cannot eat. Some of them are put between
+decks, and some of them have
+stables fitted up for them on deck.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:389px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_46' id='linki_46'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus129.png' alt='' title='' width='389' height='257' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>&#8220;I remember once</span> that Casanova left
+Africa with a cargo of forty elephants,
+thirteen only of which reached Trieste
+alive, and only twelve came here to
+me in Hamburg. On one occasion, in
+1881 I think it was, I was bringing
+over a large cargo of forty-two ostriches
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_129' name='page_129'></a>129</span>
+from the Somali country. We
+were going through the Red Sea, when
+suddenly a violent storm broke upon
+us. It was pitch dark on deck, but I
+went below to look at my birds, and
+by the dim light of the lantern, and
+the flash of lightning that every now
+and again lit up the whole of the ship,
+I saw that the poor creatures were
+swaying to and fro, and that they were
+in the greatest possible discomfort.
+That night more than thirty of them
+broke their legs, and the next day we
+had to throw their bodies into the sea,
+and out of the forty-two I brought only
+nine home to Europe. But perhaps
+one of the most dangerous adventures
+that I ever had in transporting wild
+beasts was in 1871. I was taking a
+rhinoceros from the East India Docks
+to the Zoölogical Gardens in London.
+To do this I had to take it and lead it
+through the docks on a flat trolly. At
+last we got the beast hoisted on a
+wagon, and fastened by all four legs.
+Suddenly an engine drove by. The
+animal became hideously frightened,
+his eyes rolled white, then red. He
+then planted his horn under the seat
+upon which the man who was driving
+the wagon was seated. Away went
+the man, away went the seat, clean
+over the three horses. They in their
+turn became dreadfully frightened, too,
+and bolted. I hit the beast as hard as
+ever I could with a rope. We managed
+to tie another rope round his
+neck and fastened it down, and at last
+we got him safely down the Commercial
+Road, and then settled in some
+stables. I had a big box made for
+him, and at last conveyed him safely
+to his destination; but I wouldn&#8217;t go
+through that experience again for a
+million of money.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:422px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_47' id='linki_47'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus130.png' alt='' title='' width='422' height='270' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>&#8220;I was once</span>
+bringing home a
+full-grown alligator,&#8221;
+continued Mr.
+Hagenbeck, smiling
+at the thought
+of the adventure
+of which he was
+about to tell me,
+&#8220;and I was travelling
+on a passenger
+ship. One morning
+a most amusing
+incident occurred,
+but one which all
+the same might
+have been attended
+with serious
+consequences. I had paid my usual
+morning visit to my travelling companion,
+and had seen to his supply of food
+and water, and having assured myself
+that he was quite comfortable and well
+looked after, I retired to my cabin to
+lie down, the day being very hot. Suddenly
+I heard a great tramping overhead
+and the screaming of women and
+children. I could not think what was
+the matter, so I ran up on deck; as I
+went I passed a number of people
+rushing down the companion way.
+The male passengers were on the captain&#8217;s
+deck; the sailors were climbing
+the rigging as fast as they could. The
+deck was perfectly clear. In the midst
+of the empty deck stood my alligator,
+the innocent cause of this sudden commotion,
+with gently smiling jaws, looking
+wonderingly on. After a good
+long time and much difficulty I got
+the beast into his own habitation.&#8221;</p>
+<h3>TRAINING OF WILD BEASTS.</h3>
+<p>It is told of the mad King of Bavaria,
+that he used frequently to command
+great theatrical entertainments
+at which he himself was the only spectator.
+A similar experience befell
+myself when I was visiting Hamburg.
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_130' name='page_130'></a>130</span>
+For Mr. Karl Hagenbeck, at my special
+request, and with great good
+nature, gave two full performances
+in my honor, at which, like the mad
+Bavarian monarch, I was the only
+spectator. In the first performance
+only very young animals took part,
+but as they had been working since
+last January year, they were pretty
+well up to all the little tricks they had
+been taught. My readers will imagine
+a great circle carefully railed off from
+the outside world by iron bars. Round
+this circle, upon a number of little
+stands, sat the performing animals,
+waiting to take their respective
+&#8220;turns,&#8221; as they say in the music
+halls; in the midst of the circle sat
+myself, with a beautiful little baby
+lion on my knee, which amused itself
+by playing with my watch chain and
+handkerchief. Two little tigers which
+got tired of sitting still suddenly
+jumped down from their perches and
+ran up to play with me and the baby
+lion. A young lion on another perch
+yawned so loud that we all, animals
+and men, looked up to see what was
+the matter. Mr. Hagenbeck walked
+round the circle, stroking the animals,
+most of which affectionately kissed
+him as he passed.</p>
+<h3>YOUNG ANIMALS AT SCHOOL.</h3>
+<p>At this moment Mr. Mellermann,
+who is one of the finest wild beast
+trainers in the world, entered the circle
+with his whip in his hand, which, as he
+entered, he cracked smartly, causing the
+animals to spring sharply to attention
+upon their little seats. Karl Hagenbeck
+introduced me to Mr. Mellermann,
+who is indeed his own brother-in-law as
+well as being his trainer.</p>
+<p>&#8220;What is your rule of training, Mr.
+Mellermann?&#8221; said I.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Kindness and coolness and firmness,&#8221;
+he replied, &#8220;as you will see in
+this performance. Come on, pussies,&#8221;
+he continued, &#8220;show this gentleman
+how you can run round the circle.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_48' id='linki_48'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus133.png' alt='' title='' width='836' height='570' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>The pussies, as he called them, fairly
+big tigers as I should have considered
+them, unwillingly crept off their seats,
+growling not a little. Mr. Mellermann
+cracked his whip smartly, but did not
+hit them. The animals then began to
+run very prettily round and round the
+circle. So well did they do their little
+tricks that Mr. Mellermann said: &#8220;Now
+you shall have some sugar, you have
+been very good.&#8221; He placed in my
+hand a few lumps of sugar which I myself
+gave to them, greatly to their
+pleasure. Then a pyramid was formed
+by some young tigers, some lions, a
+couple of ponies, and four young goats.
+The pyramid itself consisted of a small
+double ladder upon the steps of which
+the animals somewhat nervously took
+their places, and upon which they stood
+gazing quietly down upon us, until
+they were told that they might go back
+to their places. After a while, when
+school was over, the goats and ponies
+left the arena, and then the door of a
+big cage, which gave upon the circle,
+was thrown wide open. It was pretty
+to see the little lions and tigers running
+home, for all the world like an
+infant school dismissed to play. The
+pretty creatures gambolled about for a
+short while in their cage, and then lay
+down to rest.</p>
+<h3>A WONDERFUL PERFORMANCE.</h3>
+<p>&#8220;And now,&#8221; said Mr. Hagenbeck,
+&#8220;the older animals are coming in to do
+their performance.&#8221;</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_131' name='page_131'></a>131</span></div>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:188px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_49' id='linki_49'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus134.png' alt='' title='' width='188' height='356' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>Several attendants</span> entered the building
+as he spoke; for to handle a large
+number of fully grown wild animals is
+no light matter. The first animals to
+come rushing into the arena were a
+number of huge German boar-hounds&mdash;great
+affectionate beasts they were, too.
+I patted one of them as he passed me,
+and he reared himself on his hind legs,
+threw his forepaws round my neck,
+and delightedly covered my face with
+kisses. Each boar-hound on entering
+the circle went to his own allotted
+place with all the sense of a human
+being. A few moments afterwards a
+door was thrown open, and in walked
+the lions and tigers. Splendid big
+beasts these last were. Some looked
+very good-tempered, although it is to
+be acknowledged that one tiger had
+evidently got out of bed the wrong
+side, whilst a lion that had arrived
+comparatively recently from Nubia
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_132' name='page_132'></a>132</span>
+evinced now and again a strong disposition
+to rebel against the novel circumstances
+in which he found himself
+placed. Three bears then walked in&mdash;a
+polar bear, a sloth bear, and a black
+bear, the latter causing much amusement
+by quietly entering on its hind
+legs. Then came a couple of elephants,
+a camel, four ponies, several goats, and
+last of all a big, sleepy sheep, which
+seemed to be on particularly intimate
+terms with one of the lions.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:270px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_50' id='linki_50'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus135.png' alt='' title='' width='270' height='299' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>One of the</span> most remarkable things
+that I noticed in Karl Hagenbeck&#8217;s
+menagerie is the marvellous unity and
+loving-kindness which is brought to
+pass amongst his animals. They are
+fondling and playing with each other
+the whole day long. Like the younger
+animals, they took their seats upon the
+rickety pedestals which are provided
+for them. It was a wonder to me how
+such huge beasts were able to balance
+themselves so easily and comfortably
+as they did upon such small and slender
+supports. One of them, however,
+came to grief in a most amusing manner.
+The human beings were standing
+talking together in the middle of the
+circle, when suddenly a loud crash and
+an indignant howl was heard. We all
+turned to see what was the matter, as
+did also the wild beasts themselves;
+one of the lions had suddenly tumbled
+down off his perch, or rather the perch
+had fallen with him, and there he lay,
+more startled than hurt, wondering
+what on earth had happened. It was
+partly his own fault, poor dear fellow,
+for he had fallen asleep whilst waiting
+for the performance to begin, and so
+lost his balance.
+But his look of
+indignant surprise
+was so ludicrously
+human that none
+of us could help
+laughing. However,
+both he and
+his pedestal were
+speedily reinstated
+in their former position, and a lump
+of sugar soon restored him to his usual
+tranquillity of spirit.</p>
+<p>&#8220;And will the animals be arranged
+round the Chicago circus like this,
+Mr. Hagenbeck?&#8221; said I.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Everything will be exactly as you
+see it to-day,&#8221; he replied. &#8220;Perhaps,
+if anything, on a bigger scale.&#8221;</p>
+<p>At this moment the band struck up
+a stirring tune, on hearing which the
+animals delightedly pricked their ears,
+and all became life and animation at
+once!</p>
+<p>&#8220;My animals love music,&#8221; said Mr.
+Hagenbeck, &#8220;and they perform twice as
+well with a band as they do without.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The first thing that took place was
+the riding round the circus on a pony
+by a full-grown lion. Round and
+round they went. The pony spiritedly
+enough; the lion, it must be confessed,
+looking, as wild beasts generally do
+when engaged in such performances,
+rather a fool.</p>
+<p>&#8220;The ponies and dogs were at first
+dreadfully afraid of the lions and
+tigers,&#8221; explained Mr. Hagenbeck, &#8220;but
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_133' name='page_133'></a>133</span>
+they soon got over it. These two animals
+were the rage of all Paris when I
+was performing there a year or two
+ago. Four ponies refused altogether,
+but at last we managed to persuade
+this one to accomplish the trick.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_51' id='linki_51'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus136.png' alt='' title='' width='520' height='225' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;Has your brother-in-law never been
+hurt by any of these animals?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Only once,&#8221; said he, &#8220;when he
+tried to separate a dog and a tiger
+which were fighting, and the dog bit
+him. The dogs are frequently very
+plucky, and sometimes attack the lions.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The next feature in the programme
+was that a tiger should ride round the
+circus on a tricycle. A man rolled in
+the tricycle, the tiger was called by
+name to come down from his perch,
+which he did slowly and unwillingly
+enough. &#8220;For,&#8221; said Mr. Hagenbeck,
+&#8220;he always hates this ride of his.&#8221;
+Then the tiger sullenly mounted the
+tricycle exactly as is shown in the
+picture, growling frequently the whole
+time; two of the boar-hounds walked
+behind as footmen, the band struck up
+a slow tune, the tiger set the tricycle
+in motion, and slowly and solemnly
+enough the little procession passed
+round the circus. &#8220;Now,&#8221; said the
+chief trainer, &#8220;I&#8217;ll show you how a
+tiger can roll a ball along, standing
+upon it the whole time.&#8221; Some trestles
+were brought in, placed at equal
+distances from each other, and a long
+plank was laid across them, and then
+there was placed upon it a huge
+wooden ball. &#8220;Come on, Cæsar,&#8221; cried
+Mr. Mellermann, &#8220;it&#8217;s your turn now.&#8221;
+To our surprise a beautiful lion
+jumped down from his pedestal and
+ran gayly up to Mr. Mellermann.
+&#8220;No, no, no, you dear old stupid,&#8221;
+said the trainer, leading him back to
+his perch; &#8220;I want Cæsar, not you.&#8221;
+But all our persuasion couldn&#8217;t get
+Cæsar the tiger to come down, so Mr.
+Mellermann went boldly up to him
+and gently flicked him with his whip.
+Cæsar got slowly down, snarling and
+growling the whole time. &#8220;Come on,
+then, there&#8217;s a good fellow,&#8221; said Mr.
+Mellermann, and after a while Cæsar
+was persuaded to balance himself on
+the ball which he rolled slowly along
+the plank. Having done it once or
+twice forwards and backwards, he was
+allowed to return to his seat, which he
+did with great joy and satisfaction.
+Mr. Mellermann then went up to him,
+told him he had been a good fellow,
+and gave him a special bit of meat all
+to himself. &#8220;I always do that,&#8221; said
+he, coming back to where I was standing,
+&#8220;when an animal has shown any
+unwillingness to perform his tricks, for
+there is nothing that encourages them
+like kindness.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:282px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_52' id='linki_52'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus137.png' alt='' title='' width='282' height='307' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>&#8220;Which animals</span> show the most
+intelligence?&#8221; said I.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well,&#8221; replied Mr. Mellermann, &#8220;I
+don&#8217;t think there is much difference
+between them. Lions and tigers, males
+and females, are equally clever; and,&#8221;
+continued Mr. Mellermann, &#8220;I think it
+is all rubbish to say that tigers are not
+as affectionate or as easily tamed as
+lions. Why, look here,&#8221; he continued,
+going up to a splendid Royal Bengal
+tiger which greeted him with a most
+extravagant affection as he threw his
+arms round the creature&#8217;s neck and drew
+the great head down on a level with
+his own, &#8220;you couldn&#8217;t get a more affectionate
+beast than this is, I am sure.&#8221;</p>
+<p>On this particular morning the animals
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_134' name='page_134'></a>134</span>
+seemed to be a little flighty,
+which Karl Hagenbeck explained to
+me was owing to the fact that the
+young animals were so close by, and
+the old ones wanted to play with them.
+Next, one of the bears was led forth to
+walk on the tight rope, this appliance
+really being a long narrow plank. Very
+cleverly he balanced himself on his
+hind legs, and walked, first forwards
+and then backwards, with wonderful
+skill and ease. The trainer walked
+beside him, encouraging him now and
+again with the words, &#8220;Steady, John,
+steady,&#8221; treating him, indeed, exactly
+as he would treat a boy at school. In
+the middle of his performance a loud
+snarling and growling was suddenly
+heard; a tiger and a leopard had begun
+quarrelling, and, as the leopard had
+been behaving very badly the whole
+morning, and distracting the attention
+of the school, he was sent back to his
+den in disgrace. Meanwhile the bear
+retired to his pedestal and sat down
+upon it with a graceful and self-satisfied
+air. &#8220;That bear very much
+pleased the Emperor of Austria and
+the King of Bavaria when they came
+here some years ago,&#8221; said Mr. Hagenbeck,
+and then he took a beautiful silver
+cigar-case out of his pocket, from
+which he offered me a very fine weed.
+This cigar-case, he told me, had been
+given him on that memorable occasion
+by the King of Bavaria himself.</p>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:274px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_53' id='linki_53'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus138.png' alt='' title='' width='274' height='360' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>Then a see-saw</span> was constructed in
+the middle of the circus, upon one end
+of which stood a lion, and upon the
+other end of which stood a tiger. A
+bear standing in the middle preserved
+the peace between them. Two leopards
+stood on guard on either side,
+and then the bear set the see-saw in
+motion by walking alternately from
+one side to the other.</p>
+<p>Then took place a curious and
+amusing performance. Four lions and
+tigers were arranged in a row at an
+equal distance from one another.
+Some of the German boar-hounds were
+let loose, and one after another they
+gayly started a game of leap-frog with
+the wild beasts, who seemed to enjoy
+it to the full as much as they did.
+After they had finished their performance,
+some enormous double ladders
+were brought in. The great Polar
+bear was persuaded to take his place
+at the very top; next to him on either
+side, on the next rung of the ladder,
+was a beautiful boar-hound; then
+came two royal Bengal tigers, and
+then a couple of the finest lions I ever
+saw. Round about the base of the
+pyramid were grouped, in picturesque
+profusion, lions, tigers, leopards, and
+dogs. There they stood perfectly still,
+and uttering not a single sound, until,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_135' name='page_135'></a>135</span>
+very suddenly, Mr. Mellermann cracked
+his whip, when the animals joyfully
+quitted their strained positions and
+retired to their seats. &#8220;Ah!&#8221; said
+Mr. Hagenbeck, as he turned to me,
+&#8220;no living human being can imagine
+what it means to get those animals to
+do that. It makes a man old and sick
+and nervous before his time. I&#8217;ll never
+do it again after the Chicago Exhibition.
+Life is too short for such a
+strain. I wouldn&#8217;t take any money
+for those animals now that they are
+trained, although I was offered only
+the other day upwards of sixty thousand
+dollars for them.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:442px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_54' id='linki_54'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus139.png' alt='' title='' width='442' height='287' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>And now came</span> the <i>pièce de résistance</i>
+of the whole affair. A large Roman
+chariot was rolled into the circus;
+two huge tigers were led forth, and,
+growling much, they were harnessed
+to it; and then there was ushered into
+the chariot, with no little state, a noble
+and stately lion. A robe of royal crimson
+was fastened round his neck, a
+gleaming crown
+was placed upon
+his head, the reins
+were thrown upon
+his shoulders, two
+boar-hounds took
+their position as
+footmen in the
+rear of the chariot,
+Mr. Mellermann
+cracked his
+whip, and the
+royal chariot drawn by the tigers rolled
+solemnly round the circus. After this
+a curious thing occurred. The entertainment
+was at an end, the band quitted
+the building, and the animals were allowed
+to play about, all jumbled up together.
+They seemed perfectly happy,
+gambolling with pure pleasure round
+Mr. Mellermann and his assistants,
+between whom and the animals the
+strongest affection most evidently exists.
+After they had played about for
+a few minutes, the order was given that
+they should retire to their cells, which
+they did by devious ways and by-paths,
+the last glimpse I caught of them being
+that of a tiger playfully sparring with
+a tawny African lion.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_55' id='linki_55'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus139b.png' alt='' title='' width='493' height='225' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<hr class='toprule' />
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_136' name='page_136'></a>136</span>
+<a name='JOHN_HORSELEIGH_KNYGHT_BY_THOMAS_HARDY___ILLUSTRATED_BY_MR_HARRY_C_EDWARDS' id='JOHN_HORSELEIGH_KNYGHT_BY_THOMAS_HARDY___ILLUSTRATED_BY_MR_HARRY_C_EDWARDS'></a>
+<h2>JOHN HORSELEIGH, KNYGHT
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Thomas Hardy.</span><br /><br />Illustrated by Mr. Harry C. Edwards.</span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>In the earliest and mustiest volume
+of the Havenpool marriage registers
+(said the thin-faced gentleman)
+this entry may still be read
+by anyone curious enough to decipher
+the crabbed handwriting
+of the date. I took a copy of it when
+I was last there; and it runs thus (he
+had opened his pocket-book, and now
+read aloud the extract; afterwards
+handing round the book to us, wherein
+we saw transcribed the following):</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><i>Mast<sup>r</sup>
+John Horseleigh, Knyght, of the
+p&#8217;ysshe of Clyffton was maryd to Edith
+the wyffe late off John Stocker, m&#8217;chawnte
+of Havenpool the xiiij daie of December
+be p&#8217;vylegge gevyn by our sup&#8217;me hedd of
+the chyrche of Ingelonde Kynge Henry the
+viii<sup>th</sup>
+1539.</i></p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Now, if you turn to the long and
+elaborate pedigree of the ancient family
+of the Horseleighs of Clyfton
+Horseleigh, you will find no mention
+whatever of this alliance, notwithstanding
+the privilege given by the sovereign
+and head of the Church; the
+said Sir John being therein chronicled
+as marrying, at a date apparently
+earlier than the above, the daughter
+and heiress of Richard Phelipson of
+Montislope, in Nether Wessex, a lady
+who outlived him, of which marriage
+there were issue two daughters and a
+son, who succeeded him in his estates.
+How are we to account for these, as it
+would seem, contemporaneous wives?
+A strange local tradition only can help
+us, and this can be briefly told.</p>
+<hr class='invis' />
+<p>One evening in the autumn of the year
+1540 or 1541, a young sailor, whose
+Christian name was Roger, but whose
+surname is not known, landed at his
+native place of Havenpool, on the
+South Wessex coast, after a voyage in
+the Newfoundland trade, then newly
+sprung into existence. He returned in
+the ship &#8220;Primrose&#8221; with a cargo of
+&#8220;trayne oyle brought home from the
+New Founde Lande,&#8221; to quote from
+the town records of the date. During
+his absence of two summers and a winter,
+which made up the term of a Newfoundland
+&#8220;spell,&#8221; many unlooked-for
+changes had occurred within the quiet
+little seaport, some of which closely
+affected Roger the sailor. At the time
+of his departure his only sister Edith
+had become the bride of one Stocker,
+a respectable townsman, and part owner
+of the brig in which Roger had sailed;
+and it was to the house of this
+couple, his only relatives, that the
+young man directed his steps. On trying
+the door in Quay Street he found
+it locked, and then observed that the
+windows were boarded up. Inquiring
+of a bystander, he learned for the first
+time of the death of his brother-in-law,
+though that event had taken place
+nearly eighteen months before.</p>
+<p>&#8220;And my sister Edith?&#8221; asked
+Roger.</p>
+<p>&#8220;She&#8217;s married again&mdash;as they do
+say, and hath been so these twelve
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_137' name='page_137'></a>137</span>
+months. I don&#8217;t vouch
+for the truth o&#8217;t, though
+if she isn&#8217;t she ought to
+be.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:378px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_56' id='linki_56'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus141.png' alt='' title='' width='378' height='289' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>Roger&#8217;s face</span> grew dark.
+He was a man with a considerable
+reserve of strong
+passion, and he asked his
+informant what he meant
+by speaking thus.</p>
+<p>The man explained that
+shortly after the young
+woman&#8217;s bereavement a
+stranger had come to the
+port. He had seen her
+moping on the quay, had
+been attracted by her
+youth and loneliness, and
+in an extraordinarily brief
+wooing had completely fascinated her&mdash;had
+carried her off, and, as was reported,
+had married her. Though he
+had come by water, he was supposed
+to live no very great distance off by
+land. They were last heard of at
+Oozewood, in Upper Wessex, at the
+house of one Wall, a timber-merchant,
+where, he believed, she still had a lodging,
+though her husband, if he were
+lawfully that much, was but an occasional
+visitor to the place.</p>
+<p>&#8220;The stranger?&#8221; asked Roger. &#8220;Did
+you see him? What manner of man
+was he?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I liked him not,&#8221; said the other.
+&#8220;He seemed of that kind that hath
+something to conceal, and as he walked
+with her he ever and anon turned his
+head and gazed behind him, as if he
+much feared an unwelcome pursuer.
+But, faith,&#8221;
+continued he,
+&#8220;it may have
+been the man&#8217;s
+anxiety only.
+Yet did I not
+like him.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Was he
+older than my
+sister?&#8221; Roger
+asked.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Ay, much
+older;
+from a
+dozen to a
+score of
+years older. A man of some position, may be,
+playing an amorous game for the pleasure
+of the hour. Who knoweth but
+that he have a wife already? Many
+have done the thing hereabouts of late.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:514px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_57' id='linki_57'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus141b.png' alt='' title='' width='514' height='478' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>Having paid a</span> visit to the graves of
+his relatives, the sailor next day went
+along the straight road which, then a
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_138' name='page_138'></a>138</span>
+lane, now a highway, conducted to the
+curious little inland town named by the
+Havenpool man. It is unnecessary to
+describe Oozewood on the South-Avon.
+It has a railway at the present day,
+but thirty years of steam traffic past
+its precincts have hardly modified its
+original features. Surrounded by a
+sort of fresh-water lagoon, dividing it
+from meadows and coppice, its ancient
+thatch and timber
+houses have barely
+made way even
+in the front street
+for the ubiquitous
+modern brick and
+slate. It neither
+increases nor diminishes
+in size;
+it is difficult to say
+what the inhabitants
+find to do,
+for, though trades
+in wood-ware are
+still carried on,
+there cannot be
+enough of this
+class of work now-a-days
+to maintain
+all the house-holders,
+the forests
+around having
+been so
+greatly thinned
+and curtailed. At
+the time of this
+tradition the forests
+were dense,
+artificers in wood
+abounded, and the
+timber trade was
+brisk. Every
+house in the town,
+without exception,
+was of oak framework, filled in
+with plaster, and covered with thatch,
+the chimney being the only brick portion
+of the structure. Inquiry soon
+brought Roger the sailor to the door
+of Wall, the timber-dealer referred to,
+but it was some time before he was
+able to gain admission to the lodging
+of his sister, the people having plainly
+received directions not to welcome
+strangers.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:294px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_58' id='linki_58'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus142.png' alt='' title='' width='294' height='516' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>She was sitting</span> in an upper room,
+on one of the lath-backed, willow-bottomed
+&#8220;shepherd&#8217;s&#8221; chairs, made on the
+spot then as to this day, and as they
+were probably made there in the days
+of the Heptarchy. In her lap was an
+infant, which she had been suckling,
+though now it had fallen asleep; so
+had the young mother herself for a few
+minutes, under the drowsing effects of
+solitude. Hearing footsteps on the
+stairs, she awoke, started up with a
+glad cry, and ran
+to the door, opening
+which she met
+her brother on
+the threshold.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, this is
+merry! I didn&#8217;t
+expect &#8217;ee!&#8221; she
+said. &#8220;Ah, Roger&mdash;I
+thought it was
+John.&#8221; Her tones
+fell to disappointment.</p>
+<p>The sailor
+kissed her, looked
+at her sternly for
+a few moments,
+and pointing to
+the infant, said:
+&#8220;You mean the
+father of this?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes, my husband,&#8221;
+said Edith.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I hope so,&#8221; he
+answered.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why, Roger,
+I&#8217;m married&mdash;of
+a truth am I!&#8221;
+she cried.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Shame upon
+&#8217;ee, if true! If
+not true, worse.
+Master Stocker
+was an honest
+man, and ye should have respected
+his memory longer. Where is thy husband?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;He comes often. I thought it was
+he now. Our marriage has to be kept
+secret for a while; it was done privily
+for certain reasons, but we were married
+at church like honest folk&mdash;afore
+God we were, Roger&mdash;six months after
+poor Stocker&#8217;s death.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;&#8217;Twas too soon,&#8221; said Roger.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I was living in a house alone; I
+had nowhere to go to. You were far
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_139' name='page_139'></a>139</span>
+over sea in the New Found Land, and
+John took me and brought me here.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;How often doth he come?&#8221; says
+Roger again.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Once or twice weekly,&#8221; says she.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I wish th&#8217; &#8217;dst waited till I returned,
+dear Edy,&#8221; he said. &#8220;It mid be you
+are a wife&mdash;I hope so. But, if so, why
+this mystery? Why this mean and
+cramped lodging in this lonely copse-circled
+town? Of what standing is your
+husband, and of where?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;He is of gentle breeding; his name
+is John. I am not free to tell his family
+name. He is said to be of London,
+for safety&#8217; sake; but he really lives in
+the county next adjoining this.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Where in the next county?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I do not know. He has preferred
+not to tell me, that I may not have the
+secret forced from me, to his and my
+hurt, by bringing the marriage to the
+ears of his kinsfolk and friends.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Her brother&#8217;s face flushed. &#8220;Our
+people have been honest townsmen,
+well-reputed for long; why should you
+readily take such humbling from a
+sojourner of whom th&#8217; &#8217;st know nothing?&#8221;</p>
+<p>They remained in constrained converse
+till her quick ear caught a sound,
+for which she might have been waiting&mdash;a
+horse&#8217;s footfall. &#8220;It is John!&#8221;
+said she. &#8220;This is his night&mdash;Saturday.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:238px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_59' id='linki_59'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus143.png' alt='' title='' width='238' height='289' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>&#8220;Don&#8217;t be</span> frightened lest he should
+find me here,&#8221; said Roger. &#8220;I am on
+the point of leaving. I wish not to be
+a third party. Say nothing at all about
+my visit, if it will incommode you so to
+do. I will see thee before I go afloat
+again.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Speaking thus he left the room, and
+descending the staircase let himself out
+by the front door, thinking he might
+obtain a glimpse of the approaching
+horseman. But that traveller had in
+the meantime gone stealthily round to
+the back of the homestead, and peering
+along the pinion-end of the house
+Roger discerned him unbridling and
+haltering his horse with his own hands
+in the shed there.</p>
+<p>Roger retired to the neighboring inn
+called the Black Lamb, and meditated.
+This mysterious method of approach
+determined him, after all, not to leave
+the place till he had ascertained more
+definite facts of his sister&#8217;s position&mdash;whether
+she were the deluded victim of
+the stranger or the wife she obviously
+believed herself to be. Having eaten
+some supper, he left the inn, it being
+now about eleven o&#8217;clock. He first
+looked into the shed, and, finding the
+horse still standing there, waited irresolutely
+near the door of his sister&#8217;s lodging.
+Half an hour elapsed, and, while
+thinking he would climb into a loft
+hard by for a night&#8217;s rest, there seemed
+to be a movement within the shutters
+of the sitting-room that his sister occupied.
+Roger hid himself behind a
+fagot-stack near the back door, rightly
+divining that his sister&#8217;s visitor would
+emerge by the way he had entered.
+The door opened, and the candle she
+held in her hand lighted for a moment
+the stranger&#8217;s form, showing it to be
+that of a tall and handsome personage,
+about forty years of age, and apparently
+of a superior position in life. Edith
+was assisting him to cloak himself,
+which being done he took leave of her
+with a kiss and left the house. From
+the door she watched him bridle and
+saddle his horse, and having mounted
+and waved an adieu to her as she stood,
+candle in hand, he turned out of the
+yard and rode away.</p>
+<p>The horse which bore him was, or
+seemed to be, a little lame, and Roger
+fancied from this that the rider&#8217;s journey
+was not likely to be a long one.
+Being light of foot he followed apace,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_140' name='page_140'></a>140</span>
+having no great difficulty on such a
+still night in keeping within earshot
+some few miles, the horseman pausing
+more than once. In this pursuit Roger
+discovered the rider to choose bridle-tracks
+and open commons in preference
+to any high road. The distance soon
+began to prove a more trying one than
+he had bargained for; and when out
+of breath and in some despair of being
+able to ascertain the man&#8217;s identity, he
+perceived an ass standing in the star-light
+under a hayrick, from which the
+animal was helping itself to periodic
+mouthfuls.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_60' id='linki_60'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus145.png' alt='' title='' width='481' height='627' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>The story goes that Roger caught
+the ass, mounted, and again resumed
+the trail of the unconscious horseman,
+which feat may have been possible to
+a nautical young fellow, though one
+can hardly understand how a sailor
+would ride such an animal without
+bridle or saddle, and strange to his
+hands, unless the creature was extraordinarily
+docile. This question, however,
+is immaterial. Suffice it to say,
+that at dawn the following morning
+Roger beheld his sister&#8217;s lover or husband
+entering the gates of a large and
+well-timbered park on the south-western
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_141' name='page_141'></a>141</span>
+verge of the White Hart Forest
+(as it was then called), now known to
+everybody as the Vale of Blackmoor.
+Thereupon the sailor discarded his
+steed, and finding for himself an obscurer
+entrance to the same park a
+little farther on, he crossed the grass
+to reconnoitre.</p>
+<p>He presently perceived amid the
+trees before him a mansion which,
+new to himself, was one of the best
+known in the county at that time. Of
+this fine manorial residence hardly a
+trace now remains; but a manuscript,
+dated some years later than the events
+we are regarding, describes it in terms
+from which the imagination may construct
+a singularly clear and vivid
+picture. This record presents it as
+consisting of &#8220;a faire yellow freestone
+building, partly two and partly three
+storeys; a faire halle and parlour, both
+waynscotted; a faire dyning roome and
+withdrawing roome, and many good
+lodgings; a kitchen adjoyninge backwarde
+to one end of the dwelling-house,
+with a faire passage from it
+into the halle, parlour, and dyninge
+roome, and sellars adjoyninge.</p>
+<p>&#8220;In the front of the house a square
+greene court, and a curious gatehouse
+with lodgings in it, standing with the
+front of the house to the south; in a
+large outer court three stables, a coach-house,
+a large barne, and a stable for
+oxen and kyne, and all houses necessary.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Without the gatehouse, paled in,
+a large square greene, in which standeth
+a faire chappell; of the south-east side
+of the greene court, towards the river,
+a large garden.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Of the south-west side of the greene
+court is a large bowling greene, with
+fower mounted walks about it, all
+walled about with a batteled wall, and
+sett with all sorts of fruit; and out of
+it into the feildes there are large walks
+under many tall elmes orderly planted.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Then follows a description of the
+orchards and gardens; the servants&#8217;
+offices, brewhouse, bakehouse, dairy,
+pigeon-houses, and corn-mill; the
+river and its abundance of fish; the
+warren, the coppices, the walks; ending
+thus&mdash;</p>
+<p>&#8220;And all the country north of the
+house, open champaign, sandy feildes,
+very dry and pleasant for all kindes
+of recreation, huntinge, and hawkinge,
+and profitable for tillage.... The
+house hath a large prospect east,
+south, and west, over a very large and
+pleasant vale ... is seated from
+the good markett towns of Sherton
+Abbas three miles, and Ivel a mile,
+that plentifully yield all manner of
+provision; and within twelve miles of
+the south sea.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:261px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_61' id='linki_61'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus147.png' alt='' title='' width='261' height='238' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>It was on</span> the grass before this seductive
+and picturesque structure that the
+sailor stood at gaze under the elms in
+the dim dawn of Sunday morning, and
+saw to his surprise his sister&#8217;s lover
+and horse vanish within the court of
+the building.</p>
+<p>Perplexed and weary, Roger slowly
+retreated, more than ever convinced
+that something was wrong in his sister&#8217;s
+position. He crossed the bowling
+green to the avenue of elms, and, bent
+on further research, was about to climb
+into one of these, when, looking below,
+he saw a hole large enough to allow a
+man to creep to the hollow interior.
+Here Roger ensconced himself, and
+having eaten a crust of bread which he
+had hastily thrust into his pocket at
+the inn, he fell asleep upon the stratum
+of broken touchwood that formed the
+floor of the hollow.</p>
+<p>He slept soundly and long, and was
+awakened by the sound of a bell. On
+peering from the hole he found the
+time had advanced to full day; the
+sun was shining brightly. The bell
+was that of the &#8220;faire chappell&#8221; on
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_142' name='page_142'></a>142</span>
+the green outside the gatehouse, and
+it was calling to matins. Presently
+the priest crossed the green to a little
+side-door in the chancel, and then from
+the gateway of the mansion emerged
+the household, the tall man whom
+Roger had seen with his sister on the
+previous night, on his arm being a
+portly dame, and, running beside the
+pair, two little girls and a boy. These
+all entered the chapel, and the bell
+having ceased and the environs become
+clear, the sailor crept out from his
+hiding.</p>
+<p>He sauntered towards the chapel,
+the opening words of the service being
+audible within. While standing by the
+porch he saw a belated servitor approaching
+from the kitchen-court to
+attend the service also. Roger carelessly
+accosted him, and asked, as an
+idle wanderer, the name of the family
+he had just seen cross over from
+the mansion.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Od zounds! if ye modden be a
+stranger here in very truth, goodman.
+That war Sir John and his
+dame, and his children Elizabeth,
+Mary, and John.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I be from foreign parts. Sir
+John what d&#8217;ye call&#8217;n?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Master John Horseleigh,
+Knight, who had a&#8217;most as much
+lond by inheritance of his mother
+as a had by his father, and likewise
+some by his wife. Why, baint his
+arms dree goolden horses&#8217; heads,
+and idden his lady the daughter of
+Master Richard Phelipson of Montislope,
+in Nether Wessex, known
+to us all?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;It mid be so, and yet it mid
+not. However, th&#8217; &#8217;lt miss thy
+prayers for such an honest knight&#8217;s
+welfare, and I have to traipse seaward
+many miles.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He went onward, and, as he
+walked, continued saying to himself,
+&#8220;Now to that poor wronged
+fool Edy. The fond thing! I
+thought it; &#8217;twas too quick&mdash;she
+was ever amorous. What&#8217;s to become
+of her? God wot! How be I going
+to face her with the news, and how be
+I to hold it from her? To bring this
+disgrace on my father&#8217;s honored name,
+a double-tongued knave!&#8221; He turned
+and shook his fist at the chapel and
+all in it, and resumed his way.</p>
+<p>Perhaps it was owing to the perplexity
+of his mind that, instead of returning
+by the direct road towards his
+sister&#8217;s obscure lodging in the next
+county, he followed the highway to
+Casterbridge, some fifteen miles off,
+where he remained drinking hard all
+that afternoon and evening, and where
+he lay that and two or three succeeding
+nights, wandering thence along the
+Anglebury road to some village that
+way, and lying the Friday night after
+at his native place of Havenpool. The
+sight of the familiar objects there
+seems to have stirred him anew to action,
+and the next morning he was observed
+pursuing the way to Oozewood
+that he had followed on the Saturday
+previous, reckoning, no doubt, that
+Saturday night would, as before, be a
+time for finding Sir John with his sister
+again.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:312px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_62' id='linki_62'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus149.png' alt='' title='' width='312' height='441' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>He delayed to</span> reach the place till
+just before sunset. His sister was
+walking in the meadows at the foot of
+the garden, with a nursemaid who carried
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_143' name='page_143'></a>143</span>
+the baby, and she looked up pensively
+when he approached. Anxiety
+as to her position had already told
+upon her once rosy cheeks and lucid
+eyes. But concern for herself and
+child was displaced for the moment by
+her regard of Roger&#8217;s worn and
+haggard face.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why, you are sick, Roger!
+You are tired! Where have you
+been these many days? Why
+not keep me company a bit?
+My husband is much away. And
+we have hardly spoke at all of
+dear father and of your voyage
+to the New Land. Why did you
+go away so suddenly? There is
+a spare chamber at my lodging.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Come indoors,&#8221; he said.
+&#8220;We&#8217;ll talk now&mdash;talk a good
+deal. As for him (nodding to
+the child), better heave him into
+the river; better for him and
+you!&#8221;</p>
+<p>She forced a laugh, as if she
+tried to see a good joke in the
+remark, and they went silently
+indoors.</p>
+<p>&#8220;A miserable hole!&#8221; said
+Roger, looking around the room.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Nay, but &#8217;tis very pretty!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Not after what I&#8217;ve seen. Did he
+marry &#8217;ee at church in orderly fashion?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;He did sure&mdash;at our church at
+Havenpool.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;But in a privy way?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Ay, because of his friends&mdash;it was
+at night time.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Ede, ye fond one, for all that he&#8217;s
+not thy husband! Th&#8217; &#8217;rt not his wife,
+and the child is a bastard. He hath a
+wife and children of his own rank, and
+bearing his name; and that&#8217;s Sir John
+Horseleigh of Clyfton Horseleigh, and
+not plain Jack, as you think him, and
+your lawful husband. The sacrament
+of marriage is no safeguard now-a-days.
+The king&#8217;s new-made headship of the
+Church hath led men to practise these
+tricks lightly.&#8221;</p>
+<p>She had turned white. &#8220;That&#8217;s not
+true, Roger!&#8221; she said. &#8220;You are in
+liquor, my brother, and you know not
+what you say. Your seafaring years
+have taught &#8217;ee bad things.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Edith&mdash;I&#8217;ve seen them; wife and
+family&mdash;all. How canst&mdash;&mdash;&#8221;</p>
+<p>They were sitting in the gathered
+darkness, and at that moment steps
+were heard without. &#8220;Go out this
+way,&#8221; she said. &#8220;It is my husband.
+He must not see thee in this mood.
+Get away till to-morrow, Roger, as you
+care for me.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:325px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_63' id='linki_63'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus151.png' alt='' title='' width='325' height='366' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>She pushed her</span> brother through a
+door leading to the back stairs, and
+almost as soon as it was closed her visitor
+entered. Roger, however, did not
+retreat down the stairs; he stood and
+looked through the bobbin-hole. If
+the visitor turned out to be Sir John,
+he had determined to confront him.</p>
+<p>It was the knight. She had struck
+a light on his entry, and he kissed the
+child, and took Edith tenderly by the
+shoulders, looking into her face.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Something&#8217;s gone awry wi&#8217; my
+dear,&#8221; he said. &#8220;What is it? What&#8217;s
+the matter?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, Jack!&#8221; she cried. &#8220;I have
+heard such a fearsome rumor&mdash;what
+doth it mean? He who told me is my
+best friend. He must be deceived!
+But who deceived him, and why? Jack,
+I was just told that you had a wife
+living when you married me, and have
+her still!&#8221;</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_144' name='page_144'></a>144</span></div>
+<p>&#8220;A wife? H&#8217;m.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes, and children. Say no, say
+no!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;My God! I have no lawful wife
+but you; and as for children, many or
+few, they are all bastards, save this one
+alone!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;And that you be Sir John Horseleigh
+of Clyfton?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I mid be. I have never said so to
+&#8217;ee.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;But Sir John is known to have a
+lady, and issue of her!&#8221;</p>
+<p>The knight looked down. &#8220;How
+did thy mind get filled with such as
+this?&#8221; he asked.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_64' id='linki_64'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus152.png' alt='' title='' width='512' height='368' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;One of my kindred came.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;A traitor! Why should he mar our
+life? Ah! you said you had a brother
+at sea&mdash;where is he now?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;<i>Here!</i>&#8221; said a stern voice behind
+him. And, flinging open the door,
+Roger faced the intruder. &#8220;Liar,&#8221; he
+said, &#8220;to call thyself her husband!&#8221;</p>
+<p>Sir John fired up, and made a rush
+at the sailor, who seized him by the
+collar, and in the wrestle they both fell,
+Roger under. But in a few seconds he
+contrived to extricate his right arm,
+and drawing from his belt a knife
+which he wore attached to a cord
+round his neck, he opened it with his
+teeth, and struck it into the breast of
+Sir John stretched above him. Edith
+had during these moments run into
+the next room to place the child in
+safety, and when she came back the
+knight was relaxing his hold on Roger&#8217;s
+throat. He rolled over upon his
+back and groaned.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_65' id='linki_65'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus153a.png' alt='' title='' width='563' height='457' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>The only witness of the scene, save
+the three concerned, was the nursemaid,
+who had brought in the child on its
+father&#8217;s arrival. She stated afterwards
+that nobody suspected Sir John had
+received his death wound; yet it was
+so, though he did not die for a
+long while, meaning thereby an hour
+or two; that Mistress Edith continually
+endeavored to staunch the blood,
+calling her brother Roger a wretch,
+and ordering him to get himself gone;
+on which order he acted, after a gloomy
+pause, by opening the window, and letting
+himself down by the sill to the
+ground.</p>
+<div class='figleft' style='width:272px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_66' id='linki_66'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus153b.png' alt='' title='' width='272' height='203' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>It was then</span> that Sir John, in difficult
+accents, made his dying declaration to
+the nurse and Edith, and, later, the
+apothecary, which was to this purport:
+that the Dame Horseleigh who passed
+as his wife at Clyfton, and who had
+borne him three children, was in truth
+and deed, though unconsciously, the
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_145' name='page_145'></a>145</span>
+wife of another man. Sir John had
+married her several years before, in the
+face of the whole county, as the widow
+of one Decimus Strong, who had disappeared
+shortly after her union with
+him, having adventured to the North
+to join the revolt of the Nobles, and
+on that revolt being quelled retreated
+across the sea. Two years ago, having
+discovered the man to be still living
+in France, and not wishing to disturb
+the mind and happiness of her who
+believed herself his wife, yet wishing
+for legitimate issue, Sir John had
+informed the king of the facts, who
+had encouraged him to wed honestly,
+though secretly, the young merchant&#8217;s
+widow at Havenpool; she being, therefore,
+his lawful wife, and she only.
+That to avoid all scandal and hubbub
+he had purposed to let things remain
+as they were till fair opportunity should
+arise of making the true case known
+with least pain to all parties concerned;
+but that, having been thus suspected
+and attacked by his own brother-in-law,
+his zest for such schemes and for
+all things had died out in him, and he
+only wished to commend his soul to
+God.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:223px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_67' id='linki_67'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus154a.png' alt='' title='' width='223' height='471' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>That night,</span> while the owls were hooting
+from the forest that encircled the
+sleeping townlet, and the South-Avon
+was gurgling through the wooden piles
+of the bridge, Sir John died there in the
+arms of his wife. She concealed nothing
+of the cause of her husband&#8217;s death save
+the subject of the quarrel, which she
+felt it would be premature to announce
+just then, and until proof of her status
+should be forthcoming. But before a
+month had passed, it happened, to her
+inexpressible sorrow, that the child of
+this clandestine union fell sick and died.
+From that hour all interest in the name
+and fame of the Horseleighs forsook
+the younger of the twain who called
+themselves wives of Sir John, and, being
+careless about her own fame, she
+took no steps to assert her claims, her
+legal position having, indeed, grown
+hateful to her in her horror at the
+tragedy. And Sir William Byrt, the
+curate who had married her to her husband,
+being an old man and feeble, was
+not disinclined to leave the embers unstirred
+of such a fiery matter as this,
+and to assist her in letting established
+things stand. Therefore, Edith retired
+with the nurse, her only companion and
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_146' name='page_146'></a>146</span>
+friend, to her native town, where she
+lived in absolute obscurity till her death
+at no great age. Her brother was
+never seen again in England.</p>
+<p>A strangely corroborative sequel to
+the story remains to be told. Shortly
+after the death of Sir John Horseleigh,
+a soldier of fortune returned from the
+Continent, called on Dame Horseleigh
+the fictitious, living in widowed state
+at Clyfton Horseleigh, and, after a
+singularly brief courtship, married her.
+The tradition at Havenpool and elsewhere
+has ever been that this man was
+already her husband, Decimus Strong,
+who re-married her for appearance&#8217;s
+sake only.</p>
+<p>The illegitimate son of this lady by
+Sir John succeeded to the estates and
+honors, and his son after him, there
+being nobody alert to investigate their
+pretensions. Little difference would it
+have made to the present generation,
+however, had there been such a one,
+for the family in all its branches, lawful
+and unlawful, has been extinct these
+many score years, the last representative
+but one being killed at the siege of
+Sherton Castle, while attacking in the
+service of the Parliament, and the other
+being outlawed later in the same century
+for a debt of ten pounds, and
+dying in the county jail. The mansion
+house and its appurtenances were, as I
+have previously stated, destroyed, excepting
+one small wing which now forms
+part of a farmhouse, and is visible as
+you pass along the railway from Casterbridge
+to Ivel. The outline of the old
+bowling-green is also distinctly to be
+seen.</p>
+<p>This, then, is the reason why the
+only lawful marriage of Sir John, as
+recorded in the obscure register at
+Havenpool, does not appear in the
+pedigree of the house of Horseleigh.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_68' id='linki_68'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus154b.png' alt='' title='Ye Ende.' width='417' height='135' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<hr class='toprule' />
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_147' name='page_147'></a>147</span></div>
+<p class='center'>[<i>&#8220;THE EDGE OF THE FUTURE&#8221; SERIES.</i>]</p>
+<div class='chsp' style='padding-top:0'>
+<a name='THE_RACE_TO_THE_NORTH_POLE__THE_EXPEDITIONS_OF_NANSEN_AND_JACKSON__BY_HUGH_ROBERT_MILL_DSC_AUTHOR_OF_THE_REALM_OF_NATURE' id='THE_RACE_TO_THE_NORTH_POLE__THE_EXPEDITIONS_OF_NANSEN_AND_JACKSON__BY_HUGH_ROBERT_MILL_DSC_AUTHOR_OF_THE_REALM_OF_NATURE'></a>
+<h2>THE RACE TO THE NORTH POLE.<br /><br /><span class='smcaplc'>THE EXPEDITIONS OF NANSEN AND JACKSON.</span>
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Hugh Robert Mill, D.Sc.,</span> <br />Author of &#8220;The Realm of Nature.&#8221;</span></h2>
+</div>
+<h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3>
+<p>Arctic enthusiasm is an intermittent
+fever, returning in almost
+epidemic form after intervals of normal
+indifference. Twelve years ago there
+was a wide-spread outbreak, but for
+the last ten years the symptoms have
+never been so severe as to result in
+a great expedition. If all goes well
+this summer there will be a renewed
+paroxysm; no less than three new
+ventures northward being sent out by
+different routes to converge on the
+pole.</p>
+<p>It is refreshing, in this prosaic time,
+to recognize the power of pure sentiment
+in the quest for glory. Polar
+research is a survival, or rather an
+evolution, of knight-errantry, and our
+Childe Rolands challenge the &#8220;Dark
+Tower of the North&#8221; as dauntlessly as
+ever their forbears wound slug-horn at
+gate of enchanted castle. The &#8220;woe
+of years&#8221; invests the quest with
+elements which redeem failure from
+disgrace; but whoever succeeds in
+overcoming the difficulties that have
+baffled all the &#8220;lost adventurers&#8221; will
+make the world ring with his fame as
+it never rang before. We commonplace
+human beings are as quick to see
+and prompt to appreciate heroic daring,
+perseverance, and valor as ever were
+the dames of mythic Camelot; and the
+race for the pole will be watched by
+the world with generous sympathy.</p>
+<p>Incidentally the fresh Arctic journeys
+must secure much scientific information,
+but that aspect of them appeals
+to the few. It is as a display of the
+grandest powers of man in conflict
+with the tyranny of his surroundings
+that Arctic travel appeals directly to
+the heart. Since McClure, in 1850,
+forced the north-west passage from
+Bering Strait to Baffin Bay, and Nordenskjold,
+in 1878, squeezed the &#8220;Vega&#8221;
+through, between ice and land, from the
+North Cape to the Pacific, the futility
+of the golden dreams of the greedy
+old merchants who tried to reach the
+wealth of the Orient by short cuts
+through the ice has been demonstrated.
+Although no money is likely to be
+made out of the Arctic, we want information
+thence which it is almost impossible
+to get; and the almost impossible
+is dear to every valiant heart.</p>
+<p>We know a good deal about the
+state of matters near the poles, but yet
+not enough to let us understand all the
+phenomena of our own lands. In this
+respect, however, the South Pole is the
+most promising field, for its surroundings
+probably conceal the mainspring of
+the great system of winds which do the
+work of the air on every land and sea.
+Dr. Nansen has promised to go there
+after returning from the North, and
+solving its simpler problems. The
+chilly distinction of being the coldest
+part of the earth is probably due to
+the northern parts of Eastern Siberia,
+and not to the North Pole. The
+&#8220;magnetic pole,&#8221; where the needle
+hangs vertically, has been found in the
+Arctic archipelago north of America,
+and in many ways scientific observations
+there are worth more than at the
+North Pole itself.</p>
+<p>We know that, if attained, the North
+Pole would probably be like any other
+part of the Arctic regions, presenting
+a landscape of ice and snow, perhaps
+with black rock showing here and there,
+containing fossils of a former age of
+heat, perhaps broken by pools or lanes
+of open water. The pole has no physical
+mark any more than the top of a
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_148' name='page_148'></a>148</span>
+spinning coin has, and the pole is not
+even a fixed point; like the end of the
+axis of the spinning coin, it moves a
+little to and fro on the circumference.
+If the geographical point were reached,
+the pole-star would be seen shining
+almost vertically overhead, describing
+a tiny circle around the actual zenith;
+and all the other stars of the northern
+half of the sky would appear slowly
+wheeling in horizontal circles, never
+rising, never setting, and each completing
+its circuit in the space of
+twenty-three hours and fifty-six
+minutes. In summer the sun would
+appear similarly, never far above the
+horizon, but circling for more than
+half the year in a spiral, winding upward
+until about 25° above the horizon,
+and winding downward again until lost
+to view. The periods of daylight and
+darkness at the poles do not last
+exactly six months each, as little geography
+books are prone to assert. Such
+little books ignore the atmosphere for
+the sake of simplicity, but the air-shell
+that shuts in our globe bends the rays
+of light, so that the sun appears before
+his theoretical rising, and remains in
+sight after his theoretical setting. At
+the pole, in fact, the single &#8220;half-yearly
+day&#8221; is a week longer than the
+one &#8220;half-yearly night.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_69' id='linki_69'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_149' name='page_149'></a>149</span>
+<a href='images/illus158_large.png'>
+<img src='images/illus158.png' alt='' title='' width='595' height='600' />
+</a>
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+<span class='smaller'><i><a href='images/illus158_large.png'>(click for larger image)</a></i></span><br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>At the North Pole there is only one
+direction&mdash;south. One could go south
+in as many ways as there are points on
+the compass card, but every one of
+these ways is south; east and west
+have vanished. The hour of the day
+at the pole is a paradoxical conception,
+for that point is the meeting place of
+every meridian, and the time of all
+holds good, so that it is always any
+hour one cares to mention. Unpunctuality
+is hence impossible&mdash;but the
+question grows complex, and its practical
+solution concerns few.</p>
+<p>No one needs to go to the pole to
+discover all that makes that point
+different from any other point of
+the surface. But the whole polar
+regions are full of unknown things,
+which every Arctic explorer of the
+right stamp looks forward to finding.
+And the reward he looks forward to
+most is the approval of the few who
+understand and love knowledge for its
+own sake, rather than the noisy applause
+of the crowd who would cheer
+him, after all, much as they cheer a
+winning prize-fighter, or race-horse, or
+political candidate.</p>
+<p>The difficulties that make the quest
+of the pole so arduous have been discovered
+by slow degrees. It is marvellous
+how soon nearly the full limits
+of northward attainment were reached.
+In 1596 Barents discovered Spitzbergen
+in about 78° north; in 1770 Hudson
+reached 80°; in 1827 Parry, by sledging
+on the ice when his ship became fast,
+succeeded in touching 82°&nbsp;45´. Since
+then all the enormous resources of
+modern science&mdash;steam, electricity, preserved
+foods and the experience of
+centuries&mdash;have only enabled forty
+miles of additional poleward advance
+to be made.</p>
+<p>The accompanying map gives a fair
+idea of the form of the Arctic regions,
+and remembering that the circle marked
+80° is distant seven hundred miles from
+the pole, the reader can realize the
+distances involved. The Arctic Basin,
+occupied by the Arctic Sea, is ringed
+in by land; the northern coasts of
+America, Europe, and Asia, forming a
+roughly circular boundary broken by
+three well-marked channels communicating
+with the ocean. Bering Strait
+between America and Asia is the narrowest,
+Baffin Bay between America
+and Greenland is wider, branching into
+a number of ice-blocked sounds to the
+westward, and tapering off into Smith
+Sound in the north-east. The widest
+channel of the three lies between
+Greenland and Europe, and this is bisected
+just south of 80° North by the
+island group of Spitzbergen.</p>
+<p>The whole region is one of severe
+cold, and the sea is frozen for the
+greater part of the year, land and
+water becoming almost indistinguishable,
+but for the incessant movement
+and drift of the sea-ice. In summer
+the sea-ice breaks up into floes which
+may drift away southward and melt,
+or be driven by the wind against the
+shores of continents or islands, leaving
+lanes of open water which a shift of
+wind may change and close in an hour.
+Icebergs launched from the glaciers of
+the land also drift with tide, current,
+and wind through the more or less
+open water. Possibly at some times the
+pack may open and a clear waterway
+run through to the pole, and old
+whalers tell of many a year when they
+believed that a few days&#8217; steaming
+would carry them to the end of the
+world, if they could have seized the
+opportunity. At other times, routes
+traversed in safety time after time may
+be effectively closed for years, and all
+advance barred. Food in the form of
+seals or walrus in the open water, reindeer,
+musk ox, polar bears or birds on
+the land, may often be procured, but
+these sources cannot be relied upon.
+Advance northward may be made by
+water in a ship, or by dog-sledge, or on
+foot, over the frozen snow or ice. Each
+method has grave drawbacks. Advance
+by sea is stopped when the young
+ice forms in autumn, and land advance
+is hampered by the long Arctic night
+which enforces months of inaction,
+more trying to health and spirits than
+the severest exertion.</p>
+<p>Smith Sound has been the channel
+by which most recent Arctic explorers
+have pushed north. Thus Markham
+reached latitude 83°&nbsp;20´ North, in 1876,
+and in 1882 Lockwood got four miles
+farther north, coming nearer the pole
+than any other man. From his farthest
+point an express train could cover the
+intervening distance in ten hours, but
+the best ice traveller would require
+months, even if the way were smooth.
+This route has been by common consent
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_150' name='page_150'></a>150</span>
+abandoned, at least for advance
+by water. No high latitude has been
+reached from Bering Strait nor along
+the east coast of Greenland. For ships
+the most open way to the north lies
+to the west of Spitzbergen, as Parry
+found two generations ago. Neither
+of the two projected expeditions from
+Europe is, however, intended to take
+this route. Mr. Jackson means to advance
+over the ice in sledges, trusting
+that Franz-Josef Land stretches northward
+to the immediate neighborhood of
+the pole. Doctor Nansen also founds
+his plan on a theory, but his is so novel,
+and involves a plan of action so different
+from all previously attempted,
+that it must be considered in detail.</p>
+<h3>NANSEN AND HIS PLANS.</h3>
+<p>Fridtjof Nansen, who planned and
+will lead the Norwegian expedition
+starting in June, is a naturalist, thirty-two
+years of age. He is singularly
+adapted physically for deeds of daring
+and endurance, perfectly equipped intellectually
+for command and research.
+His lithe, erect figure testifies to athletic
+training, while his expansive forehead
+and firm chin equally betoken
+thoughtfulness and determination. He
+is a typical Norseman, fair in complexion
+and hair, simple and rather reserved
+in manner, and modest almost
+to a fault. No one can see him without
+becoming his friend. He speaks
+English fluently, and a quiet, half-repressed
+humor lights up his conversation.
+Never overstepping the truth, he
+does not seem to feel the temptation
+of spinning imaginative yarns so over-powering
+for the undisciplined traveller.
+He knows his own strength,
+and measuring himself against the difficulties
+he proposes to meet, he feels
+confident of victory, and inspires others
+with his own faith. There is no
+turning back when once his mind is
+fully made up.</p>
+<p>Nansen&#8217;s whole life has been a training
+for the exploit he now engages in.
+After graduating at the University of
+Christiania, he was appointed curator
+of the Museum at Bergen, and carried
+out several important biological researches,
+of which that on the anatomy
+of whales is perhaps the best known.
+He was a diligent student of the great
+Norwegian naturalist Sars, and on his
+return from Greenland he entered into
+a closer relation by marrying the professor&#8217;s
+daughter. Mrs. Nansen is
+said to be the most accomplished lady
+ski-runner in Norway, as her husband
+is the champion of his sex; their portraits
+in the costume of this national
+sport are extremely characteristic.
+She had originally planned to accompany
+Doctor Nansen on the Arctic
+voyage, but has reluctantly relinquished
+the intention. She stays behind
+with her little girl only a few
+months old. For the last three years
+Doctor Nansen has devoted himself entirely
+to the study of various branches
+of science likely to be of service to him
+in the accomplishment of his great ambition,
+and in organizing every detail
+of his expedition.</p>
+<p>The chief circumstance in which
+Nansen differs from all his predecessors
+is, that he prepares no line of retreat.
+To the common question, &#8220;But
+how are you to come back?&#8221; his reply
+in word and deed has always been, &#8220;I
+will never come back. I shall go
+through to the other side.&#8221; Thus, in
+crossing Greenland in 1888, he started
+from the uninhabited east coast, so that
+he and his companions had to go forward&mdash;retreat
+meant destruction. Such
+determination is only redeemed from
+obstinacy by the forethought which inspires
+it. Before setting out to cross
+Greenland, Nansen crossed the mountains
+of Norway from Bergen to Christiania
+in winter, thus proving his
+mastery of the ski or Norwegian snow-shoes,
+and testing his power of withstanding
+cold and fatigue. Just as the
+crossing of the Norwegian mountains
+proved his competence for the splendid
+feat of crossing Greenland, that journey
+by its success establishes his ability
+for enduring the severest privations
+which his new expedition may be called
+upon to undergo.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_70' id='linki_70'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_151' name='page_151'></a>151</span>
+<img src='images/illus163.png' alt='' title='' width='474' height='588' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+FRIDTJOF NANSEN.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>A careful study of all the known
+phenomena of the Arctic Basin, and the
+records of all the exploring, whaling,
+and sealing voyages in these waters
+which were accessible, impressed two
+facts upon him&mdash;one, that the currents
+of the Polar Basin were more regular
+and more powerful agents than had
+been previously supposed; the other,
+that the failure of the great expeditions
+to the north was in most cases due to
+the great number of men carried, and
+the labor involved in keeping open a
+line of retreat. The moral of this is
+simple enough: to sail as far as possible
+with the currents, to take as few
+men as possible, and these in thorough
+training for Arctic work, and to
+make no provision for retreat. For
+the valor and heroic efforts of the
+earlier Arctic explorers there can never
+be anything but praise; those men
+fought against the most terrific odds,
+and stood their ground without flinching,
+and their opinion on all matters
+connected with Arctic travel carries
+the utmost weight. Nansen breaks
+away from all tradition; he goes right
+against every cherished principle of all
+the older Arctic men. He will secure
+no line of retreat, he will carry only
+eleven men with him, every one of
+whom is inured to hardship and expert
+in ice-travel. He is bound by no orders,
+but has perfect freedom to alter
+his plans should circumstances seem to
+demand it. His plan is to drift with
+the currents, and the evidence for the
+currents moving in the direction he
+wishes to go is as follows:</p>
+<p>The great drift of polar water southward
+along the east coasts of Labrador
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_152' name='page_152'></a>152</span>
+and of Greenland has been known
+from the beginning of Atlantic navigation,
+and the icebergs and floes carried
+along are serious obstacles to the shipping
+of the North Atlantic. It is estimated
+that between Greenland and
+Spitzbergen about eighty or ninety
+cubic miles of water pour southward
+every day. The current, like that
+down Smith Sound, flows from the
+north, but the water cannot originate
+there. There is a very slight northward
+extension of the Gulf Stream
+drift along the west coasts of Spitzbergen
+and Greenland, but the main drift
+of North Atlantic water from the southward
+sets round the North Cape of
+Norway, keeping the sea free from ice
+all the year round. It is felt in the
+Kara Sea, and as a north-easterly
+stream along the coast of Novaya
+Zemlya. It is difficult to estimate the
+volume of this drift, but from certain
+observations made by the Norwegian
+Government it seems to be about sixty
+cubic miles per day. There is a current
+running on the whole northward
+from the Pacific through Bering Strait
+with a volume of perhaps fifteen cubic
+miles a day, and in addition there is
+the volume of perhaps two cubic miles
+daily poured out during summer by the
+great American and Siberian rivers.
+This water is fresh and warm, and
+accumulating near shore in autumn it
+gives rise to the ice-free border which
+let the &#8220;Vega&#8221; slip round the north of
+Asia. Even where the sea is covered
+with floating ice, there are perceptible
+currents, and the ice-pack is never at
+rest.</p>
+<p>Since the vast body of water north
+of 80° between Franz-Josef Land and
+Greenland is streaming from the north,
+and since it must be derived somehow
+from water which comes from the
+south, it is evident that north-flowing
+currents of considerable power must
+exist in the Arctic Basin. Parry in his
+splendid voyage of 1827 spent months
+in sledging northward on a vast ice-floe
+which all the while was drifting south
+faster than the dogs could drag the
+sledges northward.</p>
+<p>This polar current is the exit by
+which Doctor Nansen intends to leave
+the Polar Basin. It is a current which
+strews the coast of Greenland with
+Siberian and North American driftwood,
+all coming from the north, perhaps
+across the pole itself. Mud containing
+microscopic shells which only
+occur in Siberia has been collected on
+some of these southward-bound ice-floes.
+On one occasion a throwing-stick
+of a form used exclusively by the
+Eskimo of Alaska to cast their harpoons
+was picked up on the west coast
+of Greenland, having obviously been
+drifted round Cape Farewell, as the
+boats of many a whaler shipwrecked in
+the polar current have been drifted
+before. But perhaps the most interesting
+argument is that derived from the
+drift of the &#8220;Jeannette.&#8221; The &#8220;Jeannette&#8221;
+(once a British gunboat, and
+afterward employed as the &#8220;Pandora&#8221;
+in attempting to repeat the north-west
+passage) was sent out by the proprietor
+of the &#8220;New York Herald,&#8221; under
+the command of De Long, to push north
+to the pole, through Bering Strait, in
+1879. In September of that year she
+got fast in the ice, and drifted on the
+whole north-westward for nearly two
+years. At last she was crushed in the
+ice on June 13, 1881, to the north of
+the New Siberian Islands. The drift
+of the &#8220;Jeannette&#8221; was becoming
+faster as she got farther west; indeed,
+it was possibly the more rapid movement
+of the current that set the floes
+in motion and led to the crushing of
+the vessel. Three years after she sank,
+an ice-floe was found on the south coast
+of Greenland at Julianehaab, on which
+were a number of articles, including
+documents relating to the stores and
+boats of the &#8220;Jeannette,&#8221; bearing De
+Long&#8217;s signature. The relics had a
+romantic history, and have given rise
+to controversy; but before their authenticity
+had been seriously questioned
+they were sacrificed to the sense of
+order of a Copenhagen housewife.
+Nansen is certain that the relics did
+come from the &#8220;Jeannette,&#8221; and he
+believes they were drifted like the
+wood and Siberian mud upon an ice-raft
+across the pole or in its immediate
+vicinity.</p>
+<p>His resolve was made accordingly
+&#8220;to take a ticket with the ice,&#8221; as he
+phrases it, and so drift across. The
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_153' name='page_153'></a>153</span>
+point where it would be best to join
+the current, Nansen decided to be off
+the New Siberian Islands, although
+Captain Wiggins recommends the most
+northerly point of continental land,
+Cape Chelyuskin, as a more likely
+starting place. At first Nansen proposed
+to follow the &#8220;Jeannette&#8221;
+through Bering Sea, but he has now
+decided to take the nearer route round
+the North Cape, through the Kara Sea,
+and along the coast of Asia, as the
+&#8220;Vega&#8221; went, striking northward off
+the Lena Delta. It will require extremely
+skilful navigation even to
+reach the starting point, and it may
+even be impossible to do so in one
+year, but, having reached and run into
+the ice, another question comes to the
+front. The vessel in which the drift
+of several years is to be made must
+not share the fate of the &#8220;Jeannette,&#8221;
+if human ingenuity can avoid it. And
+ingenuity has been taxed to produce a
+ship of the most perfect kind.</p>
+<p>Nansen&#8217;s little vessel, launched at
+Laurvik last October, suits his venture
+and himself as well as the famous
+&#8220;long serpents&#8221; of his ancestors suited
+them and their voyages of conquest
+and discovery a thousand years ago.
+She is built of wood, but is of a
+strength never hitherto aimed at.
+The frame timbers, Nansen modestly
+says, &#8220;may be said to be well-seasoned,&#8221;
+for though cut from the gnarled oaks
+of Italy they have been stored in a
+Norwegian dockyard during the whole
+lifetime of the explorer. These timbers&mdash;the
+ribs of the ship&mdash;are a foot
+thick, and are placed only two inches
+apart, the intervening spaces being
+filled with a special composition, so that
+even the skeleton of the ship would
+be water-tight should the planks be
+stripped off. Inside, the walls are
+lined with pitch-pine planks alternately
+four inches and eight inches thick, with
+cross-beams and supports to resist
+pressure in every direction, as shown in
+the accompanying section. Outside,
+there is a three-inch skin of oak, carefully
+calked and made water-tight, then
+covered by another skin of oak four
+inches thick, which in turn is encased
+in a still thicker layer of the hard and
+slippery greenheart. Bow and stern
+are heavily plated with iron to cut
+through thin ice. Finally, to render
+her fit for living in during the coldest
+weather, the water-tight compartment
+set apart for this purpose (one of three)
+is lined, walls and ceiling, with layers
+of non-conducting material. Tarred
+canvas, cork, wood, several inches of
+felt enclosed by painted canvas, and
+finally a wooden wainscot, promise to
+effectually keep out the cold. In the
+roof, a layer of two inches of reindeer&#8217;s
+hair has also been introduced.</p>
+<p>The form of the vessel is as original
+as her material. She measures one
+hundred and twenty-eight feet in extreme
+length, thirty-six in beam, and is
+seventeen feet deep. With a full cargo
+she will draw fifteen feet, and have a
+freeboard of little more than three feet.
+She is pointed fore and aft, the stern
+being so formed that the propeller and
+rudder are deeply immersed to escape
+floating ice, and both these vital fittings
+are placed in wells, through which they
+may be brought on board in case of
+need, or readily replaced if damaged.
+The hull is rounded so that even the
+keel does not project materially. The
+form is designed so that when the ice
+begins to press, it will not crush but
+lift the ship, as one might lift an egg
+from a table by sliding two hands under
+it. Her rig, as shown in the illustration,
+is simply that of a three-masted
+fore and aft schooner, with a very tall
+mainmast, designed to carry the crow&#8217;s
+nest for the look-out. This will stand
+one hundred and five feet above the
+water, thus affording the wide view
+indispensable in ice navigation. A
+captive balloon would have been used
+as well, but the necessary fittings were
+too heavy to carry. The engine is not
+of great power, as no particular reason
+exists for high speed, and with a coal
+capacity of only three hundred tons
+economy of fuel is of the first importance.</p>
+<p>The ship is prophetically named the
+&#8220;Fram,&#8221; or &#8220;Forward,&#8221; and for her the
+viking explorer is determined there will
+be no turning back.</p>
+<p>It is possible that in spite of all precautions
+the &#8220;Fram&#8221; may be nipped
+in the ice-floe which will carry her
+along, or stranded on some unknown
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_154' name='page_154'></a>154</span>
+northern land. This contingency is
+provided for by two large decked
+boats, twenty-nine feet long, either of
+which could accommodate the whole
+crew. These would be placed on the
+ice to serve as houses, and in the end
+could be used for the return voyage.
+Many smaller boats are carried, and
+light sledges with dog teams, in case it
+becomes necessary to travel over the
+ice. The invaluable &#8220;ski&#8221; would of
+course be used in such an emergency,
+and plenty of tarred canvas would be
+carried, by means of which the sledges
+could be converted into boats. Provisions
+for five years, at least, are
+stowed away on board; also books for
+study and recreation, and a complete
+equipment of scientific instruments for
+observations and collecting of every
+kind. The ship carries no alcoholic
+drink; alcohol is taken only as a fuel
+for use when the coal runs out, or if
+the ship has to be left. Nansen does
+not smoke, and very likely he may
+regulate the smoking of his followers,
+for his views on hygiene are clear, and
+his determination to enforce them
+strong. The eleven men chosen for
+the enterprise have the fullest faith in
+their leader, and that respect for his
+splendid qualities as a man which is
+essential to good order being maintained.
+For in the hardships of Arctic
+travel there is no sentimental deference
+to a leader unless he is the best
+man of the party, and Arctic hardships
+quickly reduce things and men to their
+real worth. Nansen and his crew will
+prove, we are confident, as firmly knit
+together as the timbers of the &#8220;Fram&#8221;
+herself. Captain Sverdrup, who accompanied
+him across Greenland, goes
+as navigating officer of the &#8220;Fram.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Perhaps the most original of the
+many original fittings of this little
+polar cruiser is the dynamo which will
+for the first time in the history of
+exploration supply abundant light during
+the whole Arctic night. When
+there is wind a windmill will work it;
+but in the calm weather the men, in
+watches, will take their necessary exercise
+in tramping round a capstan to the
+strains of a musical box of long Arctic
+experience&mdash;it was in the &#8220;Jeannette,&#8221;&mdash;and
+thus at least eight hours of
+perfect light will be secured every
+day.</p>
+<p>Everything that foresight can suggest
+and money can buy has been
+secured to make the voyage a success;
+but even in the most sanguine mind
+the risk must appear great, and the
+time of suspense will be long. The
+drift across the polar area cannot occupy
+less than two years, and provisions
+are carried for five. But we need
+not dwell on dangers; the personality
+of Nansen rises above them all&mdash;the
+motto he carries with him in a little
+volume of condensed poetry, as powerful
+meat for the soul as any of his
+cunningly concocted extracts are for
+the body, is the wish of all his friends&mdash;</p>
+<div class='poem' style='width: 30em'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>&#8220;Greet the Unseen with a cheer,</p>
+<p>Bid him forward, breast and back as either should be,</p>
+<p>&#8216;Strive and thrive!&#8217; cry &#8216;Speed&mdash;fight on, fare ever</p>
+<p>There as here!&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+</div></div>
+<p>The Norwegian expedition goes out
+under the command of a hero full of
+experience, ripe in knowledge, certain
+to do all that a strong and trained man
+can accomplish, backed by large grants
+of money from his own government,
+and smaller gifts from people and societies
+in many lands.</p>
+<h3>JACKSON&#8217;S EXPEDITION.</h3>
+<p>The British expedition which has
+been projected is not a national effort.
+It is purely private, planned and
+equipped by private enterprise and
+private money, in order to follow up
+the line in which private exertions
+have already done more for polar exploration
+than many government expeditions
+have achieved. Its leader,
+Mr. Frederick G. Jackson, is a business
+man, possessed of leisure and sufficient
+means, and experienced in travel in all
+parts of the world. Of the same age
+as Doctor Nansen, and, like him, married,
+he is as typical an Englishman as
+the latter is a Norseman. Pluck and
+&#8220;go&#8221; are his in very large measure;
+experience in serious ice-work he cannot
+lay claim to, but he knows more
+about the Arctic regions than many
+famous explorers did on their first setting
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_155' name='page_155'></a>155</span>
+out. Mr. Jackson has made a
+summer cruise to the far north, and,
+under the tuition of a canny Peterhead
+whaler, he has picked up many wrinkles
+which will help him in time of need.
+He is a keen sportsman rather than a
+man of science, but his ten companions
+will be chosen for their ability to make
+all necessary scientific observations and
+collections. If his plans fall out as he
+hopes, Jackson will be the most eager
+in the race to the pole, and it will not
+be his fault if the Union Jack is not
+the first flag planted on that much coveted
+site. He intends to leave England
+about the middle of July, or perhaps as
+late as the beginning of August.</p>
+<p>His plan of attack is that which is
+most approved by the Arctic admirals
+of the British navy. It is to approach
+by Franz-Josef Land, which may in
+favorable years be comparatively easily
+reached. On landing, a depot will be
+formed and stores laid up as a base for
+retreat; and then, by sledging northward
+along the land-ice, the coast would be
+delineated and mapped as far as it
+extends, other depots established, and
+if the surface proves suitable, and if
+Franz-Josef Land proves, as is probable,
+not to have a great northerly extent,
+an advance may be made on the
+sea-ice, carrying boats for crossing
+open water.</p>
+<p>It seems very probable that in this
+way the highest latitudes of earlier explorers
+may be passed, and in Franz-Josef
+Land life is more tolerable than
+in perhaps any other place at the same
+latitude. Mr. Leigh Smith, the most
+successful Arctic yachtsman, spent the
+winter of 1881-82 in a hut built on an
+island in the south of Franz-Josef Land,
+after his ship was wrecked, and without
+winter clothing, and he found bears and
+walrus plentiful enough to keep himself
+and his party supplied with fresh
+meat. The country however is very
+desolate, in spite of its comparatively
+genial conditions. Mr. Jackson intends
+to hire or purchase a steam
+whaler to convey him to Franz-Josef
+Land, and for navigation he has secured
+the services of Mr. Crowther, Leigh
+Smith&#8217;s ice-master. After establishing
+winter quarters, he will make some preliminary
+trips to test his sledges and
+complete the survey of the southern
+part of the land, reserving the great
+northward march for the spring of
+1894. He is pushing forward his preparations
+quietly and quickly, and, as
+he does not ask for public money, he
+does not feel it necessary to publish
+any of the details of his intended mode
+of life. It is difficult to forecast the
+result of his expedition. From the
+little we know about Franz-Josef Land,
+it appears certain that with a favorable
+season much good work could be done,
+and there is more satisfaction in contemplating
+an expedition in which
+pluck and endurance count than the
+mere passive submission to the laws of
+physical geography, on which Nansen
+depends. In two years he hopes to
+prove that Franz-Josef Land is or is
+not a practicable road to the pole.</p>
+<p>We have no data to make a comparison
+between the two brave men, nor
+any wish to do so. But Nansen is
+Nansen, and Jackson has yet to win
+his spurs; to him therefore would be
+the greater glory if success attend him.</p>
+<p>For our part, we heartily desire that
+Nansen, Peary, and Jackson may meet
+simultaneously at the pole, and return
+betimes to tell their story and share
+the honors. The aggravating thing is,
+that the expeditions may never reach
+their proper starting point. Many a
+good ship has knocked about for a
+whole season in the Kara Sea without
+getting a lead through the ice; the
+effort to reach Franz-Josef Land has
+not been often made, and it is a sinister
+omen that the &#8220;Tegetthof,&#8221; which discovered
+that region, arrived there after
+eighteen months of drifting fast in the
+floes. But we shall see.</p>
+<hr class='toprule' />
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_156' name='page_156'></a>156</span>
+<a name='LIEUTENANT_PEARYS_EXPEDITION_BY_CLEVELAND_MOFFETT' id='LIEUTENANT_PEARYS_EXPEDITION_BY_CLEVELAND_MOFFETT'></a>
+<h2>LIEUTENANT PEARY&#8217;S EXPEDITION.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Cleveland Moffett.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>Before the end of June, Civil Engineer
+Robert E. Peary of the United
+States Navy will have sailed on another
+expedition for the Arctic regions.
+The party will go by the way of Newfoundland,
+Baffin&#8217;s Bay, and Whale
+Sound, to Inglefield Gulf, which lies
+just southeast of Smith Sound and
+south of the promontory containing the
+great Humboldt glacier. The winter
+camp will be established at the head of
+Bowdoin Bay, some forty miles to the
+east of Redcliffe House, where Lieutenant
+Peary passed the winter of &#8217;91,
+&#8217;92.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:247px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_71' id='linki_71'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus172.jpg' alt='' title='' width='247' height='280' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+ROBERT E. PEARY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>The programme</span> of the expedition
+may be briefly summarized as follows:</p>
+<p>The party will be absent about two
+years and a half, a three years&#8217; leave of
+absence having been accorded Lieutenant
+Peary by the Navy Department.
+They expect to be in camp, as indicated,
+by the last week in July, when
+the staunch &#8220;Falcon,&#8221; a sealing steamer
+which carries them, will land the expedition
+and return to Newfoundland.
+The months of August and September,
+all they will have before the Arctic
+night sets in, will be utilized in three
+ways: a party will be sent inland over
+the ice-cap with a large store of provisions,
+which will be stored as far to
+the north as possible, to await the expedition
+of the ensuing spring; another
+party, under Lieutenant Peary himself,
+will make a careful survey of Inglefield
+Gulf, which is of rare scientific
+interest on account of the tremendous
+glaciers which discharge into it; and a
+third party will busy itself hunting reindeer
+and other game to supply the expedition
+with fresh meat.</p>
+<p>By November 1, 1893, they will go
+into winter quarters, all occupying a
+single house, which will be made as
+comfortable as possible. During the
+five or six months of darkness, scientific
+work will be carried on, including a
+thorough study of Esquimo habits and
+institutions. Clothing will be made of
+reindeer skins, and, in general, preparations
+be completed for the advance
+over the ice-cap. Lieutenant Peary
+hopes to start the sledges northward
+early in March, thus gaining two
+months on the start made in &#8217;92. The
+season of &#8217;94 will be spent in advancing
+as rapidly as possible to the northern
+extremity of Greenland, to Independence
+Bay, discovered by Lieutenant
+Peary in his recent expedition. At
+this point the party will divide, several
+men being detailed to explore the northeastern
+coast of Greenland as far to
+the south as Cape Bismarck, while
+Lieutenant Peary with two picked men
+will push across the fjord separating
+Greenland from the land beyond, and
+will advance thence still farther to the
+north, as circumstances may direct. It
+is probable that Lieutenant Peary will
+spend the winter of &#8217;94 to &#8217;95 somewhere
+in the neighborhood of northernmost
+Greenland, very probably in the
+most extreme northern latitude in which
+any white man has wintered. In the
+spring of &#8217;95, or as soon as the season
+will permit, he will make a further and
+final advance, leaving time enough for
+the party to return to Inglefield Gulf
+before the fall. There a relief ship
+will be in waiting to carry the expedition
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_157' name='page_157'></a>157</span>
+back to New York with the results
+of their explorations.</p>
+<p>So much for Lieutenant Peary&#8217;s time-table;
+now for what he hopes to accomplish.</p>
+<p>To begin with, the party expect to
+attain the highest north ever reached
+by any Arctic expedition. The present
+record is held by the Greely expedition,
+two members of which reached
+83°&nbsp;24´ north latitude. The farthest
+north reached by Lieutenant Peary in
+his last expedition was 82° north latitude,
+which is some eighty-four geographical
+miles south of the point
+reached by Lieutenant Lockwood of
+the Greely party. Then, as already
+mentioned, a complete survey will be
+made of Inglefield Gulf, and also of
+the entirely unknown stretch of land
+on the northeastern coast of Greenland,
+between Independence Bay and
+Cape Bismarck.</p>
+<p>In addition to this, the main object
+of the expedition is to make a complete
+map of the land lying to the
+north of Greenland, or, rather, the Archipelago,
+for it is believed that this region
+is occupied by an extensive group
+of islands. Unfortunately there is reason
+for thinking that the lofty ice-cap
+which will allow the explorers to reach
+the northernmost point of Greenland
+by sledging over the inland ice does
+not continue in the same way over the
+islands to the north of Greenland.
+Both Lieutenant Peary in his observations
+on the east, and Lieutenant Lockwood
+on the west, remarked that the
+land stretching away to the north was
+in many places bare of ice and snow,
+and rugged in its character. One reason
+for this absence of an inland ice-cap
+here is the fact that these islands
+to the north lie low in the ocean compared
+with mountainous Greenland.
+Hence, in the summer, which is the
+only season when an advance would
+be possible, the ice and snow melt to
+a great extent and leave the land bare.
+Now in case Lieutenant Peary finds
+that there is no continuous ice on this
+northern land, he will skirt around the
+shore on the ice of the open sea, for
+this is present winter and summer
+alike. It is likely that such an advance
+over the ice-pack will be attended by
+very serious difficulties, the ice being
+heaped up in broken and uneven surfaces,
+with mountains and chasms to
+baffle the party. There may also be
+spaces of open water where boats or
+rafts will have to be used instead of
+sledges. At any rate, the advance will
+be made as far as possible, and the
+land to the north of Greenland studied
+and mapped as far as may be.</p>
+<p>It is not the purpose of the expedition
+to seek the North Pole itself.
+They may and very probably will get
+nearer to the Pole than anyone has
+hitherto done. Lieutenant Peary is
+confident that he will make the farthest
+north, and General Greely is
+inclined to admit this, and told me
+some days ago in Washington that he
+should not be surprised if Lieutenant
+Peary reached 85° north latitude. In
+any event, an approach to the North
+Pole will be an incident in the expedition,
+and not its main object.</p>
+<p>Several important considerations
+make it probable that Lieutenant
+Peary&#8217;s present expedition will attain
+a considerable measure of success. In
+the first place, in starting from Bowdoin
+Bay instead of from Redcliffe
+House, there will be a gain of forty
+miles rough hauling, which meant in
+the recent expedition two weeks&#8217; valuable
+time. From Bowdoin Bay, the
+party will be able to climb to the inland
+ice-cap by the shortest and easiest
+possible route. The fact that an
+abundant supply of provisions will be
+sent ahead during the present summer
+will be a great advantage, and will do
+away with the necessity of a supporting
+party such as was employed on the
+last expedition. To save the carrying
+of a ton or so of provisions for even a
+hundred miles is a matter of great
+importance. Lieutenant Peary expects
+to make a further saving in time by
+choosing a course midway between the
+one taken on his last journey to Independence
+Bay and the one taken on
+his return journey. These two courses,
+it will be remembered, were unsatisfactory,
+because in the advance to Independence
+Bay he went too far to the
+west and was caught in immense fissures
+and depressions leading to the
+glaciers, while on the return journey he
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_158' name='page_158'></a>158</span>
+went so far to the east that the great
+elevation above the sea level, often
+eight thousand feet or more, made it
+difficult to find the way or take observations
+on account of perpetual fogs.
+Now he proposes to avoid the two
+extremes, and to search for an easier
+course in a happy medium. A still
+greater gain in time will be made by
+starting the expedition early in March,
+1894, instead of waiting until May, as
+was the case before.</p>
+<p>A novel feature of the expedition,
+and one that will be of great service,
+it is believed, in hauling the loads, will
+be the use of pack horses in addition
+to the dog teams. Lieutenant Peary,
+during his recent western trip, secured
+a number of hardy burros in Colorado,
+which he believes will be able to endure
+the Arctic winter. At any rate,
+they will be very valuable in carrying
+the advance provisions this present
+season, and on a pinch they can be
+turned into steaks. It has been found
+possible to fit snow shoes to the hoofs
+of these pack horses, so as to allow
+them to advance as rapidly as the
+dogs. An experiment similar to this
+has been tried in Norway, where ponies
+have been used successfully on snow,
+and also in Alaska.</p>
+<p>As to the size of the exploring party,
+it will be small, comprising not more
+than ten men in all, and several of these
+will be left behind at the winter quarters.
+Lieutenant Peary fully realizes
+that an exploring party is no stronger
+than the weakest of its members, and
+will take along with him only men
+whose endurance and loyalty have been
+fully demonstrated. From the winter
+camp the line of advance will be Independence
+Bay, where the party will
+divide, Lieutenant Peary pushing on
+to the north, and his other men exploring
+southward to Cape Bismarck.
+From that point the latter party will
+be instructed to return to the winter
+camp directly across Greenland.
+There is no human way of knowing
+how Lieutenant Peary will return.</p>
+<p>One question which will occur to
+anxious friends of the explorer is, how
+Lieutenant Peary and his two companions
+will live during the winter of
+&#8217;94 and &#8217;95, at the northernmost point
+of Greenland, where the foot of man has
+never trod, and where no supplies could
+reach them. The answer to this question
+is, that the party will take with
+them a very large supply of dried meat
+and other necessaries, and that they
+count on finding musk oxen in the
+region where they will camp. In his
+previous expedition, Lieutenant Peary
+killed five of these musk oxen near
+Independence Bay, and he saw many
+others. With such a supply of fresh
+meat, and with abundant means of
+protecting themselves against the cold,
+there is no reason why the party may
+not live through the winter without
+serious danger or even extraordinary
+discomfort. Leigh Smith was able to
+pass a winter on Franz-Josef Land
+under much less favorable conditions.</p>
+<p>In a general way it may be said,
+in conclusion, that the present Peary
+expedition starts out with bright prospects.
+Advantage has been taken of
+errors and oversights made by others
+in the past. Dangers and difficulties
+have been foreseen, and will be guarded
+against. A sensible, and to a great extent
+feasible, plan of advance has been
+adopted. In a word, everything would
+seem to have been done to prevent the
+recurrence of one of those wretched
+tragedies which have stained and saddened
+the records of Arctic exploration.</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><span class='smcap'>Editor&#8217;s Note.</span>&mdash;The expedition of Lieutenant Peary is undertaken at his own expense,
+with the aid of voluntary subscriptions.</p>
+<p>Contributions from one dollar up may be sent to Professor Angelo Heilprin, Academy of
+Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr class='toprule' />
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_159' name='page_159'></a>159</span>
+<a name='AN_EXPEDITION_TO_THE_NORTH_MAGNETIC_POLE_BY_W_H_GILDER_AUTHOR_OF_SCHWATKAS_SEARCH_ICE_PACK_AND_TUNDRA_ETC' id='AN_EXPEDITION_TO_THE_NORTH_MAGNETIC_POLE_BY_W_H_GILDER_AUTHOR_OF_SCHWATKAS_SEARCH_ICE_PACK_AND_TUNDRA_ETC'></a>
+<h2>AN EXPEDITION TO THE NORTH MAGNETIC POLE.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By W. H. Gilder.</span> <br />Author of &#8220;Schwatka&#8217;s Search,&#8221; &#8220;Ice Pack and Tundra,&#8221; etc.</span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>On the Fourth of July, 1879, after a
+long and tedious journey over
+territory never before crossed by man,
+I stood with Lieutenant Schwatka on
+Cape Felix, the most northern point of
+King William&#8217;s Land.</p>
+<p>Looking in the direction of the Isthmus
+of Boothia, not more than twenty
+miles to the eastward, across the frozen
+surface of McClintock Channel, we
+could see the snow-covered hills of
+Cape Adelaide, radiant with all the
+tints of the rainbow, in the light of the
+midnight sun. It was there that, nearly
+half a century before, Sir James Ross
+had located the North Magnetic Pole.
+The place is invested with deep interest
+to all explorers, but, with us, the
+pleasure was mitigated by the knowledge
+that we were entirely devoid of
+instruments with which to improve the
+opportunity of either verifying the
+work already done or continuing it
+upon the same line of research.</p>
+<p>Ever since that time I have been
+strongly imbued with the desire to
+return to that field of labor with a
+party of observers properly equipped
+to make an exhaustive search through
+that storehouse of hidden knowledge.</p>
+<p>About three years ago I brought the
+subject uppermost in my mind to the
+attention of Professor T. C. Mendenhall,
+Superintendent of the United
+States Coast and Geodetic Survey, in
+Washington, and to that of his assistant,
+Professor Charles A. Schott, in
+charge of the computing division of
+that bureau. From the first both of
+these gentlemen have been strong advocates
+of such an expedition.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:276px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_72' id='linki_72'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus178.jpg' alt='' title='' width='276' height='340' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+COLONEL W. H. GILDER.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>&#8220;The importance</span> of a redetermination
+of the geographical position of
+the North Magnetic Pole,&#8221; said Professor
+Mendenhall, in a letter to the
+Secretary of the Treasury written at
+that time, &#8220;has long been recognized
+by all interested in the theory of the
+earth&#8217;s magnetism or its application.
+The point as determined by Ross in
+the early part of this century was not
+located with that degree of accuracy
+which modern science demands and
+permits, and, besides, it is altogether
+likely that its position is not a fixed
+one. Our knowledge of the secular
+variation of the magnetic needle would
+be greatly increased by better information
+concerning this Magnetic Pole,
+and, in my judgment, it would be the
+duty of the Government to offer all
+possible encouragement to any suitably
+organized exploring expedition which
+might undertake to seek for this information.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Acting upon a further recommendation
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_160' name='page_160'></a>160</span>
+in this letter, the Secretary of the
+Treasury requested the President of
+the National Academy of Sciences to
+appoint a committee of its members,
+or others familiar with the difficult
+problems involved, &#8220;to formulate a
+plan or scheme for carrying out a
+systematic search for the North Magnetic
+Pole, and kindred work,&#8221; and
+such a committee was subsequently appointed,
+with Professor S. P. Langley,
+Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
+as chairman.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:271px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_73' id='linki_73'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus179.jpg' alt='' title='' width='271' height='345' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+GENERAL A. W. GREELY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>The work proposed</span> by this expedition
+has attracted the attention and
+held the interest of scientists everywhere,
+and material aid from several
+scientific bodies has already been
+pledged toward the securing of the
+necessary funds for transporting the
+party to the field of its labors, and its
+maintenance while at work there.</p>
+<p>The observers will be selected from
+among the officers of the United States
+Navy attached to the Coast Survey,
+who have had special training in magnetic
+field work. That bureau will also
+provide the necessary instruments, but,
+in the absence of any appropriation
+that could be applied to the transportation
+and maintenance of the party in
+the field, the funds for that purpose
+have to be obtained by the voluntary
+contribution of those with means and
+inclination to aid so important an enterprise.</p>
+<p>Said the late Professor Trowbridge
+of Columbia College, in a lecture upon
+the data to be obtained by this expedition
+for subsequent expert discussion,
+&#8220;We are living in an epoch in the
+world&#8217;s history when man is struggling
+for a higher and more perfect life, not
+only against the degrading tendencies
+of his inherited nature, but to make
+the forces of nature subservient to his
+advancement and well being. Among
+these forces there are none which seem
+to affect or control the conditions of
+animal life on the earth more than heat,
+light, electricity, and magnetism, all,
+perhaps, the manifestations of one cosmical
+agent. As the variations of the
+magnetic force appear to follow lesser
+and greater cycles, it is not impossible
+that nearly all terrestrial phenomena,
+which depend on causes allied to magnetism,
+follow similar cycles. We can
+now predict the course of storms; may
+we not hope to determine their origin
+and predict their recurrence, as far as
+they depend upon the forces which
+have been mentioned? A knowledge
+of the laws of the cycles through which
+these forces pass is the first and only
+step in this direction to be taken, and
+this step must be made by patient, long-continued
+observations.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:278px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_74' id='linki_74'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus180.jpg' alt='' title='' width='278' height='283' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+PROFESSOR T. C. MENDENHALL.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>An immediate practical</span> use of the
+observations to be made is their application
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_161' name='page_161'></a>161</span>
+to the correction of compass
+errors. Every one can see that such
+work as tends to render the mariner&#8217;s
+compass a more reliable instrument
+must be of immediate and direct benefit,
+not only to the sailor, but to the
+surveyor on land.</p>
+<p>Admitting that the observations of
+such an expedition as that to the North
+Magnetic Pole will be of scientific and
+general value, it remains to explain
+something of the personnel of the party,
+how the work is to be conducted, and
+by what route it will reach the field of
+its labor.</p>
+<p>Besides the two observers of terrestrial
+magnetism to be
+supplied by the Coast
+Survey, there will be a
+physician fitted by education
+and habits of
+study to take charge
+of some scientific portion
+of the work, in
+which he will be specially
+instructed by the
+Superintendent of the
+Coast Survey or his assistant.
+There will also
+be three sailors selected
+from the whaling fleet,
+who will have charge of
+the three whale boats
+belonging to the outfit,
+and act as assistants to
+the several observers.
+The writer of this article,
+by reason of his
+experience in Arctic
+travel, will have charge
+of the expedition in all except the scientific
+work, the reports on which will
+be turned over directly to the officers
+of the United States Coast and Geodetic
+Survey for reduction and discussion
+upon the return of the party
+from the field.</p>
+<p>The scheme of work has already
+been prepared by Professor Charles A.
+Schott, who is looked upon as probably
+the best informed on all the details
+of terrestrial magnetism of all men in
+this or any other country. In the
+course of his exhaustive report upon
+this subject he says: &#8220;The magnetic
+observations proper will comprise the
+measure of the three elements, the
+declination, the dip, and the intensity,
+which fully define the magnetic force
+at a place. The measures will be
+partly absolute and partly differential,
+and will be considered under two
+heads; those to be taken while travelling,
+and those to be attended
+to at winter quarters.&#8221; Detailed instructions
+for this work are given
+which are too technical to be interesting
+except to the specialist. He recommends
+that a single cocoon thread carrying
+a sewing needle shall be used
+to observe the declination where by
+proximity to the Magnetic Pole the
+horizontal force is weak. For it must
+be borne in mind that the Magnetic
+Pole is the point where the vertical
+force, called &#8220;dip,&#8221; is greatest&mdash;represented
+by 90°&mdash;while the horizontal
+force, called &#8220;declination,&#8221; is 0°.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_75' id='linki_75'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus181.png' alt='' title='' width='391' height='335' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+DIAGRAM OF THE NORTH MAGNETIC POLE REGION.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The observations for dip, naturally
+the most important of the survey, will
+be made with a Kew Dip Circle employing
+two needles; the usual reversals
+of circle, face, and polarity should
+be attended to at each station, to place
+the instrument in the plane of the
+magnetic meridian. The usual method
+of finding the plane of the meridian
+will probably not answer in that part
+of the world for want of sufficient
+accuracy; the direction of the magnetic
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_162' name='page_162'></a>162</span>
+meridian should, therefore, be taken as
+indicated by the delicately suspended
+needle of the declination instrument,
+and, where this method fails, dip observations
+should be made in any two
+planes 90° apart, of which the first
+plane is preferably that of the meridian
+as guessed at.</p>
+<p>It is proposed to charter a steam
+whaler to take the party from St.
+John&#8217;s, Newfoundland, to the northern
+part of Repulse Bay, which, being
+directly connected with Hudson&#8217;s Bay,
+is the nearest point to the pole-containing
+area that is accessible any year.
+There a permanent station is to be
+erected where regular observations will
+be continued all the time and from
+which each spring a field party (perhaps
+two) will start to locate the geographical
+position of the pole.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:333px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_76' id='linki_76'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus182.png' alt='' title='' width='333' height='406' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+PROFESSOR C. A. SCHOTT.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>It may be</span> well to repeat that the
+Magnetic Pole is that point where the
+needle of the dip circle is absolutely
+vertical&mdash;where it stands at exactly
+90° to the plane of the horizon.</p>
+<p>To find this unknown spot the
+observer follows as nearly as possible
+the direction indicated by the delicately
+poised needle of the declinometer.
+The magnetic meridian is not always
+a straight line, and may therefore
+indicate a very circuitous route, but
+by a system something like the regular
+approaches to a besieged fort one may
+be certain of arriving there eventually.</p>
+<p>For instance, when the needle indicates
+a dip of 89° the stations should
+be nearer together&mdash;say not farther
+apart than twenty miles, if possible,
+and these intervals should be less as
+the dip increases.</p>
+<p>Suppose the observer to have reached
+a point where the dip is found
+to be 89°&nbsp;30´, and at the next
+station he has 89°&nbsp;35´, at the
+next 89°&nbsp;40´. At the next he
+may find only 89°&nbsp;37´; he then
+returns to where he found the
+greatest dip and starts off at
+right angles, one way or the
+other, to that course. As long
+as the dip continues to increase,
+he knows he is travelling in the
+right direction. When it again
+decreases he returns to the
+point of his last greatest dip
+and travels at right angles to
+his last course as long as the
+dip increases. In this way he
+will eventually see the absolute
+verticity of the suspended
+needle marked and know he
+has reached the North Magnetic
+Pole at last. Sir James
+Ross did not succeed so well,
+the needle marking only 89°&nbsp;59´
+of verticity. But as this
+would indicate that he was
+within one and a quarter to
+two miles of the point sought,
+he was justified in feeling elated at his
+success.</p>
+<p>It is believed, however, that with the
+improved instruments of the present
+day, and in the light of our increased
+knowledge of terrestrial magnetism,
+absolute accuracy is now demanded.
+These observations will have to be
+repeated from time to time until at
+last we shall know with certainty
+whether or not the North Magnetic
+Pole is a fixed or movable point, and
+if it is found to move, the direction
+and rate of that motion shall be positively
+determined.</p>
+<hr class='toprule' />
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_163' name='page_163'></a>163</span>
+<a name='THE_MERCHANTMEN_BY_RUDYARD_KIPLING' id='THE_MERCHANTMEN_BY_RUDYARD_KIPLING'></a>
+<h2>THE MERCHANTMEN.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Rudyard Kipling.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<div class='poem' style='width: 25em'><div class='stanza'>
+<p>King Solomon drew merchantmen</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Because of his desire</p>
+<p>For peacocks, apes, and ivory</p>
+<p class='indent2'>From Tarshish unto Tyre:</p>
+<p>And Drake he sacked La Guayra,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>So stout of heart was he;</p>
+<p>But we be only sailormen</p>
+<p class='indent2'>That use upon the sea.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p><i>Coastwise&mdash;cross-seas&mdash;round the world and back again,</i></p>
+<p class='indent2'><i>Where the flaw shall head us or the full trade suits!</i></p>
+<p><i>Plain-sail&mdash;storm-sail&mdash;lay your board and tack again&mdash;</i></p>
+<p class='indent2'><i>And that&#8217;s the way we pay Paddy Doyle for his boots!</i></p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Now we have come to youward</p>
+<p class='indent2'>To walk beneath the trees,</p>
+<p>And see the folk that live on land</p>
+<p class='indent2'>And ride in carriages.</p>
+<p>Oh, sure they must be silly gulls</p>
+<p class='indent2'>That do with pains desire</p>
+<p>To build a house that cannot move</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Of stones and sticks and mire.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>We bring no store of ingots,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Of gold or precious stones,</p>
+<p>But that we have we gathered</p>
+<p class='indent2'>With sweat and aching bones:</p>
+<p>In flame beneath the tropics,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>In frost upon the floe,</p>
+<p>And jeopardy of every wind</p>
+<p class='indent2'>That does between them go.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>And some we got by purchase,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>And some we had by trade,</p>
+<p>And some we took by courtesy</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Of pike and carronade,</p>
+<p>At midnight, &#8217;mid sea meetings</p>
+<p class='indent2'>For charity to keep,</p>
+<p>And light the rolling homeward bound</p>
+<p class='indent2'>That rode a foot too deep.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_164' name='page_164'></a>164</span></p>
+<p>By sport of bitter weather</p>
+<p class='indent2'>We&#8217;re walty, strained, and scarred</p>
+<p>From the kentledge of the kelson</p>
+<p class='indent2'>To the slings upon the yard.</p>
+<p>Six oceans had their will of us</p>
+<p class='indent2'>To carry all away&mdash;</p>
+<p>Our galley&#8217;s in the Baltic,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>And our boom&#8217;s in Mossel Bay!</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>We&#8217;ve floundered off the Texel,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Awash with sodden deals,</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ve slipped from Valparaiso</p>
+<p class='indent2'>With the Norther at our heels:</p>
+<p>We&#8217;ve ratched beyond the Crossets</p>
+<p class='indent2'>That tusk the Southern Pole,</p>
+<p>And dipped our gunnels under</p>
+<p class='indent2'>To the dread Agulhas&#8217; roll.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Beyond all outer chartings</p>
+<p class='indent2'>We sailed where none have sailed,</p>
+<p>And saw the land-lights burning</p>
+<p class='indent2'>On islands none have hailed.</p>
+<p>Our hair stood up for wonder,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>But when the night was done</p>
+<p>There rolled the deep to windward</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Blue-empty &#8217;neath the sun!</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Strange consorts rode beside us</p>
+<p class='indent2'>And brought us evil luck;</p>
+<p>The witch-fire climbed our channels,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>And danced on vane and truck:</p>
+<p>Till, through the red tornado,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>That lashed us nigh to blind,</p>
+<p>We saw The Dutchman plunging,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Full canvas, head to wind!</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>We&#8217;ve heard the Midnight Leadsman</p>
+<p class='indent2'>That calls the black deeps down&mdash;</p>
+<p>Ay, thrice we heard The Swimmer,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>The soul that may not drown.</p>
+<p>On frozen bunt and gasket</p>
+<p class='indent2'>The sleet-cloud drave her hosts,</p>
+<p>When, manned by more than signed with us,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>We passed the Isle o&#8217; Ghosts!</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_165' name='page_165'></a>165</span></p>
+<p>And north, among the hummocks,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>A biscuit-toss below,</p>
+<p>We met the silent shallop</p>
+<p class='indent2'>That frighted whalers know;</p>
+<p>For down a bitter ice-lane,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>That opened as he sped,</p>
+<p>We saw dead Henry Hudson</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Steer, North by West, his dead.</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>So dealt God&#8217;s waters with us</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Beneath the roaring skies,</p>
+<p>So walked His signs and marvels</p>
+<p class='indent2'>All naked to our eyes:</p>
+<p>But we were heading homeward</p>
+<p class='indent2'>With trade to lose or make&mdash;</p>
+<p>Good Lord, they slipped behind us</p>
+<p class='indent2'>In the tailing of our wake!</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p>Let go, let go the anchors;</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Now shamed at heart are we</p>
+<p>To bring so poor a cargo home</p>
+<p class='indent2'>That had for gift the sea!</p>
+<p>Let go&mdash;let go the anchors&mdash;</p>
+<p class='indent2'>Ah, fools were we and blind&mdash;</p>
+<p>The worst we saved with bitter toil,</p>
+<p class='indent2'>The best we left behind!</p>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<p><i>Coastwise&mdash;cross-seas&mdash;round the world and back again,</i></p>
+<p class='indent2'><i>Where the flaw shall fail us or the trades drive down:</i></p>
+<p><i>Plain-sail&mdash;storm-sail&mdash;lay your board and tack again&mdash;</i></p>
+<p class='indent2'><i>And all to bring a cargo into London Town!</i></p>
+</div></div>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_77' id='linki_77'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus186.png' alt='' title='' width='573' height='240' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<hr class='toprule' />
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_166' name='page_166'></a>166</span>
+<a name='MONSIEUR_DE_BLOWITZ_BY_W_MORTON_FULLERTON' id='MONSIEUR_DE_BLOWITZ_BY_W_MORTON_FULLERTON'></a>
+<h2>MONSIEUR DE BLOWITZ.
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By W. Morton Fullerton.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>When Taine died, people whom
+his books had interested felt a
+sudden longing to say all that they
+had been thinking about his famous
+theory of the &#8220;<i>milieu</i>.&#8221; Taine had
+been, with Renan, the chief literary
+medium of thought in France; but
+while Renan was altogether useful,
+caring as he did more for his method
+than for its results, Taine, with his
+imperative and beautiful consistency,
+imposed on the younger generation a
+habit of applying the principle of environment
+which was somewhat lacking
+in criticism. No one but an artist
+of his surprising agility and perceptions
+could have made such a method
+so universal. The French wilfully attain
+clearness by defect of vision, but
+this is the same thing as saying that
+they attain plausibility at the expense
+of truth. Taine died, and the thing
+we lacked courage to say to his face
+we have all been saying now that he is
+safe and irresponsible, as well as unresponsive,
+in the earth.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:255px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_78' id='linki_78'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus187.jpg' alt='' title='' width='255' height='402' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>An inevitable</span> way, undoubtedly, to
+be assured of the insufficiency of
+Taine&#8217;s method is to read Taine&#8217;s
+books; and the first book of all, the
+&#8220;Essay on La Fontaine,&#8221; is, I may insert
+the observation, as conclusive as
+the last in this respect. But in order
+to obtain the conviction that what the
+critic can get to know of the environing
+conditions of any product, human
+or other, does not explain that product,
+one needs not go to Taine&#8217;s
+books; one has only to apply it to the
+things and people one knows best.
+The result will be unsatisfactory. The
+critic will find a thousand elements in
+that particular product&#8217;s individuality
+thus left unexplained; in a word, the
+theory is one natural, no doubt, to the
+Olympians, who see all things; but impracticable
+for men who, even at their
+best, see only very little. Apply it to
+yourself; apply it to your friends.
+Apply it to the person of whom I am
+going to speak, to M. de Blowitz, the
+Paris correspondent of an English
+newspaper, the &#8220;Times.&#8221; The act will
+result in a failure, a scientific failure,
+whatever the artistic success. Yet M.
+de Blowitz is a very remarkable human
+fact; and that a philosophic or critical
+method cannot be applied to him with
+triumph, for both him and the method&mdash;is
+this not of itself a consideration
+extraordinary enough to vitiate the
+whole method? A much more important
+thing to know than what determined
+this or that product, whether it
+be the Book of Judges, or the Panama
+trial, or M. Taine, or M. de Blowitz, is
+what they themselves determined; what
+followed, because of their existence;
+and though this be reasoning in a
+dizzy circle, I cling to the remark as
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_167' name='page_167'></a>167</span>
+a not unapt way to introduce my subject.
+A chief reason why M. de Blowitz
+is worth considering is, that he is
+and always has been a producer himself,
+a fact pregnant with a thousand
+others, rather than the resultant of
+many vague facts that have gone before.
+Most of us must be content with
+being, comparatively speaking, only
+results. M. de Blowitz, prodigious
+result as he is, is even more striking
+as initiator, as himself the creator of
+a special environment, as himself in
+his own way a &#8220;final cause.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_79' id='linki_79'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus188.jpg' alt='' title='' width='578' height='433' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE DINING-ROOM IN M. DE BLOWITZ&#8217;S PARIS HOME.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>Cosmopolite in a world becoming
+rapidly no larger than the tiniest of
+the asteroids, M. de Blowitz is one
+of those who have most contributed to
+this planetary shrinkage. His career
+is a continual and entertaining illustration
+of the truth that tact can render
+even tolerance successful. For he is
+the most amiable, the most tolerant
+of men, and yet he has blazed a wide
+path through the woodland of warring
+interests in which every man who seeks
+to succeed runs risk, not only of losing
+his way, but of setting all the other
+denizens of the forest against him.
+Ordinarily, success implies that a man
+is a man of only one idea. What
+Frenchman said: &#8220;Truth is a wedge
+that makes its way only by being
+struck&#8221;? I have forgotten. At all
+events, isn&#8217;t the remark nine times out
+of ten true? But M. de Blowitz could
+apply for the honor of being the proverbial
+exception. His workshop is
+full of wedges, and a more impatient
+man would have used up all of them
+long ago, after having hammered the
+battered tops into a condition of splay
+disfigurement. M. de Blowitz does
+not do this. He knew and knows a
+better way. He can afford to wait.
+He likes to wait. He has the good
+and amiable heart of a man who, like
+Odysseus, has seen many men and
+countries, and knows that all things&mdash;I
+include even people who are &#8220;bores&#8221;&mdash;have
+a point of view that may be
+rendered interesting. Himself one of
+the most individualized of contemporary
+institutions, his own career is a
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_168' name='page_168'></a>168</span>
+standing argument against the sacredness
+of the idea of institutions. Yet,
+though he has inevitably learned how
+relative things in general are, he himself
+appeals to his friends as unusually
+self-contained and absolute. Diplomatist
+among diplomatists, he is more
+powerful than any of them, because he
+works in the interest of the whole
+rather than in that of a part. Loyal
+absolutely to the &#8220;Times,&#8221; which, to its
+accidental honor, has entangled him,
+the &#8220;Times&#8221; is, at its best, only the
+accidental projection, a kind of chronic
+double, of himself. His letters are
+kind attentions which have the air of
+a continual favor. Though better recompensed
+than favors sometimes are,
+and though, whatever their contents,
+they will be read by everybody, this
+is not only because what the author
+writes is important, but because he does
+not write when he has nothing to say.</p>
+<h3>M. DE BLOWITZ AT HIS SUMMER HOME.</h3>
+<p>This reticence is superb, and one of
+its practical results has been the remarkable
+physical vigor of this man
+who is after all no longer young. One
+should see him in his country home.
+M. de Blowitz went up and down the
+north coast of France, hunting for an
+eyry. He found it on the wooded top
+of one of the side slopes of the thousand
+and one ravines in which fishermen
+along that coast had fixed their cabins,
+at the small hamlet of <i>Les Petites Dalles</i>.
+Like Alphonse Karr at Etretat, he
+made the fame of this spot. Your
+guide-book will tell you the fact. &#8220;M.
+de Blowitz, correspondent of the English
+newspaper the &#8216;Times,&#8217; has a villa
+here.&#8221; I defy you to find any other
+distinction special to this place. The
+high Normandy coast is always charming,
+but it is equally so at a hundred
+other points. And of what charm
+there is here simply as village, M. Blowitz&#8217;s
+presence would seem to threaten
+the partial extinction. For this very
+presence is rendering the spot famous
+and crowded. Sit in the afternoon listening
+to the three violins that provide
+the music, and, taking your absinthe on
+one of those hard benches within the
+narrow limits of the space there called
+Casino, you will run the risk of overhearing
+a conversation like this:</p>
+<p>&#8220;This is your first summer here?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes, came last night. I am tired
+of Pau, and thought I could bury
+myself here. But there&#8217;s too much
+world.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes, but what a world it is!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, I don&#8217;t mind that! They say
+there&#8217;s enough society in the villas.
+Since de Blowitz built the <i>Lampottes</i>
+and has brought his friends down,
+there are some people <i>très bien de la
+meilleure société</i> on the cliffs. That&#8217;s
+the place up there, the house with the
+flag above all the others. I walked
+up there this morning. He has a tennis
+court. Looking up the gravel walk,
+I saw him sitting on the veranda.
+That&#8217;s M. Ernest Daudet&#8217;s place just
+under him in the trees&mdash;<i>mais voilà</i>;
+there he is.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Towards three o&#8217;clock in the afternoon,
+indeed, almost daily, M. de Blowitz
+has an amiable habit. He walks
+down with members of his family, and
+the guests who are staying with him, to
+the pretty bathing-cabins, in front of
+which stretches an improvised awning,
+and, picturesque in his colored flannels,
+he sits himself down with a cigar to
+watch the bathers. He, the most distinguished
+of European critics, is here
+and now the object of many curious
+and admiring observations. He holds
+here a little court on the shingle beach.
+Brightly dressed women gather to him
+from every point of the compass;
+while he who has his emissaries in
+every quarter of the world, and whose
+subtle influence is felt at each episode
+of the European movement, gives himself
+up with pardonable indulgence&mdash;under
+the ample umbrella&mdash;to the
+pretty trifles of glib women&#8217;s charm
+and chatter. Before he has enjoyed
+enough, and obedient to one of those
+harmless devices in which well-taught
+men of the world often indulge, he retires
+from this charmed and, as I can
+affirm, charming circle, and climbs to
+the great villa on the cliff. There are
+letters to be written and telegrams to
+be sent to Paris, and perhaps an article
+meditated during the afternoon.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_80' id='linki_80'></a>
+</div>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_169' name='page_169'></a>169</span>
+<img src='images/illus191.jpg' alt='' title='' width='422' height='600' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+M. DE BLOWITZ IN HIS STUDY.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The doors of the <i>Lampottes</i> are wide
+open upon the great veranda, and the
+winds of the channel enter there, warmed
+from blowing over the upland grass.
+The life within is the ideally tranquil
+existence of an English country gentleman.
+Where did this cosmopolite,
+who really has no English roots, learn
+the system? For the hospitality of
+England can scarcely be translated
+with full flavor into any other idiom.
+The <i>schloss</i> of Germany or of the Tyrol,
+the <i>chateau</i> of France, have never, within
+my experience of lazy summers,
+afforded just the same delightful background
+as the country house of England.
+Yet to the <i>Lampottes</i> the peculiar
+air has somehow been conjured. All
+the country round about this house is
+Norman, and therefore English&mdash;that
+is, dense, rich, familiar&mdash;so that the
+English illusion is complete. But no
+reader of M. de Blowitz&#8217;s correspondence
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_170' name='page_170'></a>170</span>
+in the &#8220;Times&#8221; would ever have
+thought of placing the author in these
+surroundings. The <i>raconteur</i> of the
+reminiscences in &#8220;Harper&#8217;s Magazine&#8221;
+must appeal to the American reader as
+a sort of bustling incarnation of the
+ubiquitous telegraph, unwearied, and
+knowing not even in his dreams the
+first soothing tremor of the sound of
+the word &#8220;rest.&#8221; On the contrary, M.
+de Blowitz rests frequently and smiles
+quietly. Large himself, he likes large
+air, large rooms, large landscapes, large
+and general ideas. And what contributes
+to all this more than rest, which
+gives time to think? It is a generous
+and natural temper, and that is why the
+great doors from the veranda are open
+to the channel winds.</p>
+<p>Although M. de Blowitz wears in his
+buttonhole, in bright contrast to the
+famous flowing tie, the rosette of the
+French Legion of Honor, he is not in
+race a Frenchman; yet he is sufficiently
+French in two conspicuous
+characteristics. The French strike
+me as being, with the Americans, the
+most naturally intelligent people on
+the western part of the planet. But the
+Frenchman is also <i>bon enfant</i>, and for
+the moment I do not stop to consider
+that he always remains <i>enfant</i>. To be
+intelligent and <i>bon enfant</i> at once is to
+promise all kinds of successes in life,
+and to be both is to make success
+charming. M. de Blowitz is both. He
+has been, therefore, a charming success.
+The nature of this success defies
+analysis, but as a result can be described.</p>
+<h3>THE BEGINNING OF A CAREER.</h3>
+<p>It is now more than twenty years
+since a young man appeared before the
+enthusiast, Laurence Oliphant, then
+correspondent of the English &#8220;Times,&#8221;
+and rendered himself so indispensable
+to Oliphant that the latter, with the
+quixotic temper peculiar to him, felt it,
+I believe, a moral duty to abdicate.
+This young man had already so distinguished
+himself at Marseilles, during
+Communal riots there, as to attract the
+attention and merit the gratitude of
+Thiers. Justly rating his powers as a
+diplomatist, and knowing himself to be
+an indefatigable worker, he conceived
+the notion of becoming a sort of
+general self-accredited representative
+to every European Court, and of inducing
+the &#8220;Times&#8221; to afford him an organ
+of communication with his diplomatic
+rivals everywhere. The &#8220;Times&#8221; is
+the secluded pool into which England
+loves to gaze when it plays the <i>rôle</i>
+of Narcissus. And when Narcissus-England
+admires itself therein, that is,
+once a day the year round, it not only
+sees the healthy, beaming, determined
+visage of John Bull, but notes with
+approval his quiet expression of
+patience and caution, his willingness to
+wait. The &#8220;Times&#8221; kept M. de Blowitz
+waiting for some time before it found
+him as relatively indispensable as he
+really was, and always has been since;
+but finally the moment came when M.
+de Blowitz, seated before his desk,
+could feel himself more than the equal
+of his diplomatist <i>confrères</i>. Statesman
+he was not, nor ambassador; for
+these words imply limitations, a condition
+of responsibility to this or that
+state. But diplomatist he was, and in
+this entire class of men he was the
+most powerful of all; for he found
+himself in the position of critic, unattached,
+of the European movement,
+owing allegiance to no country, although
+sought out by the representatives
+of all. What position save that
+of the Pope afforded a more enviable
+outlook? The chances were undoubtedly
+all on the side of his playing the
+great <i>rôle</i> which the happy coincidence
+of an unusually exciting time in Europe,
+and his own activity, tact and perception,
+combined to create for him. He
+has himself lately been telling us in an
+American magazine some of the episodes
+in which he played his part. I
+will not dilute the flavor of the original
+by any individual essence of my own.
+The reminiscences are accessible and
+are not to be imitated. But to the
+reader of them one fact above all others
+will be evident: M. de Blowitz was and
+is a diplomatist of the first order. Seek
+to explain the eternal hatred felt
+towards him by a Prince Bismarck on
+any other ground. The attempt is impossible.</p>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_171' name='page_171'></a>171</span></div>
+<h3>IDEALS OF A GREAT JOURNALIST.</h3>
+<p>Whatever M. de Blowitz&#8217;s loyalty to
+the &#8220;Times,&#8221; he has been loyal above
+all to his own ideal. This ideal has
+always been to get at the most political
+truth possible as
+a condition of exerting
+an individual
+influence
+on European
+states in the interest
+of European
+peace. To
+me, individually,
+this ideal seems
+rather too generous.
+Everybody
+now-a-days
+wants to take a
+part in affairs,
+when only to
+look on is surely
+the one wise part
+to take. But
+generous M. de
+Blowitz is, and
+he is demonstrating
+now, in a
+series of &#8220;recollections,&#8221;
+that
+his ideal can be
+carried out in a
+striking way. I
+do not deny for
+a moment that
+the point is proven.
+I doubt very
+much, however,
+if any other similar
+series of facts
+will ever be marshalled
+to the
+same end. But
+all the more reason
+for being belongs,
+just for this cause, to the &#8220;Blowitziana.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_81' id='linki_81'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus194.png' alt='' title='' width='447' height='596' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+THE <i>Lampottes</i>; THE COUNTRY HOUSE OF M. DE BLOWITZ.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p>The &#8220;Blowitziana&#8221;! This, however,
+is just what some of us feel more
+inspired, than at liberty, to give. I
+recall here, over this paper, too many
+things at once; and all the impressions,
+seeing M. de Blowitz as I do continually,
+fortunately lack perspective. But
+to note this and that about him seems
+in a way as much a duty as a pleasure,
+for I remember well that my original
+notion of this remarkable man was
+widely different from that which began
+to form in my mind once I knew him.
+I don&#8217;t think that people who hear
+about him, people who read his name
+in the newspapers, the average citizen
+of the world who doesn&#8217;t know him personally,
+have quite the right idea about
+him. During the last twenty years he
+has obtained a reputation for being the
+most persistent ferreter of news in existence;
+but in many minds there is
+distrust whenever, over his signature,
+some unexpected revelation comes to
+change the key in the European concert.
+Perhaps an unlooked-for document
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_172' name='page_172'></a>172</span>
+is published, interrupting the plans
+of European statesmen, bringing to
+nothing all their most elaborate scheming;
+and on the morrow, by some official
+source, comes a denial that any such
+document was ever dreamed of. It is
+obviously impracticable for M. de
+Blowitz to give his proofs, and this or
+that unthinking reader, used to a thousand
+irresponsible writers who care
+only for what is sensational, and who
+never verify their information, hurriedly
+relegates the disclosure of the
+&#8220;Times&#8221; correspondent to the same
+category. This is natural enough, of
+course. But let there be no mistake.
+The revelation was worthy of the name;
+of this you may be sure. M. de
+Blowitz has done all that he intended
+to do. He has nipped in the bud this
+or that diplomatic scheme; he has
+anticipated some subsequent further
+revelation; or it may be he has laid
+the net for some other and less wary
+diplomatist. The diplomatists themselves
+are not so incredulous. They
+listen to what M. de Blowitz is saying
+with a more respectful attention, and,
+thinking discretion the better part of
+valor, they usually end in bringing their
+mite to his universal diplomatic bureau.
+Upon his discretion they know they can
+count.</p>
+<p>Here is a fact in point. Breakfasting
+once in Paris with an amiable lady
+and a very distinguished diplomatist
+who was also a poet, the conversation
+fell on the subject of M. de Blowitz
+and Count Munster who had recently
+been the object of a long-resounding
+letter in the &#8220;Times.&#8221; The diplomatist
+who sat opposite me spoke freely of
+the Munster episode, which was then
+entertaining the whole of Europe, save
+the person most concerned.</p>
+<p>&#8220;M. de Blowitz,&#8221; said he, &#8220;is our
+only peer. But there should be honor
+even among thieves. He has &#8216;cooked
+Count Munster&#8217;s goose.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes,&#8221; I replied, &#8220;but with fuel of
+Count Munster&#8217;s own providing.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Quite so,&#8221; he continued; &#8220;but of
+course we are paid to deny just such
+things as this. And I have heard of
+licensed jesters, but the world has
+come to a pretty pass if we are to be
+at the mercy of licensed truth-tellers.
+What will become, this side of the Orient,
+of our profession?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I agree with you,&#8221; interrupted our
+host; &#8220;but what does it matter so only
+diplomacy may be the bay-leaves of
+poets, and you may have time to take
+the world into your confidence in
+verse?&#8221;</p>
+<p>This estimate, implied in the ambassador&#8217;s
+somewhat cynical words, has
+always been shared by all M. de Blowitz&#8217;s
+<i>confrères</i>. It would be more than
+amusing, it <ins title='Removed duplicate word'>would</ins> be curiously
+instructive, to corroborate this anecdote
+by comparison with the hundred
+others that tremble in the ink of my
+pen. But fortunately it is many years
+before &#8220;Blowitziana&#8221; will be written,
+while now there are Hawaii and Panama
+and the Papal ambassador to the
+United States to occupy our attention.
+Yet because of the existence of just
+this assurance in the foreign offices of
+all the European powers, it seems necessary
+to set the average reader on
+his guard against a natural error.
+What it all comes to is this&mdash;M. Jules
+Simon has said it&mdash;&#8220;Newspapers are
+better served than kings and peoples.&#8221;</p>
+<p>Everybody has been recently talking
+of an extraordinary scheme of M. de
+Blowitz for the reformation of journalism.
+That article, crackling with
+anathema against the ignorance and
+irresponsibility of most modern journalism,
+and warm with generous and
+high notions of what constitutes the
+duty and privilege of the journalist,
+had about it a surprising flavor of detachment
+and idealism which recalled
+the famous Utopian schemes familiar
+in the pedantic idiom of scholars. It
+was a dream, a warning&mdash;a vision of a
+kind of journalistic &#8220;City of God.&#8221;
+But the air of that city is, after all, the
+air of the world in which M. de Blowitz,
+the most surprisingly unprofessional
+of men, seems eternally to live.</p>
+<p>Not that he is always an idealist. He
+was not, for instance, when, jumping
+the wall at Versailles after a dinner to
+the Shah of Persia, he outwitted every
+journalist in the palace garden, and, as
+he says, &#8220;made five enemies in a single
+well-employed evening.&#8221; No, even the
+most ubiquitous of American reporters
+would admit that he may be practical
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_173' name='page_173'></a>173</span>
+enough when need be. But after all,
+and above all, he is an idealist, marked
+by a distinguished imagination and an
+amiable and generous sympathy. No
+journalistic tag is on him. He is simply
+a gentleman with the widest interests
+and uncommon capacities who
+succeeded in convincing the &#8220;Times&#8221;
+(this, of itself, is surely by way of being
+a <i>vrai coup de maître</i>), and then every
+other intelligent observer, of his power
+and usefulness. He has his own philanthropic
+ends, for the propagation of
+which it pleases him to have so esteemed
+a medium as the &#8220;Times.&#8221;</p>
+<h3>IN HIS PARIS HOME.</h3>
+<p>The people who come to see him&mdash;the
+deputies, the ministers, the ambassadors,
+the writers, the artists, the simple
+<i>gens du monde</i>&mdash;come more often not to
+his office, but to his warm and hospitable
+home. Here, in one of the streets
+that wind about the Star Arch at the
+head of the Champs Élysées, he receives
+all the world, rather as the
+charming gentleman than the historic
+journalist de Blowitz. The centre&mdash;I
+must add the admired centre&mdash;of a devoted
+family circle, he discourses at his
+dinner-table of the serious events of
+the day, volubly, picturesquely, and
+with conviction. Yet he is always ready
+to listen, and even to alter his opinions
+at a moment&#8217;s notice, though that notice
+must be good. While he himself
+makes the coffee, the talk becomes less
+exacting and more general. Often he
+tells you of his pictures, and points out
+to you the panels set into the wall of
+the room, works of his friends, great
+canvases by M. Clairin or Mme. Sarah
+Bernhardt; and one, a sunny view
+of the Norman house on the cliff, by
+M. Duphot. After dinner in the private
+study, with its high walls covered
+with paintings and souvenirs and autograph
+photographs of the greatest
+names of France, you smoke in the
+arms of your easy-chair, the wood fire
+burning brightly in an ample chimney;
+while your host, propped by divan
+cushions, and with one leg curled under
+him, drops grandly into pleasant
+reminiscences. One has visions of Bagdad.
+After an hour like this, you wonder
+when M. de Blowitz works. But
+he has been working all the time. He
+has been thinking in one half of a very
+capacious brain and talking from another.
+The chances are that he will
+have planned a column article for the
+&#8220;Times&#8221; newspaper, left you for a
+half hour to rummage in his books
+while he dictates the article, telephoned
+for his carriage to await him at nine
+o&#8217;clock in the court below, and asked
+you to accompany him to the opera&mdash;all
+before he has finished his cigar.
+But then the cigar is a remarkably
+good one, and knows not, as is the case
+with ambassadorial nicotine, the protective
+customs of France.</p>
+<p>Life means to M. de Blowitz a mental
+activity and alertness that never
+sleep. Yet he is always amiable, tolerating
+everything except stupidity.
+He is a journalist by &#8220;natural selection.&#8221;
+But that, in the Europe of his
+time, and given the accidents of his fortune,
+made him the diplomatist that he
+has been and is. He can keep a secret
+as well as tell one. I repeat, he disproves
+that masterly theory of Taine,
+who drove facts like wild horses into a
+corral in order, having lassoed them,
+to tame them to his own uses; for,
+like Taine himself, he has made his
+own <i>milieu</i>, created his own series of
+facts, far more truly even than he
+is himself the striking and delightful
+resultant of others that have gone before.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_82' id='linki_82'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus197.png' alt='' title='' width='500' height='122' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<hr class='toprule' />
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_174' name='page_174'></a>174</span>
+<a name='ON_THE_TRACK_OF_THE_REVIEWER__A_TRUE_STORY_OF_REVENGE_CONNECTED_WITH_THE_FIRST_PUBLICATION_OF_JANE_EYRE__BY_DOCTOR_WILLIAM_WRIGHT' id='ON_THE_TRACK_OF_THE_REVIEWER__A_TRUE_STORY_OF_REVENGE_CONNECTED_WITH_THE_FIRST_PUBLICATION_OF_JANE_EYRE__BY_DOCTOR_WILLIAM_WRIGHT'></a>
+<h2>ON THE TRACK OF THE REVIEWER.<br /><br /><span class='smcap'>A TRUE STORY OF REVENGE,<br />CONNECTED WITH THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF &#8220;JANE EYRE.&#8221;</span>
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br /><span class='smcap'>By Doctor William Wright.</span></span></h2>
+</div>
+<p>The Brontë novels were first read
+and admired in the Ballynaskeagh
+manse. This statement I am able to
+make with fulness of knowledge. &#8220;Jane
+Eyre&#8221; was read, cried over, laughed
+over, argued over, condemned, exalted,
+by the Reverend David McKee, his
+brilliant children and numerous pupils,
+before the author was known publicly
+in England, or a single review of the
+work had appeared.</p>
+<p>The Reverend W. J. McCracken, an
+old pupil of the Ballynaskeagh manse,
+writes me on this point:</p>
+<p>&#8220;You have no doubt heard Mr.
+McKee&#8217;s<a name='FNanchor_0002' id='FNanchor_0002'></a><a href='#Footnote_0002' class='fnanchor'>[2]</a> opinion as to the source of
+Charlotte&#8217;s genius. When Charlotte
+Brontë published one of her books,
+there was always an early copy sent to
+the uncles and aunts in Ballynaskeagh.
+As they had little taste for such literature,
+the book was sent straight over
+to our dear old friend Mr. McKee. If
+it pleased him, the Brontës would be
+in raptures with their niece, and triumphantly
+say to their neighbors,
+&#8216;Mr. McKee thinks her very <i>cliver</i>.&#8217;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I well remember Mr. McKee reading
+one of Charlotte&#8217;s novels, and, in
+his own inimitable way, making the
+remark: &#8216;She is just her Uncle Jamie
+over the world. Just Jamie&#8217;s strong,
+powerful, direct way of putting a
+thing.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+<p>Mrs. McKee, now living in New
+Zealand, writes me: &#8220;My husband
+had early copies of the novels from
+the Brontës, and he pronounced them
+to be Brontë in warp and woof, before
+&#8216;Currer Bell&#8217; was publicly known to
+be Charlotte Brontë. He held that
+the stories not only showed the Brontë
+genius and style, but that the facts
+were largely reminiscences of the
+Brontë family. He recognized many
+of the characters as founded largely on
+old Hugh&#8217;s yarns, polished into literature.
+When &#8216;Jane Eyre&#8217; came into
+the hands of the uncles they were
+troubled as to its character, but they
+were very grateful to my husband for
+his good opinion of its ability. He pronounced
+it a remarkable and brilliant
+work, before any of the reviews appeared.&#8221;</p>
+<p>In addition to the five hundred
+pounds that Smith, Elder &amp; Co. paid
+Charlotte Brontë for the copyright of
+each of her novels, they sent half a
+dozen copies direct to herself. The
+book was published on October 16th,
+and ten days later Charlotte thus acknowledged
+receipt of the copies:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p class='sig1'><i>October 26, 1847.</i></p>
+<p>&#8220;<span class='smcap'>Messrs. Smith, Elder &amp; Co.</span>:</p>
+<p>&#8220;<i>Gentlemen</i>: The six copies of &#8216;Jane
+Eyre&#8217; reached me this morning. You have
+given the work every advantage which good
+paper, clear type and a seemly outside can supply;
+if it fails, the fault will lie with the author&mdash;you
+are exempt. I now await the judgment
+of the press and the public. I am, gentlemen,</p>
+<p class='sig1'>&#8220;Yours respectfully,</p>
+<p class='sig2'>&#8220;<span class='smcap'>C. Bell.</span>&#8221;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Charlotte Brontë&#8217;s friends were not
+numerous, and she was most anxious
+that none of the few should find out
+that she was the author. In the distribution
+of even her six copies, she
+would most likely send one to her
+friends in Ireland. When the volumes
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_175' name='page_175'></a>175</span>
+arrived in Ireland, there was no room
+for doubt as to the authorship of &#8220;Jane
+Eyre.&#8221; The Brontës had no other
+friend in England to send them books.
+They themselves neither wrote nor
+read romances. They lived them.</p>
+<p>It was well known to the family that
+the clever brother in England had very
+clever daughters. Patrick was a constant
+correspondent with the home
+circle, and a not infrequent visitor.
+Their habits of study, their wonderful
+compositions, their education in
+Brussels, were steps in the ascending
+gradation of the girls, minutely communicated
+by the vicar to his only relatives,
+and fairly well understood in
+Ballynaskeagh. Something was expected.</p>
+<p>That something caused blank disappointment.
+C(urrer) B(ell) was a thin
+disguise for C(harlotte) B(rontë), but
+it did not deceive the relatives. Why
+concealment if there was nothing discreditable
+to conceal? A very little
+reading convinced the uncles and aunts
+that concealment was necessary.</p>
+<p>The book was not good like Willison&#8217;s
+&#8220;Balm of Gilead,&#8221; or like Bunyan&#8217;s
+&#8220;Pilgrim&#8217;s Progress.&#8221; It was
+neither history like Goldsmith, nor
+biography like Johnson, nor philosophy
+like Locke, nor theology like Edwards;
+but &#8220;a parcel of lies, the fruit
+of living among foreigners.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The Irish Brontës had never before
+seen a book like &#8220;Jane Eyre&#8221;&mdash;three
+volumes of babble that would take a
+whole winter to read. They laid the
+work down in despair; but after a
+little, Hugh resolved to show it to Mr.
+McKee, the one man in the district
+whom he could trust.</p>
+<p>The reputation of his nieces in England
+was dearer to Hugh Brontë than
+his own.</p>
+<p>He tied up the three volumes in a
+red handkerchief, and called with them
+at the manse. Contrary to his usual
+custom, he asked if he could see Mr.
+McKee alone. The interview, of which
+my information comes from an eye-witness,
+took place in a large parlor,
+which contained a bed, and a central
+table on which Mr. McKee&#8217;s tea was
+spread.</p>
+<p>Hugh Brontë began in a mysterious
+whisper to unfold his sad tale to Mr.
+McKee, as if his niece had been guilty
+of some serious indiscretion. Mr. McKee
+comforted him by suggesting that
+the book might not have been written
+by his niece at all. At this point
+Hugh Brontë was prevailed upon to
+draw up to the table to partake of
+the abundant tea that had been prepared
+for Mr. McKee, while the latter
+proceeded to examine the book.
+Brontë settled down in the most self-denying
+manner to dispose of the heap
+of bread and butter, and the pot of
+tea, while McKee went galloping over
+the pages of the first volume of &#8220;Jane
+Eyre,&#8221; oblivious to all but the fascinating
+story.</p>
+<p>The afternoon wore on; Brontë sat
+at the table, watching the features of
+the reader as they changed from somber
+to gay, and from flinty fierceness
+to melting pathos.</p>
+<p>When the servant went in to remove
+the tea things and light the candles,
+both men were sitting silent in the
+gloaming. McKee, roused from his
+state of abstraction, observed Brontë
+sitting at the <i>débris</i> and empty plates.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Hughey,&#8221; he said, breaking the
+silence, &#8220;the book bears the Brontë
+stamp on every sentence and idea, and
+it is the grandest novel that has been
+produced in my time;&#8221; and then he
+added: &#8220;The child &#8216;Jane Eyre&#8217; is your
+father in petticoats, and Mrs. Reed is
+the wicked uncle by the Boyne.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The cloud passed from Hugh Brontë&#8217;s
+brow, and the apologetic tone from his
+voice. He started up as if he had
+received new life, wrung Mr. McKee&#8217;s
+hand, and hurried away comforted, to
+comfort others. Mr. McKee had said
+the novel was &#8220;<i>gran</i>&#8221; and that was
+enough for the Irish Brontës.</p>
+<p>There was joy in the Brontë house
+when Hugh returned and reported to
+his brothers and sisters what Mr. McKee
+had said. They needed no further
+commendation, for they knew no higher
+court on such a matter. They had all
+been alarmed lest Charlotte had done
+something to be ashamed of; but on
+Mr. McKee&#8217;s approval, pride and elation
+of spirit succeeded depression and
+sinking of heart.</p>
+<p>Mr. McKee&#8217;s opinion did not long
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_176' name='page_176'></a>176</span>
+remain unconfirmed. Reviews from
+the English magazines were quoted in
+the Newry paper, probably by Mr. McKee,
+and found their way quickly into
+the uncles&#8217; and aunts&#8217; hands.</p>
+<p>The publication of the book created
+a profound impression generally. It
+was felt in literary circles that a strong
+nature had broken through conventional
+restraints, that a fresh voice had
+delivered a new message. Men and
+women paused in the perusal of the
+pretty, the artificial, the inane, to listen
+to the wild story that had come to
+them with the breeze of the moorland
+and the bloom of the heather. And so
+exquisite was the gift of thought blended
+with the art of artless expression,
+that only the facts appeared in the
+transparent narrative.</p>
+<p>&#8220;The Times&#8221; declared: &#8220;Freshness
+and originality, truth and passion, singular
+felicity in the description of natural
+scenery, and in the analyzation of
+human thought, enable this tale to
+stand boldly out from the mass.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;The Edinburgh Review&#8221; said:
+&#8220;For many years there has been no
+work of such power, piquancy, and
+originality.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Blackwood&#8217;s Magazine&#8221; spoke
+thus: &#8220;&#8216;Jane Eyre&#8217; is an episode in
+this work-a-day world; most interesting,
+and touched at once by a daring
+and delicate hand.&#8221;</p>
+<p>In &#8220;Frazer&#8217;s Magazine&#8221; Mr. G. H.
+Lewes said: &#8220;Reality&mdash;deep, significant
+reality&mdash;is the characteristic of the
+book. It is autobiography, not perhaps
+in the naked facts and circumstances,
+but in the actual suffering and experience.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Tait&#8217;s Magazine,&#8221; &#8220;The Examiner,&#8221;
+the &#8220;Athenæum,&#8221; and the &#8220;Literary
+Gazette,&#8221; followed in the same strain;
+while the &#8220;Daily News&#8221; spoke with
+qualified praise, and only the &#8220;Spectator,&#8221;
+according to Charlotte, was &#8220;flat.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The club coteries paused, the literary
+log-rollers were nonplussed, and
+Thackeray sat reading instead of writing.</p>
+<p>The interest in the story was intensified,
+inasmuch as no one knew whence
+had come the voice that had stirred all
+hearts. Nor did the interest diminish
+when the mystery was dispelled. On
+the contrary, it was much increased
+when it became known that the author
+was a little, shy, bright-eyed Yorkshire
+maiden, of Irish origin, who could
+scarcely reach up to great Thackeray&#8217;s
+arm, or reply unmoved to his simplest
+remark.</p>
+<p>The Irish Brontës read the reviews
+of their niece&#8217;s book with intense delight.
+To them the pæans of praise
+were successive whiffs of pure incense.
+They had never doubted that they
+themselves were superior to their
+neighbors, and they felt quite sure
+that their niece Charlotte was superior
+to every other writer.</p>
+<p>But the Brontës were not content to
+enjoy silently their niece&#8217;s triumph and
+fame. Their hearts were full, and overflowed
+from the lips. They had reached
+the period of decadence, and were often
+heard boasting of the illustrious Charlotte.
+Sometimes even they would
+read to uninterested and unappreciative
+listeners scraps of praise cut from
+the Newry papers, or supplied to them
+from English sources by Mr. McKee.
+The whole heaven of Brontë fame was
+bright and cloudless; suddenly the
+proverbial bolt fell from the blue.</p>
+<p>&#8220;The Quarterly&#8221;<a name='FNanchor_0003' id='FNanchor_0003'></a><a href='#Footnote_0003' class='fnanchor'>[3]</a> onslaught on
+&#8220;Jane Eyre&#8221; appeared, and all the
+good things that had been said were
+forgotten. The news travelled fast, and
+reached Ballynaskeagh. The neighbors,
+who cared little for what &#8220;The
+Times,&#8221; &#8220;Frazer,&#8221; &#8220;Blackwood,&#8221; and
+such periodicals said, had got hold of
+the &#8220;Quarterly&#8221; verdict in a very direct
+and simple form. The report went
+round the district like wild-fire that the
+&#8220;Quarterly Review&#8221; had said Charlotte
+Brontë, the vicar&#8217;s daughter, was a bad
+woman, and an outcast from her kind.
+The neighbors of the Brontës had very
+vague ideas as to what &#8220;The Quarterly&#8221;
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_177' name='page_177'></a>177</span>
+might be, but I am afraid the one bad
+review gave them more piquant pleasure
+than all the good ones put together.
+In the changed atmosphere the uncles
+and aunts assumed their old unsocial
+and taciturn ways. When their acquaintances
+came, with simpering
+smiles, to sympathize with them, their
+gossip was cut short by the Brontës,
+who judged rightly that the sense of
+humiliation pressed lightly on their
+comforters.</p>
+<p>In their sore distress they went to
+Mr. McKee. He was able to show
+them the &#8220;Review&#8221; itself. The reviewer
+had been speculating on the
+sex of Currer Bell, and, for effect, assumed
+that the author was a man, but
+he added:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>&#8220;Whoever it be, it is a person who, with
+great mental power, combines a total ignorance
+of the habits of society, a great coarseness of
+taste, a heathenish doctrine of religion. For if
+we ascribe the work to a woman at all, we have
+no alternative but to ascribe it to one who has,
+from some sufficient reason, long forfeited the
+society of her sex.&#8221;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Mr. McKee&#8217;s reading of the review
+and words of comment gave no comfort
+to the Brontës. I am afraid his
+indignation at the cowardly attack
+only served to fan the flames of their
+wrath. The sun of his sympathy, however,
+touched their hearts, and their
+pent-up passion flowed down like a torrent
+of lava.</p>
+<p>The uncles of Charlotte Brontë always
+expressed themselves, when roused, in
+language which combined simplicity
+of diction with depth of significance.
+Hugh was the spokesman. White with
+passion, the words hissing from his
+lips, he vowed to take vengeance on
+the traducer of his niece. The language
+of malediction rushed from him,
+hot and pestiferous, as if it had come
+from the bottomless pit, reeking with
+sulphur and brimstone.</p>
+<p>Mr. McKee did not attempt to stem
+the wrathful torrent. He hoped that
+the storm would exhaust itself by its
+own fury. But in the case of Hugh
+Brontë the anger was not a mere thing
+of the passing storm. The scoundrel
+who had spoken of his niece as if she
+were a strumpet must die. Hugh&#8217;s
+oath was pledged, and he meant to
+perform it. The brothers recognized
+the work of vengeance as a family
+duty. Hugh had simply taken in hand
+its execution.</p>
+<p>He set about his preparation with the
+calm deliberation befitting such a tremendous
+enterprise. Like Thothmes
+the Great, his first concern was with
+regard to his arms. Irishmen at that
+time had one national weapon. What
+the blood mare is to the Bedawi, or his
+sling was to King David, that was the
+<i>shillelagh</i> to Hugh Brontë as avenger.
+Irishmen have proved their superiority
+as marksmen, with long-range rifles;
+they have always had a reputation for
+expertness at &#8220;the long bow;&#8221; but the
+blackthorn cudgel has always been the
+beloved hereditary weapon.</p>
+<p>The shillelagh was not a mere stick
+picked up for a few pence, or cut casually
+out of the common hedge. Like
+the Arab mare, it grew to maturity
+under the fostering care of its owner.</p>
+<p>The shillelagh, like the poet, is born,
+not made. Like the poet, too, it is a
+choice plant, and its growth is slow.
+Among ten thousand blackthorn shoots,
+perhaps not more than one is destined
+to become famous, but one of the ten
+thousand appears of singular fitness.
+As soon as discovered, it is marked,
+and dedicated for future service.
+Everything that might hinder its development
+is removed, and any off-shoot
+of the main stem is skilfully cut
+off. With constant care it grows thick
+and strong, upon a bulbous root that
+can be shaped into a handle.</p>
+<p>Hugh had for many years been
+watching over the growth of a young
+blackthorn sapling. It had arrived at
+maturity about the time the diabolical
+article appeared in &#8220;The Quarterly.&#8221;
+The supreme moment of his life came
+just when the weapon on which he depended
+was ready.</p>
+<p>Returning from the manse, his whole
+heart and soul set on avenging his
+niece, his first act was to dig up the
+blackthorn so carefully that he might
+have enough of the thick root to form
+a lethal club. Having pruned it roughly,
+he placed the butt end in warm
+ashes, night after night, to season.
+Then when it had become sapless and
+hard, he cut it to shape, then &#8220;put it
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_178' name='page_178'></a>178</span>
+to pickle,&#8221; as the saying goes. After
+a sufficient time in the salt water, he
+took it out and rubbed it with chamois
+and train-oil for hours. Then he shot
+a magpie, drained its blood into a cup,
+and with it polished the blackthorn till
+it became a glossy black with a mahogany
+tint.</p>
+<p>The shillelagh was then a beautiful,
+tough, formidable weapon, and when
+tipped with an iron ferrule was quite
+ready for action. It became Hugh&#8217;s
+trusty companion. No Sir Galahad
+ever cherished his shield or trusted his
+spear as Hugh Brontë cherished and
+loved his shillelagh.</p>
+<p>When the shillelagh was ready, other
+preparations were quickly completed.
+Hugh made his will by the aid of a
+local school-master, leaving all he possessed
+to his maligned niece, and then,
+decked out in a new suit of broadcloth,
+in which he felt stiff and awkward, he
+departed on his mission of vengeance.</p>
+<p>He set sail from Warrenpoint for
+Liverpool by a vessel called the &#8220;Sea
+Nymph,&#8221; and walked from Liverpool
+to Haworth. His brother James had
+been over the route a short time previously,
+and from him he had received
+all necessary directions as to the way.
+He reached the vicarage on a Sunday,
+when all, except Martha the old servant,
+were at church. At first she looked
+upon him as a tramp, and refused to
+admit him into the house; but when he
+turned to go to the church, road-stained
+as he was, she saw that the honor of
+the house was involved, and agreed to
+let him remain till the family returned.
+Under the conditions of the truce he
+was able to satisfy Martha as to his
+identity, and then she rated him soundly
+for journeying on the Sabbath day.</p>
+<p>Hugh&#8217;s reception at the vicarage
+was at first chilling, but soon the girls
+gathered round him and inquired about
+the Glen, the Knock Hill, Emdale Fort,
+and the Mourne Mountains, but especially
+with reference to the local
+ghosts and haunted houses.</p>
+<p>Hugh was greatly disappointed to
+find his niece so small and frail. His
+pride in the Brontë superiority had
+rested mainly on the thews and comeliness
+of the family, and he found it
+difficult to associate mental greatness
+with physical littleness. On his return
+home he spoke of the vicar&#8217;s family
+to Mr. McKee as &#8220;a poor <i>frachther</i>&#8221;
+a term applied to a brood of
+young chickens. From his brother
+Jamie, Hugh had heard that Branwell
+had something of the <i>spunk</i> he had expected
+from the family on English soil;
+but he was too small, fantastic, and a
+chatterer, and could not drink more
+than two glasses of whiskey at the
+Black Bull without making a fool of
+himself. In fact, Jamie, during a visit,
+had to carry Branwell home, more than
+once, from that refuge of the thirsty,
+and as he had to lie in the same bed
+with his nephew he found him a most
+exasperating bed-fellow. He would
+toss about and rave and spout poetry
+in such a way as to make sleep impossible.</p>
+<p>The declaration of Hugh&#8217;s mission
+of revenge was received by Charlotte
+with incredulous astonishment, but gentle
+Anne sympathized with him, and
+wished him success; but for her, Hugh
+would have returned straight home
+from Haworth in disgust.</p>
+<p>Patrick, as befitted a clergyman, condemned
+the undertaking, and did what
+he could to amuse Hughy. Careful
+that Hugh&#8217;s entertainments should be
+to his taste, he took him to see a prize
+fight. His object was to show him &#8220;a
+battle that would take the conceit out
+of him.&#8221; It had the contrary effect.
+Hugh thought that the combatants
+were too fat and lazy to fight, and he
+always asserted that he could have
+&#8220;licked them both.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The vicar also took him to Sir John
+Armitage&#8217;s, where he saw a collection of
+arms, some of which were exceedingly
+unwieldy. Hugh was greatly impressed
+with the heaviness of the armor, and
+especially with Robin Hood&#8217;s helmet,
+which he was allowed to place on his
+head. Hugh admitted that he could
+not have worn the helmet or wielded
+the sword, but he maintained at the
+same time that he &#8220;could have eaten
+half a dozen of the men he saw in England&#8221;&mdash;in
+fact, taken them like a dish
+of whitebait.</p>
+<p>When Hugh Brontë had exhausted
+the wonders of Yorkshire, to which
+the vicar looked for moral effect, he
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_179' name='page_179'></a>179</span>
+started on his mission to London. A
+full and complete account of his
+search for the reviewer would be most
+interesting, though somewhat ludicrous,
+but the reader must be content
+with the scrappy information at my
+disposal.</p>
+<p>Through an introduction from a
+friend of Branwell&#8217;s he found cheap
+lodgings with a working family from
+Haworth. As soon as Hugh had got
+fairly settled, he went direct to John
+Murray&#8217;s publishing house and asked
+to see the reviewer. He declared himself
+an uncle of Currer Bell, and said
+he wished to give the reviewer some
+specific information.</p>
+<p>He had a short interview at Murray&#8217;s
+with a man who said he was the editor
+of &#8220;The Quarterly,&#8221; and who may have
+been Lockhart, but Hugh told him that
+he could only communicate to the reviewer
+his secret message.</p>
+<p>He continued to visit Murray&#8217;s under
+a promise of seeing the reviewer, but
+he always saw the same man who at
+first had said that he was editor, but
+afterwards assured him he was the reviewer,
+and pressed him greatly to say
+who Currer Bell was.</p>
+<p>Hugh declined to make any statement
+except into the ear of the reviewer;
+but as the truculent character
+of the avenger was probably very apparent,
+his direct and bold move did
+not succeed, and at last they ceased to
+admit him at Murray&#8217;s.</p>
+<p>Having failed there, he went to the
+publishers of &#8220;Jane Eyre,&#8221; and told
+them plainly he was the author&#8217;s uncle,
+and that he had come to London to
+chastise the &#8220;Quarterly Review&#8221; critic.
+They treated him civilly without furthering
+his quest, but he got from
+them, I believe, an introduction to the
+reading-room of the British Museum,
+and to some other reading-rooms.</p>
+<p>In the reading-room he was greatly
+disgusted to find how little interest was
+taken in the matter that absorbed his
+whole attention. He met, however,
+one kind old gentleman in the British
+Museum who thoroughly sympathized
+with him, and took him home with him
+several times. On one occasion he invited
+a number of people to meet him
+at dinner. The house had signs of
+wealth such as he had never before
+seen or dreamt of. Everybody was
+kind to him. After dinner he was
+called on for a speech, and when he sat
+down they cheered him and drank his
+health.</p>
+<p>They all examined his shillelagh, and,
+before parting, promised to do their
+best to aid him in discovering the reviewer;
+but his friend afterwards told
+him, at the Museum, that all had failed,
+and considered Hugh&#8217;s undertaking
+hopeless.</p>
+<p>He tried other plans of getting on
+the reviewer&#8217;s track. He would step
+into a book-shop, and buy a sheet of
+paper on which to write home, or some
+other trifling object. While paying for
+his small purchase he would lift &#8220;The
+Quarterly Review,&#8221; and casually ask
+the book-seller who wrote the attack
+on &#8220;Jane Eyre.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He always found the book-sellers
+communicative, if not well informed.
+Many told him that &#8220;Jane Eyre&#8221; was
+a well-known mistress of Thackeray&#8217;s.
+None of them seemed able to bear the
+thought of appearing ignorant of anything.
+It was quite well known, others
+assured him, that Thackeray had written
+the review&mdash;&#8220;in fact, he admitted
+that he was the author of the review.&#8221;
+Some declared that Mr. George Henry
+Lewes was the author, others said it
+was Harriet Martineau, and some ventured
+to say that Bulwer Lytton or
+Dickens was the critic. These names
+were given with confidence, and with
+details of circumstances which seemed
+to create a probability; but his friend,
+whom he met daily at the Museum, assured
+him that they were only wild and
+absurd guesses. Thus ended one of
+the strangest adventures within the
+whole range of literary adventure.</p>
+<p>Hugh Brontë failed to find the reviewer
+of his niece&#8217;s novel, but explored
+London thoroughly. He saw
+the queen, but was better pleased to see
+her horses and talk with her grooms.</p>
+<p>He saw reviews of troops, and public
+demonstrations, and cattle shows,
+and the Houses of Parliament, and
+ships of many nations that lay near his
+lodging; and he visited the Crystal
+Palace and the Tower, and other objects
+of interest; and when his patience
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_180' name='page_180'></a>180</span>
+was exhausted and his money spent,
+he returned to Haworth on his homeward
+journey.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:280px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_83' id='linki_83'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus211.png' alt='' title='' width='280' height='338' />
+<br />
+<p class='caption'>
+CHARLOTTE BRONTË.<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>His stay at the</span> vicarage was brief.
+During his absence, consumption had
+been rapidly sapping the life of the
+youngest girl, yet the gentle Anne received
+him with the warmest welcome,
+and talked of accompanying him to
+Ireland, which she spoke of as &#8220;home.&#8221;
+At parting she threw her long, slender
+arms round his neck, and called him her
+noble uncle. Charlotte took him for a
+walk on the moor, asked a thousand
+questions, told him about Emily and
+Branwell, and, slipping a few sovereigns
+into his hand, advised him to hasten
+home. On the following day he parted
+forever from the family that he would
+have given his life to befriend.</p>
+<p>No welcome awaited him at home,
+because he had failed in his mission.
+He gave to Mr. McKee a detailed account
+of his adventures in England,
+but I do not think anyone else ever
+heard from him a single word regarding
+the sad home at Haworth. But as
+long as he lived he regretted his helplessness
+to avenge the slight put upon
+his niece, and seemed to look on the
+miscarriage of his plans as the great
+failure of his life.</p>
+<p>Since the foregoing article was put
+in type Doctor Wright has written to
+the editor of this magazine announcing
+that he has discovered the author of
+the &#8220;Quarterly&#8221; review. He says:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>&#8220;Assuming the editor&#8217;s responsibility for the
+incriminated interpolations, who wrote the article
+itself? Secrets have a bad time of it in our
+day, and the authorship of the article is no
+longer a secret. As has been generally suspected,
+the writer was a woman, and that woman
+was Miss Rigby, the daughter of a Norwich
+doctor, and was better known as Lady Eastlake.</p>
+<p>&#8220;The well-kept secret has been brought to
+light by Doctor Robertson Nicoll in the &#8216;Bookman&#8217;
+of September, 1892. Doctor Nicoll found
+the key to the mystery in a letter written on
+March 31, 1849, by Sara Coleridge to Edward
+Quillman, and published in the &#8216;Memoirs and
+Letters of Sara Coleridge.&#8217; The following is
+the passage referred to:</p>
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Miss Rigby&#8217;s article on &#8220;Vanity Fair&#8221;
+was brilliant, as all her productions are. But I
+could not agree to the concluding remark about
+governesses. How could it benefit that uneasy
+class to reduce the number of their employers,
+which, if high salaries were considered in all
+cases indispensable, must necessarily be the
+result of such a state of opinion?&#8217;</p>
+<p>&#8220;The &#8216;Quarterly&#8217; article on &#8216;Vanity Fair&#8217;
+dealt also with &#8216;Jane Eyre,&#8217; and with the &#8216;Report
+of the Governesses&#8217; Benevolent Institution
+for 1847,&#8217; and it is without doubt the article referred
+to by Sara Coleridge.</p>
+<p>&#8220;On this matter Sara Coleridge was not
+likely to be under any mistake. Miss Rigby
+was her intimate friend, and not likely to conceal
+from her so important a literary event as
+the production of a &#8216;Quarterly&#8217; review.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I am also informed that Mr. George Smith,
+the publisher of &#8216;Jane Eyre,&#8217; declares without
+hesitation or doubt that he had always known
+that Lady Eastlake was the author of the &#8216;Quarterly&#8217;
+article, and that he had declined to meet
+her at dinner on account of it.</p>
+<p>&#8220;The fact that the brilliant Miss Rigby was
+the writer of the review greatly strengthens my
+interpolation theory. To me it seems beyond
+the range of things probable, that the pharisaic
+part of the article could have come from the
+same source as &#8216;Livonian Tales&#8217; and the &#8216;Letters
+from the Shores of the Baltic.&#8217;</p>
+<p>&#8220;The article is therefore of a composite character.
+It was written by Miss Rigby the year
+before her marriage with Sir Charles Lock Eastlake,
+and heavily edited during the reign of
+Lockhart. I know it will be said that the
+genial Lockhart would not have added the objectionable
+fustian to the superior material supplied
+by Miss Rigby; but I must repeat that it
+was his duty, as a mere matter of business, and
+a purely editorial affair, to maintain the traditional
+tone of the &#8216;Review.&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr class='fn' />
+<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0002' id='Footnote_0002'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0002'><span class='label'>[2]</span></a>
+<p>The Reverend David McKee of Ballynaskeagh, a
+very successful school teacher, who prepared hundreds
+of boys for college. Among them was Captain Mayne
+Reid, who afterwards dedicated his book, &#8220;The White
+Chief,&#8221; to Mr. McKee. Ballynaskeagh, was the centre
+of mental activity for the country round about. Its
+master was the friend and neighbor of the Irish
+Brontës. He himself wrote several books, one of
+which led to the beginning of a temperance movement
+in Ireland. The writer of this article was his pupil at
+the time of the publication of &#8220;Jane Eyre,&#8221; and tells
+whereof he knows personally, as well as some things of
+which he was informed by Mr. McKee.</p>
+</div>
+<div class='footnote'><a name='Footnote_0003' id='Footnote_0003'></a><a href='#FNanchor_0003'><span class='label'>[3]</span></a>
+<p>The December number of the &#8220;Quarterly Review&#8221;
+of 1848 is perhaps the most famous of the entire series.
+Its fame rests on a mystery which has baffled literary
+curiosity for close on half a century. &#8220;Who wrote the
+review of &#8216;Jane Eyre&#8217;?&#8221; is a question that has been
+asked by every contributor to English literature since
+the critique appeared. But thus far the question has
+been asked in vain.</p>
+<p>The descendant and namesake of the eminent projector
+and proprietor of &#8220;The Quarterly&#8221; does not feel
+at liberty to solve the mystery by revealing the writer.
+I admire the loyalty of John Murray to a servant whose
+work has attained an evil pre-eminence. It is interesting
+to know, in these prying and babbling times, that in
+the house of Murray the secret of even a supposed
+ruffian is safe to the third generation.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class='toprule' />
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_181' name='page_181'></a>181</span>
+<a name='ANNOUNCEMENT___ROMANTIC_STORIES_FROM_THE_FAMILY_HISTORY_OF_THE_BRONTS' id='ANNOUNCEMENT___ROMANTIC_STORIES_FROM_THE_FAMILY_HISTORY_OF_THE_BRONTS'></a>
+<h2><span class='smcaplc'>ANNOUNCEMENT.</span><br /><br />ROMANTIC STORIES FROM THE FAMILY HISTORY OF THE BRONTËS.</h2>
+</div>
+<p>The August and succeeding issues
+of
+<span class='smcap'>McClure&#8217;s Magazine</span>
+will contain
+a series of papers giving the dramatic
+and hitherto unknown history of the
+Brontës in Ireland. They will throw
+a vivid light upon the origin of the
+Brontë novels, and upon the ancestors of
+the Brontës. As Doctor Wright says:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>&#8220;Hugh Brontë, the father of Patrick, and
+grandfather of the famous novelists, first makes
+his appearance as if he had stepped out of a
+Brontë novel. His early experiences qualified
+him to take a permanent place beside the child
+&#8216;Jane Eyre&#8217; at Mrs. Reed&#8217;s. The treatment
+that embittered his childhood is never referred
+to by the grand-daughters in their correspondence,
+but it is quite evident that the knowledge
+of his hardships dominated their minds, and
+gave a bent to their imaginations, when depicting
+the misery of young lives dependent on
+charity.&#8221;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>All the existing biographies of the
+Brontë sisters are confined to the
+Brontës in England. There were but
+two people competent to give the story
+of the Brontë ancestors: one, Captain
+Mayne Reid; and the other, Doctor
+William Wright, who has spent many
+years preparing this history.</p>
+<p>Doctor Wright had exceptional advantages
+for his labor of love. In
+his childhood his nurse told him the
+traditions of the Brontës; his tutor
+was full of recollections of the father,
+uncles, and grandfather of the novelists.
+As a student he wrote screeds of
+the Brontë novels in place of essays,
+having first been told the incidents and
+events by his tutor. His recollections,
+extending back to the early part of this
+century, have been strengthened by
+years of patient investigation. During
+different years Doctor Wright has spent
+several months at a time in Ireland, following
+up obscure traces of the family,
+hunting down traditions connected
+with the Brontës, or carefully verifying
+minute points derived from his own
+recollections or the reports of others.
+The result of these painstaking researches,
+which have extended over a
+lifetime, is an authentic narrative of
+great human interest.</p>
+<p>The unadorned history of the family
+reads like a Brontë novel. The adventures,
+the hairbreadth escapes, the struggles,
+the kidnapping, the abuse, which
+figure in these chapters are stranger
+than fiction. The courtship, elopement,
+and marriage of Hugh Brontë with Alice
+McGlory form one of the most extraordinary
+narratives of love and adventure
+that has ever been penned.</p>
+<p>The half-humorous, half-pathetic, but
+always intensely interesting, descriptions
+of the ancestors of the Brontë
+sisters, their peculiarities, the superstition
+with which some of them were regarded
+as masters of the black art, the
+respect that they commanded as fighters
+and singers and workmen, the side-lights
+thrown upon the early and bitter
+contest over tenant rights, the exposition
+of strange religious beliefs&mdash;all of
+this, and more that cannot here even be
+hinted at, serve to present a curious and
+vivid picture of everyday life in a corner
+of Ireland one hundred years ago.</p>
+<p>These articles bring out the hereditary
+and surrounding influences which
+helped to shape the genius of Charlotte
+Brontë. Aside from the value which
+they have because they furnish a remarkable
+commentary on the work of
+the great novelist, they are pages of
+real life of fascination and remarkable
+interest.</p>
+<p>The first article will give a glimpse
+of the early Brontës and the singular
+weird story of that dark foundling who
+brought ruin to his benefactors, and
+whose machinations resulted in the absolute
+separation of Hugh Brontë, the
+grandfather of the novelists, from his
+parents&mdash;a separation so complete that
+he was never able to learn in what
+part of Ireland his father&#8217;s family lived.
+Hugh Brontë was kidnapped when he
+was six years old. The strange narrative
+of his abduction will be given
+in the August number of
+<span class='smcap'>McClure&#8217;s Magazine</span>.</p>
+<hr class='toprule' />
+<div class='chsp'>
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_182' name='page_182'></a>182</span>
+<a name='A_STRANGE_STORY__THE_LOST_YEARS_LIZZIE_HYER_NEFF' id='A_STRANGE_STORY__THE_LOST_YEARS_LIZZIE_HYER_NEFF'></a>
+<h2><span class='smcaplc'>A STRANGE STORY:</span><br />THE LOST YEARS
+<span class='chsub'> <br /><br />LIZZIE HYER NEFF.</span></h2>
+</div>
+<h3>I.</h3>
+<p>Whether or not to
+relate the history
+that I now commence
+has been to
+me a seriously debated
+question.</p>
+<p>But after due reflection I
+decide that, being the only
+witness to the events that have lately
+been so startling to at least one community,
+it is my duty to state as clearly
+and exactly as possible, while yet fresh
+in my memory, the occurrences that
+came under my observation. I am satisfied
+in so doing that the contingencies
+which might arise from my silence
+would be much more serious in their
+effect upon my friends than their
+aversion to the publicity to
+which they may be subjected;
+but, of course, when completed,
+my statement will be
+subject to their wish in its disposal.</p>
+<p>Regarding myself, it is only
+necessary to state that last
+winter&mdash;I think it was the
+last week of January&mdash;my
+health became so alarming as
+to induce me to accept my
+son&#8217;s urgent invitation to visit
+him in a far Western territory,
+hoping that the brighter sky
+and milder air would more than
+compensate for the long and
+lonely journey to one who is
+neither young nor adventurous.</p>
+<p>And the effect of the change
+was almost magical. My son
+is a civil and mining engineer,
+and, being unmarried,
+boards at the largest of the
+three hotels in the busy mining
+town upon the Southern
+Pacific road, which I shall call Brownville.</p>
+<p>I reached the place on the afternoon
+of a bright, balmy day&mdash;a May day it
+seemed to me&mdash;but being an unaccustomed
+traveller, the motion of the cars
+and the strangeness of the transition
+gave everything such a dreamlike unreality
+that I cannot recall the impressions
+of the first few days with as much
+distinctness as later ones. I was continually
+expecting my son to vanish,
+and myself to wake up in my room at
+home. This soon wore off, however.
+I think it was on the second day after
+my arrival, as we were starting down
+stairs to dinner, my son suddenly drew
+me back into my room as if to avoid
+some one who was passing.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:344px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_84' id='linki_84'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus214b.png' alt='' title='' width='344' height='418' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<div><span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_183' name='page_183'></a>183</span></div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>&#8220;I was afraid</span> you might be startled,&#8221;
+he exclaimed. &#8220;I was at first, and I am
+neither sick nor a lady. Mother, there
+is a young man here who will seem like
+one risen from the dead to you at first
+sight. He looks enough like Chester
+Mansfield to be his twin brother. I
+think I never saw so striking a resemblance
+before, but after you are acquainted
+with him the impression will
+wear away, because he is so different
+in every other way.&#8221; Then we went
+down stairs, and meeting the young
+man at the dining-room door, my son
+introduced him as &#8220;Mr. Reynolds;&#8221;
+and thus began my acquaintance with
+him. Of course, after my son&#8217;s cautionary
+remark, I noticed him closely,
+but I should have done so anyhow, I
+am sure, for the resemblance to the
+dead was so strong as to give me a
+very strange feeling, for Chester Mansfield
+had been only less dear to me
+than my own son. But as Howard
+had said, the resemblance seemed to
+wear away somewhat as I talked with
+him, and I began to wonder that I had
+felt it so much. This young man was
+older, stouter&mdash;and many shades darker
+in complexion than my friend. His
+manner, speech, and style of dress were
+wholly unlike those of the dead Chester,
+although his voice, while deeper,
+was very similar. He was attached to
+the hotel in some capacity, and went
+out with us to dinner after a moment&#8217;s
+talk, and I found him to be a pleasant
+talker, with a ready fund of the slang
+which seems to be the evolving language
+of the Far West, and a very
+witty use of it; but he did not seem
+to be well informed on any subject
+that I could mention, a strong contrast
+to the scholarship of the dead man
+whose face he bore.</p>
+<p>Yet he had an unmistakable air of
+good breeding, and even of intelligence,
+although it was impossible to draw him
+into a connected conversation. He
+seemed to be very popular in the
+house.</p>
+<p>Howard was closely engaged in his
+work, which sometimes kept him away
+for a week at a time, and I had neither
+the strength nor courage to go very
+far from the house alone, through that
+odd, rushing, foreign-looking town, so
+I had much time to myself. I was
+the only woman at the house except
+the proprietor&#8217;s wife and one Irish
+chambermaid. This, perhaps, would
+account for my interest in the young
+man, for I must confess that he occupied
+my thoughts a good deal during
+those first weeks. One Sabbath afternoon
+I saw him going away with a
+party of friends&mdash;stylishly dressed,
+hard-looking men, and I turned and
+spoke to Howard of the idea that I
+had formed of him.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I have thought of the same thing
+myself, mother,&#8221; he replied. &#8220;That
+fellow is of Eastern origin, and he is
+well brought up, in spite of his efforts
+to conceal it. And you can&#8217;t get a
+word out of him about his past. I&#8217;ve
+tried a dozen times. I&#8217;m positive that
+he puts on ignorance a good many
+times, just as a blind. There&#8217;s a good
+deal of that here&mdash;men who have forgotten
+all about the East, you understand,
+and who have new names, and
+who don&#8217;t write home by every mail.
+Now, weren&#8217;t there other Mansfield
+boys besides Chester? His mother was
+a second wife, wasn&#8217;t she, and there
+was another family who lived with
+their grandmother?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why, certainly there was!&#8221; I exclaimed,
+catching at the idea. &#8220;Three
+boys, and two of them went out to
+Denver, or somewhere in that region.
+Now I have it&mdash;that&#8217;s just who he is.
+I wonder what crime he has committed&mdash;robbery,
+or perhaps murder&mdash;who
+knows?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Oh, no! Take care, not quite so
+fast, mother. But I have a little clue
+that nobody else has had the interest
+to notice. It is more than mere coincidence.
+Of course Doctor Mansfield&#8217;s
+sons would be brought up in the deepest
+piety, and when this fellow gets
+drunk&mdash;you&#8217;ll hear him some night&mdash;he&#8217;s
+terribly pious; prays and sings
+half the night to himself&mdash;old church
+hymns that were never heard in this
+place. And the thing that I notice is
+this: he prays like one who was brought
+up to it; not like some reprobate who
+has been scared into piety. I&#8217;ve heard
+them a few times, too, and I know the
+difference.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Now, that means a little, and when
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_184' name='page_184'></a>184</span>
+you put it with the company he keeps,
+especially Crouch, his chum, that black-looking
+fellow who was shooting at the
+target out there this morning, don&#8217;t you
+see it grows quite interesting?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;I should think it does. Why, it is
+perfectly certain that he is a desperate
+sort of person. I wonder what he has
+done? It couldn&#8217;t be the Cleveland
+fur robbery, I suppose,&#8221; I said.</p>
+<p>Howard got up and shook himself
+and then laughed uproariously.</p>
+<p>&#8220;No, but he might be the Rahway
+murderer. You&#8217;d better lock the door
+fast and tight at night.&#8221; (This was a
+stab at my well-known cowardice.)</p>
+<p>&#8220;And, little mother, if you think you
+have got hold of a delightful, bloody
+mystery, for the love of heaven keep
+still about it. A little talk will set a
+cyclone going if you&#8217;re not particular.&#8221;</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:266px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_85' id='linki_85'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus217.png' alt='' title='' width='266' height='368' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>I resented this</span> caution as quite unnecessary,
+but Howard laughed and
+shook his finger at me. I think he is
+at the age when a young man feels
+his physical and political superiority
+over his mother very fully. After he
+had gone out I sat thinking over his
+new idea. I had a faint suspicion that
+Howard was amusing himself at my
+interest in the matter, and was starting
+me in pursuit of something that he
+knew perfectly well beforehand; yet
+every word that he had said was fastened
+in my memory, and many little
+unnoticed things now came up to
+strengthen my suspicions.</p>
+<p>In Crouch, the evil-looking fellow, I
+had no interest, for he was not mysterious.
+He was a rascal at the first
+glance, and could not be anything else.
+And he was the sort of rascal that one
+is content not to investigate, but observe
+at the greatest possible distance.</p>
+<p>What, then, was young Reynolds&#8217;
+interest in him? I intended to write
+home the next day to ask about the
+Mansfield brothers, but Howard carried
+me off to the mines to camp for a
+few days, and my thoughts were turned
+in a new direction.</p>
+<p>The day after my return I went out
+for a walk through the town. I crossed
+the plaza and started down one of the
+diverging streets, when I suddenly
+found myself in a most unsavory
+neighborhood, and suspected that I
+must have crossed the &#8220;dead line,&#8221;
+beyond which I had been told no white
+woman ever ventured. I turned to
+beat a hasty retreat, when I heard my
+name, and looking up saw Charlie
+Reynolds, apparently very drunk, issuing
+from the door of a dance saloon.
+One or two of his friends were smoking
+in the doorway. &#8220;Good evening,
+Mish Spencer,&#8221; he said, with an aggravated
+bow. &#8220;Thish bad place for
+lady. See you home, Mish Spencer?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;No,&#8221; I said, &#8220;you can&#8217;t see me
+home, but I will see you home. You
+walk on before me, and I will follow.&#8221;</p>
+<p>To my surprise he obeyed, and across
+the plaza and down the street of <i>adobe</i>
+houses I steered my drunken companion,
+until I saw him safe within the
+doors of the Eldorado House, where I
+was assured that he would be put to
+bed.</p>
+<p>That night my son was detained at
+the mines, and I sat at my window
+alone in the marvellous moonlight so
+clear, so brilliant in that rarefied atmosphere,
+that I could see the round blue
+lines of the mountains in Mexico, sixty
+miles away. Sounds from different
+parts of the town came up with startling
+distinctness. I could distinguish
+every word of sentences spoken two
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_185' name='page_185'></a>185</span>
+squares away, and the barking of coyotes
+out in the mesquit brush that surrounded
+the town seemed to come from
+under my window. I seemed to be far
+from the rest of the earth, on some desolate
+peak that stood in vast solitude,
+for the stars were so large and bright,
+and the great glowing moon seemed to
+hang just overhead.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_86' id='linki_86'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus219.png' alt='' title='' width='399' height='600' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>There were no trees on the great
+blue mountains, no grass in the stony
+valleys, and I realized in their absence
+how much we owe to the mission of
+the green and growing. There was no
+sense of companionship in the babel of
+sounds and languages
+that
+came up from
+the wicked little
+town. I am
+afraid that a few
+homesick tears
+came to my eyes.</p>
+<p>Suddenly one
+of the grand old
+hymns of my
+church struck
+the intense air.
+A clear, strong,
+manly voice.
+How familiar it
+sounded, ringing
+out alone! I sat
+spellbound, for it was, as my
+son had said, not the effort of
+a tyro, but the cultivated voice
+of a cultivated man. Coming
+just at this moment in the
+grandly solemn night, its effect
+upon me was indescribable, and
+a new thought flashed into my mind, which I
+am ashamed to confess was not there before.
+Why cannot this young man, whatever he
+may have done, be saved through this early
+training? I could not sleep for this thought,
+and waited impatiently for the morning, resolved
+to undertake some missionary work
+in behalf of Charlie Reynolds.</p>
+<h3>II.</h3>
+<p>The Chester Mansfield to whom I have referred
+was the young minister of my church,
+and also the son of my dearest friend. Mrs.
+Mansfield had been my playmate and schoolmate
+in childhood, my confidante in girlhood,
+and when we were matrons and neighbors
+our early affection had settled
+into the deep, enduring friendship of
+later life. She had married our minister
+and was an exemplary wife and
+mother. Our children were schoolmates
+also, and her only son Chester
+was a boy of unusual promise. He
+distinguished himself in school and
+college, and, finishing his course just
+before his father&#8217;s death, was unanimously
+called to fill the vacant pulpit.
+Here his eloquence and spirituality fully
+justified the promise of his youth, and
+he became almost the idol of his congregation.
+He married a lovely girl,
+and life seemed to hold for
+him the highest blessings that
+man can dream of.</p>
+<p>The sorrow, then, of his sudden
+and peculiarly sad death
+cannot be described. Not only
+his family and church, but the
+whole town, mourned as if for
+a brother, and the church
+could not hold the concourse
+that followed his body to the
+grave.</p>
+<p>The mothers and sisters and
+the frail young wife were almost
+crushed by the blow, and
+even after the
+lapse of nearly five
+years it was fresh
+enough in my heart
+to make Charlie
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_186' name='page_186'></a>186</span>
+Reynolds&#8217; face bring back those days of
+mourning with sad reality. I formed
+then the hope, foolish, perhaps, that if
+this young man should be found to be a
+relative of the dead man and reclaimed,
+he might in some measure atone to
+those bereaved ones for their loss.
+With this idea, I improved every opportunity
+to cultivate Charlie Reynolds&#8217;
+acquaintance and win his good
+opinion, although I was much embarrassed
+by the laughing eyes that
+Howard never failed to turn upon me
+in my efforts at conversation.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:400px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_87' id='linki_87'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus220.png' alt='' title='' width='400' height='439' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>They were efforts,</span> indeed; for if I
+had come from a foreign land, and
+spoken an unknown language, I could
+hardly have had more difficulty in finding
+a topic of common interest or in
+making myself intelligible, for old-fashioned
+English seemed to be less
+understood than any others of the
+numerous tongues I heard.</p>
+<p>I could hear from my window, Mexicans,
+Chinamen, Indians, Frenchmen,
+and Spaniards chatting in the plaza,
+until I could almost guess what they
+said, but the vernacular of the American
+miner and rancher is beyond comprehension.</p>
+<p>There are about four topics discussed
+at the Eldorado tables, chief of
+all, the mines, and to this day I cannot
+talk coherently about drifts and
+leads and dumps, and the
+like.</p>
+<p>Then there were the
+games, the most absorbing
+of all, who had lost and
+won, and as I don&#8217;t know
+one card nor one game
+from another, I am not
+interested in that subject.
+There was, it seemed to
+me, a fresh murder or
+robbery or Indian fight to
+discuss every morning at
+breakfast; and the ranch
+talk, in which my most intelligent
+questions always
+provoked a shout of laughter.
+When I quoted Talmage
+one morning, a
+young man looked at me
+pityingly, and said, &#8220;Oh,
+he&#8217;s dead a year ago! He
+had one of the finest saloons
+in Las Vegas; he
+was a smart man, poor fellow!&#8221;
+My attempts to
+interest my table companions
+in a description of
+the Chautauqua and its
+purpose, and the mission of the W. C.
+T. U., and their painful efforts to be
+politely interested, almost sent my son
+into convulsions in consequence of
+laughing into his coffee-cup; and the
+intense earnestness with which the man
+they called Bunco Brown asked, &#8220;And
+didn&#8217;t they sell no booze there?&#8221; and
+then, &#8220;Well, then, how in thunder do
+they get it if they&#8217;re too pious to
+steal?&#8221; might have seemed amusing to
+one who was not struck by the horror
+of the fact that the man could not conceive
+of life for any person without
+drink.</p>
+<p>So, owing to the missionary&#8217;s usual
+difficulty in making himself understood,
+I had to wait to learn a means of communication
+with my subject. I even
+ventured to the door of the billiard
+room and tried to manifest an interest
+in the science of the game, but here,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_187' name='page_187'></a>187</span>
+also, I was too hopelessly old-fashioned
+to be able to comprehend the beauty of
+the angles, and beat an ignominious
+retreat. I heard Charlie remark as I
+went up-stairs: &#8220;Game, for such a
+pious old lady, isn&#8217;t she?&#8221; I took it as
+a compliment.</p>
+<p>But my opportunity finally came
+through the humble instrumentality of
+an onion. It was about the size of a
+dinner-plate, and lay on the newel-post
+as I came down stairs one morning.
+Charlie was standing in the front door,
+with his back to me, peeling an orange.
+He turned around at my exclamation
+of surprise and asked, &#8220;Why, don&#8217;t they
+grow like that where you live?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;In New England? Oh dear,
+no!&#8221; I cried; and then he
+asked me a number of questions,
+and seemed very much
+interested in my account of
+vegetables and fruit and trees
+and flowers in the East. I was
+delighted to tell him, although
+I had a lurking suspicion that
+such a remarkable ignorance of
+that country was feigned. And
+yet his eyes, so wonderfully like
+Chester Mansfield&#8217;s, except in
+expression, had a certain vacant
+honesty&mdash;for which, I presume,
+an accustomed story-teller
+could find a better expression&mdash;that
+I was obliged to believe
+genuine. As soon as he found
+that I was curious about the
+flora and fauna of the locality,
+he took great pains in bringing
+me specimens, and on two occasions
+took me out for a walk
+to see something that could not
+be brought. In this closer acquaintance
+I found so much
+that was kind and pleasant, and
+so many peculiar little resemblances
+to my dead friend&mdash;a
+backward toss of the head
+when he laughed, a frown when
+listening, an odd little gesture
+with the left hand in explaining
+anything&mdash;that he puzzled me more
+and more. Among the few books that
+I could find to read in the town was the
+&#8220;Woman in White,&#8221; which I read with
+compunction, not having been addicted
+to works of fiction, and the curious
+resemblance between the two women
+made a deep impression upon me, and
+seemed to have a strange significance
+just at this time. Although I had as
+yet not succeeded in drawing any confidence
+from Charlie&mdash;who, indeed,
+seldom spoke of himself, and never
+related any past experience&mdash;a very
+suspicious trait I thought, I felt sure
+that time would unravel the dark mystery
+that enveloped him.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:388px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_88' id='linki_88'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus221.png' alt='' title='' width='388' height='539' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>Just as I</span> was feeling that I had now
+Charlie&#8217;s friendship, the man Crouch
+seemed to become jealous of my influence,
+and became so attentive to
+him that my acquaintance with him
+was virtually suspended for a time.
+One day, a bright, hot day in March, a
+Mexican wagon train arrived in town,
+laden with beans, hides, and &#8220;Chili Colorade,&#8221;
+and a crowd of rancheros from
+another direction swarmed into the
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_188' name='page_188'></a>188</span>
+plaza. The town was full of excitement
+and whiskey; the tinkle of the
+dance saloons came up from all quarters;
+the rancheros, with their red
+shirts and broad hats, galloped their
+tough mustangs madly through the
+streets, firing at random, and lassoing
+the unlucky curs and pigs that happened
+to be in the way. While there
+were street brawls at every corner, I
+hardly dared to leave my room, and I
+could not venture to sit by my window.
+It was a great relief that Howard came
+in very early. All through the evening
+I listened to the confused sounds
+that came up through the resonant air,
+and could distinguish the soft voice of
+the pretty Mexican girl in the saloon
+opposite my window, accompanied by
+her castanet. It was another of those
+still, white nights, when the town
+seemed to hang in mid-air. I felt the
+premonition of impending disaster so
+common to nervous women, and made
+Howard sit in my room as long as
+I could think of a pretext for keeping
+him. When I was alone, I lay
+wakeful through the noisy hours, waiting
+for daylight. At perhaps three
+o&#8217;clock, or a little later, I fell into a
+semi-conscious doze, from which I was
+aroused by the footsteps and low
+voices of men in the hall. The slowness
+of the steps, and the hushed tone
+in which they spoke, gave me a thrill
+of terror. Something had happened.
+Yes, they were talking about it, and
+carrying something&mdash;some one&mdash;by.
+&#8220;Right this way, lay him on the bed.&#8221;
+&#8220;What, doctor?&#8221; &#8220;Pretty near dead.&#8221;
+&#8220;Small chance,&#8221; and so on. Then
+with strained nerves I listened for the
+doctor, heard him come, heard his
+quick directions, heard the running to
+and fro to get what he required, and
+then arose and dressed myself with
+trembling hands, unable to bear the
+tension any longer, and thinking that
+I might be of assistance. I went to
+Howard&#8217;s door, aroused him, and sent
+him to learn what was the matter. He
+went a little reluctantly, but returned
+wide awake.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_89' id='linki_89'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus222.png' alt='' title='' width='561' height='460' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>&#8220;Why, it&#8217;s Charlie Reynolds, poor
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_189' name='page_189'></a>189</span>
+fellow! I guess he&#8217;s about killed&mdash;some
+row, I suppose; didn&#8217;t wait to
+find out. The doctor is attending to
+him now.&#8221;</p>
+<p>A little later, in the gray, solemn
+dawn, the doctor came out of the room
+in which Charlie had been laid, and I
+went to learn the worst. I knew now
+that I had grown very fond of the
+young man, and I could see that Howard
+liked him, too.</p>
+<h3>III.</h3>
+<p>The doctor looked at me curiously.
+&#8220;He is pretty badly hurt, but I think
+he will pull through. I don&#8217;t suppose
+it makes any particular difference to
+him or anybody else, whether he does
+or not!&#8221; he said, brushing his hat with
+his coat-sleeve.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why not?&#8221; I demanded.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Why, because he will only pull
+through this to get killed in some other
+scrape, and before he can get into anything
+else he will have to answer for
+this one. You know how he was
+hurt?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;No, I don&#8217;t know anything about
+it.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;He robbed a fellow in the night,
+and the man chased him and shot him,
+and finding that he still ran, knocked
+him down with the butt end of his pistol,
+threw it at him; that is the worst
+hurt he had. And he is an old customer,
+for this blow opened an old
+place; it isn&#8217;t the first time he has been
+caught. I&#8217;ve just trepanned it&mdash;quite
+a serious operation under the circumstances.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;And the pistol wounds?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Nothing but scratches; they won&#8217;t
+hurt.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Well, he is a human creature, with
+an immortal soul, and I shall take care
+of him, anyhow. There is nobody else
+to do it, so I intend to,&#8221; I said as
+calmly as I could, after all this terrible
+information, which had shaken me
+none the less for the doctor&#8217;s indifferent
+tone and manner.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Very well, ma&#8217;am, I wish you success.
+There&#8217;s nothing to do now but
+keep him quiet until I come back after
+breakfast.&#8221;</p>
+<p>I walked in alone and looked at the
+still, white face under the bandages.
+He was evidently under the influence
+of a heavy opiate, for there was no
+sign of life, except the faint breathing.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:234px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_90' id='linki_90'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus224.png' alt='' title='' width='234' height='400' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>I could not</span> help feeling a great pity
+for the young man, so friendless and
+so indifferently regarded, and with such
+a future to look forward to in his recovery.
+No clue could be found to
+his past or his family, if he had any.</p>
+<p>I took it as more than mere accident
+that he had fallen thus helpless and
+suffering into my hands, and resolved
+to use to the utmost my skill and influence
+for the best.</p>
+<p>He lay for a good many days&mdash;I cannot
+tell just how many&mdash;in a comatose
+condition, and I did not for a moment
+relax my watch, except to take a little
+rest now and then. At length there began
+to be signs of returning consciousness.
+The dull eyes would open and
+gaze vacantly around the room.</p>
+<p>He could utter a few incoherent
+words, and the hands groped in a
+troubled way among the bed-clothes.
+And day by day, as the bronze tint of
+the skin disappeared, and the features
+grew clearer and thinner, that marvellous
+likeness grew stronger, until, looking
+at him, I rubbed my eyes sometimes,
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_190' name='page_190'></a>190</span>
+and believed myself the victim of
+an hallucination.</p>
+<div class='figcenter'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_91' id='linki_91'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus226.png' alt='' title='' width='600' height='408' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p>One morning, at length, he opened
+his eyes, and looked at me with a new
+intelligence, an attentiveness that I
+had never seen in him before.</p>
+<p>As he lay there with bright open
+eyes the likeness was simply intolerable,
+as I thought of the career that
+he represented. I busied myself in
+bringing the basin of water and sponge
+to bathe his face and hands. He
+was evidently trying to recall the
+circumstances of his injury and account
+for his presence there, for he
+looked in turn at me and the room,
+and then at the bed in which he lay.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Mrs. Spencer, I cannot think how
+you come to be here. Was I much
+hurt?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes, you were pretty badly hurt,
+but you will soon be all right now if
+you keep quiet. Don&#8217;t move your
+head. I will wash your hands now.&#8221;</p>
+<p>He closed his eyes as if weary with
+even the effort he had made, and soon
+fell asleep, as naturally as a child.</p>
+<p>Later in the day he awoke and
+seemed strange. He looked at me
+with the same puzzled expression. I
+was heating some drink for him over a
+spirit lamp when he spoke in a strangely
+familiar voice, although very weak.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Mrs. Spencer, has anything happened
+at home that you have come to
+me, and not mother? I had a letter
+from mother yesterday, and all were
+well. Was the accident very fatal?&#8221;</p>
+<p>I dropped the cup I was holding;
+my heart seemed to stop beating. For
+the white, serious face on the pillow
+was not that of Charlie Reynolds, but
+Chester Mansfield! I ran out of the
+room, down the hall, and into my own
+room. I had no motive in doing so,
+because I was too much startled and
+I think terrified for thought.</p>
+<p>My first collected idea was, that I had
+dwelt upon the subject so much during
+lonely days and nights of vigil that I
+was now a victim of subjective vision&mdash;I
+was for the moment insane upon that
+subject. I sent for the doctor immediately,
+and after bathing my face and
+trying to steady my quivering nerves,
+returned to my patient whom I was
+afraid I might have shocked by my
+sudden exit. He looked surprised, and
+watched me curiously.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I think you had better not talk any
+more. The doctor says you must be
+kept quiet.&#8221; And I busied my hands
+in smoothing down the bed-clothes.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I will be quiet; but you must tell
+me one or two things. Are they all
+well at home&mdash;Lucia, and mother and
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_191' name='page_191'></a>191</span>
+the girls? and how many were hurt in
+the accident?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;They are all well at home. I am
+visiting here,&#8221; I managed to answer,
+and he turned away his head, apparently
+satisfied. I paced up and down the
+hall until the doctor came, and drew
+him into a vacant room to tell him the
+situation. He looked at me incredulously
+when I had finished my excited
+narrative, reached for my wrist, and
+shook his head. &#8220;You have been
+working too hard over that fellow,&#8221; he
+said. &#8220;You will be the next patient.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;But he asked for his wife and called
+her by name. Come and see which is
+the lunatic,&#8221; and I led the way to the
+sick-room.</p>
+<p>&#8220;Ah!&#8221; he said in a cheery tone, going
+to the bedside. &#8220;I see we are getting
+along bravely, and look as smart
+as folks that have a whole skull.&#8221;</p>
+<p>The patient (I didn&#8217;t know what
+name to call him) smiled, but without
+a trace of recognition.</p>
+<p>&#8220;I suppose you are my physician,
+and I am probably indebted to you for
+my life,&#8221; he said feebly.</p>
+<p>The doctor looked puzzled. &#8220;You
+don&#8217;t seem to recall my face.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;No, I suppose I was knocked senseless.
+The last thing I can remember
+is going down the embankment. I tried
+to jump, but my foot caught, and I
+struck my head against something.
+There was a young woman in the opposite
+berth&mdash;was she killed, I wonder?
+She had two little children. I suppose
+I have been unconscious for sometime.
+It must have happened yesterday, didn&#8217;t
+it?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;It was several days ago,&#8221; said the
+doctor, soothingly. &#8220;You had better
+rest a while, and then you can tell us
+more, and about yourself.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;This lady can tell you all about me.
+She has known me all my life,&#8221; and he
+closed his eyes wearily.</p>
+<p>The doctor looked at me significantly,
+and I followed him into the hall.</p>
+<p>&#8220;What in the world does this mean?
+That young man is no more Charlie
+Reynolds than I am. I can only account
+for the case in one way, and that
+is a very unusual one. The operation
+I performed last week restored his skull
+to its normal shape. There was quite
+a deep indenture and a consequent
+pressure upon the brain, which undoubtedly
+affected, probably suspended,
+his memory. Now this young man&mdash;minister,
+did you say?&mdash;&mdash;&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;Yes,&#8221; I interrupted. &#8220;But this is
+the awful part of it. He is dead&mdash;buried&mdash;five
+years ago. I saw him
+buried, have gone to his grave many
+times, and now he lies there and talks
+to me. And Charlie Reynolds, drunkard
+and robber. Oh, no! no!&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;You say your friend was killed in
+a railroad accident on his vacation trip?
+How was the body identified? Who
+saw it after it was sent home?&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;None of his family saw the remains,
+he was so badly burned. I see. It
+must have been the wrong body.&#8221;</p>
+<p>&#8220;And the railroad, of course, had
+him cared for until he was well. And
+then he couldn&#8217;t tell who he was, and
+drifted about until he fell into bad company.
+He has been a cat&#8217;s paw for
+this gang, no doubt. Well, you&#8217;ve got
+a pretty little sensation upon your
+hands. I&#8217;d like to see you get back
+and tell your story.&#8221;</p>
+<p>I wondered how he could talk and
+smile so carelessly, but in that country
+nobody is surprised at anything. I
+went back to my patient, after dispatching
+a messenger for Howard, who
+was working in the &#8220;San Jacinto,&#8221;
+twenty miles away.</p>
+<p>Chester, as I could safely call him
+now, was extremely anxious about his
+fellow passengers, and thought they
+must be in the hotel at this time. I
+was familiar with the shocking details
+of the disaster at the time, but could
+not recall them with sufficient accuracy
+to satisfy him. The five years intervening
+were apparently entirely lost.
+He could scarcely believe us when we
+told him that he had lain unconscious
+for more than a week.</p>
+<p>Howard came in the evening, and
+was amazed beyond his power of expression.
+He thought over the complex
+situation a long time before he
+made any effort to communicate with
+the family of the patient. Chester
+could not understand why we had not
+telegraphed before, and we could not
+explain. We called a council of three
+and debated. Chester Mansfield, the
+<span class='pagenum pncolor'><a id='page_192' name='page_192'></a>192</span>
+gifted, irreproachable minister of our
+large church, was held to be tried for
+robbery and assault as soon as he was
+able to appear. We could not take
+him away. What word could we send
+to the young wife, about whom he
+continually asked, and the old mother?
+We finally left it to Howard, who telegraphed
+to the wife that her husband
+had been found alive, though recovering
+from serious illness; that he was
+in our care, but wished her to join him
+as soon as possible; and that the body
+sent home as his must have been that
+of another man.</p>
+<div class='figright' style='width:287px'>
+<div class='figtag'>
+<a name='linki_92' id='linki_92'></a>
+</div>
+<img src='images/illus228.png' alt='' title='' width='287' height='546' />
+<br />
+</div>
+<p><span class='nowrap'>When we told</span> Chester that she had
+been sent for he exclaimed, &#8220;How can
+she leave her baby? She would have
+been with me but for that three months
+old baby.&#8221; The baby was now a tall
+boy of five in kilts. Although the
+complications arising from this strange
+case were countless, we managed to
+keep the real story from Chester until
+he was sufficiently recovered to bear
+it, and indeed we did not then tell him
+of the serious misdeeds of his other
+self.</p>
+<p>But when the young wife came after
+her long journey, and we led her, for the
+first time without her mourning dress,
+up to his room, he knew that to her he
+was in truth one risen from the dead.
+I opened the door for her, and when I
+heard her cry of joy as she sprang
+forward, satisfied at last of his identity,
+and his low, &#8220;My love, my love!&#8221;
+I closed the door and went away to
+weep a few tears to myself, but not of
+sorrow.</p>
+<p>My story is told. We secured bail
+for Charles Reynolds and took him
+home, to await the fall term of court,
+where he expects to have no difficulty
+in proving his innocence in his present
+person. To himself his case presents
+some metaphysical and moral studies
+quite at variance with his own belief.
+He cannot yet comprehend the silence
+of his conscience at this time of need.
+The sensation created by our return,
+and all subsequent events, are well
+known to those who will read this
+statement, so that I need tell no
+more.</p>
+<p>My only object in writing so minute
+an account, and detailing such conversations
+as I could remember, is to protect
+him forever, as far as my word
+will avail, from any insinuation of intentional
+or conscious wrong doing in
+those five lost years, knowing as I do
+the conditions of life exacted of a
+clergyman and fearing some future
+recrimination.</p>
+<hr class='pb' />
+<div class="trnote">
+<p><b>Transcriber Notes</b></p>
+<p>The Table of Contents and the List of Illustrations
+were added by the transcriber.<br />
+Quotation marks changed to standardize usage.<br />
+All other original punctuation and archaic spelling (i.e. chetahs, serval, wardbob, and Bagdad) preserved as written.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- generated by ppg.rb version: 3.21k3 -->
+<!-- timestamp: 2010-09-19 17:43:26 -0500 -->
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 2,
+July, 1893, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, JULY, 1893 ***
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+</body>
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+Project Gutenberg's McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 2, July, 1893, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 2, July, 1893
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: September 20, 2010 [EBook #33771]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, JULY, 1893 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Katherine Ward, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+VOL. I    JULY, 1893    No. 2
+
+
+_Copyright, 1893, by S. S. McClure, Limited. All rights reserved._
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  An Afternoon with Oliver Wendell Holmes. By Edward E. Hale.       99
+  In the Name of the Law! By Stanley J. Weyman.                    110
+  "Human Documents."                                               119
+  Wild Beasts. By Raymond Blathwayt.                               126
+  John Horseleigh, Knyght. By Thomas Hardy.                        136
+  The Race to the North Pole. By Hugh Robert Mill, D.Sc.           147
+  Lieutenant Peary's Expedition. By Cleveland Moffett.             156
+  An Expedition to the North Magnetic Pole. By W. H. Gilder.       159
+  The Merchantmen. By Rudyard Kipling.                             163
+  Monsieur de Blowitz. By W. Morton Fullerton.                     166
+  On the Track of the Reviewer. By Doctor William Wright.          174
+  Romantic Stories from the Family History of the Brontes.         181
+  A Strange Story: The Lost Years. By Lizzie Hyer Neff.            182
+
+
+
+
+Illustrations
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+  Oliver Wendell Holmes                                             99
+  O. W. Holmes's Birth-Place at Cambridge, Mass.                   100
+  Garden Door of the Cambridge House.                              100
+  House in Rue Monsieur le Prince.                                 101
+  Residence in Beacon Street, Boston.                              102
+  The Bay Window in Doctor Holmes's Study.                         103
+  A Corner in Doctor Holmes's Study.                               103
+  Dorothy Q.                                                       104
+  Dorothy Q's House in Quincy, Mass.                               105
+  Holmes Delivering His Farewell Address, Harvard.                 105
+  Summer Residence at Beverly Farms.                               107
+  O. W. Holmes and E. E. Hale.                                     108
+  O. W. Holmes in His Favorite Seat at Beverly.                    109
+  Edward Everett Hale.                                             120
+  M. de Blowitz.                                                   122
+  Thomas Alva Edison.                                              124
+  Karl Hagenbeck.                                                  127
+  Fridtjof Nansen.                                                 151
+  Robert E. Peary.                                                 156
+  Colonel W. H. Gilder.                                            159
+  General A. W. Greely.                                            160
+  Professor T. C. Mendenhall.                                      160
+  Diagram of the North Magnetic Pole Region.                       161
+  Professor C. A. Schott.                                          162
+  The Dining-Room in M. De Blowitz's Paris Home.                   167
+  M. De Blowitz in His Study.                                      169
+  The Lampottes; The Country House of M. De Blowitz.               171
+  Charlotte Bronte.                                                180
+
+
+
+
+AN AFTERNOON WITH OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.
+
+BY EDWARD E. HALE.
+
+
+My first recollection of Doctor Holmes is seeing him standing on a
+bench at a college dinner when I was a boy, in the year 1836. He was
+full of life and fun, and was delivering--I do not say reading--one of
+his little college poems. He always writes them with joy, and recites
+them--if that is the word--with a spirit not to be described. For he
+is a born orator, with what people call a sympathetic voice, wholly
+under his own command, and entirely free from any of the tricks of
+elocution. It seems to me that no one really knows his poems to the
+very best, who has not had the good fortune to hear him read some of
+them.
+
+[Illustration: Oliver Wendell Holmes Boston, May 24th, 1893.]
+
+But I had known all about him before that. As little boys, we had by
+heart, in those days, the song which saved "Old Ironsides" from
+destruction. That was the pet name of the frigate "Constitution,"
+which was a pet Boston ship, because she had been built at a Boston
+shipyard, had been sailed with Yankee crews, and, more than once, had
+brought her prizes into Boston Harbor.
+
+We used to spout at school:
+
+  "Nail to the mast her holy flag,
+    Spread every threadbare sail,
+  And give her to the god of storms,
+    The lightning and the gale!"
+
+Ah me! There had been a Phi Beta anniversary not long before, where
+Holmes had delivered a poem. You may read "Poetry, a Metrical Essay,"
+in the volumes now. But you will look in vain for the covert allusions
+to Julia and Susan and Elizabeth and the rest, which, to those who
+knew, meant the choicest belles of our little company. Have the queens
+of to-day any such honors?
+
+Nobody is more accessible than Doctor Holmes. I doubt if any doorbell
+in Boston is more rung than his. And nowhere is the visitor made more
+kindly at home. His own work-room takes in all the width of a large
+house in Beacon Street; a wide window commands the sweep of the mouth
+of Charles River; in summer the gulls are hovering above it, in winter
+you may see them chaffing together on bits of floating ice, which is
+on its way to the sea. Across that water, by stealthy rowing, the
+boats of the English squadron carried the men who were to die at
+Concord the next day, at Concord Bridge. Beyond is Bunker Hill
+Monument; and just this side of the monument Paul Revere crossed the
+same river to say that that English army was coming.
+
+[Illustration: O. W. HOLMES'S BIRTH-PLACE AT CAMBRIDGE, MASS., ERECTED IN
+1725, A.D. FROM PHOTO BY WILFRID A. FRENCH.]
+
+For me, I had to deliver on Emerson's ninetieth birthday an address on
+my memories of him and his life. Holmes used to meet him, from college
+days down, in a thousand ways, and has written a charming memoir of
+his life. I went round there one day, therefore, to ask some
+questions, which might put my own memories of Emerson in better light,
+and afterwards I obtained his leave to make this sketch of the talk of
+half an hour. When we think of it here, if we ever fall to talking
+about such things, every one would say that Holmes is the best talker
+we have or know. But when you are with him, you do not think whether
+he is or is not. You are under the spell of his kindness and genius.
+Still no minute passes in which you do not say to yourself: "I hope I
+shall remember those very words always."
+
+[Illustration: GARDEN DOOR OF THE CAMBRIDGE HOUSE.]
+
+Thinking of it after I come home, I am reminded of the flow and fun of
+the Autocrat. But you never say so to yourself when you are sitting in
+his room.
+
+I had arranged with my friend Mr. Sample that he should carry his
+camera to the house, and it was in gaps in this very conversation that
+the picture of both of us was taken. I told Doctor Holmes how pleased
+I was at this chance of going to posterity under his escort.
+
+I told him of the paper on Emerson which I had in hand, and thanked
+him, as well as I could, in a few words, for his really marvellous
+study of Emerson in the series of American authors. I said I really
+wanted to bring him my paper to read. What I was trying to do, was to
+show that the great idealist was always in touch with his time, and
+eager to know what, at the moment, were the real facts of American
+life.
+
+_I._ I remember where Emerson stopped me on State Street once, to
+cross-question me about some details of Irish emigration.
+
+_Holmes._ Yes, he was eager for all practical information. I used to
+meet him very often on Saturday evenings at the Saturday Club; and I
+can see him now, as he bent forward eagerly at the table, if any one
+were making an interesting observation, with his face like a hawk as
+he took in what was said. You felt how the hawk would be flying
+overhead and looking down on your thought at the next minute. I
+remember that I once spoke of "the three great prefaces," and quick as
+light Emerson said, "What are the three great prefaces?" and I had to
+tell him.
+
+_I._ I am sure I do not know what they are. What are they?
+
+_Holmes._ They are Calvin's to his "Institutes," Thuanus's to his
+history, and Polybius's to his.
+
+_I._ And I have never read one of them!
+
+[Illustration: THE HOUSE IN RUE MONSIEUR LE PRINCE WHERE DOCTOR HOLMES
+LIVED FOR TWO YEARS WHEN STUDYING MEDICINE IN PARIS.]
+
+_Holmes._ And I had then never read but one of them. It was a mere
+piece of encyclopaedia learning of mine.
+
+_I._ What I shall try to do in my address is to show that Emerson
+would not have touched all sorts of people as he did, but for this
+matter-of-fact interest in his daily surroundings--if he had not gone
+to town-meetings, for instance. Was it you or Lowell who called him
+the Yankee Plato?
+
+_Holmes._ Not I. It was probably Lowell, in the "Fable for Critics." I
+called him "a winged Franklin," and I stand by that. Matthew Arnold
+quoted that afterwards, and I was glad I had said it.
+
+_I._ I do not remember where you said it. How was it?
+
+Doctor Holmes at once rose, went to the turning book-stand, and took
+down volume three of his own poems, and read me with great spirit the
+passage. I do not know how I had forgotten it.
+
+  "Where in the realm of thought, whose air is song,
+  Does he, the Buddha of the West, belong?
+  He seems a winged Franklin, sweetly wise,
+  Born to unlock the secrets of the skies;
+  And which the nobler calling,--if 'tis fair
+  Terrestrial with celestial to compare,--
+  To guide the storm-cloud's elemental flame,
+  Or walk the chambers whence the lightning came,
+  Amidst the sources of its subtile fire,
+  And steal their effluence for his lips and lyre?"
+
+Here he said, with great fun, "One great good of writing poetry is to
+furnish you with your own quotations." And afterwards, when I had made
+him read to me some other verses from his own poems, he said, "Oh,
+yes, as a reservoir of the best quotations in the language, there is
+nothing like a book of your own poems."
+
+[Illustration: O. W. HOLMES'S RESIDENCE IN BEACON STREET, BOSTON.]
+
+I said that there was no greater nonsense than the talk of Emerson's
+time, that he introduced German philosophy here, and I asked Holmes if
+he thought that Emerson had borrowed anything in the philosophical
+line from the German. He agreed with me that his philosophy was
+thoroughly home-bred, and wrought out in the experience of his own
+home-life. He said that he was disposed to believe that that would be
+true of Emerson which he knew was true of himself. He knew Emerson
+went over a great many books, but he did not really believe that he
+often really read a book through. I remember one of his phrases was,
+that he thought that Emerson "tasted books;" and he cited a bright
+lady from Philadelphia, whom he had met the day before, who had said
+that she thought men of genius did not rely much upon their reading,
+and had complimented him by asking if he did so. Holmes said:
+
+"I told her--I had to tell her--that in reading my mind is always
+active. I do not follow the author steadily or implicitly, but my
+thought runs off to right and left. It runs off in every direction,
+and I find I am not so much taking his book as I am thinking my own
+thoughts upon his subject."
+
+_I._ I want to thank you for your contrast between Emerson and
+Carlyle: "The hatred of unreality was uppermost in Carlyle; the love
+of what is real and genuine, with Emerson." Is it not perhaps possible
+that Carlyle would not have been Carlyle but for Emerson? Emerson
+found him discouraged, and as he supposed alone, and at the very
+beginning led him out of his darkest places.
+
+I think it was on this that Doctor Holmes spoke with a good deal of
+feeling about the value of appreciation. He was ready to go back to
+tell of the pleasure he had received from persons who had written to
+him, even though he did not know them, to say of how much use some
+particular line of his had been. Among others he said that Lothrop
+Motley had told him that, when he was all worn out in his work in a
+country where he had not many friends, and among stupid old manuscript
+archives, two lines of Holmes's braced him up and helped him through:
+
+  "Stick to your aim: the mongrel's hold will slip,
+  But only crowbars loose the bulldog's grip."
+
+He was very funny about flattery. "That is the trouble of having so
+many friends, everybody flatters you. I do not mean to let them hurt
+me if I can help it, and flattery is not necessarily untrue. But you
+have to be on your guard when everybody is as kind to you as everybody
+is to me."
+
+[Illustration: THE BAY WINDOW IN DOCTOR HOLMES'S STUDY.]
+
+He said, in passing, that Emerson once quoted two lines of his, and
+quoted them horribly. They are from the poem called "The Steamboat:"
+
+  "The beating of her restless heart,
+    Still sounding through the storm."
+
+Emerson quoted them thus:
+
+  "The pulses of her iron heart
+    Go beating through the storm."
+
+[Illustration: A CORNER IN DOCTOR HOLMES'S STUDY.]
+
+I was curious to know about Doctor Holmes's experience of country
+life, he knows all nature's processes so well. So he told me how it
+happened that he went to Pittsfield. It seems that, a century and a
+half ago, his ancestor, Jacob Wendell, had a royal grant for the whole
+township there, with some small exception, perhaps. The place was at
+first called Pontoosoc, then Wendelltown, and only afterward got the
+name of Pittsfield from William Pitt. One part of the Wendell property
+descended to Doctor Holmes's mother. When he had once seen it he was
+struck with its beauty and fitness for a country home, and asked her
+that he might have it for his own. It was there that he built a house
+in which he lived for eight or nine years. He said that the Housatonic
+winds backwards and forwards through it, so that to go from one end of
+his estate to the other in a straight line required the crossing it
+seven times. Here his children grew up, and he and they were enlivened
+anew every year by long summer days there.
+
+He was most interesting and animated as he spoke of the vigor of life
+and work and poetical composition which come from being in the open
+air and living in the country. He wrote, at the request of the
+neighborhood, his poem of "The Ploughman," to be read at a cattle-show
+in Pittsfield. "And when I came to read it afterwards I said, 'Here it
+is! Here is open air life, here is what breathing the mountain air and
+living in the midst of nature does for a man!' And I want to read you
+now a piece of that poem, because it contained a prophecy." And while
+he was looking for the verses, he said, in the vein of the Autocrat,
+"Nobody knows but a man's self how many good things he has done."
+
+So we found the first volume of the poems, and there is "The
+Ploughman," written, observe, as early as 1849.
+
+  "O gracious Mother, whose benignant breast
+  Wakes us to life, and lulls us all to rest,
+  How thy sweet features, kind to every clime,
+  Mock with their smile the wrinkled front of time!
+  We stain thy flowers,--they blossom o'er the dead;
+  We rend thy bosom, and it gives us bread;
+  O'er the red field that trampling strife has torn,
+  Waves the green plumage of thy tasselled corn;
+  Our maddening conflicts sear thy fairest plain,
+  Still thy soft answer is the growing grain.
+  Yet, O our Mother, while uncounted charms
+  Steal round our hearts in thine embracing arms,
+  Let not our virtues in thy love decay,
+  And thy fond sweetness waste our strength away.
+
+  No! by these hills, whose banners now displayed
+  In blazing cohorts Autumn has arrayed;
+  By yon twin summits, on whose splintery crests
+  The tossing hemlocks hold the eagles' nests;
+  By these fair plains the mountain circle screens,
+  And feeds with streamlets from its dark ravines,--
+  True to their home, these faithful arms shall toil
+  To crown with peace their own untainted soil;
+  And, true to God, to freedom, to mankind,
+  If her chained bandogs Faction shall unbind,
+  These stately forms, that bending even now
+  Bowed their strong manhood to the humble plough,
+  Shall rise erect, the guardians of the land,
+  The same stern iron in the same right hand,
+  Till o'er the hills the shouts of triumph run,
+  The sword has rescued what the ploughshare won!"
+
+Now, in 1849, I, who remember, can tell you, every-day people did not
+much think that Faction was going to unbind her bandogs and set the
+country at war; and it was only a prophet-poet who saw that there was
+a chance that men might forge their ploughshares into swords again.
+But you see from the poem that Holmes was such a prophet-poet, and
+now, forty-four years after, it was a pleasure to hear him read these
+lines.
+
+[Illustration: DOROTHY Q. FROM THE PORTRAIT IN DOCTOR HOLMES'S STUDY.]
+
+I asked him of his reminiscences of Emerson's famous Phi Beta Kappa
+oration at Cambridge, which he has described, as so many others have,
+as the era of independence in American literature. We both talked of
+the day, which we remembered, and of the Phi Beta dinner which
+followed it, when Mr. Everett presided, and bore touching tribute to
+Charles Emerson, who had just died. Holmes said: "You cannot make the
+people of this generation understand the effect of Everett's oratory.
+I have never felt the fascination of speech as I did in hearing him.
+Did it ever occur to you,--did I say to you the other day,--that when
+a man has such a voice as he had, our slight nasal resonance is an
+advantage and not a disadvantage?"
+
+I was fresher than he from his own book on Emerson, and remembered
+that he had said there somewhat the same thing. His words are: "It is
+with delight that one who remembers Everett in his robes of rhetorical
+splendor; who recalls his full-blown, high-colored, double-flowered
+periods; the rich, resonant, grave, far-reaching music of his speech,
+with just enough of nasal vibration to give the vocal sounding-board
+its proper value in the harmonies of utterance,--it is with delight
+that such a one recalls the glowing words of Emerson whenever he
+refers to Edward Everett. It is enough if he himself caught enthusiasm
+from those eloquent lips. But many a listener has had his youthful
+enthusiasm fired by that great master of academic oratory." I knew,
+when I read this, that Holmes referred to himself as the "youthful
+listener," and was glad that within twenty-four hours he should say so
+to me.
+
+[Illustration: DOROTHY Q'S HOUSE IN QUINCY, MASS.[1]]
+
+So we fell to talking of his own Phi Beta poem. A good Phi Beta poem
+is an impossibility; but it is the business of genius to work the
+miracles, and Holmes's is one of the few successful Phi Beta poems in
+the dreary catalogue of more than a century. The custom of having
+"_the_ poem," as people used to say, as if it were always the same, is
+now almost abandoned.
+
+[Illustration: DOCTOR O. W. HOLMES DELIVERING HIS FAREWELL ADDRESS AS
+PARKMAN PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY IN THE MEDICAL SCHOOL OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY,
+NOVEMBER 28, 1882. FROM A PROOF PRINT IN THE POSSESSION OF DOCTOR JAMES
+R. CHADWICK.]
+
+Fortunately for us both, a tap was heard at the door, and Mr. John
+Holmes appeared, his brother. Mr. John Holmes has not chosen to
+publish the bright things which he has undoubtedly written, but in all
+circles where he favors people with his presence he is known as one of
+the most agreeable of men. Everybody is glad to set him on the lines
+of reminiscences. The two brothers, with great good humor, began
+telling of a dinner party which Doctor Holmes had given, within a few
+days, to a number of gentlemen whose average ages, according to them,
+exceeded eighty. One has to make allowance for the exaggeration of
+their fun, but I think, from the facts which they dropped, that the
+average must have been maintained. One would have given a good deal to
+be old enough to be permitted to be at that dinner. This led to talk
+of the Harvard class of 1829, for whose meetings Holmes has written so
+many of his charming poems. He said that they are now to have a dinner
+within a few days, and named the gentlemen who were to be there. Among
+them, of course, is Doctor Samuel F. Smith, the author of "America." I
+noticed that Doctor Holmes always called him "My country 'tis of
+thee," and so did all of us. And then these two critics began
+analyzing that magnificent song. "It will not do to laugh at it.
+People show that they do not know what they are talking about when
+they speak lightly of it. Did you ever think how much is gained by
+making the first verse begin with the singular number? Not _our_
+country, but '_My_ country,' '_I_ sing of thee'? There is not an
+American citizen but can make it his own, and does make it his own, as
+he sings it. And it rises to a Psalm-like grandeur at the end." "It is
+a magnificent hold to have upon fame to have sixty million people sing
+the verses that you have written." John Holmes said: "How good
+'templed hills' is, and that is not alone in the poem." Both John
+Holmes and I plead to be permitted to come to the class dinner, but
+Doctor Holmes was very funny. He pooh-poohed us both; we were only
+children, and we were not to be present at so rare a solemnity. For
+me, I already felt that I had been wicked in wasting so much of his
+time. But he has the gift of making you think that you are the only
+person in the world, and that he is only living for your pleasure.
+Still I knew, as a matter of fact, that this was not so, and very
+unwillingly I took myself away.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As I walked home I meditated on the fate of a first-rate book in our
+time. Holmes had expressed unaffected surprise that I spoke with the
+gratitude which I felt about his "Life of Emerson." The book must have
+cost him the hard work of a year. It is as remarkable a study as one
+poet ever made of another. Yet I think he said to me that no one had
+seemed to understand the care and effort which he had given to it.
+
+Here is the position in the United States now about the criticism of
+such work. At about the time that the "North American Review" ceased
+to review books, there came, as if by general consent, an end to all
+elaborate criticism of new books here.
+
+I think myself that this is a thing very much to be regretted. In old
+times, whoever wrote a good book was tolerably sure that at least one
+competent person would study it and write down what he thought about
+it; and, from at least one point of view, an author had a prospect of
+knowing how his book struck other people. Now we have nothing but the
+hasty sketches, sometimes very good, which are written for the daily
+or weekly press.
+
+[Illustration: O. W. HOLMES'S SUMMER RESIDENCE AT BEVERLY FARMS.]
+
+So it happens that I, for one, have never seen any fit recognition of
+the gift which Doctor Holmes made to our time and to the next
+generation when he made his study of Emerson's life for the "American
+Men of Letters" series. Apparently he had not. Just think of it! Here
+is a poet, the head of our "Academy," so far as there is any such
+Academy, who is willing to devote a year of his life to telling you
+and me what Emerson was, from his own personal recollections of a near
+friend, whom he met as often as once a week, and talked with perhaps
+for hours at a time, and with whom he talked on literary and
+philosophical subjects. More than this, this poet has been willing to
+go through Emerson's books again, to re-read them as he had originally
+read them when they came out, and to make for you and me a careful
+analysis of all these books. He is one of five people in the country
+who are competent to tell what effect these books produced on the
+country as they appeared from time to time. And, being competent, he
+makes the time to tell us this thing. That is a sort of good fortune
+which, so far as I remember, has happened to nobody excepting Emerson.
+When John Milton died, there was nobody left who could have done such
+a thing; certainly nobody did do it, or tried to do it. I must say, I
+think it is rather hard that when such a gift as that has been given
+to the people of any country, that people, while boasting of its
+seventy millions of numbers, and its thousands of billions of acres,
+should not have one critical journal of which it is the business to
+say at length, and in detail, whether Doctor Holmes has done his duty
+well by the prophet, or whether, indeed, he has done it at all.
+
+[Illustration: O. W. HOLMES AND E. E. HALE. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN
+DOCTOR HOLMES'S STUDY, MAY 22, 1893.]
+
+When we left Doctor Holmes, he and his household were looking forward
+to the annual escape to Beverly. Somebody once wrote him a letter
+dated from "Manchester-by-the-Sea," and Holmes wrote his reply under
+the date "Beverly-by-the-Depot." And here let me stop to tell one of
+those jokes for which the English language and Doctor Holmes were
+made. A few years ago, in a fit of economy, our famous Massachusetts
+Historical Society screwed up its library and other offices by some
+fifteen feet, built in the space underneath, and rented it to the city
+of Boston. This was all very well for the treasurer; but for those of
+us who had passed sixty years, and had to climb up some twenty more
+iron stairs whenever we wanted to look at an old pamphlet in the
+library, it was not so great a benefaction. When Holmes went up, for
+the first time, to see the new quarters of the Society, he left his
+card with the words, "O. W. Holmes. High-story-call Society." We
+understood then why the councils of the Society had been over-ruled by
+the powers which manage this world, to take this flight towards
+heaven.
+
+I ought to have given a hint above of his connection and mine with the
+society of "People who Think we are Going to Know More about Some
+Things By and By." This society was really formed by my mother, who
+for some time, I think, was the only member. But one day Doctor Holmes
+and I met in the "Old Corner Bookstore," when the Corner had been
+moved to the corner of Hamilton Place, and he was telling me one of
+the extraordinary coincidences which he collects with such zeal. I
+ventured to trump his story with another; and, in the language of the
+ungodly, I thought I went one better than he. This led to a talk about
+coincidences, and I said that my mother had long since said that she
+meant to have a society of the people who believed that sometime we
+should know more about such curious coincidences. Doctor Holmes was
+delighted with the idea, and we "organized" the society then and
+there; he was to be president, I was to be secretary, and my mother
+was to be treasurer. There were to be no other members, no entrance
+fees, no constitution, and no assessments. We seldom meet now that we
+do not authorize a meeting of this society and challenge each other to
+produce the remarkable coincidences which have passed since we met
+before.
+
+There is an awful story of his about the last time a glove was thrown
+down in an English court-room. It is a story in which Holmes is all
+mixed up with a marvellous series of impossibilities, such as would
+make Mr. Clemens's hair grow gray, and add a new chapter to his
+studies of telepathy. I will not enter on it now, with the detail of
+the book that fell from the ninth shelf of a book-case, and opened at
+the exact passage where the challenge story was to be described. No, I
+will not tell another word of it; for if I am started upon it, it will
+take up the whole of this number of Mr. McClure's Magazine. But
+sometime, when Mr. McClure wants to make the whole magazine thrill
+with excitement, he will write to Doctor Holmes, and ask him for that
+story of the "challenge of battle."
+
+[Illustration: O. W. HOLMES IN HIS FAVORITE SEAT AT BEVERLY.]
+
+As for the story of his hearing Doctor Phinney at Rome, and the other
+story of Mr. Emerson's hearing Doctor Phinney at Rome, I never tell
+that excepting to confidential friends who know that I cannot tell a
+lie. For if I tell it to any one else, he looks at me with a quizzical
+air, as much as to say, "This is as bad as the story of the 'Man
+Without a Country;' and I do not know how much to believe, and how
+much to disbelieve."
+
+  [1] Also called the Peter Butler house. Sewall in his diary speaks of
+      it as Mr. Quincy's new house (1680-85). There Dorothy was born
+      and married.
+
+
+
+
+IN THE NAME OF THE LAW!
+
+BY STANLEY J. WEYMAN.
+
+
+On the moorland above the old gray village of Carbaix, in
+Finistere--Finistere, the most westerly province of Brittany--stands a
+cottage, built, as all the cottages in that country are, of rough-hewn
+stones. It is a poor, rude place to-day, but it wore an aspect far
+more rude and primitive a hundred years ago--say on an August day in
+the year 1793, when a man issued from the doorway, and, shading his
+eyes from the noonday sun, gazed long and fixedly in the direction of
+a narrow rift which a few score paces away breaks the monotony of the
+upland level. This man was tall and thin and unkempt, his features
+expressing a mixture of cunning and simplicity. He gazed a while in
+silence, but at length uttered a grunt of satisfaction as the figure
+of a woman rose gradually into sight. She came on slowly, in a
+stooping posture, dragging behind her a great load of straw, which
+completely hid the little sledge on which it rested, and which was
+attached to her waist by a rope of twisted hay.
+
+The figure of a woman--rather of a girl. As she drew nearer it could
+be seen that her cheeks, though brown and sunburned, were as smooth as
+a child's. She looked scarcely eighteen. Her head was bare, and her
+short petticoats, of some coarse stuff, left visible bare feet thrust
+into wooden shoes. She advanced with her head bent and her shoulders
+strained forward, her face dull and patient. Once, and once only, when
+the man's eyes left her for a moment, she shot at him a look of scared
+apprehension; and later, when she came abreast of him, her breath
+coming and going with her exertions, he might have seen, had he looked
+closely, that her strong brown limbs were trembling under her.
+
+But the man noticed nothing in his impatience, and only chid her for
+her slowness. "Where have you been dawdling, lazy-bones?" he cried.
+
+She murmured, without halting, that the sun was hot.
+
+"Sun hot!" he retorted. "Jeanne is lazy, I think! _Mon Dieu_, that I
+should have married a wife who is tired by noon! I had better have
+left you to that never-do-well Pierre Bounat. But I have news for you,
+my girl."
+
+He lounged after her as he spoke, his low, cunning face--the face of
+the worst kind of French peasant--flickering with cruel pleasure, as
+he saw how she started at his words. She made no answer, however.
+Instead, she drew her load with increased vehemence towards one of the
+two doors which led into the building. "Well, well, I will tell you
+presently," he called after her. "Be quick and come to dinner."
+
+He entered himself by the other door. The house was divided into two
+chambers by a breast-high partition of wood. The one room served for
+kitchen; the other, now half full of straw, was barn and granary,
+fowl-house and dove-cote, in one. "Be quick!" he called to her.
+Standing in the house-room, he could see her head as she stooped to
+unload the straw.
+
+In a moment she came in, her shoes clattering on the floor. The
+perspiration stood in great beads on her forehead, and showed how
+little she had deserved his reproach. She sat down silently, avoiding
+his eyes; but he thought nothing of this. It was no new thing. It
+pleased him, if anything.
+
+"Well, my Jeanne," he said, in his gibing tone, "are you longing for
+my news?"
+
+The hand she stretched out towards the pitcher of cider, which, with
+black bread and onions, formed their meal, shook, but she answered
+simply: "If you please, Michel."
+
+"Well, the Girondins have been beaten, my girl, and are flying all
+over the country. That is the news. Master Pierre is among them, I do
+not doubt, if he has not been killed already. I wish he would come
+this way."
+
+"Why?" she asked, suddenly looking up at last, a flash of light in her
+gray eyes.
+
+"Why?" he repeated, grinning across the table at her, "because he
+would be worth five crowns to me. There is five crowns, I am told, on
+the head of every Girondin who has been in arms, my girl."
+
+The French Revolution, it will be understood, was at its height. The
+more moderate and constitutional Republicans--the Girondins, as they
+were called--worsted in Paris by the Jacobins and the mob, had lately
+tried to raise the provinces against the capital, and to this end had
+drawn together at Caen, near the border of Brittany. They had been
+defeated, however, and the Jacobins, in this month of August, were
+preparing to take a fearful vengeance at once on them and the
+Royalists. The Reign of Terror had begun. Even to such a boor as this,
+sitting over his black bread, the Revolution had come home, and, in
+common with many a thousand others, he wondered what he could make of
+it.
+
+The girl did not answer, even by the look of contempt to which he had
+become accustomed, and for which he hated her; and he repeated, "Five
+crowns! Ah, it is money, that is! _Mon Dieu!_" Then, with a sudden
+exclamation, he sprang up. "What is that?" he cried.
+
+He had been sitting with his back to the barn, but he turned now so as
+to face it. Something had startled him--a rustling in the straw behind
+him. "What is that?" he said again, his hand on the table, his face
+lowering and watchful.
+
+The girl had risen also; and, as the last word passed his lips, sprang
+by him with a low cry, and aimed a frantic blow with her stool at
+something he could not see.
+
+"What is it?" he asked, recoiling.
+
+"A rat!" she answered, breathless. And she aimed another blow at it.
+
+"Where?" he asked, fretfully. "Where is it?" He snatched his stool,
+too, and at that moment a rat darted out of the straw, ran nimbly
+between his legs, and plunged into a hole by the door. He flung the
+wooden stool after it; but, of course, in vain. "It was a rat!" he
+said, as if before he had doubted it.
+
+"Thank God!" she muttered. She was shaking all over.
+
+He stared at her in stupid wonder. What did she mean? What had come to
+her? "Have you had a sunstroke, my girl?" he said, suspiciously.
+
+Her nut-brown face was a shade less brown than usual, but she met his
+eyes boldly, and said: "No," adding an explanation which for the
+moment satisfied him. But he did not sit down again. When she went out
+he went out also. And though, as she retired slowly to the rye fields
+and work, she repeatedly looked back at him, it was always to find his
+eyes upon her. When this had happened half a dozen times, a thought
+struck him. "How now?" he muttered. "The rat ran out of the straw!"
+
+Nevertheless he still stood gazing after her, with a cunning look upon
+his features, until she disappeared over the edge of the rift, and
+then he crept back to the door of the barn, and stole in out of the
+sunlight into the cool darkness of the raftered building, across which
+a dozen rays of light were shooting, laden with dancing motes. Inside
+he stood stock still until he had regained the use of his eyes, and
+then he began to peer round him. In a moment he found what he sought.
+Half upon, and half hidden by, the straw, lay a young man, in the deep
+sleep of utter exhaustion. His face, which bore traces of more than
+common beauty, was now white and pinched; his hair hung dank about his
+forehead. His clothes were in rags; and his feet, bound up in pieces
+torn at random from his blouse, were raw and bleeding. For a short
+while Michel Tellier bent over him, remarking these things with
+glistening eyes. Then the peasant stole out again. "It is five
+crowns!" he muttered, blinking in the sunlight. "Ha, ha! Five
+crowns!"
+
+He looked round cautiously, but could see no sign of his wife; and
+after hesitating and pondering a minute or two, he took the path
+for Carbaix, his native astuteness leading him to saunter slowly
+along in his ordinary fashion. After that the moorland about the
+cottage lay seemingly deserted. Thrice, at intervals, the girl
+dragged home her load of straw, but each time she seemed to linger
+in the barn no longer than was necessary. Michel's absence, though
+it was unlooked-for, raised no suspicion in her breast, for he would
+frequently go down to the village to spend the afternoon. The sun
+sank lower, and the shadow of the great monolith, which, standing
+on the highest point of the moor, about a mile away, rose gaunt and
+black against a roseate sky, grew longer and longer; and then, as
+twilight fell, the two coming home met a few paces from the cottage.
+He asked some questions about the work she had been doing, and she
+answered briefly. Then, silent and uncommunicative, they went in
+together. The girl set the bread and cider on the table, and going to
+the great black pot which had been simmering all day upon the fire,
+poured some broth into two pitchers. It did not escape Michel's
+frugal eye that there was still a little broth left in the bottom
+of the pot, and this induced a new feeling in him--anger. When his
+wife hailed him by a sign to the meal, he went instead to the door,
+and fastened it. Thence he went to the corner and picked up the
+wood-chopper, and armed with this came back to his seat.
+
+The girl watched his movements first with surprise, and then with
+secret terror. The twilight was come, and the cottage was almost dark,
+and she was alone with him; or, if not alone, yet with no one near who
+could help her. Yet she met his grin of triumph bravely. "What is
+this?" she said. "Why do you want that?"
+
+"For the rat," he answered grimly, his eyes on hers.
+
+"Why not use your stool?" she strove to murmur, her heart sinking.
+
+"Not for this rat," he answered. "It might not do, my girl. Oh, I know
+all about it," he continued. "I have been down to the village, and
+seen the mayor, and he is coming up to fetch him." He nodded towards
+the partition, and she knew that her secret was known.
+
+"It is Pierre," she said, trembling violently, and turning first
+crimson and then white.
+
+"I know it, Jeanne. It was excellent of you! Excellent! It is long
+since you have done such a day's work."
+
+"You will not give him up?"
+
+"My faith, I shall!" he answered, affecting, and perhaps really
+feeling, wonder at her simplicity. "He is five crowns, girl! You do
+not understand. He is worth five crowns, and the risk nothing at
+all."
+
+If he had been angry, or shown anything of the fury of the suspicious
+husband; if he had been about to do this out of jealousy or revenge,
+she would have quailed before him, though she had done him no wrong,
+save the wrong of mercy and pity. But his spirit was too mean for the
+great passions; he felt only the sordid ones, which to a woman are the
+most hateful. And instead of quailing, she looked at him with flashing
+eyes. "I shall warn him," she said.
+
+"It will not help him," he answered, sitting still, and feeling the
+edge of the hatchet with his fingers.
+
+"It will help him," she retorted. "He shall go. He shall escape before
+they come."
+
+"I have locked the doors!"
+
+"Give me the key!" she panted. "Give me the key, I say!" She had risen
+and was standing before him, her figure drawn to its full height. He
+rose hastily and retreated behind the table, still retaining the
+hatchet in his grasp.
+
+"Stand back!" he said, sullenly. "You may awaken him, if you please,
+my girl. It will not avail him. Do you not understand, fool, that he
+is worth five crowns? And listen! It is too late now. They are here!"
+
+A blow fell on the door as he spoke, and he stepped towards it. But at
+that despair moved her, and she threw herself upon him, and for a
+moment wrestled with him. At last, with an effort he flung her off,
+and, brandishing his weapon in her face, kept her at bay. "You vixen!"
+he cried, savagely, retreating to the door, with a pale cheek and his
+eyes still on her, for he was an arrant coward. "You deserve to go to
+prison with him, you jade! I will have you in the stocks for this!"
+
+She leaned against the wall where she had fallen, her white,
+despairing face seeming almost to shine in the darkness of the
+wretched room. Meanwhile the continuous murmur of men's voices outside
+could now be heard, mingled with the ring of weapons; and the summons
+for admission was again and again repeated, as if those without had no
+mind to be kept waiting.
+
+"Patience! patience! I am opening!" he cried. Still keeping his face
+to her, he unlocked the door and called on the men to enter. "He is in
+the straw, M. le Mayor!" he cried in a tone of triumph, his eyes still
+on his wife. "He will give you no trouble, I will answer for it! But
+first give me my five crowns, mayor. My five crowns!"
+
+He still felt so much fear of his wife that he did not turn to see the
+men enter, and was taken by surprise when a voice at his elbow--a
+strange voice--said, "Five crowns, my friend? For what, may I ask?"
+
+In his eagerness and excitement he suspected nothing, but thought only
+that the mayor had sent a deputy. "For what? For the Girondin!" he
+answered, rapidly. Then at last he turned and found that half-a-dozen
+men had entered, and that more were entering. To his astonishment,
+they were all strangers to him--men with stern, gloomy faces, and
+armed to the teeth. There was something so formidable in their
+appearance that his voice faltered as he added: "But where is the
+mayor, gentlemen? I do not see him."
+
+No one answered, but in silence the last of the men--there were eleven
+in all--entered and bolted the door behind him. Michel Tellier peered
+at them in the gloom with growing alarm. In return the tallest of the
+strangers, who had entered first and seemed to be in command, looked
+round keenly. At length this man spoke. "So you have a Girondin here,
+have you?" he said, his voice curiously sweet and sonorous.
+
+"I was to have five crowns for him," Michel muttered dubiously.
+
+"Oh! Petion," continued the spokesman to one of his companions, "can
+you kindle a light? It strikes me that we have hit upon a dark
+place."
+
+The man addressed took something from his pouch. For a moment there
+was silence, broken only by the sharp sound of the flint striking the
+steel. Then a sudden glare lit up the dark interior, and disclosed the
+group of cloaked strangers standing about the door, the light gleaming
+back from their muskets and cutlasses. Michel trembled. He had never
+seen such men as these before. True, they were wet and travel-stained,
+and had the air of those who spend their nights in ditches and under
+haystacks. But their pale, stern faces were set in indomitable
+resolve. Their eyes glowed with a steady fire, and they trod as kings
+tread. Their leader was a man of majestic height and beauty, and in
+his eyes alone there seemed to lurk a spark of some lighter fire, as
+if his spirit still rose above the task which had sobered his
+companions. Michel noted all this in fear and bewilderment; noted the
+white head and yet vigorous bearing of the man who had struck the
+light; noted even the manner in which the light died away in the dim
+recesses of the barn.
+
+"And this Girondin--is he in hiding here?" said the tall man.
+
+"That is so," Michel answered. "But I had nothing to do with hiding
+him, citizen. It was my wife hid him in the straw there."
+
+"And you gave notice of his presence to the authorities?" continued
+the stranger, raising his hand to repress some movement among his
+followers.
+
+"Certainly, or you would not have been here," replied Michel, better
+satisfied with himself.
+
+The answer struck him down with an awful terror. "That does not
+follow," said the tall man, coolly, "for we are Girondins!"
+
+"You are?"
+
+"Without doubt," the other answered, with majestic simplicity; "or
+there are no such persons. This is Petion, and this Citizen Buzot.
+Have you heard of Louvet? There he stands. For me, I am Barbaroux."
+
+Michel's tongue seemed glued to the roof of his mouth. He could not
+utter a word. But another could. On the far side of the barrier a
+sudden rustling was heard, and while all turned to look--but with
+what different feelings--the pale face of the youth over whom
+Michel had bent in the afternoon appeared above the partition. A
+smile of joyful recognition effaced for the time the lines of
+exhaustion. The young man, clinging for support to the planks,
+uttered a cry of thankfulness. "It is you! It is really you! You are
+safe!" he exclaimed.
+
+"We are safe, all of us, Pierre," Barbaroux answered. "And now"--and
+he turned to Michel Tellier with sudden thunder in his voice--"this
+man whom you would have betrayed is our guide, let me tell you, whom
+we lost last night. Speak, man, in your defence, if you can. Say what
+you have to say why justice shall not be done upon you, miserable
+caitiff, who would have sold a man's life for a few pieces of
+silver!"
+
+The wretched peasant's knees trembled, and the perspiration stood upon
+his brow. He heard the voice as the voice of a judge. He looked in the
+stern eyes of the Girondins, and read only anger and vengeance. Then
+he caught in the silence the sound of his wife weeping, for at
+Pierre's appearance she had broken into wild sobbing, and he spoke out
+of the base instincts of his heart.
+
+"He was her lover," he muttered. "I swear it, citizens."
+
+"He lies!" cried the man at the barrier, his face transfigured with
+rage. "I loved her, it is true, but it was before her old father sold
+her to this Judas. For what he would have you believe now, my friends,
+it is false. I, too, swear it."
+
+A murmur of execration broke from the group of Girondins. Barbaroux
+repressed it by a gesture. "What do you say of this man?" he asked,
+turning to them, his voice deep and solemn.
+
+"He is not fit to live!" they answered in chorus.
+
+The poor coward screamed as he heard the words, and, flinging himself
+on the ground, he embraced Barbaroux's knees in a paroxysm of terror.
+But the judge did not look at him. Barbaroux turned, instead, to
+Pierre Bounat. "What do you say of him?" he asked.
+
+"He is not fit to live," said the young man solemnly, his breath
+coming quick and fast.
+
+"And you?" Barbaroux continued, turning and looking with his eyes of
+fire at the wife, his voice gentle, and yet more solemn.
+
+A moment before she had ceased to weep, and had stood up listening and
+gazing, awe and wonder in her face. Barbaroux had to repeat his
+question before she answered. Then she said, "He is not fit to die."
+
+There was silence for a moment, broken only by the entreaties of the
+wretch on the floor. At last Barbaroux spoke. "She has said rightly,"
+he pronounced. "He shall live. They have put us out of the law and set
+a price on our heads; but we will keep the law. He shall live. But,
+hark you," the great orator continued, in tones which Michel never
+forgot, "if a whisper escape you as to our presence here, or our
+names, or if you wrong your wife by word or deed, the life she has
+saved shall pay for it.
+
+"Remember!" he added, shaking Michel to and fro with a finger, "the
+arm of Barbaroux is long, and though I be a hundred leagues away, I
+shall know and I shall punish. So, beware! Now rise, and live!"
+
+The miserable man cowered back to the wall, frightened to the core of
+his heart. The Girondins conferred a while in whispers, two of their
+number assisting Pierre to cross the barrier. Suddenly there came--and
+Michel trembled anew as he heard it--a loud knocking at the door. All
+started and stood listening and waiting. A voice outside cried: "Open!
+open! in the name of the law!"
+
+"We have lingered too long," Barbaroux muttered. "I should have
+thought of this. It is the Mayor of Carbaix come to apprehend our
+friend."
+
+Again the Girondins conferred together. At last, seeming to arrive at
+a conclusion, they ranged themselves on either side of the door, and
+one of their number opened it. A short, stout man, girt with a
+tricolor sash, and wearing a huge sword, entered with an air of
+authority--being blinded by the light he saw nothing out of the
+common--and was followed by four men armed with muskets.
+
+Their appearance produced an extraordinary effect on Michel Tellier.
+As they one by one crossed the threshold, the peasant leaned forward,
+his face flushed, his eyes gleaming, and counted them. They were only
+five. And the others were twelve. He fell back, and from that moment
+his belief in the Girondins' power was clinched.
+
+"In the name of the law!" panted the mayor. "Why did you not--" Then
+he stopped abruptly, his mouth remaining open. He found himself
+surrounded by a group of grim, silent mutes, with arms in their hands,
+and in a twinkling it flashed into his mind that these were the eleven
+chiefs of the Girondins, whom he had been warned to keep watch for. He
+had come to catch a pigeon and had caught a crow. He turned pale and
+his eyes dropped. "Who are--who are these gentlemen?" he stammered, in
+a ludicrously altered tone.
+
+"Some volunteers of Quumpen, returning home," replied Barbaroux, with
+ironical smoothness.
+
+"You have your papers, citizens?" the mayor asked, mechanically; and
+he took a step back towards the door, and looked over his shoulder.
+
+"Here they are!" said Petion rudely, thrusting a packet into his
+hands. "They are in order."
+
+The mayor took them, and longing only to see the outside of the
+door, pretended to look through them, his little heart going
+pit-a-pat within him. "They seem to be in order," he assented,
+feebly. "I need not trouble you further, citizens. I came here under
+a misapprehension, I find, and I wish you a good journey."
+
+He knew, as he backed out, that he was cutting a poor figure. He would
+fain have made a more dignified retreat. But before these men,
+fugitives and outlaws as they were, he felt, though he was Mayor of
+Carbaix, almost as small a man as did Michel Tellier. These were the
+men of the Revolution. They had bearded nobles and pulled down kings.
+There was Barbaroux, who had grappled with Marat; and Petion, the
+Mayor of the Bastille. The little Mayor of Carbaix knew greatness when
+he saw it. He turned tail, and hurried back to his fireside, his
+body-guard not a whit behind him.
+
+Five minutes later the men he feared and envied came out also, and
+went their way, passing in single file into the darkness which brooded
+over the great monolith; beginning, brave hearts, another of the few
+stages which still lay between them and the guillotine. Then in the
+cottage there remained only Michel and Jeanne. She sat by the dying
+embers, silent, and lost in thought. He leaned against the wall, his
+eyes roving ceaselessly, but always when his gaze met hers it fell.
+Barbaroux had conquered him. It was not until Jeanne had risen to
+close the door, and he was alone, that he wrung his hands, and
+muttered: "Five crowns! Five crowns gone and wasted!"
+
+
+
+
+"HUMAN DOCUMENTS."
+
+  Facing this pastel, in an opposite corner of the room, another
+  little thing full of sadness catches my eye, despite the deepening
+  twilight. It is a yellow-stained photograph hung on the wall in a
+  simple, wooden frame. It is the young Prince Imperial, who was
+  killed in Africa a dozen years ago, but is shown here as a mere
+  child in knee breeches. An odd, but touching, fancy it was of the
+  Empress Eugenie to place this souvenir of her son, the last of the
+  Napoleons, in the very room where that other one was born, the
+  giant who shook the earth....
+
+  How strange and startling it will be a century or two hence
+  for our descendants to turn over the photographs of their
+  ancestors!... The portraits left by our forefathers, expressive
+  though they may be, whether painted or engraved, can never
+  produce in us an impression equally vivid; but photographs are
+  the very reflections of living beings, fixing their precise
+  attitudes, their gestures, their most fleeting expressions.
+  What a curious thing it will be, what an awe-inspiring thing for
+  future generations to study our faces when we shall have fallen
+  into the dead past!...--A fragment from Loti's "Book of Pity
+  and of Death."
+
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.
+
+EDWARD EVERETT HALE, clergyman and author, born in Boston in 1822, was
+graduated at Harvard in 1839. While a clergyman, he is perhaps best
+known to the world as a philanthropist and an author. He has written
+short stories, novels, juvenile books, works of travel, essays,
+biography, and history, besides giving much time to his pastoral
+duties, to preaching, lecturing, and the organization of charities. He
+founded the magazine "Old and New," afterward merged in "Scribner's"
+(now "The Century"). Two of his short stories, "My Double, and How He
+Undid Me," and "The Man Without a Country," are classics.
+
+HENRI ADOLPHE STEPHAN OPPER, known to the world as M. DE BLOWITZ, born
+at Blowitz, Bohemia, on December 28, 1825, migrated to France in 1848,
+and became engaged as professor of the German language and literature
+at the Lycee of Tours. Here he remained till 1860, when he left to
+fill, successively, similar posts at Limoges, Poictiers, and
+Marseilles. He married the daughter of a paymaster of the French
+Marine. It was not till 1871 that he became a naturalized Frenchman,
+and, after the French defeat by the Germans, he was a confidant and
+emissary of both Gambetta and Thiers. His entrance into journalism was
+as the collaborateur of Lawrence Oliphant, the special correspondent
+of the "London Times" at Versailles. On Oliphant's retirement, M. de
+Blowitz was promoted by the editor of the "Times," to fill his place.
+The subsequent career of the great correspondent has been identified
+with some of the most striking episodes in modern politics and
+journalism.
+
+DANIEL VIERGE URRABIETA, born in Madrid, 1852, became a student of
+the Fine Arts Academy of Madrid in 1865. In 1869 he went to Paris
+and began his career of illustrator. In 1881 he was stricken by an
+attack of paralysis, which it was feared would be fatal. But for the
+last four or five years he has been growing steadily better in
+health, and has been able to resume his brilliant work. Although
+but little known to the public at large, he ranks among the most
+original and striking of modern artists, and is without doubt at the
+head of the illustrators.
+
+THOMAS ALVA EDISON, born at Alva, Ohio, February 11, 1847, had no
+schooling except the attrition of life. At the age of fifteen, having
+been taught telegraphy, he graduated from the life of a train newsboy
+into that of an operator, and, during several years of wandering,
+acquired extraordinary skill. The study of theory ran _aequo pede_ with
+executive work. He quickly invented the automatic repeater to transfer
+messages from one to another wire. It is needless to touch upon his
+further achievements which have made his name famous in the whole
+civilized world.
+
+
+EDWARD EVERETT HALE.
+
+[Illustration: FROM AN OLD DAGUERREOTYPE.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 37. 1859.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 39. 1861.]
+
+[Illustration: FROM AN UNDATED DAGUERREOTYPE TAKEN BEFORE 1855.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 43. 1865.]
+
+[Illustration: MR. HALE AND HIS CHILDREN IN 1869.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 48. 1870.]
+
+[Illustration: MR. HALE IN 1888.]
+
+
+M. DE BLOWITZ.
+
+[Illustration: 1866.]
+
+[Illustration: 1875. PARIS.]
+
+[Illustration: 1884. CONSTANTINOPLE. TAKEN IN THE COSTUME IN WHICH HE
+INTERVIEWED THE SULTAN.]
+
+[Illustration: M. DE BLOWITZ AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+DANIEL VIERGE URRABIETA.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 13. 1865.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 17. 1869. MADRID.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 19. 1871. PARIS.]
+
+[Illustration: VIERGE IN 1890.]
+
+
+THOMAS ALVA EDISON.
+
+[Illustration: AGE 3. 1850.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 13. 1860.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 31. 1878. EDISON AND THE FIRST PHONOGRAPH.]
+
+[Illustration: AGE 44. 1891. EDISON AND THE IMPROVED PHONOGRAPH.]
+
+[Illustration: EDISON AT THE PRESENT DAY.]
+
+
+
+
+WILD BEASTS.
+
+HOW THEY ARE TRANSPORTED AND TRAINED.
+
+BY RAYMOND BLATHWAYT.
+
+
+Few of those people who go to a menagerie realize what an immense
+undertaking it is to transport wild beasts from the land of their
+birth and of their freedom to the land of their imprisonment, and, too
+frequently, of their death. I will ask my readers to picture for
+themselves an African desert blazing beneath a burning sun. Across the
+weary waste of sand a long column of men and animals is wending its
+slow way. As it draws nearer we see that it is a caravan of wild
+animals on their way from the interior to the seaboard. And as it
+passes us, the vast mass of living creatures, as in a chemical
+process, slowly dissolves itself into distinct particles and
+individualities. Let us regard them carefully. In the first place we
+notice a procession of fourteen stately giraffes, then come five
+elephants, a huge rhinoceros, four wild buffaloes bellowing sadly
+after the mates they have forever left behind. Then there go lumbering
+by a number of enormous carts or wagons, in which are safely confined
+thirty hyenas, five leopards, six lions, two chetahs, sixteen
+antelopes, two lynxes, one serval, one wardbob, twenty smaller
+carnivorous animals, four African ant-eaters, and forty-five monkeys.
+And then there come slowly prancing by, wary, restless, cunning,
+twenty-six ostriches. There are twenty boxes of birds, from which
+sounds of shrill screaming are constantly proceeding. There are
+upwards of a hundred Abyssinian goats scattered here and there in the
+procession. These are to give milk for the young animals, and to serve
+as food and meat for the old. The caravan is on its way through the
+desert to Suakim, which is the first shipping place for Europe. There
+are no less than a hundred and twenty camels in it, which are
+required to carry the food for this caravan, and there are upwards of
+a hundred and sixty drivers in the procession. It takes the caravans
+upwards of thirty-six days to cover the distance which lies between
+Cassala in the interior of Nubia and the port of Suakim, for which
+they are bound. The same journey is usually performed by quick post
+camels in twelve days.
+
+This is the exact account of a caravan which Karl Hagenbeck told me he
+brought across the desert in the year 1870. "It is tremendously
+anxious work," said he, "the transportation of these animals across
+sea and land. The amount of water which we have to carry with us in
+goats' hides upon camels' backs is prodigious, for nothing would be
+more awful than to run short of water in the middle of the desert, and
+to be surrounded by a number of wild beasts, maddened with heat and
+unquenchable thirst. The principal food for the young elephants and
+rhinoceroses on the way home is a fruit called nabeck, that is, a kind
+of cherry of which they are very fond. Giraffes and antelopes and
+ostriches are provided with the doura corn that grows in the interior.
+All these bigger animals walk, and as they jog along my people feed
+them occasionally with hard ship biscuit, which appears to sustain
+them well through the journey. At four o'clock every morning the
+caravan strikes its tents and begins its march. They go plodding along
+till ten o'clock, when the day becomes too hot for further progress."
+
+[Illustration: KARL HAGENBECK.]
+
+"But do the animals never attempt to escape?" said I.
+
+"Well, not often," replied Karl Hagenbeck; "but," he added, with a
+hearty laugh of recollection, "I remember that once, in that very year
+1870, of which I have just been telling you, the whole of the
+ostriches, twenty-six in number, ran away just as we were getting them
+into the railway station at Suakim. Away they went, heading straight
+for the desert. I never was in such a dreadful fix in my life. At last
+it struck me that it would be a good plan to drive all the goats and
+camels towards them; we did so, and, when the ostriches saw them
+advancing, they formed themselves into a flock, and we drove the whole
+lot into the station. The birds were caught one by one and put into
+the cars. That was the last transport, by-the-by, that poor Casanova
+ever brought over. Indeed, he died at Alexandria in the very midst of
+the whole business, and we buried him on the evening of his death. It
+was a dreadful time, and everything appeared to be against us, for at
+the very moment of his death, just as we were getting the animals on
+board ship, a fearful earthquake shook the whole land. I thought there
+was something about to happen, for the animals were very uneasy, the
+birds were twittering, the monkeys were chattering and trembling, the
+lions were roaring constantly, the elephants were deafening with their
+long trumpetings. Suddenly I felt the steamer quivering from stem to
+stern. The sea was tossing, the sun was hidden behind a thick yellow
+mist. I looked toward the land where the minarets were toppling down,
+and where the greatest horror and confusion appeared to prevail, and
+all the while poor Casanova lay dead or dying below. I shall never
+forget that awful morning.
+
+"We had had the greatest possible difficulty just before, too, for at
+Suakim the railway people had told us that we had too many wagons, and
+that they would not transport us any farther. However, I soon settled
+that by going up to the directors of the railway and demanding from
+them an express train immediately; 'for,' said I, 'these animals are
+for the Emperor of Austria,' and to prove this I showed them a great
+document sealed by the emperor himself."
+
+
+ADVENTURES WITH ESCAPED ANIMALS.
+
+"On another occasion I was journeying through Suez with a giraffe
+which for five months had been living in the German Consul's garden. I
+was leading it to the station when it suddenly took fright and ran
+away. For four long, weary miles I hung on to the wretched beast, but
+at last I was obliged to drop the rope and let it go. A smart little
+Nubian boy then took up the chase; he got hold of the rope and
+eventually tied it round a tree, and after a while we led the animal
+quietly back to the station.
+
+"But one of the most alarming adventures that ever overtook me whilst
+I was transporting animals was that which occurred once when twelve
+elephants broke away from me and rushed through the streets of Vienna.
+The whole twelve had been deposited in a _depot_, where they had to
+rest for two days. I was taking six of the elephants to lead them to
+the station, and when my back was turned and I was engaged with these
+six elephants, the other six stealthily and quietly pulled up the iron
+rings by which they were fastened to the ground, trumpeted loudly,
+and, before I knew what had happened, the twelve animals were rushing
+through the streets of Vienna. At last, after a long chase, I caught
+the biggest elephant, and led it to the station, the others following
+quietly enough. But my troubles were not over yet, for I hardly got
+the first four into a railway van when the others began to howl. The
+four elephants in the train plunged and kicked about, and at last they
+broke their ropes and ran out of the van, followed by all the others,
+and into the open streets. Then began another hunt up the big
+fashionable streets, down little courts and alleys, once after one
+which ran into a big shop, all over a big park, and this went on for
+three hours, until, at last, greatly to my relief, I got them safely
+into the station and packed into the vans for their journey."
+
+
+WILD ANIMALS ABOARD SHIP.
+
+"Perhaps the most difficult part of transportation, notwithstanding
+all the adventures I have had on land, is the getting the big animals
+on board ship. Take elephants for instance. They are placed in barges
+and then they are slung up in big slings on to the steamer. This is
+very difficult and very anxious work, for very often they are killed
+by the breaking of their necks or their legs. And then again, once
+they are on board ship, it is very difficult to bring elephants alive
+to Europe. They suffer dreadfully from sea-sickness, and cannot eat.
+Some of them are put between decks, and some of them have stables
+fitted up for them on deck.
+
+"I remember once that Casanova left Africa with a cargo of forty
+elephants, thirteen only of which reached Trieste alive, and only
+twelve came here to me in Hamburg. On one occasion, in 1881 I think it
+was, I was bringing over a large cargo of forty-two ostriches from
+the Somali country. We were going through the Red Sea, when suddenly a
+violent storm broke upon us. It was pitch dark on deck, but I went
+below to look at my birds, and by the dim light of the lantern, and
+the flash of lightning that every now and again lit up the whole of
+the ship, I saw that the poor creatures were swaying to and fro, and
+that they were in the greatest possible discomfort. That night more
+than thirty of them broke their legs, and the next day we had to throw
+their bodies into the sea, and out of the forty-two I brought only
+nine home to Europe. But perhaps one of the most dangerous adventures
+that I ever had in transporting wild beasts was in 1871. I was taking
+a rhinoceros from the East India Docks to the Zoological Gardens in
+London. To do this I had to take it and lead it through the docks on a
+flat trolly. At last we got the beast hoisted on a wagon, and fastened
+by all four legs. Suddenly an engine drove by. The animal became
+hideously frightened, his eyes rolled white, then red. He then planted
+his horn under the seat upon which the man who was driving the wagon
+was seated. Away went the man, away went the seat, clean over the
+three horses. They in their turn became dreadfully frightened, too,
+and bolted. I hit the beast as hard as ever I could with a rope. We
+managed to tie another rope round his neck and fastened it down, and
+at last we got him safely down the Commercial Road, and then settled
+in some stables. I had a big box made for him, and at last conveyed
+him safely to his destination; but I wouldn't go through that
+experience again for a million of money.
+
+"I was once bringing home a full-grown alligator," continued Mr.
+Hagenbeck, smiling at the thought of the adventure of which he was
+about to tell me, "and I was travelling on a passenger ship. One
+morning a most amusing incident occurred, but one which all the same
+might have been attended with serious consequences. I had paid my
+usual morning visit to my travelling companion, and had seen to his
+supply of food and water, and having assured myself that he was quite
+comfortable and well looked after, I retired to my cabin to lie down,
+the day being very hot. Suddenly I heard a great tramping overhead and
+the screaming of women and children. I could not think what was the
+matter, so I ran up on deck; as I went I passed a number of people
+rushing down the companion way. The male passengers were on the
+captain's deck; the sailors were climbing the rigging as fast as they
+could. The deck was perfectly clear. In the midst of the empty deck
+stood my alligator, the innocent cause of this sudden commotion, with
+gently smiling jaws, looking wonderingly on. After a good long time
+and much difficulty I got the beast into his own habitation."
+
+
+TRAINING OF WILD BEASTS.
+
+It is told of the mad King of Bavaria, that he used frequently to
+command great theatrical entertainments at which he himself was the
+only spectator. A similar experience befell myself when I was visiting
+Hamburg. For Mr. Karl Hagenbeck, at my special request, and with
+great good nature, gave two full performances in my honor, at which,
+like the mad Bavarian monarch, I was the only spectator. In the first
+performance only very young animals took part, but as they had been
+working since last January year, they were pretty well up to all the
+little tricks they had been taught. My readers will imagine a great
+circle carefully railed off from the outside world by iron bars. Round
+this circle, upon a number of little stands, sat the performing
+animals, waiting to take their respective "turns," as they say in the
+music halls; in the midst of the circle sat myself, with a beautiful
+little baby lion on my knee, which amused itself by playing with my
+watch chain and handkerchief. Two little tigers which got tired of
+sitting still suddenly jumped down from their perches and ran up to
+play with me and the baby lion. A young lion on another perch yawned
+so loud that we all, animals and men, looked up to see what was the
+matter. Mr. Hagenbeck walked round the circle, stroking the animals,
+most of which affectionately kissed him as he passed.
+
+
+YOUNG ANIMALS AT SCHOOL.
+
+At this moment Mr. Mellermann, who is one of the finest wild beast
+trainers in the world, entered the circle with his whip in his hand,
+which, as he entered, he cracked smartly, causing the animals to
+spring sharply to attention upon their little seats. Karl Hagenbeck
+introduced me to Mr. Mellermann, who is indeed his own brother-in-law
+as well as being his trainer.
+
+"What is your rule of training, Mr. Mellermann?" said I.
+
+"Kindness and coolness and firmness," he replied, "as you will see in
+this performance. Come on, pussies," he continued, "show this
+gentleman how you can run round the circle."
+
+The pussies, as he called them, fairly big tigers as I should have
+considered them, unwillingly crept off their seats, growling not a
+little. Mr. Mellermann cracked his whip smartly, but did not hit
+them. The animals then began to run very prettily round and round the
+circle. So well did they do their little tricks that Mr. Mellermann
+said: "Now you shall have some sugar, you have been very good." He
+placed in my hand a few lumps of sugar which I myself gave to them,
+greatly to their pleasure. Then a pyramid was formed by some young
+tigers, some lions, a couple of ponies, and four young goats. The
+pyramid itself consisted of a small double ladder upon the steps of
+which the animals somewhat nervously took their places, and upon which
+they stood gazing quietly down upon us, until they were told that they
+might go back to their places. After a while, when school was over,
+the goats and ponies left the arena, and then the door of a big cage,
+which gave upon the circle, was thrown wide open. It was pretty to see
+the little lions and tigers running home, for all the world like an
+infant school dismissed to play. The pretty creatures gambolled about
+for a short while in their cage, and then lay down to rest.
+
+
+A WONDERFUL PERFORMANCE.
+
+"And now," said Mr. Hagenbeck, "the older animals are coming in to do
+their performance."
+
+Several attendants entered the building as he spoke; for to handle a
+large number of fully grown wild animals is no light matter. The first
+animals to come rushing into the arena were a number of huge German
+boar-hounds--great affectionate beasts they were, too. I patted one of
+them as he passed me, and he reared himself on his hind legs, threw
+his forepaws round my neck, and delightedly covered my face with
+kisses. Each boar-hound on entering the circle went to his own
+allotted place with all the sense of a human being. A few moments
+afterwards a door was thrown open, and in walked the lions and tigers.
+Splendid big beasts these last were. Some looked very good-tempered,
+although it is to be acknowledged that one tiger had evidently got out
+of bed the wrong side, whilst a lion that had arrived comparatively
+recently from Nubia evinced now and again a strong disposition to
+rebel against the novel circumstances in which he found himself
+placed. Three bears then walked in--a polar bear, a sloth bear, and a
+black bear, the latter causing much amusement by quietly entering on
+its hind legs. Then came a couple of elephants, a camel, four ponies,
+several goats, and last of all a big, sleepy sheep, which seemed to be
+on particularly intimate terms with one of the lions.
+
+One of the most remarkable things that I noticed in Karl Hagenbeck's
+menagerie is the marvellous unity and loving-kindness which is brought
+to pass amongst his animals. They are fondling and playing with each
+other the whole day long. Like the younger animals, they took their
+seats upon the rickety pedestals which are provided for them. It was a
+wonder to me how such huge beasts were able to balance themselves so
+easily and comfortably as they did upon such small and slender
+supports. One of them, however, came to grief in a most amusing
+manner. The human beings were standing talking together in the middle
+of the circle, when suddenly a loud crash and an indignant howl was
+heard. We all turned to see what was the matter, as did also the wild
+beasts themselves; one of the lions had suddenly tumbled down off his
+perch, or rather the perch had fallen with him, and there he lay, more
+startled than hurt, wondering what on earth had happened. It was
+partly his own fault, poor dear fellow, for he had fallen asleep
+whilst waiting for the performance to begin, and so lost his balance.
+But his look of indignant surprise was so ludicrously human that none
+of us could help laughing. However, both he and his pedestal were
+speedily reinstated in their former position, and a lump of sugar soon
+restored him to his usual tranquillity of spirit.
+
+"And will the animals be arranged round the Chicago circus like this,
+Mr. Hagenbeck?" said I.
+
+"Everything will be exactly as you see it to-day," he replied.
+"Perhaps, if anything, on a bigger scale."
+
+At this moment the band struck up a stirring tune, on hearing which
+the animals delightedly pricked their ears, and all became life and
+animation at once!
+
+"My animals love music," said Mr. Hagenbeck, "and they perform twice
+as well with a band as they do without."
+
+The first thing that took place was the riding round the circus on a
+pony by a full-grown lion. Round and round they went. The pony
+spiritedly enough; the lion, it must be confessed, looking, as wild
+beasts generally do when engaged in such performances, rather a fool.
+
+"The ponies and dogs were at first dreadfully afraid of the lions and
+tigers," explained Mr. Hagenbeck, "but they soon got over it. These
+two animals were the rage of all Paris when I was performing there a
+year or two ago. Four ponies refused altogether, but at last we
+managed to persuade this one to accomplish the trick."
+
+"Has your brother-in-law never been hurt by any of these animals?"
+
+"Only once," said he, "when he tried to separate a dog and a tiger
+which were fighting, and the dog bit him. The dogs are frequently very
+plucky, and sometimes attack the lions."
+
+The next feature in the programme was that a tiger should ride round
+the circus on a tricycle. A man rolled in the tricycle, the tiger was
+called by name to come down from his perch, which he did slowly and
+unwillingly enough. "For," said Mr. Hagenbeck, "he always hates this
+ride of his." Then the tiger sullenly mounted the tricycle exactly as
+is shown in the picture, growling frequently the whole time; two of
+the boar-hounds walked behind as footmen, the band struck up a slow
+tune, the tiger set the tricycle in motion, and slowly and solemnly
+enough the little procession passed round the circus. "Now," said the
+chief trainer, "I'll show you how a tiger can roll a ball along,
+standing upon it the whole time." Some trestles were brought in,
+placed at equal distances from each other, and a long plank was laid
+across them, and then there was placed upon it a huge wooden ball.
+"Come on, Caesar," cried Mr. Mellermann, "it's your turn now." To our
+surprise a beautiful lion jumped down from his pedestal and ran gayly
+up to Mr. Mellermann. "No, no, no, you dear old stupid," said the
+trainer, leading him back to his perch; "I want Caesar, not you." But
+all our persuasion couldn't get Caesar the tiger to come down, so Mr.
+Mellermann went boldly up to him and gently flicked him with his whip.
+Caesar got slowly down, snarling and growling the whole time. "Come on,
+then, there's a good fellow," said Mr. Mellermann, and after a while
+Caesar was persuaded to balance himself on the ball which he rolled
+slowly along the plank. Having done it once or twice forwards and
+backwards, he was allowed to return to his seat, which he did with
+great joy and satisfaction. Mr. Mellermann then went up to him, told
+him he had been a good fellow, and gave him a special bit of meat all
+to himself. "I always do that," said he, coming back to where I was
+standing, "when an animal has shown any unwillingness to perform his
+tricks, for there is nothing that encourages them like kindness."
+
+"Which animals show the most intelligence?" said I.
+
+"Well," replied Mr. Mellermann, "I don't think there is much
+difference between them. Lions and tigers, males and females, are
+equally clever; and," continued Mr. Mellermann, "I think it is all
+rubbish to say that tigers are not as affectionate or as easily tamed
+as lions. Why, look here," he continued, going up to a splendid Royal
+Bengal tiger which greeted him with a most extravagant affection as he
+threw his arms round the creature's neck and drew the great head down
+on a level with his own, "you couldn't get a more affectionate beast
+than this is, I am sure."
+
+On this particular morning the animals seemed to be a little flighty,
+which Karl Hagenbeck explained to me was owing to the fact that the
+young animals were so close by, and the old ones wanted to play with
+them. Next, one of the bears was led forth to walk on the tight rope,
+this appliance really being a long narrow plank. Very cleverly he
+balanced himself on his hind legs, and walked, first forwards and then
+backwards, with wonderful skill and ease. The trainer walked beside
+him, encouraging him now and again with the words, "Steady, John,
+steady," treating him, indeed, exactly as he would treat a boy at
+school. In the middle of his performance a loud snarling and growling
+was suddenly heard; a tiger and a leopard had begun quarrelling, and,
+as the leopard had been behaving very badly the whole morning, and
+distracting the attention of the school, he was sent back to his den
+in disgrace. Meanwhile the bear retired to his pedestal and sat down
+upon it with a graceful and self-satisfied air. "That bear very much
+pleased the Emperor of Austria and the King of Bavaria when they came
+here some years ago," said Mr. Hagenbeck, and then he took a beautiful
+silver cigar-case out of his pocket, from which he offered me a very
+fine weed. This cigar-case, he told me, had been given him on that
+memorable occasion by the King of Bavaria himself.
+
+Then a see-saw was constructed in the middle of the circus, upon one
+end of which stood a lion, and upon the other end of which stood a
+tiger. A bear standing in the middle preserved the peace between them.
+Two leopards stood on guard on either side, and then the bear set the
+see-saw in motion by walking alternately from one side to the other.
+
+Then took place a curious and amusing performance. Four lions and
+tigers were arranged in a row at an equal distance from one another.
+Some of the German boar-hounds were let loose, and one after another
+they gayly started a game of leap-frog with the wild beasts, who
+seemed to enjoy it to the full as much as they did. After they had
+finished their performance, some enormous double ladders were brought
+in. The great Polar bear was persuaded to take his place at the very
+top; next to him on either side, on the next rung of the ladder, was a
+beautiful boar-hound; then came two royal Bengal tigers, and then a
+couple of the finest lions I ever saw. Round about the base of the
+pyramid were grouped, in picturesque profusion, lions, tigers,
+leopards, and dogs. There they stood perfectly still, and uttering not
+a single sound, until, very suddenly, Mr. Mellermann cracked his
+whip, when the animals joyfully quitted their strained positions and
+retired to their seats. "Ah!" said Mr. Hagenbeck, as he turned to me,
+"no living human being can imagine what it means to get those animals
+to do that. It makes a man old and sick and nervous before his time.
+I'll never do it again after the Chicago Exhibition. Life is too short
+for such a strain. I wouldn't take any money for those animals now
+that they are trained, although I was offered only the other day
+upwards of sixty thousand dollars for them."
+
+And now came the _piece de resistance_ of the whole affair. A large
+Roman chariot was rolled into the circus; two huge tigers were led
+forth, and, growling much, they were harnessed to it; and then there
+was ushered into the chariot, with no little state, a noble and
+stately lion. A robe of royal crimson was fastened round his neck, a
+gleaming crown was placed upon his head, the reins were thrown upon
+his shoulders, two boar-hounds took their position as footmen in the
+rear of the chariot, Mr. Mellermann cracked his whip, and the royal
+chariot drawn by the tigers rolled solemnly round the circus. After
+this a curious thing occurred. The entertainment was at an end, the
+band quitted the building, and the animals were allowed to play about,
+all jumbled up together. They seemed perfectly happy, gambolling with
+pure pleasure round Mr. Mellermann and his assistants, between whom
+and the animals the strongest affection most evidently exists. After
+they had played about for a few minutes, the order was given that they
+should retire to their cells, which they did by devious ways and
+by-paths, the last glimpse I caught of them being that of a tiger
+playfully sparring with a tawny African lion.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN HORSELEIGH, KNYGHT
+
+BY THOMAS HARDY.
+
+Illustrated by Mr. Harry C. Edwards.
+
+
+In the earliest and mustiest volume of the Havenpool marriage
+registers (said the thin-faced gentleman) this entry may still be read
+by anyone curious enough to decipher the crabbed handwriting of the
+date. I took a copy of it when I was last there; and it runs thus (he
+had opened his pocket-book, and now read aloud the extract; afterwards
+handing round the book to us, wherein we saw transcribed the
+following):
+
+  Mast^r John Horseleigh, Knyght, of the p'ysshe of Clyffton was
+  maryd to Edith the wyffe late off John Stocker, m'chawnte of
+  Havenpool the xiiij daie of December be p'vylegge gevyn by our
+  sup'me hedd of the chyrche of Ingelonde Kynge Henry the viii^th
+  1539.
+
+Now, if you turn to the long and elaborate pedigree of the ancient
+family of the Horseleighs of Clyfton Horseleigh, you will find no
+mention whatever of this alliance, notwithstanding the privilege given
+by the sovereign and head of the Church; the said Sir John being
+therein chronicled as marrying, at a date apparently earlier than the
+above, the daughter and heiress of Richard Phelipson of Montislope, in
+Nether Wessex, a lady who outlived him, of which marriage there were
+issue two daughters and a son, who succeeded him in his estates. How
+are we to account for these, as it would seem, contemporaneous wives?
+A strange local tradition only can help us, and this can be briefly
+told.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One evening in the autumn of the year 1540 or 1541, a young sailor,
+whose Christian name was Roger, but whose surname is not known, landed
+at his native place of Havenpool, on the South Wessex coast, after a
+voyage in the Newfoundland trade, then newly sprung into existence. He
+returned in the ship "Primrose" with a cargo of "trayne oyle brought
+home from the New Founde Lande," to quote from the town records of the
+date. During his absence of two summers and a winter, which made up
+the term of a Newfoundland "spell," many unlooked-for changes had
+occurred within the quiet little seaport, some of which closely
+affected Roger the sailor. At the time of his departure his only
+sister Edith had become the bride of one Stocker, a respectable
+townsman, and part owner of the brig in which Roger had sailed; and it
+was to the house of this couple, his only relatives, that the young
+man directed his steps. On trying the door in Quay Street he found it
+locked, and then observed that the windows were boarded up. Inquiring
+of a bystander, he learned for the first time of the death of his
+brother-in-law, though that event had taken place nearly eighteen
+months before.
+
+"And my sister Edith?" asked Roger.
+
+"She's married again--as they do say, and hath been so these twelve
+months. I don't vouch for the truth o't, though if she isn't she ought
+to be."
+
+Roger's face grew dark. He was a man with a considerable reserve of
+strong passion, and he asked his informant what he meant by speaking
+thus.
+
+The man explained that shortly after the young woman's bereavement a
+stranger had come to the port. He had seen her moping on the quay, had
+been attracted by her youth and loneliness, and in an extraordinarily
+brief wooing had completely fascinated her--had carried her off, and,
+as was reported, had married her. Though he had come by water, he was
+supposed to live no very great distance off by land. They were last
+heard of at Oozewood, in Upper Wessex, at the house of one Wall, a
+timber-merchant, where, he believed, she still had a lodging, though
+her husband, if he were lawfully that much, was but an occasional
+visitor to the place.
+
+"The stranger?" asked Roger. "Did you see him? What manner of man was
+he?"
+
+"I liked him not," said the other. "He seemed of that kind that hath
+something to conceal, and as he walked with her he ever and anon
+turned his head and gazed behind him, as if he much feared an
+unwelcome pursuer. But, faith," continued he, "it may have been the
+man's anxiety only. Yet did I not like him."
+
+"Was he older than my sister?" Roger asked.
+
+"Ay, much older; from a dozen to a score of years older. A man of some
+position, may be, playing an amorous game for the pleasure of the
+hour. Who knoweth but that he have a wife already? Many have done the
+thing hereabouts of late."
+
+Having paid a visit to the graves of his relatives, the sailor next
+day went along the straight road which, then a lane, now a highway,
+conducted to the curious little inland town named by the Havenpool
+man. It is unnecessary to describe Oozewood on the South-Avon. It has
+a railway at the present day, but thirty years of steam traffic past
+its precincts have hardly modified its original features. Surrounded
+by a sort of fresh-water lagoon, dividing it from meadows and coppice,
+its ancient thatch and timber houses have barely made way even in the
+front street for the ubiquitous modern brick and slate. It neither
+increases nor diminishes in size; it is difficult to say what the
+inhabitants find to do, for, though trades in wood-ware are still
+carried on, there cannot be enough of this class of work now-a-days to
+maintain all the house-holders, the forests around having been so
+greatly thinned and curtailed. At the time of this tradition the
+forests were dense, artificers in wood abounded, and the timber trade
+was brisk. Every house in the town, without exception, was of oak
+framework, filled in with plaster, and covered with thatch, the
+chimney being the only brick portion of the structure. Inquiry soon
+brought Roger the sailor to the door of Wall, the timber-dealer
+referred to, but it was some time before he was able to gain admission
+to the lodging of his sister, the people having plainly received
+directions not to welcome strangers.
+
+She was sitting in an upper room, on one of the lath-backed,
+willow-bottomed "shepherd's" chairs, made on the spot then as to this
+day, and as they were probably made there in the days of the
+Heptarchy. In her lap was an infant, which she had been suckling,
+though now it had fallen asleep; so had the young mother herself for a
+few minutes, under the drowsing effects of solitude. Hearing footsteps
+on the stairs, she awoke, started up with a glad cry, and ran to the
+door, opening which she met her brother on the threshold.
+
+"Oh, this is merry! I didn't expect 'ee!" she said. "Ah, Roger--I
+thought it was John." Her tones fell to disappointment.
+
+The sailor kissed her, looked at her sternly for a few moments, and
+pointing to the infant, said: "You mean the father of this?"
+
+"Yes, my husband," said Edith.
+
+"I hope so," he answered.
+
+"Why, Roger, I'm married--of a truth am I!" she cried.
+
+"Shame upon 'ee, if true! If not true, worse. Master Stocker was an
+honest man, and ye should have respected his memory longer. Where is
+thy husband?"
+
+"He comes often. I thought it was he now. Our marriage has to be kept
+secret for a while; it was done privily for certain reasons, but we
+were married at church like honest folk--afore God we were, Roger--six
+months after poor Stocker's death."
+
+"'Twas too soon," said Roger.
+
+"I was living in a house alone; I had nowhere to go to. You were far
+over sea in the New Found Land, and John took me and brought me
+here."
+
+"How often doth he come?" says Roger again.
+
+"Once or twice weekly," says she.
+
+"I wish th' 'dst waited till I returned, dear Edy," he said. "It mid
+be you are a wife--I hope so. But, if so, why this mystery? Why this
+mean and cramped lodging in this lonely copse-circled town? Of what
+standing is your husband, and of where?"
+
+"He is of gentle breeding; his name is John. I am not free to tell his
+family name. He is said to be of London, for safety' sake; but he
+really lives in the county next adjoining this."
+
+"Where in the next county?"
+
+"I do not know. He has preferred not to tell me, that I may not have
+the secret forced from me, to his and my hurt, by bringing the
+marriage to the ears of his kinsfolk and friends."
+
+Her brother's face flushed. "Our people have been honest townsmen,
+well-reputed for long; why should you readily take such humbling from
+a sojourner of whom th' 'st know nothing?"
+
+They remained in constrained converse till her quick ear caught a
+sound, for which she might have been waiting--a horse's footfall. "It
+is John!" said she. "This is his night--Saturday."
+
+"Don't be frightened lest he should find me here," said Roger. "I am
+on the point of leaving. I wish not to be a third party. Say nothing
+at all about my visit, if it will incommode you so to do. I will see
+thee before I go afloat again."
+
+Speaking thus he left the room, and descending the staircase let
+himself out by the front door, thinking he might obtain a glimpse of
+the approaching horseman. But that traveller had in the meantime gone
+stealthily round to the back of the homestead, and peering along the
+pinion-end of the house Roger discerned him unbridling and haltering
+his horse with his own hands in the shed there.
+
+Roger retired to the neighboring inn called the Black Lamb, and
+meditated. This mysterious method of approach determined him, after
+all, not to leave the place till he had ascertained more definite
+facts of his sister's position--whether she were the deluded victim of
+the stranger or the wife she obviously believed herself to be. Having
+eaten some supper, he left the inn, it being now about eleven o'clock.
+He first looked into the shed, and, finding the horse still standing
+there, waited irresolutely near the door of his sister's lodging. Half
+an hour elapsed, and, while thinking he would climb into a loft hard
+by for a night's rest, there seemed to be a movement within the
+shutters of the sitting-room that his sister occupied. Roger hid
+himself behind a fagot-stack near the back door, rightly divining that
+his sister's visitor would emerge by the way he had entered. The door
+opened, and the candle she held in her hand lighted for a moment the
+stranger's form, showing it to be that of a tall and handsome
+personage, about forty years of age, and apparently of a superior
+position in life. Edith was assisting him to cloak himself, which
+being done he took leave of her with a kiss and left the house. From
+the door she watched him bridle and saddle his horse, and having
+mounted and waved an adieu to her as she stood, candle in hand, he
+turned out of the yard and rode away.
+
+The horse which bore him was, or seemed to be, a little lame, and
+Roger fancied from this that the rider's journey was not likely to be
+a long one. Being light of foot he followed apace, having no great
+difficulty on such a still night in keeping within earshot some few
+miles, the horseman pausing more than once. In this pursuit Roger
+discovered the rider to choose bridle-tracks and open commons in
+preference to any high road. The distance soon began to prove a more
+trying one than he had bargained for; and when out of breath and in
+some despair of being able to ascertain the man's identity, he
+perceived an ass standing in the star-light under a hayrick, from
+which the animal was helping itself to periodic mouthfuls.
+
+The story goes that Roger caught the ass, mounted, and again resumed
+the trail of the unconscious horseman, which feat may have been
+possible to a nautical young fellow, though one can hardly understand
+how a sailor would ride such an animal without bridle or saddle,
+and strange to his hands, unless the creature was extraordinarily
+docile. This question, however, is immaterial. Suffice it to say,
+that at dawn the following morning Roger beheld his sister's lover or
+husband entering the gates of a large and well-timbered park on the
+south-western verge of the White Hart Forest (as it was then
+called), now known to everybody as the Vale of Blackmoor. Thereupon
+the sailor discarded his steed, and finding for himself an obscurer
+entrance to the same park a little farther on, he crossed the grass
+to reconnoitre.
+
+He presently perceived amid the trees before him a mansion which, new
+to himself, was one of the best known in the county at that time. Of
+this fine manorial residence hardly a trace now remains; but a
+manuscript, dated some years later than the events we are regarding,
+describes it in terms from which the imagination may construct a
+singularly clear and vivid picture. This record presents it as
+consisting of "a faire yellow freestone building, partly two and
+partly three storeys; a faire halle and parlour, both waynscotted; a
+faire dyning roome and withdrawing roome, and many good lodgings; a
+kitchen adjoyninge backwarde to one end of the dwelling-house, with a
+faire passage from it into the halle, parlour, and dyninge roome, and
+sellars adjoyninge.
+
+"In the front of the house a square greene court, and a curious
+gatehouse with lodgings in it, standing with the front of the house to
+the south; in a large outer court three stables, a coach-house, a
+large barne, and a stable for oxen and kyne, and all houses
+necessary.
+
+"Without the gatehouse, paled in, a large square greene, in which
+standeth a faire chappell; of the south-east side of the greene court,
+towards the river, a large garden.
+
+"Of the south-west side of the greene court is a large bowling greene,
+with fower mounted walks about it, all walled about with a batteled
+wall, and sett with all sorts of fruit; and out of it into the feildes
+there are large walks under many tall elmes orderly planted."
+
+Then follows a description of the orchards and gardens; the servants'
+offices, brewhouse, bakehouse, dairy, pigeon-houses, and corn-mill;
+the river and its abundance of fish; the warren, the coppices, the
+walks; ending thus--
+
+"And all the country north of the house, open champaign, sandy
+feildes, very dry and pleasant for all kindes of recreation, huntinge,
+and hawkinge, and profitable for tillage.... The house hath a large
+prospect east, south, and west, over a very large and pleasant vale
+... is seated from the good markett towns of Sherton Abbas three
+miles, and Ivel a mile, that plentifully yield all manner of
+provision; and within twelve miles of the south sea."
+
+It was on the grass before this seductive and picturesque structure
+that the sailor stood at gaze under the elms in the dim dawn of Sunday
+morning, and saw to his surprise his sister's lover and horse vanish
+within the court of the building.
+
+Perplexed and weary, Roger slowly retreated, more than ever convinced
+that something was wrong in his sister's position. He crossed the
+bowling green to the avenue of elms, and, bent on further research,
+was about to climb into one of these, when, looking below, he saw a
+hole large enough to allow a man to creep to the hollow interior. Here
+Roger ensconced himself, and having eaten a crust of bread which he
+had hastily thrust into his pocket at the inn, he fell asleep upon the
+stratum of broken touchwood that formed the floor of the hollow.
+
+He slept soundly and long, and was awakened by the sound of a bell. On
+peering from the hole he found the time had advanced to full day; the
+sun was shining brightly. The bell was that of the "faire chappell"
+on the green outside the gatehouse, and it was calling to matins.
+Presently the priest crossed the green to a little side-door in the
+chancel, and then from the gateway of the mansion emerged the
+household, the tall man whom Roger had seen with his sister on the
+previous night, on his arm being a portly dame, and, running beside
+the pair, two little girls and a boy. These all entered the chapel,
+and the bell having ceased and the environs become clear, the sailor
+crept out from his hiding.
+
+He sauntered towards the chapel, the opening words of the service
+being audible within. While standing by the porch he saw a belated
+servitor approaching from the kitchen-court to attend the service
+also. Roger carelessly accosted him, and asked, as an idle wanderer,
+the name of the family he had just seen cross over from the mansion.
+
+"Od zounds! if ye modden be a stranger here in very truth, goodman.
+That war Sir John and his dame, and his children Elizabeth, Mary, and
+John."
+
+"I be from foreign parts. Sir John what d'ye call'n?"
+
+"Master John Horseleigh, Knight, who had a'most as much lond by
+inheritance of his mother as a had by his father, and likewise some by
+his wife. Why, baint his arms dree goolden horses' heads, and idden
+his lady the daughter of Master Richard Phelipson of Montislope, in
+Nether Wessex, known to us all?"
+
+"It mid be so, and yet it mid not. However, th' 'lt miss thy prayers
+for such an honest knight's welfare, and I have to traipse seaward
+many miles."
+
+He went onward, and, as he walked, continued saying to himself, "Now
+to that poor wronged fool Edy. The fond thing! I thought it; 'twas too
+quick--she was ever amorous. What's to become of her? God wot! How be
+I going to face her with the news, and how be I to hold it from her?
+To bring this disgrace on my father's honored name, a double-tongued
+knave!" He turned and shook his fist at the chapel and all in it, and
+resumed his way.
+
+Perhaps it was owing to the perplexity of his mind that, instead of
+returning by the direct road towards his sister's obscure lodging in
+the next county, he followed the highway to Casterbridge, some fifteen
+miles off, where he remained drinking hard all that afternoon and
+evening, and where he lay that and two or three succeeding nights,
+wandering thence along the Anglebury road to some village that way,
+and lying the Friday night after at his native place of Havenpool. The
+sight of the familiar objects there seems to have stirred him anew to
+action, and the next morning he was observed pursuing the way to
+Oozewood that he had followed on the Saturday previous, reckoning, no
+doubt, that Saturday night would, as before, be a time for finding Sir
+John with his sister again.
+
+He delayed to reach the place till just before sunset. His sister was
+walking in the meadows at the foot of the garden, with a nursemaid who
+carried the baby, and she looked up pensively when he approached.
+Anxiety as to her position had already told upon her once rosy cheeks
+and lucid eyes. But concern for herself and child was displaced for
+the moment by her regard of Roger's worn and haggard face.
+
+"Why, you are sick, Roger! You are tired! Where have you been these
+many days? Why not keep me company a bit? My husband is much away. And
+we have hardly spoke at all of dear father and of your voyage to the
+New Land. Why did you go away so suddenly? There is a spare chamber at
+my lodging."
+
+"Come indoors," he said. "We'll talk now--talk a good deal. As for him
+(nodding to the child), better heave him into the river; better for
+him and you!"
+
+She forced a laugh, as if she tried to see a good joke in the remark,
+and they went silently indoors.
+
+"A miserable hole!" said Roger, looking around the room.
+
+"Nay, but 'tis very pretty!"
+
+"Not after what I've seen. Did he marry 'ee at church in orderly
+fashion?"
+
+"He did sure--at our church at Havenpool."
+
+"But in a privy way?"
+
+"Ay, because of his friends--it was at night time."
+
+"Ede, ye fond one, for all that he's not thy husband! Th' 'rt not his
+wife, and the child is a bastard. He hath a wife and children of his
+own rank, and bearing his name; and that's Sir John Horseleigh of
+Clyfton Horseleigh, and not plain Jack, as you think him, and your
+lawful husband. The sacrament of marriage is no safeguard now-a-days.
+The king's new-made headship of the Church hath led men to practise
+these tricks lightly."
+
+She had turned white. "That's not true, Roger!" she said. "You are in
+liquor, my brother, and you know not what you say. Your seafaring
+years have taught 'ee bad things."
+
+"Edith--I've seen them; wife and family--all. How canst----"
+
+They were sitting in the gathered darkness, and at that moment steps
+were heard without. "Go out this way," she said. "It is my husband. He
+must not see thee in this mood. Get away till to-morrow, Roger, as you
+care for me."
+
+She pushed her brother through a door leading to the back stairs, and
+almost as soon as it was closed her visitor entered. Roger, however,
+did not retreat down the stairs; he stood and looked through the
+bobbin-hole. If the visitor turned out to be Sir John, he had
+determined to confront him.
+
+It was the knight. She had struck a light on his entry, and he kissed
+the child, and took Edith tenderly by the shoulders, looking into her
+face.
+
+"Something's gone awry wi' my dear," he said. "What is it? What's the
+matter?"
+
+"Oh, Jack!" she cried. "I have heard such a fearsome rumor--what doth
+it mean? He who told me is my best friend. He must be deceived! But
+who deceived him, and why? Jack, I was just told that you had a wife
+living when you married me, and have her still!"
+
+"A wife? H'm."
+
+"Yes, and children. Say no, say no!"
+
+"My God! I have no lawful wife but you; and as for children, many or
+few, they are all bastards, save this one alone!"
+
+"And that you be Sir John Horseleigh of Clyfton?"
+
+"I mid be. I have never said so to 'ee."
+
+"But Sir John is known to have a lady, and issue of her!"
+
+The knight looked down. "How did thy mind get filled with such as
+this?" he asked.
+
+"One of my kindred came."
+
+"A traitor! Why should he mar our life? Ah! you said you had a brother
+at sea--where is he now?"
+
+"_Here!_" said a stern voice behind him. And, flinging open the door,
+Roger faced the intruder. "Liar," he said, "to call thyself her
+husband!"
+
+Sir John fired up, and made a rush at the sailor, who seized him by
+the collar, and in the wrestle they both fell, Roger under. But in a
+few seconds he contrived to extricate his right arm, and drawing from
+his belt a knife which he wore attached to a cord round his neck, he
+opened it with his teeth, and struck it into the breast of Sir John
+stretched above him. Edith had during these moments run into the next
+room to place the child in safety, and when she came back the knight
+was relaxing his hold on Roger's throat. He rolled over upon his back
+and groaned.
+
+The only witness of the scene, save the three concerned, was the
+nursemaid, who had brought in the child on its father's arrival. She
+stated afterwards that nobody suspected Sir John had received his
+death wound; yet it was so, though he did not die for a long while,
+meaning thereby an hour or two; that Mistress Edith continually
+endeavored to staunch the blood, calling her brother Roger a wretch,
+and ordering him to get himself gone; on which order he acted, after a
+gloomy pause, by opening the window, and letting himself down by the
+sill to the ground.
+
+It was then that Sir John, in difficult accents, made his dying
+declaration to the nurse and Edith, and, later, the apothecary, which
+was to this purport: that the Dame Horseleigh who passed as his wife
+at Clyfton, and who had borne him three children, was in truth and
+deed, though unconsciously, the wife of another man. Sir John had
+married her several years before, in the face of the whole county, as
+the widow of one Decimus Strong, who had disappeared shortly after her
+union with him, having adventured to the North to join the revolt of
+the Nobles, and on that revolt being quelled retreated across the sea.
+Two years ago, having discovered the man to be still living in France,
+and not wishing to disturb the mind and happiness of her who believed
+herself his wife, yet wishing for legitimate issue, Sir John had
+informed the king of the facts, who had encouraged him to wed
+honestly, though secretly, the young merchant's widow at Havenpool;
+she being, therefore, his lawful wife, and she only. That to avoid all
+scandal and hubbub he had purposed to let things remain as they were
+till fair opportunity should arise of making the true case known with
+least pain to all parties concerned; but that, having been thus
+suspected and attacked by his own brother-in-law, his zest for such
+schemes and for all things had died out in him, and he only wished to
+commend his soul to God.
+
+That night, while the owls were hooting from the forest that encircled
+the sleeping townlet, and the South-Avon was gurgling through the
+wooden piles of the bridge, Sir John died there in the arms of his
+wife. She concealed nothing of the cause of her husband's death save
+the subject of the quarrel, which she felt it would be premature to
+announce just then, and until proof of her status should be
+forthcoming. But before a month had passed, it happened, to her
+inexpressible sorrow, that the child of this clandestine union fell
+sick and died. From that hour all interest in the name and fame of the
+Horseleighs forsook the younger of the twain who called themselves
+wives of Sir John, and, being careless about her own fame, she took no
+steps to assert her claims, her legal position having, indeed, grown
+hateful to her in her horror at the tragedy. And Sir William Byrt, the
+curate who had married her to her husband, being an old man and
+feeble, was not disinclined to leave the embers unstirred of such a
+fiery matter as this, and to assist her in letting established things
+stand. Therefore, Edith retired with the nurse, her only companion
+and friend, to her native town, where she lived in absolute obscurity
+till her death at no great age. Her brother was never seen again in
+England.
+
+A strangely corroborative sequel to the story remains to be told.
+Shortly after the death of Sir John Horseleigh, a soldier of fortune
+returned from the Continent, called on Dame Horseleigh the fictitious,
+living in widowed state at Clyfton Horseleigh, and, after a singularly
+brief courtship, married her. The tradition at Havenpool and elsewhere
+has ever been that this man was already her husband, Decimus Strong,
+who re-married her for appearance's sake only.
+
+The illegitimate son of this lady by Sir John succeeded to the estates
+and honors, and his son after him, there being nobody alert to
+investigate their pretensions. Little difference would it have made to
+the present generation, however, had there been such a one, for the
+family in all its branches, lawful and unlawful, has been extinct
+these many score years, the last representative but one being killed
+at the siege of Sherton Castle, while attacking in the service of the
+Parliament, and the other being outlawed later in the same century for
+a debt of ten pounds, and dying in the county jail. The mansion house
+and its appurtenances were, as I have previously stated, destroyed,
+excepting one small wing which now forms part of a farmhouse, and is
+visible as you pass along the railway from Casterbridge to Ivel. The
+outline of the old bowling-green is also distinctly to be seen.
+
+This, then, is the reason why the only lawful marriage of Sir John, as
+recorded in the obscure register at Havenpool, does not appear in the
+pedigree of the house of Horseleigh.
+
+[Illustration: Ye Ende.]
+
+
+
+
+[_"THE EDGE OF THE FUTURE" SERIES._]
+
+THE RACE TO THE NORTH POLE.
+
+THE EXPEDITIONS OF NANSEN AND JACKSON.
+
+BY HUGH ROBERT MILL, D.SC., Author of "The Realm of Nature."
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+Arctic enthusiasm is an intermittent fever, returning in almost
+epidemic form after intervals of normal indifference. Twelve years ago
+there was a wide-spread outbreak, but for the last ten years the
+symptoms have never been so severe as to result in a great expedition.
+If all goes well this summer there will be a renewed paroxysm; no less
+than three new ventures northward being sent out by different routes
+to converge on the pole.
+
+It is refreshing, in this prosaic time, to recognize the power of pure
+sentiment in the quest for glory. Polar research is a survival, or
+rather an evolution, of knight-errantry, and our Childe Rolands
+challenge the "Dark Tower of the North" as dauntlessly as ever their
+forbears wound slug-horn at gate of enchanted castle. The "woe of
+years" invests the quest with elements which redeem failure from
+disgrace; but whoever succeeds in overcoming the difficulties that
+have baffled all the "lost adventurers" will make the world ring with
+his fame as it never rang before. We commonplace human beings are as
+quick to see and prompt to appreciate heroic daring, perseverance, and
+valor as ever were the dames of mythic Camelot; and the race for the
+pole will be watched by the world with generous sympathy.
+
+Incidentally the fresh Arctic journeys must secure much scientific
+information, but that aspect of them appeals to the few. It is as a
+display of the grandest powers of man in conflict with the tyranny of
+his surroundings that Arctic travel appeals directly to the heart.
+Since McClure, in 1850, forced the north-west passage from Bering
+Strait to Baffin Bay, and Nordenskjold, in 1878, squeezed the "Vega"
+through, between ice and land, from the North Cape to the Pacific, the
+futility of the golden dreams of the greedy old merchants who tried to
+reach the wealth of the Orient by short cuts through the ice has been
+demonstrated. Although no money is likely to be made out of the
+Arctic, we want information thence which it is almost impossible to
+get; and the almost impossible is dear to every valiant heart.
+
+We know a good deal about the state of matters near the poles, but yet
+not enough to let us understand all the phenomena of our own lands. In
+this respect, however, the South Pole is the most promising field, for
+its surroundings probably conceal the mainspring of the great system
+of winds which do the work of the air on every land and sea. Dr.
+Nansen has promised to go there after returning from the North, and
+solving its simpler problems. The chilly distinction of being the
+coldest part of the earth is probably due to the northern parts of
+Eastern Siberia, and not to the North Pole. The "magnetic pole," where
+the needle hangs vertically, has been found in the Arctic archipelago
+north of America, and in many ways scientific observations there are
+worth more than at the North Pole itself.
+
+We know that, if attained, the North Pole would probably be like
+any other part of the Arctic regions, presenting a landscape of ice
+and snow, perhaps with black rock showing here and there, containing
+fossils of a former age of heat, perhaps broken by pools or lanes of
+open water. The pole has no physical mark any more than the top of a
+spinning coin has, and the pole is not even a fixed point; like
+the end of the axis of the spinning coin, it moves a little to and
+fro on the circumference. If the geographical point were reached, the
+pole-star would be seen shining almost vertically overhead,
+describing a tiny circle around the actual zenith; and all the
+other stars of the northern half of the sky would appear slowly
+wheeling in horizontal circles, never rising, never setting, and each
+completing its circuit in the space of twenty-three hours and
+fifty-six minutes. In summer the sun would appear similarly, never
+far above the horizon, but circling for more than half the year in a
+spiral, winding upward until about 25 deg. above the horizon, and winding
+downward again until lost to view. The periods of daylight and
+darkness at the poles do not last exactly six months each, as little
+geography books are prone to assert. Such little books ignore the
+atmosphere for the sake of simplicity, but the air-shell that
+shuts in our globe bends the rays of light, so that the sun appears
+before his theoretical rising, and remains in sight after his
+theoretical setting. At the pole, in fact, the single "half-yearly
+day" is a week longer than the one "half-yearly night."
+
+At the North Pole there is only one direction--south. One could go
+south in as many ways as there are points on the compass card, but
+every one of these ways is south; east and west have vanished. The
+hour of the day at the pole is a paradoxical conception, for that
+point is the meeting place of every meridian, and the time of all
+holds good, so that it is always any hour one cares to mention.
+Unpunctuality is hence impossible--but the question grows complex, and
+its practical solution concerns few.
+
+No one needs to go to the pole to discover all that makes that
+point different from any other point of the surface. But the whole
+polar regions are full of unknown things, which every Arctic
+explorer of the right stamp looks forward to finding. And the reward
+he looks forward to most is the approval of the few who understand and
+love knowledge for its own sake, rather than the noisy applause of
+the crowd who would cheer him, after all, much as they cheer a
+winning prize-fighter, or race-horse, or political candidate.
+
+The difficulties that make the quest of the pole so arduous have been
+discovered by slow degrees. It is marvellous how soon nearly the full
+limits of northward attainment were reached. In 1596 Barents
+discovered Spitzbergen in about 78 deg. north; in 1770 Hudson reached
+80 deg.; in 1827 Parry, by sledging on the ice when his ship became fast,
+succeeded in touching 82 deg. 45'. Since then all the enormous resources
+of modern science--steam, electricity, preserved foods and the
+experience of centuries--have only enabled forty miles of additional
+poleward advance to be made.
+
+The accompanying map gives a fair idea of the form of the Arctic
+regions, and remembering that the circle marked 80 deg. is distant seven
+hundred miles from the pole, the reader can realize the distances
+involved. The Arctic Basin, occupied by the Arctic Sea, is ringed in
+by land; the northern coasts of America, Europe, and Asia, forming a
+roughly circular boundary broken by three well-marked channels
+communicating with the ocean. Bering Strait between America and Asia
+is the narrowest, Baffin Bay between America and Greenland is wider,
+branching into a number of ice-blocked sounds to the westward, and
+tapering off into Smith Sound in the north-east. The widest channel
+of the three lies between Greenland and Europe, and this is bisected
+just south of 80 deg. North by the island group of Spitzbergen.
+
+The whole region is one of severe cold, and the sea is frozen for
+the greater part of the year, land and water becoming almost
+indistinguishable, but for the incessant movement and drift of the
+sea-ice. In summer the sea-ice breaks up into floes which may drift
+away southward and melt, or be driven by the wind against the
+shores of continents or islands, leaving lanes of open water which
+a shift of wind may change and close in an hour. Icebergs launched
+from the glaciers of the land also drift with tide, current, and
+wind through the more or less open water. Possibly at some times the
+pack may open and a clear waterway run through to the pole, and old
+whalers tell of many a year when they believed that a few days'
+steaming would carry them to the end of the world, if they could have
+seized the opportunity. At other times, routes traversed in safety
+time after time may be effectively closed for years, and all advance
+barred. Food in the form of seals or walrus in the open water,
+reindeer, musk ox, polar bears or birds on the land, may often be
+procured, but these sources cannot be relied upon. Advance northward
+may be made by water in a ship, or by dog-sledge, or on foot, over
+the frozen snow or ice. Each method has grave drawbacks. Advance by
+sea is stopped when the young ice forms in autumn, and land advance
+is hampered by the long Arctic night which enforces months of
+inaction, more trying to health and spirits than the severest
+exertion.
+
+Smith Sound has been the channel by which most recent Arctic explorers
+have pushed north. Thus Markham reached latitude 83 deg. 20' North, in
+1876, and in 1882 Lockwood got four miles farther north, coming nearer
+the pole than any other man. From his farthest point an express train
+could cover the intervening distance in ten hours, but the best ice
+traveller would require months, even if the way were smooth. This
+route has been by common consent abandoned, at least for advance by
+water. No high latitude has been reached from Bering Strait nor along
+the east coast of Greenland. For ships the most open way to the north
+lies to the west of Spitzbergen, as Parry found two generations ago.
+Neither of the two projected expeditions from Europe is, however,
+intended to take this route. Mr. Jackson means to advance over the ice
+in sledges, trusting that Franz-Josef Land stretches northward to the
+immediate neighborhood of the pole. Doctor Nansen also founds his plan
+on a theory, but his is so novel, and involves a plan of action so
+different from all previously attempted, that it must be considered in
+detail.
+
+
+NANSEN AND HIS PLANS.
+
+Fridtjof Nansen, who planned and will lead the Norwegian expedition
+starting in June, is a naturalist, thirty-two years of age. He is
+singularly adapted physically for deeds of daring and endurance,
+perfectly equipped intellectually for command and research. His
+lithe, erect figure testifies to athletic training, while his
+expansive forehead and firm chin equally betoken thoughtfulness and
+determination. He is a typical Norseman, fair in complexion and
+hair, simple and rather reserved in manner, and modest almost to a
+fault. No one can see him without becoming his friend. He speaks
+English fluently, and a quiet, half-repressed humor lights up his
+conversation. Never overstepping the truth, he does not seem to
+feel the temptation of spinning imaginative yarns so over-powering
+for the undisciplined traveller. He knows his own strength, and
+measuring himself against the difficulties he proposes to meet, he
+feels confident of victory, and inspires others with his own faith.
+There is no turning back when once his mind is fully made up.
+
+Nansen's whole life has been a training for the exploit he now engages
+in. After graduating at the University of Christiania, he was
+appointed curator of the Museum at Bergen, and carried out several
+important biological researches, of which that on the anatomy of
+whales is perhaps the best known. He was a diligent student of the
+great Norwegian naturalist Sars, and on his return from Greenland he
+entered into a closer relation by marrying the professor's daughter.
+Mrs. Nansen is said to be the most accomplished lady ski-runner in
+Norway, as her husband is the champion of his sex; their portraits in
+the costume of this national sport are extremely characteristic. She
+had originally planned to accompany Doctor Nansen on the Arctic
+voyage, but has reluctantly relinquished the intention. She stays
+behind with her little girl only a few months old. For the last three
+years Doctor Nansen has devoted himself entirely to the study of
+various branches of science likely to be of service to him in the
+accomplishment of his great ambition, and in organizing every detail
+of his expedition.
+
+The chief circumstance in which Nansen differs from all his
+predecessors is, that he prepares no line of retreat. To the common
+question, "But how are you to come back?" his reply in word and deed
+has always been, "I will never come back. I shall go through to the
+other side." Thus, in crossing Greenland in 1888, he started from the
+uninhabited east coast, so that he and his companions had to go
+forward--retreat meant destruction. Such determination is only
+redeemed from obstinacy by the forethought which inspires it. Before
+setting out to cross Greenland, Nansen crossed the mountains of Norway
+from Bergen to Christiania in winter, thus proving his mastery of the
+ski or Norwegian snow-shoes, and testing his power of withstanding
+cold and fatigue. Just as the crossing of the Norwegian mountains
+proved his competence for the splendid feat of crossing Greenland,
+that journey by its success establishes his ability for enduring the
+severest privations which his new expedition may be called upon to
+undergo.
+
+[Illustration: FRIDTJOF NANSEN.]
+
+A careful study of all the known phenomena of the Arctic Basin, and
+the records of all the exploring, whaling, and sealing voyages in
+these waters which were accessible, impressed two facts upon him--one,
+that the currents of the Polar Basin were more regular and more
+powerful agents than had been previously supposed; the other, that the
+failure of the great expeditions to the north was in most cases due to
+the great number of men carried, and the labor involved in keeping
+open a line of retreat. The moral of this is simple enough: to sail as
+far as possible with the currents, to take as few men as possible, and
+these in thorough training for Arctic work, and to make no provision
+for retreat. For the valor and heroic efforts of the earlier Arctic
+explorers there can never be anything but praise; those men fought
+against the most terrific odds, and stood their ground without
+flinching, and their opinion on all matters connected with Arctic
+travel carries the utmost weight. Nansen breaks away from all
+tradition; he goes right against every cherished principle of all the
+older Arctic men. He will secure no line of retreat, he will carry
+only eleven men with him, every one of whom is inured to hardship and
+expert in ice-travel. He is bound by no orders, but has perfect
+freedom to alter his plans should circumstances seem to demand it. His
+plan is to drift with the currents, and the evidence for the currents
+moving in the direction he wishes to go is as follows:
+
+The great drift of polar water southward along the east coasts of
+Labrador and of Greenland has been known from the beginning of
+Atlantic navigation, and the icebergs and floes carried along are
+serious obstacles to the shipping of the North Atlantic. It is
+estimated that between Greenland and Spitzbergen about eighty or
+ninety cubic miles of water pour southward every day. The current,
+like that down Smith Sound, flows from the north, but the water cannot
+originate there. There is a very slight northward extension of the
+Gulf Stream drift along the west coasts of Spitzbergen and Greenland,
+but the main drift of North Atlantic water from the southward sets
+round the North Cape of Norway, keeping the sea free from ice all the
+year round. It is felt in the Kara Sea, and as a north-easterly stream
+along the coast of Novaya Zemlya. It is difficult to estimate the
+volume of this drift, but from certain observations made by the
+Norwegian Government it seems to be about sixty cubic miles per day.
+There is a current running on the whole northward from the Pacific
+through Bering Strait with a volume of perhaps fifteen cubic miles a
+day, and in addition there is the volume of perhaps two cubic miles
+daily poured out during summer by the great American and Siberian
+rivers. This water is fresh and warm, and accumulating near shore in
+autumn it gives rise to the ice-free border which let the "Vega" slip
+round the north of Asia. Even where the sea is covered with floating
+ice, there are perceptible currents, and the ice-pack is never at
+rest.
+
+Since the vast body of water north of 80 deg. between Franz-Josef Land
+and Greenland is streaming from the north, and since it must be derived
+somehow from water which comes from the south, it is evident that
+north-flowing currents of considerable power must exist in the Arctic
+Basin. Parry in his splendid voyage of 1827 spent months in sledging
+northward on a vast ice-floe which all the while was drifting south
+faster than the dogs could drag the sledges northward.
+
+This polar current is the exit by which Doctor Nansen intends to
+leave the Polar Basin. It is a current which strews the coast of
+Greenland with Siberian and North American driftwood, all coming
+from the north, perhaps across the pole itself. Mud containing
+microscopic shells which only occur in Siberia has been collected
+on some of these southward-bound ice-floes. On one occasion a
+throwing-stick of a form used exclusively by the Eskimo of Alaska to
+cast their harpoons was picked up on the west coast of Greenland,
+having obviously been drifted round Cape Farewell, as the boats of
+many a whaler shipwrecked in the polar current have been drifted
+before. But perhaps the most interesting argument is that derived
+from the drift of the "Jeannette." The "Jeannette" (once a British
+gunboat, and afterward employed as the "Pandora" in attempting to
+repeat the north-west passage) was sent out by the proprietor of the
+"New York Herald," under the command of De Long, to push north to the
+pole, through Bering Strait, in 1879. In September of that year she
+got fast in the ice, and drifted on the whole north-westward for
+nearly two years. At last she was crushed in the ice on June 13,
+1881, to the north of the New Siberian Islands. The drift of the
+"Jeannette" was becoming faster as she got farther west; indeed, it
+was possibly the more rapid movement of the current that set the
+floes in motion and led to the crushing of the vessel. Three years
+after she sank, an ice-floe was found on the south coast of
+Greenland at Julianehaab, on which were a number of articles,
+including documents relating to the stores and boats of the
+"Jeannette," bearing De Long's signature. The relics had a romantic
+history, and have given rise to controversy; but before their
+authenticity had been seriously questioned they were sacrificed to
+the sense of order of a Copenhagen housewife. Nansen is certain that
+the relics did come from the "Jeannette," and he believes they were
+drifted like the wood and Siberian mud upon an ice-raft across the
+pole or in its immediate vicinity.
+
+His resolve was made accordingly "to take a ticket with the ice," as
+he phrases it, and so drift across. The point where it would be best
+to join the current, Nansen decided to be off the New Siberian
+Islands, although Captain Wiggins recommends the most northerly point
+of continental land, Cape Chelyuskin, as a more likely starting place.
+At first Nansen proposed to follow the "Jeannette" through Bering Sea,
+but he has now decided to take the nearer route round the North Cape,
+through the Kara Sea, and along the coast of Asia, as the "Vega" went,
+striking northward off the Lena Delta. It will require extremely
+skilful navigation even to reach the starting point, and it may even
+be impossible to do so in one year, but, having reached and run into
+the ice, another question comes to the front. The vessel in which the
+drift of several years is to be made must not share the fate of the
+"Jeannette," if human ingenuity can avoid it. And ingenuity has been
+taxed to produce a ship of the most perfect kind.
+
+Nansen's little vessel, launched at Laurvik last October, suits his
+venture and himself as well as the famous "long serpents" of his
+ancestors suited them and their voyages of conquest and discovery a
+thousand years ago. She is built of wood, but is of a strength never
+hitherto aimed at. The frame timbers, Nansen modestly says, "may be
+said to be well-seasoned," for though cut from the gnarled oaks of
+Italy they have been stored in a Norwegian dockyard during the whole
+lifetime of the explorer. These timbers--the ribs of the ship--are a
+foot thick, and are placed only two inches apart, the intervening
+spaces being filled with a special composition, so that even the
+skeleton of the ship would be water-tight should the planks be
+stripped off. Inside, the walls are lined with pitch-pine planks
+alternately four inches and eight inches thick, with cross-beams and
+supports to resist pressure in every direction, as shown in the
+accompanying section. Outside, there is a three-inch skin of oak,
+carefully calked and made water-tight, then covered by another skin of
+oak four inches thick, which in turn is encased in a still thicker
+layer of the hard and slippery greenheart. Bow and stern are heavily
+plated with iron to cut through thin ice. Finally, to render her fit
+for living in during the coldest weather, the water-tight compartment
+set apart for this purpose (one of three) is lined, walls and ceiling,
+with layers of non-conducting material. Tarred canvas, cork, wood,
+several inches of felt enclosed by painted canvas, and finally a
+wooden wainscot, promise to effectually keep out the cold. In the
+roof, a layer of two inches of reindeer's hair has also been
+introduced.
+
+The form of the vessel is as original as her material. She measures
+one hundred and twenty-eight feet in extreme length, thirty-six in
+beam, and is seventeen feet deep. With a full cargo she will draw
+fifteen feet, and have a freeboard of little more than three feet. She
+is pointed fore and aft, the stern being so formed that the propeller
+and rudder are deeply immersed to escape floating ice, and both these
+vital fittings are placed in wells, through which they may be brought
+on board in case of need, or readily replaced if damaged. The hull is
+rounded so that even the keel does not project materially. The form is
+designed so that when the ice begins to press, it will not crush but
+lift the ship, as one might lift an egg from a table by sliding two
+hands under it. Her rig, as shown in the illustration, is simply that
+of a three-masted fore and aft schooner, with a very tall mainmast,
+designed to carry the crow's nest for the look-out. This will stand
+one hundred and five feet above the water, thus affording the wide
+view indispensable in ice navigation. A captive balloon would have
+been used as well, but the necessary fittings were too heavy to carry.
+The engine is not of great power, as no particular reason exists for
+high speed, and with a coal capacity of only three hundred tons
+economy of fuel is of the first importance.
+
+The ship is prophetically named the "Fram," or "Forward," and for her
+the viking explorer is determined there will be no turning back.
+
+It is possible that in spite of all precautions the "Fram" may be
+nipped in the ice-floe which will carry her along, or stranded on some
+unknown northern land. This contingency is provided for by two large
+decked boats, twenty-nine feet long, either of which could accommodate
+the whole crew. These would be placed on the ice to serve as houses,
+and in the end could be used for the return voyage. Many smaller boats
+are carried, and light sledges with dog teams, in case it becomes
+necessary to travel over the ice. The invaluable "ski" would of course
+be used in such an emergency, and plenty of tarred canvas would be
+carried, by means of which the sledges could be converted into boats.
+Provisions for five years, at least, are stowed away on board; also
+books for study and recreation, and a complete equipment of scientific
+instruments for observations and collecting of every kind. The ship
+carries no alcoholic drink; alcohol is taken only as a fuel for use
+when the coal runs out, or if the ship has to be left. Nansen does not
+smoke, and very likely he may regulate the smoking of his followers,
+for his views on hygiene are clear, and his determination to enforce
+them strong. The eleven men chosen for the enterprise have the fullest
+faith in their leader, and that respect for his splendid qualities as
+a man which is essential to good order being maintained. For in the
+hardships of Arctic travel there is no sentimental deference to a
+leader unless he is the best man of the party, and Arctic hardships
+quickly reduce things and men to their real worth. Nansen and his crew
+will prove, we are confident, as firmly knit together as the timbers
+of the "Fram" herself. Captain Sverdrup, who accompanied him across
+Greenland, goes as navigating officer of the "Fram."
+
+Perhaps the most original of the many original fittings of this little
+polar cruiser is the dynamo which will for the first time in the
+history of exploration supply abundant light during the whole Arctic
+night. When there is wind a windmill will work it; but in the calm
+weather the men, in watches, will take their necessary exercise in
+tramping round a capstan to the strains of a musical box of long
+Arctic experience--it was in the "Jeannette,"--and thus at least eight
+hours of perfect light will be secured every day.
+
+Everything that foresight can suggest and money can buy has been
+secured to make the voyage a success; but even in the most sanguine
+mind the risk must appear great, and the time of suspense will be
+long. The drift across the polar area cannot occupy less than two
+years, and provisions are carried for five. But we need not dwell on
+dangers; the personality of Nansen rises above them all--the motto he
+carries with him in a little volume of condensed poetry, as powerful
+meat for the soul as any of his cunningly concocted extracts are for
+the body, is the wish of all his friends--
+
+  "Greet the Unseen with a cheer,
+  Bid him forward, breast and back as either should be,
+  'Strive and thrive!' cry 'Speed--fight on, fare ever
+  There as here!'"
+
+The Norwegian expedition goes out under the command of a hero full of
+experience, ripe in knowledge, certain to do all that a strong and
+trained man can accomplish, backed by large grants of money from his
+own government, and smaller gifts from people and societies in many
+lands.
+
+
+JACKSON'S EXPEDITION.
+
+The British expedition which has been projected is not a national
+effort. It is purely private, planned and equipped by private
+enterprise and private money, in order to follow up the line in which
+private exertions have already done more for polar exploration than
+many government expeditions have achieved. Its leader, Mr. Frederick
+G. Jackson, is a business man, possessed of leisure and sufficient
+means, and experienced in travel in all parts of the world. Of the
+same age as Doctor Nansen, and, like him, married, he is as typical an
+Englishman as the latter is a Norseman. Pluck and "go" are his in very
+large measure; experience in serious ice-work he cannot lay claim to,
+but he knows more about the Arctic regions than many famous explorers
+did on their first setting out. Mr. Jackson has made a summer cruise
+to the far north, and, under the tuition of a canny Peterhead whaler,
+he has picked up many wrinkles which will help him in time of need. He
+is a keen sportsman rather than a man of science, but his ten
+companions will be chosen for their ability to make all necessary
+scientific observations and collections. If his plans fall out as he
+hopes, Jackson will be the most eager in the race to the pole, and it
+will not be his fault if the Union Jack is not the first flag planted
+on that much coveted site. He intends to leave England about the
+middle of July, or perhaps as late as the beginning of August.
+
+His plan of attack is that which is most approved by the Arctic
+admirals of the British navy. It is to approach by Franz-Josef Land,
+which may in favorable years be comparatively easily reached. On
+landing, a depot will be formed and stores laid up as a base for
+retreat; and then, by sledging northward along the land-ice, the coast
+would be delineated and mapped as far as it extends, other depots
+established, and if the surface proves suitable, and if Franz-Josef
+Land proves, as is probable, not to have a great northerly extent, an
+advance may be made on the sea-ice, carrying boats for crossing open
+water.
+
+It seems very probable that in this way the highest latitudes of
+earlier explorers may be passed, and in Franz-Josef Land life is more
+tolerable than in perhaps any other place at the same latitude. Mr.
+Leigh Smith, the most successful Arctic yachtsman, spent the winter of
+1881-82 in a hut built on an island in the south of Franz-Josef Land,
+after his ship was wrecked, and without winter clothing, and he found
+bears and walrus plentiful enough to keep himself and his party
+supplied with fresh meat. The country however is very desolate, in
+spite of its comparatively genial conditions. Mr. Jackson intends to
+hire or purchase a steam whaler to convey him to Franz-Josef Land, and
+for navigation he has secured the services of Mr. Crowther, Leigh
+Smith's ice-master. After establishing winter quarters, he will make
+some preliminary trips to test his sledges and complete the survey of
+the southern part of the land, reserving the great northward march for
+the spring of 1894. He is pushing forward his preparations quietly and
+quickly, and, as he does not ask for public money, he does not feel it
+necessary to publish any of the details of his intended mode of life.
+It is difficult to forecast the result of his expedition. From the
+little we know about Franz-Josef Land, it appears certain that with a
+favorable season much good work could be done, and there is more
+satisfaction in contemplating an expedition in which pluck and
+endurance count than the mere passive submission to the laws of
+physical geography, on which Nansen depends. In two years he hopes to
+prove that Franz-Josef Land is or is not a practicable road to the
+pole.
+
+We have no data to make a comparison between the two brave men, nor
+any wish to do so. But Nansen is Nansen, and Jackson has yet to win
+his spurs; to him therefore would be the greater glory if success
+attend him.
+
+For our part, we heartily desire that Nansen, Peary, and Jackson may
+meet simultaneously at the pole, and return betimes to tell their
+story and share the honors. The aggravating thing is, that the
+expeditions may never reach their proper starting point. Many a good
+ship has knocked about for a whole season in the Kara Sea without
+getting a lead through the ice; the effort to reach Franz-Josef Land
+has not been often made, and it is a sinister omen that the
+"Tegetthof," which discovered that region, arrived there after
+eighteen months of drifting fast in the floes. But we shall see.
+
+
+
+
+LIEUTENANT PEARY'S EXPEDITION.
+
+BY CLEVELAND MOFFETT.
+
+
+Before the end of June, Civil Engineer Robert E. Peary of the United
+States Navy will have sailed on another expedition for the Arctic
+regions. The party will go by the way of Newfoundland, Baffin's Bay,
+and Whale Sound, to Inglefield Gulf, which lies just southeast of
+Smith Sound and south of the promontory containing the great Humboldt
+glacier. The winter camp will be established at the head of Bowdoin
+Bay, some forty miles to the east of Redcliffe House, where Lieutenant
+Peary passed the winter of '91, '92.
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT E. PEARY.]
+
+The programme of the expedition may be briefly summarized as follows:
+
+The party will be absent about two years and a half, a three years'
+leave of absence having been accorded Lieutenant Peary by the Navy
+Department. They expect to be in camp, as indicated, by the last week
+in July, when the staunch "Falcon," a sealing steamer which carries
+them, will land the expedition and return to Newfoundland. The months
+of August and September, all they will have before the Arctic night
+sets in, will be utilized in three ways: a party will be sent inland
+over the ice-cap with a large store of provisions, which will be
+stored as far to the north as possible, to await the expedition of the
+ensuing spring; another party, under Lieutenant Peary himself, will
+make a careful survey of Inglefield Gulf, which is of rare scientific
+interest on account of the tremendous glaciers which discharge into
+it; and a third party will busy itself hunting reindeer and other game
+to supply the expedition with fresh meat.
+
+By November 1, 1893, they will go into winter quarters, all occupying
+a single house, which will be made as comfortable as possible. During
+the five or six months of darkness, scientific work will be carried
+on, including a thorough study of Esquimo habits and institutions.
+Clothing will be made of reindeer skins, and, in general, preparations
+be completed for the advance over the ice-cap. Lieutenant Peary hopes
+to start the sledges northward early in March, thus gaining two months
+on the start made in '92. The season of '94 will be spent in advancing
+as rapidly as possible to the northern extremity of Greenland, to
+Independence Bay, discovered by Lieutenant Peary in his recent
+expedition. At this point the party will divide, several men being
+detailed to explore the northeastern coast of Greenland as far to the
+south as Cape Bismarck, while Lieutenant Peary with two picked men
+will push across the fjord separating Greenland from the land beyond,
+and will advance thence still farther to the north, as circumstances
+may direct. It is probable that Lieutenant Peary will spend the winter
+of '94 to '95 somewhere in the neighborhood of northernmost Greenland,
+very probably in the most extreme northern latitude in which any white
+man has wintered. In the spring of '95, or as soon as the season will
+permit, he will make a further and final advance, leaving time enough
+for the party to return to Inglefield Gulf before the fall. There a
+relief ship will be in waiting to carry the expedition back to New
+York with the results of their explorations.
+
+So much for Lieutenant Peary's time-table; now for what he hopes to
+accomplish.
+
+To begin with, the party expect to attain the highest north ever
+reached by any Arctic expedition. The present record is held by the
+Greely expedition, two members of which reached 83 deg. 24' north
+latitude. The farthest north reached by Lieutenant Peary in his last
+expedition was 82 deg. north latitude, which is some eighty-four
+geographical miles south of the point reached by Lieutenant Lockwood
+of the Greely party. Then, as already mentioned, a complete survey
+will be made of Inglefield Gulf, and also of the entirely unknown
+stretch of land on the northeastern coast of Greenland, between
+Independence Bay and Cape Bismarck.
+
+In addition to this, the main object of the expedition is to make a
+complete map of the land lying to the north of Greenland, or, rather,
+the Archipelago, for it is believed that this region is occupied by an
+extensive group of islands. Unfortunately there is reason for thinking
+that the lofty ice-cap which will allow the explorers to reach the
+northernmost point of Greenland by sledging over the inland ice does
+not continue in the same way over the islands to the north of
+Greenland. Both Lieutenant Peary in his observations on the east, and
+Lieutenant Lockwood on the west, remarked that the land stretching
+away to the north was in many places bare of ice and snow, and rugged
+in its character. One reason for this absence of an inland ice-cap
+here is the fact that these islands to the north lie low in the ocean
+compared with mountainous Greenland. Hence, in the summer, which is
+the only season when an advance would be possible, the ice and snow
+melt to a great extent and leave the land bare. Now in case Lieutenant
+Peary finds that there is no continuous ice on this northern land, he
+will skirt around the shore on the ice of the open sea, for this is
+present winter and summer alike. It is likely that such an advance
+over the ice-pack will be attended by very serious difficulties, the
+ice being heaped up in broken and uneven surfaces, with mountains and
+chasms to baffle the party. There may also be spaces of open water
+where boats or rafts will have to be used instead of sledges. At any
+rate, the advance will be made as far as possible, and the land to the
+north of Greenland studied and mapped as far as may be.
+
+It is not the purpose of the expedition to seek the North Pole itself.
+They may and very probably will get nearer to the Pole than anyone has
+hitherto done. Lieutenant Peary is confident that he will make the
+farthest north, and General Greely is inclined to admit this, and told
+me some days ago in Washington that he should not be surprised if
+Lieutenant Peary reached 85 deg. north latitude. In any event, an approach
+to the North Pole will be an incident in the expedition, and not its
+main object.
+
+Several important considerations make it probable that Lieutenant
+Peary's present expedition will attain a considerable measure of
+success. In the first place, in starting from Bowdoin Bay instead of
+from Redcliffe House, there will be a gain of forty miles rough
+hauling, which meant in the recent expedition two weeks' valuable
+time. From Bowdoin Bay, the party will be able to climb to the inland
+ice-cap by the shortest and easiest possible route. The fact that an
+abundant supply of provisions will be sent ahead during the present
+summer will be a great advantage, and will do away with the necessity
+of a supporting party such as was employed on the last expedition. To
+save the carrying of a ton or so of provisions for even a hundred
+miles is a matter of great importance. Lieutenant Peary expects to
+make a further saving in time by choosing a course midway between the
+one taken on his last journey to Independence Bay and the one taken on
+his return journey. These two courses, it will be remembered, were
+unsatisfactory, because in the advance to Independence Bay he went too
+far to the west and was caught in immense fissures and depressions
+leading to the glaciers, while on the return journey he went so far
+to the east that the great elevation above the sea level, often eight
+thousand feet or more, made it difficult to find the way or take
+observations on account of perpetual fogs. Now he proposes to avoid
+the two extremes, and to search for an easier course in a happy
+medium. A still greater gain in time will be made by starting the
+expedition early in March, 1894, instead of waiting until May, as was
+the case before.
+
+A novel feature of the expedition, and one that will be of great
+service, it is believed, in hauling the loads, will be the use of pack
+horses in addition to the dog teams. Lieutenant Peary, during his
+recent western trip, secured a number of hardy burros in Colorado,
+which he believes will be able to endure the Arctic winter. At any
+rate, they will be very valuable in carrying the advance provisions
+this present season, and on a pinch they can be turned into steaks. It
+has been found possible to fit snow shoes to the hoofs of these pack
+horses, so as to allow them to advance as rapidly as the dogs. An
+experiment similar to this has been tried in Norway, where ponies have
+been used successfully on snow, and also in Alaska.
+
+As to the size of the exploring party, it will be small, comprising
+not more than ten men in all, and several of these will be left behind
+at the winter quarters. Lieutenant Peary fully realizes that an
+exploring party is no stronger than the weakest of its members, and
+will take along with him only men whose endurance and loyalty have
+been fully demonstrated. From the winter camp the line of advance will
+be Independence Bay, where the party will divide, Lieutenant Peary
+pushing on to the north, and his other men exploring southward to
+Cape Bismarck. From that point the latter party will be instructed to
+return to the winter camp directly across Greenland. There is no human
+way of knowing how Lieutenant Peary will return.
+
+One question which will occur to anxious friends of the explorer is,
+how Lieutenant Peary and his two companions will live during the
+winter of '94 and '95, at the northernmost point of Greenland, where
+the foot of man has never trod, and where no supplies could reach
+them. The answer to this question is, that the party will take with
+them a very large supply of dried meat and other necessaries, and that
+they count on finding musk oxen in the region where they will camp. In
+his previous expedition, Lieutenant Peary killed five of these musk
+oxen near Independence Bay, and he saw many others. With such a supply
+of fresh meat, and with abundant means of protecting themselves
+against the cold, there is no reason why the party may not live
+through the winter without serious danger or even extraordinary
+discomfort. Leigh Smith was able to pass a winter on Franz-Josef Land
+under much less favorable conditions.
+
+In a general way it may be said, in conclusion, that the present Peary
+expedition starts out with bright prospects. Advantage has been taken
+of errors and oversights made by others in the past. Dangers and
+difficulties have been foreseen, and will be guarded against. A
+sensible, and to a great extent feasible, plan of advance has been
+adopted. In a word, everything would seem to have been done to prevent
+the recurrence of one of those wretched tragedies which have stained
+and saddened the records of Arctic exploration.
+
+  EDITOR'S NOTE.--The expedition of Lieutenant Peary is undertaken
+  at his own expense, with the aid of voluntary subscriptions.
+
+  Contributions from one dollar up may be sent to Professor
+  Angelo Heilprin, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
+  Pennsylvania.
+
+
+
+
+AN EXPEDITION TO THE NORTH MAGNETIC POLE.
+
+BY W. H. GILDER. Author of "Schwatka's Search," "Ice Pack and Tundra,"
+etc.
+
+
+On the Fourth of July, 1879, after a long and tedious journey over
+territory never before crossed by man, I stood with Lieutenant
+Schwatka on Cape Felix, the most northern point of King William's
+Land.
+
+Looking in the direction of the Isthmus of Boothia, not more than
+twenty miles to the eastward, across the frozen surface of McClintock
+Channel, we could see the snow-covered hills of Cape Adelaide, radiant
+with all the tints of the rainbow, in the light of the midnight sun.
+It was there that, nearly half a century before, Sir James Ross had
+located the North Magnetic Pole. The place is invested with deep
+interest to all explorers, but, with us, the pleasure was mitigated by
+the knowledge that we were entirely devoid of instruments with which
+to improve the opportunity of either verifying the work already done
+or continuing it upon the same line of research.
+
+Ever since that time I have been strongly imbued with the desire to
+return to that field of labor with a party of observers properly
+equipped to make an exhaustive search through that storehouse of
+hidden knowledge.
+
+About three years ago I brought the subject uppermost in my mind to
+the attention of Professor T. C. Mendenhall, Superintendent of the
+United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, in Washington, and to that of
+his assistant, Professor Charles A. Schott, in charge of the computing
+division of that bureau. From the first both of these gentlemen have
+been strong advocates of such an expedition.
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL W. H. GILDER.]
+
+"The importance of a redetermination of the geographical position of
+the North Magnetic Pole," said Professor Mendenhall, in a letter to
+the Secretary of the Treasury written at that time, "has long been
+recognized by all interested in the theory of the earth's magnetism
+or its application. The point as determined by Ross in the early part
+of this century was not located with that degree of accuracy which
+modern science demands and permits, and, besides, it is altogether
+likely that its position is not a fixed one. Our knowledge of the
+secular variation of the magnetic needle would be greatly increased
+by better information concerning this Magnetic Pole, and, in my
+judgment, it would be the duty of the Government to offer all possible
+encouragement to any suitably organized exploring expedition which
+might undertake to seek for this information."
+
+Acting upon a further recommendation in this letter, the Secretary of
+the Treasury requested the President of the National Academy of
+Sciences to appoint a committee of its members, or others familiar
+with the difficult problems involved, "to formulate a plan or scheme
+for carrying out a systematic search for the North Magnetic Pole, and
+kindred work," and such a committee was subsequently appointed, with
+Professor S. P. Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, as
+chairman.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL A. W. GREELY.]
+
+The work proposed by this expedition has attracted the attention and
+held the interest of scientists everywhere, and material aid from
+several scientific bodies has already been pledged toward the securing
+of the necessary funds for transporting the party to the field of its
+labors, and its maintenance while at work there.
+
+The observers will be selected from among the officers of the United
+States Navy attached to the Coast Survey, who have had special
+training in magnetic field work. That bureau will also provide the
+necessary instruments, but, in the absence of any appropriation that
+could be applied to the transportation and maintenance of the party in
+the field, the funds for that purpose have to be obtained by the
+voluntary contribution of those with means and inclination to aid so
+important an enterprise.
+
+Said the late Professor Trowbridge of Columbia College, in a lecture
+upon the data to be obtained by this expedition for subsequent expert
+discussion, "We are living in an epoch in the world's history when man
+is struggling for a higher and more perfect life, not only against the
+degrading tendencies of his inherited nature, but to make the forces
+of nature subservient to his advancement and well being. Among these
+forces there are none which seem to affect or control the conditions
+of animal life on the earth more than heat, light, electricity, and
+magnetism, all, perhaps, the manifestations of one cosmical agent. As
+the variations of the magnetic force appear to follow lesser and
+greater cycles, it is not impossible that nearly all terrestrial
+phenomena, which depend on causes allied to magnetism, follow similar
+cycles. We can now predict the course of storms; may we not hope to
+determine their origin and predict their recurrence, as far as they
+depend upon the forces which have been mentioned? A knowledge of the
+laws of the cycles through which these forces pass is the first and
+only step in this direction to be taken, and this step must be made by
+patient, long-continued observations."
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR T. C. MENDENHALL.]
+
+An immediate practical use of the observations to be made is their
+application to the correction of compass errors. Every one can see
+that such work as tends to render the mariner's compass a more
+reliable instrument must be of immediate and direct benefit, not only
+to the sailor, but to the surveyor on land.
+
+Admitting that the observations of such an expedition as that to the
+North Magnetic Pole will be of scientific and general value, it
+remains to explain something of the personnel of the party, how the
+work is to be conducted, and by what route it will reach the field of
+its labor.
+
+Besides the two observers of terrestrial magnetism to be supplied by
+the Coast Survey, there will be a physician fitted by education and
+habits of study to take charge of some scientific portion of the work,
+in which he will be specially instructed by the Superintendent of the
+Coast Survey or his assistant. There will also be three sailors
+selected from the whaling fleet, who will have charge of the three
+whale boats belonging to the outfit, and act as assistants to the
+several observers. The writer of this article, by reason of his
+experience in Arctic travel, will have charge of the expedition in all
+except the scientific work, the reports on which will be turned over
+directly to the officers of the United States Coast and Geodetic
+Survey for reduction and discussion upon the return of the party from
+the field.
+
+The scheme of work has already been prepared by Professor Charles A.
+Schott, who is looked upon as probably the best informed on all the
+details of terrestrial magnetism of all men in this or any other
+country. In the course of his exhaustive report upon this subject he
+says: "The magnetic observations proper will comprise the measure of
+the three elements, the declination, the dip, and the intensity, which
+fully define the magnetic force at a place. The measures will be
+partly absolute and partly differential, and will be considered under
+two heads; those to be taken while travelling, and those to be
+attended to at winter quarters." Detailed instructions for this work
+are given which are too technical to be interesting except to the
+specialist. He recommends that a single cocoon thread carrying a
+sewing needle shall be used to observe the declination where by
+proximity to the Magnetic Pole the horizontal force is weak. For it
+must be borne in mind that the Magnetic Pole is the point where the
+vertical force, called "dip," is greatest--represented by 90 deg.--while
+the horizontal force, called "declination," is 0 deg.
+
+[Illustration: DIAGRAM OF THE NORTH MAGNETIC POLE REGION.]
+
+The observations for dip, naturally the most important of the survey,
+will be made with a Kew Dip Circle employing two needles; the usual
+reversals of circle, face, and polarity should be attended to at each
+station, to place the instrument in the plane of the magnetic
+meridian. The usual method of finding the plane of the meridian will
+probably not answer in that part of the world for want of sufficient
+accuracy; the direction of the magnetic meridian should, therefore,
+be taken as indicated by the delicately suspended needle of the
+declination instrument, and, where this method fails, dip observations
+should be made in any two planes 90 deg. apart, of which the first plane
+is preferably that of the meridian as guessed at.
+
+It is proposed to charter a steam whaler to take the party from St.
+John's, Newfoundland, to the northern part of Repulse Bay, which,
+being directly connected with Hudson's Bay, is the nearest point to
+the pole-containing area that is accessible any year. There a
+permanent station is to be erected where regular observations will be
+continued all the time and from which each spring a field party
+(perhaps two) will start to locate the geographical position of the
+pole.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR C. A. SCHOTT.]
+
+It may be well to repeat that the Magnetic Pole is that point where
+the needle of the dip circle is absolutely vertical--where it stands
+at exactly 90 deg. to the plane of the horizon.
+
+To find this unknown spot the observer follows as nearly as possible
+the direction indicated by the delicately poised needle of the
+declinometer. The magnetic meridian is not always a straight line, and
+may therefore indicate a very circuitous route, but by a system
+something like the regular approaches to a besieged fort one may be
+certain of arriving there eventually.
+
+For instance, when the needle indicates a dip of 89 deg. the stations
+should be nearer together--say not farther apart than twenty miles, if
+possible, and these intervals should be less as the dip increases.
+
+Suppose the observer to have reached a point where the dip is found to
+be 89 deg. 30', and at the next station he has 89 deg. 35', at the next
+89 deg. 40'. At the next he may find only 89 deg. 37'; he then returns to
+where he found the greatest dip and starts off at right angles, one
+way or the other, to that course. As long as the dip continues to
+increase, he knows he is travelling in the right direction. When it
+again decreases he returns to the point of his last greatest dip and
+travels at right angles to his last course as long as the dip
+increases. In this way he will eventually see the absolute verticity
+of the suspended needle marked and know he has reached the North
+Magnetic Pole at last. Sir James Ross did not succeed so well, the
+needle marking only 89 deg. 59' of verticity. But as this would indicate
+that he was within one and a quarter to two miles of the point sought,
+he was justified in feeling elated at his success.
+
+It is believed, however, that with the improved instruments of the
+present day, and in the light of our increased knowledge of
+terrestrial magnetism, absolute accuracy is now demanded. These
+observations will have to be repeated from time to time until at last
+we shall know with certainty whether or not the North Magnetic Pole is
+a fixed or movable point, and if it is found to move, the direction
+and rate of that motion shall be positively determined.
+
+
+
+
+THE MERCHANTMEN.
+
+BY RUDYARD KIPLING.
+
+
+  King Solomon drew merchantmen
+    Because of his desire
+  For peacocks, apes, and ivory
+    From Tarshish unto Tyre:
+  And Drake he sacked La Guayra,
+    So stout of heart was he;
+  But we be only sailormen
+    That use upon the sea.
+
+  _Coastwise--cross-seas--round the world and back again,
+    Where the flaw shall head us or the full trade suits!
+  Plain-sail--storm-sail--lay your board and tack again--
+    And that's the way we pay Paddy Doyle for his boots!_
+
+  Now we have come to youward
+    To walk beneath the trees,
+  And see the folk that live on land
+    And ride in carriages.
+  Oh, sure they must be silly gulls
+    That do with pains desire
+  To build a house that cannot move
+    Of stones and sticks and mire.
+
+  We bring no store of ingots,
+    Of gold or precious stones,
+  But that we have we gathered
+    With sweat and aching bones:
+  In flame beneath the tropics,
+    In frost upon the floe,
+  And jeopardy of every wind
+    That does between them go.
+
+  And some we got by purchase,
+    And some we had by trade,
+  And some we took by courtesy
+    Of pike and carronade,
+  At midnight, 'mid sea meetings
+    For charity to keep,
+  And light the rolling homeward bound
+    That rode a foot too deep.
+
+  By sport of bitter weather
+    We're walty, strained, and scarred
+  From the kentledge of the kelson
+    To the slings upon the yard.
+  Six oceans had their will of us
+    To carry all away--
+  Our galley's in the Baltic,
+    And our boom's in Mossel Bay!
+
+  We've floundered off the Texel,
+    Awash with sodden deals,
+  We've slipped from Valparaiso
+    With the Norther at our heels:
+  We've ratched beyond the Crossets
+    That tusk the Southern Pole,
+  And dipped our gunnels under
+    To the dread Agulhas' roll.
+
+  Beyond all outer chartings
+    We sailed where none have sailed,
+  And saw the land-lights burning
+    On islands none have hailed.
+  Our hair stood up for wonder,
+    But when the night was done
+  There rolled the deep to windward
+    Blue-empty 'neath the sun!
+
+  Strange consorts rode beside us
+    And brought us evil luck;
+  The witch-fire climbed our channels,
+    And danced on vane and truck:
+  Till, through the red tornado,
+    That lashed us nigh to blind,
+  We saw The Dutchman plunging,
+    Full canvas, head to wind!
+
+  We've heard the Midnight Leadsman
+    That calls the black deeps down--
+  Ay, thrice we heard The Swimmer,
+    The soul that may not drown.
+  On frozen bunt and gasket
+    The sleet-cloud drave her hosts,
+  When, manned by more than signed with us,
+    We passed the Isle o' Ghosts!
+
+  And north, among the hummocks,
+    A biscuit-toss below,
+  We met the silent shallop
+    That frighted whalers know;
+  For down a bitter ice-lane,
+    That opened as he sped,
+  We saw dead Henry Hudson
+    Steer, North by West, his dead.
+
+  So dealt God's waters with us
+    Beneath the roaring skies,
+  So walked His signs and marvels
+    All naked to our eyes:
+  But we were heading homeward
+    With trade to lose or make--
+  Good Lord, they slipped behind us
+    In the tailing of our wake!
+
+  Let go, let go the anchors;
+    Now shamed at heart are we
+  To bring so poor a cargo home
+    That had for gift the sea!
+  Let go--let go the anchors--
+    Ah, fools were we and blind--
+  The worst we saved with bitter toil,
+    The best we left behind!
+
+  _Coastwise--cross-seas--round the world and back again,
+    Where the flaw shall fail us or the trades drive down:
+  Plain-sail--storm-sail--lay your board and tack again--
+    And all to bring a cargo into London Town!_
+
+
+
+
+MONSIEUR DE BLOWITZ.
+
+BY W. MORTON FULLERTON.
+
+
+When Taine died, people whom his books had interested felt a sudden
+longing to say all that they had been thinking about his famous theory
+of the "_milieu_." Taine had been, with Renan, the chief literary
+medium of thought in France; but while Renan was altogether useful,
+caring as he did more for his method than for its results, Taine, with
+his imperative and beautiful consistency, imposed on the younger
+generation a habit of applying the principle of environment which was
+somewhat lacking in criticism. No one but an artist of his surprising
+agility and perceptions could have made such a method so universal.
+The French wilfully attain clearness by defect of vision, but this is
+the same thing as saying that they attain plausibility at the expense
+of truth. Taine died, and the thing we lacked courage to say to his
+face we have all been saying now that he is safe and irresponsible, as
+well as unresponsive, in the earth.
+
+An inevitable way, undoubtedly, to be assured of the insufficiency of
+Taine's method is to read Taine's books; and the first book of all,
+the "Essay on La Fontaine," is, I may insert the observation, as
+conclusive as the last in this respect. But in order to obtain the
+conviction that what the critic can get to know of the environing
+conditions of any product, human or other, does not explain that
+product, one needs not go to Taine's books; one has only to apply it
+to the things and people one knows best. The result will be
+unsatisfactory. The critic will find a thousand elements in that
+particular product's individuality thus left unexplained; in a word,
+the theory is one natural, no doubt, to the Olympians, who see all
+things; but impracticable for men who, even at their best, see only
+very little. Apply it to yourself; apply it to your friends. Apply it
+to the person of whom I am going to speak, to M. de Blowitz, the Paris
+correspondent of an English newspaper, the "Times." The act will
+result in a failure, a scientific failure, whatever the artistic
+success. Yet M. de Blowitz is a very remarkable human fact; and that a
+philosophic or critical method cannot be applied to him with triumph,
+for both him and the method--is this not of itself a consideration
+extraordinary enough to vitiate the whole method? A much more
+important thing to know than what determined this or that product,
+whether it be the Book of Judges, or the Panama trial, or M. Taine, or
+M. de Blowitz, is what they themselves determined; what followed,
+because of their existence; and though this be reasoning in a dizzy
+circle, I cling to the remark as a not unapt way to introduce my
+subject. A chief reason why M. de Blowitz is worth considering is,
+that he is and always has been a producer himself, a fact pregnant
+with a thousand others, rather than the resultant of many vague facts
+that have gone before. Most of us must be content with being,
+comparatively speaking, only results. M. de Blowitz, prodigious result
+as he is, is even more striking as initiator, as himself the creator
+of a special environment, as himself in his own way a "final cause."
+
+[Illustration: THE DINING-ROOM IN M. DE BLOWITZ'S PARIS HOME.]
+
+Cosmopolite in a world becoming rapidly no larger than the tiniest
+of the asteroids, M. de Blowitz is one of those who have most
+contributed to this planetary shrinkage. His career is a continual
+and entertaining illustration of the truth that tact can render even
+tolerance successful. For he is the most amiable, the most tolerant
+of men, and yet he has blazed a wide path through the woodland of
+warring interests in which every man who seeks to succeed runs risk,
+not only of losing his way, but of setting all the other denizens of
+the forest against him. Ordinarily, success implies that a man is a
+man of only one idea. What Frenchman said: "Truth is a wedge that
+makes its way only by being struck"? I have forgotten. At all events,
+isn't the remark nine times out of ten true? But M. de Blowitz
+could apply for the honor of being the proverbial exception. His
+workshop is full of wedges, and a more impatient man would have
+used up all of them long ago, after having hammered the battered
+tops into a condition of splay disfigurement. M. de Blowitz does not
+do this. He knew and knows a better way. He can afford to wait. He
+likes to wait. He has the good and amiable heart of a man who, like
+Odysseus, has seen many men and countries, and knows that all
+things--I include even people who are "bores"--have a point of
+view that may be rendered interesting. Himself one of the most
+individualized of contemporary institutions, his own career is a
+standing argument against the sacredness of the idea of institutions.
+Yet, though he has inevitably learned how relative things in general
+are, he himself appeals to his friends as unusually self-contained
+and absolute. Diplomatist among diplomatists, he is more powerful than
+any of them, because he works in the interest of the whole rather than
+in that of a part. Loyal absolutely to the "Times," which, to its
+accidental honor, has entangled him, the "Times" is, at its best, only
+the accidental projection, a kind of chronic double, of himself. His
+letters are kind attentions which have the air of a continual
+favor. Though better recompensed than favors sometimes are, and
+though, whatever their contents, they will be read by everybody,
+this is not only because what the author writes is important, but
+because he does not write when he has nothing to say.
+
+
+M. DE BLOWITZ AT HIS SUMMER HOME.
+
+This reticence is superb, and one of its practical results has been
+the remarkable physical vigor of this man who is after all no longer
+young. One should see him in his country home. M. de Blowitz went up
+and down the north coast of France, hunting for an eyry. He found it
+on the wooded top of one of the side slopes of the thousand and one
+ravines in which fishermen along that coast had fixed their cabins, at
+the small hamlet of _Les Petites Dalles_. Like Alphonse Karr at
+Etretat, he made the fame of this spot. Your guide-book will tell you
+the fact. "M. de Blowitz, correspondent of the English newspaper the
+'Times,' has a villa here." I defy you to find any other distinction
+special to this place. The high Normandy coast is always charming, but
+it is equally so at a hundred other points. And of what charm there is
+here simply as village, M. Blowitz's presence would seem to threaten
+the partial extinction. For this very presence is rendering the spot
+famous and crowded. Sit in the afternoon listening to the three
+violins that provide the music, and, taking your absinthe on one of
+those hard benches within the narrow limits of the space there called
+Casino, you will run the risk of overhearing a conversation like
+this:
+
+"This is your first summer here?"
+
+"Yes, came last night. I am tired of Pau, and thought I could bury
+myself here. But there's too much world."
+
+"Yes, but what a world it is!"
+
+"Oh, I don't mind that! They say there's enough society in the villas.
+Since de Blowitz built the _Lampottes_ and has brought his friends
+down, there are some people _tres bien de la meilleure societe_ on the
+cliffs. That's the place up there, the house with the flag above all
+the others. I walked up there this morning. He has a tennis court.
+Looking up the gravel walk, I saw him sitting on the veranda. That's
+M. Ernest Daudet's place just under him in the trees--_mais voila_;
+there he is."
+
+Towards three o'clock in the afternoon, indeed, almost daily, M. de
+Blowitz has an amiable habit. He walks down with members of his
+family, and the guests who are staying with him, to the pretty
+bathing-cabins, in front of which stretches an improvised awning, and,
+picturesque in his colored flannels, he sits himself down with a cigar
+to watch the bathers. He, the most distinguished of European critics,
+is here and now the object of many curious and admiring observations.
+He holds here a little court on the shingle beach. Brightly dressed
+women gather to him from every point of the compass; while he who has
+his emissaries in every quarter of the world, and whose subtle
+influence is felt at each episode of the European movement, gives
+himself up with pardonable indulgence--under the ample umbrella--to
+the pretty trifles of glib women's charm and chatter. Before he has
+enjoyed enough, and obedient to one of those harmless devices in which
+well-taught men of the world often indulge, he retires from this
+charmed and, as I can affirm, charming circle, and climbs to the great
+villa on the cliff. There are letters to be written and telegrams to
+be sent to Paris, and perhaps an article meditated during the
+afternoon.
+
+[Illustration: M. DE BLOWITZ IN HIS STUDY.]
+
+The doors of the _Lampottes_ are wide open upon the great veranda, and
+the winds of the channel enter there, warmed from blowing over the
+upland grass. The life within is the ideally tranquil existence of an
+English country gentleman. Where did this cosmopolite, who really has
+no English roots, learn the system? For the hospitality of England can
+scarcely be translated with full flavor into any other idiom. The
+_schloss_ of Germany or of the Tyrol, the _chateau_ of France, have
+never, within my experience of lazy summers, afforded just the same
+delightful background as the country house of England. Yet to the
+_Lampottes_ the peculiar air has somehow been conjured. All the
+country round about this house is Norman, and therefore English--that
+is, dense, rich, familiar--so that the English illusion is complete.
+But no reader of M. de Blowitz's correspondence in the "Times" would
+ever have thought of placing the author in these surroundings. The
+_raconteur_ of the reminiscences in "Harper's Magazine" must appeal to
+the American reader as a sort of bustling incarnation of the
+ubiquitous telegraph, unwearied, and knowing not even in his dreams
+the first soothing tremor of the sound of the word "rest." On the
+contrary, M. de Blowitz rests frequently and smiles quietly. Large
+himself, he likes large air, large rooms, large landscapes, large and
+general ideas. And what contributes to all this more than rest, which
+gives time to think? It is a generous and natural temper, and that is
+why the great doors from the veranda are open to the channel winds.
+
+Although M. de Blowitz wears in his buttonhole, in bright contrast to
+the famous flowing tie, the rosette of the French Legion of Honor, he
+is not in race a Frenchman; yet he is sufficiently French in two
+conspicuous characteristics. The French strike me as being, with the
+Americans, the most naturally intelligent people on the western part
+of the planet. But the Frenchman is also _bon enfant_, and for the
+moment I do not stop to consider that he always remains _enfant_. To
+be intelligent and _bon enfant_ at once is to promise all kinds of
+successes in life, and to be both is to make success charming. M. de
+Blowitz is both. He has been, therefore, a charming success. The
+nature of this success defies analysis, but as a result can be
+described.
+
+
+THE BEGINNING OF A CAREER.
+
+It is now more than twenty years since a young man appeared before
+the enthusiast, Laurence Oliphant, then correspondent of the English
+"Times," and rendered himself so indispensable to Oliphant that
+the latter, with the quixotic temper peculiar to him, felt it, I
+believe, a moral duty to abdicate. This young man had already so
+distinguished himself at Marseilles, during Communal riots there, as
+to attract the attention and merit the gratitude of Thiers. Justly
+rating his powers as a diplomatist, and knowing himself to be an
+indefatigable worker, he conceived the notion of becoming a sort
+of general self-accredited representative to every European Court,
+and of inducing the "Times" to afford him an organ of communication
+with his diplomatic rivals everywhere. The "Times" is the secluded
+pool into which England loves to gaze when it plays the _role_ of
+Narcissus. And when Narcissus-England admires itself therein, that
+is, once a day the year round, it not only sees the healthy,
+beaming, determined visage of John Bull, but notes with approval
+his quiet expression of patience and caution, his willingness to
+wait. The "Times" kept M. de Blowitz waiting for some time before
+it found him as relatively indispensable as he really was, and
+always has been since; but finally the moment came when M. de Blowitz,
+seated before his desk, could feel himself more than the equal of
+his diplomatist _confreres_. Statesman he was not, nor ambassador; for
+these words imply limitations, a condition of responsibility to
+this or that state. But diplomatist he was, and in this entire
+class of men he was the most powerful of all; for he found himself
+in the position of critic, unattached, of the European movement, owing
+allegiance to no country, although sought out by the representatives
+of all. What position save that of the Pope afforded a more enviable
+outlook? The chances were undoubtedly all on the side of his playing
+the great _role_ which the happy coincidence of an unusually
+exciting time in Europe, and his own activity, tact and perception,
+combined to create for him. He has himself lately been telling us
+in an American magazine some of the episodes in which he played his
+part. I will not dilute the flavor of the original by any individual
+essence of my own. The reminiscences are accessible and are not to
+be imitated. But to the reader of them one fact above all others
+will be evident: M. de Blowitz was and is a diplomatist of the
+first order. Seek to explain the eternal hatred felt towards him by a
+Prince Bismarck on any other ground. The attempt is impossible.
+
+
+IDEALS OF A GREAT JOURNALIST.
+
+Whatever M. de Blowitz's loyalty to the "Times," he has been loyal
+above all to his own ideal. This ideal has always been to get at the
+most political truth possible as a condition of exerting an individual
+influence on European states in the interest of European peace. To me,
+individually, this ideal seems rather too generous. Everybody
+now-a-days wants to take a part in affairs, when only to look on is
+surely the one wise part to take. But generous M. de Blowitz is, and
+he is demonstrating now, in a series of "recollections," that his
+ideal can be carried out in a striking way. I do not deny for a moment
+that the point is proven. I doubt very much, however, if any other
+similar series of facts will ever be marshalled to the same end. But
+all the more reason for being belongs, just for this cause, to the
+"Blowitziana."
+
+[Illustration: THE _Lampottes_; THE COUNTRY HOUSE OF M. DE BLOWITZ.]
+
+The "Blowitziana"! This, however, is just what some of us feel more
+inspired, than at liberty, to give. I recall here, over this paper,
+too many things at once; and all the impressions, seeing M. de Blowitz
+as I do continually, fortunately lack perspective. But to note this
+and that about him seems in a way as much a duty as a pleasure, for I
+remember well that my original notion of this remarkable man was
+widely different from that which began to form in my mind once I knew
+him. I don't think that people who hear about him, people who read his
+name in the newspapers, the average citizen of the world who doesn't
+know him personally, have quite the right idea about him. During the
+last twenty years he has obtained a reputation for being the most
+persistent ferreter of news in existence; but in many minds there is
+distrust whenever, over his signature, some unexpected revelation
+comes to change the key in the European concert. Perhaps an
+unlooked-for document is published, interrupting the plans of
+European statesmen, bringing to nothing all their most elaborate
+scheming; and on the morrow, by some official source, comes a denial
+that any such document was ever dreamed of. It is obviously
+impracticable for M. de Blowitz to give his proofs, and this or that
+unthinking reader, used to a thousand irresponsible writers who care
+only for what is sensational, and who never verify their information,
+hurriedly relegates the disclosure of the "Times" correspondent to the
+same category. This is natural enough, of course. But let there be no
+mistake. The revelation was worthy of the name; of this you may be
+sure. M. de Blowitz has done all that he intended to do. He has nipped
+in the bud this or that diplomatic scheme; he has anticipated some
+subsequent further revelation; or it may be he has laid the net for
+some other and less wary diplomatist. The diplomatists themselves are
+not so incredulous. They listen to what M. de Blowitz is saying with a
+more respectful attention, and, thinking discretion the better part of
+valor, they usually end in bringing their mite to his universal
+diplomatic bureau. Upon his discretion they know they can count.
+
+Here is a fact in point. Breakfasting once in Paris with an amiable
+lady and a very distinguished diplomatist who was also a poet, the
+conversation fell on the subject of M. de Blowitz and Count Munster
+who had recently been the object of a long-resounding letter in the
+"Times." The diplomatist who sat opposite me spoke freely of the
+Munster episode, which was then entertaining the whole of Europe, save
+the person most concerned.
+
+"M. de Blowitz," said he, "is our only peer. But there should be honor
+even among thieves. He has 'cooked Count Munster's goose.'"
+
+"Yes," I replied, "but with fuel of Count Munster's own providing."
+
+"Quite so," he continued; "but of course we are paid to deny just such
+things as this. And I have heard of licensed jesters, but the world
+has come to a pretty pass if we are to be at the mercy of licensed
+truth-tellers. What will become, this side of the Orient, of our
+profession?"
+
+"I agree with you," interrupted our host; "but what does it matter so
+only diplomacy may be the bay-leaves of poets, and you may have time
+to take the world into your confidence in verse?"
+
+This estimate, implied in the ambassador's somewhat cynical words,
+has always been shared by all M. de Blowitz's _confreres_. It would
+be more than amusing, it would be curiously instructive, to
+corroborate this anecdote by comparison with the hundred others that
+tremble in the ink of my pen. But fortunately it is many years before
+"Blowitziana" will be written, while now there are Hawaii and
+Panama and the Papal ambassador to the United States to occupy our
+attention. Yet because of the existence of just this assurance in
+the foreign offices of all the European powers, it seems necessary to
+set the average reader on his guard against a natural error. What
+it all comes to is this--M. Jules Simon has said it--"Newspapers are
+better served than kings and peoples."
+
+Everybody has been recently talking of an extraordinary scheme of M.
+de Blowitz for the reformation of journalism. That article, crackling
+with anathema against the ignorance and irresponsibility of most
+modern journalism, and warm with generous and high notions of what
+constitutes the duty and privilege of the journalist, had about it a
+surprising flavor of detachment and idealism which recalled the famous
+Utopian schemes familiar in the pedantic idiom of scholars. It was a
+dream, a warning--a vision of a kind of journalistic "City of God."
+But the air of that city is, after all, the air of the world in which
+M. de Blowitz, the most surprisingly unprofessional of men, seems
+eternally to live.
+
+Not that he is always an idealist. He was not, for instance, when,
+jumping the wall at Versailles after a dinner to the Shah of Persia,
+he outwitted every journalist in the palace garden, and, as he says,
+"made five enemies in a single well-employed evening." No, even the
+most ubiquitous of American reporters would admit that he may be
+practical enough when need be. But after all, and above all, he is an
+idealist, marked by a distinguished imagination and an amiable and
+generous sympathy. No journalistic tag is on him. He is simply a
+gentleman with the widest interests and uncommon capacities who
+succeeded in convincing the "Times" (this, of itself, is surely by way
+of being a _vrai coup de maitre_), and then every other intelligent
+observer, of his power and usefulness. He has his own philanthropic
+ends, for the propagation of which it pleases him to have so esteemed
+a medium as the "Times."
+
+
+IN HIS PARIS HOME.
+
+The people who come to see him--the deputies, the ministers, the
+ambassadors, the writers, the artists, the simple _gens du monde_--come
+more often not to his office, but to his warm and hospitable home.
+Here, in one of the streets that wind about the Star Arch at the head
+of the Champs Elysees, he receives all the world, rather as the
+charming gentleman than the historic journalist de Blowitz. The
+centre--I must add the admired centre--of a devoted family circle, he
+discourses at his dinner-table of the serious events of the day,
+volubly, picturesquely, and with conviction. Yet he is always ready to
+listen, and even to alter his opinions at a moment's notice, though
+that notice must be good. While he himself makes the coffee, the talk
+becomes less exacting and more general. Often he tells you of his
+pictures, and points out to you the panels set into the wall of the
+room, works of his friends, great canvases by M. Clairin or Mme. Sarah
+Bernhardt; and one, a sunny view of the Norman house on the cliff, by
+M. Duphot. After dinner in the private study, with its high walls
+covered with paintings and souvenirs and autograph photographs of the
+greatest names of France, you smoke in the arms of your easy-chair,
+the wood fire burning brightly in an ample chimney; while your host,
+propped by divan cushions, and with one leg curled under him, drops
+grandly into pleasant reminiscences. One has visions of Bagdad. After
+an hour like this, you wonder when M. de Blowitz works. But he has been
+working all the time. He has been thinking in one half of a very
+capacious brain and talking from another. The chances are that he will
+have planned a column article for the "Times" newspaper, left you for
+a half hour to rummage in his books while he dictates the article,
+telephoned for his carriage to await him at nine o'clock in the court
+below, and asked you to accompany him to the opera--all before he has
+finished his cigar. But then the cigar is a remarkably good one, and
+knows not, as is the case with ambassadorial nicotine, the protective
+customs of France.
+
+Life means to M. de Blowitz a mental activity and alertness that never
+sleep. Yet he is always amiable, tolerating everything except
+stupidity. He is a journalist by "natural selection." But that, in the
+Europe of his time, and given the accidents of his fortune, made him
+the diplomatist that he has been and is. He can keep a secret as well
+as tell one. I repeat, he disproves that masterly theory of Taine, who
+drove facts like wild horses into a corral in order, having lassoed
+them, to tame them to his own uses; for, like Taine himself, he has
+made his own _milieu_, created his own series of facts, far more truly
+even than he is himself the striking and delightful resultant of
+others that have gone before.
+
+
+
+
+ON THE TRACK OF THE REVIEWER.
+
+A TRUE STORY OF REVENGE, CONNECTED WITH THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF
+"JANE EYRE."
+
+BY DOCTOR WILLIAM WRIGHT.
+
+
+The Bronte novels were first read and admired in the Ballynaskeagh
+manse. This statement I am able to make with fulness of knowledge.
+"Jane Eyre" was read, cried over, laughed over, argued over,
+condemned, exalted, by the Reverend David McKee, his brilliant
+children and numerous pupils, before the author was known publicly in
+England, or a single review of the work had appeared.
+
+The Reverend W. J. McCracken, an old pupil of the Ballynaskeagh manse,
+writes me on this point:
+
+"You have no doubt heard Mr. McKee's[2] opinion as to the source of
+Charlotte's genius. When Charlotte Bronte published one of her books,
+there was always an early copy sent to the uncles and aunts in
+Ballynaskeagh. As they had little taste for such literature, the book
+was sent straight over to our dear old friend Mr. McKee. If it pleased
+him, the Brontes would be in raptures with their niece, and
+triumphantly say to their neighbors, 'Mr. McKee thinks her very
+_cliver_.'
+
+"I well remember Mr. McKee reading one of Charlotte's novels, and, in
+his own inimitable way, making the remark: 'She is just her Uncle
+Jamie over the world. Just Jamie's strong, powerful, direct way of
+putting a thing.'"
+
+Mrs. McKee, now living in New Zealand, writes me: "My husband had
+early copies of the novels from the Brontes, and he pronounced them to
+be Bronte in warp and woof, before 'Currer Bell' was publicly known to
+be Charlotte Bronte. He held that the stories not only showed the
+Bronte genius and style, but that the facts were largely reminiscences
+of the Bronte family. He recognized many of the characters as founded
+largely on old Hugh's yarns, polished into literature. When 'Jane
+Eyre' came into the hands of the uncles they were troubled as to its
+character, but they were very grateful to my husband for his good
+opinion of its ability. He pronounced it a remarkable and brilliant
+work, before any of the reviews appeared."
+
+In addition to the five hundred pounds that Smith, Elder & Co. paid
+Charlotte Bronte for the copyright of each of her novels, they sent
+half a dozen copies direct to herself. The book was published on
+October 16th, and ten days later Charlotte thus acknowledged receipt
+of the copies:
+
+  _October 26, 1847._
+
+  "MESSRS. SMITH, ELDER & CO.:
+
+  "_Gentlemen_: The six copies of 'Jane Eyre' reached me this
+  morning. You have given the work every advantage which good paper,
+  clear type and a seemly outside can supply; if it fails, the fault
+  will lie with the author--you are exempt. I now await the judgment
+  of the press and the public. I am, gentlemen,
+
+  "Yours respectfully,
+
+  "C. BELL."
+
+Charlotte Bronte's friends were not numerous, and she was most anxious
+that none of the few should find out that she was the author. In the
+distribution of even her six copies, she would most likely send one to
+her friends in Ireland. When the volumes arrived in Ireland, there
+was no room for doubt as to the authorship of "Jane Eyre." The Brontes
+had no other friend in England to send them books. They themselves
+neither wrote nor read romances. They lived them.
+
+It was well known to the family that the clever brother in England
+had very clever daughters. Patrick was a constant correspondent
+with the home circle, and a not infrequent visitor. Their habits
+of study, their wonderful compositions, their education in Brussels,
+were steps in the ascending gradation of the girls, minutely
+communicated by the vicar to his only relatives, and fairly well
+understood in Ballynaskeagh. Something was expected.
+
+That something caused blank disappointment. C(urrer) B(ell) was a thin
+disguise for C(harlotte) B(ronte), but it did not deceive the
+relatives. Why concealment if there was nothing discreditable to
+conceal? A very little reading convinced the uncles and aunts that
+concealment was necessary.
+
+The book was not good like Willison's "Balm of Gilead," or like
+Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress." It was neither history like Goldsmith,
+nor biography like Johnson, nor philosophy like Locke, nor theology
+like Edwards; but "a parcel of lies, the fruit of living among
+foreigners."
+
+The Irish Brontes had never before seen a book like "Jane Eyre"--three
+volumes of babble that would take a whole winter to read. They laid
+the work down in despair; but after a little, Hugh resolved to show it
+to Mr. McKee, the one man in the district whom he could trust.
+
+The reputation of his nieces in England was dearer to Hugh Bronte than
+his own.
+
+He tied up the three volumes in a red handkerchief, and called with
+them at the manse. Contrary to his usual custom, he asked if he could
+see Mr. McKee alone. The interview, of which my information comes from
+an eye-witness, took place in a large parlor, which contained a bed,
+and a central table on which Mr. McKee's tea was spread.
+
+Hugh Bronte began in a mysterious whisper to unfold his sad tale
+to Mr. McKee, as if his niece had been guilty of some serious
+indiscretion. Mr. McKee comforted him by suggesting that the book
+might not have been written by his niece at all. At this point
+Hugh Bronte was prevailed upon to draw up to the table to partake of
+the abundant tea that had been prepared for Mr. McKee, while the
+latter proceeded to examine the book. Bronte settled down in the
+most self-denying manner to dispose of the heap of bread and butter,
+and the pot of tea, while McKee went galloping over the pages of the
+first volume of "Jane Eyre," oblivious to all but the fascinating
+story.
+
+The afternoon wore on; Bronte sat at the table, watching the features
+of the reader as they changed from somber to gay, and from flinty
+fierceness to melting pathos.
+
+When the servant went in to remove the tea things and light the
+candles, both men were sitting silent in the gloaming. McKee, roused
+from his state of abstraction, observed Bronte sitting at the _debris_
+and empty plates.
+
+"Hughey," he said, breaking the silence, "the book bears the Bronte
+stamp on every sentence and idea, and it is the grandest novel that
+has been produced in my time;" and then he added: "The child 'Jane
+Eyre' is your father in petticoats, and Mrs. Reed is the wicked uncle
+by the Boyne."
+
+The cloud passed from Hugh Bronte's brow, and the apologetic tone from
+his voice. He started up as if he had received new life, wrung Mr.
+McKee's hand, and hurried away comforted, to comfort others. Mr. McKee
+had said the novel was "_gran_" and that was enough for the Irish
+Brontes.
+
+There was joy in the Bronte house when Hugh returned and reported to
+his brothers and sisters what Mr. McKee had said. They needed no
+further commendation, for they knew no higher court on such a matter.
+They had all been alarmed lest Charlotte had done something to be
+ashamed of; but on Mr. McKee's approval, pride and elation of spirit
+succeeded depression and sinking of heart.
+
+Mr. McKee's opinion did not long remain unconfirmed. Reviews from the
+English magazines were quoted in the Newry paper, probably by Mr.
+McKee, and found their way quickly into the uncles' and aunts' hands.
+
+The publication of the book created a profound impression generally.
+It was felt in literary circles that a strong nature had broken
+through conventional restraints, that a fresh voice had delivered a
+new message. Men and women paused in the perusal of the pretty, the
+artificial, the inane, to listen to the wild story that had come to
+them with the breeze of the moorland and the bloom of the heather. And
+so exquisite was the gift of thought blended with the art of artless
+expression, that only the facts appeared in the transparent
+narrative.
+
+"The Times" declared: "Freshness and originality, truth and passion,
+singular felicity in the description of natural scenery, and in the
+analyzation of human thought, enable this tale to stand boldly out
+from the mass."
+
+"The Edinburgh Review" said: "For many years there has been no work of
+such power, piquancy, and originality."
+
+"Blackwood's Magazine" spoke thus: "'Jane Eyre' is an episode in this
+work-a-day world; most interesting, and touched at once by a daring
+and delicate hand."
+
+In "Frazer's Magazine" Mr. G. H. Lewes said: "Reality--deep,
+significant reality--is the characteristic of the book. It is
+autobiography, not perhaps in the naked facts and circumstances, but
+in the actual suffering and experience."
+
+"Tait's Magazine," "The Examiner," the "Athenaeum," and the "Literary
+Gazette," followed in the same strain; while the "Daily News" spoke
+with qualified praise, and only the "Spectator," according to
+Charlotte, was "flat."
+
+The club coteries paused, the literary log-rollers were nonplussed,
+and Thackeray sat reading instead of writing.
+
+The interest in the story was intensified, inasmuch as no one knew
+whence had come the voice that had stirred all hearts. Nor did the
+interest diminish when the mystery was dispelled. On the contrary, it
+was much increased when it became known that the author was a little,
+shy, bright-eyed Yorkshire maiden, of Irish origin, who could scarcely
+reach up to great Thackeray's arm, or reply unmoved to his simplest
+remark.
+
+The Irish Brontes read the reviews of their niece's book with intense
+delight. To them the paeans of praise were successive whiffs of pure
+incense. They had never doubted that they themselves were superior to
+their neighbors, and they felt quite sure that their niece Charlotte
+was superior to every other writer.
+
+But the Brontes were not content to enjoy silently their niece's
+triumph and fame. Their hearts were full, and overflowed from the
+lips. They had reached the period of decadence, and were often heard
+boasting of the illustrious Charlotte. Sometimes even they would read
+to uninterested and unappreciative listeners scraps of praise cut from
+the Newry papers, or supplied to them from English sources by Mr.
+McKee. The whole heaven of Bronte fame was bright and cloudless;
+suddenly the proverbial bolt fell from the blue.
+
+"The Quarterly"[3] onslaught on "Jane Eyre" appeared, and all the good
+things that had been said were forgotten. The news travelled fast, and
+reached Ballynaskeagh. The neighbors, who cared little for what "The
+Times," "Frazer," "Blackwood," and such periodicals said, had got hold
+of the "Quarterly" verdict in a very direct and simple form. The
+report went round the district like wild-fire that the "Quarterly
+Review" had said Charlotte Bronte, the vicar's daughter, was a bad
+woman, and an outcast from her kind. The neighbors of the Brontes had
+very vague ideas as to what "The Quarterly" might be, but I am afraid
+the one bad review gave them more piquant pleasure than all the good
+ones put together. In the changed atmosphere the uncles and aunts
+assumed their old unsocial and taciturn ways. When their acquaintances
+came, with simpering smiles, to sympathize with them, their gossip was
+cut short by the Brontes, who judged rightly that the sense of
+humiliation pressed lightly on their comforters.
+
+In their sore distress they went to Mr. McKee. He was able to show
+them the "Review" itself. The reviewer had been speculating on the sex
+of Currer Bell, and, for effect, assumed that the author was a man,
+but he added:
+
+  "Whoever it be, it is a person who, with great mental power,
+  combines a total ignorance of the habits of society, a great
+  coarseness of taste, a heathenish doctrine of religion. For if we
+  ascribe the work to a woman at all, we have no alternative but to
+  ascribe it to one who has, from some sufficient reason, long
+  forfeited the society of her sex."
+
+Mr. McKee's reading of the review and words of comment gave no comfort
+to the Brontes. I am afraid his indignation at the cowardly attack
+only served to fan the flames of their wrath. The sun of his sympathy,
+however, touched their hearts, and their pent-up passion flowed down
+like a torrent of lava.
+
+The uncles of Charlotte Bronte always expressed themselves, when
+roused, in language which combined simplicity of diction with depth of
+significance. Hugh was the spokesman. White with passion, the words
+hissing from his lips, he vowed to take vengeance on the traducer of
+his niece. The language of malediction rushed from him, hot and
+pestiferous, as if it had come from the bottomless pit, reeking with
+sulphur and brimstone.
+
+Mr. McKee did not attempt to stem the wrathful torrent. He hoped that
+the storm would exhaust itself by its own fury. But in the case of
+Hugh Bronte the anger was not a mere thing of the passing storm. The
+scoundrel who had spoken of his niece as if she were a strumpet must
+die. Hugh's oath was pledged, and he meant to perform it. The
+brothers recognized the work of vengeance as a family duty. Hugh had
+simply taken in hand its execution.
+
+He set about his preparation with the calm deliberation befitting such
+a tremendous enterprise. Like Thothmes the Great, his first concern
+was with regard to his arms. Irishmen at that time had one national
+weapon. What the blood mare is to the Bedawi, or his sling was to King
+David, that was the _shillelagh_ to Hugh Bronte as avenger. Irishmen
+have proved their superiority as marksmen, with long-range rifles;
+they have always had a reputation for expertness at "the long bow;"
+but the blackthorn cudgel has always been the beloved hereditary
+weapon.
+
+The shillelagh was not a mere stick picked up for a few pence, or cut
+casually out of the common hedge. Like the Arab mare, it grew to
+maturity under the fostering care of its owner.
+
+The shillelagh, like the poet, is born, not made. Like the poet, too,
+it is a choice plant, and its growth is slow. Among ten thousand
+blackthorn shoots, perhaps not more than one is destined to become
+famous, but one of the ten thousand appears of singular fitness. As
+soon as discovered, it is marked, and dedicated for future service.
+Everything that might hinder its development is removed, and any
+off-shoot of the main stem is skilfully cut off. With constant care it
+grows thick and strong, upon a bulbous root that can be shaped into a
+handle.
+
+Hugh had for many years been watching over the growth of a young
+blackthorn sapling. It had arrived at maturity about the time the
+diabolical article appeared in "The Quarterly." The supreme moment of
+his life came just when the weapon on which he depended was ready.
+
+Returning from the manse, his whole heart and soul set on avenging his
+niece, his first act was to dig up the blackthorn so carefully that he
+might have enough of the thick root to form a lethal club. Having
+pruned it roughly, he placed the butt end in warm ashes, night after
+night, to season. Then when it had become sapless and hard, he cut it
+to shape, then "put it to pickle," as the saying goes. After a
+sufficient time in the salt water, he took it out and rubbed it with
+chamois and train-oil for hours. Then he shot a magpie, drained its
+blood into a cup, and with it polished the blackthorn till it became a
+glossy black with a mahogany tint.
+
+The shillelagh was then a beautiful, tough, formidable weapon, and
+when tipped with an iron ferrule was quite ready for action. It became
+Hugh's trusty companion. No Sir Galahad ever cherished his shield or
+trusted his spear as Hugh Bronte cherished and loved his shillelagh.
+
+When the shillelagh was ready, other preparations were quickly
+completed. Hugh made his will by the aid of a local school-master,
+leaving all he possessed to his maligned niece, and then, decked out
+in a new suit of broadcloth, in which he felt stiff and awkward, he
+departed on his mission of vengeance.
+
+He set sail from Warrenpoint for Liverpool by a vessel called the "Sea
+Nymph," and walked from Liverpool to Haworth. His brother James had
+been over the route a short time previously, and from him he had
+received all necessary directions as to the way. He reached the
+vicarage on a Sunday, when all, except Martha the old servant, were at
+church. At first she looked upon him as a tramp, and refused to admit
+him into the house; but when he turned to go to the church,
+road-stained as he was, she saw that the honor of the house was
+involved, and agreed to let him remain till the family returned. Under
+the conditions of the truce he was able to satisfy Martha as to his
+identity, and then she rated him soundly for journeying on the Sabbath
+day.
+
+Hugh's reception at the vicarage was at first chilling, but soon the
+girls gathered round him and inquired about the Glen, the Knock Hill,
+Emdale Fort, and the Mourne Mountains, but especially with reference
+to the local ghosts and haunted houses.
+
+Hugh was greatly disappointed to find his niece so small and frail.
+His pride in the Bronte superiority had rested mainly on the thews and
+comeliness of the family, and he found it difficult to associate
+mental greatness with physical littleness. On his return home he
+spoke of the vicar's family to Mr. McKee as "a poor _frachther_" a
+term applied to a brood of young chickens. From his brother Jamie,
+Hugh had heard that Branwell had something of the _spunk_ he had
+expected from the family on English soil; but he was too small,
+fantastic, and a chatterer, and could not drink more than two glasses
+of whiskey at the Black Bull without making a fool of himself. In
+fact, Jamie, during a visit, had to carry Branwell home, more than
+once, from that refuge of the thirsty, and as he had to lie in the
+same bed with his nephew he found him a most exasperating bed-fellow.
+He would toss about and rave and spout poetry in such a way as to make
+sleep impossible.
+
+The declaration of Hugh's mission of revenge was received by Charlotte
+with incredulous astonishment, but gentle Anne sympathized with him,
+and wished him success; but for her, Hugh would have returned straight
+home from Haworth in disgust.
+
+Patrick, as befitted a clergyman, condemned the undertaking, and did
+what he could to amuse Hughy. Careful that Hugh's entertainments
+should be to his taste, he took him to see a prize fight. His object
+was to show him "a battle that would take the conceit out of him." It
+had the contrary effect. Hugh thought that the combatants were too fat
+and lazy to fight, and he always asserted that he could have "licked
+them both."
+
+The vicar also took him to Sir John Armitage's, where he saw a
+collection of arms, some of which were exceedingly unwieldy. Hugh was
+greatly impressed with the heaviness of the armor, and especially with
+Robin Hood's helmet, which he was allowed to place on his head. Hugh
+admitted that he could not have worn the helmet or wielded the sword,
+but he maintained at the same time that he "could have eaten half a
+dozen of the men he saw in England"--in fact, taken them like a dish
+of whitebait.
+
+When Hugh Bronte had exhausted the wonders of Yorkshire, to which the
+vicar looked for moral effect, he started on his mission to London. A
+full and complete account of his search for the reviewer would be most
+interesting, though somewhat ludicrous, but the reader must be content
+with the scrappy information at my disposal.
+
+Through an introduction from a friend of Branwell's he found cheap
+lodgings with a working family from Haworth. As soon as Hugh had got
+fairly settled, he went direct to John Murray's publishing house and
+asked to see the reviewer. He declared himself an uncle of Currer
+Bell, and said he wished to give the reviewer some specific
+information.
+
+He had a short interview at Murray's with a man who said he was the
+editor of "The Quarterly," and who may have been Lockhart, but Hugh
+told him that he could only communicate to the reviewer his secret
+message.
+
+He continued to visit Murray's under a promise of seeing the reviewer,
+but he always saw the same man who at first had said that he was
+editor, but afterwards assured him he was the reviewer, and pressed
+him greatly to say who Currer Bell was.
+
+Hugh declined to make any statement except into the ear of the
+reviewer; but as the truculent character of the avenger was probably
+very apparent, his direct and bold move did not succeed, and at last
+they ceased to admit him at Murray's.
+
+Having failed there, he went to the publishers of "Jane Eyre," and
+told them plainly he was the author's uncle, and that he had come to
+London to chastise the "Quarterly Review" critic. They treated him
+civilly without furthering his quest, but he got from them, I believe,
+an introduction to the reading-room of the British Museum, and to some
+other reading-rooms.
+
+In the reading-room he was greatly disgusted to find how little
+interest was taken in the matter that absorbed his whole attention. He
+met, however, one kind old gentleman in the British Museum who
+thoroughly sympathized with him, and took him home with him several
+times. On one occasion he invited a number of people to meet him at
+dinner. The house had signs of wealth such as he had never before
+seen or dreamt of. Everybody was kind to him. After dinner he was
+called on for a speech, and when he sat down they cheered him and
+drank his health.
+
+They all examined his shillelagh, and, before parting, promised to do
+their best to aid him in discovering the reviewer; but his friend
+afterwards told him, at the Museum, that all had failed, and
+considered Hugh's undertaking hopeless.
+
+He tried other plans of getting on the reviewer's track. He would step
+into a book-shop, and buy a sheet of paper on which to write home, or
+some other trifling object. While paying for his small purchase he
+would lift "The Quarterly Review," and casually ask the book-seller
+who wrote the attack on "Jane Eyre."
+
+He always found the book-sellers communicative, if not well informed.
+Many told him that "Jane Eyre" was a well-known mistress of
+Thackeray's. None of them seemed able to bear the thought of appearing
+ignorant of anything. It was quite well known, others assured him,
+that Thackeray had written the review--"in fact, he admitted that he
+was the author of the review." Some declared that Mr. George Henry
+Lewes was the author, others said it was Harriet Martineau, and some
+ventured to say that Bulwer Lytton or Dickens was the critic. These
+names were given with confidence, and with details of circumstances
+which seemed to create a probability; but his friend, whom he met
+daily at the Museum, assured him that they were only wild and absurd
+guesses. Thus ended one of the strangest adventures within the whole
+range of literary adventure.
+
+Hugh Bronte failed to find the reviewer of his niece's novel, but
+explored London thoroughly. He saw the queen, but was better pleased
+to see her horses and talk with her grooms.
+
+He saw reviews of troops, and public demonstrations, and cattle shows,
+and the Houses of Parliament, and ships of many nations that lay near
+his lodging; and he visited the Crystal Palace and the Tower, and
+other objects of interest; and when his patience was exhausted and
+his money spent, he returned to Haworth on his homeward journey.
+
+[Illustration: CHARLOTTE BRONTE.]
+
+His stay at the vicarage was brief. During his absence, consumption
+had been rapidly sapping the life of the youngest girl, yet the gentle
+Anne received him with the warmest welcome, and talked of accompanying
+him to Ireland, which she spoke of as "home." At parting she threw her
+long, slender arms round his neck, and called him her noble uncle.
+Charlotte took him for a walk on the moor, asked a thousand questions,
+told him about Emily and Branwell, and, slipping a few sovereigns into
+his hand, advised him to hasten home. On the following day he parted
+forever from the family that he would have given his life to
+befriend.
+
+No welcome awaited him at home, because he had failed in his mission.
+He gave to Mr. McKee a detailed account of his adventures in England,
+but I do not think anyone else ever heard from him a single word
+regarding the sad home at Haworth. But as long as he lived he
+regretted his helplessness to avenge the slight put upon his niece,
+and seemed to look on the miscarriage of his plans as the great
+failure of his life.
+
+Since the foregoing article was put in type Doctor Wright has written
+to the editor of this magazine announcing that he has discovered the
+author of the "Quarterly" review. He says:
+
+  "Assuming the editor's responsibility for the incriminated
+  interpolations, who wrote the article itself? Secrets have a bad
+  time of it in our day, and the authorship of the article is no
+  longer a secret. As has been generally suspected, the writer was a
+  woman, and that woman was Miss Rigby, the daughter of a Norwich
+  doctor, and was better known as Lady Eastlake.
+
+  "The well-kept secret has been brought to light by Doctor
+  Robertson Nicoll in the 'Bookman' of September, 1892. Doctor
+  Nicoll found the key to the mystery in a letter written on March
+  31, 1849, by Sara Coleridge to Edward Quillman, and published in
+  the 'Memoirs and Letters of Sara Coleridge.' The following is the
+  passage referred to:
+
+  "'Miss Rigby's article on "Vanity Fair" was brilliant, as all her
+  productions are. But I could not agree to the concluding remark
+  about governesses. How could it benefit that uneasy class to
+  reduce the number of their employers, which, if high salaries were
+  considered in all cases indispensable, must necessarily be the
+  result of such a state of opinion?'
+
+  "The 'Quarterly' article on 'Vanity Fair' dealt also with 'Jane
+  Eyre,' and with the 'Report of the Governesses' Benevolent
+  Institution for 1847,' and it is without doubt the article
+  referred to by Sara Coleridge.
+
+  "On this matter Sara Coleridge was not likely to be under any
+  mistake. Miss Rigby was her intimate friend, and not likely to
+  conceal from her so important a literary event as the production
+  of a 'Quarterly' review.
+
+  "I am also informed that Mr. George Smith, the publisher of 'Jane
+  Eyre,' declares without hesitation or doubt that he had always
+  known that Lady Eastlake was the author of the 'Quarterly'
+  article, and that he had declined to meet her at dinner on account
+  of it.
+
+  "The fact that the brilliant Miss Rigby was the writer of the
+  review greatly strengthens my interpolation theory. To me it seems
+  beyond the range of things probable, that the pharisaic part of
+  the article could have come from the same source as 'Livonian
+  Tales' and the 'Letters from the Shores of the Baltic.'
+
+  "The article is therefore of a composite character. It was written
+  by Miss Rigby the year before her marriage with Sir Charles Lock
+  Eastlake, and heavily edited during the reign of Lockhart. I know
+  it will be said that the genial Lockhart would not have added the
+  objectionable fustian to the superior material supplied by Miss
+  Rigby; but I must repeat that it was his duty, as a mere matter of
+  business, and a purely editorial affair, to maintain the
+  traditional tone of the 'Review.'"
+
+  [2] The Reverend David McKee of Ballynaskeagh, a very successful
+      school teacher, who prepared hundreds of boys for college. Among
+      them was Captain Mayne Reid, who afterwards dedicated his book,
+      "The White Chief," to Mr. McKee. Ballynaskeagh, was the centre
+      of mental activity for the country round about. Its master was
+      the friend and neighbor of the Irish Brontes. He himself wrote
+      several books, one of which led to the beginning of a temperance
+      movement in Ireland. The writer of this article was his pupil at
+      the time of the publication of "Jane Eyre," and tells whereof he
+      knows personally, as well as some things of which he was
+      informed by Mr. McKee.
+
+  [3] The December number of the "Quarterly Review" of 1848 is perhaps
+      the most famous of the entire series. Its fame rests on a
+      mystery which has baffled literary curiosity for close on half a
+      century. "Who wrote the review of 'Jane Eyre'?" is a question
+      that has been asked by every contributor to English literature
+      since the critique appeared. But thus far the question has been
+      asked in vain.
+
+      The descendant and namesake of the eminent projector and
+      proprietor of "The Quarterly" does not feel at liberty to solve
+      the mystery by revealing the writer. I admire the loyalty of
+      John Murray to a servant whose work has attained an evil
+      pre-eminence. It is interesting to know, in these prying and
+      babbling times, that in the house of Murray the secret of even a
+      supposed ruffian is safe to the third generation.
+
+
+
+
+ANNOUNCEMENT.
+
+ROMANTIC STORIES FROM THE FAMILY HISTORY OF THE BRONTES.
+
+
+The August and succeeding issues of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE will contain a
+series of papers giving the dramatic and hitherto unknown history of
+the Brontes in Ireland. They will throw a vivid light upon the origin
+of the Bronte novels, and upon the ancestors of the Brontes. As Doctor
+Wright says:
+
+  "Hugh Bronte, the father of Patrick, and grandfather of the famous
+  novelists, first makes his appearance as if he had stepped out of
+  a Bronte novel. His early experiences qualified him to take a
+  permanent place beside the child 'Jane Eyre' at Mrs. Reed's. The
+  treatment that embittered his childhood is never referred to by
+  the grand-daughters in their correspondence, but it is quite
+  evident that the knowledge of his hardships dominated their minds,
+  and gave a bent to their imaginations, when depicting the misery
+  of young lives dependent on charity."
+
+All the existing biographies of the Bronte sisters are confined to the
+Brontes in England. There were but two people competent to give the
+story of the Bronte ancestors: one, Captain Mayne Reid; and the other,
+Doctor William Wright, who has spent many years preparing this
+history.
+
+Doctor Wright had exceptional advantages for his labor of love. In his
+childhood his nurse told him the traditions of the Brontes; his tutor
+was full of recollections of the father, uncles, and grandfather of
+the novelists. As a student he wrote screeds of the Bronte novels in
+place of essays, having first been told the incidents and events by
+his tutor. His recollections, extending back to the early part of this
+century, have been strengthened by years of patient investigation.
+During different years Doctor Wright has spent several months at a
+time in Ireland, following up obscure traces of the family, hunting
+down traditions connected with the Brontes, or carefully verifying
+minute points derived from his own recollections or the reports of
+others. The result of these painstaking researches, which have
+extended over a lifetime, is an authentic narrative of great human
+interest.
+
+The unadorned history of the family reads like a Bronte novel. The
+adventures, the hairbreadth escapes, the struggles, the kidnapping,
+the abuse, which figure in these chapters are stranger than fiction.
+The courtship, elopement, and marriage of Hugh Bronte with Alice
+McGlory form one of the most extraordinary narratives of love and
+adventure that has ever been penned.
+
+The half-humorous, half-pathetic, but always intensely interesting,
+descriptions of the ancestors of the Bronte sisters, their peculiarities,
+the superstition with which some of them were regarded as masters of the
+black art, the respect that they commanded as fighters and singers and
+workmen, the side-lights thrown upon the early and bitter contest over
+tenant rights, the exposition of strange religious beliefs--all of this,
+and more that cannot here even be hinted at, serve to present a curious
+and vivid picture of everyday life in a corner of Ireland one hundred
+years ago.
+
+These articles bring out the hereditary and surrounding influences
+which helped to shape the genius of Charlotte Bronte. Aside from the
+value which they have because they furnish a remarkable commentary on
+the work of the great novelist, they are pages of real life of
+fascination and remarkable interest.
+
+The first article will give a glimpse of the early Brontes and the
+singular weird story of that dark foundling who brought ruin to his
+benefactors, and whose machinations resulted in the absolute
+separation of Hugh Bronte, the grandfather of the novelists, from his
+parents--a separation so complete that he was never able to learn in
+what part of Ireland his father's family lived. Hugh Bronte was
+kidnapped when he was six years old. The strange narrative of his
+abduction will be given in the August number of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+
+
+
+
+A STRANGE STORY: THE LOST YEARS
+
+LIZZIE HYER NEFF.
+
+
+I.
+
+Whether or not to relate the history that I now commence has been to
+me a seriously debated question.
+
+But after due reflection I decide that, being the only witness to the
+events that have lately been so startling to at least one community,
+it is my duty to state as clearly and exactly as possible, while yet
+fresh in my memory, the occurrences that came under my observation. I
+am satisfied in so doing that the contingencies which might arise from
+my silence would be much more serious in their effect upon my friends
+than their aversion to the publicity to which they may be subjected;
+but, of course, when completed, my statement will be subject to their
+wish in its disposal.
+
+Regarding myself, it is only necessary to state that last winter--I
+think it was the last week of January--my health became so alarming as
+to induce me to accept my son's urgent invitation to visit him in a
+far Western territory, hoping that the brighter sky and milder air
+would more than compensate for the long and lonely journey to one who
+is neither young nor adventurous.
+
+And the effect of the change was almost magical. My son is a civil and
+mining engineer, and, being unmarried, boards at the largest of the
+three hotels in the busy mining town upon the Southern Pacific road,
+which I shall call Brownville.
+
+I reached the place on the afternoon of a bright, balmy day--a May day
+it seemed to me--but being an unaccustomed traveller, the motion of
+the cars and the strangeness of the transition gave everything such a
+dreamlike unreality that I cannot recall the impressions of the first
+few days with as much distinctness as later ones. I was continually
+expecting my son to vanish, and myself to wake up in my room at home.
+This soon wore off, however. I think it was on the second day after my
+arrival, as we were starting down stairs to dinner, my son suddenly
+drew me back into my room as if to avoid some one who was passing.
+
+"I was afraid you might be startled," he exclaimed. "I was at first,
+and I am neither sick nor a lady. Mother, there is a young man here
+who will seem like one risen from the dead to you at first sight. He
+looks enough like Chester Mansfield to be his twin brother. I think I
+never saw so striking a resemblance before, but after you are
+acquainted with him the impression will wear away, because he is so
+different in every other way." Then we went down stairs, and meeting
+the young man at the dining-room door, my son introduced him as "Mr.
+Reynolds;" and thus began my acquaintance with him. Of course, after
+my son's cautionary remark, I noticed him closely, but I should have
+done so anyhow, I am sure, for the resemblance to the dead was so
+strong as to give me a very strange feeling, for Chester Mansfield had
+been only less dear to me than my own son. But as Howard had said, the
+resemblance seemed to wear away somewhat as I talked with him, and I
+began to wonder that I had felt it so much. This young man was older,
+stouter--and many shades darker in complexion than my friend. His
+manner, speech, and style of dress were wholly unlike those of the
+dead Chester, although his voice, while deeper, was very similar. He
+was attached to the hotel in some capacity, and went out with us to
+dinner after a moment's talk, and I found him to be a pleasant talker,
+with a ready fund of the slang which seems to be the evolving language
+of the Far West, and a very witty use of it; but he did not seem to be
+well informed on any subject that I could mention, a strong contrast
+to the scholarship of the dead man whose face he bore.
+
+Yet he had an unmistakable air of good breeding, and even of
+intelligence, although it was impossible to draw him into a connected
+conversation. He seemed to be very popular in the house.
+
+Howard was closely engaged in his work, which sometimes kept him away
+for a week at a time, and I had neither the strength nor courage to
+go very far from the house alone, through that odd, rushing,
+foreign-looking town, so I had much time to myself. I was the only
+woman at the house except the proprietor's wife and one Irish
+chambermaid. This, perhaps, would account for my interest in the
+young man, for I must confess that he occupied my thoughts a good
+deal during those first weeks. One Sabbath afternoon I saw him going
+away with a party of friends--stylishly dressed, hard-looking men,
+and I turned and spoke to Howard of the idea that I had formed of
+him.
+
+"I have thought of the same thing myself, mother," he replied. "That
+fellow is of Eastern origin, and he is well brought up, in spite of
+his efforts to conceal it. And you can't get a word out of him about
+his past. I've tried a dozen times. I'm positive that he puts on
+ignorance a good many times, just as a blind. There's a good deal of
+that here--men who have forgotten all about the East, you understand,
+and who have new names, and who don't write home by every mail. Now,
+weren't there other Mansfield boys besides Chester? His mother was a
+second wife, wasn't she, and there was another family who lived with
+their grandmother?"
+
+"Why, certainly there was!" I exclaimed, catching at the idea. "Three
+boys, and two of them went out to Denver, or somewhere in that region.
+Now I have it--that's just who he is. I wonder what crime he has
+committed--robbery, or perhaps murder--who knows?"
+
+"Oh, no! Take care, not quite so fast, mother. But I have a little
+clue that nobody else has had the interest to notice. It is more than
+mere coincidence. Of course Doctor Mansfield's sons would be brought
+up in the deepest piety, and when this fellow gets drunk--you'll hear
+him some night--he's terribly pious; prays and sings half the night to
+himself--old church hymns that were never heard in this place. And the
+thing that I notice is this: he prays like one who was brought up to
+it; not like some reprobate who has been scared into piety. I've heard
+them a few times, too, and I know the difference.
+
+"Now, that means a little, and when you put it with the company he
+keeps, especially Crouch, his chum, that black-looking fellow who was
+shooting at the target out there this morning, don't you see it grows
+quite interesting?"
+
+"I should think it does. Why, it is perfectly certain that he is a
+desperate sort of person. I wonder what he has done? It couldn't be
+the Cleveland fur robbery, I suppose," I said.
+
+Howard got up and shook himself and then laughed uproariously.
+
+"No, but he might be the Rahway murderer. You'd better lock the door
+fast and tight at night." (This was a stab at my well-known
+cowardice.)
+
+"And, little mother, if you think you have got hold of a delightful,
+bloody mystery, for the love of heaven keep still about it. A little
+talk will set a cyclone going if you're not particular."
+
+I resented this caution as quite unnecessary, but Howard laughed and
+shook his finger at me. I think he is at the age when a young man
+feels his physical and political superiority over his mother very
+fully. After he had gone out I sat thinking over his new idea. I had a
+faint suspicion that Howard was amusing himself at my interest in the
+matter, and was starting me in pursuit of something that he knew
+perfectly well beforehand; yet every word that he had said was
+fastened in my memory, and many little unnoticed things now came up to
+strengthen my suspicions.
+
+In Crouch, the evil-looking fellow, I had no interest, for he was not
+mysterious. He was a rascal at the first glance, and could not be
+anything else. And he was the sort of rascal that one is content not
+to investigate, but observe at the greatest possible distance.
+
+What, then, was young Reynolds' interest in him? I intended to write
+home the next day to ask about the Mansfield brothers, but Howard
+carried me off to the mines to camp for a few days, and my thoughts
+were turned in a new direction.
+
+The day after my return I went out for a walk through the town. I
+crossed the plaza and started down one of the diverging streets, when
+I suddenly found myself in a most unsavory neighborhood, and suspected
+that I must have crossed the "dead line," beyond which I had been told
+no white woman ever ventured. I turned to beat a hasty retreat, when I
+heard my name, and looking up saw Charlie Reynolds, apparently very
+drunk, issuing from the door of a dance saloon. One or two of his
+friends were smoking in the doorway. "Good evening, Mish Spencer," he
+said, with an aggravated bow. "Thish bad place for lady. See you home,
+Mish Spencer?"
+
+"No," I said, "you can't see me home, but I will see you home. You
+walk on before me, and I will follow."
+
+To my surprise he obeyed, and across the plaza and down the street of
+_adobe_ houses I steered my drunken companion, until I saw him safe
+within the doors of the Eldorado House, where I was assured that he
+would be put to bed.
+
+That night my son was detained at the mines, and I sat at my window
+alone in the marvellous moonlight so clear, so brilliant in that
+rarefied atmosphere, that I could see the round blue lines of the
+mountains in Mexico, sixty miles away. Sounds from different parts of
+the town came up with startling distinctness. I could distinguish
+every word of sentences spoken two squares away, and the barking of
+coyotes out in the mesquit brush that surrounded the town seemed to
+come from under my window. I seemed to be far from the rest of the
+earth, on some desolate peak that stood in vast solitude, for the
+stars were so large and bright, and the great glowing moon seemed to
+hang just overhead.
+
+There were no trees on the great blue mountains, no grass in the stony
+valleys, and I realized in their absence how much we owe to the
+mission of the green and growing. There was no sense of companionship
+in the babel of sounds and languages that came up from the wicked
+little town. I am afraid that a few homesick tears came to my eyes.
+
+Suddenly one of the grand old hymns of my church struck the intense
+air. A clear, strong, manly voice. How familiar it sounded, ringing
+out alone! I sat spellbound, for it was, as my son had said, not the
+effort of a tyro, but the cultivated voice of a cultivated man. Coming
+just at this moment in the grandly solemn night, its effect upon me
+was indescribable, and a new thought flashed into my mind, which I am
+ashamed to confess was not there before. Why cannot this young man,
+whatever he may have done, be saved through this early training? I
+could not sleep for this thought, and waited impatiently for the
+morning, resolved to undertake some missionary work in behalf of
+Charlie Reynolds.
+
+
+II.
+
+The Chester Mansfield to whom I have referred was the young minister
+of my church, and also the son of my dearest friend. Mrs. Mansfield
+had been my playmate and schoolmate in childhood, my confidante in
+girlhood, and when we were matrons and neighbors our early affection
+had settled into the deep, enduring friendship of later life. She had
+married our minister and was an exemplary wife and mother. Our
+children were schoolmates also, and her only son Chester was a boy of
+unusual promise. He distinguished himself in school and college, and,
+finishing his course just before his father's death, was unanimously
+called to fill the vacant pulpit. Here his eloquence and spirituality
+fully justified the promise of his youth, and he became almost the
+idol of his congregation. He married a lovely girl, and life seemed to
+hold for him the highest blessings that man can dream of.
+
+The sorrow, then, of his sudden and peculiarly sad death cannot be
+described. Not only his family and church, but the whole town, mourned
+as if for a brother, and the church could not hold the concourse that
+followed his body to the grave.
+
+The mothers and sisters and the frail young wife were almost crushed
+by the blow, and even after the lapse of nearly five years it was
+fresh enough in my heart to make Charlie Reynolds' face bring back
+those days of mourning with sad reality. I formed then the hope,
+foolish, perhaps, that if this young man should be found to be a
+relative of the dead man and reclaimed, he might in some measure
+atone to those bereaved ones for their loss. With this idea, I
+improved every opportunity to cultivate Charlie Reynolds' acquaintance
+and win his good opinion, although I was much embarrassed by the
+laughing eyes that Howard never failed to turn upon me in my
+efforts at conversation.
+
+They were efforts, indeed; for if I had come from a foreign land, and
+spoken an unknown language, I could hardly have had more difficulty in
+finding a topic of common interest or in making myself intelligible,
+for old-fashioned English seemed to be less understood than any others
+of the numerous tongues I heard.
+
+I could hear from my window, Mexicans, Chinamen, Indians, Frenchmen,
+and Spaniards chatting in the plaza, until I could almost guess what
+they said, but the vernacular of the American miner and rancher is
+beyond comprehension.
+
+There are about four topics discussed at the Eldorado tables, chief of
+all, the mines, and to this day I cannot talk coherently about drifts
+and leads and dumps, and the like.
+
+Then there were the games, the most absorbing of all, who had lost and
+won, and as I don't know one card nor one game from another, I am not
+interested in that subject. There was, it seemed to me, a fresh murder
+or robbery or Indian fight to discuss every morning at breakfast; and
+the ranch talk, in which my most intelligent questions always provoked
+a shout of laughter. When I quoted Talmage one morning, a young man
+looked at me pityingly, and said, "Oh, he's dead a year ago! He had
+one of the finest saloons in Las Vegas; he was a smart man, poor
+fellow!" My attempts to interest my table companions in a description
+of the Chautauqua and its purpose, and the mission of the W. C. T. U.,
+and their painful efforts to be politely interested, almost sent my
+son into convulsions in consequence of laughing into his coffee-cup;
+and the intense earnestness with which the man they called Bunco Brown
+asked, "And didn't they sell no booze there?" and then, "Well, then,
+how in thunder do they get it if they're too pious to steal?" might
+have seemed amusing to one who was not struck by the horror of the
+fact that the man could not conceive of life for any person without
+drink.
+
+So, owing to the missionary's usual difficulty in making himself
+understood, I had to wait to learn a means of communication with my
+subject. I even ventured to the door of the billiard room and tried to
+manifest an interest in the science of the game, but here, also, I
+was too hopelessly old-fashioned to be able to comprehend the beauty
+of the angles, and beat an ignominious retreat. I heard Charlie remark
+as I went up-stairs: "Game, for such a pious old lady, isn't she?" I
+took it as a compliment.
+
+But my opportunity finally came through the humble instrumentality of
+an onion. It was about the size of a dinner-plate, and lay on the
+newel-post as I came down stairs one morning. Charlie was standing in
+the front door, with his back to me, peeling an orange. He turned
+around at my exclamation of surprise and asked, "Why, don't they grow
+like that where you live?"
+
+"In New England? Oh dear, no!" I cried; and then he asked me a number
+of questions, and seemed very much interested in my account of
+vegetables and fruit and trees and flowers in the East. I was
+delighted to tell him, although I had a lurking suspicion that such a
+remarkable ignorance of that country was feigned. And yet his eyes, so
+wonderfully like Chester Mansfield's, except in expression, had a
+certain vacant honesty--for which, I presume, an accustomed
+story-teller could find a better expression--that I was obliged to
+believe genuine. As soon as he found that I was curious about the
+flora and fauna of the locality, he took great pains in bringing me
+specimens, and on two occasions took me out for a walk to see
+something that could not be brought. In this closer acquaintance I
+found so much that was kind and pleasant, and so many peculiar little
+resemblances to my dead friend--a backward toss of the head when he
+laughed, a frown when listening, an odd little gesture with the left
+hand in explaining anything--that he puzzled me more and more. Among
+the few books that I could find to read in the town was the "Woman in
+White," which I read with compunction, not having been addicted to
+works of fiction, and the curious resemblance between the two women
+made a deep impression upon me, and seemed to have a strange
+significance just at this time. Although I had as yet not succeeded in
+drawing any confidence from Charlie--who, indeed, seldom spoke of
+himself, and never related any past experience--a very suspicious
+trait I thought, I felt sure that time would unravel the dark mystery
+that enveloped him.
+
+Just as I was feeling that I had now Charlie's friendship, the man
+Crouch seemed to become jealous of my influence, and became so
+attentive to him that my acquaintance with him was virtually suspended
+for a time. One day, a bright, hot day in March, a Mexican wagon train
+arrived in town, laden with beans, hides, and "Chili Colorade," and a
+crowd of rancheros from another direction swarmed into the plaza. The
+town was full of excitement and whiskey; the tinkle of the dance
+saloons came up from all quarters; the rancheros, with their red
+shirts and broad hats, galloped their tough mustangs madly through the
+streets, firing at random, and lassoing the unlucky curs and pigs that
+happened to be in the way. While there were street brawls at every
+corner, I hardly dared to leave my room, and I could not venture to
+sit by my window. It was a great relief that Howard came in very
+early. All through the evening I listened to the confused sounds that
+came up through the resonant air, and could distinguish the soft voice
+of the pretty Mexican girl in the saloon opposite my window,
+accompanied by her castanet. It was another of those still, white
+nights, when the town seemed to hang in mid-air. I felt the
+premonition of impending disaster so common to nervous women, and made
+Howard sit in my room as long as I could think of a pretext for
+keeping him. When I was alone, I lay wakeful through the noisy hours,
+waiting for daylight. At perhaps three o'clock, or a little later, I
+fell into a semi-conscious doze, from which I was aroused by the
+footsteps and low voices of men in the hall. The slowness of the
+steps, and the hushed tone in which they spoke, gave me a thrill of
+terror. Something had happened. Yes, they were talking about it, and
+carrying something--some one--by. "Right this way, lay him on the
+bed." "What, doctor?" "Pretty near dead." "Small chance," and so on.
+Then with strained nerves I listened for the doctor, heard him come,
+heard his quick directions, heard the running to and fro to get what
+he required, and then arose and dressed myself with trembling hands,
+unable to bear the tension any longer, and thinking that I might be of
+assistance. I went to Howard's door, aroused him, and sent him to
+learn what was the matter. He went a little reluctantly, but returned
+wide awake.
+
+"Why, it's Charlie Reynolds, poor fellow! I guess he's about
+killed--some row, I suppose; didn't wait to find out. The doctor is
+attending to him now."
+
+A little later, in the gray, solemn dawn, the doctor came out of the
+room in which Charlie had been laid, and I went to learn the worst. I
+knew now that I had grown very fond of the young man, and I could see
+that Howard liked him, too.
+
+
+III.
+
+The doctor looked at me curiously. "He is pretty badly hurt, but I
+think he will pull through. I don't suppose it makes any particular
+difference to him or anybody else, whether he does or not!" he said,
+brushing his hat with his coat-sleeve.
+
+"Why not?" I demanded.
+
+"Why, because he will only pull through this to get killed in some
+other scrape, and before he can get into anything else he will have to
+answer for this one. You know how he was hurt?"
+
+"No, I don't know anything about it."
+
+"He robbed a fellow in the night, and the man chased him and shot him,
+and finding that he still ran, knocked him down with the butt end of
+his pistol, threw it at him; that is the worst hurt he had. And he is
+an old customer, for this blow opened an old place; it isn't the first
+time he has been caught. I've just trepanned it--quite a serious
+operation under the circumstances."
+
+"And the pistol wounds?"
+
+"Nothing but scratches; they won't hurt."
+
+"Well, he is a human creature, with an immortal soul, and I shall take
+care of him, anyhow. There is nobody else to do it, so I intend to," I
+said as calmly as I could, after all this terrible information, which
+had shaken me none the less for the doctor's indifferent tone and
+manner.
+
+"Very well, ma'am, I wish you success. There's nothing to do now but
+keep him quiet until I come back after breakfast."
+
+I walked in alone and looked at the still, white face under the
+bandages. He was evidently under the influence of a heavy opiate, for
+there was no sign of life, except the faint breathing.
+
+I could not help feeling a great pity for the young man, so friendless
+and so indifferently regarded, and with such a future to look forward
+to in his recovery. No clue could be found to his past or his family,
+if he had any.
+
+I took it as more than mere accident that he had fallen thus helpless
+and suffering into my hands, and resolved to use to the utmost my
+skill and influence for the best.
+
+He lay for a good many days--I cannot tell just how many--in a
+comatose condition, and I did not for a moment relax my watch, except
+to take a little rest now and then. At length there began to be signs
+of returning consciousness. The dull eyes would open and gaze vacantly
+around the room.
+
+He could utter a few incoherent words, and the hands groped in a
+troubled way among the bed-clothes. And day by day, as the bronze tint
+of the skin disappeared, and the features grew clearer and thinner,
+that marvellous likeness grew stronger, until, looking at him, I
+rubbed my eyes sometimes, and believed myself the victim of an
+hallucination.
+
+One morning, at length, he opened his eyes, and looked at me with a
+new intelligence, an attentiveness that I had never seen in him
+before.
+
+As he lay there with bright open eyes the likeness was simply
+intolerable, as I thought of the career that he represented. I busied
+myself in bringing the basin of water and sponge to bathe his face and
+hands. He was evidently trying to recall the circumstances of his
+injury and account for his presence there, for he looked in turn at me
+and the room, and then at the bed in which he lay.
+
+"Mrs. Spencer, I cannot think how you come to be here. Was I much
+hurt?"
+
+"Yes, you were pretty badly hurt, but you will soon be all right now
+if you keep quiet. Don't move your head. I will wash your hands now."
+
+He closed his eyes as if weary with even the effort he had made, and
+soon fell asleep, as naturally as a child.
+
+Later in the day he awoke and seemed strange. He looked at me with the
+same puzzled expression. I was heating some drink for him over a
+spirit lamp when he spoke in a strangely familiar voice, although very
+weak.
+
+"Mrs. Spencer, has anything happened at home that you have come to me,
+and not mother? I had a letter from mother yesterday, and all were
+well. Was the accident very fatal?"
+
+I dropped the cup I was holding; my heart seemed to stop beating. For
+the white, serious face on the pillow was not that of Charlie
+Reynolds, but Chester Mansfield! I ran out of the room, down the hall,
+and into my own room. I had no motive in doing so, because I was too
+much startled and I think terrified for thought.
+
+My first collected idea was, that I had dwelt upon the subject so much
+during lonely days and nights of vigil that I was now a victim of
+subjective vision--I was for the moment insane upon that subject. I
+sent for the doctor immediately, and after bathing my face and trying
+to steady my quivering nerves, returned to my patient whom I was
+afraid I might have shocked by my sudden exit. He looked surprised,
+and watched me curiously.
+
+"I think you had better not talk any more. The doctor says you must be
+kept quiet." And I busied my hands in smoothing down the bed-clothes.
+
+"I will be quiet; but you must tell me one or two things. Are they all
+well at home--Lucia, and mother and the girls? and how many were hurt
+in the accident?"
+
+"They are all well at home. I am visiting here," I managed to answer,
+and he turned away his head, apparently satisfied. I paced up and down
+the hall until the doctor came, and drew him into a vacant room to
+tell him the situation. He looked at me incredulously when I had
+finished my excited narrative, reached for my wrist, and shook his
+head. "You have been working too hard over that fellow," he said. "You
+will be the next patient."
+
+"But he asked for his wife and called her by name. Come and see which
+is the lunatic," and I led the way to the sick-room.
+
+"Ah!" he said in a cheery tone, going to the bedside. "I see we are
+getting along bravely, and look as smart as folks that have a whole
+skull."
+
+The patient (I didn't know what name to call him) smiled, but without
+a trace of recognition.
+
+"I suppose you are my physician, and I am probably indebted to you for
+my life," he said feebly.
+
+The doctor looked puzzled. "You don't seem to recall my face."
+
+"No, I suppose I was knocked senseless. The last thing I can remember
+is going down the embankment. I tried to jump, but my foot caught, and
+I struck my head against something. There was a young woman in the
+opposite berth--was she killed, I wonder? She had two little children.
+I suppose I have been unconscious for sometime. It must have happened
+yesterday, didn't it?"
+
+"It was several days ago," said the doctor, soothingly. "You had
+better rest a while, and then you can tell us more, and about
+yourself."
+
+"This lady can tell you all about me. She has known me all my life,"
+and he closed his eyes wearily.
+
+The doctor looked at me significantly, and I followed him into the
+hall.
+
+"What in the world does this mean? That young man is no more
+Charlie Reynolds than I am. I can only account for the case in one
+way, and that is a very unusual one. The operation I performed last
+week restored his skull to its normal shape. There was quite a
+deep indenture and a consequent pressure upon the brain, which
+undoubtedly affected, probably suspended, his memory. Now this young
+man--minister, did you say?----"
+
+"Yes," I interrupted. "But this is the awful part of it. He is
+dead--buried--five years ago. I saw him buried, have gone to his grave
+many times, and now he lies there and talks to me. And Charlie
+Reynolds, drunkard and robber. Oh, no! no!"
+
+"You say your friend was killed in a railroad accident on his vacation
+trip? How was the body identified? Who saw it after it was sent
+home?"
+
+"None of his family saw the remains, he was so badly burned. I see. It
+must have been the wrong body."
+
+"And the railroad, of course, had him cared for until he was well. And
+then he couldn't tell who he was, and drifted about until he fell into
+bad company. He has been a cat's paw for this gang, no doubt. Well,
+you've got a pretty little sensation upon your hands. I'd like to see
+you get back and tell your story."
+
+I wondered how he could talk and smile so carelessly, but in that
+country nobody is surprised at anything. I went back to my patient,
+after dispatching a messenger for Howard, who was working in the "San
+Jacinto," twenty miles away.
+
+Chester, as I could safely call him now, was extremely anxious about
+his fellow passengers, and thought they must be in the hotel at this
+time. I was familiar with the shocking details of the disaster at the
+time, but could not recall them with sufficient accuracy to satisfy
+him. The five years intervening were apparently entirely lost. He
+could scarcely believe us when we told him that he had lain
+unconscious for more than a week.
+
+Howard came in the evening, and was amazed beyond his power of
+expression. He thought over the complex situation a long time before
+he made any effort to communicate with the family of the patient.
+Chester could not understand why we had not telegraphed before, and we
+could not explain. We called a council of three and debated. Chester
+Mansfield, the gifted, irreproachable minister of our large church,
+was held to be tried for robbery and assault as soon as he was able to
+appear. We could not take him away. What word could we send to the
+young wife, about whom he continually asked, and the old mother? We
+finally left it to Howard, who telegraphed to the wife that her
+husband had been found alive, though recovering from serious illness;
+that he was in our care, but wished her to join him as soon as
+possible; and that the body sent home as his must have been that of
+another man.
+
+When we told Chester that she had been sent for he exclaimed, "How can
+she leave her baby? She would have been with me but for that three
+months old baby." The baby was now a tall boy of five in kilts.
+Although the complications arising from this strange case were
+countless, we managed to keep the real story from Chester until he was
+sufficiently recovered to bear it, and indeed we did not then tell him
+of the serious misdeeds of his other self.
+
+But when the young wife came after her long journey, and we led her,
+for the first time without her mourning dress, up to his room, he knew
+that to her he was in truth one risen from the dead. I opened the door
+for her, and when I heard her cry of joy as she sprang forward,
+satisfied at last of his identity, and his low, "My love, my love!" I
+closed the door and went away to weep a few tears to myself, but not
+of sorrow.
+
+My story is told. We secured bail for Charles Reynolds and took him
+home, to await the fall term of court, where he expects to have no
+difficulty in proving his innocence in his present person. To himself
+his case presents some metaphysical and moral studies quite at
+variance with his own belief. He cannot yet comprehend the silence of
+his conscience at this time of need. The sensation created by our
+return, and all subsequent events, are well known to those who will
+read this statement, so that I need tell no more.
+
+My only object in writing so minute an account, and detailing such
+conversations as I could remember, is to protect him forever, as far
+as my word will avail, from any insinuation of intentional or
+conscious wrong doing in those five lost years, knowing as I do the
+conditions of life exacted of a clergyman and fearing some future
+recrimination.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Transcriber Notes
+
+The Table of Contents and the List of Illustrations were added by the
+transcriber. Quotation marks changed to standardize usage. All other
+original punctuation and archaic spelling (i.e. chetahs, serval,
+wardbob, and Bagdad) preserved as written.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of McClure's Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 2,
+July, 1893, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, JULY, 1893 ***
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