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diff --git a/34233-h/34233-h.htm b/34233-h/34233-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f143e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/34233-h/34233-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1258 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1"> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cranial Osteology of the Hylid Frog, Smilisca baudini, by Linda Trueb. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5em;} + hr {width: 95%; color: #000; clear: both;} + .hr30 {width:30%;} + table {margin-left: auto; padding:4em; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse;} + .bb {border-bottom: solid #000 1px;} + .bl {border-left: solid #000 1px;} + .bt {border-top: solid #000 1px;} + .br {border-right: solid #000 1px;} + .bbox {border: solid #000 1px;} + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; text-indent:0; font-size: 0.75em; text-align: right; color: #b0b0b0;} + .reference {margin-left: 5.5em; text-indent: -3em;} + .vtop {vertical-align: top;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .justify {text-align: justify;} + .text_rt {text-align: right;} + .smaller {font-size: 0.75em;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .cover {background: #d0d0d0;} + .caption1 {font-weight: bold; font-size:1.75em; text-align: center;} + .caption2 {font-weight: bold; font-size:1.50em; text-align: center;} + .caption3 {font-weight: bold; font-size:1.25em; text-align: center;} + .caption3nc {font-size:1.15em;} + .caption4 {font-weight: bold; font-size:0.75em; text-align: center;} + .trans_notes {background:#d0d0d0; padding: 7px; border:solid black 1px;} + .pub_list td {vertical-align: top;} + .ind2em {margin-left: 3.5em; text-indent:-2em; padding-bottom: 6px; text-align: justify;} + .photo_cap {margin-left: 2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align: justify;} + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cranial Osteiology of the Hylid Frog, +Smilisca baudini, by Linda Trueb + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Cranial Osteiology of the Hylid Frog, Smilisca baudini + +Author: Linda Trueb + +Release Date: November 7, 2010 [EBook #34233] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CRANIAL OSTEIOLOGY--SMILISCA BAUDINI *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="trans_notes"> +<div class="caption2">Transcriber's Notes</div> + +Except for several minor typographical corrections which were made (missing +periods, commas, etc.) that are not detailed here, the text presented is +that which appeared in the original printed version. +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +<p> </p> +<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" border="0" alt="double bar"> +<div class="caption2 smcap">University of Kansas Publications<br> +Museum of Natural History</div><br> +<div class="center"><img src="images/bar_single.png" width="28%" height="15" title="bar" alt="bar"></div><br> +<div class="caption2">Volume 18, No. 2, pp. 11-35</div><br> +<div class="center"><img src="images/bar_single.png" width="28%" height="15" title="bar" alt="bar"> <span class="caption2">October 15, 1968</span> <img src="images/bar_single.png" width="28%" height="15" title="bar" alt="bar"></div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<div class="caption1"> +Cranial Osteology of the Hylid Frog, +Smilisca baudini<br> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption3"> +BY<br> +<p> </p> + +LINDA TRUEB<br> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption2"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br> +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br> +1968 +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> +<div class="center caption3"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br> +<br> +Editors of this number: Frank B. Cross, William E. Duellman,<br> +Philip S. Humphrey<br> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +Volume 18, No. 2, pp. 11-35<br> +Published October 15, 1968<br> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br> +Lawrence, Kansas<br> +<br> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<div class="caption4"> +PRINTED BY<br> +ROBERT R. (BOB) SANDERS, STATE PRINTER<br> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br> +1968<br> +<br> +<img src="images/union_label.png" width="71" height="26" border="0" alt="Look for the Union Label" title="Look for the Union Label"><br> +<br> +32-3686<br> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">Cranial Osteology of the Hylid Frog, +Smilisca baudini</div> +<p> </p> +<div class="caption3">BY<br><br> + +LINDA TRUEB</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a> +<div class="caption2">INTRODUCTION</div> +<p> </p> + +<p>The paucity of descriptive cranial anatomical work dealing with +hylid frogs was pointed out by Trueb (1966) in her paper describing +the cranial osteology of <i>Hyla septentrionalis</i>. Comparative +studies on the cranial osteology of the genus <i>Smilisca</i> (Duellman +and Trueb, 1966), along with other more brief descriptions, reveal +variation among cranial characters of hylids. Since these external +characters have been useful in defining species, species groups, and +genera, it seems worthwhile to pursue correlated studies on internal +cranial structure. The following account dealing with the Neotropical +tree frog, <i>Smilisca baudini</i> Duméril and Bibron, 1841, is +the first published description of the internal cranial anatomy of +a hylid frog, and supplements the recent account (Duellman and +Trueb, 1966) of external cranial osteology of the same species. +Comparative studies of hylid skulls are expected to yield information +of taxonomic importance.</p> + +<p>I am grateful to Richard J. Baldauf of Texas A & M University +and William E. Duellman of the University of Kansas for critically +reading the manuscript and offering helpful suggestions. The findings +reported here result from research on Middle American hylids +supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (GB-1441) +to William E. Duellman.</p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption3">Materials and Methods</div> + +<p>The serial sections illustrated beyond are from an adult male of +<i>Smilisca baudini</i> (KU 89924) having a snout-vent length of 53.0 +mm. and a head width (measured at angle of jaws) of 17.0 mm. +The specimen was collected 5.2 kilometers east-southeast of Córdoba, +Veracruz, México. Transverse sections were cut at thicknesses +of 10 and 15 microns on a rotary microtome and stained +according to the technique described by Baldauf (1958). Cleared +and stained specimens and dried skeletons also were used. <a href="#Fig_1">Figure +1</a> is based on KU 68183-4 and <a href="#Fig_9">Fig. 9</a> on KU 55614. All other drawings +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +are made from KU 89924. In all cross-sectional figures, bone +is represented by solid black, cartilage by stippling, and connective +tissue by cross-hatching. Unless otherwise noted all descriptions +are given in an anterior-posterior sequence.</p> + +<p>Commonly accepted English terms are used. For example, dentary +is used in preference to dentale and maxillary process instead +of processus maxillaris. If no commonly accepted English term is +available for a given structure, the Latin name is retained. For +example, the cartilaginous plate separating the cavum principale +from the cavum medium is termed the lamina superior.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<a name="DESCRIPTION_OF_INTERNAL_CRANIAL_OSTEOLOGY" id="DESCRIPTION_OF_INTERNAL_CRANIAL_OSTEOLOGY"></a> +<div class="caption2">DESCRIPTION OF INTERNAL CRANIAL OSTEOLOGY</div> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption3">Olfactory Region</div> + +<p><i>Alary cartilage.</i>—The anterior end of the alary cartilage (<i>al. c.</i>, +<a href="#Fig_2_5">Figs. 2-5</a>) lies within the posterior concavity of the alary process +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +(<i>al. proc.</i>, <a href="#Fig_1">Figs. 1-3</a>) of the premaxillary (<i>pmax.</i>). In posterior +sections the cartilage assumes a dorsolateral position (<a href="#Fig_2_5">Fig. 3</a>), +ventral and slightly lateral to the tectum nasi. The alary cartilage +remains narrowly separated from the tectum nasi but fuses ventromedially +with the septum nasi and forms a nearly complete cartilaginous +capsule around the anterior end of the cavum principale. +Posterior to the anterior end of the cavum medium and the lamina +superior, the alary cartilage separates ventrally from the lamina. +In subsequent posterior sections, the cartilage, arcuate in cross +section, becomes progressively smaller and terminates at the level +of the union of the medial and lateral recesses of the cavum inferior.</p> + +<p><i>Prenasal cartilages.</i>—The superior prenasal cartilage is small; it +lies adjacent to the posterodorsal surface of the alary process of +the premaxillary, and anterior to the alary cartilage. The inferior +prenasal cartilage (<i>inf. pnas. c.</i>, <a href="#Fig_2_5">Figs. 2-6</a>, <a href="#Fig_8">and 8</a>) appears posterior +to the appearance of the alary cartilage. The anterior terminus +lies at the base of the alary process; the cartilage extends dorsally +(<a href="#Fig_2_5">Fig. 3</a>) along the posterior surface of the alary process and then +curves posterodorsally and joins the solum nasi medioventral to the +posterior end of the septomaxillary (<a href="#Fig_8">Fig. 8d</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Tectum nasi.</i>—The anterolateral corner of the tectum nasi (<i>tect. +nas.</i>, <a href="#Fig_2_5">Fig. 2</a>) appears just posterior and dorsomedial to the anterior +end of the alary cartilage. The anterior process is short; it fuses +medially with the septum nasi forming a complete roof to the +cavum principale (<a href="#Fig_2_5">Figs. 3 and 4</a>). The oblique cartilage (<i>obl. c.</i>) +diverges laterally from the tectum nasi just posterior to the terminus +of the alary cartilage (<a href="#Fig_6_7">Fig. 6</a>). Medially, the tectum nasi persists, +overlaid by the nasal bone laterally.</p> + +<p><i>Septum nasi.</i>—Posterior to the appearance of the septum nasi +(<i>sept, nas.</i>) and its union with the tectum nasi (<a href="#Fig_2_5">Fig. 3</a>), the septum +abruptly expands across the width of the skull medial to the alary +cartilage. The septum is entirely cartilaginous posterior to the level +of the olfactory eminence, except for a small amount of secondary +membranous ossification dorsomedially at a level anterior to the +nasal bones. Perichondral ossification commences in the dorsal part +of the septum nasi at the level of the olfactory eminence. Endochondral +ossification first appears dorsally in the vertical part of +the septum at the level of the internal nares. Ossification of dorsal +parts of the septum precedes ossification of ventral parts. Perichondral +ossification of the ventral part of the septum nasi is first +noted at the level of transition between the planum antorbitale +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +and solum nasi. Perichondral ossification gradually gives way to +endochondral ossification posteriorly.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<a name="Fig_1"></a> +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/fig_1.png" width="592" height="426" title="Partially disarticulated skull" alt="Partially disarticulated skull"><br><br> +</div> +<div class="photo_cap"> + <span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 1. Partially disarticulated skull (left frontoparietal and nasal removed) of <i>Smilisca baudini</i>, KU 68183, ♀ × 4. Abbreviations: <i>al. proc.</i>, alary process of premaxillary; <i>ant. sq.</i>, anterior arm of squamosal; <i>epi. em.</i>, epiotic eminence; <i>exocc.</i>, exoccipital; <i>fpar.</i>, frontoparietal; <i>fpar. fon.</i>, frontoparietal fontanelle; <i>max.</i>, maxillary; <i>nas.</i>, nasal; <i>pal.</i>, palatine; <i>pal. proc.</i>, palatine process; <i>pasph.</i>, parasphenoid; <i>pmax.</i>, premaxillary; <i>pvom.</i>, prevomer; <i>post, sq.</i>, posterior arm of squamosal; <i>pro.</i>, prootic; <i>pter.</i>, pterygoid; <i>qj.</i>, quadratojugal; <i>spmax.</i>, septomaxillary; <i>sept, nas.</i>, septum nasi; <i>spheth.</i>, spnenethmoid; <i>vent, sq.</i>, ventral +arm of squamosal.<br> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<a name="Fig_2_5"></a> +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/fig_2_5.png" width="483" height="600" title="Transverse sections through anterior end of skull" alt="Transverse sections through anterior end of skull"><br><br> +</div> +<div class="photo_cap"> + <span class="smcap">Figs.</span> 2-5. Transverse sections through anterior end of skull: 2) anterior level of inferior prenasal cartilage; 3) anterior level of internasal septum; 4) olfactory capsule at anterior level of cavum principale; 5) olfactory capsule at anterior level of cavum inferior. Abbreviations: <i>al. c.</i>, alary cartilage; <i>al. proc.</i>, alary process of premaxillary; <i>cav. med.</i>, cavum medium; <i>cav. prin.</i>, cavum principale; <i>cr. int.</i>, crista intermedia; <i>inf. pnas. c.</i>, inferior prenasal cartilage; <i>l. inf.</i>, lamina inferior; <i>l. sup.</i>, lamina superior; <i>max.</i>, maxillary; <i>pmax.</i>, premaxillary; <i>r. etx. n. f.</i>, ramus externus narium foramen; <i>r. med. n. f.</i>, ramus medialis narium foramen; <i>rec. lat.</i>, recessus lateralis; <i>sept. nas.</i>, septum nasi; <i>sol. nas.</i>, solum nasi; <i>spmx.</i>, septomaxilla; <i>tect. nas.</i>, tectum nasi.<br> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> +<a name="Fig_6_7"></a> +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/fig_6_7.png" width="395" height="590" title="Transverse sections through olfactory capsule" alt="Transverse sections through olfactory capsule"><br><br> +</div> +<div class="photo_cap"> + <span class="smcap">Figs.</span> 6-7. Transverse sections through olfactory capsule: 6) posterior level of cavum medium; 7) anterior level of prevomer. Abbreviations: <i>cav. inf.</i>, cavum inferius; <i>cav. med.</i>, cavum medium; <i>cav. prin.</i>, cavum principale; <i>cr. sub.</i>, crista subnasalis; <i>ext. nar.</i>, external nares; <i>inf.</i>, infundibulum; <i>inf. pnas. c.</i>, inferior prenasal cartilage; <i>l. inf.</i>, lamina inferior; <i>l. sup.</i>, lamina superior; <i>max.</i>, maxillary; <i>nas.</i>, nasal; <i>ncl. dt.</i>, nasolacrimal duct; <i>obl. c.</i>, oblique cartilage; <i>p. fac.</i>, pars facialis; <i>p. pal.</i>, pars palatina; <i>pvom.</i>, prevomer; <i>rec. med.</i>, recessus medialis; <i>sept. nas.</i>, septum nasi; <i>sol. nas.</i>, solum nasi; <i>spmax.</i>, septomaxillary; <i>tect. nas.</i>, tectum nasi.<br> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><i>Nasal cavities and associated structures.</i>—The cavum principale +(<i>cav. prin.</i>, <a href="#Fig_2_5">Fig. 4</a>) is the most anterior of the nasal cavities. It +first appears within the capsule bordered dorsally by the tectum +nasi, medially and ventrally by the septum nasi, and laterally by +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +the alary cartilage. The cavity extends posteriorly within recesses +of the sphenethmoid to the level at which the septum nasi terminates.</p> + +<p>The cavum medium (<i>cav. med.</i>, <a href="#Fig_2_5">Fig. 5</a>) lies ventral and slightly +posterior to the anterior end of the cavum principale. It appears +slightly anterior to the septomaxillary at the level of the foramen +ramus externus narium and ramus medialis narium. The appearance +of the cavum medium within the ventrolateral extension of +the septum nasi divides the latter into an upper component, the +lamina superior (<i>l. sup.</i>) lying between the cavum principale and +cavum medium, and a lower part, the lamina inferior (<i>l. inf.</i>) lying +ventral to the cavum medium. As the cavum medium increases in +width in posterior sections, the lamina superior and lamina inferior +lose their lateral connection. The lateral part of the cavum medium +diverges in the region of the external nares as the nasolacrimal duct +(<i>ncl. dt.</i>) and the cavum medium becomes confluent with the +cavum principale (<a href="#Fig_6_7">Fig. 6</a>). The posterior end of the cavum medium +lies at the level of the posterior terminus of the septomaxillary.</p> + +<p>Slightly posterior to the anterior end of the cavum medium the +foramen for the ramus externus narium (<i>r. ext. n. f.</i>) and ramus +medialis narium (<i>r. med. n. f.</i>) opens ventromedially into the floor +of the septum nasi (<a href="#Fig_2_5">Fig. 4</a>). The ventral closure of the floor of +the foramen completes the solum nasi, marks the anterior end of +the recessus medialis of the cavum inferior, and differentiates the +roof of the recess, the crista intermedia (<i>cr. int.</i>), from the solum +(<a href="#Fig_2_5">Fig. 5</a>). The crista intermedia joins the laminae superior and +inferior and joins them for a short distance to the septum nasi +medially. The anterolateral part of the cavum inferior (<i>cav. inf.</i>) +lies ventrolateral to the cavum medium, and extends medially to +join the medial recess. The fusion of the two recesses of the cavum +inferior completely separates the lamina inferior from the solum +nasi (<a href="#Fig_6_7">Fig. 6</a>).</p> + +<p>Near the level of the union of the recessus lateralis and recessus +medialis of the cavum inferior, the crista intermedia separates from +the septum nasi, and the lamina superior diverges at its mid-width +to accommodate the septomaxillary (<i>spmax.</i>) (<a href="#Fig_2_5">Figs. 5</a> <a href="#Fig_6_7">6</a>). The +lateral remnant of the lamina superior and transition zone between +the lamina superior and lamina inferior is short and is quickly +replaced by connective tissue. Slightly posterior, the distal edge +of the lamina inferior diverges laterally as a small process, which +lies dorsal to the pars facialis (<i>p. fac.</i>) of the maxillary. This part +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +of the lamina inferior terminates posteriorly at the level of confluence +between the cavum principale and lateral recess of the cavum +inferior.</p> + +<p>Slightly posterior to the divergence of the crista intermedia from +the septum nasi, the crista terminates, thereby separating the lamina +superior and the lamina inferior from one another (<a href="#Fig_6_7">Figs. 6</a> <a href="#Fig_8">and 8</a>). +The lamina superior terminates at the level of the infundibulum +(<i>inf.</i>, <a href="#Fig_6_7">Fig. 7</a>), whereas the lamina inferior extends posterolaterally, +increases greatly in depth and joins the laterally ascending oblique +cartilage (<i>obl. c.</i>) to form the planum terminale (<i>pla. ter.</i>, <a href="#Fig_10_11">Fig. 10</a>).</p> + +<p>The crista subnasalis (<i>cr. sub.</i>, <a href="#Fig_6_7">Fig. 6</a>) differentiates from the +lateral edge of solum nasi adjacent to the maxillary in sections just +posterior to the confluence of the recessus medialis and the recessus +lateralis. The crista persists as a rod of cartilage which gradually +diminishes in size and terminates at the posterior level of the septomaxillary.</p> + +<p><i>The septomaxillary.</i>—The septomaxillary (<i>spmax.</i>, <a href="#Fig_9">Fig. 9a-c</a>) is a +triradiate bone. The anterior terminus is a thin sliver of bone oriented +horizontally between the cavum principale and cavum medium +and lateral to the lamina superior (<a href="#Fig_2_5">Figs. 5</a> <a href="#Fig_2_5">and 8a</a>). This +anterior ramus of the septomaxillary increases in size posteriorly and +diverges medially into a medial ramus (<i>med. r. spmax.</i>) and lateral +ramus (<i>lat. r. spmax.</i>, <a href="#Fig_2_5">Fig. 9a-b</a>) to accommodate the confluence +of the cavum principale and cavum medium (<a href="#Fig_2_5">Figs. 6</a> <a href="#Fig_8">and 8b-c</a>). +The small medial ramus is associated with the distal end of the +lamina superior whereas the lateral ramus lies dorsal to the lateral +margin of the cavum medium. Just anterior to the anterior end of +the nasolacrimal duct, the ventral ramus of the septomaxillary (<i>vent. +r. spmax.</i>, <a href="#Fig_9">Fig. 9c</a>) is present in cross-sections ventral to the cavum +medium. The ventral ramus joins the horizontal and dorsal rami +of the septomaxillary at the anterior end of the nasolacrimal duct. +The medial branch terminates posteriorly at the level at which the +cavum principale joins the cavum inferior. The lateral ramus of +the septomaxillary terminates posteriorly at the level at which the +recessus medialis diverges from the recessus lateralis posteriorly and +cavum principale and recessus lateralis are confluent.</p> + +<p><i>Planum terminale.</i>—Posterior to the infundibulum the lamina +inferior and oblique cartilage join to form the planum terminale +(<i>pla. term.</i>) which lies lateral to the cavum principale (<a href="#Fig_10_11">Fig. 10</a>). +The lamina inferior diverges ventrally from the planum terminale +anterior to the olfactory eminence. The planum terminale is restricted +ventrally and terminates at the level of the olfactory eminence +(<i>olf. em.</i>, <a href="#Fig_10_11">Fig. 11</a>).</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<a name="Fig_8"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/fig_8.png" width="480" height="606" border="0" alt="Transverse sections through olfactory capsule" title="Transverse sections through olfactory capsule"><br><br> +</div> +<div class="photo_cap"> + <span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 8. Transverse sections through olfactory capsule in region of septomaxillary: <i>a</i>) anterior terminus of septomaxillary; <i>b</i>) medial divergence of septomaxillary; <i>c</i>) dorsal ramus of septomaxillary; <i>d</i>) posterolateral terminus of septomaxillary. Encircled numbers represent the nasal cavities as follows: 1) cavum principale; 2) cavum medium; and 3) cavum inferius. Abbreviations: <i>al. c.</i>, alary cartilage; <i>ant. spmax.</i>, anterior end of septomaxillary; <i>cr. int.</i>, crista intermedia; <i>dor. r. spmax.</i>, dorsal ramus of septomaxillary; <i>ext. nar.</i>, external nares; <i>inf. pnas. c.</i>, inferior prenasal cartilage; <i>l. inf.</i>, lamina inferior; <i>l. sup.</i>, lamina superior; <i>lat. r. spmax.</i>, lateral ramus of septomaxillary; <i>med. r. spmax.</i>, medial ramus of septomaxillary; <i>nas.</i>, nasal; <i>nlc. dt.</i>, nasolacrimal duct; <i>obl. c.</i>, oblique cartilage; <i>pvom.</i>, prevomer; <i>sept. nas.</i>, septum nasi; <i>sol. nas.</i>, solum nasi; <i>spmax.</i>, septomaxillary; <i>tect. nas.</i>, tectum nasi.<br> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<a name="Fig_9"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/fig_9.png" width="495" height="354" border="0" alt="Septomaxillary" title="Septomaxillary"><br><br> +</div> +<div class="photo_cap"> + <span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 9. Septomaxillary drawn from cleared and stained specimen of <i>Smilisca baudini</i>, KU 55614: <i>a</i>) dorsal; <i>b</i>) ventral; <i>c</i>) lateral. In each example, the anterior end lies to the left. Abbreviations: <i>dor. r. spmax.</i>, dorsal ramus of septomaxillary; <i>lat. r. spmax.</i>, lateral ramus of septomaxillary; <i>med. r. spmax.</i>, medial ramus of septomaxillary; <i>vent. r. spmax.</i>, ventral ramus of septomaxillary.<br> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><i>Anterior and posterior maxillary processes.</i>—The anterior end of +the anterior maxillary process (<i>ant. max. proc.</i>) lies within the +maxillary at the level of the posterior terminus of the planum +terminale. The anterior maxillary process diverges medially from +the maxillary (<a href="#Fig_13">Fig. 13</a>) and expands dorsally along the medial face +of the pars facialis to meet the planum antorbitale just anterior to +the transition zone between the latter and the solum nasi. Posterior +to the transition zone, the planum antorbitale disappears and the +posterior maxillary process is restricted ventrally along the pars +facialis of the maxillary. Posteriorly the cartilage is associated with +the pterygoid, where it is known as the pterygoid process (<i>pter. +proc.</i>, <a href="#Fig_14_15">Fig. 14</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Planum antorbitale.</i>—The anterior terminus of the planum antorbitale +(<i>pla. ant.</i>) lies medial to the ventrolateral part of the nasal +and lateral to the internal nares (<a href="#Fig_12">Fig. 12</a>). It abruptly expands +dorsally along the medial face of the nasal to join the tectum nasi +dorsolaterally; somewhat posteriorly the planum antorbitale joins +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +the anterior maxillary process ventrally at the posterior margin of +the internal nares.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<a name="Fig_10_11"></a> +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/fig_10_11.png" width="414" height="598" border="0" alt="Transverse sections through posterior part of olfactory capsule" title="Transverse sections through posterior part of olfactory capsule"><br><br> +</div> +<div class="photo_cap"> + <span class="smcap">Figs.</span> 10-11. Transverse sections through posterior part of olfactory capsule: 10) region of planum terminale; 11) anterior region of olfactory eminence. Abbreviations: <i>cav. p.</i>, cavum principale; <i>max.</i>, maxillary; <i>nas.</i>, nasal; <i>nlc. dt.</i>, nasolacrimal duct; <i>olf. em.</i>, olfactory eminence; <i>p. fac.</i>, pars facialis; <i>p. pal.</i>, pars palatina; <i>pla. ter.</i>, planum terminale; <i>pvom.</i>, prevomer; <i>rec. lat.</i>, recessus lateralis; <i>sept. nas.</i>, septum nasi; <i>sol. nas.</i>, solum nasi; <i>tect. nas.</i>, tectum nasi.<br> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><i>External dermal bones associated with the olfactory region.</i>—The +association of the premaxillary (<i>pmax.</i>) to the nasal cartilages is +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +described in preceding sections. The premaxillaries are separated +from each other medially and from the maxillaries laterally by +dense connective tissue. Anteriorly, the maxillary (<i>max.</i>) bears a +small palatine process (<i>pal. proc.</i>, <a href="#Fig_1">Fig. 1</a>) and a long, delicate pars +facialis (<i>p. fac.</i>, <a href="#Fig_6_7">Fig. 6</a>), which terminates dorsally at the level of +the lamina inferior. Posterior to the transition zone between the +planum antorbitale and solum nasi the pars facialis is greatly reduced. +The pars palatina (<i>p. pal.</i>, <a href="#Fig_6_7">Fig. 6</a>) persists to the posterior +part of the orbit.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<a name="Fig_12"></a> +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/fig_12.png" width="519" height="334" border="0" alt="Transverse section through the olfactory capsule in region of planum antorbitale" title="Transverse section through the olfactory capsule in region of planum antorbitale"><br><br> +</div> +<div class="photo_cap"> + <span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 12. Transverse section through the olfactory capsule in region of planum antorbitale. Abbreviations: <i>cav. prin.</i>, cavum principale; <i>int. nar.</i>, internal nares; <i>max.</i>, maxillary; <i>nas.</i>, nasal; <i>olf. em.</i>, olfactory eminence; <i>p. fac.</i>, pars facialis; <i>p. pal.</i>, pars palatina; <i>pal.</i>, palatine; <i>pla. ant.</i>, planum antorbitale; <i>pvom.</i>, prevomer; <i>sept. nas.</i>, septum nasi; <i>sol. nas.</i>, solum nasi; <i>tect. nas.</i>, tectum nasi. +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p>The anterior end of the prevomer (<i>pvom.</i>, <a href="#Fig_1">Fig. 1</a>) is associated +with the venter of the solum nasi at the level of the infundibulum +just posterior to the incorporation of the inferior prenasal cartilage +into the solum (<a href="#Fig_6_7">Fig. 7</a>). The prevomer expands dorsally around +the distal end of the solum to provide a bony lateral support for the +olfactory eminence (<a href="#Fig_10_11">Figs. 10 and 11</a>). A distal wing of the prevomer +forms the bony anterior and medial margins of the internal +nares.</p> + +<p>The palatine (<i>pal.</i>, <a href="#Fig_1">Figs. 1</a> <a href="#Fig_12">and 12</a>) lies in connective tissue medial +and adjacent to the pars facialis. At its maximum size the palatine +forms the bony posterior margin of the internal nares and extends +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +dorsomedially from the pars palatina to the distal part of the solum +nasi.</p> + +<p>The nasal (<i>nas.</i>, <a href="#Fig_1">Fig. 1</a>) is a thin bone overlying the tectum nasi +anteriorly (<a href="#Fig_6_7">Fig. 7</a>). It expands laterally to form a complete roof +over the cavum principale (<a href="#Fig_10_11">Fig. 10</a>). In the region of the internal +nares, the nasal forms the lateral wall of the cavum principale +(<a href="#Fig_12">Fig. 12</a>).</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<a name="Fig_13"></a> +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/fig_13.png" width="566" height="426" border="0" alt="Transverse section through sphenethmoid region at level of orbitonasal foramen." title="Transverse section through sphenethmoid region at level of orbitonasal foramen."><br><br> +</div> +<div class="photo_cap"> + <span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 13. Transverse section through sphenethmoid region at level of orbitonasal foramen. Abbreviations: <i>ant. max. proc.</i>, anterior maxillary process; <i>max.</i>, maxillary; <i>orbnas. f.</i>, orbitonasal foramen; <i>pasph.</i>, parasphenoid; <i>spheth.</i>, sphenethmoid. +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption3">Sphenethmoid Region</div> + +<p>Posterior to the transition zone between the planum antorbitale +and solum nasi, the sphenethmoid (<i>spheth.</i>, <a href="#Fig_1">Fig. 1</a>) is fully ossified +medially, the lateral parts of the bone at this level are only ossified +perichondrally. The septum nasi persists at the anterior level of +the orbit and terminates just anterior to the orbitonasal foramen +(<i>orbnas. f.</i>) and the anterior end of the parasphenoid (<i>pasph.</i>, +<a href="#Fig_13">Fig. 13</a>). The orbitonasal foramen is moderately large, has a complete +bony margin, and is located at the dorsolateral corner of the +braincase.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + +<p>At the level of the orbitonasal foramen, the sphenethmoid is +entirely ossified except for a small dorsolateral extension. This +distal extension expands laterally in posterior sections as the braincase +is increased to its maximum width at the mid-length of the +orbit; the cartilaginous margin is retained throughout the length +of the sphenethmoid.</p> + +<p>The bony dorsomedial part of the sphenethmoid diverges, forming +the anterior border of the frontoparietal fontanelle (<i>fpar. fon.</i>, +<a href="#Fig_1">Figs. 1</a> <a href="#Fig_14_15">and 14</a>). The entire fontanelle is covered with a layer of +dense connective tissue continuous with that in which marginal +bones and cartilage of the sphenethmoid lie, and which is discrete +from the lower dermal layer of the overlying skin. At this level the +braincase is U-shaped in cross-section. Ossification terminates first +in the ventrolateral corners, followed by the lateral and dorsolateral +areas. The bony support of the latter area is furnished by the +lamina perpendicularis (<i>lam. perp.</i>) of the frontoparietal (<i>fpar.</i>, +<a href="#Fig_14_15">Fig. 14</a>). Cartilage appears in the ventral part of the sphenethmoid +in posteromost sections; at the posterior levels of the orbit the +sphenethmoid is entirely cartilaginous.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption3">Orbital, Otic, and Occipital Regions</div> + +<p><i>Orbital region.</i>—The sclera (<i>scl.</i>, <a href="#Fig_14_15">Fig. 14</a>) of the eye is cartilaginous. +The optic foramen (<i>opt. f.</i>) is large and lies in connective +tissue at the posterior limits of the orbit and sphenethmoid. At +the posterior levels of the foramen the dorsolateral cranial roof +cartilages, taeniatectí marginales (<i>t. t. mar.</i>) converge medially +to form the posterior margin of the frontoparietal fontanelle and +the tectum synoticum (<i>tect. syn.</i>) of the occipital region. At the +posterior levels of the orbit the bursa angularis oris (<i>b. ang. o.</i>, +<a href="#Fig_14_15">Fig. 14</a>) is present adjacent to the maxillary.</p> + +<p><i>Nerve foramina of otic and occipital regions.</i>—The trochlear foramen +lies within the bony margins of the optic foramen. The trochlear +nerve is located posterodorsal to the optic tract, and separated from +the latter by connective tissue. The oculomotor foramen (<i>ocul. f.</i>) +lies in connective tissue posterior and ventral to the optic foramen +(<a href="#Fig_14_15">Fig. 15</a>). Anteriorly, dorsally, and ventrally the foramen has a +bony margin formed by the prootic (<i>pro.</i>); posteriorly, only a thin +layer of connective tissue separates the oculomotor from the large +prootic foramen (<i>pro. f.</i>). The latter is bordered by bone dorsally +and by cartilage ventrally (<a href="#Fig_16_17">Fig. 16</a>). Posteriorly, bone separates +the prootic foramen from the anterior acoustic foramen (<i>ant. acus. +f.</i>), through which the ramus acusticus anterior and medius pass +(<a href="#Fig_16_17">Fig. 17</a>). An extremely narrow bridge of cartilage separates the +anterior acoustic foramen from the larger posterior acoustic foramen +(<i>post. acus. f.</i>). The latter has a bony posterior margin and is +widely separated from the bony jugular foramen (<i>jug. f.</i>) posteriorly +(<a href="#Fig_18_19">Fig. 19</a>).</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> + +<a name="Fig_14_15"></a> +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/fig_14_15.png" width="438" height="613" border="0" alt="Transverse sections through skull" title="Transverse sections through skull"><br><br> +</div> +<div class="photo_cap"> + <span class="smcap">Figs.</span> 14-15. Transverse sections through skull: 14) at level of optic foramen; 15) at level of oculomotor foramen. Abbreviations: <i>angspl.</i> angulosplenial; <i>ant. r. pter.</i>, anterior ramus of pterygoid; <i>ant. sq.</i>, anterior arm of squamosal; <i>b. ang. o.</i>, bursa angularis oris; <i>fpar.</i>, frontoparietal; <i>fpar. fon.</i>, frontoparietal fontanelle; <i>l. perp.</i>, lamina perpendicularis of frontoparietale; <i>max.</i>, maxillary; <i>Mc. c.</i>, Meckel's cartilage; <i>ocul. f.</i>, oculomotor foramen; <i>opt. f.</i>, optic foramen; <i>pasph.</i>, parasphenoid; <i>psdbas. proc.</i>, pseudobasal process; <i>pter. proc.</i>, pterygoid process; <i>scl.</i>, sclera; <i>t. t. mar.</i>, taenia tecti marginalis; <i>tymp. r.</i>, tympanic ring. +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Pterygoid.</i>—The anterior terminus of the pterygoid (<i>pter.</i>, <a href="#Fig_1">Fig. 1</a>) +appears at approximately the mid-length of the orbit as a small +arcuate bone closely applied to the posterior maxillary process. +Farther posteriorly the maxillary decreases in size, and the pterygoid +and posterior maxillary process diverge medially from it. +Posterior to this point of divergence, the posterior maxillary process +is known as the pterygoid process (<i>pter. proc.</i>). The anterior terminus +of the quadratojugal (<i>qj.</i>) lies medial to the maxillary at the +level of the oculomotor foramen (<a href="#Fig_14_15">Fig. 14</a>).</p> + +<p><i>Otic region.</i>—The anterior end of the otic capsule (<i>ot. cap.</i>) is +present at the anterior level of the oculomotor foramen. The anterior +terminus of the pseudobasal process (<i>psdbas. proc.</i>) lies +within the medial portion of the pterygoid at the posterior border +of the oculomotor foramen (<a href="#Fig_14_15">Fig. 15</a>). The pseudobasal process +abruptly increases in size. At the level of the prootic foramen +(<a href="#Fig_16_17">Fig. 16</a>) the medial branch of the pterygoid diverges from the +posterior ramus and is closely applied to the medial surface of the +pseudobasal process. The otic process extends along the medial +surface of the squamosal from the dorsolateral edge of the pseudobasal +process, and then expands medially to meet the bony edge +of the otic capsule and form the crista parotica. Posterior to the +formation of the crista parotica, the ventral part of the otic process +splits. The medial part forms the ventrolateral ledge of the otic +capsule (<i>vl. l. ot. c.</i>, <a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20a-f</a>), whereas the lateral part moves +ventrad in association with the ventral arm of the squamosal and +fuses with the pterygoid process posteriorly.</p> + +<p>Posterior to the bony closure of the prootic foramen, the ventromedial +part of the pseudobasal process joins the prootic and forms +the ventrolateral edge of the otic capsule. The posterior terminus +of the medial branch of the pterygoid lies ventral to the lateral part +of the otic capsule. The posterior branch of the otic process merges +with the pterygoid process ventrally.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> + +<a name="Fig_16_17"></a> +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/fig_16_17.png" width="418" height="608" border="0" alt="Transverse sections through otic region" title="Transverse sections through otic region"><br><br> +</div> +<div class="photo_cap"> + <span class="smcap">Figs.</span> 16-17. Transverse sections through otic region: 16) at level of prootic foramen; 17) at level of anterior acoustic foramen. Abbreviations: <i>angspl.</i>, angulosplenial; <i>ant. acus. f.</i>, anterior acoustic foramen; <i>cr. par.</i>, crista parotica; <i>fpar.</i>, frontoparietal; <i>max.</i>, maxillary; <i>Mc. c.</i>, Meckel's cartilage; <i>ot. cap.</i>, otic capsule; <i>pasph.</i>, parasphenoid; <i>pro.</i>, prootic; <i>psdbas. proc.</i>, pseudobasal process; <i>pter.</i>, pterygoid; <i>pter. proc.</i>, pterygoid process; <i>qj.</i>, quadratojugal; <i>sq.</i>, squamosal; <i>tect. syn.</i>, tectum synoticum; <i>tymp. r.</i>, tympanic ring. +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> + +<a name="Fig_18_19"></a> +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/fig_18_19.png" width="440" height="607" border="0" alt="Transverse sections through otic capsule" title="Transverse sections through otic capsule"><br><br> +</div> +<div class="photo_cap"> + <span class="smcap">Figs.</span> 18-19. Transverse sections through otic capsule: 18) at level of posterior acoustic foramen; 19) at level of jugular foramen. Abbreviations: <i>angspl.</i>, angulosplenial; <i>corn. prin.</i>, cornu principalis; <i>cr. par.</i>, crista parotica; <i>exocc.</i>, exoccipital; <i>fpar.</i>, frontoparietal; <i>jug. f.</i>, jugular foramen; <i>max.</i>, maxillary; <i>Mc. c.</i>, Meckel's cartilage; <i>ot. cap.</i>, otic capsule; <i>p. ext. pl.</i>, pars externa plectri; <i>p. int. pl.</i>, pars interna plectri; <i>p. med. pl.</i>, pars media plectri; <i>pasph.</i>, parasphenoid; <i>post. acus. f.</i>, posterior acoustic foramen; <i>postlat. cr. par.</i>, posterolateral edge of crista parotica; <i>pro.</i>, prootic; <i>pter.</i>, pterygoid; <i>pter. proc.</i>, pterygoid process; <i>quad. proc.</i>, quadrate process; <i>qj.</i> quadratojugal; <i>sq.</i>, squamosal; <i>tect. syn.</i>, tectum synoticum; <i>tymp. r.</i>, tympanic ring. +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + +<p>At the level of the anterior acoustic foramen the cornu principalis +of the hyale (<i>corn. prin.</i>) appears as a lateral ledge at the ventrolateral +corner of the otic capsule (<a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20a-b</a>). The cornu principalis +diverges from the ledge at the level of the abbreviated bridge +between the anterior and posterior acoustic foramina. In posterior +sections the cornu lies medial to the squamosal-pterygoid process-pterygoid +complex (<a href="#Fig_18_19">Fig. 18</a>). The posterior terminus of the cornu +lies at a level with that of the posterior acoustic foramen.</p> + +<p>The pars externa plectri (<i>p. ext. pl.</i>, <a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20a-b</a>) is cartilaginous +and first appears dorsal to the ventral arm of the squamosal in +association with the tympanic membrane. The pars externa plectri +expands dorsomedially and is fused briefly to the crista parotica by +the pars ascendens plectri (<i>p. asc. pl.</i>, <a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20b</a>). The pars interna +plectri (<i>p. int. pl.</i>, <a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20b-f</a>) is cartilaginous and appears medial +to the pars media plectri and the ventrolateral ledge of the otic +capsule at the level of the anterior acoustic foramen. The pars +media plectri (<i>p. med. pl.</i>, <a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20b-f</a>), a cartilage and bone element, +appears proximally at the dorsolateral edge of the otic capsule +and distally, ventral to the squamosal at a level between the +anterior and posterior acoustic foramina. At the level of the posterior +acoustic foramina the pars media plectri is bony, greatly +expanded in size, and joined to the pars interna plectri medially.</p> + +<p>The operculum (<i>op.</i>, <a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20d-h</a>) is cartilaginous and lies medial +to the lateral edge of the otic capsule between the pars interna +plectri and pars media plectri. The anterior end of the operculum +(<a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20d</a>) lies at a level corresponding to the posterior part of +the posterior acoustic foramen. Posteriorly the operculum increases +in size, and the pars interna plectri and pars media plectri are +reduced (<a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20e-f</a>). At a level corresponding to the posterior +border of the posterior acoustic foramen the medial portion of the +pars interna plectri disappears and leaves a small lateral rod of +cartilage surrounded on all but the ventral side by the operculum +(<a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20f</a>). The operculum expands medially to merge with the +main part of the otic capsule (<a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20g</a>). The lateral edge of the +operculum expands ventrally and then dorsomedially to form a +complete tube. Slightly more posteriorly the cartilaginous lateral +edge of the otic capsule, lateral to the operculum, dissipates into +connective tissue and finally disappears, leaving the posterior end +of the operculum as the most distal element of the otic capsule +(<a href="#Fig_20">Fig. 20h</a>).</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<a name="Fig_20"></a> +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/fig_20.png" width="434" height="600" border="0" alt="Transverse sections through otic capsule" title="Transverse sections through otic capsule"><br><br> +</div> +<div class="photo_cap"> + <span class="smcap">Fig.</span> 20. Transverse sections through otic capsule: <i>a</i>) level of anterior ledge of otic capsule; <i>b</i>) anterior level of pars interna plectri and pars ascendens plectri; <i>c</i>) level of pars media plectri; <i>d-f</i>) successive levels of operculum and pars media plectri; <i>g-h</i>) posterior levels of operculum. Abbreviations: <i>corn. prin.</i>, cornu principalis; <i>cr. par.</i>, crista parotica; <i>op.</i>, operculum; <i>p. asc. pl.</i>, pars ascendens plectri; <i>p. ext. pl.</i>, pars externa plectri; <i>p. int. pl.</i>, pars interna plectri; <i>p. med. pl.</i>, pars media plectri; <i>sq.</i>, squamosal; <i>tymp. r.</i>, tympanic ring; <i>vl. l. ot. c.</i>, ventrolateral ledge of otic capsule. +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Ossification in otic and occipital regions.</i>—The otic region of the +cranium is largely unossified. At the level of the optic foramen +(<a href="#Fig_14_15">Fig. 14</a>) the floor of the neurocranium is cartilaginous but completely +underlaid by the bony parasphenoid. The taenia tecti +marginales and the tectum synoticum are covered dorsally and +laterally by the frontoparietals. Perichondral ossification representing +the prootic bone occurs at the margin of the optic foramen and +somewhat posteriorly over part of the floor of the neurocranium. +Perichondral and endochondral ossification occurs in the sides of the +neurocranium ventral to the lamina perpendicularis. This ossification +expands laterally until it meets the crista parotica dorsolaterally +and forms the dorsal part of the prootic bone. The anteroventral +edge of the otic capsule remains cartilaginous. Posteriorly, at the +level of the anterior acoustic foramen, endochondral ossification is +meager and restricted to the dorsomedial parts of the otic capsule, +plus a small amount in the neurocranial floor; perichondral ossification +is restricted to the peripheral areas showing endochondral +ossification. Posteriorly, endochondral ossification is restricted in +the dorsal part of the otic capsule but somewhat increased in the +floor of the capsule. The lateral part of the otic capsule posterior +to the terminus of the operculum and the ventromedial and dorsomedial +parts of the neurocranium remain unossified.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="caption3">Articular Region</div> + +<p>In the anterior sections (at the level of the oculomotor foramen) +the angulosplenial (<i>angspl.</i>) is a moderate-sized bone (<a href="#Fig_14_15">Fig. 15</a>). +Meckel's cartilage (<i>Mc. c.</i>) is present as a small ovoid cartilage +lying dorsolateral to the angulosplenial. Posteriorly, Meckel's cartilage +is dorsal to the angulosplenial. The cartilage increases in size +at the level of the posterior acoustic foramen, and the angulosplenial +decreases in size posteriorly. At the level of the posterior border +of the posterior acoustic foramen, the maxillary terminates and is +replaced by the quadratojugal. The quadratojugal, ventral arm of +the squamosal, pterygoid process, pterygoid, and Meckel's cartilage +converge. At the level of the jugular foramen (<i>jug. f.</i>) (<a href="#Fig_18_19">Fig. 19</a>) +the quadratojugal is incorporated into the squamosal-pterygoid +process-pterygoid complex. The complex is narrowly separated by +connective tissue from Meckel's cartilage ventrally. The quadrate +process (<i>quad. proc.</i>) is represented by the cartilage bordered +dorsally by the pterygoid process and the ventral arm of the squamosal, +and ventrally by Meckel's cartilage. At the posterior terminus +of the skull all bony elements of the articular region terminate, +except for a small terminal part of the angulosplenial underlying +Meckel's cartilage.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">SUMMARY</div> +<p> </p> + +<p>Since no accounts comparable to the preceding for <i>Smilisca +baudini</i> are available for other hylid frogs, it is meaningless to +attempt any discussion dealing with character significance or variation +within the Hylidae. There is considerable literature treating +bufonids, leptodactylids, ranids, and various Old World genera +(see Baldauf, 1955, for a review of these works). Likewise, a +comparison at the familial level based on the study of a single +species seems inadequate and premature. By way of summary and +synoptic description a list of cranial osteological characters of +<i>Smilisca baudini</i> is presented. The items selected enable comparison +with similar compilations by other workers, and are based in +part on my unpublished observations of other hylids.</p> + +<div class="ind2em"> 1. Compared to hylids not having integumentary-cranial co-ossification, the dermal roofing bones of <i>Smilisca baudini</i> are extensive, and the skull is well-ossified internally. In contrast to most casque-headed hylids (those having integumentary-cranial co-ossification), the dermal roofing bones are much less extensive, the dermal sphenethmoid (see Trueb, 1966, p. 563) is absent, and internal ossification is less extensive.</div> + +<div class="ind2em"> 2. The solum nasi is not ossified; the septum nasi is ossified only posteriorly, and the olfactory eminence is supported by the cartilaginous solum nasi and the bony prevomer.</div> + +<div class="ind2em"> 3. The lingual process is absent. There is no palatal cartilage +isolated between the premaxillaries.</div> + +<div class="ind2em"> 4. The anterior end of the cavum medium lies anterior to the +cavum inferius.</div> + +<div class="ind2em"> 5. The septomaxillary is basically a U-shaped structure and has a dorsal, anteriorly curved, ramus on the lateral branch and a longitudinal loop of bone ventrally.</div> + +<div class="ind2em"> 6. A distinct pars nasalis is absent on the maxillary.</div> + +<div class="ind2em"> 7. A cartilaginous sclera is present.</div> + +<div class="ind2em"> 8. The taenia tecta marginalis and the tectum synoticum are the only roofing cartilages present.</div> + +<div class="ind2em"> 9. The external part of the plectral apparatus (columella) is directed anterolaterally. The pars ascendens plectri is fused with the crista parotica.</div> + +<div class="ind2em">10. The pseudobasal process is fused to the otic capsule.</div> + +<div class="ind2em">11. The cornu principalis of the hyale fuses with the pseudobasal +process.</div> + +<div class="ind2em">12. Two acoustic foramina are present.</div> + +<div class="ind2em">13. The sphenethmoid and prootic are synchondrotically united.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></div> + +<div class="ind2em">14. The frontoparietal is separate from the prootic and exoccipital.</div> + +<div class="ind2em">15. The prootic and exoccipital are fused.</div> + +<div class="ind2em">16. A bursa angularis oris is present.</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2">LITERATURE CITED</div> +<p> </p> + +<span class="smcap">Baldauf, R. J.</span><br> +<div class="reference">1955. Contributions to the cranial morphology of <i>Bufo w. woodhousei</i> Girard. Texas Jour. Sci., 7(3):275-311.</div> +<div class="reference">1958. A procedure for the staining and sectioning of the heads of adult +anurans. Texas Jour. Sci., 10(4):448-451.</div> +<br> + +<span class="smcap">Duellman, W. E.</span> and <span class="smcap">L. Trueb</span><br> +<div class="reference">1966. Neotropical hylid frogs, genus Smilisca. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. +Nat. Hist., 17:281-375, pls. 1-12.</div> +<br> + +<span class="smcap">Trueb, L.</span><br> +<div class="reference">1966. Morphology and development of the skull of the frog <i>Hyla septentrionalis</i>. Copeia, 3:562-573.</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<i>Transmitted April 18, 1968.</i><br> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + +<div class="center"> + <img src="images/square.png" width="16" height="17" title="box" alt="box"> +</div> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Cranial Osteiology of the Hylid Frog, +Smilisca baudini, by Linda Trueb + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CRANIAL OSTEIOLOGY--SMILISCA BAUDINI *** + +***** This file should be named 34233-h.htm or 34233-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/2/3/34233/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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