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diff --git a/34242.txt b/34242.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27d0cbb --- /dev/null +++ b/34242.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1642 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chattanooga or Lookout Mountain and +Missionary Ridge from Moccasin Point, by Bradford Ripley Wood + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Chattanooga or Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge from Moccasin Point + +Author: Bradford Ripley Wood + +Release Date: November 8, 2010 [EBook #34242] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHATTANOOGA *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + +CHATTANOOGA + +OR + +Lookout Mountain + +AND + +Missionary Ridge + +From MOCCASIN POINT + + + +BY + +BRADFORD R. WOOD, JR., + +Brevet Captain, late U.S.A., Brevet Major U.S.V. Albany, N.Y. + + + + +A paper read at the Thirty-second Annual Meeting of the U.S. Veteran +Signal Corps Association, held at Saratoga Springs, N.Y., September 10, +1907. + +MAJOR WOOD, when introduced, said:-- + +I wish to describe to the comrades present a great battle which +resulted in a victory for the Union, and to introduce you to some of +our Western soldiers. If I can give you one or two new facts, or +increase your love for the West or for all of our great and glorious +country, I shall be well pleased. My story is not all original, but +what is not I have taken from official and reliable records, so that I +can say that it is all true to the best of my knowledge and belief. + + + + +Published November, 1907 +By The U.S. Veteran Signal Corps Association + + + + +LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN AND MISSIONARY RIDGE FROM MOCCASIN POINT + + +In the fall of the year 1863, during the Civil War, while serving in +the signal corps attached to the fourth corps of the army of the +Cumberland, it was my privilege to have a good station on Moccasin +Point, opposite Lookout Mountain, on the north side of the Tennessee +river, from which to witness the assault of the Union troops under Gen. +Hooker up the north face of the mountain, and also the charge of the +army of the Cumberland under Gen. Thomas up the western slope of +Missionary Ridge. + +Moccasin Point is about three miles below Chattanooga and is formed by +a bend in the Tennessee, which turns to the east and north at Lookout +Mountain, continuing in that direction to a little north of +Chattanooga, when it inclines to the northwest and then again to the +southwest. The eastern side of Moccasin Point near the river is quite +steep and from 100 to 150 feet above it, the crest of the ridge being +covered with trees. The western side and the point slope gently to the +river bank and contain some cultivated fields and farm houses, the +peninsula being about a mile wide in the widest part. From the summit +of Lookout Mountain it bears some resemblance to an Indian's foot clad +in a moccasin, from which it derives its name. Lookout Mountain is an +elevated plateau extending from the Tennessee river about forty miles +southwest into Georgia and Alabama, its sides and summit being covered +with trees, with some open fields and cultivated farms. Near +Chattanooga its height is about 1500 feet above the river. The northern +slope from the Tennessee is rocky and steep for about 600 feet, when +the ascent is more gradual and contains an open space of a few acres +cultivated as a farm. A white farm house, known as Craven's, is +situated on the upper margin of the farm and near the western point. +From the southern side of the farm the ascent to the summit is very +rocky and almost perpendicular. The house was occupied by the +confederate general E. C. Walthall as his headquarters. Around the +point of the mountain, a little above the river, is the track of the +Nashville and Chattanooga railroad cut in the side of the rock, and +above it, across the open field, was a wagon road leading into Lookout +valley. On the eastern side of the mountain and connecting with this +was the road to Summertown, the only wagon road to the summit of the +mountain for many miles. Chattanooga creek, a good-sized stream, flows +into the Tennessee at the foot of the mountain on the eastern side, and +Lookout creek from Lookout valley on the western. + +After the battle of Chickamauga the center of the army of the +Cumberland withdrew from the field in good order on the night of Sept. +20, 1863, to Rossville, a few miles south of Chattanooga, and was ready +to give battle on the following day, the right and left wings being +again in position. It was not however closely followed or attacked by +the enemy, but as Chattanooga was considered a much better position for +defense, on Sept. 22, the army took up its position on the hills +surrounding the town and was soon intrenched and securely fortified +against any attack. Its lines extended from the Tennessee river on the +south to the bank of the river on the north. It also held Moccasin +Point, the river being crossed by a pontoon bridge, and the north side +of the river to Bridgeport, from whence it received its supplies by +wagon road. + +The Confederate army occupied Lookout Mountain, Lookout and Chattanooga +valleys on the south, and Missionary Ridge on the east, also Orchard +Knob and some other intervening hills. They had railroad connection +with Atlanta, 140 miles south, and could easily receive supplies and +reinforcements. + +[Illustration: BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA.] + +On Oct. 20, 1863, I was ordered with Lt. S. A. Thayer and four flagmen +to establish a signal station of observation on Moccasin Point, to +watch the movements of the enemy and report to a signal station on +Cameron Hill directly south of Chattanooga, from whence there was a +telegraph line to the headquarters of the army in the town. Our station +was on the edge of a bluff overlooking the river, and about fifty yards +in rear of the guns of Capt. Naylor's battery, the 10th Indiana. This +battery consisted of one 10-pounder and one 20-pounder Parrott, and two +12-pounder brass howitzers. To the right and a little lower down on the +point, was Capt. Spencer's battery the 1st Illinois, formerly Capt. +Aleshire's, of two brass Napoleons and two 12 pounder howitzers. Still +further to the right and rear was encamped a brigade of infantry under +the command of Gen. W. C. Whitaker. On the north face of Lookout +Mountain were two lines of intrenchments with redoubts on the eastern +and western extremities, and a covered way around the point. There had +been a battery near the Craven house, but the fire of our guns was so +accurate that it had been withdrawn to the summit of the mountain where +it was more secure. Our batteries had a good range of the wagon road +across the point of Lookout and also of the Summertown road on the +eastern side of the mountain, a portion of which could be seen. As +Capt. Naylor was serving at division headquarters as ordnance officer, +Lt. Crosby was left in charge of his battery, and with his Parrott guns +he did some very fine shooting. He sank the trail of one of them in the +ground elevating the muzzle sufficiently to explode some shells +directly over the summit of the mountain. One day we noticed a signal +officer on the point of Lookout, signaling to Gen. Bragg's headquarters +on Missionary Ridge, and Lt. Crosby was about to fire at him when I +requested him not to do so in order that I might try to read his +message. I called off the numbers to one of my flagmen, who wrote them +down and afterwards compared them to the Confederate code which had +been given me, but they did not agree. As the flagman on the mountain +stood with his left side towards me, it was very difficult to +distinguish the motions of the flag from the right to the left; so I +thought I did not get the numbers correctly, or else the officer was +using a cipher. I tried again however, Lt. Crosby writing down the +numbers for me, but meeting with no better success, I said I had no +objection to his firing at the flag, which he did, the shell exploding +very near it, and we saw it no more. There was a rumor soon after that +a signal officer had been killed on the top of the mountain, but I +never heard it confirmed. The signal station was probably moved further +back on the summit where we could not see it, as communication was +still kept up with Missionary Ridge. For firing at the summit, Lt. +Crosby cut his fuses for twenty seconds, and for firing at the enemy on +the Craven farm and the Summertown road, for ten and twelve seconds. A +little later a section of 20-pounder Parrotts was placed on an +elevation to the right and some distance to the rear of the batteries +mentioned, which enfiladed the enemy's lines on the western slope of +the mountain. The firing from Lookout Mountain though frequent did +little damage on Moccasin Point, the shells either falling short or +going over our heads into the Tennessee river. + +One evening while sending a message by torchlight it became necessary +to fill the stationary foot-torch with turpentine. In doing so some of +the fluid was accidentally spilled on the ground, which afterwards +became ignited from one of the torches, the flame spreading rapidly +among the dry pine needles and brush on the ground. The enemy seeing +the fire commenced shelling us, one shell striking very near, but with +the assistance of some men from the battery, by stamping and beating, +we soon succeeded in extinguishing the fire. Waiting a few minutes +until everything was quiet, I lighted my torches again and finished my +message without being again disturbed. Not long after this there was a +forest fire on the eastern side of Lookout Mountain, which burned for +nearly a week, but as it approached the houses near the point it was +extinguished. + +The following are a few of the messages sent in cipher from the signal +station on Moccasin Point to the station on Cameron Hill:-- + + Oct. 26, 1:20 a.m. + + GEN. THOMAS:--Beat the enemy off Williams' Island twice to-night. + Want no help. + + (Signed) WHITAKER, GENERAL. + + Oct. 29, 7:50 p.m. + + GEN. THOMAS:--Rebel troops were moving about northeast. They were + twenty-seven minutes in passing a given point. + + Nov. 15, 11:20 a.m. + + CAPT. LEONARD:--Naylor's battery firing at squads of men passing + along the road near white house on Lookout, also at earthwork on + the edge of open field below and to the right of the house. + + Nov. 15, 12:30 p.m. + + Battery No. 5 is now firing at a regiment of infantry and wagons + going up Lookout. + + Nov. 16, 9:30 a.m. + + About a brigade of infantry just passed over the mountain towards + Lookout valley. Our batteries opened on them. + + Nov. 20, 11:20 a.m. + + Rebels are extending rifle pits on Lookout below white house. + Naylor's battery is shelling them. + + Nov. 21, 4:20 p.m. + + LT. BACHTELL:--They are rifle pits. I reported them to Gen. Thomas + about a week ago when he was here. Have seen a few men passing + there to-day but none at work. Naylor's battery will fire at the + point you mention. + + Nov. 22, 9:55 a.m. + + CAPT. LEONARD:--The enemy are strengthening their earthworks on + northeast face of Lookout. Naylor's battery is shelling them. + + Nov. 22, 11:15 a.m. + + Can see artillery and a long train of wagons going up the road on + Mission Ridge, 85 degrees east of south from this station. + + Nov. 23, 11:15 a.m. + + Naylor's battery is firing at wagons going up the mountain and at + men at work on earthwork near white house. Three shots from summit + of Lookout this morning. + + Nov. 23, 3 p.m. + + Naylor's and Aleshire's batteries firing at enemy in line of battle + on our right beyond rolling mill. + +It is very probable that the firing of our batteries at this time was +intended to draw the attention of the enemy from the approach of Gen. +Sherman's troops above Chattanooga. + + Nov. 23, 9:30 p.m. + + Have just read rebel message from station on Mission Ridge, viz: + "On whose left did Gen. S---- think the attack would be made?" + +This message was sent from Gen. Bragg's' headquarters on Missionary +Ridge without address or signature. In the evening of the same day the +following message was secured from another source:-- + + GEN. HARDEE:--I observed from the Point the movements of the enemy + until dark. The object seemed to be to attract our attention. The + troops in sight were formed from center to left. Those on the right + moved to center. The troops from Raccoon were in full sight. If + they intend to attack, my opinion is, it will be on our left. Both + of their bridges are gone. + + (Signed) GEN. STEVENSON. + +The troops from Raccoon referred to were Gen. Sherman's. From the summit +of Lookout Mountain and from Missionary Ridge the movements of the Union +army could easily be seen in the day time, but the Confederates seem to +have been surprised by the coming of Generals Hooker and Sherman. In +Gen. Longstreet's book, "From Manassas to Appomattox," in the month of +October he states: "Gen. Longstreet's command occupied Lookout Mountain +and the left of the Confederate army. Alexander's batteries occupied the +top of the mountain. Gen. Alexander managed to drop an occasional shell +about the enemy's lines by lifting the trails of his guns, but the fire +of other batteries was not effective." President Davis visited Gen. +Bragg's army Oct. 9, and viewed Chattanooga from Lookout Mountain. We on +Moccasin Point were informed of his presence and looked for him with our +glasses. He seemed to have been much encouraged by the view from Lookout +rock and predicted that the town would soon be again in his possession +with the Union army which surrounded it. The Union army was surrounded +on every side but one by the Confederates, occupying fortified positions +on summits which seemed naturally impregnable. The supplies of the army +had to be hauled from Bridgeport over a wagon road through the +Sequatchie valley, a hostile country, a distance of 60 miles, in some +places exposed to sharpshooters and the guns from Lookout Mountain, and +then must cross the Tennessee on a frail pontoon bridge. Gen. Longstreet +had established a signal station in observation of Bridgeport. He +writes: + +"On Oct. 27 the signal party reported the enemy advancing from +Bridgeport in force, artillery and infantry, but the report was +discredited at Gen. Bragg's headquarters. On Oct. 28 Gen. Bragg while +laying his plans sitting on the point of Lookout rock, the battery from +Moccasin Point threw a shell which exploded about two hundred feet +below them. That angered Gen. Bragg and he ordered Gen. Alexander to +drop some of his shells about the enemy's heads. As this little +practice went on a dispatch messenger came bursting through the +brushwood asking for Gen. Longstreet, and reported the enemy marching +from Bridgeport along the base of the mountain, artillery and infantry. +Gen. Bragg denied the report and rebuked the soldier, but the soldier +said: 'General, if you will ride to a point on the west side of the +mountain, I will show them to you.' They did so and saw the 11th and +12th corps under Gen. Hooker marching quietly along the valley towards +Brown's Ferry. Gens. Bragg and Longstreet were surprised, but the +latter was surprised because Gen. Hooker did not march along the +mountain top instead of in the valley. They saw the enemy go into +bivouac with the rear guard of about 1500 men about three miles in the +rear and planned to capture it by a night attack." + +Gen. Hooker left Bridgeport Oct. 27, and marching up the river left Gen. +Geary with the rear guard to protect Kelly's ford, and with the main +body of his troops proceeded to the vicinity of Brown's Ferry, a few +miles further up the river, where they went into camp. He wished to hold +both fords of the river. A desperate attempt was made to cut off Gen. +Geary in the night, but his men were not surprised and after a sharp +fight drove the enemy back. Gens. Howard and Schurz were sent to the +assistance of Geary and soon ran into the enemy, with whom they had a +severe fight, driving him up the mountain and taking many prisoners. +This was called the battle of Wauhatchie. The loss of Gen. Hooker was +383 in killed and wounded. The loss of the Confederates Gen. Longstreet +states was 408. 150 were found dead in front of Gen. Geary and over 100 +prisoners were taken. + +The capture of Brown's Ferry seems to have been a complete surprise. The +night of Oct. 27 was dark and the pontoons for the new bridge, loaded +with soldiers, which floated down the river from Chattanooga around +Moccasin Point to the ferry, a distance of nine miles, were not +perceived by the enemy until they reached the appointed place of +landing, when the pickets fired a few shots and fled. Troops which had +marched across Moccasin Point from Chattanooga were hurried across the +river in the boats, and in a short time the defenses were strong enough +to hold the new pontoon bridge, which was speedily completed. +Communication by river was now open between Bridgeport and Chattanooga, +so that supplies of provisions and stores were soon rushing to the army +of the Cumberland. Although Lookout valley seemed now lost to the +Confederates and Lookout Mountain was threatened, Gen. Bragg on Nov. 4 +detached Gen. Longstreet with 15,000 men to attack Knoxville. The +situation of Gen. Burnside was precarious, as he was surrounded by the +enemy and in more need of supplies than the army of the Cumberland. + +About 2 p.m. on Nov. 23, which was a cool and clear day, we noticed a +long line of troops in front of Fort Wood on the east side of +Chattanooga, as if for inspection or review; but as soon as they +commenced to move forward we concluded it was for a reconnoissance. +This proved to be the case, as deserters had reported that many of Gen. +Bragg's troops had gone away, some to intercept Gen. Sherman, who was +thought to be approaching by the way of Trenton and McLemore's Cove, +Georgia, on their left. The reconnoissance was made by the division of +Gen. Thos. J. Wood of the 4th corps, supported by Gen. Sheridan on the +right and Gen. Howard on the left. It was soon ascertained that the +Confederate intrenchments were still occupied, but by a rapid movement +of our troops they were carried with the capture of Orchard Knob, an +important elevation between Fort Wood and Missionary Ridge. The loss in +Gen. Wood's division was 190 killed and wounded. He took 174 prisoners +including eight officers and one stand of colors. The summit of Orchard +Knob was immediately occupied by Bridge's battery of six guns, four +3-inch Rodmans and two Napoleons. This advance was of great advantage +to the Union Army and caused Gen. Bragg to transfer Walker's division +from Lookout Mountain to sustain the right against what seemed to be a +most threatening demonstration. + +During the 23d of November the pontoon bridge above Chattanooga parted, +leaving Gen. Osterhaus' division on the north bank of the Tennessee; but +as three of Gen. Sherman's divisions had already crossed, Gen. Grant +directed not to delay operations any longer. Gen. Thomas then advised +Gen. Hooker, if Gen. Osterhaus' division failed to cross, he should +endeavor with it and his own troops to take the point of Lookout +Mountain, and later he advised him that the mountain should be taken if +a demonstration should develop its practicability. + +The morning of Nov. 24 was cool and cloudy, threatening rain. There was +a cloud about the summit of the mountain, and at no time during the day +was the top of the mountain clearly visible from Moccasin Point. A +little before 10 a.m. heavy firing was heard on the west side of the +mountain, gradually growing nearer. At 10:30 a.m. I received the +following message from Lookout valley by the way of Chattanooga:-- + + COMMANDING OFFICER BATTERIES ON MOCCASIN POINT:--Gen. Hooker + desires that you will keep a sharp lookout on the eastern slope of + the nose of Lookout Mountain. If any of the enemy's troops go up + there, shell them. + + (Signed) D. BUTTERFIELD, MAJ. GEN. AND CHIEF OF STAFF. + +Not long after, suddenly, crowds of the enemy came rushing round the +western point of the mountain and filled the trenches and earthworks on +the northern slope close by. All the guns on Moccasin Point now opened +a destructive fire. + +Gen. Hooker's command consisted of Gen. Geary's division of the 12th +corps, Gen. Osterhaus' division of the 15th, and two brigades of Gen. +Cruft's division of the 4th corps. He had sent Geary's division and +Whitaker's brigade of Cruft's division to Wauhatchie to cross Lookout +creek and then to sweep down the right bank, to clear it of the enemy +and cover the crossing of the remaining forces. He ordered Col. Grose to +seize the common road bridge just below the railroad bridge crossing and +repair it, and directed Gen. Charles R. Woods, then in command of Gen. +Osterhaus' division, to move his division to Brown's Ferry under cover +of the hills, to the crossing of Lookout creek and support the +batteries; one, battery K, 1st Ohio artillery, on a high hill a little +north of the stream; and the other battery K, 1st N.Y. artillery, on a +hill to the rear of the other. At 8 a.m. Gen. Geary crossed Lookout +creek, captured the enemy's pickets, and then ascended the mountain side +until his right touched the base of the palisades. The fog which +overhung the mountain top and upper steeps and the woods concealed the +movement. Then with the right clinging to the palisades he swept round +towards the mountain's point. Simultaneously with Gen. Geary's first +movement, Col. Grose attacked the enemy at the bridge and having driven +them back commenced to repair. The noise of the conflict called the +enemy's nearest forces from their camps. One detachment advanced to the +railroad embankment, which formed a good parapet and admitted a sweeping +fire upon the Union troops advancing from the bridge. To avoid loss of +life in a direct advance, Gen. Hooker directed Gen. Osterhaus, now +commanding his division, to send a brigade to prepare a crossing a half +mile further up the creek under cover of the woods. At 11 a.m. the +bridge was completed, and soon after Gen. Geary's division and +Whitaker's brigade in line, sweeping the mountain from base to +palisade, came abreast. The batteries then opened fire, and Woods and +Grose crossed the creek and aligned their brigades on Geary's left as +it swept down the valley. The troops of the enemy in the first +positions that escaped the artillery fire ran into the infantry lines +so quickly that overthrow occurred to all that had taken position in +the valley and near the western base of the mountain. Many were killed +and wounded and the remainder were captured. Then the line moved +onwards towards the mountain's front. As the increasing roar of +musketry indicated the sweep of the battle to the east, the anxiety for +its revelation on the open ground became intense. Soon could be seen +the routed enemy in rapid motion followed by Gen. Hooker's line with +its right under the palisades. With a plunging fire from above and +behind, they rolled up the enemy's lines and driving them from their +intrenchments, did not halt until the middle of the open ground was +gained. Here the enemy received reinforcements and a more determined +stand was made. + +Gen. Cruft had been ordered to move south along the western base of the +mountain and charge up to the white house. Grose's brigade of his +division and Osterhaus' command, having gathered up the captured on the +lower ground, closed on the left and then the enemy was driven from his +defenses on the open ground and retreated up the mountain toward the +eastern slope. As Gen. Cruft's troops charged the last line of +intrenchments near the Craven house, the sun shone out for a few +minutes and the battle flags of both sides could be plainly seen from +Moccasin Point. It was a thrilling sight. Gen. Hooker was greatly +assisted by the batteries on Moccasin Point, which swept the northern +face of the mountain, pouring shot and shell into the enemy's lines +about the Craven house and the Summertown road. + +At 12:50 p.m. I received the following message:-- + + COMMANDING OFFICER MOCCASIN POINT:--Throw no more shells on this + side of the mountain. You are throwing in the midst of our men. + + (Signed) HOOKER. + +I immediately read the message to Capt. Naylor, who ordered his battery +to cease firing. I asked him if he could see the enemy and our troops +plainly, and he said he could. I then asked him if he was firing into +our men, and he replied he was not. I then ran with the message to the +commanding officer of the other battery to the right, who immediately +ordered his battery to cease firing, and asked him the same questions. +He denied that he was firing into our men or that he was firing on the +western side of the mountain. I had watched the firing of the batteries +and did not believe that they were firing into our own troops or that +any of the shells went on the western side of the mountain. I did not +think that Gen. Thomas would believe it, and as my messages went +through headquarters at Chattanooga, with the consent of Capt. Naylor, +whom I considered the commanding officer on the Point at that time, at +1:18 p.m. I sent the following message to Gen. Hooker:-- + + CAPT. NAYLOR, MOCCASIN POINT, says he can see the enemy's flank + plainly and requests permission to fire at them. + + (Signed) WOOD, CAPT. AND A.S.O. + +At 2:35 p.m. I received the following message from headquarters at +Chattanooga. + + WOOD:--Gen. Thomas directs that the batteries on Point open on the + Summertown road immediately. + + (Signed) MERRILL. + +Capt. Jesse Merrill was chief signal officer of the army of the +Cumberland on Gen. Thomas' staff. About this time the mists descended +on the mountain and the troops were hidden from view and there was a +little rain. It did not become clear again until nearly dark, so that +the batteries did not begin firing again, but I read the message to the +commanding officers of the batteries and we considered it a sufficient +vindication that Gen. Thomas did not believe that they were firing into +Gen. Hooker's men. The musketry firing continued in the fog and the +enemy made a desperate stand behind a large rock to the left of the +Craven house and in defending the Summertown road on the eastern side +of the mountain. The heavy firing ceased about 2 p.m. Gen. Hooker's +troops had exhausted their ammunition and no ammunition trains could +now reach them. At 5 p.m. Gen. Carlin's brigade of the 1st division +14th corps crossed Chattanooga creek near its mouth and ascended the +mountain to Gen. Hooker's right. The troops of this brigade carried on +their persons ammunition for Hooker's skirmishers in addition to their +ordinary supply for themselves. As night settled down the skirmishing +continued very heavy, the flashes of the muskets on the side of the +mountain presenting a brilliant sight to the spectators. Under cover of +the skirmishing the mountain was evacuated and in the morning there +were no troops to be seen on the northern slope. The weather was a +little foggy, but as it gradually cleared, a line of troops without +colors displayed could be seen in the valley through an opening in the +trees, marching towards Missionary Ridge. Not being able to distinguish +whether they were the enemy's or our own, at 9:30 a.m. Nov. 25 I sent +the following message to Capt. Jesse Merrill at army headquarters:-- + + Can see a long line of infantry on ridge beyond Chattanooga creek a + little east of South. Are they our troops? + +Not receiving an answer very promptly, I left a man to watch the +station on Cameron Hill with my marine glass, and unfastening my +telescope from the stake to which it was attached, hastened to the guns +on the point, and looking through it could see plainly by the gray and +jean uniforms, the slouched hats and the furled colors, that the troops +were Confederates, and asked Lt. Crosby to look at them and if he +thought he could reach them, but he said that he could not train his +guns upon them. At 10:10 a.m. I sent the following message to Capt. +Leonard:-- + + Fifty degrees east of south and about two miles distant, a heavy + column of rebels marching towards Mission Ridge. + +Shortly after I received this answer to my message to Capt. Merrill:-- + + I do not know. + +Some daring soldiers of the 8th Kentucky were the first to scale the +palisades and unfurl the national flag on the summit of Lookout +Mountain. As the fog lifted it soon became apparent that the left flank +of the enemy had been turned and the forces which held the mountain had +been transferred to Missionary Ridge. In this battle Gen. Hooker had +two divisions and two brigades, seven brigades in all of 9680 men, and +in the evening was reinforced by the brigade of Gen. Carlin, three +regiments of which were engaged. Gen. Stevenson, the Confederate +general, commanded two divisions of six brigades on the mountain, and +another brigade was sent to reinforce him but too late to be of any +value. He reports that only four of his brigades were in action. The +casualties in a few of the regiments under Gen. Hooker were not +reported until after the fighting at Ringgold and Graysville, when the +total was given for the four days; but the loss at Lookout Mountain was +about 75 killed and 375 wounded, a total of 450. The loss of the enemy +in killed and wounded was about the same and Gen. Hooker captured +between 2000 and 3000 prisoners, five stand of colors, two pieces of +artillery and 5000 muskets, and 20,000 rations and camp and garrison +equipage for three brigades were abandoned on the summit of the +mountain. + +Owing to bad weather and roads Gen. Sherman had been delayed in +crossing the Tennessee. Gen. Howard's corps had been detached from Gen. +Hooker and was formed in close column north and west of Fort Wood Nov. +23. The 4th and 14th corps extended from Citico creek north of +Chattanooga around Forts Wood and Negley, and Academy and Cameron +Hills. On the morning of the 24th Gen. Sherman was crossing the river +above Chattanooga. The utmost efforts had been made by Gen. W. F. Smith +to provide the pontoon bridges for Gen. Sherman's troops to cross the +river near the mouth of Chickamauga creek to attack the enemy's right +flank. The river at the point selected for the crossing was 1300 feet +wide, and two bridges were proposed, and one also for the mouth of South +Chickamauga 180 feet in length. As it was expected that the enemy would +contest the passage every precaution had been taken to keep the +projected bridges a profound secret. The pontoons had been hauled on +by-roads on the north side of the Tennessee to the North Chickamauga +creek, eight miles above Chattanooga, and there launched and concealed, +in readiness to be floated down to the place of crossing. At midnight +on Nov. 23d, 116 boats with a brigade left the North Chickamauga and +floated quietly to the place of crossing. They were landed above and +below the mouth of South Chickamauga and were first used to transport +troops from the opposite shore. By daylight two divisions were over and +the construction of the bridge was under vigorous prosecution. The +steamer Dunbar from Chattanooga, which had been captured in a disabled +condition and repaired by our soldiers, was also of great assistance in +transporting the troops, especially as on account of the rise in the +river from heavy rains, more pontoons were needed and but one bridge +could be thrown. Just as the last boat was connected Gen. Howard with +one brigade of infantry and a small cavalry escort arrived from +Chattanooga without having met with any resistance. Leaving his brigade +to skirmish on the right of Gen. Sherman's advance at his request, he +returned to Chattanooga with his escort. The bridge was finished at 11 +a.m., and at 1 p.m. Gen. Sherman moved forward with three divisions in +echelon. He met with no serious resistance and at 4 p.m. occupied the +two northern summits of Missionary Ridge. There was still one summit +between Gen. Sherman and the tunnel. Gen. Grant had expected that he +would carry the ridge to the tunnel before the enemy could concentrate +against him; but the intervening hill was the one upon which Gen. +Bragg's right flank rested. The crest of Missionary Ridge is divided +into distinct summits throughout its whole length by numerous +depressions. The deepest of these between the Tennessee river and +Rossville separates the second summit, which Gen. Sherman had gained +from the third, which was the strongest position for lateral defense +within Gen. Bragg's lines. Here Gen. Cleburne's famous division was +placed. Heavy barricades constructed of logs and earth, covered the +troops on the first defensive line, while the higher ground to the +south gave room for successive supporting columns. A somewhat thickly +planted forest gave additional protection to the enemy. It was the +strength of this position that induced Gen. Bragg to yield the first +two hills to Gen. Sherman. Their abandonment shortened his line while +the depression on his right and the slopes east and west placed his +enemy under his guns on every practicable line of attack. Gen. Bragg +now had his entire army on the ridge. Cleburne's and Gist's divisions +were on the extreme right opposed to Gen. Sherman, his left was held by +Stewart's division, his center by Breckenridge's division and portions +of the commands of Buckner and Hindman under Gen. Anderson, and the +divisions of Cheatham and Stevenson from Lookout Mountain were in +motion toward the right. Gen. Sherman opened the battle of Nov. 25 soon +after sunrise by the advance of Gen. Corse's brigade from the right +center. Gen. Corse moved down the southern slope of the second hill +gained the night before and under a destructive fire ascended towards +Cleburne's fortified position. He gained a lateral elevation about +eighty yards distant from the enemy's defenses and held it firmly. +Advancing repeatedly from this position he was as often driven back and +in turn repulsed every attack of the enemy. In the meantime Gen. Morgan +L. Smith's division advanced along the eastern base of the hill and +Loomis' brigade supporting Corse on the left was sustained by the two +reserve brigades of Gen. John E. Smith's division. Gen. Morgan L. Smith +pressed his attack to the enemy's works but gained no permanent +lodgement. The character and issue of this contest was observed by Gen. +Grant from Orchard Knob. + +Pending Gen. Sherman's series of attacks there had been some activity +on the right flank of the Union army. Early in the morning Gen. Thomas +had directed Gen. Hooker to move with his forces except two regiments +to hold the mountain on the road to Rossville. Later he had ordered him +to advance upon the enemy's works in conjunction with the 14th corps +under Gen. Palmer. Gen. Hooker advanced rapidly to Chattanooga creek, +but was there delayed to restore a bridge which the enemy had destroyed +in his retreat from the mountain. It was evident from the importance of +the position that Gen. Bragg would maintain his right if possible. Gen. +Sherman was threatening not only to turn that flank, but was also +menacing his rear and his depot of supplies at Chickamauga station. In +the mean time Gen. Hooker had attained position on the enemy's left +flank which caused him to retreat to Rossville. Gen. Hooker then +disposed his troops to sweep Missionary Ridge toward the north. He +directed Gen. Osterhaus to cross to the east side, Gen. Cruft to +advance on the summit and Gen. Geary on the western slope and edge of +the valley. Gen. Grant had waited for Gen. Sherman's success in turning +the enemy's right flank since early morning, and during the afternoon +he had waited for Gen. Hooker to engage his left. The day was now +nearly gone and some new measure was necessary or the sun would set +with Gen. Bragg in possession of Missionary Ridge. Four divisions were +in front of Gen. Bragg's center, now held by less than four divisions, +as a portion of Stewart's on the extreme left, under the direction of +Gen. Breckenridge, had been sent against Gen. Hooker. From 11 a.m. +until after 3 p.m. Confederate troops were plainly seen on the crest of +the ridge marching past Gen. Bragg's headquarters to reinforce his +right. In order to relieve the pressure on Gen. Sherman, Gen. Grant +ordered Gen. Thomas to advance with the army of the Cumberland and +attack Gen. Bragg's center. The order required that the enemy should +be dislodged from the rifle-pits and intrenchments at the base of +Missionary Ridge. His four divisions from right to left were Johnson's, +Sheridan's, Woods' and Baird's, consisting of eleven brigades of about +20,000 men. Two lines of skirmishers covered the battle front and such +troops as were designated as reserves were massed in rear of their +respective organizations. Gen. Thomas' line was more than a mile long. +Most of the houses between the lines had been destroyed and the trees +cut down and used for fuel. To the east and south of Fort Wood the +plain was barren. At five minutes past 4 p.m. six successive cannon +shots from the battery on Orchard Knob gave the signal for the advance. +At the sixth discharge the line moved forward in splendid array with +colors flying and bayonets fixed. The batteries of the enemy on the +ridge immediately opened upon them with great activity. Gen. Brannan's +heavy guns in Forts Wood, Negley, Sheridan and Rosseau and four light +batteries on the intermediate hills gave emphatic response. Their fire +was at first directed to the enemy's inferior intrenchments, and when +that endangered the advancing lines, their missiles were thrown upon +the summit of Missionary Ridge. The change of direction was soon +necessary, as the troops in rapid movement first met the enemy's +pickets and their reserves, and then his stronger line in his lower +intrenchments, and drove all in confusion to the crest of the ridge. +The advance of the Union troops had been so rapid that the forces which +had so often repeated their furious assaults at Chickamauga lost +courage and made no soldierly efforts to maintain their positions, +though supported by at least fifty guns which at short range were fast +decimating the assaulting columns. Having executed their orders holding +the enemy's lower defenses, the four divisions stood under his +batteries while the troops they had routed threw themselves behind the +stronger intrenchments on the summit. To stand still was death, to fall +back was not compassed by orders and was forbidden by every impulse of +the brave men who with no stragglers had moved so boldly and so +successfully upon the foe. + +Missionary Ridge rises to a height of between 400 and 500 feet. The +trees had been cut down and the slope was rough and uneven, in places +rocky and covered with trunks and stumps of trees. There were +rifle-pits half way up and just below the crest a strong line of +intrenchments. While looking through my telescope at the lower line +almost directly in front of Gen. Bragg's headquarters, in less than a +minute after they had been taken and before the enemy who were driven +out had reached the crest, I saw a few of our men start up the hill in +pursuit. The movement extended first to the left and afterwards to the +right. I exclaimed, "They are going up the hill, may God help them," +and some one standing near by said, "Amen." We did not expect it and it +looked like a forlorn hope. The cannonade was terrific. Sometimes our +men would halt for a few seconds until others came up, but none went +back. The enthusiasm spread and our men kept advancing, inclining a +little to the right, taking advantage of what cover there was or +stopping to reload, though there was not much firing on their part. +During the assault a caisson on the crest a little to the north of Gen. +Bragg's headquarters was struck by a shell, probably from Fort Wood, +and exploded with great effect, a column of smoke rising high in the +air; and not long after another exploded further to the north in a +similar manner. Just before our line of troops appeared on the crest I +saw a group of men run a gun from the intrenchment to the top of the +ridge, fire it to the south along the line of intrenchments and then +turn it around and fire it at the fleeing enemy on the other side of +the ridge. Capt. McMahon of the 41st Ohio writes: "His regiment was on +the right of the first line of Gen. Hazen's brigade. The right company +of the regiment captured a section of artillery on the crest, turned +the guns, enfiladed the crest and drove the enemy in Gen. Sheridan's +front into a precipitate retreat." In a few moments more the crest of +the ridge was occupied all along the front of the army of the +Cumberland and Gen. Bragg's center was routed. Gen. Hooker soon after +swept the ridge northward from Rossville connecting with Gen. Johnson's +right. Gen. Hardee's forces opposite Gen. Sherman alone maintained +their position. From Gen. Bragg's own declaration and from the +observation of those occupying elevated positions, there is no room to +doubt that Gen. Thomas J. Wood's division first reached the summit.[1] +Gen. Sheridan's and Gen. Baird's, on the right and left, very soon +after gained the crest. Gen. Wood's troops enfiladed the enemy's line +to the right and left as soon as they broke through it. Many isolated +contests were conducted with spirit by the enemy but the fragments of +his line were speedily brushed away. + + [1] According to Confederate testimony, which in this case is + impartial, the right of Willich's and left of Hazen's brigades, + Wood's Division, were the first Union troops to reach the crest + of the ridge. (See Obituary of Gen. Thos. J. Wood, Thirty-Fourth + Reunion, Society of the Army of the Cumberland, October, 1906, + page 98.) + +About 6 p.m. I saw a signal flag on a hill in Chattanooga valley near +the ridge calling my station, and answering the call received the +following message which I forwarded to the Cameron Hill station. + + GEN. THOMAS:--I think we have got them, but I want a battery. + + (Signed) GEN. GRANGER. + +The impulse to carry the summit of the ridge was seemingly spontaneous +and from different points several brigades passed beyond the limit +fixed by Gen. Grant's order before there was any concerted action +toward a general assault. Gens. Bragg, Hardee, Breckenridge and others +of inferior rank exerted themselves to prevent defeat, and Gen. Bragg +was nearly surrounded before he entirely despaired and abandoned the +field. Gen. Breckenridge resisted Gen. Hooker as he ascended the ridge +at Rossville, availing himself of the intrenchments which had been +constructed by the Union army after the battle of Chickamauga. His +first resistance was quickly overcome by Grose's brigade. Gen. Cruft's +division was then formed in four lines on the summit, and with the +lateral division abreast moved rapidly forward, driving the enemy in +turn from several positions. Many of his troops that fled east or west +were captured by Osterhaus or Geary, and those who tried to escape +northward fell into Johnson's hands. As soon as Gen. Hardee heard the +noise of battle to his left he hastened to join his troops under Gen. +Anderson on the right of their central line, but before he could cross +the chasm corresponding to the interval between Gen. Sherman's right +and Gen. Thomas' left, Anderson's command was thrown into a confused +retreat. He then hurried Cheatham's division from the vicinity of the +tunnel and formed it across the summit to resist Baird's division which +had advanced northward after carrying its entire front in the assault. +In a severe contest in which Col. Phelps, a brigade commander, fell, +Gen. Baird pressed this fresh division northward from several knolls, +but was finally compelled to abandon the conflict by the peculiar +strength of a new position and the approach of darkness. The victory +was gained too late in the day for a general pursuit. Gen. Sheridan's +division and Willich's brigade of Wood's division pursued the enemy for +a short distance down the eastern slope. Later Gen. Sheridan advanced +and drove the enemy from a strong position, captured two pieces of +artillery, numerous small arms and several wagons from a supply train. +Darkness was now fast coming on and the pursuit could no longer be +continued, so the troops bivouacked on the ridge for the night. Gen. +Cleburne on Gen. Bragg's right had been able to hold the bridge over +the Chickamauga on his right and when night fell Gen. Hardee withdrew +his troops from the position which was so persistently held against +Gen. Sherman, saving his arms and material. + +Now that Gen. Bragg had been defeated, Gen. Grant, who had been very +anxious about Gen. Burnside, gave attention equally to the pursuit of +the routed enemy and the relief of Knoxville; and during the evening of +the 25th gave orders to Gen. Thomas to recall the 4th corps to prepare +for forced marches to Knoxville, and in conjunction with Gen. Sherman +to pursue the enemy with his available troops. Accordingly Gen. Thomas +ordered Wood's and Sheridan's divisions to return to Chattanooga and +Gens. Hooker and Palmer, the latter with two divisions, to move in +pursuit of the enemy. The generals moved on the morning of the 26th, +Hooker leading. The troops were delayed at West Chickamauga and Peavine +creek, where bridges had to be constructed. At 9 p.m. the enemy was +overtaken near Graysville, and on being attacked by Stoughton's brigade +fled in all directions. At 11 p.m. the enemy was again attacked and one +gun and a number of prisoners taken. + +On the following day the columns advanced to Ringgold, where a stand +was made. Gen. Hooker was without artillery, but he determined to feel +the enemy at once. The skirmish line was driven back upon the main line +and the exact position of a battery was ascertained. The endeavor to +pick off the gunners provoked the enemy to advance against Gen. C. R. +Woods' line. His skirmishers fell back and the main line repulsed the +enemy handsomely and followed them into a gorge. Cleburne's division +was engaged and its dead and wounded were abandoned as it gave ground. +The enemy having been developed in force in a strong position, troops +were moved to support those who had been engaged and the action was +arrested in waiting for the artillery. Between 12 and 1 p.m. the guns +came upon the field and were put in position and the dispositions were +made to renew the attack; but the enemy having succeeded in delaying +pursuit withdrew, attempting to burn the bridges beyond the town. He +was so closely followed, however, that the bridges were saved. Gen. +Grant having reached the field gave orders to discontinue the pursuit, +but in the afternoon Col. Grose was sent forward with his brigade to +Tunnel Hill. Grose soon encountered the enemy's cavalry and drove them +upon the infantry. Ascertaining that there was a strong column in a +strong position, he returned to Ringgold. Gen. Hooker lost according to +his report 65 killed and 377 wounded. Col. Creighton and several +officers fell. The enemy left 130 dead on the field and 230 as +prisoners; his wounded was not known. + +Very early in the morning of Nov. 26 Gen. Davis was ordered by Gen. +Sherman to cross his division on the pontoon bridge at the mouth of the +Chickamauga and pursue the enemy, and Gen. Howard was ordered to repair +a bridge two miles up the creek and follow. Davis in advance reached +Chickamauga Station at 11 a.m., in time to witness the burning of the +depot building and the greater portion of the supplies. A short +distance beyond, the enemy was found partially intrenched, but was +speedily forced to retreat. He was pursued and overtaken at dark, when +a sharp conflict ensued, but the darkness covered his escape. In the +morning Davis reached Graysville and found himself in the rear of +Hooker's command. Gen. Howard advanced through Parker's Gap further +east and detached a column to destroy railroad communication between +Bragg and Longstreet. These movements terminated the pursuit of the +enemy. + +Gen. Burnside's condition was very critical and Gen. Grant deemed his +relief of more importance than the pursuit of Bragg. He therefore +directed Gen. Sherman to give his troops a rest of one day before +starting to raise the siege of Knoxville. In addition to his own three +divisions Gen. Grant gave him Howard's and Granger's corps and Davis' +division of the 14th corps. Gen. Hooker was ordered to remain at +Ringgold until Nov. 30, to cover Gen. Sherman's movement towards +Knoxville and keep up the semblance of pursuit. + +It is probable that Gen. Grant had 60,000 men in action in the battle +of Chattanooga, and Gen. Bragg 40,000. The former had thirteen +divisions including two detached brigades, and the latter had eight +divisions. Gen. Bragg's loss in killed and wounded was between 2500 and +3000 men. He lost by capture 6142 men, forty-two guns, sixty-nine gun +carriages, and 7000 stand of small arms. His loss in material was +immense, part of which he destroyed in his flight, but a large portion +which was uninjured fell to the Union army. The aggregate losses of the +armies of the Cumberland and Tennessee were 753 killed, 4722 wounded, +and 349 missing, making a total of 5824. These losses were small +compared with those of other battles of similar proportions, and very +small in view of the fact that the enemy generally fought behind +intrenchments. + +Chattanooga was a very important position for defense or aggression. +Fortified on its outer lines by ranges of mountains, after the battle +of Chickamauga it had been made strong by intrenchments, forts and +redoubts, and heavy guns. Situated at the confluence of several streams +and diverging valleys, and especially as the gateway of Georgia, it was +the natural base for an invasion of the Gulf states from the north. +This position had been the objective point of the army of the +Cumberland for a long time, and as a result of a battle compassing all +the elements of the most brilliant warfare, it fell into its possession +when the troops reached the crest of Missionary Ridge. The issue of the +battle produced a startling surprise throughout the South. Gen. Bragg +had said that the Ridge ought to have been held by a skirmish line +against an assaulting column, but no skirmish line could have held +Missionary Ridge against even a portion of the brave men who dashed up +its steep acclivity. The moral forces were with the assaulting columns. +The battle had been opened by the splendid charge of Wood's division +capturing Orchard Knob, and Lookout Mountain had been wrested from the +enemy by Gen. Hooker in such a way as to change the martial tone of +each army. Those assaulting Missionary Ridge had Chickamauga to avenge +and Lookout Mountain to surpass, and the firm and resolute sweep of the +charging column for more than a mile expressed in advance the +resistless character of the attack. When fifty battle flags forming the +foremost line approached the crest, the Confederate soldiers knew that +they would wave over their defenses or those who bore them, and many of +the 20,000 men who followed would fall. The men who fled had proved +themselves brave on other fields and were perhaps less to blame than +their impassive general, who had failed to perceive the ruling +conditions of the battle. The loss of more than 20 per cent in the two +central divisions in a contest of less than an hour shows that the +enemy did not yield his position without a struggle. There was a panic, +but its cause was not mere fear but the overwhelming impression that +resistance was useless. + + * * * * * + +The battle of Chickamauga was fought on Sept. 19 and 20, 1863. After +the battle of Chattanooga it was found that many of the Union dead were +left unburied on the field of Chickamauga, and on Nov. 27 the brigade +of Col. Wm. Grose of the 4th corps was detailed to proceed to that +field and bury the dead. Col. Grose found that on the left of the line +the dead had not been sufficiently covered, that toward the center and +right few of our dead were covered at all, and that west of the road +from Lee and Gordon's mills to Rossville but few burials had been made +of either party. All good clothing had been stripped from the bodies. +He buried 400 which had been the prey of animals for more than two +months. He had not time to examine the entire field. + +The first permanent National Cemetery for soldiers established by +military order was the one founded by Gen. Geo. H. Thomas near +Chattanooga. During the battle a reserve force, in line over a hill +near the field position of Gen. Thomas, revealed its beautiful contour +and suggested its use as a National Cemetery. This hill is located +equidistant from Cameron Hill, which rises abruptly from the Tennessee +river where it turns towards Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge in +the east, and is central between Gen. Hooker's point of attack on the +mountain and Gen. Sherman's on the northern summit of Missionary Ridge. +During the war it was known as Bushey Knob. + +On Dec. 25, 1863, Gen. Thomas issued a general order of which the +following is an extract:-- + + (GENERAL ORDERS NO. 296) + + "It is ordered that a National Cemetery be founded at this place, + in commemoration of the battle of Chattanooga fought Nov. 23, 24, + 25, 26 and 27, and to provide a proper resting place for the + remains of the brave men who fell upon the fields fought over upon + those days, and for the remains of such as may hereafter give up + their lives in this region in defending their country against + treason and rebellion." + +The ground selected for the cemetery is the hill lying beyond the +Western and Atlantic railroad, in a southeasterly direction from the +town. The reservation consists of 128 acres. The cemetery proper +comprises the entire hill with an area of seventy-five and one-half +acres surrounded by a stone wall. The summit of the hill is +eighty-three feet above the level of the base. Since the war forest +trees two feet and over in diameter cover the ground. The number of +soldiers interred here up to April, 1903, was 13,364, and of this +number 8394 are known and 4970 unknown. The dead of Chickamauga, some +2000, were removed to this cemetery soon after the Union army gained +possession of the field. Of these 154 were identified and the balance +unknown. Each grave has a headstone which gives when known the name, +rank and state, but when unknown the number of the grave only. Quite a +number of private headstones have been erected but the only large +monuments are the Ohio monument to the Andrews Raiders and that of the +Fourth Army Corps. The Andrews monument consists of several blocks of +granite surmounted by a bronze locomotive, a peculiar emblem of peace +amid so many signs of war, but this monument commemorates the names of +a few brave men who lost their lives for taking part in a very daring +though unsuccessful raid within the enemy's lines. + +The entrance to the cemetery has a handsome arch erected by the +Government. The grounds have been adorned and made beautiful with +trees, shrubs and flowers, and are carefully kept by the +superintendent. Few cities add to such wealth of scenic and historic +attractions such a site in the midst of the highways of trade as +Chattanooga, such store of coal, iron and timber, such busy industry. +The first charter of the town was given Dec. 20, 1839. By the second +charter passed in November, 1851, the town became officially the city +of Chattanooga. In the spring of 1862 the city was occupied by the +Confederates. On the 21st of August, 1863, a few shells from Wilder's +guns on Stringer's Ridge on the north side of the Tennessee came into +the city, and on the 19th of September the last troopers in gray rode +out and the men in blue came in, and the stars and stripes went up on +the Crutchfield House. By the census of 1860 Chattanooga had a +population of 2545. At the close of the Civil War there was less than +that number, which soon grew by the return of refugees and by the +addition of new citizens. The geographical situation attracted new +railroads, among them the Alabama Great Southern; Central Georgia; +Chattanooga Southern; Cincinnati Southern; Southern Railway, Memphis, +Knoxville and Atlanta Divisions; Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis; +and Western and Atlantic. The Tennessee river is navigable from +Knoxville to its junction with the Ohio at Paducah in Western Kentucky. +The population in 1905 including suburbs was estimated from 64,000 to +70,000. The city has six libraries, the Public Library being a Carnegie +building. It contains two hospitals and five homes for the needy. It +has 111 church organizations, seven banking institutions, and 258 +factories, employing in 1904, 10,487 hands. + +In the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park many grand +and beautiful monuments have been erected by several of the states of +the North and South in honor of their fallen soldiers. The Park +contains 6965 acres, mostly at Chickamauga, but also at Orchard Knob, +at different points on Missionary Ridge, at the battlefield on the +slope of Lookout Mountain, at the Point Park on the summit, in Lookout +valley and at Ringgold, Georgia. It contains one of the finest cavalry +posts in the United States: Fort Oglethorpe. The improved roads in the +Park are eighty miles in extent. On the Chickamauga battlefield are 170 +monuments erected by different states and 323 markers, and in the +National Park outside of this battlefield 51 monuments and 113 markers, +among these seven monuments by the state of New York. Besides these +there are many shell and marble monuments erected by military +organizations and private individuals. In addition fifty-five Union +batteries with 135 guns, and sixty Confederate batteries with 141 guns +have been mounted, some of them outside the Park. All the Confederate +batteries which were faced in storming Missionary Ridge are again in +position. + +Point Park on the summit of Lookout Mountain includes eleven and +eight-tenths acres and here are placed cannon of the Confederate +artillery of the war time. In this Park the state of New York is +erecting a monument which will be the largest and most costly of any in +the National Park. It is to be of granite and bronze, rising to the +height of about 100 feet, the lower part in the form of a Grecian +temple. On its tablets will be information about both armies. On a +clear day seven states are within the range of vision from Point Rock; +Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee are close at hand, to the east are the +mountains of North and South Carolina, and to the north the mountains +about Cumberland Gap in Kentucky and Virginia. The fine monument +erected on Orchard Knob by the state of Maryland is dedicated to the +memory of her sons of the Blue and the Gray. The beautiful monument in +Chickamauga Park near the La Fayette road, erected by the state of +Kentucky in memory of her sons of both armies who fell on that field, +bears these patriotic words: "As we are united in life and they united +in death, let one monument perpetuate their deeds, and one people +forgetful of all asperities forever hold in grateful remembrance all +the glories of that terrible conflict which made all men free and +retained every star in the Nation's flag." + + The neighing steed, the Bashing blade, + The trumpet's stirring blast, + The charge, the dreadful cannonade, + The din and shout are past; + No war's wild note, nor glory's peal. + Shall thrill with fierce delight + Those breasts that nevermore shall feel + The rapture of the fight. + + Yon marble minstrel's voiceless stone + In deathless songs shall tell, + When many a vanished age hath flown, + The story how ye fell; + Nor wreck, nor change, nor winter's blight. + Nor Time's remorseless doom, + Shall dim one ray of holy light + That gilds your glorious tomb. + +Many brave and gallant generals of the Civil War took part in the +battle of Chattanooga. On the side of the Union we might mention the +names of Generals Grant, Sherman, Thomas, Hooker, Granger, Palmer, +Howard, Slocum, Geary, J. J. Remolds, W. F. Smith. Butterfield, Cruft, +T. J. Wood, Sheridan, Davis, Baird, Johnson, M. L. Smith, J. E. Smith, +Osterhaus, Brannan, Corse, C. R. Woods, Loomis, Beatty, Harker, Hazen, +Wagner, Willich, Von Steinwehr, Ruger, Turchin, D. McCook and Rosseau; +and among the Confederate Generals, Bragg, Hardee, Breckenridge, +Cleburne, Hindman, Buckner, Stewart, Cheatham, Walker, Stevenson. +Armstrong, Jackson, Anderson, Walthall, Wright, Moore, Polk, Gist, +Vaughan, Reynolds, Adams, Bate, Cumming, Clayton, Brown, Pettus, +Strahl, Lewis, Wade, Grigsby, Lidell, Stowell, M. Smith, Manigault and +Tyler. + +To Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, to whom all plans were submitted, upon whom +rested the greatest responsibility, and who gave the final and decisive +orders, should be given the greatest credit for the victory; but I +should like to say a few words in honor of another great general who +took a prominent part in this battle and whose presence gave promise of +success. I refer to Maj.-Gen. George H. Thomas. Gen. Thomas was of +Welsh and English descent on his father's side, and French Huguenot on +his mother's. His ancestors settled in southeastern Virginia in the +early days of that colony. He was born in Southampton county on the +31st of July, 1816, in a happy country home. He entered West Point in +1836 and graduated in 1840, the 12th in a class of forty-two. He was +assigned to the 3d Artillery. He served in the Florida War 1840-42, the +Mexican War 1846-48 and the Seminole War 1849-50; was instructor of +artillery and cavalry at West Point 1851-1854 and on frontier duty in +Texas and California in 1860. He was brevetted several times for +gallant and meritorious conduct and in 1855 was made a major in the 2d +Cavalry, which he commanded for three years. He was wounded in a fight +with the Indians at the head waters of the Brazos river in August, +1860, and on the following November was east on leave of absence. +Three-fourths of the officers of his regiment were from the slave +States. Albert Sidney Johnston was its colonel, Robert E. Lee +lieut.-colonel, and W. J. Hardee the senior major. Among the captains +and lieutenants were Van Dorn, Kirby Smith, Jenifers, Hood and Fitzhugh +Lee. More than one-third of its officers became Confederate generals. +Social and family influences bound Gen. Thomas to his native state, but +his wife was a patriotic Northern lady. Gen. Thomas never wavered in +his loyalty to the government, and when the first gun was fired on Fort +Sumter he relinquished the remainder of his leave of absence and +reported for duty at Carlisle Barracks, Pa., on the 14th of April, +1861. With but two exceptions all the officers of the 2d Cavalry from +the seceded states joined the rebellion. Thomas was one of the two. His +family, friends, and State summoned him to join the South. He answered +by leaving Carlisle Barracks on May 27 and leading a brigade from +Chambersburg across Maryland to Williamsport, and on June 16 rode +across the Potomac to invade Virginia and fight his old commanders. A +few days later he led the right wing of Gen. Patterson's army in the +battle of Falling Waters, where the rebels under Stonewall Jackson were +defeated. The fame of Gen. Thomas as a soldier is linked forever with +the history of the army of the Cumberland. In 1861 he organized and +mustered in its first brigade, and in 1865 at Nashville, the scene of +his greatest victory, he passed in farewell review and mustered out of +the service more than 130,000 of its war-worn veterans. + +During the Civil War the army of the Cumberland held the center of the +line, which was in many respects the most difficult of all. From the +30th of November, 1861, to 30th of September, 1862, Gen. Thomas +commanded a division of Gen. Buell's army. He won the battle of Mill +Springs on Jan. 19, 1862, which was the most important military success +that had yet been achieved west of Virginia. On the 30th of September, +1862, he was appointed second in command of the army of the Ohio, and +served as such until after the battle of Perryville. Gen. Rosecrans, +who succeeded Gen. Buell, reorganized the army then known as the 14th +Corps into three distinct commands, right, left, and center, and +assigned Gen. Thomas to the center, which consisted of five divisions. +He held this command in the battle of Stone River, and until Jan. 9, +1863, when by order of the War Department three divisions of the army +were made army corps. One of them, the 14th, Gen. Thomas commanded +during the campaigns of Middle Tennessee and Chickamauga, which +resulted in driving the Confederates beyond the Tennessee and gaining +possession of Chattanooga. On the 19th of October, 1863, in obedience +to orders from the War Department, he relieved Gen. Rosecrans and +assumed command of the Army of the Cumberland. Soon afterward two other +armies, Sherman's and Hooker's, were brought to Chattanooga, the three +forming a grand army under Gen. Grant. The army of the Cumberland, +consisting of four corps, formed the center and right of the grand +army. In this position Gen. Thomas commanded it at the storming of +Missionary Ridge. + +On Sept. 27, 1864, Gen. Thomas was ordered to Tennessee to protect the +department against the invasion of Hood. While in this command he +conducted the operations which resulted in the combats along the Duck +river, the battle of Franklin Nov. 30, and the battle of Nashville and +destruction of Hood's army on Dec. 15 and 16, 1864, and finally the +capture of Jefferson Davis in May, 1865. From June, 1865 to May, 1869 +he commanded most of the territory which had been the theatre of his +service during the war. On the 15th of May, 1869, he started for San +Francisco, where he remained in command of the Military Division of the +Pacific until the date of his death March 28, 1870. He was +appointed-brigadier general of volunteers Aug. 17, 1861, major-general +of volunteers April 25, 1862; Brigadier General in the Regular Army +Oct, 27. 1863, and Major General Dec. 15, 1864. His career was not only +great and complete, but, what is more significant, was in an eminent +degree the work of his own hands. It was not the result of accident or +chance. Every step was marked by the most loyal and unhesitating +obedience to law--to the laws of his government and the commands of his +superiors. His influence over his troops grew steadily and constantly. +He gradually filled them with his own spirit, until their confidence in +him knew no bounds. It was reserved for the last day of Chickamauga to +exhibit in one supreme example the vast sources of his great strength. +After a day of heavy fighting and a night of anxious preparation, Gen. +Rosecrans had established his lines for the purpose of holding the road +to Chattanooga. If our army failed to hold it, not only was the +campaign a failure but the army was in danger of destruction. Gen. +Thomas commanded the left and center of our army. From early morning he +withstood the furious and repeated attacks of the enemy, who constantly +reinforced his assaults on our left. About noon the whole right wing +was broken and driven from the field. Gen. Rosecrans was himself swept +away in the tide of retreat. The forces of Longstreet, which had broken +our right, now forming in heavy columns assaulted the right flank of +Thomas with fury. Seeing the approaching danger he threw back his +exposed flank and met the new peril. With but 25,000 men formed in a +semi-circle, of which he himself was the center and soul, he +successfully resisted for more than five hours the repeated assaults of +an army of 65,000 men flushed with victory and bent on his +annihilation. On a portion of his line the last assault was repelled by +the bayonet and several hundred of the enemy were captured. When night +had closed over the combatants the last sound of battle was the booming +of Gen. Thomas' guns. He held the road to Chattanooga and the army of +the Cumberland was saved from destruction. + +Gen. Thomas resembled Washington in the gravity and dignity of his +character, in the solidity of his judgment, in the careful accuracy of +all his transactions, in his incorruptible integrity, and his extreme +but unaffected modesty. Large and powerful, his movements were easy and +quiet. He was resolute, unyielding, with a fortitude incapable of +intimidation or dismay, and yet without pretension, boasting or +self-assertion. He was altogether free from affectation or envy. He was +never coarse or vulgar. He was genial and frank in communication, yet +reticent and self-contained as to all that related to himself, neither +inviting nor volunteering confidence. He was a model soldier. Arms was +his profession. He recognized but one path to glory--the path of duty. +His reason told him where his duty lay, his conscience bade him follow +it. His plans of battle were carefully prepared, and then when all +things were ready he launched the dread thunder-bolt of power, and with +one stroke dealt the destruction he had devised. Mill Spring and +Nashville--his first and last battles in the West--are capital +illustrations of his military character. In reference to the battle of +Nashville, the impatience of his superiors at a distance too great to +appreciate the difficulties of the situation provoked from him no +complaint. He telegraphed to the lieutenant-general: "I can only say +that I have done all in my power to prepare, and if you should deem it +necessary to relieve me, I shall submit without a murmur." When the +time arrived for the delivery of the meditated blow, and its complete +and thorough success was known, he received ample compensation for the +temporary distrust in hearty and ungrudging congratulations from the +president, secretary of war, and lieutenant-general as creditable to +them as they were gratifying and just to him confirmed as they were by +the thanks of Congress for the skill and dauntless courage by which the +rebel army under Gen. Hood was signally defeated and driven from the +State of Tennessee. A generation in Virginia will yet arise who will +learn and confess the truth, that George H. Thomas, when he lifted his +sword to bar the pathway of her secession, loved her as well as those +who joined the cause of the South, and he served her better. + +One day in September, 1863, while looking for Gen. A. McD. McCook in +Chattanooga valley, I saw a signal flag waving not far away, and riding +up to the signal station found Lieut. Wm. Quinton, signal officer on +Gen. Thomas' staff, in communication with a signal station on Lookout +Mountain. He could not tell me where to find Gen. McCook, but was very +anxious to be relieved in order that he might ride on towards +Chickamauga with Gen. Thomas, and asked me if I would not relieve him. +As it seemed important to keep the line open, I agreed to take his +place while the Twentieth Corps, which was to follow the Fourteenth, +was passing. After we had made the necessary arrangements, Lieut. +Quinton said to me: "Lieutenant, I would like to introduce you to +General Thomas. He is one of the kindest men that ever lived, and his +staff look on him more as a father than their general." So we rode up +to a slight elevation where Gen. Thomas and his staff were watching his +troops as they were marching along the road to Chickamauga. The general +received us very cordially, paid a high compliment to the signal corps, +said his signal officers were all gentlemen upon whom he felt he could +always rely, and he thought the signal corps would be better +appreciated in the West as the different generals became more familiar +with it. While we were conversing a staff officer galloped up, saluted +and announced to the general that Chattanooga had been evacuated by the +enemy and occupied by the brigade of Gen. Harker. Gen. Thomas said that +"he was very glad to hear it and he hoped Gen. Harker would see that +all public and private property was protected; he understood that there +was a large supply of hospital stores there, including considerable +wine, and he wanted them all carefully saved for the benefit of his own +wounded and those of the enemy." The staff officer said "he was sure +that Gen. Harker would do it, and that guards were being established +when he left." As we rode away Lieut. Quinton remarked "That was just +like Gen. Thomas, that is the way he is always looking after the wants +of his men." + +The final obsequies in honor of Gen. Thomas took place on the 8th of +April, 1870, in St. Paul's Episcopal church, Troy, N.Y., attended by +President Grant, the judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, +senators and representatives of Congress, officers of the army and +navy, and many veterans of the army of the Cumberland and the Civil +War. The pall bearers were Generals Meade, Scofield, Hooker, Rosecrans, +Hazen, Granger, Newton and McKay. The religious services were conducted +by Bishop Doane of Albany and the Rev. Doctors Cort, Potter, Walsh and +Reese, and the body was followed to the grave in the beautiful cemetery +of Oakwood by his comrades and old soldiers, where it was buried beside +his Northern wife. + + Mild in manner; fair in favor; + Kind in temper; fierce in fight; + Warrior nobler, gentler, braver, + Never will behold the light! + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chattanooga or Lookout Mountain and +Missionary Ridge from Moccasin Point, by Bradford Ripley Wood + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHATTANOOGA *** + +***** This file should be named 34242.txt or 34242.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/2/4/34242/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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