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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/34311-8.txt b/34311-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4fd83fd --- /dev/null +++ b/34311-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,641 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk, +Mephitis macroura, by Walter W. Dalquest and E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk, Mephitis macroura + With Description of a New Subspecies from Mexico + +Author: Walter W. Dalquest + E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: November 13, 2010 [EBook #34311] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOODED SKUNK, MEPHITIS MACROURA *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk, + Mephitis macroura, with Description of a + New Subspecies from Mexico + + BY + + E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST + + + University of Kansas Publications + Museum of Natural History + + Volume 1, No. 24, pp. 575-580, 1 figure in text + January 20, 1950 + + + University of Kansas + LAWRENCE + 1950 + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor, + A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 1, No. 24, pp. 575-580, 1 figure in text + January 20, 1950 + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1950 + + 23-1544 + + + + + Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk, Mephitis + macroura, with Description of a New Subspecies + from Mexico + + By + + E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST + + +The hooded skunk, _Mephitis macroura_ Lichtenstein, can be distinguished +from the only other species in the genus, _Mephitis mephitis_ Schreber, +by the larger tympanic bullae, in the white-backed color phase by having +some black hairs mixed with the white hairs of the back, and in the +black-backed phase by having the two white stripes widely separated and +on the sides of the animal instead of narrowly separated and on the back +of the animal. The starting point for taxonomic work with _Mephitis_ is +A. H. Howell's "Revision of the skunks of the genus Chincha (N. Amer. +Fauna, 20, 1901)." Of the species _Mephitis macroura_, Howell (_op. +cit._) recognized three subspecies: _M. m. macroura_, _M. m. milleri_, +and _M. m. vittata_. + +The species _M. macroura_ is restricted to the arid region made up +mostly of the Mexican Plateau. Also, wherever the species occurs beyond +this Plateau, as for example in Guatemala, at San Mateo del Mar in +Oaxaca, in the vicinity of Piedras Negras in Veracruz, and in southern +Arizona, aridity is marked. Whether the species has a continuous +distribution from the southern end of the Mexican tableland southward to +Dueñas in Guatemala is not known but it is unlikely that the lowland +population at San Mateo del Mar on the Pacific slope of Oaxaca has +contact with _M. m. macroura_ of the Mexican Plateau and it is almost +certain that the population, which is here named _M. m. eximius_, from +the arid coastal plain of eastern Mexico in Veracruz, has no connection +with the upland population, _M. m. macroura_. The lowest elevation on +the eastern slope of the Plateau from which we have record of the +occurrence of this species is 4,500 feet at Jico. All along the eastern +slope of the Plateau, between the elevations of approximately 2,000 and +4,500 feet, the belt of lush, dense vegetation of the upper humid +division of the Tropical Life-zone constitutes a barrier to _Mephitis_ +and tends to exclude the hooded skunk from the arid territory below the +humid belt. Another kind of skunk, _Conepatus tropicalis_, lives in the +humid belt, at least on the eastern side of the Mexican tableland. How +the population of _Mephitis_, which was sampled by us from west and +west-northwest of Piedras Negras, arrived there is unknown but we think +that its geographic range is not now connected with that of the +population on the Plateau. The same can be said of the lowland +population at San Mateo del Mar in Oaxaca. There, on the Pacific slope +of the Mexican tableland, the lower humid division of the Tropical +Life-zone probably has tended to restrict the spread southward and +westward of _Mephitis_; however, on this Pacific slope the humid belt is +less humid and it is less continuous, we think, than on the Atlantic +slope. + +Four subspecies of _Mephitis macroura_ may be recognized. They are as +follows: + + + #Mephitis macroura milleri# Mearns + + 1897. _Mephitis milleri_ Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., + 20:467, 1897. + + 1901. _Mephitis macroura milleri_, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 14:334, November 12, 1901. + + _Type locality._--Fort Lowell, Pima County, Arizona. + + _Range._--Northwestern Mexico and southeastern Arizona. See + figure 1. Marginal occurrences (unless otherwise indicated, + after Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 20:42, 43, 1901) are: _Arizona_: + Santa Catalina Mountains; Tucson; Fort Lowell. _Chihuahua_: + Casas Grandes; Chihuahua (City). _Coahuila_: La Ventura. + _Chihuahua_: Guadalupe y Calvo (mountains near). _Sonora_: + Camoa; Hermosillo; Sierra Cubabi (Burt, Miscl. Publ., Mus. + Zool., Univ. Michigan, 39:30, 1938). + + _Characters._--Long skull ([Male] 60 mm, [Female] 56 mm) and + large m1. + + + #Mephitis macroura macroura# Lichtenstein + + 1832. _Mephitis macroura_ Lichtenstein, Darstellung + Säugethier, pl. 46, with accompanying text, 1832. + + _Type locality._--Mountains northwest of the City of Mexico. + + _Range._--Southern half of Mexican Plateau and south to + Guatemala. See figure 1. Marginal occurrences (all from Howell, + N. Amer. Fauna, 20:41, 42, 1901) are: _Tamaulipas_: Jaumave. + _Veracruz_: Las Vigas; Jico; Orizaba. _Puebla_: Tehuacan. + _Guatemala_: Dueñas (vicinity). _Oaxaca_: 15 mi. W Oaxaca. + _Colima_: Hacienda Magdalena. _Jalisco_: San Sebastian. _Tepic_: + Santa Teresa. _Zacatecas_: Valpariso. + + _Characters._--Skull of medium size (basal length, [Male] 56, + [Female] 54); tail averaging shorter than head and body. + + + #Mephitis macroura vittata# Lichtenstein + + 1832. _Mephitis vittata_ Lichtenstein, Darstellung + Säugethier, pl. 47, with accompanying text, 1832. + + 1901. _Mephitis macroura vittata_, Allen, Bull. Amer. + Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:334, November 12, 1901. + + _Type locality._--"San Matteo el Mar" [= San Mateo del Mar], + Oaxaca. + + _Range._--Known only from the type locality. See figure 1. + + _Characters._--Skull short ([Male] 54.6, [Female] 52.3); narrow + across mastoid processes; tail long; body short. + + + #Mephitis macroura eximius# new subspecies + + _Type._--Female, adult, skin with skull, No. 19272, Mus. Nat. + Hist., Univ. Kansas; 15 kilometers west of Piedras Negras, 300 + feet elevation, Veracruz, Mexico; 13 January 1947; obtained by + J. Mazza and Walter W. Dalquest; original No. 7017, W. W. + Dalquest. + + _Range._--From the vicinity of the type locality on the arid + coastal plain of the lowlands of central Veracruz. See figure 1. + + _Diagnosis._--Size small (see measurements); tail long, ranging + from 110 to 133 percent of length of head and body; color black, + with white areas containing a few black hairs, and in non-hooded + phase with white lateral stripes low on sides of body and in + some specimens almost absent; skull small but broad across + mastoid processes. + + _Comparisons._--From _Mephitis macroura macroura_ of the + southern part of the Mexican Plateau, _M. m. eximius_ differs in + shorter head and body, relatively (to body) longer tail, and + smaller skull. From _Mephitis macroura vittata_ of the tropical + lowlands of the Pacific slope of Oaxaca, _M. m. eximius_ differs + in slightly larger average size throughout and relatively longer + tail. + + [Illustration: FIG. 1. Map showing the geographic ranges of the + four subspecies of the species _Mephitis macroura_.] + +_Remarks._--_M. m. eximius_ is regarded as a subspecies of _M. macroura_ +because there is some overlap in size between larger individuals of _M. +m. eximius_ and smaller individuals of _M. m. macroura_. Actually, as +indicated above, we doubt that the geographic ranges of the two +subspecies are continuous or that the geographic range of _M. m. +eximius_ is continuous with the geographic range of _M. m. vittata_. +Small size and relatively long tail characterize both of the lowland, +tropical subspecies, _eximius_ and _vittata_, whereas the two upland +subspecies of the temperate areas are larger and have relatively shorter +tails. + +Habitat closely resembling that at the type locality extends from the +southern base of the first mountains north of Jalapa southward as far as +the north base of the Tuxtla Mountains--a distance of approximately 110 +miles from northwest to southeast along the gulf coast. None of our 5 +skins shows the hooded color-pattern so common on the Mexican Plateau +and in _vittata_ of Oaxaca. One of our five specimens has well-developed +lateral stripes; three have greatly reduced lateral stripes and one is +black except for a white spot on the right hip. + + _Measurements._--An adult male (University of Kansas Museum of + Natural History Catalogue Number, 17900), a subadult male + (19273), and adult female (19272, the holotype) and a subadult + female (19902), measure, in millimeters, respectively, as + follows: Total length, --, 599, 578, 583; length of tail, --, + 319, 335, 305; length of hind foot, 58, 62, 58, 60; basal length + of skull, 56.1, 55.0, 52.8, 53.1; basilar length of Hensel, + 53.6, 52.6, 50.3, 51.2; greatest zygomatic breadth, 41.6, 38.0, + 39.0, 37.0; greatest mastoid breadth, 34.6, 34.3, 33.3, 31.5; + breadth across postorbital processes, 22.2, 20.2, 20.5, 21.0; + least interorbital breadth, 20.3, 18.2, 19.0, 18.5; palatal + length, 24.2, 25.1, 24.2, 24.0; postpalatal length, 31.5, + 29.6, 28.8, 29.0; foramen magnum to plane of last molars, 30.8, + 29.4, 27.5, 29.0. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 5, all from Veracruz, + Mexico, as follows: Rió Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 3; + 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 2. + +_University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas._ + + _Transmitted October 31, 1949._ + + + 23-1544 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk, +Mephitis macroura, by Walter W. Dalquest and E. 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Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .sblockquot{font-size: 0.9em;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk, +Mephitis macroura, by Walter W. Dalquest and E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk, Mephitis macroura + With Description of a New Subspecies from Mexico + +Author: Walter W. Dalquest + E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: November 13, 2010 [EBook #34311] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOODED SKUNK, MEPHITIS MACROURA *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'>[575]</span></p> + +<h1>Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk,<br /> +Mephitis macroura, with Description of a<br /> +New Subspecies from Mexico</h1> + +<h3><small>BY</small><br /> +E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST</h3> + +<h5><big>University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History</big><br /> +<br /> +Volume 1, No. 24, pp. 575-580, 1 figure in text<br /> +January 20, 1950</h5> + + +<h5>University of Kansas<br /> +LAWRENCE<br /> +1950</h5> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'>[576]</span></p> +<h4><span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor,<br /> +A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson<br /> +<br /> +Volume 1, No. 24, pp. 575-580, 1 figure in text<br /> +January 20, 1950<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas</h4> + +<h5><small>PRINTED BY<br /> +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1950</small><br /> +<br /> +23-1544</h5> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='pagenum'>[577]</span></p> +<h2>Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk, Mephitis<br /> +macroura, with Description of a New Subspecies<br /> +from Mexico</h2> + +<h4>By</h4> + +<h3>E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST</h3> + + +<p>The hooded skunk, <i>Mephitis macroura</i> Lichtenstein, can be distinguished +from the only other species in the genus, <i>Mephitis mephitis</i> +Schreber, by the larger tympanic bullae, in the white-backed +color phase by having some black hairs mixed with the white hairs +of the back, and in the black-backed phase by having the two white +stripes widely separated and on the sides of the animal instead of +narrowly separated and on the back of the animal. The starting +point for taxonomic work with <i>Mephitis</i> is A. H. Howell's "Revision +of the skunks of the genus Chincha (N. Amer. Fauna, 20, 1901)." +Of the species <i>Mephitis macroura</i>, Howell (<i>op. cit.</i>) recognized three +subspecies: <i>M. m. macroura</i>, <i>M. m. milleri</i>, and <i>M. m. vittata</i>.</p> + +<p>The species <i>M. macroura</i> is restricted to the arid region made up +mostly of the Mexican Plateau. Also, wherever the species occurs +beyond this Plateau, as for example in Guatemala, at San Mateo +del Mar in Oaxaca, in the vicinity of Piedras Negras in Veracruz, +and in southern Arizona, aridity is marked. Whether the species +has a continuous distribution from the southern end of the Mexican +tableland southward to Dueñas in Guatemala is not known but it +is unlikely that the lowland population at San Mateo del Mar on +the Pacific slope of Oaxaca has contact with <i>M. m. macroura</i> of the +Mexican Plateau and it is almost certain that the population, which +is here named <i>M. m. eximius</i>, from the arid coastal plain of eastern +Mexico in Veracruz, has no connection with the upland population, +<i>M. m. macroura</i>. The lowest elevation on the eastern slope of the +Plateau from which we have record of the occurrence of this species +is 4,500 feet at Jico. All along the eastern slope of the Plateau, +between the elevations of approximately 2,000 and 4,500 feet, the +belt of lush, dense vegetation of the upper humid division of the +Tropical Life-zone constitutes a barrier to <i>Mephitis</i> and tends to +exclude the hooded skunk from the arid territory below the humid +belt. Another kind of skunk, <i>Conepatus tropicalis</i>, lives in the +humid belt, at least on the eastern side of the Mexican tableland. +How the population of <i>Mephitis</i>, which was sampled by us from +<span class='pagenum'>[578]</span> +west and west-northwest of Piedras Negras, arrived there is unknown +but we think that its geographic range is not now connected with +that of the population on the Plateau. The same can be said of the +lowland population at San Mateo del Mar in Oaxaca. There, on the +Pacific slope of the Mexican tableland, the lower humid division of +the Tropical Life-zone probably has tended to restrict the spread +southward and westward of <i>Mephitis</i>; however, on this Pacific slope +the humid belt is less humid and it is less continuous, we think, than +on the Atlantic slope.</p> + +<p>Four subspecies of <i>Mephitis macroura</i> may be recognized. They +are as follows:</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Mephitis macroura milleri</b> Mearns</p> + +<div class="sblockquot"> +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>1897. <i>Mephitis milleri</i> Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 20:467, 1897.</p> + +<p>1901. <i>Mephitis macroura milleri</i>, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:334, +November 12, 1901.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Type locality.</i>—Fort Lowell, Pima County, Arizona.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Northwestern Mexico and southeastern Arizona. See figure 1. +Marginal occurrences (unless otherwise indicated, after Howell, N. Amer. +Fauna, 20:42, 43, 1901) are: <i>Arizona</i>: Santa Catalina Mountains; Tucson; +Fort Lowell. <i>Chihuahua</i>: Casas Grandes; Chihuahua (City). <i>Coahuila</i>: +La Ventura. <i>Chihuahua</i>: Guadalupe y Calvo (mountains near). <i>Sonora</i>: +Camoa; Hermosillo; Sierra Cubabi (Burt, Miscl. Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. +Michigan, 39:30, 1938).</p> + +<p><i>Characters.</i>—Long skull (♂ 60 mm, ♀ 56 mm) and large m1.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>Mephitis macroura macroura</b> Lichtenstein</p> + +<div class="sblockquot"> +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>1832. <i>Mephitis macroura</i> Lichtenstein, Darstellung Säugethier, pl. 46, +with accompanying text, 1832.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Type locality.</i>—Mountains northwest of the City of Mexico.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Southern half of Mexican Plateau and south to Guatemala. See +figure 1. Marginal occurrences (all from Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 20:41, 42, +1901) are: <i>Tamaulipas</i>: Jaumave. <i>Veracruz</i>: Las Vigas; Jico; Orizaba. +<i>Puebla</i>: Tehuacan. <i>Guatemala</i>: Dueñas (vicinity). <i>Oaxaca</i>: 15 mi. W +Oaxaca. <i>Colima</i>: Hacienda Magdalena. <i>Jalisco</i>: San Sebastian. <i>Tepic</i>: +Santa Teresa. <i>Zacatecas</i>: Valpariso.</p> + +<p><i>Characters.</i>—Skull of medium size (basal length, ♂ 56, ♀ 54); tail averaging +shorter than head and body.</p> +</div> + + +<p class="center"><b>Mephitis macroura vittata</b> Lichtenstein</p> + +<div class="sblockquot"> +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>1832. <i>Mephitis vittata</i> Lichtenstein, Darstellung Säugethier, pl. 47, +with accompanying text, 1832.</p> + +<p>1901. <i>Mephitis macroura vittata</i>, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., +14:334, November 12, 1901.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Type locality.</i>—"San Matteo el Mar" [= San Mateo del Mar], Oaxaca.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Known only from the type locality. See figure 1.</p> + +<p><i>Characters.</i>—Skull short (♂ 54.6, ♀ 52.3); narrow across mastoid processes; +tail long; body short.</p> +</div> +<p><span class='pagenum'>[579]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><b>Mephitis macroura eximius</b> new subspecies</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Type.</i>—Female, adult, skin with skull, No. 19272, Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. +Kansas; 15 kilometers west of Piedras Negras, 300 feet elevation, Veracruz, +Mexico; 13 January 1947; obtained by J. Mazza and Walter W. Dalquest; +original No. 7017, W. W. Dalquest.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—From the vicinity of the type locality on the arid coastal plain of +the lowlands of central Veracruz. See figure 1.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size small (see measurements); tail long, ranging from 110 to +133 percent of length of head and body; color black, with white areas containing +a few black hairs, and in non-hooded phase with white lateral stripes +low on sides of body and in some specimens almost absent; skull small but +broad across mastoid processes.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—From <i>Mephitis macroura macroura</i> of the southern part of +the Mexican Plateau, <i>M. m. eximius</i> differs in shorter head and body, relatively +(to body) longer tail, and smaller skull. From <i>Mephitis macroura vittata</i> of +the tropical lowlands of the Pacific slope of Oaxaca, <i>M. m. eximius</i> differs in +slightly larger average size throughout and relatively longer tail.</p> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 879px;"> +<img src="images/i005.jpg" alt="Fig. 1." title="Fig. 1." /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span> Map showing the geographic ranges of the four subspecies of the +species <i>Mephitis macroura</i>.</span> +</div> + + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>M. m. eximius</i> is regarded as a subspecies of <i>M. macroura</i> +because there is some overlap in size between larger individuals +of <i>M. m. eximius</i> and smaller individuals of <i>M. m. macroura</i>. +Actually, as indicated above, we doubt that the geographic ranges +<span class='pagenum'>[580]</span> +of the two subspecies are continuous or that the geographic range +of <i>M. m. eximius</i> is continuous with the geographic range of <i>M. m. +vittata</i>. Small size and relatively long tail characterize both of the +lowland, tropical subspecies, <i>eximius</i> and <i>vittata</i>, whereas the two +upland subspecies of the temperate areas are larger and have relatively +shorter tails.</p> + +<p>Habitat closely resembling that at the type locality extends from +the southern base of the first mountains north of Jalapa southward +as far as the north base of the Tuxtla Mountains—a distance of +approximately 110 miles from northwest to southeast along the gulf +coast. None of our 5 skins shows the hooded color-pattern so common +on the Mexican Plateau and in <i>vittata</i> of Oaxaca. One of our +five specimens has well-developed lateral stripes; three have greatly +reduced lateral stripes and one is black except for a white spot on +the right hip.</p> + +<div class="sblockquot"><p><i>Measurements.</i>—An adult male (University of Kansas Museum of Natural +History Catalogue Number, 17900), a subadult male (19273), and adult female +(19272, the holotype) and a subadult female (19902), measure, in millimeters, +respectively, as follows: Total length, —, 599, 578, 583; length of tail, —, +319, 335, 305; length of hind foot, 58, 62, 58, 60; basal length of skull, 56.1, +55.0, 52.8, 53.1; basilar length of Hensel, 53.6, 52.6, 50.3, 51.2; greatest zygomatic +breadth, 41.6, 38.0, 39.0, 37.0; greatest mastoid breadth, 34.6, 34.3, 33.3, +31.5; breadth across postorbital processes, 22.2, 20.2, 20.5, 21.0; least interorbital +breadth, 20.3, 18.2, 19.0, 18.5; palatal length, 24.2, 25.1, 24.2, 24.0; postpalatal +length, 31.5, 29.6, 28.8, 29.0; foramen magnum to plane of last molars, +30.8, 29.4, 27.5, 29.0.</p> + +<p><small><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 5, all from Veracruz, Mexico, as follows: Rió +Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 3; 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 2.</small></p> +</div> + +<p><i>University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas.</i></p> + +<p> <i>Transmitted October 31, 1949.</i></p> + +<h5>23-1544</h5> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk, +Mephitis macroura, by Walter W. Dalquest and E. 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Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk, Mephitis macroura + With Description of a New Subspecies from Mexico + +Author: Walter W. Dalquest + E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: November 13, 2010 [EBook #34311] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOODED SKUNK, MEPHITIS MACROURA *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk, + Mephitis macroura, with Description of a + New Subspecies from Mexico + + BY + + E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST + + + University of Kansas Publications + Museum of Natural History + + Volume 1, No. 24, pp. 575-580, 1 figure in text + January 20, 1950 + + + University of Kansas + LAWRENCE + 1950 + + + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor, + A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson + + Volume 1, No. 24, pp. 575-580, 1 figure in text + January 20, 1950 + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + + PRINTED BY + FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1950 + + 23-1544 + + + + + Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk, Mephitis + macroura, with Description of a New Subspecies + from Mexico + + By + + E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST + + +The hooded skunk, _Mephitis macroura_ Lichtenstein, can be distinguished +from the only other species in the genus, _Mephitis mephitis_ Schreber, +by the larger tympanic bullae, in the white-backed color phase by having +some black hairs mixed with the white hairs of the back, and in the +black-backed phase by having the two white stripes widely separated and +on the sides of the animal instead of narrowly separated and on the back +of the animal. The starting point for taxonomic work with _Mephitis_ is +A. H. Howell's "Revision of the skunks of the genus Chincha (N. Amer. +Fauna, 20, 1901)." Of the species _Mephitis macroura_, Howell (_op. +cit._) recognized three subspecies: _M. m. macroura_, _M. m. milleri_, +and _M. m. vittata_. + +The species _M. macroura_ is restricted to the arid region made up +mostly of the Mexican Plateau. Also, wherever the species occurs beyond +this Plateau, as for example in Guatemala, at San Mateo del Mar in +Oaxaca, in the vicinity of Piedras Negras in Veracruz, and in southern +Arizona, aridity is marked. Whether the species has a continuous +distribution from the southern end of the Mexican tableland southward to +Duenas in Guatemala is not known but it is unlikely that the lowland +population at San Mateo del Mar on the Pacific slope of Oaxaca has +contact with _M. m. macroura_ of the Mexican Plateau and it is almost +certain that the population, which is here named _M. m. eximius_, from +the arid coastal plain of eastern Mexico in Veracruz, has no connection +with the upland population, _M. m. macroura_. The lowest elevation on +the eastern slope of the Plateau from which we have record of the +occurrence of this species is 4,500 feet at Jico. All along the eastern +slope of the Plateau, between the elevations of approximately 2,000 and +4,500 feet, the belt of lush, dense vegetation of the upper humid +division of the Tropical Life-zone constitutes a barrier to _Mephitis_ +and tends to exclude the hooded skunk from the arid territory below the +humid belt. Another kind of skunk, _Conepatus tropicalis_, lives in the +humid belt, at least on the eastern side of the Mexican tableland. How +the population of _Mephitis_, which was sampled by us from west and +west-northwest of Piedras Negras, arrived there is unknown but we think +that its geographic range is not now connected with that of the +population on the Plateau. The same can be said of the lowland +population at San Mateo del Mar in Oaxaca. There, on the Pacific slope +of the Mexican tableland, the lower humid division of the Tropical +Life-zone probably has tended to restrict the spread southward and +westward of _Mephitis_; however, on this Pacific slope the humid belt is +less humid and it is less continuous, we think, than on the Atlantic +slope. + +Four subspecies of _Mephitis macroura_ may be recognized. They are as +follows: + + + #Mephitis macroura milleri# Mearns + + 1897. _Mephitis milleri_ Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., + 20:467, 1897. + + 1901. _Mephitis macroura milleri_, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. + Hist., 14:334, November 12, 1901. + + _Type locality._--Fort Lowell, Pima County, Arizona. + + _Range._--Northwestern Mexico and southeastern Arizona. See + figure 1. Marginal occurrences (unless otherwise indicated, + after Howell, N. Amer. Fauna, 20:42, 43, 1901) are: _Arizona_: + Santa Catalina Mountains; Tucson; Fort Lowell. _Chihuahua_: + Casas Grandes; Chihuahua (City). _Coahuila_: La Ventura. + _Chihuahua_: Guadalupe y Calvo (mountains near). _Sonora_: + Camoa; Hermosillo; Sierra Cubabi (Burt, Miscl. Publ., Mus. + Zool., Univ. Michigan, 39:30, 1938). + + _Characters._--Long skull ([Male] 60 mm, [Female] 56 mm) and + large m1. + + + #Mephitis macroura macroura# Lichtenstein + + 1832. _Mephitis macroura_ Lichtenstein, Darstellung + Saeugethier, pl. 46, with accompanying text, 1832. + + _Type locality._--Mountains northwest of the City of Mexico. + + _Range._--Southern half of Mexican Plateau and south to + Guatemala. See figure 1. Marginal occurrences (all from Howell, + N. Amer. Fauna, 20:41, 42, 1901) are: _Tamaulipas_: Jaumave. + _Veracruz_: Las Vigas; Jico; Orizaba. _Puebla_: Tehuacan. + _Guatemala_: Duenas (vicinity). _Oaxaca_: 15 mi. W Oaxaca. + _Colima_: Hacienda Magdalena. _Jalisco_: San Sebastian. _Tepic_: + Santa Teresa. _Zacatecas_: Valpariso. + + _Characters._--Skull of medium size (basal length, [Male] 56, + [Female] 54); tail averaging shorter than head and body. + + + #Mephitis macroura vittata# Lichtenstein + + 1832. _Mephitis vittata_ Lichtenstein, Darstellung + Saeugethier, pl. 47, with accompanying text, 1832. + + 1901. _Mephitis macroura vittata_, Allen, Bull. Amer. + Mus. Nat. Hist., 14:334, November 12, 1901. + + _Type locality._--"San Matteo el Mar" [= San Mateo del Mar], + Oaxaca. + + _Range._--Known only from the type locality. See figure 1. + + _Characters._--Skull short ([Male] 54.6, [Female] 52.3); narrow + across mastoid processes; tail long; body short. + + + #Mephitis macroura eximius# new subspecies + + _Type._--Female, adult, skin with skull, No. 19272, Mus. Nat. + Hist., Univ. Kansas; 15 kilometers west of Piedras Negras, 300 + feet elevation, Veracruz, Mexico; 13 January 1947; obtained by + J. Mazza and Walter W. Dalquest; original No. 7017, W. W. + Dalquest. + + _Range._--From the vicinity of the type locality on the arid + coastal plain of the lowlands of central Veracruz. See figure 1. + + _Diagnosis._--Size small (see measurements); tail long, ranging + from 110 to 133 percent of length of head and body; color black, + with white areas containing a few black hairs, and in non-hooded + phase with white lateral stripes low on sides of body and in + some specimens almost absent; skull small but broad across + mastoid processes. + + _Comparisons._--From _Mephitis macroura macroura_ of the + southern part of the Mexican Plateau, _M. m. eximius_ differs in + shorter head and body, relatively (to body) longer tail, and + smaller skull. From _Mephitis macroura vittata_ of the tropical + lowlands of the Pacific slope of Oaxaca, _M. m. eximius_ differs + in slightly larger average size throughout and relatively longer + tail. + + [Illustration: FIG. 1. Map showing the geographic ranges of the + four subspecies of the species _Mephitis macroura_.] + +_Remarks._--_M. m. eximius_ is regarded as a subspecies of _M. macroura_ +because there is some overlap in size between larger individuals of _M. +m. eximius_ and smaller individuals of _M. m. macroura_. Actually, as +indicated above, we doubt that the geographic ranges of the two +subspecies are continuous or that the geographic range of _M. m. +eximius_ is continuous with the geographic range of _M. m. vittata_. +Small size and relatively long tail characterize both of the lowland, +tropical subspecies, _eximius_ and _vittata_, whereas the two upland +subspecies of the temperate areas are larger and have relatively shorter +tails. + +Habitat closely resembling that at the type locality extends from the +southern base of the first mountains north of Jalapa southward as far as +the north base of the Tuxtla Mountains--a distance of approximately 110 +miles from northwest to southeast along the gulf coast. None of our 5 +skins shows the hooded color-pattern so common on the Mexican Plateau +and in _vittata_ of Oaxaca. One of our five specimens has well-developed +lateral stripes; three have greatly reduced lateral stripes and one is +black except for a white spot on the right hip. + + _Measurements._--An adult male (University of Kansas Museum of + Natural History Catalogue Number, 17900), a subadult male + (19273), and adult female (19272, the holotype) and a subadult + female (19902), measure, in millimeters, respectively, as + follows: Total length, --, 599, 578, 583; length of tail, --, + 319, 335, 305; length of hind foot, 58, 62, 58, 60; basal length + of skull, 56.1, 55.0, 52.8, 53.1; basilar length of Hensel, + 53.6, 52.6, 50.3, 51.2; greatest zygomatic breadth, 41.6, 38.0, + 39.0, 37.0; greatest mastoid breadth, 34.6, 34.3, 33.3, 31.5; + breadth across postorbital processes, 22.2, 20.2, 20.5, 21.0; + least interorbital breadth, 20.3, 18.2, 19.0, 18.5; palatal + length, 24.2, 25.1, 24.2, 24.0; postpalatal length, 31.5, + 29.6, 28.8, 29.0; foramen magnum to plane of last molars, 30.8, + 29.4, 27.5, 29.0. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 5, all from Veracruz, + Mexico, as follows: Rio Blanco, 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 3; + 15 km. W Piedras Negras, 300 ft., 2. + +_University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas._ + + _Transmitted October 31, 1949._ + + + 23-1544 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Geographic Range of the Hooded Skunk, +Mephitis macroura, by Walter W. Dalquest and E. 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