diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:01:23 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:01:23 -0700 |
| commit | 417085bdba603410f81162b5527065f90cab7055 (patch) | |
| tree | ea4442f2c8451f431d0c3782a3eb5d60fc18f473 /34316-h | |
Diffstat (limited to '34316-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 34316-h/34316-h.htm | 7082 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34316-h/images/$rbrace.png | bin | 0 -> 596 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34316-h/images/$ubrace.png | bin | 0 -> 924 bytes |
3 files changed, 7082 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/34316-h/34316-h.htm b/34316-h/34316-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..077002b --- /dev/null +++ b/34316-h/34316-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,7082 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Anglo-Saxon Primer, by Henry Sweet</title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + } + hr {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + hr.short {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 20%;} + hr.tb {text-align: left; border-top: 1px dotted #000; color: #fff; background-color: #fff; width: 40%;} + body { margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + text-align: justify; font-family: serif; + } + + table.allbnomar { border : 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; } + table.allb { border : 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4em } + table.tpbtb { border-top : 1px solid black; border-bottom : 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4em } + table.allbctr { border : 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; + margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } + table.nob { margin-left: 4em } + table.nobctr { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse;} + + table.math { margin-left:10%;vertical-align: middle; text-align:center; } + table.math0 { vertical-align: middle; text-align:center; } + table.math15 { margin-left:15%;vertical-align: middle; text-align:center; } + table.maths { font-size:smaller; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center; } + + /*td { border : 1px solid black;}*/ + td.allb { border : 1px solid black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.spac { padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } + td.tpb { border-top : 1px solid black; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } + td.tpbtb { border-top : 1px solid black; border-bottom : 1px solid black; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } + td.tspacsingle { padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 3em; } + td.dspacsingle { padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em; } + td.dlsrsingle { padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 1em; } + td.spacsingle { padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; } + td.hspcsingle { padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.qspcsingle { padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.25em; } + td.qlsrsingle { padding-left: 0.25em; padding-right: 1em; } + td.slqrsingle { padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; } + td.nspac { padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em; } + td.muspac { padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; } + td.nspcsingle { padding-left: 0em; padding-right: 0em;} + td.rightb { border-right : 1px solid black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.vertb { border-left : 1px solid black; border-right : 1px solid black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.vertbsing { border-left : 1px solid black; border-right : 1px solid black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.leftbsing { border-left : 1px solid black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.rightbsing { border-right : 1px solid black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.rightbbsing { border-right : 3px double black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.vertbotb { border-left : 1px solid black; border-right : 1px solid black; border-bottom : 1px solid black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.vertbotbsing { border-left : 1px solid black; border-right : 1px solid black; border-bottom : 1px solid black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.botbsing { border-bottom : 1px solid black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.rightbotbsing{ border-bottom : 1px solid black; border-right : 1px solid black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.leftbotbsing { border-bottom : 1px solid black; border-left : 1px solid black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.verttopb { border-left : 1px solid black; border-right : 1px solid black; border-top : 1px solid black; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; } + td.denom { border-top: 1px solid black; } + .single p {margin: 0;} + .tspacsingle p {margin: 0;} + .dlsrsingle p {margin: 0;} + .dspacsingle p {margin: 0;} + .spacsingle p {margin: 0;} + .hspcsingle p {margin: 0;} + .qspcsingle p {margin: 0;} + .qlsrsingle p {margin: 0;} + .slqrsingle p {margin: 0;} + .nspcsingle p {margin: 0;} + .vertbsing p {margin: 0;} + .vertbotbsing p {margin: 0;} + .leftbsing p {margin: 0;} + .rightbsing p {margin: 0;} + .rightbbsing p {margin: 0;} + .rightbotbsing p{margin: 0;} + .leftbotbsing p {margin: 0;} + .botbsing p {margin: 0;} + + .contents + {margin-left:30%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .contents .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .contents p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + + .poem + {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + p.hg3 {margin-left: -0.3em;} + p.hg1 {margin-left: -0.1em;} + p.i2hg1 {margin-left: 0.9em;} + p.i2hg3 {margin-left: 0.7em;} + p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + p.i4hg3 {margin-left: 1.7em;} + p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + p.i8hg3 {margin-left: 3.7em;} + p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + p.z8 {margin-left: 4em; font-style: italic;} + p.i10 {margin-left: 5em;} + p.z10 {margin-left: 5em; font-style: italic;} + p.i12 {margin-left: 6em;} + p.i12hg1 {margin-left: 5.9em;} + p.i12hg3 {margin-left: 5.7em;} + p.i16 {margin-left: 8em;} + p.i16hg3 {margin-left: 7.7em;} + p.i20 {margin-left: 10em;} + p.i20hg1 {margin-left: 9.9em;} + p.i20hg3 {margin-left: 9.7em;} + p.i24 {margin-left: 12em;} + p.i24hg3 {margin-left: 11.7em;} + p.i30 {margin-left: 15em;} + p.i30hg3 {margin-left: 14.7em;} + p.i40 {margin-left: 20em;} + .unpoem {position: absolute; left: 10.0%;} + .b1n .unpoem {position: absolute; left: 12.5%;} + .note .unpoem {position: absolute; left: 12.5%;} + /*a:link {color:blue; text-decoration:underline}*/ + /*a:visited {color:blue; text-decoration:underline}*/ + a:link {color:blue;text-decoration: none;} + a:visited {color:blue;text-decoration: none;} + a:hover {color:red} + /*link {color:blue; text-decoration:underline}*/ + link {color:blue;text-decoration: none;} + + .noflo + {margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .noflo .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .noflo p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .noflo p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .noflo p.i16 {margin-left: 8em;} + + .author {text-align: right; margin-top: -1em;} + .center {text-align: center; } + .cenhead {text-align: center; margin-top: 1em;} + .right {text-align: right; } + .t {vertical-align: top; } + .tr {vertical-align: top;} + .tc {vertical-align: top;} + .tr p {text-align: right;} + .tc p {text-align: center;} + .m {vertical-align: middle; } + .mr {vertical-align: middle;} + .mc {vertical-align: middle;} + .mr p {text-align: right;} + .mc p {text-align: center;} + .b {vertical-align: bottom; } + .vol {/*font-weight: bold;*/ font-size: small;} + .grk {font-style: normal; + font-family:"Palatino Linotype","New Athena Unicode",Gentium,"Lucida Grande", Galilee, "Arial Unicode MS", sans-serif;} + .heb {font-style: normal; font-family:"Times New Roman", serif;} + + sup {font-style: normal; font-size: small;} + sub {font-style: normal; font-size: small;} + .sc {font-variant: small-caps; } + .scac {font-size: small;} + .gsp {font-size:0.5em;} + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 60%;} /* poetry number */ + + blockquote {margin-left: 3.2%; margin-right: 3.2%; } + blockquote.b1n {font-size: medium; } + blockquote.b1s {font-size: small; } + blockquote.b2n {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em; } + blockquote.b3n {margin-left: 6em; margin-right: 6em; } + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;} /* page numbers */ + .sidenote {width: 20%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; padding-left: 1em; + font-size: smaller; float: right; clear: right; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;} + .sidenotee {margin-left: -22%; width: 20%; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 1em; + font-style: normal; font-size: smaller; float: left; clear: left; text-align: left;} + .sidenotel {margin-left: -11.5%; width: 10%; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 1em; + font-style: normal; font-size: smaller; float: left; clear: left; text-align: left;} + blockquote.forsidenotee {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 0%;} + .sidenoter {width: 20%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; padding-left: 1em; + font-size: smaller; float: right; clear: right;} + .note {margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 2em; + } /* footnote - removed font-size: small; */ + span.extra {border-bottom: thin dotted green;} + span.correction {border-bottom: thin dotted red;} + span.special {text-decoration: none;} + span.intlim {font-size:small; position:relative; top:-2ex; left:-0.4em;} + span.lower {position:relative; top:0.5ex;} + span.over {text-decoration: overline;} + span.under {text-decoration: underline;} + span.pbar {position:relative; top:0.7ex; left:0.4em;} + .nobo {border: thin;} + .red {color: red;} + .figure, .figcenter, .figright, .figleft + {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;} + .figdrop {padding-top: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;} + .figure img, .figcenter img, .figright img, .figleft img, .figdrop img + {border: none;} + .figure p, .figcenter p, .figright p, .figleft p, .figdrop p + {margin: 0; text-indent: 1em;} + .figure p.in, .figcenter p.in, .figright p.in, .figleft p.in , .figdrop p.in {margin: 0; text-indent: 8em;} + .figcenter p.poem {margin-left: 1em; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;} + .figcenter {margin: auto;} + .figright {float: right;} + .figleft, .figdrop {float: left;} + img.middle { border: none; vertical-align: middle } + /*img { border: 1px solid black;}*/ + .x1 {position: relative;} /* shifting accents */ + .x2 {position: absolute; left: -0.4em;} + .x3 {position: absolute; top: 1.75ex; left: -0.4em;} + .x4 {position: absolute; top: 1.65ex; left: -0.6em;} + .x5 {position: absolute; top: -0.5ex; left: -0.3em;} + .x6 {position: absolute; top: 0.3ex; left: -0.5em;} + .x7 {position: absolute; top: -0.6ex; left: -0.5em;} + + hr.pg { width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + pre {font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace; + font-size: 85%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Anglo-Saxon Primer, by Henry Sweet</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Anglo-Saxon Primer</p> +<p> With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary; Eighth Edition Revised</p> +<p>Author: Henry Sweet</p> +<p>Release Date: November 14, 2010 [eBook #34316]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3>E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, David Clarke, Keith Edkins,<br /> + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3> +<p> </p> +<hr class="pg" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h3>AN</h3> + +<h1>ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER</h1> + +<p class="cenhead">WITH</p> + +<h3>GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">BY</p> + +<h3>HENRY SWEET, M.A., <span class="sc">Ph.D.</span>, LL.D.</h3> + + <p> </p> + +<h4>Eighth Edition, Revised</h4> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h3>OXFORD</h3> + +<h3>AT THE CLARENDON PRESS</h3> + +<h3>1905</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">PRINTED IN ENGLAND<br /> +AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page v --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagev"></a>{v}</span></p> + +<h2>PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.</h2> + + <p>The want of an introduction to the study of Old-English has long been + felt. Vernon's <i>Anglo-Saxon Guide</i> was an admirable book for its + time, but has long been completely antiquated. I was therefore obliged to + make my <i>Anglo-Saxon Reader</i> a somewhat unsatisfactory compromise + between an elementary primer and a manual for advanced students, but I + always looked forward to producing a strictly elementary book like the + present one, which would enable me to give the larger one a more + scientific character, and would at the same time serve as an introduction + to it. Meanwhile, however, Professor Earle has brought out his <i>Book + for the beginner in Anglo-Saxon</i>. But this work is quite unsuited to + serve as an introduction to my Reader, and will be found to differ so + totally in plan and execution from the present one as to preclude all + idea of rivalry on my part. We work on lines which instead of clashing + can only diverge more and more.</p> + + <p>My main principle has been to make the book the easiest possible + introduction to the study of Old-English.</p> + + <p>Poetry has been excluded, and a selection made from the easiest prose + pieces I could find. Old-English original prose is unfortunately limited + in extent, and the most suitable pieces (such as the voyages of Ohthere + and Wulfstan) are already given in the Reader; these I could not give + over <!-- Page vi --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagevi"></a>{vi}</span>again. But I hope the short extracts from + the Chronicle and the Martyrdom of King Edmund will be found not wanting + in interest. For the rest of the selections I have had to fall back on + scriptural extracts, which have the great advantages of simplicity and + familiarity of subject. The Gospel extracts have been transferred here + from the Reader, where they will be omitted in the next edition. The + sentences which head the selections have been gathered mainly from the + Gospels, Ælfric's Homilies, and the Chronicle. They are all of the + simplest possible character, only those having been taken which would + bear isolation from their context. They are intended to serve both as an + introduction and as a supplement to the longer pieces. They are grouped + roughly into paragraphs, according to the grammatical forms they + illustrate. Thus the first paragraph consists mainly of examples of the + nominative singular of nouns and adjectives, the second of accusative + singulars, and so on.</p> + + <p>The spelling has been made rigorously uniform throughout on an early + West-Saxon basis. Injurious as normalizing is to the advanced student, it + is an absolute necessity for the beginner, who wants to have the definite + results of scholarship laid before him, not the confused and fluctuating + spellings which he cannot yet interpret intelligently. Even for purely + scientific purposes we require a standard of comparison and + classification, as in the arrangement of words in a dictionary, where we + have to decide, for instance, whether to put the original of <i>hear</i> + under <i>ē, īe, ī</i> or <i>ȳ</i>. The spelling I + here adopt is, in fact, the one I should recommend for dictionary + purposes. From early West-Saxon it is an easy step both to late W. S. and + to the Mercian forms from which Modern English is derived. That I give + Ælfric in a spelling slightly earlier than his date is no more <!-- Page + vii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagevii"></a>{vii}</span>unreasonable than it is for a classical + scholar to print Ausonius (who doubtless spoke Latin with an almost + Italian pronunciation) in the same spelling as Virgil.</p> + + <p>It is impossible to go into details, but in doubtful or optional cases + I have preferred those forms which seemed most instructive to the + student. Thus I have preferred keeping up the distinction between the + indic. <i>bundon</i> and the subj. <i>bunden</i>, although the latter is + often levelled under the former even in early MS. In the accentuation I + have for the present retained the conventional quantities, which are + really 'prehistoric' quantities, as I have shown elsewhere (Phil. Soc. + Proc. 1880, 1881). It is no use trying to disguise the fact that Old + English philology (owing mainly to its neglect in its native land) is + still in an unsettled state.</p> + + <p>In the Grammar I have cut down the phonology to the narrowest limits, + giving only what is necessary to enable the beginner to trace the + connection of forms within the language itself. Derivation and syntax + have been treated with the same fulness as the inflections. In my + opinion, to give inflections without explaining their use is as absurd as + it would be to teach the names of the different parts of a machine + without explaining their use, and derivation is as much a fundamental + element of a language as inflection. The grammar has been based + throughout on the texts, from which all words and sentences given as + examples have, as far as possible, been taken. This I consider absolutely + essential in an elementary book. What is the use of a grammar which gives + a number of forms and rules which the learner has no occasion to apply + practically in his reading? Simply to cut down an ordinary grammar and + prefix it to a selection of elementary texts, without any attempt to + adapt them to one another, is a most unjustifiable proceeding. <!-- Page + viii --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageviii"></a>{viii}</span></p> + + <p>In the Glossary cognate and root words are given only when they occur + in the texts, or else are easily recognizable by the ordinary English + reader.</p> + + <p>All reference to cognate languages has been avoided. Of course, if the + beginner knows German, the labour of learning Old English will be + lightened for him by one half, but he does not require to have the + analogies pointed out to him. The same applies to the relation between + Old and Modern English. To trace the history of the sounds would be quite + out of place in this book, and postulates a knowledge of the intermediate + stages which the beginner cannot have.</p> + + <p>The Notes consist chiefly of references to the Grammar, and are + intended mainly for those who study without a teacher. As a general rule, + no such references are given where the passage itself is quoted in the + Grammar.</p> + + <p>On the whole I do not think the book could be made much easier without + defeating its object. Thus, instead of simply referring the student from + <i>stęnt</i> to <i>standan</i>, and thence to the Grammar, I might + have saved him all this trouble by putting '<i>stęnt</i>, 3 sg. + pres. of <i>standan</i>, stand,' but the result would be in many cases + that he would not look at the Grammar at all—surely a most + undesirable result.</p> + + <p>Although I have given everything that I believe to be + <i>necessary</i>, every teacher may, of course, at his own discretion add + such further illustrations, linguistic, historical, antiquarian, or + otherwise, as he thinks likely to instruct or interest his pupils.</p> + + <p>My thanks are due to Professor Skeat, not only for constant advice and + encouragement in planning and carrying out this work, but also for help + in correcting the proofs.</p> + + <p>In conclusion I may be allowed to express a hope that this little book + may prove useful not only to young beginners, but also to some of our + Professors of and <!-- Page ix --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pageix"></a>{ix}</span>Examiners in the English language, most of + whom are now beginning to see the importance of a sound elementary + knowledge of 'Anglo-Saxon'—a knowledge which I believe this book to + be capable of imparting, if studied diligently, and not hurriedly cast + aside for a more ambitious one.</p> + + <p class="author">HENRY SWEET.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">Heath Street, Hampstead</span>,</p> + <p><i>March 31, 1882</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h2>PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION.</h2> + + <p>In the present edition I have put this book into what must be (for + some time at least) its permanent form, making such additions and + alterations as seemed necessary.</p> + + <p>If I had any opportunity of teaching the language, I should no doubt + have been able to introduce many other improvements; as it is, I have had + to rely mainly on the suggestions and corrections kindly sent to me by + various teachers and students who have used this book, among whom my + especial thanks are due to the Rev. W. F. Moulton, of Cambridge, and Mr. + C. Stoffel, of Amsterdam.</p> + + <p class="author">HENRY SWEET.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><span class="sc">London</span>,</p> + <p><i>October 15, 1884</i>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page x --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagex"></a>{x}</span></p> + +<h3>CONTENTS.</h3> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Contents" title="Contents"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"></td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> Page</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="sc">Grammar</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="sc">Texts</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page55">55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="sc">Notes</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page91">91</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="sc">Glossary</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <a href="#page97">97</a></td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 1 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page1"></a>{1}</span></p> + +<h2>GRAMMAR.</h2> + + <p>The oldest stage of English before the Norman Conquest is called 'Old + English,' which name will be used throughout in this Book, although the + name 'Anglo-Saxon' is still often used.</p> + + <p>There were several dialects of Old English. This book deals only with + the <i>West-Saxon</i> dialect in its earliest form.</p> + +<h3>SOUNDS.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">VOWELS.</p> + + <p>The vowel-letters in Old English had nearly the same values as in + Latin. Long vowels were occasionally marked by (´), short vowels being + left unmarked. In this book long vowels are marked by (ˉ). The + following are the elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and + key-words from English, French (F.), and German (G.):—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Vowels" title="Vowels"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> a </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> <i>as in</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> mann (G.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> nama (<i>name</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ā </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> father </td><td class="spacsingle"> stān (<i>stone</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> æ </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> man </td><td class="spacsingle"> glæd (<i>glad</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ǣ </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> dǣd (<i>deed</i>)<a name="NtA1" href="#Nt1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> e </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> été (F.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ic ete<a name="NtA2" href="#Nt2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> (<i>I eat</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ē </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> see (G.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hē (<i>he</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ę </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> men </td><td class="spacsingle"> męnn (<i>men</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 2 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page2"></a>{2}</span> + i </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> fini (F.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic (<i>alive</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ī </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sieh (G.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wīn (<i>wine</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ie </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> fin </td><td class="spacsingle"> ieldran (<i>ancestors</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> īe </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīeran (<i>hear</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> o </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> beau (F.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> god (<i>god</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ō </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> so (G.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd (<i>good</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> u </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sou (F.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sunu (<i>son</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ū </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gut (G.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> nū (<i>now</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> y </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> véc<i>u</i> (F.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> synn (<i>sin</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ȳ </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> grün (G.) </td><td class="spacsingle"> brȳd (<i>bride</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ea </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> æ + a </td><td class="spacsingle"> eall (<i>all</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ēa </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> ǣ + a </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēast (<i>east</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> eo </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> e + o </td><td class="spacsingle"> weorc (<i>work</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ēo </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> ē + o </td><td class="spacsingle"> dēop (<i>deep</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><i>e</i> and <i>ę</i> are both written e in the MSS.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The diphthongs are pronounced with the stress on the first + element.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Those who find a difficulty in learning strange vowel-sounds may adopt + the following approximate pronunciation:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Vowels - approximate" title="Vowels - approximate"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> a </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> as in </td><td class="spacsingle"> ask (short) </td><td class="spacsingle"> nama (năhmăh).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ā </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> father </td><td class="spacsingle"> stān (stahn).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> æ </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> man </td><td class="spacsingle"> glæd (glad).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ǣ </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> there </td><td class="spacsingle"> ǣr (air).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> e, ę</td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> men </td><td class="spacsingle"> ete (etty), męnn (men).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ē </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> they </td><td class="spacsingle"> hē (hay).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> i, ie </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> fin </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic (quick), ieldran (ildrăhn).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ī, īe </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> see </td><td class="spacsingle"> wīn (ween), hīeran (heerăhn).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> o </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> not </td><td class="spacsingle"> god (god).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ō </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> note </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd (goad).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> u </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> full </td><td class="spacsingle"> full (full).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ū </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> fool </td><td class="spacsingle"> nū (noo).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> y </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> fin </td><td class="spacsingle"> synn (zin).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ȳ </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> ,, </td><td class="spacsingle"> see </td><td class="spacsingle"> brȳd (breed).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ea </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> ĕ-ăh </td><td class="spacsingle"> eall (ĕ-ăhl).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ēa </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> ai-ăh </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēast (ai-ăhst).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 3 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page3"></a>{3}</span> + eo </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> ĕ-o </td><td class="spacsingle"> weorc (wĕ-ork).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ēo </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> = </td><td class="spacsingle"> ai-o </td><td class="spacsingle"> dēop (dai-op).</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The pronunciation given in parentheses is the nearest that can be + expressed in English letters as pronounced in Southern English.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">CONSONANTS.</p> + + <p>Double consonants must be pronounced double, or long, as in Italian. + Thus <i>sunu</i> (son) must be distinguished from <i>sunne</i> (sun) in + the same way as <i>penny</i> is distinguished from <i>penknife</i>. So + also <i>in</i> (in) must be distinguished from <i>inn</i> (house); noting + that in modern English final consonants in accented monosyllables after a + short vowel are long, our <i>in</i> and <i>inn</i> both having the + pronunciation of Old English <i>inn</i>, not of O.E. <i>in</i>.</p> + + <p><i>c</i> and <i>g</i> had each a <i>back</i> (guttural) and a + <i>front</i> (palatal) pron., which latter is in this book written + <i>ċ</i>, <i>ġ</i>.</p> + + <p><b>c</b> = <i>k</i>, as in <i>cēne</i> (bold), + <i>cnāwan</i> (know).</p> + + <p><b>ċ</b> = <i>kj</i>, a <i>k</i> formed in the <i>j</i> (English + <i>y</i>) position, nearly as in the old-fashioned pron. of <i>sky</i>: + <i>ċiriċe</i> (church), <i>styċċe</i> (piece), + <i>þęnċan</i> (think).</p> + + <p><b>g</b> initially and in the combination <i>ng</i> was pron. as in + 'get': <i>gōd</i> (good), <i>lang</i> (long); otherwise (that is, + medially and finally after vowels and <i>l, r</i>) as in German <i>sagen: + dagas</i> (days), <i>burg</i> (city), <i>hālga</i> (saint).</p> + + <p><b>ġ</b> initially and in the combination <i>nġ</i> was + pronounced <i>gj</i> (corresponding to <i>kj</i>): <i>ġē</i> + (ye), <i>ġeorn</i> (willing), <i>spręnġan</i> + (scatter); otherwise = <i>j</i> (as in 'you'): <i>dæġ</i> (day), + <i>wrēġan</i> (accuse), <i>hęrġian</i> (ravage). + It is possible that <i>ġ</i> in <i>ġe-boren</i> (born) and + other unaccented syllables was already pronounced <i>j. ċġ = + ġġ: sęċġan</i> (say), + <i>hryċġ</i> (back).</p> + + <p><b>f</b> had the sound of <i>v</i> everywhere where it was + possible:—<i>faran</i> (go), <i>of</i> (of), <i>ofer</i> (over); + not, of course, in <i>oft</i> (often), or when doubled, as in + <i>offrian</i> (offer). <!-- Page 4 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page4"></a>{4}</span></p> + + <p><b>h</b> initially, as in <i>hē</i> (he), had the same sound as + now. Everywhere else it had that of Scotch and German <i>ch</i> in + <i>loch</i>:—<i>hēah</i> (high), <i>Wealh</i> (Welshman), + <i>riht</i> (right). <i>hw</i>, as in <i>hwæt</i> (what), + <i>hwīl</i> (while), had the sound of our <i>wh</i>; and <i>hl, hn, + hr</i> differed from <i>l, n, r</i> respectively precisely as <i>wh</i> + differs from <i>w</i>, that is, they were these consonants devocalized, + <i>hl</i> being nearly the same as Welsh <i>ll:—hlāford</i> + (lord), <i>hlūd</i> (loud); <i>hnappian</i> (doze), <i>hnutu</i> + (nut); <i>hraþe</i> (quickly), <i>hrēod</i> (reed).</p> + + <p><b>r</b> was always a strong trill, as in + Scotch:—<i>rǣran</i> (to raise), <i>hēr</i> (here), + <i>word</i> (word).</p> + + <p><b>s</b> had the sound of <i>z</i>:—<i>sēċan</i> + (seek), <i>swā</i> (so), <i>wīs</i> (wise), + <i>ā·rīsan</i> (rise); not, of course, in combination with + hard consonants, as in <i>stān</i> (stone), <i>fæst</i> (firm), + <i>rīċsian</i> (rule), or when double, as in <i>cyssan</i> + (kiss).</p> + + <p><b>þ</b> had the sound of our <i>th</i> (= dh) in + <i>then</i>:<i>—þū</i> (thou), <i>þing</i> (thing), + <i>sōþ</i> (true), <i>hǣþen</i> (heathen); except when in + combination with hard consonants, where it had that of our <i>th</i> in + <i>thin</i>, as in <i>sēċþ</i> (seeks). Note <i>hæfþ</i> + (has) = <i>hævdh</i>.</p> + + <p><b>w</b> was fully pronounced wherever + written:—<i>wrītan</i> (write), <i>nīwe</i> (new), + <i>sēow</i> (sowed <i>pret.</i>).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRESS.</p> + + <p>The stress or accent is marked throughout in this book, whenever it is + not on the first syllable of a word, by (·) preceding the letter on which + the stress begins. Thus <i>for·ġiefan</i> is pronounced with the + same stress as that of <i>forgive</i>, <i>andswaru</i> with that of + <i>answer</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>PHONOLOGY.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">VOWELS.</p> + + <p>Different vowels are related to one another in various ways in O.E., + the most important of which are <i>mutation</i> (German <i>umlaut</i>) + and <i>gradation</i> (G. <i>ablaut</i>). <!-- Page 5 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page5"></a>{5}</span></p> + + <p>The following changes are <i>mutations</i>:—</p> + + <p><b>a .. ę</b>:—mann, <i>pl.</i> męnn; wand (wound + <i>prt.</i>), węndan (to turn).</p> + + <p><b>ea (= a) .. ie (= ę)</b>:—eald (old), ieldra (older); + feallan (fall), fielþ (falls).</p> + + <p><b>ā .. ǣ</b>:—blāwan (to blow), blǣwþ + (bloweth); hāl (sound), hǣlan (heal).</p> + + <p><b>u .. y</b>:—burg (city), <i>pl.</i> byriġ; trum + (strong), trymman (to strengthen).</p> + + <p><b>o .. y</b>:—gold, gylden (golden); coss (a kiss), cyssan (to + kiss).</p> + + <p><b>e .. i</b>:—beran (to bear), bireþ (beareth); cweþan (speak), + cwide (speech).</p> + + <p><b>eo (= e) .. ie (= i)</b>:—heord (herd), hierde (shepherd); + ċeorfan (cut), ċierfþ (cuts).</p> + + <p><b>u .. o</b>:—curon (they chose), ġe·coren (chosen).</p> + + <p><b>ū .. ȳ</b>:—cūþ (known), cȳþan (to + make known); fūl (foul), ā·fȳlan (defile).</p> + + <p><b>ō .. ē</b>:—sōhte (sought <i>prt.</i>), + sēċan (to seek); fōda (food), fēdan (to + feed).</p> + + <p><b>ēa .. īe</b>:—hēawan (to hew), hīewþ + (hews); tēam (progeny), tīeman (teem).</p> + + <p><b>ēo .. īe</b>:—stēor (rudder), stīeran + (steer); ġe·strēon (possession), ġes·trīenan + (gain).</p> + + <p>Before proceeding to gradation, it will be desirable to describe the + other most important vowel-relations.</p> + + <p><b>a, æ, ea.</b> In O.E. original <i>a</i> is preserved before nasals, + as in <i>mann</i>, <i>lang</i>, <i>nama</i> (name), and before a single + consonant followed by <i>a</i>, <i>u</i>, or <i>o</i>, as in <i>dagas</i> + (days), <i>dagum</i> (to days), <i>faran</i> (go), <i>gafol</i> (profit), + and in some words when <i>e</i> follows, as in <i>ic fare</i> (I go), + <i>faren</i> (gone). Before <i>r</i>, <i>l</i>, <i>h</i> followed by + another consonant, and before <i>x</i> it becomes <i>ea</i>, as in + <i>heard</i> (hard), <i>eall</i> (all), <i>eald</i> (old), <i>eahta</i> + (eight), <i>weaxan</i> (to grow). Not in <i>bærst</i> (p. <a + href="#page7">7</a>). In most other cases it becomes + <i>æ</i>:—<i>dæġ</i>, (day), <i>dæġes</i> (of a day), + <i>fæst</i> (firm), <i>wær</i> (wary). <!-- Page 6 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page6"></a>{6}</span></p> + + <p><b>e</b> before nasals always becomes <i>i</i>: compare <i>bindan</i> + (to bind), pret. <i>band</i>, with <i>beran</i> (to bear), pret. + <i>bær</i>.</p> + + <p><i>e</i> before <i>r</i> (generally followed by a consonant) becomes + <i>eo:—eorþe</i> (earth), <i>heorte</i> (heart). Not in + <i>berstan</i> (p. <a href="#page7">7</a>). Also in other + cases:—<i>seolfor</i> (silver), <i>heofon</i> (heaven).</p> + + <p><b>i</b> before <i>r</i> + cons. becomes <i>ie:—bierþ</i> + (beareth) contr. from <i>bireþ, hierde</i> (shepherd) from <i>heord</i> + (herd), <i>wiersa</i> (worse).</p> + + <p><b>ę</b> before <i>r</i>, or <i>l</i> + cons. often becomes + <i>ie:—fierd</i> (army) from <i>faran</i>, <i>bieldo</i> (boldness) + from <i>beald</i>, <i>ieldra</i> (elder) from <i>eald</i>.</p> + + <p>By <i>gradation</i> the vowels are related as follows:—</p> + + <p><b>e</b> (i, eo) .. <b>a</b> (æ, ea) .. <b>u</b> (o):—</p> + + <p><i>bindan</i> (inf.), <i>band</i> (pret.), <i>bundon</i> (they bound). + <i>beran</i> (inf.), <i>bær</i> (pret.), <i>boren</i> (past partic.). + <i>ċeorfan</i> (cut), <i>ċearf</i> (pret.), <i>curfon</i> + (they cut), <i>corfen</i> (past partic.). <i>bęnd</i> (bond) = + mutation of band, <i>byr-þen</i> (burden) of <i>bor-en</i>.</p> + + <p><b>a</b> (æ, ea) .. <b>ǣ</b>:—<i>spræc</i> (spoke), + <i>sprǣcon</i> (they spoke), <i>sprǣċ</i> (speech).</p> + + <p><b>a .. ō</b>:—<i>faran</i> (to go), <i>fōr</i> + (pret.), <i>fōr</i> (journey). <i>ġe·fēra</i> + (companion) mutation of <i>fōr</i>.</p> + + <p><b>ī .. ā .. i</b>:—<i>wrītan, wrāt, + writon, ġe·writ</i> (writing, <i>subst.</i>). + <i>(be)·līfan</i> (remain), <i>lāf</i> (remains), whence by + mutation <i>lǣfan</i> (leave).</p> + + <p><b>ēo</b> (ū) .. <b>ēa .. u</b> + (o):—<i>ċēosan</i> (choose), <i>ċēas, + curon, coren</i>. <i>cys-t</i> (choice). <i>(for)·lēosan</i> + (lose), <i>lēas</i> (loose), <i>ā·līesan</i> (release), + <i>losian</i> (to be lost). <i>būgan</i> (bend), <i>boga</i> + (bow).</p> + + <p>We see that the laws of gradation are most clearly shown in the + conjugation of the strong verbs. But they run through the whole language, + and a knowledge of the laws of gradation and mutation is the main key to + O.E. etymology.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>It is often necessary to supply intermediate stages in connecting two + words. Thus <i>lęċġan</i> (lay) cannot be directly + referred to <i>liċġan</i> (lie), but only to a form + *<i>lag</i>-, preserved in the preterite <i>læġ</i>. So also + <i>blęndan</i> (to blind) can be referred only indirectly to the + adjective <i>blind</i> through an intermediate *<i>bland</i>-. Again, the + root-vowel of <i>byrþen</i> <!-- Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page7"></a>{7}</span>(burden) cannot be explained by the infinitive + <i>beran</i> (bear), but only by the past participle + <i>ġe·boren</i>. In the same way <i>hryre</i> (fall <i>sb.</i>) + must be referred, not to the infinitive <i>hrēosan</i>, but to the + preterite plural <i>hruron</i>.</p> + + <p>The vowel-changes in the preterites of verbs of the 'fall'-conjugation + (1) <i>feallan</i>, <i>fēoll</i>, &c., are due not to + gradation, but to other causes.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">CONSONANTS.</p> + + <p><b>s</b> becomes <i><b>r</b></i> in the preterite plurals and past + participles of strong verbs, as in <i>curon</i>, <i>ġe·coren</i> + from <i>ċēosan</i>, <i>wǣron</i> pl. of <i>wæs</i> + (was), and in other formations, such as <i>hryre</i> (fall) from + <i>hrēosan</i>.</p> + + <p><b>þ</b> becomes <i><b>d</b></i> under the same conditions, as in + <i>wurdon</i>, <i>ġe·worden</i> from <i>weorþan</i> (become), + <i>cwæþ</i> (quoth), pl. <i>cwǣdon</i>, <i>cwide</i> (speech) from + <i>cweþan</i> (infin.).</p> + + <p><b>r</b> is often transposed, as in <i>iernan</i> (run) from original + *<i>rinnan</i> (cp. the subst. <i>ryne</i>), <i>berstan</i> (burst) from + *<i>brestan</i>, <i>bærst</i> (burst <i>pret.</i>) from <i>bræst</i>, + <i>hors</i> (horse) from *<i>hross</i>.</p> + + <p>The combinations <b>cæ-</b>, <b>gæ</b>- become <i>ċea-</i>, + <i>ġea-</i>, as in <i>ċeaf</i> (chaff) from *<i>cæf</i>, + <i>sċeal</i> (shall) from *<i>scæl</i>, <i>ġeaf</i> (gave) = + *<i>gæf</i> from <i>ġiefan</i> (cp. <i>cwæþ</i> from + <i>cweþan</i>), <i>ġeat</i> (gate)—cp. <i>fæt</i> + (vessel).</p> + + <p><b>gǣ-</b> often becomes <i>ġēa-</i>, as in + <i>ġēafon</i> (they gave), with which compare + <i>cwǣdon</i> (they said).</p> + + <p><b>ge-</b> becomes <i>ġie</i>, as in <i>ġiefan</i>, + <i>ġieldan</i> (pay) from *<i>gefan</i>, *<i>geldan</i>—cp. + <i>cweþan</i>, <i>delfan</i>. Not in the prefix <i>ġe-</i> and + <i>ġē</i> (ye).</p> + + <p>When <b>g</b> comes before a consonant in inflection, it often becomes + <i><b>h</b></i>, as in <i>hē līehþ</i> (he lies) from + <i>lēogan</i> (mentiri).</p> + + <p><b>h</b> after a consonant is dropt when a vowel follows, the + preceding vowel being lengthened, thus <i>Wealh</i> (Welshman) has plural + <i>Wēalas</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>INFLECTIONS.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">NOUNS.</p> + + <p><b>Gender.</b> There are three genders in O.E.—masculine, + neuter, and feminine. The gender is partly natural, partly <!-- Page 8 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page8"></a>{8}</span>grammatical. By + the natural gender names of male beings, such as <i>se mann</i> (the + man), are masculine; of female beings, such as <i>sēo dohtor</i> + (the daughter), are feminine; and of young creatures, such as <i>þæt + ċild</i> (the child), neuter. Note, however, that <i>þæt + wīf</i> (woman) is neuter.</p> + + <p>Grammatical gender is known only by the gender of the article and + other words connected with the noun, and, to some extent, by its form. + Thus all nouns ending in <i>-a</i>, such as <i>se mōna</i> (moon), + are masculine, <i>sēo sunne</i> (sun) being feminine. Those ending + in <i>-dōm</i>, <i>-hād</i>, and <i>-sċipe</i> are also + masculine:—<i>se wīsdōm</i> (wisdom), <i>se + ċildhād</i> (childhood), <i>se frēondsċipe</i> + (friendship). Those in <i>-nes</i>, <i>-o</i> (from adjectives) + <i>-rǣden</i>, and <i>-ung</i> are feminine:—<i>sēo + rihtwīsnes</i> (righteousness), <i>sēo bieldo</i> (boldness) + from <i>beald</i>, <i>sēo mann-rǣden</i> (allegiance), + <i>sēo scotung</i> (shooting).</p> + + <p>Compounds follow the gender of their last element, as in <i>þæt + burg-ġeat</i> (city-gate), from <i>sēo burg</i> and <i>þæt + ġeat</i>. Hence also <i>se wīf-mann</i> (woman) is + masculine.</p> + + <p>The gender of most words can be learnt only by practice, and the + student should learn each noun with its proper definite article.</p> + + <p><b>Strong and Weak.</b> Weak nouns are those which form their + inflections with <i><b>n</b></i>, such as <i>se mōna</i>, plural + <i>mōnan</i>; <i>sēo sunne</i>, genitive sing. <i>þǣre + sunnan</i>. All the others, such as <i>se dæġ</i>, pl. + <i>dagas</i>, <i>þæt hūs</i> (house), gen. sing. <i>þæs + hūses</i>, are strong.</p> + + <p><b>Cases.</b> There are four cases, nominative, accusative, dative, + and genitive. The acc. is the same as the nom. in all plurals, in the + sing. of all neuter nouns, and of all strong masculines. Masculine and + neuter nouns never differ in the plural except in the nom. and acc., and + in the singular they differ only in the acc. of weak nouns, which in + neuters is the same as the nom. The dative plural of nearly all nouns + ends in <i><b>-um</b></i>. <!-- Page 9 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page9"></a>{9}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRONG MASCULINES.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(1) <b>as</b>-plurals.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="as-plurals" title="as-plurals"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom<a name="NtA3" href="#Nt3"><sup>[3]</sup></a>.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> stān (<i>stone</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> stān-as.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> stān-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> stān-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> stān-es. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> stān-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>dǣl</i> (part), <i>cyning</i> (king), + <i>ċildhād</i> (childhood).</p> + + <p><i>dæġ</i> (day) changes its vowel in the pl. (p. <a + href="#page5">5</a>):—<i>dæġ</i>, <i>dæġe</i>, + <i>dæġes</i>; <i>dagas</i>, <i>dagum</i>, <i>daga</i>.</p> + + <p>Nouns in <i>-e</i> have nom. and dat. sing. the + same:—<i>ęnde</i>, (end), <i>ęnde</i>, + <i>ęndes</i>; <i>ęndas</i>, <i>ęndum</i>, + <i>ęnda</i>.</p> + + <p>Nouns in <i>-el</i>, <i>-ol</i>, <i>-um</i>, <i>-en</i>, <i>-on</i>, + <i>-er</i>, <i>-or</i> often contract:—<i>ęnġel</i> + (angel), <i>ęnġle</i>, <i>ęnġles</i>; + <i>ęnġlas</i>, <i>ęnġlum</i>, + <i>ęnġla</i>. So also <i>næġel</i> (nail), + <i>þeġen</i> (thane), <i>ealdor</i> (prince). Others, such as + <i>æcer</i> (field), do not contract.</p> + + <p><i>h</i> after a consonant is dropped in inflection (p. <a + href="#page7">7</a>), as in <i>feorh</i> (life), <i>fēore</i>, + <i>fēores</i>. So also in <i>Wealh</i> (Welshman), plur. + <i>Wēalas</i>.</p> + + <p>There are other classes which are represented only by a few nouns + each.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(2) <b>e</b>-plurals.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>A few nouns which occur only in the plur.:—<i>lēode</i> + (people), <i>lēodum</i>, <i>lēoda</i>. So also several names + of nations:—<i>Ęnġle</i> (English), <i>Dęne</i> + (Danes); <i>Seaxe</i> (Saxons), <i>Mierċe</i> (Mercians), have gen. + plur. <i>Seaxna</i>, <i>Mierċna</i>.</p> + +</blockquote> + +<p class="cenhead">(3) Mutation-plurals.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Mutation-plurals" title="Mutation-plurals"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> fōt (<i>foot</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> fēt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> fēt. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> fōt-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> fōt-es. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> fōt-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>tōþ</i> (tooth). <i>Mann</i> (man), + <i>męnn</i>, <i>mannes</i>; <i>męnn</i>, <i>mannum</i>, + <i>manna</i>.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 10 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page10"></a>{10}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">(4) <b>u</b>-nouns.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="u-nouns" title="u-nouns"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sun-u (<i>son</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sun-a.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sun-a. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sun-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sun-a. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sun-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>wudu</i> (wood).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(5) <b>r</b>-nouns (including feminines).</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="r-nouns" title="r-nouns"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mōdor (<i>mother</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mōdor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mēder. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mōdr-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mōdor. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mōdr-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>brōþor</i> (brother); <i>fæder</i> (father), + <i>dohtor</i> (daughter), have dat. sing. <i>fæder</i>, + <i>dehter</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(6) <b>nd</b>-nouns.</p> + + <p>Formed from the present participle of verbs.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="nd-nouns" title="nd-nouns"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> frēond (<i>friend</i>).</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> frīend.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> frīend. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> frēond-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> frēond-es. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> frēond-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>fēond</i> (enemy).</p> + + <p>Those in <i>-end</i> inflect thus:—<i>būend</i> (dweller), + <i>būend</i>, <i>būendes</i>; <i>būend</i>, + <i>būendum</i>, <i>būendra</i>. So also <i>Hǣlend</i> + (saviour). The <i>-ra</i> is an adjectival inflection.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRONG NEUTERS.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(1) <b>u</b>-plurals.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="u-plurals" title="u-plurals"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR</span>. </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL</span>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sċip (<i>ship</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sċip-u.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sċip-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sċip-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sċip-es. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sċip-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So all neuters with short final syllable, such as <i>ġe·bed</i> + (prayer), <i>ġe·writ</i> (writing), <i>ġeat</i> (gate). <!-- + Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11"></a>{11}</span></p> + + <p><i>Fæt</i> (vessel), <i>fæte</i>, <i>fætes</i>; <i>fatu</i>, + <i>fatum</i>, <i>fata</i> (p. <a href="#page5">5</a>).</p> + + <p><i>Rīċe</i> (kingdom), <i>rīċe</i>, + <i>rīċes</i>; <i>rīċu</i>, + <i>rīċum</i>, <i>rīċa</i>. So also all neuters in + <i>e</i>, except <i>ēage</i> and <i>ēare</i> (p. <a + href="#page13">13</a>): <i>ġe·þēode</i> (language), + <i>styċċe</i> (piece).</p> + + <p>Those in <i>-ol</i>, <i>-en</i>, <i>-or</i>, &c. are generally + contracted:—<i>dēofol</i> (devil), <i>dēofles</i>, + <i>dēoflu</i>. So also <i>wǣpen</i> (weapon), <i>mynster</i> + (monastery), <i>wundor</i> (wonder).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(2) Unchanged plurals.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Unchanged plurals" title="Unchanged plurals"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hūs (<i>house</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hūs.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hūs-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hūs-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hūs-es. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hūs-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So all others with long final syllables (that is, containing a long + vowel, or a short vowel followed by more than one consonant), such as + <i>bearn</i> (child), <i>folc</i> (nation), <i>wīf</i> (woman).</p> + + <p><i>Feoh</i> (money) drops its <i>h</i> in inflection and lengthens the + <i>eo</i>:—<i>feoh</i>, <i>fēo</i>, <i>fēos</i>. So + also <i>bleoh</i> (colour).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRONG FEMININES.</p> + + <p>(1) <b>a</b>-plurals.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="a-plurals (a)" title="a-plurals (a)"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-u (<i>gift</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-a.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-a.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ġief-ena.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>lufu</i> (love), <i>scamu</i> (shame). <i>Duru</i> (door) + is an <i>u</i>-noun: it has acc. <i>duru</i>, d., g. <i>dura</i>, g. pl. + <i>dura</i>. Observe that all these nouns have a short syllable before + the final vowel. When it is long, the <i>u</i> is dropped, and the noun + falls under (<i>b</i>). <!-- Page 12 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page12"></a>{12}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="a-plurals (b)" title="a-plurals (b)"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ (<i>speech</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-a.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-a.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣċ-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>strǣt</i> (street), <i>sorg</i> (sorrow). Some have + the acc. sing. the same as the nom., such as <i>dǣd</i>, + <i>hand</i>, <i>miht</i>.</p> + + <p>Those in <i>-ol</i>, <i>-er</i>, <i>-or</i>, &c. + contract:—<i>sāwol</i> (soul), <i>sāwle</i>, + <i>sāwla</i>, <i>sāwlum</i>. So also <i>ċeaster</i> + (city), <i>hlǣdder</i> (ladder).</p> + + <p>Some in <i>-en</i> double the <i>n</i> in + inflection:—<i>byrþen</i> (burden), <i>byrþenne</i>. So also those + in <i>-rǣden</i>, such as <i>hierdrǣden</i> (guardianship). + Those in <i>-nes</i> also double the <i>s</i> in inflection: + <i>gōdnes</i> (goodness), <i>gōdnesse</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(2) Mutation-plurals.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Mutation-plurals" title="Mutation-plurals"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bōc (<i>book</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bēċ.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bēċ. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bōc-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bēċ. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bōc-a.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><i>Burg</i> (city), <i>byriġ</i>, <i>burge</i>; + <i>byriġ</i>, <i>burgum</i>, <i>burga</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(3) Indeclinable.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Indeclinable" title="Indeclinable"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bieldo (<i>boldness</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bieldo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> bieldo.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>ieldo</i> (age).</p> + + <p>For <i>r</i>-nouns, see under Masculines.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">WEAK MASCULINES.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Weak Masculines" title="Weak Masculines"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-a (<i>name</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> nam-ena.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 13 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page13"></a>{13}</span></p> + + <p>So also all nouns in <i>-a</i>:—<i>ġe·fēra</i> + (companion), <i>guma</i> (man), <i>ġe·lēafa</i> (belief). + <i>Ieldran</i> (elders) occurs only in the plural.</p> + + <p><i>Ġe·fēa</i> (joy) is contracted + throughout:—<i>ġefēa</i>, + <i>ġefēan</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">WEAK NEUTERS.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Weak Masculines" title="Weak Masculines"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-e (<i>eye</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ēag-ena.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>ēare</i> 'ear.'</p> + +<p class="cenhead">WEAK FEMININES.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Weak Masculines" title="Weak Masculines"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-e (<i>sun</i>). </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-an. </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> sunn-ena.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>ċiriċe</i> (church), <i>fǣmne</i> + (virgin), <i>heorte</i> (heart).</p> + + <p><i>Lēo</i> (lion) has acc., &c. <i>lēon</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">PROPER NAMES.</p> + + <p>Native names of persons are declined like other + nouns:—<i>Ælfred</i>, gen. <i>Ælfredes</i>, dat. <i>Ælfrede</i>; + <i>Ēad-burg</i> (fem.), gen. <i>Ēadburge</i>, &c.</p> + + <p>Foreign names of persons sometimes follow the analogy of native names, + thus <i>Crīst</i>, <i>Salomon</i> have gen. <i>Crīstes</i>, + <i>Salomones</i>, dat. <i>Crīste</i>, <i>Salomone</i>. Sometimes + they are declined as in Latin, especially those in <i>-us</i>, but often + with a mixture of English endings, and the Latin endings are used <!-- + Page 14 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page14"></a>{14}</span>somewhat + loosely, the accus. ending being often extended to the other oblique + cases; thus we find nom. <i>Cȳrus</i>, gen. <i>Cȳres</i>, + acc. <i>Cȳrum</i>, dat. <i>Cȳrum</i> (þǣm cyninge + Cȳrum).</p> + + <p>Almost the only names of countries and districts in Old English are + those taken from Latin, such as <i>Breten</i> (Britain), + <i>Cęnt</i> (Kent), <i>Ġermānia</i> (Germany), and + those formed by composition, generally with <i>land</i>, such as + <i>Ęnġla-land</i> (land of the English, England), + <i>Isr·ahēla-þēod</i> (Israel). In both of these cases the + first element is in the gen. pl., but ordinary compounds, such as + <i>Scot-land</i>, also occur. In other cases the name of the inhabitants + of a country is used for the country itself:—<i>on + Ēast-ęnġlum</i> = in East-anglia, lit. 'among the + East-anglians.' So also <i>on Angel-cynne</i> = in England, lit. 'among + the English race,' more accurately expressed by <i>Angelcynnes + land</i>.</p> + + <p>Uncompounded names of countries are sometimes undeclined. Thus we find + <i>on Cęnt</i>, <i>tō Hierusalēm</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Ġermānia</i>, <i>Asia</i>, and other foreign names in + <i>-a</i> take <i>-e</i> in the oblique cases, thus gen. + <i>Ġermānie</i>.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>ADJECTIVES.</h3> + + <p>Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though + with partly different endings, together with strong and weak inflection. + In the masc. and neut. sing. they have an <i>instrumental</i> case, for + which in the fem. and plur., and in the weak inflection the dative is + used.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRONG ADJECTIVES.</p> + + <p>Adjectives with a short syllable before the endings take <i>-u</i> in + the fem. sing. nom. and neut. pl. nom., those with a long one drop it. + <!-- Page 15 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page15"></a>{15}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Strong Adjectives" title="Strong Adjectives"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (<i>a</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic (<i>alive</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-u.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-ne, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-um, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-um, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-re.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-es, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-es, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-re.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Instr.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-e, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-e. </td><td class="spacsingle"> (cwicre).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-e, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-u, </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwic-ra.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>sum</i> (some), <i>fǣrlic</i> (dangerous).</p> + + <p>Those with <i>æ</i>, such as <i>glæd</i> (glad), change it to <i>a</i> + in dat. <i>gladum</i>, &c.</p> + + <p>Those in <i>-e</i>, such as <i>blīþe</i> (glad), drop it in all + inflections:—<i>blīþne</i>, <i>blīþu</i>, + <i>blīþre</i>.</p> + + <p>Those in <i>-ig</i>, <i>-el</i>, <i>-ol</i>, <i>-en</i>, <i>-er</i>, + <i>-or</i> often contract before inflections beginning with a vowel, as + in <i>hāliġ</i> (holy), <i>hālges</i>, + <i>hālgum</i>; <i>miċel</i> (great), <i>miċlu</i>, + <i>miċle</i>. Not, of course, before + consonants:—<i>hāliġne</i>, <i>miċelne</i>, + <i>miċelra</i>.</p> + + <p>Those in <i>-u</i>, such as <i>ġearu</i> (ready), change the + <i>u</i> into a <i>w</i> before vowels:—<i>ġearwes</i>, + <i>ġearwe</i>.</p> + + <p>Adjectives with long syllable before the endings drop the <i>u</i> of + the fem. and neuter:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Adjectives with long syllable before the endings" title="Adjectives with long syllable before the endings"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (<i>b</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom. Sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd (<i>good</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:right;"> <i>Plur.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gōde, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōde.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><i>Fēa</i> (few) has only the plural inflections, dat. + <i>fēam</i>, gen. <i>fēara</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Hēah</i> (high) drops its second <i>h</i> in inflection and + contracts:—<i>hēare</i>, nom. pl. <i>hēa</i>, dat. + <i>hēam</i>, acc. sing. masc. <i>hēanne</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Fela</i> (many) is indeclinable. <!-- Page 16 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page16"></a>{16}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">WEAK ADJECTIVES.</p> + + <p>The weak inflections of adjectives agree exactly with the noun + ones:-</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Weak Adjectives" title="Weak Adjectives"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-a, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-e, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-e, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-um.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> gōd-ra.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The vowel- and consonant-changes are as in the strong declension.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">COMPARISON.</p> + + <p>The comparative is formed by adding <i>-ra</i>, and is declined like a + weak adjective:—<i>lēof</i> (dear), <i>lēofra</i> + masc., <i>lēofre</i> fem., <i>lēofran</i> plur., etc.; + <i>mǣre</i> (famous), <i>mǣrra</i>. The superlative is formed + by adding <i>-ost</i>, and may be either weak or + strong:—<i>lēofost</i> (dearest).</p> + + <p>The following form their comparisons with mutation, with superlative + in <i>-est</i> (the forms in parentheses are adverbs):—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Comparisons with mutation" title="Comparisons with mutation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> eald (<i>old</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> ieldra, </td><td class="spacsingle"> ieldest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lang (<i>long</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> lęnġra, </td><td class="spacsingle"> lęnġest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> nēah (<i>near</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> (nēar), </td><td class="spacsingle"> nīehst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hēah (<i>high</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīerra, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīehst.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The following show different roots:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Comparisons with different roots" title="Comparisons with different roots"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> gōd (<i>good</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> bętera, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bętst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> yfel (<i>evil</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> wiersa, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wierrest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> miċel (<i>great</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> māra (mā), </td><td class="spacsingle"> mǣst.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lȳtel (<i>little</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣssa (lǣs), </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣst.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 17 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page17"></a>{17}</span></p> + + <p>The following are defective as well as irregular, being formed from + adverbs:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Defective comparisons" title="Defective comparisons"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ǣr (<i>formerly</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> ǣrra (ǣror), </td><td class="spacsingle"> ǣrest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fore (<i>before</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> . . . </td><td class="spacsingle"> forma, fyrmest.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ūt (<i>out</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> ȳterra, </td><td class="spacsingle"> ȳtemest.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">NUMERALS.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Numerals" title="Numerals"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> <span class="scac">CARDINAL.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">ORDINAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ān, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>one</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> forma (<i>first</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> twā, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>two</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> ōþer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þrēo, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>three</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> þridda.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fēower, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>four</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> fēorþa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fīf, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>five</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> fīf-ta.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> siex, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>six</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> siex-ta.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> seofon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>seven</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> seofoþa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> eahta, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>eight</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> eahtoþa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> nigon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>nine</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> nigoþa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> tīen, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>ten</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> tēoþa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ęndlufon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>eleven</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> ęndlyf-ta.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> twęlf, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>twelve</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> tw<span class="over">e,</span>lf-ta.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þrēo-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>thirteen</i>. </td><td class="spacsingle"> þrēo-tēoþa.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fēower-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>fourteen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fīf-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>fifteen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> siex-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>sixteen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> seofon-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>seventeen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> eahta-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>eighteen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> nigon-tīene, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>nineteen</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> twęn-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>twenty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þri-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>thirty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fēower-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>forty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fīf-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>fifty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> siex-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>sixty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 18 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page18"></a>{18}</span> + hund-·seofon-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>seventy</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hund-·eahta-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>eighty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hund-·nigon-tiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>ninety</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<table class="nob" style="margin-left: -1.15em"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hund </td><td rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hund-·tēontiġ, </td></tr> +</table> +</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>hundred</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hund-·ęndlufontiġ,</td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>hundred and ten</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hund-·twęlftiġ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>hundred and twenty</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þūsend, </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>thousand</i>.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><i>Ān</i> is declined like other adjectives.</p> + + <p><i>Twā</i> is declined thus:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Twa" title="Twa"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> twēġen, </td><td class="spacsingle"> twā, </td><td class="spacsingle"> twā.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> twǣm.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> twēġra.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>bēġen</i> (both), <i>bā</i>, + <i>bǣm</i>, <i>bēġra</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Þrēo</i> is declined thus:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Þreo" title="Þreo"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> þrīe, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þrēo, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þrēo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þrim.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þrēora.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The others up to <i>twęntiġ</i> are generally + indeclinable. Those in <i>-tiġ</i> are sometimes declined like + neuter nouns, sometimes like adjectives, and are often left undeclined. + When not made into adjectives they govern the genitive.</p> + + <p><i>Hund</i> and <i>þūsend</i> are either declined as neuters or + left undeclined, always taking a genitive:—<i>eahta hund + mīla</i> (eight hundred miles), <i>fēower þūsend + wera</i> (four thousand men).</p> + + <p>Units are always put before tens:—<i>ān and + twęntiġ</i> (twenty-one). <!-- Page 19 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page19"></a>{19}</span></p> + + <p>The ordinals are always weak, except <i>ōþer</i>, which is + always strong.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>PRONOUNS.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">PERSONAL.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Pronouns, first and second person" title="Pronouns, first and second person"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> iċ (<i>I</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> þū (<i>thou</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mē, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þē.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mē, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þē.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> mīn, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þīn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">DUAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> wit (<i>we two</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġit (<i>ye two</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> unc, </td><td class="spacsingle"> inc.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> unc, </td><td class="spacsingle"> inc.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> uncer, </td><td class="spacsingle"> incer.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> wē (<i>we</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġē (<i>ye</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ūs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ūs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēow.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> ūre, </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēower.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p> </p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Pronouns, third person" title="Pronouns, third person"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hē (<i>he</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> hit (<i>it</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēo (<i>she</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hine, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hit, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> him, </td><td class="spacsingle"> him, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hiere.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> his, </td><td class="spacsingle"> his, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hiere.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīe (<i>they</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> him.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hiera.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>There are no reflexive pronouns in O.E., and the ordinary <!-- Page 20 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page20"></a>{20}</span>personal + pronouns are used instead:—<i>hīe ġe·samnodon + hīe</i> (they collected themselves, assembled); <i>hīe + ā·bǣdon him wīf</i> (they asked for wives for + themselves). <i>Self</i> is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective + agreeing with its pronoun:—<i>swā swā hīe + wȳsċton him selfum</i> (as they wished for themselves).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">POSSESSIVE.</p> + + <p><i>Mīn</i> (my), <i>þīn</i> (thy), <i>ūre</i> (our), + <i>ēower</i> (your), and the dual <i>uncer</i> and <i>incer</i> are + declined like other adjectives. The genitives <i>his</i> (his, its), + <i>hiere</i> (her), <i>hiera</i> (their) are used as indeclinable + possessives.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">INTERROGATIVE.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Interrogative pronouns" title="Interrogative pronouns"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"> Masc. and Fem. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwā (<i>who</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwæt (<i>what</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwone, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwæt.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwǣm, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwǣm.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwæs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwæs.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Instr.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> hwȳ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hwȳ.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><i>Hwelc</i> (which) is declined like a strong adjective: it is used + both as a noun and an adjective.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">DEMONSTRATIVE.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Demonstrative pronoun Se" title="Demonstrative pronoun Se"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> se (<i>that</i>, <i>the</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> þæt, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sēo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þone, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þæt, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þā.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þǣm, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þǣm, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þǣre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þæs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þæs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þǣre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Instr.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> þȳ, þon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þȳ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> (þǣre).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þā.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þǣm.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þāra.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 21 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page21"></a>{21}</span></p> + + <p><i>Se</i> is both a demonstrative and a definite article. It is also + used as a personal pronoun:—<i>hē ġe·hīerþ + mīn word, and wyrċþ þā</i> (he hears my words, and does + them). <i>Sē</i> as a demonstrative and pers. pronoun has its vowel + long.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Demonstrative pronoun Þes" title="Demonstrative pronoun Þes"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">SINGULAR.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> Masc. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Neut. </td><td class="spacsingle"> Fem.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þes (<i>this</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> þis, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þēos.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Acc.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þisne, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þis, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þās.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þissum, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þissum, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þisse.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þisses, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þisses, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þisse.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Instr.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> þȳs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> þȳs. </td><td class="spacsingle"> (þisse).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:14em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PLURAL.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Nom.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þās.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Dat.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þissum.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Gen.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> þissa.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Other demonstratives, which are used both as nouns and as adjectives, + are <i>se ilca</i> (same), which is always weak, <i>swelc</i> (such), + which is always strong.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">RELATIVE.</p> + + <p>The regular relative is the indeclinable <i>þe</i>, as in <i>ǣlc + þāra þe þās mīn word ġe·hīerþ</i> (each of + those who hears these my words). It is often combined with + <i>sē</i>, which is declined:—<i>sē þe</i> = who, + masc., <i>sēo þe</i>, fem., &c. <i>Sē</i> alone is also + used as a relative:—<i>hēr is mīn cnapa, þone ic + ġe·ċēas</i> (here is my servant, whom I have chosen); + sometimes in the sense of 'he who':—<i>hēr þū hæfst þæt + þīn is</i> (here thou hast that which is thine).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">INDEFINITE.</p> + + <p>Indefinites are formed with <i>swā</i> and the interrogative + pronouns, thus:—<i>swā hwā swā</i>, <i>swā + hwelċ swā</i> (whoever), <i>swā hwæt swā</i> + (whatever). <!-- Page 22 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page22"></a>{22}</span></p> + + <p><i>Ān</i> and <i>sum</i> (some) are used in an indefinite + sense:—<i>ān mann</i>, <i>sum mann</i> = 'a certain man,' + hence 'a man.' But the indefinite article is generally not expressed.</p> + + <p><i>Ǣlċ</i> (each), <i>ǣniġ</i> (any), + <i>nǣniġ</i> (no, none), are declined like other + adjectives.</p> + + <p><i>Ōþer</i> (other) is always strong:—<i>þā + ōþre męnn</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Man</i>, another form of <i>mann</i>, is often used in the + indefinite sense of 'one,' French <i>on</i>:—<i>his brōþor + Horsan man of·slōg</i> (they killed his brother Horsa).</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>VERBS.</h3> + + <p>There are two classes of verbs in O.E., <i>strong</i> and <i>weak</i>. + The conjugation of strong verbs is effected mainly by means of + vowel-gradation, that of weak verbs by the addition of <i>d</i> (-ode, + -ede, -de) to the root-syllable.</p> + + <p>The following is the conjugation of the strong verb <i>bindan</i> + (bind), which will serve to show the endings which are common to all + verbs:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Strong verb bindan" title="Strong verb bindan"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. bind-e, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bind-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. bind-est, bintst, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bind-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. bind-eþ, bint, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bind-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> bind-aþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bind-en.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pret. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. band, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bund-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. bund-e, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bund-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. band, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bund-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> bund-on, </td><td class="spacsingle"> bund-en.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper. sing.</i> bind; <i>plur.</i> bind-aþ. <i>Infin.</i> bind-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> bind-ende; <i>pret.</i> ġe-·bund-en.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Gerund.</i> tō bind-enne.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>For the plural <i>bindaþ</i>, both indicative and imperative, + <i>binde</i> is used when the personal pronoun follows immediately after + <!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page23"></a>{23}</span>the + verb:—<i>wē bindaþ</i> (we bind), but <i>binde wē</i> + (let us bind); so also <i>gāþ!</i> (go plur.), but <i>gā + ġē!</i> (go ye).</p> + + <p>The present participle may be declined like an adjective. Its + declension when used as a noun is given above, p. <a + href="#page10">10</a>.</p> + + <p>The past participle generally prefixes <i>ġe-</i>, as in + <i>ġe·bunden</i>, <i>ġe·numen</i> from <i>niman</i> (take), + unless the other parts of the verbs have it already, as in + <i>ġe·hīeran</i> (hear), <i>ġe·hīered</i>. It is + sometimes prefixed to other parts of the verb as well. No <i>ġe</i> + is added if the verb has another prefix, such as <i>ā-</i>, + <i>be-</i>, <i>for-</i>; thus <i>for·ġiefan</i> (forgive) has the + past participle <i>for·ġiefen</i>. The past participle may be + declined like an adjective.</p> + + <p>Traces of an older passive voice are preserved in the form + <i>hāt-te</i> from <i>hātan</i> (call, name), which is both + present 'is called,' and preterite 'was called':—<i>se munuc + hātte Abbo</i> (the monk's name was Abbo).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRONG VERBS.</p> + + <p>In the strong verbs the plural of the pret. indic. generally has a + different vowel from that of the sing. (<i>ic band</i>, <i>wē + bundon</i>). The 2nd sing. pret. indic. and the whole pret. subj. always + have the vowel of the preterite plural indicative (<i>þū bunde, ic + bunde, wē bunden</i>.)</p> + + <p>The 2nd and 3rd persons sing. of the pres. indic. often mutate the + root-vowel, thus:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Vowel changes in pres. indic." title="Vowel changes in pres. indic."> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> a </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>becomes</i> </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ę </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>as in</i> (hē) </td><td class="qspcsingle"> stęnt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>from</i> </td><td class="qspcsingle"> standan (<i>stand</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> ea </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ie </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> fielþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> feallan (<i>fall</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> e </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> i </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> cwiþþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> cweþan (<i>say</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> eo </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ie </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> wierþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> weorþan (<i>happen</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> ā </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ǣ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> hǣtt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> hātan (<i>command</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> ō </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ē </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> grēwþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> grōwan (<i>grow</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> ēa</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> īe </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> hīewþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> hēawan (<i>hew</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> ēo</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> īe </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ċīest</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ċēosan (<i>choose</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> ū </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ȳ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> lȳcþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> lūcan (<i>close</i>).</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 24 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page24"></a>{24}</span></p> + + <p>The full ending of the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. is <i>-eþ</i>, + which is generally contracted, with the following + consonant-changes:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Vowel changes in 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic." title="Vowel changes in 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic."> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -teþ</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>becomes</i></td><td class="qspcsingle"> -tt</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>as in</i></td><td class="qspcsingle"> lǣtt</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>from</i></td><td class="qspcsingle"> lǣtan (<i>let</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -deþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -tt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> bītt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> bīdan (<i>wait</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -ddeþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -tt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> bitt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> biddan (<i>pray</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -þeþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -þþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> cwiþþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> cweþan (<i>say</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -seþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -st </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ċīest</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> ċēosan (<i>choose</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -ndeþ </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -nt </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> bint </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> bindan (<i>bind</i>).</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Double consonants become single, as in <i>hē fielþ</i> from + <i>feallan</i>.</p> + + <p>Before the <i>-st</i> of the 2nd pers. consonants are often dropt, as + in <i>þū cwist</i> from <i>cweþan</i>, <i>þū + ċīest</i> from <i>ċēosan</i>; and <i>d</i> + becomes <i>t</i>, as in <i>þū bintst</i> from <i>bindan</i>.</p> + + <p>For the changes between <i>s</i> and <i>r</i>, <i>þ</i> and <i>d</i>, + <i>g</i> and <i>h</i>, see p. <a href="#page7">7</a>.</p> + + <p>Some verbs, such as <i>sēon</i> (see), drop the <i>h</i> and + contract before most inflections beginning with a vowel:—<i>ic + sēo</i>, <i>wē sēoþ</i>, <i>tō sēonne</i>; + but <i>hē sihþ</i>.</p> + + <p>There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by + the different formation of their preterites. The following lists comprise + all the strong verbs that occur in the texts given in this book, together + with several others of the commoner ones.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>I. 'Fall'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p>The pret. sing. and pl. has <i>ēo</i> or <i>ē</i>, and the + past partic. retains the original vowel of the infinitive. <!-- Page 25 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page25"></a>{25}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Fall-conjugation" title="Fall-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="5"> (<i>a</i>) ēo-<i>preterites</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ea</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> feallan (<i>fall</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> fielþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> fēoll </td><td class="spacsingle"> fēollon </td><td class="spacsingle"> feallen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> healdan (<i>hold</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hielt </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēold </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēoldon </td><td class="spacsingle"> healden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> wealdan (<i>wield</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wielt </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēold </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēoldon </td><td class="spacsingle"> wealden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> weaxan (<i>grow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wiext </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēox </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēoxon </td><td class="spacsingle"> weaxen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ā</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> blāwan (<i>blow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> blǣwþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> blēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> blēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> blāwen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> cnāwan (<i>know</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> cnǣwþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> cnēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> cnēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> cnāwen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sāwan (<i>sow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sǣwþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> sēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sāwen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ē</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> wēpan (<i>weep</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēpþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēop </td><td class="spacsingle"> wēopon </td><td class="spacsingle"> wōpen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" colspan="5"> <i>Wēpan</i> has really a weak present (p. <a href="#page30">30</a>) with mutation (the original <i>ō</i><br /> + re-appearing in the past partic.), but it makes no + difference in the inflection.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ō</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> flōwan (<i>flow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> flēwþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> flēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> flēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> flōwen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> grōwan (<i>grow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> grēwþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> grēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> grēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> grōwen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> rōwan (<i>row</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> rēwþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> rēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> rēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> rōwen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ēa</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> bēatan (<i>beat</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bīett </td><td class="spacsingle"> bēot </td><td class="spacsingle"> bēoton </td><td class="spacsingle"> bēaten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hēawan (<i>hew</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīewþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēow </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēowon </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēawen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hlēapan (<i>leap</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hlīepþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> hlēop </td><td class="spacsingle"> hlēopon </td><td class="spacsingle"> hlēapen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="5"> (<i>b</i>) ē-<i>preterites</i>.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ā</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hātan (<i>command</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hǣtt </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēt </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēton </td><td class="spacsingle"> hāten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ǣ</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lǣtan (<i>let</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣtt </td><td class="spacsingle"> lēt </td><td class="spacsingle"> lēton </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ō</b>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fōn (<i>seize</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> fēhþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> fēng </td><td class="spacsingle"> fēngon </td><td class="spacsingle"> fangen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hōn (<i>hang</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēhþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēng </td><td class="spacsingle"> hēngon </td><td class="spacsingle"> hangen</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page26"></a>{26}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>II. 'Shake'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p>Verbs in <i>a</i> (<i>ea</i>) and <i>ę</i> (<i>ie</i>). + <i>Ō</i> in pret. sing, and pl., <i>a</i> (<i>æ</i>) in partic. + pret. <i>Standan</i> drops its <i>n</i> in the pret. The partic. pret. of + <i>swęrian</i> is irregular.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Shake-conjugation" title="Shake-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>a:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> faran (<i>go</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> færþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> fōr </td><td class="spacsingle"> fōron </td><td class="spacsingle"> faren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sacan (<i>quarrel</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sæcþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sōc </td><td class="spacsingle"> sōcon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sacen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> scacan (<i>shake</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> scæcþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> scōc </td><td class="spacsingle"> scōcon </td><td class="spacsingle"> scacen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> standan (<i>stand</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> stęnt </td><td class="spacsingle"> stōd </td><td class="spacsingle"> stōdon </td><td class="spacsingle"> standen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" colspan="5"> The following shows contraction of original <i>ea</i>:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> slēan (<i>strike</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sliehþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> slōg </td><td class="spacsingle"> slōgon </td><td class="spacsingle"> slæġen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ę:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hębban (<i>lift</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hęfþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> hōf </td><td class="spacsingle"> hōfon </td><td class="spacsingle"> hafen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sċieppan (<i>create</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> sċiepþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> scōp </td><td class="spacsingle"> scōpon </td><td class="spacsingle"> scapen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> swęrian (<i>swear</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> swęreþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> swōr </td><td class="spacsingle"> swōron </td><td class="spacsingle"> sworen</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The presents of these verbs are inflected weak, so that their + imperative sing. is <i>hęfe</i> and <i>swęre</i>, like that + of <i>węnian</i> (p. <a href="#page32">32</a>). + <i>Swęrian</i> has indic. <i>swęrige</i>, + <i>swęrest</i>, like <i>węnian</i>; <i>hębban</i> has + <i>hębbe</i>, <i>hęfst</i>, &c. like <i>hīeran</i> + (p. <a href="#page30">30</a>).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>III. 'Bind'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p><i>I</i> (<i>ie</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>eo</i>) followed by two consonants, + one or both of which is nearly always a liquid (<i>l</i>, <i>r</i>) or + nasal (<i>m</i>, <i>n</i>) in the infin., <i>a</i> (<i>æ</i>, <i>ea</i>) + in pret. sing., <i>u</i> in pret. pl., <i>u</i> (<i>o</i>) in ptc. pret. + <i>Findan</i> has a weak preterite.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Bind-conjugation" title="Bind-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>i:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> bindan (<i>bind</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bint </td><td class="spacsingle"> band </td><td class="spacsingle"> bundon </td><td class="spacsingle"> bunden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> drincan (<i>drink</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> drincþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> dranc </td><td class="spacsingle"> druncon </td><td class="spacsingle"> druncen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> findan (<i>find</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> fint </td><td class="spacsingle"> funde </td><td class="spacsingle"> fundon </td><td class="spacsingle"> funden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ġieldan (<i>pay</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġielt </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġeald </td><td class="spacsingle"> guldon </td><td class="spacsingle"> golden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (on)ġinnan (<i>begin</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> -ġinþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -gann </td><td class="spacsingle"> -gunnon </td><td class="spacsingle"> -gunnen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 27 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page27"></a>{27}</span> + grindan (<i>grind</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> grint </td><td class="spacsingle"> grand </td><td class="spacsingle"> grundon </td><td class="spacsingle"> grunden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> iernan (<i>run</i>) [p. <a href="#page7">7</a>] </td><td class="spacsingle"> iernþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> arn </td><td class="spacsingle"> urnon </td><td class="spacsingle"> urnen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ġe-·limpan (<i>happen</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> -limpþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lamp </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lumpon </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lumpen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> scrincan (<i>shrink</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> scrincþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> scranc </td><td class="spacsingle"> scruncon </td><td class="spacsingle"> scruncen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> springan (<i>spring</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> springþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sprang </td><td class="spacsingle"> sprungon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sprungen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> swincan (<i>toil</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> swincþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> swanc </td><td class="spacsingle"> swuncon </td><td class="spacsingle"> swuncen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> windan (<i>wind</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wint </td><td class="spacsingle"> wand </td><td class="spacsingle"> wundon </td><td class="spacsingle"> wunden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> winnan (<i>fight</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> winþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> wann </td><td class="spacsingle"> wunnon </td><td class="spacsingle"> wunnen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>e:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> berstan (<i>burst</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bierst </td><td class="spacsingle"> bærst </td><td class="spacsingle"> burston </td><td class="spacsingle"> borsten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> breġdan (<i>pull</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ... </td><td class="spacsingle"> bræġd </td><td class="spacsingle"> brugdon </td><td class="spacsingle"> brogden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> delfan (<i>dig</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> dilfþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> dealf </td><td class="spacsingle"> dulfon </td><td class="spacsingle"> dolfen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sweltan (<i>die</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> swilt </td><td class="spacsingle"> swealt </td><td class="spacsingle"> swulton </td><td class="spacsingle"> swolten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>eo:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> beorgan (<i>protect</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bierhþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> bearg </td><td class="spacsingle"> burgon </td><td class="spacsingle"> borgen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> beornan (<i>burn</i>) [p. <a href="#page7">7</a>] </td><td class="spacsingle"> biernþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> barn </td><td class="spacsingle"> burnon </td><td class="spacsingle"> burnen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ċeorfan (<i>cut</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ċierfþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> ċearf </td><td class="spacsingle"> curfon </td><td class="spacsingle"> corfen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> feohtan (<i>fight</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> fieht </td><td class="spacsingle"> feaht </td><td class="spacsingle"> fuhton </td><td class="spacsingle"> fohten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> weorpan (<i>throw</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wierpþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> wearp </td><td class="spacsingle"> wurpon </td><td class="spacsingle"> worpen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> weorþan (<i>become</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wierþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> wearþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> wurdon </td><td class="spacsingle"> worden</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>IV. 'Bear'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p>Verbs in <i>e</i> (<i>i</i>), followed by a single consonant, + generally a liquid or nasal; in <i>brecan</i> the liquid precedes the + vowel. <i>A</i> (<i>æ</i>) in pret. sing., <i>ǣ</i> + (<i>ā</i>) in pret. pl., <i>o</i> (<i>u</i>) in ptc. pret. + <i>Cuman</i> is irregular.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Bear-conjugation" title="Bear-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>i:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> niman (<i>take</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> nimþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> nam </td><td class="spacsingle"> nāmon </td><td class="spacsingle"> numen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>e:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> beran (<i>bear</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bierþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> bær </td><td class="spacsingle"> bǣron </td><td class="spacsingle"> boren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> brecan (<i>break</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bricþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> bræc </td><td class="spacsingle"> brǣcon </td><td class="spacsingle"> brocen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sċeran (<i>shear</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċierþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċear </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċēaron</td><td class="spacsingle"> scoren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> stelan (<i>steal</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> stilþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> stæl </td><td class="spacsingle"> stǣlon </td><td class="spacsingle"> stolen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> teran (<i>tear</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> .. </td><td class="spacsingle"> tær </td><td class="spacsingle"> tǣron </td><td class="spacsingle"> toren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 28 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page28"></a>{28}</span> + </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>u:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> cuman (<i>come</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> cymþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> cōm </td><td class="spacsingle"> cōmon </td><td class="spacsingle"> cumen</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>V. 'Give'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p>Verbs in <i>e</i> (<i>i</i>, <i>eo</i>, <i>ie</i>) followed by single + consonants, which are not liquids or nasals. This class differs from the + last only in the ptc. pret. which keeps the vowel of the infinitive.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Give-conjugation" title="Give-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>e:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> cweþan (<i>say</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwiþþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwæþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwǣdon </td><td class="spacsingle"> cweden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> etan (<i>eat</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> itt </td><td class="spacsingle"> ǣt </td><td class="spacsingle"> ǣton </td><td class="spacsingle"> eten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sprecan (<i>speak</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> spricþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> spræc </td><td class="spacsingle"> sprǣcon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sprecen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> wrecan (<i>avenge</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wricþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> wræc </td><td class="spacsingle"> wrǣcon </td><td class="spacsingle"> wrecen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>i:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> biddan (<i>pray</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bitt </td><td class="spacsingle"> bæd </td><td class="spacsingle"> bǣdon </td><td class="spacsingle"> beden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> liċġan (<i>lie</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> līþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> læġ </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣgon </td><td class="spacsingle"> leġen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sittan (<i>sit</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sitt </td><td class="spacsingle"> sæt </td><td class="spacsingle"> sǣton </td><td class="spacsingle"> seten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þiċġan (<i>receive</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> þiġeþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> þeah </td><td class="spacsingle"> þǣgon </td><td class="spacsingle"> þeġen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" colspan="5"> All these have weak presents:—imper. <i>bide</i>, <i>liġe</i>, <i>site</i>, <i>þiġe</i>.<br /> +Their <i>i</i>s are mutations of the <i>e</i> which appears in their past partic.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ie:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ġiefan (<i>give</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġiefþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġeaf </td><td class="spacsingle"> ġēafon</td><td class="spacsingle"> ġiefen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (on)ġietan (<i>understand</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> -ġiett</td><td class="spacsingle"> -ġeat </td><td class="spacsingle"> -ġēaton</td><td class="spacsingle"> -ġieten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" colspan="5"> The following is contracted in most forms:—</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sēon (<i>see</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sihþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> seah </td><td class="spacsingle"> sāwon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sewen</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>VI. 'Shine'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p>Verbs in <i>ī</i>, with pret. sing, in <i>ā</i>, pl. + <i>i</i>, ptc. pret. <i>i</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Shine-conjugation" title="Shine-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> bīdan (<i>wait</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bītt </td><td class="spacsingle"> bād </td><td class="spacsingle"> bidon </td><td class="spacsingle"> biden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> bītan (<i>bite</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bītt </td><td class="spacsingle"> bāt </td><td class="spacsingle"> biton </td><td class="spacsingle"> biten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> drīfan (<i>drive</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> drīfþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> drāf </td><td class="spacsingle"> drifon </td><td class="spacsingle"> drifen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page29"></a>{29}</span> + (be)līfan (<i>remain</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -līfþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lāf </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lifon </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lifen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> rīdan (<i>ride</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> rītt </td><td class="spacsingle"> rād </td><td class="spacsingle"> ridon </td><td class="spacsingle"> riden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> rīpan (<i>reap</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> rīpþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> rāp </td><td class="spacsingle"> ripon </td><td class="spacsingle"> ripen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (ā)rīsan (<i>rise</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -rīst </td><td class="spacsingle"> -rās </td><td class="spacsingle"> -rison </td><td class="spacsingle"> -risen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sċīnan (<i>shine</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċīnþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> scān </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċinon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċinen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> snīþan (<i>cut</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> snīþþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> snāþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> snidon </td><td class="spacsingle"> sniden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> stīgan (<i>ascend</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> stīġþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> stāg </td><td class="spacsingle"> stigon </td><td class="spacsingle"> stiġen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (be)swīcan (<i>deceive</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -swīcþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -swāc </td><td class="spacsingle"> -swicon </td><td class="spacsingle"> -swicen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ġe·wītan (<i>depart</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -wītt </td><td class="spacsingle"> wāt </td><td class="spacsingle"> -witon </td><td class="spacsingle"> -witen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> wrītan (<i>write</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wrītt </td><td class="spacsingle"> wrāt </td><td class="spacsingle"> writon </td><td class="spacsingle"> writen</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>VII. 'Choose'-conjugation.</b></p> + + <p>Verbs in <i>ēo</i> and <i>ū</i>, with pret. sing. + <i>ēa</i>, pl. <i>u</i>, ptc. pret. <i>o</i>. <i>Flēon</i> + and <i>tēon</i> contract.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Choose-conjugation" title="Choose-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. SING.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PRET. PL.</span> </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <span class="scac">PTC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> bēodan (<i>offer</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bīett </td><td class="spacsingle"> bēad </td><td class="spacsingle"> budon </td><td class="spacsingle"> boden</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> brēotan (<i>break</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> brīett </td><td class="spacsingle"> brēat </td><td class="spacsingle"> bruton </td><td class="spacsingle"> broten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ċēosan (<i>choose</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ċīest </td><td class="spacsingle"> ċēas </td><td class="spacsingle"> curon </td><td class="spacsingle"> coren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> flēogan (<i>fly</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> flīehþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> flēag </td><td class="spacsingle"> flugon </td><td class="spacsingle"> flogen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> flēon (<i>flee</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> flīehþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> flēah </td><td class="spacsingle"> flugon </td><td class="spacsingle"> flogen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> flēotan (<i>float</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> flīett </td><td class="spacsingle"> flēat </td><td class="spacsingle"> fluton </td><td class="spacsingle"> floten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hrēosan (<i>fall</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hrīest </td><td class="spacsingle"> hrēas </td><td class="spacsingle"> hruron </td><td class="spacsingle"> hroren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> hrēowan (<i>rue</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> hrīewþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> hrēaw </td><td class="spacsingle"> hruwon </td><td class="spacsingle"> hrowen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> for·lēosan (<i>lose</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -līest </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lēas </td><td class="spacsingle"> -luron </td><td class="spacsingle"> -loren</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sċēotan (<i>shoot</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċīett </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċēat </td><td class="spacsingle"> scuton </td><td class="spacsingle"> scoten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> smēocan (<i>smoke</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> smīecþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> smēac </td><td class="spacsingle"> smucon </td><td class="spacsingle"> smocen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> tēon (<i>pull</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> tīehþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> tēah </td><td class="spacsingle"> tugon </td><td class="spacsingle"> togen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ā-þrēotan (<i>fail</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -þrīett </td><td class="spacsingle"> -þrēat </td><td class="spacsingle"> -þruton </td><td class="spacsingle"> -þroten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ū:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> brūcan (<i>enjoy</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> brȳcþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> brēac </td><td class="spacsingle"> brucon </td><td class="spacsingle"> brocen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> būgan (<i>bow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bȳhþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> bēag </td><td class="spacsingle"> bugon </td><td class="spacsingle"> bogen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lūcan (<i>lock</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> lȳcþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> lēac </td><td class="spacsingle"> lucon </td><td class="spacsingle"> locen</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lūtan (<i>bow</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> lȳtt </td><td class="spacsingle"> lēat </td><td class="spacsingle"> luton </td><td class="spacsingle"> loten</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> scūfan (<i>push</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> scȳfþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sċēaf </td><td class="spacsingle"> scufon </td><td class="spacsingle"> scofen</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page30"></a>{30}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">WEAK VERBS.</p> + + <p>There are three conjugations of weak verbs—(1) in <i>-an</i>, + pret. <i>-de</i> (<i>hīeran</i>, <i>hīerde</i>, 'hear'); (2) + in <i>-ian</i>, pret. <i>-ede</i> (<i>węnian</i>, + <i>węnede</i>, 'wean'); (3) in <i>-ian</i>, pret. <i>-ode</i> + (<i>lufian</i>, <i>lufode</i>, 'love'). The verbs of the first two + conjugations nearly all have a mutated vowel in the present and + infinitive, which those of the third conjugation very seldom have.</p> + + <p><b>I.</b> <i>an-</i>verbs.</p> + + <p>This class of weak verbs has the same endings as the strong verbs, + except in the pret. and past partic., which are formed by adding + <i>-de</i> and <i>-ed</i> respectively, with the following consonant + changes.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Consonant changes in an-verbs" title="Consonant changes in an-verbs"> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -ndde</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>becomes</i></td><td class="qspcsingle"> -nde</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>as in</i></td><td class="qspcsingle"> sęnde</td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> <i>from</i></td><td class="qspcsingle"> sęndan (<i>send</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -llde </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -lde </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> fylde </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> fyllan (<i>fill</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -tde </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -tte </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> mētte </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> mētan (<i>find</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -pde </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -pte </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> dypte </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> dyppan (<i>dip</i>).</td></tr> +<tr><td class="qspcsingle"> -cde </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> -hte </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> tǣhte </td><td class="qspcsingle" style="text-align:center"> ,, </td><td class="qspcsingle"> tǣċan (<i>show</i>).</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The past partic. is generally contracted in the same + way:—<i>sęnd</i>, <i>mētt</i>, <i>tǣht</i>, but + some of them often retain the uncontracted forms:—<i>fylled</i>, + <i>dypped</i>. When declined like adjectives they drop their <i>e</i> + where practicable:—<i>fylled</i>, plur. <i>fylde</i>; + <i>hīered</i>, <i>hīerde</i>.</p> + + <p>The 2nd and 3rd pres. sing. ind. are contracted as in the strong + verbs.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<i>a</i>) 'Hear'<i>-class</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Hear-class" title="Hear-class"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. hīer-e (<i>hear</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. hīer-st, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. hīer-þ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-e.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-aþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-en.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> +<!-- Page 31 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page31"></a>{31}</span> + </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pret. sing.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. hīer-de, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-de.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. hīer-dest, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-de.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. hīer-de, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-de.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-don, </td><td class="spacsingle"> hīer-den.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper. sing.</i> hīer; <i>plur.</i> hīer-aþ. <i>Infin.</i> hīer-an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Ptc. pres.</i> hīer-ende; <i>pret.</i> hīer-ed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Gerund.</i> tō hīer-enne.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>Further examples of this class are:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Verbs of Hear-class" title="Verbs of Hear-class"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span></td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">PRET.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">PARTIC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> æt·īewan (<i>show</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -īewþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -īewde </td><td class="spacsingle"> -īewed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> cȳþan (<i>make known</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> cȳþþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> cȳþde </td><td class="spacsingle"> cȳþed, cȳdd</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> fyllan (<i>fill</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> fylþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> fylde </td><td class="spacsingle"> fylled</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> (nēa)lǣċan (<i>approach</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> -lǣċþ</td><td class="spacsingle"> -lǣhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> -lǣht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lǣdan (<i>lead</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣtt </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣdde </td><td class="spacsingle"> lǣdd</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> lęċġan (<i>lay</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> lęġþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> lęġde </td><td class="spacsingle"> lęġd</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ġe·līefan (<i>believe</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -līefþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -līefde</td><td class="spacsingle"> -līefed</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> nęmnan (<i>name</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> nęmneþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> nęmnde </td><td class="spacsingle"> nęmned</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sęndan (<i>send</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sęnt </td><td class="spacsingle"> sęnde </td><td class="spacsingle"> sęnd</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sęttan (<i>set</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sętt </td><td class="spacsingle"> sętte </td><td class="spacsingle"> sętt</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> smēan (<i>consider</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> smēaþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> smēade </td><td class="spacsingle"> smēad</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> tǣċan (<i>show</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> tǣċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> tǣhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> tǣht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> węndan (<i>turn</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> węnt </td><td class="spacsingle"> węnde </td><td class="spacsingle"> węnd</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead">(<i>b</i>) 'Seek'-<i>class</i>.</p> + + <p>In this class the mutated vowels lose their mutation in the preterite + and past partic., besides undergoing other changes in some verbs.</p> + + <p>Those in double consonants (and <i>ċġ</i>) simplify them + in the contracted 2nd and 3rd sing. pres. + indic.:—<i>sęlle</i>, <i>sęlst</i>, <i>sęlþ</i>; + <i>sęċ[,g]e</i>, <i>sęġst</i>, + <i>sęġþ</i>; also in the imperative, which is formed as in + Conj. II:—<i>sęle</i>, <i>sęġe</i>, + <i>byġe</i>, &c. <!-- Page 32 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page32"></a>{32}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Verbs of Seek-class" title="Verbs of Seek-class"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ę:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;"> <span class="scac">INFINITIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">THIRD PRES.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">PRET.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">PARTIC. PRET.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> cwęllan (<i>kill</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwęlþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> cwealde </td><td class="spacsingle"> cweald</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> ręċċan (<i>tell</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> ręċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> reahte </td><td class="spacsingle"> reaht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sęċġan (<i>say</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sęġþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sæġde </td><td class="spacsingle"> sæġd</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sęllan (<i>give</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> sęlþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sealde </td><td class="spacsingle"> seald</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> węċċan (<i>wake</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> węċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> weahte </td><td class="spacsingle"> weaht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þęnċan (<i>think</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> þęnċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> þōhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> þōht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>i:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> bringan (<i>bring</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> bringþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> brōhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> brōht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>y:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> byċġan (<i>buy</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> byġþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> bohte </td><td class="spacsingle"> boht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> þynċan (<i>appear</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> þynċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> þūhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> þūht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> wyrċan (<i>work</i>) </td><td class="spacsingle"> wyrċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> worhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> worht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> <b>ē:—</b></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> rēċan (<i>care</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> rēċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> rōhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> rōht</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> sēċan (<i>seek</i>)</td><td class="spacsingle"> sēċþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> sōhte </td><td class="spacsingle"> sōht</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>II.</b> 'Wean'-<i>conjugation</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Wean-conjugation" title="Wean-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. węn-iġe (<i>wean</i>),</td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-iġe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. węn-est, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-iġe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. węn-eþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-iġe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-iaþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-ien.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pret. sing.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. węn-ede, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-ede.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. węn-edest, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-ede.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. węn-ede, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-ede.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-edon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> węn-eden.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper.</i> węn-e, węn-iaþ. <i>Infin.</i> węn-ian.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> węn-iende; <i>pret.</i> węn-ed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Gerund.</i> tō węn-ienne.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 33 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page33"></a>{33}</span></p> + + <p>So are conjugated all weak verbs with a short mutated root syllable, + such as <i>fęrian</i> (carry), <i>węrian</i> (defend), + <i>ġe·byrian</i> (befit). There are not many of them.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><b>III.</b> 'Love'-<i>conjugation</i>.</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Love-conjugation" title="Love-conjugation"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. luf-iġe (<i>love</i>),</td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-iġe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. luf-ast, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-iġe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. luf-aþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-iġe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-iaþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-ien.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pret. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. luf-ode, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-ode.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. luf-odest, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-ode.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. luf-ode, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-ode.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-odon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> luf-oden.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper.</i> luf-a, luf-iaþ. <i>Infin.</i> luf-ian.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> luf-iende: <i>pret.</i> luf-od. <i>Gerund.</i> tō luf-ienne.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>So also <i>āscian</i> (ask), <i>macian</i> (make), + <i>weorþian</i> (honour), and many others.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Irregularities.</i></p> + + <p>Some verbs are conjugated partly after I, partly after III. Such are + <i>habban</i> (have) and <i>libban</i> (live).</p> + + <p><i>Habban</i> has pres. indic. <i>hæbbe</i>, <i>hæfst</i>, + <i>hæfþ</i>; <i>habbaþ</i>, subj. <i>hæbbe</i>, <i>hæbben</i>, pret. + <i>hæfde</i>, imper. <i>hafa</i>, <i>habbaþ</i>, particc. + <i>habbende</i>, <i>hæfd</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Libban</i> has pres. <i>libbe</i>, <i>leofast</i>, <i>leofaþ</i>; + <i>libbaþ</i>, subj. <i>libbe</i>, pret. <i>leofode</i>, imper. + <i>leofa</i>, <i>libbaþ</i>, particc. <i>libbende</i>, <i>lifiende</i>; + <i>leofod</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Fętian</i> (fetch) has pret. <i>fętte</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">STRONG-WEAK VERBS.</p> + + <p>The strong-weak verbs have for their presents old strong preterites, + from which new weak preterites are formed. Note the occasional second + person sing. in <i>t</i>. <!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page34"></a>{34}</span></p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Strong-weak verbs" title="Strong-weak verbs"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. wāt (<i>know</i>), </td><td class="spacsingle"> wite.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. wāst, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wite.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. wāt, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wite.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> witon, </td><td class="spacsingle"> witen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> <i>Pret.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> wiste.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper.</i> wite, witaþ. <i>Infin.</i> witan.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> witende; <i>pret.</i> witen.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The other most important weak-strong verbs are given below in the 1st + and 2nd sing. pres. indic., in the plur. indic., in the pret., in the + infin. and partic. pret. Of several the last two forms are doubtful, or + do not exist.</p> + + <p>Āh (<i>possess</i>), āge, āgon; āhte; + āgen (<i>only as adjective</i>)<a name="NtA4" + href="#Nt4"><sup>[4]</sup></a>.</p> + + <p>Cann (<i>know</i>) canst, cunnon; cūþe; cunnan; cūþ + (<i>only as adjective</i>.)</p> + + <p>Dearr (<i>dare</i>), durre, durron; dorste.</p> + + <p>Ġe·man (<i>remember</i>), -manst; -munde; -munan.</p> + + <p>Mæġ (<i>can</i>), miht, magon, mæġe (<i>subj.</i>); + mihte.</p> + + <p>Mōt (<i>may</i>), mōst, mōton; mōste.</p> + + <p>Sċeal (<i>shall</i>), sċealt, sculon, scyle + (<i>subj.</i>); scolde.</p> + + <p>Þearf (<i>need</i>), þurfon, þyrfe (<i>subj.</i>); þorfte; þurfan.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">ANOMALOUS VERBS.</p> + + <p>(1) Willan (<i>will</i>) shows a mixture of subj. forms in the pres. + indic. sing.:—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Willan" title="Willan"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. wile, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wile.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. wilt, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wile.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. wile, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wile.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> willaþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> willen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> <i>Pret.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> wolde, etc.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 35 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35"></a>{35}</span></p> + + <p>Similarly <i>nyllan</i> (will not):—</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Nyllan" title="Nyllan"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. nyle, </td><td class="spacsingle"> nyle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. nylt, </td><td class="spacsingle"> nyle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. nyle, </td><td class="spacsingle"> nyle.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> nyllaþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> nyllen.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> <i>Pret.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> nolde, etc.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>(2) Wesan (<i>be</i>).</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Wesan" title="Wesan"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. eom; bēo, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sīe; bēo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. eart; bist, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sīe; bēo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. is; biþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sīe; bēo.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> sind; bēoþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> sīen; bēon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pret. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. wæs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wǣre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. wǣre, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wǣre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. wæs, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wǣre.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> wǣron, </td><td class="spacsingle"> wǣren.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper.</i> wes, wesaþ; bēo, bēoþ. <i>Infin.</i> wesan; bēon.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> wesende.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The contracted negative forms are:—<i>neom</i>, <i>neart</i>, + <i>nis</i>; <i>næs</i>, <i>nǣre</i>, <i>nǣron</i>; + <i>nǣre</i>, <i>nǣren</i>.</p> + + <p>(3) Dōn (<i>do</i>).</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Don" title="Don"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. dō, </td><td class="spacsingle"> dō.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. dēst, </td><td class="spacsingle"> dō.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. dēþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> dō.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> dōþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> dōn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> <i>Pret.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> dyde, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper.</i> dō, dōþ. <i>Infin.</i> dōn.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> dōnde; <i>pret.</i> ġe·dōn.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><!-- Page 36 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36"></a>{36}</span></p> + + <p>(4) Gān (<i>go</i>).</p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Gan" title="Gan"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">INDICATIVE.</span> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <span class="scac">SUBJUNCTIVE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pres. sing.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> 1. gā, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gā.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 2. gǣst, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gā.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> 3. gǣþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gā.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>plur.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> gāþ, </td><td class="spacsingle"> gān.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:left"> <i>Pret.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēode, </td><td class="spacsingle"> ēode.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Imper.</i> gā, gāþ. <i>Infin.</i> gān.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle" style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> gangende; <i>pret.</i> ġe·gān.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>DERIVATION.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">PREFIXES.</p> + + <p>The following are the most important prefixes, some of which are + <i>verbal</i>, being confined to verbs and words formed directly from + them; some <i>nominal</i>, being confined to nouns and adjectives.</p> + + <p><b>ā-</b> (1) originally 'forth,' 'away,' as in + <i>ā·rīsan</i>, 'rise forth,' 'arise'; <i>ā·faran</i>, + 'go away,''depart'; but generally only intensive, as in + <i>ā·cwęllan</i> (kill), <i>ā·hrēosan</i> + (fall).</p> + + <p>(2) = 'ever' in pronouns and particles, where it gives an indefinite + sense, as in <i>ā-hwǣr</i> (anywhere), <i>ā-wiht</i> + (anything).</p> + + <p><b>ǣġ-</b> from <i>ā-ġe</i>-, the + <i>ā</i> being mutated and the <i>e</i> dropped, has a similar + meaning, as in <i>ǣġ-hwelc</i> (each), + <i>ǣġþer</i> = <i>ǣġ-hwæþer</i> (either).</p> + + <p><b>be-</b>, originally 'by,' 'around' (cp. the preposition <i>be</i>), + (1) specializes the meaning of a transitive verb, as in + <i>be·sęttan</i> (beset, surround), <i>be·sċieran</i> + (shear); (2) makes an intransitive verb transitive, as in + <i>be·þęnċan</i> (consider) from <i>þęnċan</i> + (think); (3) gives a privative meaning, as in <i>be·hēafdian</i> + (behead). In some words, such as <i>be·cuman</i> (come), it is + practically unmeaning. <!-- Page 37 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page37"></a>{37}</span></p> + + <p><b>for-</b> (which is distinct from the preposition <i>for</i>) + generally has the sense of 'loss' or 'destruction,' as in + <i>for·dōn</i> (destroy), <i>for·weorþan</i> (perish). Of course, + if the verb with which it is compounded already has this meaning, it acts + merely as an intensitive, as in <i>for·brēotan</i> (break up, + break), <i>for·scrincan</i> (shrink up). It also modifies in a bad sense + generally, as in <i>for·sēon</i> (despise), or negatives, as in + <i>for·bēodan</i> (forbid).</p> + + <p><b>ġe-</b> originally meant 'together,' as in + <i>ġe·fēra</i> (fellow-traveller, companion) from + <i>fēran</i> (travel). With verbs it often signifies 'completion,' + 'attainment,' and hence 'success,' as in <i>ġe·gān</i> + (conquer), originally 'go over,' or 'reach,' <i>ġe·winnan</i> (win) + from <i>winnan</i> (fight). Hence generally prefixed to + <i>hīeran</i> and <i>sēon</i>, <i>ġe·hīeran</i> + and <i>ġe·sēon</i> strictly meaning 'succeed in hearing, + seeing.' It is generally prefixed to past participles (p. <a + href="#page23">23</a>), where it originally gave the meaning of + completion—<i>ġe·lufod</i> = 'completely loved.'</p> + + <p><b>mis-</b> = 'mis,' as in <i>mis-dǣd</i> (misdeed).</p> + + <p><b>n-</b> = <i>ne</i> (not), as in <i>nā</i> (not), literally + 'never,' <i>nǣfre</i> (never), <i>næs</i> (was not) = <i>ne + wæs</i>.</p> + + <p><b>on-</b> as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition + <i>on</i>. It properly signifies 'separation,' as in + <i>on·lūcan</i> (open) from <i>lūcan</i> (lock, close), but + is often practically unmeaning, as in <i>on·ġinnan</i> (begin).</p> + + <p><b>or-</b>, literally 'out of,' is privative, as in <i>orsorg</i> + (unconcerned) from <i>sorg</i> (sorrow).</p> + + <p><b>tō-</b> as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the + preposition <i>tō</i> (which occurs in <i>tō·gædre</i>, + 'together,' &c.), but signifies 'separation,' as in + <i>tō·berstan</i> (burst asunder), <i>tō·breġdan</i> + (shake off), and hence 'destruction,' as in <i>tō·cwīesan</i> + (crush to pieces, bruise).</p> + + <p><b>un-</b> negatives, as in <i>un-ġesǣliġ</i> + (unhappy). <!-- Page 38 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page38"></a>{38}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">ENDINGS.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<i>a</i>) <span class="sc">Nouns</span>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Personal.</i></p> + + <p><b>-end</b>, from the present participle <i>-ende</i>, = + '-er':—<i>Hǣlend</i> (healer, Saviour), <i>būend</i> + (dweller).</p> + + <p><b>-ere</b> = '-er':—<i>sāwere</i> (sower), + <i>mynetere</i> (money-changer, minter) from <i>mynet</i> (coin).</p> + + <p><b>-ing</b>, patronymic, <i>æþeling</i> (son of a noble, prince) from + <i>æþele</i> (noble).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Abstract.</i></p> + + <p><b>-nes</b>, fem. from adjectives:—<i>gōd-nes</i> + (goodness), <i>rihtwīsnes</i> (righteousness).</p> + + <p><b>-uþ</b>, <b>-þo</b>, fem., generally from + adjectives:—<i>ġēoguþ</i> (youth), + <i>stręnġþo</i> (strength) from <i>strang</i>.</p> + + <p><b>-ung</b>, fem. from verbs:—<i>scotung</i> (shooting, shot), + <i>hęrgung</i> (ravaging), from <i>scotian</i>, + <i>hęrgian</i>.</p> + + <p>The following are also independent words:—</p> + + <p><b>-dōm</b>, masc.:—<i>wīs-dōm</i> (wisdom), + <i>þēow-dōm</i> (servitude).</p> + + <p><b>-hād</b>, masc.:—<i>ċild-hād</i> + (childhood).</p> + + <p><b>-rǣden</b>, fem.:—<i>ġe·cwid-rǣden</i> + (agreement) from <i>cwide</i> (speech); <i>mann-rǣden</i> + (allegiance).</p> + + <p><b>-sċipe</b>, masc.:—<i>frēond-sċipe</i> + (friendship). Concrete in <i>wæter-sċipe</i> (piece of water, + water).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">(<i>b</i>) <span class="sc">Adjectives</span>.</p> + + <p><b>-en</b>, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'belonging + to':—<i>gylden</i> (golden), <i>stǣnen</i> (of stone), + <i>hǣþen</i> (heathen) from <i>hǣþ</i> (heath). In + <i>seolcen</i> (silken) there is no mutation.</p> + + <p><b>-feald</b> = '-fold':—<i>hund-feald</i> (hundred-fold).</p> + + <p><b>-iġ</b>:—<i>miht-iġ</i> (mighty); + <i>hāl-iġ</i> (holy) from <i>hāl</i> (whole). <!-- Page + 39 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page39"></a>{39}</span></p> + + <p><b>-isc</b>, with mutation:—<i>Ęnġlisc</i> (English) + from <i>Angel</i>; <i>męnn-isc</i> (human) from <i>mann</i>.</p> + + <p><b>-ol</b>:—<i>swic-ol</i> (deceitful).</p> + + <p><b>-iht</b>, with mutation, denotes 'material,' + 'nature':—<i>stǣn-iht</i> (stony).</p> + + <p><b>-sum</b> = 'some':—<i>hīer-sum</i> (obedient).</p> + + <p>The following exist (sometimes in a different form) as independent + words:—</p> + + <p><b>-fæst</b>:—<i>sōþ-fæst</i> (truthful).</p> + + <p><b>-full</b>:—<i>sorg-full</i> (sorrowful), + <i>ġe·lēaf-full</i> (believing, pious).</p> + + <p><b>-lēas</b> = '-less':—<i>ār-lēas</i> + (dishonoured, wicked).</p> + + <p><b>-lic</b> (cp. <i>ġe·līc</i>) = + '-ly':—<i>folc-lic</i> (popular), <i>heofon-lic</i> (heavenly).</p> + + <p><b>-weard</b> = '-ward':—<i>sūþan-weard</i> + (southward).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Verbs.</span></p> + + <p><b>-lǣċan</b>:—<i>ān-lǣċan</i> + (unite), <i>ġe·þwǣr-lǣċan</i> (agree).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Adverbs.</span></p> + + <p><b>-e</b>, the regular adverb-termination:—<i>lange</i> (long), + <i>ġe·līce</i> (similarly) from <i>lang</i>, + <i>ġe·līc</i>. Sometimes <i>-līce</i> (from + <i>-lic</i>) is used to form adverbs, as <i>blīþe-līce</i> + (gladly) from <i>blīþe</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">DERIVATIONS FROM PARTICIPLES.</p> + + <p>Many abstract words are formed from present participles (often in a + passive sense) and past participles (often in an active + sense):—</p> + + <p><b>-nes</b>:—<i>for·ġiefen-nes</i> (forgiveness), + <i>ġe·ręċed-nes</i> (narrative), <i>welwillend-nes</i> + (benevolence).</p> + + <p><b>-lic</b>:—<i>unārīmed-lic</i> (innumerable).</p> + + <p><b>-līce</b>:—<i>welwillend-līce</i> + (benevolently).</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 40 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page40"></a>{40}</span></p> + +<h3>SYNTAX.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Gender</span>.</p> + + <p>When masculine and feminine beings are referred to by the same + adjective or pronoun, the adjective or pronoun is put in the + neuter:—<i>hīe ġe·samnodon hīe</i>, <i>ealle + þā hēafod-męnn, and ēac swelce wīf-menn</i> + ... <i>and þā hīe blīþost wǣron</i> ... (they + gathered themselves, all the chief men, and also women ... and when they + were most merry ...). Here <i>blīþost</i> is in the neuter + plur.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Cases</span>.</p> + + <p><b>Accusative.</b> Some verbs of asking (a question) and requesting, + together with <i>lǣran</i> (teach), take two accusatives, one of + the person, and another of the thing:—<i>hīe hine ne dorston + ǣniġ þing āscian</i> (they durst not ask him anything); + <i>wē magon ēow rǣd ġe·lǣran</i> (we can + teach you a plan).</p> + + <p>The accusative is used adverbially to express duration of time: + <i>hwȳ stande ġē hēr ealne dæġ + īdle?</i> (why stand ye here all the day idle?)</p> + + <p><b>Dative.</b> The dative in Old E. is of two kinds, (1) the dative + proper, and (2) the instrumental dative, interchanging with the regular + instrumental. It is not always easy to separate the two.</p> + + <p>(1) The dative proper usually designates personal relations, and is + frequently used with verbs, together with an accusative (generally of the + thing). The dative is also used with adjectives. It is used not only with + verbs of <i>giving</i>, &c., as in <i>hē sealde ǣlcum + ānne pęning</i> (he gave each a penny); <i>addressing</i>, as + in <i>ic ēow sęċġe</i> (I say to you), + <i>hē þancode his Dryhtne</i> (he thanked his Lord); but also with + many verbs of <i>benefiting</i>, <i>influencing</i>, &c., as in <i>ne + dō ic þē nānne tēonan</i> (I do thee no injury), + <i>hīe noldon him līefan</i> (they would not allow <!-- Page + 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page41"></a>{41}</span>them to do + so); <i>þǣm rēþum stīerde</i> (restrained the cruel + ones). Also in looser constructions, to denote the person indirectly + affected, benefited, &c., as in <i>byċġaþ ēow + ele</i> (buy for yourselves oil). Note especially the following idiom: + <i>hīe ġe·sōhton Bretene Brettum tō fultume</i> + (they came to Britain as a help to the Britains—to help them); + <i>hē clipode Crīst him tō fultume</i> (he called + Christ to his help).</p> + + <p>The dative is also used with adjectives of <i>nearness</i>, + <i>likeness</i>, &c.:—<i>Ēadmund cyning clipode + ānne biscop þe him ġe·hęndost wæs</i> (King Edmund + summoned a bishop who was nearest at hand to him); <i>heofona + rīċe is ġe·līc þǣm mangere þe sōhte + þæt gōde męregrot</i> (the kingdom of the heavens is like the + merchant who sought the good pearl).</p> + + <p>(2) The instrumental dative is used to denote the <i>instrument</i> + and <i>manner</i> of an action: <i>hē ġe·ęndode yflum + dēaþe</i> (he ended with an evil death). Hence its use to form + adverbs, as in <i>sċēafmǣlum</i> (sheafwise). It also + signifies time when:—<i>þrim ġēarum ǣr þǣm + þe hē forþ·fērde</i> (three years before he died), which is + also expressed by the instrumental itself:—<i>sēo wolde + ęfsian ǣlce ġēare þone sanct</i> (she used to cut + the saint's hair every year); <i>þȳ fēorþan ġēare + his rīċes</i> (in the fourth year of his reign). A past + participle with a noun in the instrumental dative is used like the + ablative absolute in Latin: <i>Hubba be·lāf on Norþhymbra-lande, + ġe·wunnenum siġe mid wælhrēownesse</i> (H. remained in + Northumbria, victory having been won with cruelty).</p> + + <p><b>Genitive.</b> The genitive is often used in a partitive + sense:—<i>his fēonda sum</i> (one of his enemies); <i>hiera + fīf wǣron dysiġe</i> (five of them were foolish). Hence + it is generally used with <i>fela</i>, as in <i>fela wundra</i> (many + miracles); also with numerals when used as substantives (p. <a + href="#page18">18</a>).</p> + + <p>The genitive is often used like an accusative to denote the object of + various emotions and mental states, such as <!-- Page 42 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page42"></a>{42}</span><i>joy</i>, + <i>desire</i>, <i>remembering</i>:—<i>hīe þæs fæġnodon + swīþe</i> (they rejoiced at it greatly); <i>mē lēofre + wǣre þæt ic on ġe·feohte fēolle wiþ þǣm þe + mīn folc mōste hiera eardes brūcan</i> (it would be + pleasanter to me to fall in fight that my people might enjoy (possess) + their country); <i>ic þæs ġe·wilniġe</i> (I desire that); + <i>ġif hē his fēores rōhte</i> (if he cared about + his life); <i>hē wæs þæs Hǣlendes ġe·myndiġ</i> + (he was mindful of—he remembered the Saviour).</p> + + <p>Some of these verbs, such as <i>biddan</i> (ask), take an accusative + of the person and a genitive of the thing:—<i>hē hine + hlāfes bitt</i> (he asks him for bread).</p> + + <p>Verbs of <i>depriving</i>, <i>restraining</i>, &c., have the same + construction:—<i>nis Angel-cynn be·dǣled Dryhtnes + hālgena</i> (England is not deprived of the Lord's saints).</p> + + <p>Some verbs of <i>giving</i>, &c., take a genitive of the thing and + a dative of the person:—<i>him wæs of·togen ǣlces + fōdan</i> (they were deprived of all food).</p> + + <p>The genitive is often used to <i>define</i> an adjective or + noun:—<i>þū eart wierþe slęġes</i> (thou art + worthy of death); <i>on þǣm ġēare þe Ælfred æþeling + ān and twęntiġ ġēara wæs</i> (in the year + when Prince Alfred was twenty-one).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Concord.</span></p> + + <p>Adjectives agree with their nouns not only when used attributively + (gōde męnn), but also when the adjective follows the noun, + either predicatively or in apposition:—<i>þā męnn sind + gōde</i>; <i>hē ġe·seah ōþre īdle + standan</i> (he saw others standing idle); <i>hīe cōmon mid + langum sċipum, nā manigum</i> (they came with long ships, not + many).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Apposition.</span></p> + + <p>In such expressions as 'the island of Britain,' the second noun is not + put in the genitive, but the two are simply put in <!-- Page 43 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page43"></a>{43}</span>apposition, both being + declined separately:—<i>Breten īeġland, on Bretene + (þǣm) īeġlande</i>. In 'king Alfred,' &c., the + proper name is put first in the same way:—<i>Ælfred æþeling</i> + (prince Alfred); <i>on Æþelredes cyninges dæġe</i> (in the days of + king Æþelred).</p> + + <p>There is a similar apposition with the adjective <i>sum</i> followed + by a noun or pronoun, as in <i>sume þā męnn</i> (some of the + men); <i>þā þā hē sēow, sumu hīe + fēollon wiþ weġ</i> (while he sowed, some of them [the seeds] + fell by the road). Sometimes the pronoun precedes, as in <i>þā + bǣdon hīe sume þæt Samson mōste him macian sum + gamen</i> (then some of them asked that Samson might make some sport for + them).</p> + + <p>Another kind of apposition occurs in instances like the following, + where we have an adjective agreeing with a following noun, and denoting a + part of it:—<i>hīe ġe·sǣton sūþanwearde + Bretene ǣrest</i> (they occupied the south of Britain first); + <i>sūþanweard hit</i> (= þæt land) <i>hæfdon Peohtas</i> (the Picts + had the south part of it).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">ADJECTIVES.</p> + + <p>The weak forms are used:</p> + + <p>(1) after the definite article:—<i>se æþela cyning</i> (the + noble king); <i>þæs æþelan cyninges</i>, <i>þæt gōde + męregrot</i>, <i>þā gōdan męregrotu</i>.</p> + + <p>(2) after <i>þis</i>:—<i>þās earman landlēode</i> + (these poor people, <i>pl.</i>); <i>þes hālga cyning</i> (this holy + king), <i>þisses hālgan cyninges</i>.</p> + + <p>(3) occasionally after other demonstrative and indefinite adjectives, + and often after possessive pronouns:—<i>þīne dīeglan + gold-hordas</i> (thy hidden treasures).</p> + + <p>(4) in the vocative:—<i>þū yfla þēow and + slāwa!</i> (thou bad and slothful servant); <i>ēalā + þū lēofa cyning!</i> (oh, thou dear king).</p> + + <p>Note that <i>ōþer</i> always keeps the strong form: <i>þā + ōþru dēor</i> (the other wild beasts). So also do the + possessive pronouns: <!-- Page 44 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page44"></a>{44}</span><i>þās mīn word</i> (these my + words). <i>Ān</i> in the sense of 'one' keeps the strong form to + distinguish it from the weak <i>āna</i> = 'alone': <i>þæt ān + dēorwierþe męregrot</i> (the one precious pearl).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">ARTICLES.</p> + + <p>The definite article is omitted as in Modern English before names such + as <i>God</i>, and also before <i>Dryhten</i> (the Lord), + <i>Dēofol</i> (the Devil), although <i>se Dēofol</i> also + occurs, and names of nations:—<i>Bretta cyning</i> (king of the + Britons).</p> + + <p>It is omitted in many prepositional combinations, not only in those + where it is omitted in Modern English also, as in <i>siġefæst on + sǣ and on lande</i> (victorious on sea and on land), but also in + many others: <i>ġewęnde tō wuda on·ġēan</i> + (went back to the wood); <i>se flothęre fērde eft tō + sċipe</i> (the army of pirates went back to their ships); + <i>hē fēng tō rīċe</i> (he took the + government—came to the throne).</p> + + <p>The definite article is, on the other hand, sometimes used where it + would not be in Modern E., as in <i>se mann</i> = 'man' (men in + general).</p> + + <p>The indefinite article is often not expressed at all:—<i>þæt + dyde unhold mann</i> (an enemy did that); <i>hē be·stealcode on + land swā swā wulf</i> (he stole to land like a wolf). Or it + is expressed by <i>sum</i>: <i>on þǣm lande wæs sum mann, + Lēofrīċ ġe·hāten</i> (in that country was a + man called L.). Or by <i>ān</i>, as in Modern + English<i>:—ān wulf wearþ ā·sęnd tō + be·węrienne þæt hēafod wiþ þā ōþru dēor</i> + (a wolf was sent to protect the head against the other wild beasts).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">PRONOUNS.</p> + + <p><i>Hwæt</i> is used interrogatively of persons where we should use + 'who':—<i>hē nyste hwæt hīe wǣron</i> (he did not + know who they were). <!-- Page 45 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page45"></a>{45}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">VERBS.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Number.</span></p> + + <p>After <i>ǣlc þāra þe</i> (each of-those-who) the verb is + put in the sing., agreeing not with <i>þāra þe</i> but with + <i>ǣlc</i>:—<i>ǣlc þāra þe þās mīn + word ġe·hīerþ</i> (each of those who hear these my + words).</p> + + <p>When <i>þæt</i> or <i>þis</i> is connected with a plural predicate by + means of the verb 'to be,' the verb is put in the plural:—<i>þæt + wǣron þā ǣrestan sċipu Dęniscra manna þe + Angel-cynnes land ġe·sōhton</i> (those were the first ships + of Danish men which came to the land of the English race).</p> + + <p>Impersonal verbs take an accusative of the person, sometimes also with + a genitive of the thing.</p> + + <p>Others, such as <i>þynċan</i> (appear), take a dative of the + person:—<i>wæs him ġe·þūht þæt hīe + be·hȳdden þæt hēafod</i> (they thought they (the Danes) had + hidden the head).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Tenses.</span></p> + + <p>There being no future inflection in Old E., the present is used + instead:—<i>ne ā·bȳhþ nǣfre Eādmund + Hinguare</i> (Edmund will never submit to H.); <i>gā ġē + on mīnne wīnġeard, and ic sęlle ēow þæt + riht biþ</i> (go ye into my vineyard, and I will give you what is right). + As we see in this example, there is a tendency to use <i>bēon</i> + in a future sense. Another example is <i>ġif ic bēo + ġe·bunden mid seofon rāpum, sōna ic bēo + ġe·wield</i> (if I am bound with seven ropes, I shall at once be + overcome). The future is sometimes expressed by <i>will</i> and + <i>shall</i>, as in Modern English, though generally with a sense of + volition with the one, and of necessity with the other, the idea of + simple futurity coming out most clearly in the preterites <i>wolde</i> + and <i>scolde</i>:—</p> + + <p><i>Hē ġe·lǣhte āne lēon þe hine + ā·bītan wolde</i> (he seized a lion <!-- Page 46 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page46"></a>{46}</span>that was going to devour + him); <i>hīe wēndon þæt hīe scolden māre + on·fōn</i> (they expected to receive more).</p> + + <p>The preterite has the meaning of the modern</p> + + <p>(1) Preterite and imperfect:—<i>se sāwere ūt + ēode his sǣd tō sāwenne, and þā þā + hē sēow ...</i> (the sower <i>went</i> out to sow his seed, + and while he <i>was sowing</i> ...).</p> + + <p>(2) Perfect:—<i>hēr is mīn cnapa, þone ic + ġeċēas</i> (here is my servant, whom I have + chosen);—<i>ūre cyning cōm nū hēr tō + lande</i> (our king has just landed here).</p> + + <p>(3) Pluperfect:—<i>þā þā ġe·cōmon þe ymb + þā ęndlyftan tīd cōmon</i> (when those came who + had come at the eleventh hour).</p> + + <p>Periphrastic tenses are sometimes formed, as in Modern E., by + <i>hæbbe</i> and <i>hæfde</i> with the past participles, and often have + the meanings of the modern perfect and pluperfect respectively, as in + <i>nū ic hæbbe ġestrīened ōþru twā pund</i> + (now I have gained two other pounds), but even the pluperfect often has + the sense of a simple preterite. The participle is undeclinable in the + later language, but originally it was declined, being really an adjective + in apposition to the noun or pronoun governed by <i>habban</i>: + <i>hīe hæfdon hiera cyning ā·worpenne</i> (they had deposed + their king).</p> + + <p>The pluperfect sense is often indicated by the addition of the adverb + <i>ǣr</i> (before):—<i>his swēora, þe ǣr wæs + for·slæġen</i> (his neck, which had been cut through).</p> + + <p>The periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are formed with + <i>wesan</i>:—<i>siþþan hīe ā·farene wǣron</i> + (after they had gone away). Here the participle always agrees with the + noun or pronoun with which it is connected.</p> + + <p>The periphrases with the present participle have no distinctive + meanings of duration, &c.:—<i>ān mann wæs eardiende on + Israhēla þēode, Manuē ġe·hāten</i> (a man + dwelt in Israel called Manue). <!-- Page 47 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page47"></a>{47}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Passive.</span></p> + + <p>The passive is formed with <i>wesan</i> or <i>weorþan</i> with the + past participle. These forms are very vague in meaning, and the + distinction between the two auxiliaries is not clearly marked, but + <i>wesan</i> appears to indicate a state, <i>weorþan</i> an action.</p> + + <p><i>wearþ ġe·lufod</i> is generally preterite or perfect in + meaning: <i>ān wulf wearþ ā·sęnd</i> (a wolf was sent); + <i>mīne lēofe þeġnas, þe on hiera będdum wurdon + of·slæġene</i> (my beloved thanes, who have been killed in their + beds).</p> + + <p><i>wæs ġe·lufod</i>, indicating a state, is naturally pluperfect + in meaning:—<i>se ǣrendraca sæġde his hlāforde + hū him ġe·andwyrd wæs</i> (the messenger told his lord how he + had been answered).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Subjunctive.</span></p> + + <p>The subjunctive states something not as a fact, as in the indicative, + but merely as an object of thought. Hence it is used to express wish, + conditions, doubt, &c.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">A. In principal sentences.</p> + + <p><i>Wish</i> and <i>command</i> (often nearly equivalent to the + imperative):—<i>þæs him sīe wuldor and lof ā + būtan ęnde</i> (therefore let there be to him praise and + glory ever without end); <i>ne hē ealu ne drince nǣfre oþþe + wīn</i> (nor shall he ever drink ale or wine).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">B. In dependent sentences.</p> + + <p>The chief cases are the following:—</p> + + <p>(1) In <i>indirect narrative</i> and <i>question</i>: <i>sēo + cwēn sæġde þæt hiere nǣre be healfum dǣle + ġe·sæġd be Salomones mǣrþo</i> (the queen said that she + had not been told about Solomon's glory by half); <i>ic + āsciġe hwǣr sēo offrung sīe</i> (I ask + where the offering is); <i>męnn woldon sċēawian + hū hē lǣġe</i> (men <!-- Page 48 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page48"></a>{48}</span>wished to see how he + lay). When the statement in the indirect narration is perfectly certain + in itself, and not merely accepted on the authority of the speaker, it is + put in the indicative:—<i>hē hiere sæġde on hwǣm + his miht wæs</i> (he told her what his strength consisted in).</p> + + <p>(2) After verbs of <i>desiring</i> and <i>commanding</i>:—</p> + + <p><i>þæs ic ġe·wilniġe and ġe·wysċe mid + mōde þæt ic āna ne be·līfe æfter mīnum + lēofum þeġnum</i> (that I desire and wish with heart that I + may not remain alone after my dear thanes).</p> + + <p>(3) To express <i>purpose</i>:—<i>þȳ lǣs + ġē þone hwǣte ā·wyrtwalien</i> (lest ye root up + the wheat);—<i>Dryhten ās·tāg niþer, tō bǣm + þæt hē ġe·sāwe þā burg</i> (the Lord descended, + in order that he might see the city).</p> + + <p>(4) To express <i>result</i>:—<i>þū næfst þā mihte + þæt þū mæġe him wiþ·standan</i> (thou hast not the power that + thou canst withstand him).</p> + + <p>(5) To express <i>hypothetical comparison</i> (as if):—<i>se + wulf folgode forþ mid þǣm hēafde, swelce hē tam + wǣre</i> (the wolf followed on with the head, as if he were tame); + <i>hē ġe·lǣhte āne lēon, and + tō·bræġd hīe tō styċċum, swelce + hē tō·tǣre tiċċen</i> (he seized a lion and + tore her to pieces, as if he were rending a kid).</p> + + <p>(6) In <i>conditional</i> clauses, generally with <i>ġif</i> or + <i>būtan</i>, and in <i>concessive</i> clauses with + <i>þēah</i>, <i>þēah þe</i>:—<i>God wāt þæt ic + nyle ā·būgan fram his bīgęngum ǣfre, swelte + ic, libbe ic</i> (God knows that I will not swerve from his worship ever, + whether I die or live); <i>þās flotmęnn cumaþ, and þē + cwicne ġe·bindaþ, būtan þū mid flēame þīnum + fēore ġe·beorge</i> (these pirates will come and bind thee + alive, unless thou savest thy life with flight); <i>God hielt + Ēadmund hālne his līchaman oþ þone miċlan + dæġ, þēah þe hē on moldan cōme</i> (God will keep + Edmund <!-- Page 49 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page49"></a>{49}</span>with his body whole until the great day, + although he has come to earth—been buried). Sometimes the idea of + 'if' must be got from the context:—<i>clipiaþ tō þissum + ġieftum swā hwelce swā ġē + ġe·mēten</i> (summon to this wedding whomsoever ye meet, = + <i>if</i> ye meet any one); <i>hīe be·hēton hiere + sċeattas wiþ þǣm þe hēo be·swice Samson</i> (they + promised her money in consideration of her betraying Samson, = if she + would...).</p> + + <p>When the statement is assumed as unreal, instead of merely + hypothetical, as in the above instances, both clauses are put in the + subjunctive, the preterite being substituted for the present, as in + Modern English also, where <i>if I were</i> ... implies <i>I am + not</i>.... The modern distinction between <i>if I were</i> and <i>if I + had been</i>, the former corresponding to the present indicative <i>I am + not</i>, the latter to the preterite <i>I was not</i>, is not made in Old + English, which uses <i>gif ic wǣre</i> in both instances. Sometimes + the 'if'-clause has to be supplied in thought:—<i>mē + lēofre wǣre þæt ic on ġe·feohte fēolle wiþ + þǣm þe mīn folc mōste hiera eardes brūcan</i> (I + would rather fall in fight that my people might possess their country), + where we must supply some such clause as <i>ġif hit swā + bēon mihte</i> (if it might be so—if it were possible to save + my people by my death).</p> + + <p>(7) In clauses dependant on a <i>negative sentence</i>:—<i>nis + nān þing þe his mihte wiþ·stande</i> (there is nothing that resists + his might). Sometimes the negation must be gathered from the context, as + in <i>se hālga is mǣrra þonne męnn mæġen + ā·smēan</i> (the saint is more illustrious than men can + conceive = the saint is so illustrious that no men can conceive it).</p> + + <p>(8) In other cases, to express uncertainty, futurity, &c.: + <i>þīn rīċe ġe·wītt fram þē, oþ þæt + þū wite þæt God ġe·wielt manna rīċa</i> (thy + kingdom shall depart from thee, till thou knowest that God rules the + kingdoms of men); <i>uton</i> <!-- Page 50 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page50"></a>{50}</span><i>weorþian ūrne naman, ǣr + þǣm þe wē sīen tō·dǣlde ġeond ealle + eorþan!</i> (let us make our name famous, before we are dispersed over + the earth).</p> + + <p>The preterite subjunctive is often expressed by <i>should</i> and + <i>would</i> with an infinitive, as in Modern English.</p> + + <p><i>Scolde</i> is used after verbs of <i>desiring</i>, + <i>requesting</i> and <i>commanding</i>:—<i>biddende þone + Ælmihtigan þæt hē him ārian scolde</i> (praying the Almighty + to have mercy on him). In the following example the verb of commanding is + understood from the noun <i>ǣrende</i>:—<i>hē + sęnde tō þæm cyninge bēotlic ǣrende, þæt hē + ā·būgan scolde tō his mannrǣdenne, ġif + hē his fēores rōhte</i> (he sent to the king an + arrogant message, that he was to turn to his allegiance, if he cared + about his life).</p> + + <p><i>Wolde</i> is used after verbs of <i>purpose</i>:—<i>se cyning + ēode inn þæt he wolde ġe·sēon þā þe þǣr + sǣton</i> (the king went in to see those who were sitting + there).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Infinitive.</span></p> + + <p>After verbs of commanding the infinitive often seems to have a passive + sense:—<i>hīe hēton him sęndan māran + fultum</i> (they ordered that more forces should be sent to them). So + also after verbs of hearing, &c.:—<i>þæt mǣste wæl þe + wē sęċġan hīerdon</i> (the greatest + slaughter we have heard told of). In such cases an indefinite pronoun has + been omitted: 'ordered them to send ...' etc.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Gerund.</span></p> + + <p>The gerund is used—</p> + + <p>(1) to express purpose:—<i>ūt ēode se sāwere + his sǣd tō sāwenne</i> (the sower went forth to sow his + seed).</p> + + <p>(2) it defines or determines an adjective (adverb or noun): <i>hit is + scandlic ymb swelc tō sprecenne</i> (it is shameful to speak of + such things). <!-- Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page51"></a>{51}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">PREPOSITIONS.</p> + + <p>Some prepositions govern the accusative, such as <i>þurh</i> + (through), <i>ymbe</i> (about); some the dative (and instrumental), such + as <i>æfter</i> (after), <i>ǣr</i> (before), <i>æt</i> (at), + <i>be</i> (by), <i>binnan</i> (within), <i>būtan</i> (without), + <i>for</i> (for), <i>fram</i> (from), <i>of</i> (of), <i>tō</i> + (to).</p> + + <p>Some govern both accusative and dative, such as <i>ofer</i> (over), + <i>on</i> (on, in), <i>under</i> (under). The general rule is that when + motion is implied they take the accusative, when rest is implied, the + dative. Thus <i>on</i> with the accusative signifies 'into,' with the + dative 'in.' But this rule is not strictly followed, and we often find + the accusative used with verbs of rest, as in <i>hē his hūs + ġe·timbrode ofer stān</i> (he built his house on a rock), and + conversely, the dative with verbs of motion, as in <i>hīe + fēollon on stǣnihte</i> (they fell on stony ground).</p> + + <p>As regards the use and meaning of the prepositions, it must be noticed + that <i>in</i> is very seldom used, its place being supplied by + <i>on</i>, the meaning 'on' being in its turn often expressed by + <i>ofer</i>, as in the passage just quoted.</p> + + <p>When a thing is referred to, <i>þǣr</i> is substituted for + <i>hit</i>, the preposition being joined on to the <i>þǣr</i>, so + that, for instance, <i>þǣr-tō</i> corresponds to <i>tō + him</i>; <i>hīe lǣddon þone cyning tō ānum + trēowe, and tīeġdon hine þǣr-tō</i> (they + led the king to a tree, and tied him to it). So also + <i>hēr-beēastan</i> is equivalent to 'east of this + (country).'</p> + + <p>Prepositions sometimes follow, instead of preceding the words they + modify, sometimes with other words intervening: <i>hīe scuton mid + gafelocum him tō</i> (they shot at him with missiles); <i>hīe + cwǣdon him be·twēonan</i> (they said among themselves); + <i>þǣm Ælmihtigan tō lofe, þe hīe on + ġe·līefdon</i> (to the praise of the Almighty, in whom they + believed), where <i>on</i> <!-- Page 52 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page52"></a>{52}</span>refers to the indeclinable <i>þe</i>. So + also in <i>þæt hūs þe hē inne wunode</i> (the house he dwelt + in).</p> + + <p>Where the noun modified by such a preposition is not expressed, the + preposition becomes an adverb: <i>se cyning sęnde his hęre + tō, and for·dyde þā mannslagan</i> (the king sent his army to + the place, and destroyed the murderers).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Negation.</span></p> + + <p>The negative particle is <i>ne</i>, which drops its <i>e</i> before + some common verbs and pronouns, as in <i>nis</i> = <i>ne is</i>, + <i>nān</i> = <i>ne ān</i>. The negative particle is prefixed + to every finite verb in a sentence, and to all the words besides which + admit the contracted forms:—<i>tō·cwīesed hrēod + hē ne for·brīett</i> (he breaks not the bruised reed), <i>hit + nā ne fēoll</i> (it did not fall); <i>nān mann nyste + nān þing</i> (no man knew anything). So also with <i>ne ... ne</i> + = 'neither ... nor': <i>ne flītt hē ne hē ne + hrīemþ</i> (he neither disputes nor cries out).</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Correlation.</span></p> + + <p>Correlation is often more fully expressed in Old than in Modern + English, as in <i>þā þā męnn slēpon, þā + cōm his fēonda sum</i> = '<i>when</i> the men slept, + <i>then</i> came one of his enemies.' In <i>þā þā</i> = + 'when' the two correlatives are brought immediately + together:—<i>þā þā hē sēow, sumu hīe + fēollon wiþ weġ</i> = 'then when he sowed, some of them fell + by the road.' In the following example the conjunction <i>þæt</i> is + correlative with the pronoun <i>þæt</i>:—<i>þæs ic + ġe·wilniġe þæt ic āna ne be·līfe æfter + mīnum lēofum þeġnum</i>—'that I desire, that I + may not remain alone after my dear thanes.' Sometimes a word is used to + include both the demonstrative and the relative + meaning:—<i>hē ġe·brōhte hine þǣr hē + hine ǣr ġe·nam</i> (he brought him to the place where he took + him from). <!-- Page 53 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page53"></a>{53}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="sc">Word-Order.</span></p> + + <p>The Old English word-order resembles that of German in many respects, + though it is not so strict, thus:—</p> + + <p>The verb comes before its nominative when the sentence is headed by an + adverb or adverbial group, or when the object or predicate is put at the + head of the sentence:—<i>þā cwæþ se cyning</i> (then said the + king); <i>ǣrest wǣron būend þisses landes Brettas</i> + (at first the Britons were the inhabitants of this country); <i>on his + dagum cōmon ǣrest þrēo sċipu</i> (in his days + three ships first came); <i>þæt bǣron olfendas</i> (camels carried + it); <i>mǣre is se God þe Daniēl on be·līefþ</i> (great + is the God that Daniel believes in).</p> + + <p>The infinite often comes at the end of the sentence; <i>wē magon + ēow rǣd ġe·lǣran</i> (we can teach you a + plan).</p> + + <p>The finite verb often comes at the end in dependent sentences, an + auxiliary verb often coming after an infinitive or participle; <i>þæt + wǣron þā ǣrestan sċipu Dęniscra manna þe + Angel-cynnes land ġe·sōhton</i> (those were the first ships + of Danish men which came to the land of the English race); <i>þæt + mǣste wæl þe wē sęċġan hīerdon oþ + þisne andweardan dæġ</i> (the greatest slaughter that we have heard + tell of up to this present day); <i>þæt hīe þone Godes mann + ā·bitan scolden</i> (in order that they should devour the man of + God).</p> + + <p>There is a tendency to put the verb at the end in principal sentences + also, or, at least, to bring it near the end: <i>hiene man + of·slōg</i> (they killed him); <i>hīe þǣr siġe + nāmon</i> (they got the victory there).</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<p><!-- Page 54 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page54"></a>{54}</span></p> + +<h3>GENERAL TABLE OF ENDINGS.</h3> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Endings - nouns and adjectives" title="Endings - nouns and adjectives"> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="6"> NOUNS.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">STRONG.</span> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">WEAK.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"><i>M.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"><i>N.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"><i>F.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"><i>M.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"><i>N.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"><i>F.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Sg. N.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(u) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -a </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>A.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(e) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>D.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>G.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -es </td><td class="spacsingle"> -es </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:8em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pl. N.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -as </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(u)</td><td class="spacsingle"> -a </td><td class="spacsingle"></td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>D.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -um </td><td class="spacsingle"> -um </td><td class="spacsingle"> -um </td><td class="spacsingle"></td><td class="spacsingle"> -um</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>G.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -a </td><td class="spacsingle"> -a </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(en)a </td><td class="spacsingle"></td><td class="spacsingle"> -ena</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="6"> ADJECTIVES.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Sg. N.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(u) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -a </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>A.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -ne </td><td class="spacsingle"> — </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(e) </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>D.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -um </td><td class="spacsingle"> -um </td><td class="spacsingle"> -re </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>G.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -es </td><td class="spacsingle"> -es </td><td class="spacsingle"> -re </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>I.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle">(-re) </td><td class="spacsingle">(-an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an)</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pl. N.</i></td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(u)</td><td class="spacsingle"> -e </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:8em" alt="brace" /></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> <a href="images/$ubrace.png"><img src="images/$ubrace.png" class="middle" style="height:1.5ex; width:8em" alt="brace" /></a> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> -an</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>D.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> -um </td><td class="spacsingle"></td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> -um</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>G.</i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> -ra </td><td class="spacsingle"></td><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> -ra</td></tr> +</table> + + <p> </p> + +<table class="nobctr" summary="Endings - verbs" title="Endings - verbs"> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="8"> VERBS.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="3"> <span class="scac">PRESENT.</span> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="4"> <span class="scac">PRETERITE.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td class="spacsingle"> </td><td class="spacsingle"> <i>Indic.</i> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <i>Subj.</i> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <i>Indic.</i> </td><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="2"> <i>Subj.</i></td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Sg.</i> 1.</td><td class="spacsingle"> -e; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -iġe</td><td class="spacsingle"> -(iġ)e </td><td class="spacsingle"> - ; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -de </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -de</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> 2.</td><td class="spacsingle"> -(e)st;</td><td class="spacsingle"> -ast </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(iġ)e </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -dest </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -de</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> 3.</td><td class="spacsingle"> -(e)þ; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -aþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(iġ)e </td><td class="spacsingle"> - ; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -de </td><td class="spacsingle"> -e; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -de</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> <i>Pl. </i> </td><td class="spacsingle"> -aþ; </td><td class="spacsingle"> -iaþ </td><td class="spacsingle"> -(i)en </td><td class="spacsingle"> -on;</td><td class="spacsingle"> -don </td><td class="spacsingle"> -en;</td><td class="spacsingle"> -den</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="8"> <i>Imper. sg.</i> -(a); <i>pl.</i> -(i)aþ. <i>Infin.</i> -(i)an.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="nspcsingle" style="text-align:center" colspan="8"> <i>Partic. pres.</i> -(i)ende; <i>pret.</i> -en, -ed, -od. <i>Ger.</i> (i)enne.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 55 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page55"></a>{55}</span></p> + +<h2>TEXTS.</h2> + +<h3>I.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">SENTENCES.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ān on-ġinn is ealra þinga, þæt is God æl-mihtiġ. Se</p> + <p>ġe·lēafa þe biþ būtan gōdum weorcum, sē is dēad; þis sind</p> + <p>þāra apostola word. Ic eom gōd hierde: se gōda hierde</p> + <p>sęlþ his āgen līf for his sċēapum. Ūre Ā·līesend is se gōda</p> + <div class="linenum">5</div><p>hierde, and wē crīstene męnn sind his sċeap. Se mōna his</p> + <p>leoht ne sęlþ, and steorran of heofone feallaþ. Swā swā</p> + <p>wæter ā·dwǣsċþ fȳr, swā ā·dwǣsċþ sēo ælmesse synna.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ealle ġe·sċeafta, heofonas and ęnġlas, sunnan and mōnan,</p> + <p>steorran and eorþan, eall nīetenu and ealle fuglas, sǣ and</p> + <div class="linenum">10</div><p>ealle fiscas God ġe·scōp and ġe·worhte on siex dagum; and</p> + <p>on þǣm seofoþan dæġe hē ġe·ęndode his weorc; and hē</p> + <p>be·hēold þā eall his weorc þe hē ġe·worhte, and hīe wǣron</p> + <p>eall swīþe gōd. Hē fērde ġeond manigu land, bodiende</p> + <p>Godes ġe·lēafan. Hē for·lēt eall woruld-þing. Se cyning</p> + <div class="linenum">15</div><p>be·bēad þæt man scolde ofer eall Angel-cynn sċipu wyrċan;</p> + <p>and hiera wæs swā fela swā nǣfre ǣr ne wæs on nānes</p> + <p>cyninges dæġe. Se cyning hēt of·slēan ealle þā Dęniscan</p> + <p>męnn þe on Angel-cynne wǣron.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā ne mihton hīe him nān word and-swarian, ne nān</p> + <div class="linenum">20</div><p>mann ne dorste hine nān þing māre āscian. Hīe fuhton</p> +<!-- Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page56"></a>{56}</span> + <p>on þā burg ealne dæġ, and þōhton þæt hīe hīe scolden</p> + <p>ā·brecan. Se eorl ġe·węnde west tō Īr-lande, and wæs þǣr</p> + <p>ealne þone winter. Æþelred cyning and Ælfred his brōþor</p> + <p>fuhton wiþ ealne þone hęre on Æsces-dūne.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">25</div><p>Se mann is ēċe on ānum dǣle, þæt is, on þǣre sāwle;</p> + <p>hēo ne ġe·ęndaþ nǣfre. Ġif se biscop dēþ be his āgnum</p> + <p>willan, and wile bindan þone un-scyldigan, and þone scyldigan</p> + <p>ā·līesan, þonne for·līest hē þā miht þe him God</p> + <p>for·ġeaf. Þēod winþ on·ġēan þēode, and rīċe on·ġēan rīċe.</p> + <div class="linenum">30</div><p>Ealle męnn ēow hatiaþ for mīnum naman. Hē ġe·worhte</p> + <p>fela wundra binnan þǣm fierste þe hē biscop wæs. Hē</p> + <p>ġe·hǣlde sum wīf mid hālgum wætre. Se cyning wearþ</p> + <p>of·slæġen fram his āgnum folce. On þǣm ilcan ġēare wæs</p> + <p>se miċla hungor ġeond Angel-cynn. Se mæsse-prēost āscaþ</p> + <div class="linenum">35</div><p>þæt ċild, and cwiþþ: 'Wiþ·sæcst þū dēofle?' Þonne andwyrt</p> + <p>se god-fæder, and cwiþþ: 'Ic wiþ·sace dēofle.' God</p> + <p>ælmihtiga, ġe·miltsa mē synn-fullum! Æþelred cyning cōm</p> + <p>hām tō his āgenre þēode, and hē glædlīce fram him eallum</p> + <p>on·fangen wearþ.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">40</div><p>Crīst, ūre Dryhten, be·bēad his leornung-cnihtum þæt</p> + <p>hīe scolden tǣċan eallum þēodum þā þing þā hē self him</p> + <p>tǣhte. Ġif ġē for·ġiefaþ mannum hiera synna, þonne for·giefþ</p> + <p>ēower se heofonlica Fæder ēowre synna. Ne mæġ nān</p> + <p>mann twǣm hlāfordum þēowian: oþþe hē ānne hataþ and</p> + <div class="linenum">45</div><p>ōþerne lufaþ, oþþe hē biþ ānum ġe·hīersum and ōþrum unġehīersum.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Se cyning nam þæs eorles sunu mid him tō Ęnġla-lande.</p> + <p>Męnn be·hōfiaþ gōdre lāre on þissum tīman, þe is ġe·ęndung</p> + <p>þisse worulde. Se līchama, þe is þǣre sāwle rēaf, andbīdaþ</p> + <div class="linenum">50</div><p>þæs miċlan dōmes; and þēah hē bēo tō dūste for·molsnod,</p> +<!-- Page 57 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page57"></a>{57}</span> + <p>God hine ā·rǣrþ, and ġe·bringþ tō·gædre sāwle and</p> + <p>līchaman tō þǣm ēċan līfe. Hwelc fæder wile sęllan his</p> + <p>ċilde stān, ġif hit hine hlāfes bitt? Ā·ġiefaþ þǣm cāsere þā</p> + <p>þing þe þæs cāseres sind, and Gode þā þing þe Godes sind.</p> + <div class="linenum">55</div><p>Sēo sāwol and-bīdaþ þæs ēċan ǣristes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hē wæs cyning ofer eall Ęnġla-land twęntiġ wintra. God</p> + <p>ælmihtiġ is ealra cyninga cyning, and ealra hlāforda hlāford.</p> + <p>Dēofol is ealra un-riht-wīsra manna hēafod, and þā</p> + <p>yflan męnn sind his limu. Synnfulra manna dēaþ is yfel and</p> + <div class="linenum">60</div><p>earmlic, for þǣm þe hīe faraþ of þissum scortan līfe tō ēċum</p> + <p>wītum. Hū fela hlāfa hæbbe ġē? Seofon, and fēa fisca.</p> + <p>Ne ġe·wilna þū ōþres mannes ǣhta!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>On þǣm landum eardodon Ęnġle, ǣr þǣm þe hīe hider on</p> + <p>land cōmon. Hīe fuhton on þā burg ealne dæġ, ac hīe ne</p> + <div class="linenum">65</div><p>mihton hīe ā·brecan. Þā ēodon hīe tō hiera sċipum. Þǣr</p> + <p>bēoþ swīþe maniġe byriġ on þǣm lande, and on ǣlcre byriġ</p> + <p>biþ cyning.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>God cwæþ tō Noē: 'Ic wile for·dōn eall mann-cynn mid</p> + <p>wætre for hiera synnum, ac ic wile ġe·healdan þē, and þīn</p> + <div class="linenum">70</div><p>wīf, and þīne þrīe suna.' Ān mann hæfde twēġen suna; þā</p> + <p>cwæþ hē tō þǣm ieldran: 'gā and wyrċ tō·dæġ on mīnum</p> + <p>wīn-ġearde.' Þā cwæþ hē: 'ic nyle:' ēode þēah siþþan tō</p> + <p>þǣm wīnġearde. Hē dyde his fæder willan. Se prēost</p> + <p>cwæþ tō þǣm folce: 'Ic ēow blētsiġe on naman þæs Fæder,</p> + <div class="linenum">75</div><p>þæs Suna, and þæs Hālgan Gāstes.' Āra þīnum fæder and</p> + <p>þīnre mēder! Sum wīf cōm tō Crīste, and bæd for hiere</p> + <p>dehter. Sēo dohtor wearþ ġe·hǣled þurh ġe·lēafan þǣre</p> + <p>mōdor.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Bēoþ ġe·myndiġe þāra twēġra worda þe Dryhten cwæþ on</p> +<!-- Page 58 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page58"></a>{58}</span> + <div class="linenum">80</div><p>his god-spelle! Hē cwæþ: 'For·ġiefaþ, and ēow biþ for·ġiefen;</p> + <p>sęllaþ, and ēow biþ ġe·seald.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Twēġen męnn ēodon intō Godes temple hīe tō ġe·biddenne.</p> + <p>Ælfred cyning fōr mid þrim sċipum ūt on sǣ, and</p> + <p>ġe·feaht wiþ fēower sċip-hlæstas Dęniscra manna, and þāra</p> + <div class="linenum">85</div><p>sċipa twā ġe·nam, and þā męnn of·slæġene wǣron þe</p> + <p>þǣr-on wǣron. Þā cōmon þrēo sċipu. Þā ġe·fēngon hīe</p> + <p>þāra þrēora sċipa twā, and þˉa męnn of·slōgon, ealle būtan</p> + <p>fīfum. Se wītega ā·wrāt be þǣm fēower nīetenum þe him</p> + <p>æt·īewdu wǣron, þæt hīe hæfden ēagan him on ǣlce healfe.</p> + <div class="linenum">90</div><p>Ān þāra nīetena wæs on męnniscre onsīene him æt·īewed,</p> + <p>ōþer on lēon onsīene, þridde on ċealfes, fēorþe on earnes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>God þone ǣrestan mann rihtne and gōdne ġe·scōp, and</p> + <p>eall mann-cynn mid him. Ælfred Æþelwulfing wæs cyning</p> + <p>ofer eall Angel-cynn būtan þǣm dǣle þe under Dęna onwealde</p> + <div class="linenum">95</div><p>wæs. Ǣlc gōd trēow bierþ gōde wæstmas, and ǣlc</p> + <p>yfel trēow bierþ yfle wæstmas; ne mæġ þæt gōde trēow</p> + <p>beran yfle wæstmas, ne þæt yfle trēow gōde wæstmas.</p> + <p>Ēadigu sind ēowru ēagan, for þǣm þe hīe ġe·sēoþ, and</p> + <p>ēowru ēaran, for þǣm þe hīe ġe·hīeraþ. Swā hwā swā sęlþ</p> + <div class="linenum">100</div><p>ānum þurstigum męnn ċeald wæter on mīnum naman, ne</p> + <p>for·līest hē his mēde. Ne fare ġē on hǣþenra manna weġe!</p> + <p>Gōd mann of gōdum gold-horde bringþ gōd forþ; and yfel</p> + <p>mann of yflum goldhorde bringþ yfel forþ.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Gregōrius se hālga pāpa is rihtlīce ġe·cweden Ęnġliscre</p> + <div class="linenum">105</div><p>þēode apostol. Þā hē ġe·seah þæt se mǣsta dǣl þǣre þēode</p> + <p>his lāre for·sāwon, þā for·lēt hē hīe, and ġe·ċēas þā hǣþnan</p> + <p>lēode. Ġif se blinda blindne lǣtt, hīe feallaþ bēġen on ānne</p> + <p>pytt. Se Hālga Gāst is lufu and willa þæs Fæder and þæs</p> + <p>Suna; and hīe sind ealle ġe·līce mihtiġe. Bętere is sēo</p> + <div class="linenum">110</div><p>sāwol þonne se męte, and bętera se līchama þonne his scrūd.</p> +<!-- Page 59 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page59"></a>{59}</span> + <p>Sēo sāwol is gāst, and be eorþlicum męttum ne leofaþ.</p> + <p>Be·healdaþ þās flēogendan fuglas, þe ne sāwaþ ne ne rīpaþ,</p> + <p>ac se heofonlica Fæder hīe ā·fētt. Hē cwæþ, 'Ic neom</p> + <p>ōþrum mannum ġe·līc;' swelce hē cwǣde, 'Ic āna eom rihtwīs,</p> + <div class="linenum">115</div><p>and þā ōþre sind synn-fulle.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā se Hǣlend þanon fōr, þā folgodon him twēġen blinde,</p> + <p>cweþende: 'Ġe·miltsa unc, Davīdes sunu!' Hē cwæþ tō</p> + <p>him: 'Ġe·līefe ġit þæt ic inc mæġe ġe·hælan?' Hē cwæþ:</p> + <p class="hg1">'Sīe inc æfter incrum ġe·lēafan.' Æþelstān cyning fōr</p> + <div class="linenum">120</div><p>inn on Scot-land, ǣġþer ġe mid land-hęre ġe mid sċip-hęre,</p> + <p>and his miċel ofer·hęrgode. Se mann þe God for·ġiett, God</p> + <p>for·ġiett ēac hine. Faraþ, and lǣraþ ealle þēoda! Lǣraþ</p> + <p>hīe þæt hīe healden eall þā þing þe ic ēow be·bēad! Sume</p> + <p>męnn sæġdon be him þæt hē wǣre Ælfredes sunu cyninges.</p> + <div class="linenum">125</div><p>Se Hǣlend āscode his leornung-cnihtas, 'Hwone sęċġaþ</p> + <p>męnn þæt sīe mannes Sunu?' Hwæt sęċġe ġē þæt ic sīe?</p> + <p>Þū eart þæs libbendan Godes sunu. Crīst cwæþ be his</p> + <p>Fæder: 'Ġē sęċġaþ þæt hē ēower God sīe, and ġē hine ne</p> + <p>on·cnēowon.' Ġif hīe þone hālgan Fæder on·cnēowen,</p> + <div class="linenum">130</div><p>þonne under·fēngen hīe mid ġe·lēafan his Sunu, þe hē ā·sęnde</p> + <p>tō middan-ġearde. Se weġ is swīþe nearu and sticol</p> + <p>sē þe lǣtt tō heofona rīċe; and se weġ is swīþe brād and</p> + <p>smēþe sē þe lǣtt tō hęlle wĭte. Dysiġ biþ se weġ-fērenda</p> + <p>mann sē þe nimþ þone smēþan weġ þe hīne mis-lǣtt, and</p> + <div class="linenum">135</div><p>for·lǣtt þone sticolan þe hine ġe·bringþ tō þǣre byriġ. Þæt</p> + <p>ic ēow sęċġe on þēostrum, sęċġaþ hit on leohte; and þæt</p> + <p>ġē on ēare ġe·hīeraþ, bodiaþ uppan hrōfum. Hīe scufon ūt</p> + <p>hiera sċipu, and ġe·węndon him be·ġeondan sǣ.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Healdaþ and dōþ swā hwæt swā hīe sęċġaþ; and ne dō</p> + <div class="linenum">140</div><p>ġē nā, æfter hiera weorcum: hīe sęċġaþ, and ne dōþ. Eall</p> + <p>hiera weorc hīe dōþ þæt męnn hīe ġe·sēon. Hīe lufiaþ þæt</p> +<!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page60"></a>{60}</span> + <p>man hīe grēte on strǣtum. Ēalā ġē nǣddran and nǣddrena</p> + <p>cynn, hū flēo ġē fram hęlle dōme?</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wē sind ealle cuman on þissum and-weardan līfe, and</p> + <div class="linenum">145</div><p>ūre eard nis nā hēr; ac wē sind hēr swelce weġ-fērende</p> + <p>męnn: ān cymþ, ōþer færþ. Hwelc mann sęlþ his bearne</p> + <p>nǣddran, ġif hit fisces bitt? Ǣlc þāra þe bitt, hē on·fēhþ;</p> + <p>and sē þe sēċþ, hē hit fint. Ne gǣþ ǣlc þāra on heofona</p> + <p>rīċe þe cwiþþ tō mē, 'Dryhten, Dryhten;' ac sē þe wyrċþ</p> + <div class="linenum">150</div><p>mīnes Fæder willan þe on heofonum is, sē gǣþ on heofona</p> + <p>rīċe. Nis hit nā gōd þǣt man nime bearna hlāf and hundum</p> + <p>weorpe. Ic hæbbe þeġnas under mē: and ic cweþe tō</p> + <p>þissum, 'gā,' and hē gǣþ; and tō ōþrum, 'cum,' and hē</p> + <p>cymþ, and tō mīnum þēowe, 'wyrċ þis,' and hē wyrċþ.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">155</div><p>Se Hǣlend ġe·nam þā fīf hlāfas, and blētsode, and tō·bræc,</p> + <p>and tō·dǣlde be·twix þǣm sittendum; swā ġe·līce ēac</p> + <p>þā fiscas tō·dǣlde; and hīe ealle ġe·nōg hæfdon. Þā þe</p> + <p>þǣr ǣton wǣron fēower þūsend manna, būtan ċildum and</p> + <p>wīfum. Hīe cōmon tō him, and tō him ġebǣdon, and þus</p> + <div class="linenum">160</div><p>cwǣdon: 'Sōþlīce þū eart Godes sunu.' Ne wēne ġē þæt</p> + <p>ic cōme sibbe on eorþan to sęndenne: ne cōm ic sibbe tō</p> + <p>sęndenne, ac sweord. Hē be·bēad þæt hīe sǣten ofer þǣre</p> + <p>eorþan. Hē sæġde þæt Norþ-manna land wǣre swīþe lang</p> + <p>and swīþe smæl.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">165</div><p>Hīe ealle on þone cyning wǣron feohtende, oþ þæt hīe</p> + <p>hine ofslæġenne hæfdon. Ǣlc mann þe ōþre męnn for·sihþ</p> + <p>biþ fram Gode for·sewen. Sē þe ēaran hæbbe tō ġe·hiērenne,</p> + <p>ġe·hīere. Gōd is ūs hēr tō bēonne.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>God cwæþ tō ānum wītegan, sē wæs Ionas ġe·hāten:</p> + <div class="linenum">170</div><p class="hg1">'Far tō þǣre byriġ, and boda þǣr þā word þe ic þē sęċġe.'</p> +<!-- Page 61 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page61"></a>{61}</span> + <p>Lufiaþ ēowre fīend, and dōþ wel þǣm þe ēow yfel dōþ.</p> + <p>Lufa Dryhten þīnne God on ealre þīnre heortan, and on</p> + <p>ealre þīnre sawle, and on eallum þīnum mōde. Sē þe ne</p> + <p>lufaþ his brōþor, þone þe hē ġe·sihþ, hū mæġ hē lufian God,</p> + <div class="linenum">175</div><p>þone þe hē ne ġe·sihþ līcham-līce? Sęġe ūs hwonne þās</p> + <p>þing ġe·weorþen, and hwelc tācen sīe þīnes tō-cymes and</p> + <p>worulde ġe·ęndunge.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Se Hǣlend cwæþ tō ānum his leornung-cnihta, sē wæs</p> + <p>hāten Philippus: 'Mid hwǣm magon wē byċġan hlāf þissum</p> + <div class="linenum">180</div><p>folce?' Wel wiste Crīst hwæt hē dōn wolde, and hē wiste</p> + <p>þæt Philippus þæt nyste. God mæġ dōn eall þing; wē</p> + <p>sculon wundrian his mihte, and ēac ġe·līefan. Crīst ā·rǣrde</p> + <p>Lazarum of dēaþe, and cwæþ tō his leornung-cnihtum: 'Tō·līesaþ</p> + <p>his bęndas, þæt hē gān mæġe.' God is ælmihtiġ,</p> + <div class="linenum">185</div><p>and mæġ dōn eall þæt hē wile. Ġē nyton on hwelcre tīde</p> + <p>ēower hlāford cuman wile. For þǣm bēo ġē ġearwe; for</p> + <p>þǣm þe mannes Sunu wile cuman on þǣre tīde þe ġē nyton.</p> + <p>Se Hǣlend cwæþ be his Fæder: 'Ic hine cann, and ġif ic</p> + <p>sęċġe þæt ic hine ne cunne, þonne bēo ic lēas, ēow ġe·līc.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">190</div><p>Se dēofol cwæþ tō Crīste: 'Ġif þū sīe Godes sunu, cweþ</p> + <p>tō þissum stānum þæt hīe bēon ā·węnde tō hlāfum.' Þā</p> + <p>and-wyrde se Hǣlend, and cwæþ: 'Hit is ā·writen, "ne</p> + <p>leofaþ se mann nā be hlāfe ānum, ac leofaþ be eallum þǣm</p> + <p>wordum þe gāþ of Godes mūþe."' Se Hǣlend cōm tō him,</p> + <div class="linenum">195</div><p>þǣr hīe wǣron ġe·gadrode, and cwæþ: 'Sīe sibb be·twix</p> + <p>ēow; ic hit eom; ne bēo ġē nā ā·fyrhte.' Fæder ūre, þū þe</p> + <p>eart on heofonum, sīe þīn nama ġe·hālgod. Wē syngodon,</p> + <p>wē dydon un-rihtlīce; sęle ūs for·ġiefnesse: hwæt sculon wē</p> + <p>dōn?</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 62 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page62"></a>{62}</span></p> + +<h3>II.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">VII. 24-7.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ǣlc þāra þe þās mīn word ġe·hīerþ, and þā wyrċþ, biþ</p> + <p>ġe·līc þǣm wīsan were, sē his hūs ofer stān ġet·imbrode.</p> + <p>Þā cōm þǣr reġen and miċel flōd, and þǣr blēowon windas,</p> + <p>and ā·hruron on þæt hūs, and hit nā ne fēoll: sōþlīce hit</p> + <div class="linenum">5</div><p>wæs ofer stān ġe·timbrod.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And ǣlc þāra þe ġe·hīerþ þās mīn word, and þā ne wyrċþ,</p> + <p>sē biþ ġe·līc þǣm dysigan męnn, þe ġe·timbrode his hūs ofer</p> + <p>sand-ċeosol. Þā rīnde hit, and þǣr cōm flōd, and blēowon</p> + <p>windas, and ā·hruron on þǣt hūs, and þæt hūs fēoll; and</p> + <div class="linenum">10</div><p>his hryre wæs miċel.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XII. 18-21.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hēr is mīn cnapa, þone ic ġe·ċēas; mīn ġe·corena, on þǣm</p> + <p>wel ġe·līcode mīnre sāwle: ic ā·sętte mīnne gāst ofer hine,</p> + <p>and dōm hē bodaþ þēodum. Ne flītt hē, ne hē ne hriemþ,</p> + <p>ne nān mann ne ġe·hīerþ his stefne on strǣtum. Tō·cwīesed</p> + <div class="linenum">15</div><p>hrēod hē ne for·brīett, and smēocende fleax hē ne ā·dwǣscþ,</p> + <p>ǣr þǣm þe hē ā·weorpe dōm tō siġe. And on his naman</p> + <p>þēoda ġe·hyhtaþ.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XIII. 3-8.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sōþlīce ūt ēode se sāwere his sǣd tō sāwenne. And þā</p> + <p>þā hē sēow, sumu hīe fēollon wiþ weġ, and fuglas cōmon</p> + <div class="linenum">20</div><p>and ǣton þā. Sōþlīce sumu fēollon on stǣnihte, þǣr hit</p> +<!-- Page 63 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page63"></a>{63}</span> + <p>næfde miċle eorþan, and hrædlīce ūp sprungon, for þǣm þe</p> + <p>hīe næfdon pǣre eorþan dīepan; sōþlīce, ūp sprungenre</p> + <p>sunnan, hīe ā·drūgodon and for·scruncon, for þǣm þe hīe</p> + <p>næfdon wyrtruman. Sōþlīce sumu fēollon on þornas, and</p> + <div class="linenum">25</div><p>þā þornas wēoxon, and for·þrysmdon þā. Sumu sōþlīce</p> + <p>fēollon on gōde eorþan, and sealdon wæstm, sum hund-fealdne,</p> + <p>sum siextiġ-fealdne, sum þritiġ-fealdnę.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XIII. 24-30.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Heofona rīċe is ġe·worden þǣm męnn ġe·līc þe sēow gōd</p> + <p>sǣd on his æcere. Sōþlīce, þā þā męnn slēpon, þā cōm his</p> + <div class="linenum">30</div><p>fēonda sum, and ofer·sēow hit mid coccele on·middan þǣm</p> + <p>hwǣte, and fērde þanon. Sōþlīce, þā sēo wyrt wēox, and</p> + <p>þone wæstm brōhte, þā æt·īewde se coccel hine. Þā ēodon</p> + <p>þæs hlāfordes þēowas and cwǣdon: 'Hlāford, hū, ne sēowe</p> + <p>þū gōd sǣd on þīnum æcere? hwanon hæfde hē coccel?'</p> + <div class="linenum">35</div><p>Þā cwæþ hē: 'þæt dyde unhold mann.' Þā cwǣdon þā</p> + <p>þēowas: 'Wilt þū, wē gāþ and gadriaþ hīe?' Þā cwæp</p> + <p>hē: 'Nese: þȳ lǣs ġē þone hwǣte ā·wyrtwalien, þonne ġē</p> + <p>þone coccel gadriaþ. Lǣtaþ ǣġþer weaxan oþ rīp-tīman;</p> + <p>and on pǣm rīptīman ic sęċġe þǣm rīperum: "gadriaþ</p> + <div class="linenum">40</div><p>ǣrest þone coccel, and bindaþ sċēaf-mǣlum tō for·bærnenne;</p> + <p>and gadriaþ þone hwǣte intō mīnum bęrne."'</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XIII. 44-8.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Heofona rīċe is ġe·līc ġe·hȳddum gold-horde on þǣm</p> + <p>æcere. Þone be·hȳtt se mann þe hine fint, and for his blisse</p> + <p>gǣþ, and sęlþ eall þæt hē āh, and ġe·byġþ þone æcer.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">45</div><p>Eft is heofona rīċe ġe·līc þǣm mangere þe sōhte þæt gōde</p> + <p>męre-grot. Þā hē funde þæt ān dēor-wierþe męregrot, þā</p> + <p>ēode hē, and sealde eall þæt hē āhte, and bohte þæt męregrot.</p> +<!-- Page 64 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page64"></a>{64}</span> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Eft is heofona rīċe ġe·līc ā·sęndum nętte on þā sǣ, and of</p> + <div class="linenum">50</div><p>ǣlcum fisc-cynne gadriendum. Þā hīe þā þæt nętt ūp</p> + <p>ā·tugon, and sǣton be þǣm strande, þā ġe·curon hīe þā</p> + <p>gōdan on hiera fatu, and þā yflan hīe ā·wurpon ūt.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XVIII. 12-14.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ġif hwelc mann hæfþ hund sċēapa, and him losaþ ān of</p> + <p>þǣm, hū, ne for·lǣtt hē þā nigon and hund·nigontiġ on þǣm</p> + <div class="linenum">55</div><p>muntum, and gǣþ, and sēċþ þæt ān þe for·wearþ? And ġif</p> + <p>hit ġe·limpþ þæt hē hit fint, sōþlīce ic ēow sęċġe þæt hē</p> + <p>swīþor ġe·blissaþ for þǣm ānum þonne for þǣm nigon and</p> + <p>hund·nigontigum þe nā ne losodon.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XX. 1-16.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Heofona rīċe is ġe·līc þǣm hīredes ealdre, þe on ǣrnemerġen</p> + <div class="linenum">60</div><p>ūt ēode ā·hȳran wyrhtan on his wīn-ġeard. Ġe·wordenre</p> + <p>ġe·cwid-rǣdenne þǣm wyrhtum, hē sealde ǣlcum ānne</p> + <p>þęning wiþ his dæġes weorce, and ā·sęnde hīe on his wīnġeard.</p> + <p>And þā hē ūt ēode ymbe undern-tīd, hē ġe·seah</p> + <p>oþre on strǣte īdle standan. Þā cwæþ hē: 'Gā ġē on</p> + <div class="linenum">65</div><p>mīnne wīnġeard, and ic sęlle ēow þæt riht biþ.' And hīe þā</p> + <p>fērdon. Eft hē ūt ēode ymbe þā siextan and nigoþan</p> + <p>tīd, and dyde þǣm swā ġe·līce. Þā ymbe þā ęndlyftan</p> + <p>tīd hē ūt ēode, and funde ōþre standende, and þā sæġde hē:</p> + <p class="hg1">'Hwȳ stande ġē hēr ealne daeġ īdle?' Þā cwǣdon hīe:</p> + <div class="linenum">70</div><p class="hg1">'For þǣm þe ūs nān mann ne hȳrde.' Þā cwæþ hē: 'And</p> + <p>gā ġē on mīnne wīnġeard.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sōþlīce þā hit wæs ǣfen ġe·worden, þā sæġde se wīnġeardes</p> + <p>hlāford his ġe·rēfan: 'Clipa þā wyrhtan, and ā·ġief him</p> + <p>hiera mēde; on·ġinn fram þǣm ȳt·emestan oþ þone fyrmestan.'</p> + <div class="linenum">75</div><p>Eornostlīce þā þā ġe·cōmon þe ymbe þā ęndlyftan</p> + <p>tīd cōmon, þā on·fēngon hīe ǣlc his pęning. And þā þe</p> +<!-- Page 65 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page65"></a>{65}</span> + <p>þǣr ǣrest cōmon, wēndon þæt hīe scolden māre on·fōn; þā</p> + <p>on·fēngon hīe syndriġe þęningas. Þa on·gunnon hīe murcnian</p> + <p>on·ġēan þone hīredes ealdor, and þus cwǣdon: 'Þās</p> + <div class="linenum">80</div><p>ȳtemestan worhton āne tīd, and þū dydest hīe ġe·līce ūs,</p> + <p>þe bǣron byrþenna on þisses dæġes hǣtan.' Þā cwæþ hē</p> + <p>and-swariende hiera ānum: 'Ēalā þū frēond, ne dō ic þē</p> + <p>nānne tēonan; hū, ne cōme þū tō mē tō wyrċenne wiþ</p> + <p>ānum pęninge? Nim þæt þīn is, and gā; ic wile þissum</p> + <div class="linenum">85</div><p>ȳtemestum sęllan eall swā miċel swā þē. Oþþe ne mōt ic</p> + <p>dōn þæt ic wile? Hwæþer þe þīn ēage mānfull is for þǣm</p> + <p>þe ic gōd eom? Swā bēoþ þa fyrmestan ȳtemeste, and þā</p> + <p>ȳtemestan fyrmeste; sōþlīce maniġe sind ġe·clipode, and</p> + <p>fēa ġe·corene.'</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XXII. 2-14.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">90</div><p>Heofona rīċe is ġe·līc þǣm cyninge þe macode his suna</p> + <p>ġiefta, and sęnde his þēowas, and clipode þā ġe·laþodan tō</p> + <p>þǣm ġieftum. Þā noldon hīe cuman. Þā sęnde hē eft ōþre</p> + <p>þēowas, and sæġde þǣm ġe·laþodum: 'Nū ic ġe·ġearwode</p> + <p>mīne feorme: mīne fearras and mīne fuglas sind of·slæġene,</p> + <div class="linenum">95</div><p>and eall mīn þing sind ġearu; cumaþ tō þǣm ġieftum.' Þā</p> + <p>for·gīemdon hīe þæt, and fērdon, sum tō his tūne, sum tō</p> + <p>his mangunge. And þā ōþre nāmon his þēowas, and mid</p> + <p>tēonan ġe·swęnċton, and of·slōgon. Þā se cyning þæt ġe·hierde,</p> + <p>þā wæs hē ierre, and sęnde his hęre tō, and for·dyde</p> + <div class="linenum">100</div><p>þā mann-slagan, and hiera burg for·bærnde.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā cwæþ hē tō his þēowum: 'Witodlīce þās ġiefta sind</p> + <p>ġearwe, ac þā þe ġe·laþode wǣron ne sind wierþe. Gāþ nū</p> + <p>tō wega ġelǣtum, and clipiaþ tō þissum ġieftum swā hwelce</p> + <p>swā ġē ġe·mēten.' Þā ēodon þā þēowas ūt on þā wegas,</p> + <div class="linenum">105</div><p>and ġe·gadrodon ealle þā þe hīe ġe·mētton, gōde and yfle;</p> + <p>þā wǣron þā ġieft-hūs mid sittendum mannum ġefyldu.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā ēode se cyning inn, þæt hē wolde ġe·sēon þā þe þǣr</p> +<!-- Page 66 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page66"></a>{66}</span> + <p>sǣton, and þā ġe·seah hē þǣr ānne mann þe næs mid ġieftlicum</p> + <p>rēafe ġescrȳdd. Þā cwæþ hē: 'Lā, frēond, hūmeta</p> + <div class="linenum">110</div><p>ēodest þū inn, and næfdest ġieftlic rēaf?' Þa swīgode hē.</p> + <p>And se cyning cwæþ tō his þeġnum: 'Ġe·bindaþ his handa</p> + <p>and his fēt, and weorpaþ hine on þā ȳterran þēostru; þǣr biþ</p> + <p>wōp and tōþa grīst-bītung.' Witodlīce maniġe sind ġe·laþode,</p> + <p>and fēa ġe·corene.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XXV. 1-13.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">115</div><p>Þonne biþ heofona rīċe ġe·līc þǣm tīen fǣmnum, þe þā</p> + <p>leoht-fatu nāmon, and fērdon on·ġēan þone brȳd-guman and</p> + <p>þā brȳd. Hiera fīf wǣron dysiġe, and fīf glēawe. And þā fīf</p> + <p>dysigan nāmon leohtfatu, and ne nāmon nānne ele mid him;</p> + <p>þā glēawan nāmon ele on hiera fatum mid þǣm leohtfatum.</p> + <div class="linenum">120</div><p>Þā se brȳdguma ielde, þā hnappodon hīe ealle, and slēpon.</p> + <p>Witodlīce tō middre nihte man hrīemde, and cwæþ: 'Nū se</p> + <p>brȳdguma cymþ, faraþ him tō·ġēanes.' Þā ā·rison ealle þā</p> + <p>fǣmnan, and glęnġdon hiera leohtfatu. Þā cwǣdon þā</p> + <p>dysigan to pǣm wīsum: 'Sęllaþ ūs of ēowrum ele, for þǣm</p> + <div class="linenum">125</div><p>ūre leohtfatu sind ā·cwęnċtu.' Þā and·swarodon þā glēawan,</p> + <p>and cwǣdon: 'Nese; þȳ lǣs þe wē and ġē næbben ġenōg:</p> + <p>gāþ tō þǣm ċīependum, and byċġaþ ēow ele.' Witodlīce,</p> + <p>þā hīe fērdon, and woldon byċġan, þā cōm se brȳdguma;</p> + <p>and þā þe ġearwe wǣron ēodon inn mid him tō þǣm</p> + <div class="linenum">130</div><p>ġieftum; and sēo duru wæs be·locen. Þā æt nīehstan cōmon</p> + <p>þa ōþre fǣmnan, and cwǣdon: 'Dryhten, Dryhten, lǣt ūs</p> + <p>inn.' Þā and-swarode hē him, and cwæþ: 'Sōþ ic ēow</p> + <p>sęċġe, ne cann ic ēow.' Witodlīce, waciaþ, for þǣm þe ġē</p> + <p>nyton ne þone dæġ ne þā tīd.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">XXV. 14-30.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">135</div><p>Sum mann fērde on ęlþēodiġnesse, and clipode his</p> +<!-- Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page67"></a>{67}</span> + <p>þēowas, and be·tǣhte him his ǣhta. And ānum hē sealde</p> + <p>fīf pund, sumum twā, sumum ān: ǣġhwelcum be his āgnum</p> + <p>mæġne; and fērde sōna.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā fērde sē þe þā fīf pund under·fēng, and ġe·strīende</p> + <div class="linenum">140</div><p>ōþru fīf. And eall-swā sē þe þā twā under·feng, ġe·strīende</p> + <p>ōþru twā. Witodlīce sē þe þæt ān under·fēng, fērde, and</p> + <p>be·dealf hit on eorþan, and be·hȳdde his hlāfordes feoh.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Witodlīce æfter miċlum fierste cōm þāra þēowa hlāford,</p> + <p>and dihte him ġe·rad. Þā cōm sē þe þā fīf pund under·fēng,</p> + <div class="linenum">145</div><p>and brōhte ōþru fīf, and cwæþ: 'Hlāford, fīf pund þū sealdest</p> + <p>mē; nū ic ġe·strīende ōþru fīf.' Þā cwæp his hlāford tō</p> + <p>him: 'Bēo blīþe, þū gōda þēow and ġe·trēowa: for þǣm</p> + <p>þe þū wǣre ġe·trēowe ofer lȳtlu þing, ic [.]ge·sętte þē ofer</p> + <p>miċlu; gā intō þīnes hlāfordes blisse.' Þā cōm sē þe þā</p> + <div class="linenum">150</div><p>twā pund under·fēng, and cwæþ: 'Hlāford, twā pund þū</p> + <p>mē sealdest; nū ic hæbbe ġe·strīened ōþru twā.' Þā cwæþ</p> + <p>his hlāford tō him: 'Ġe·blissa, þū gōda þēow and ġetrēowa:</p> + <p>for þǣm þe þū wǣre ġe·trēowe ofer fēa, ofer fela ic þē</p> + <p>ġe·sętte; gā on þīnes hlāfordes ġe·fēan.' Þā cōm sē þe þæt</p> + <div class="linenum">155</div><p>ān pund under·fēng, and cwæþ: 'Hlāford, ic wāt þæt</p> + <p>þū eart heard mann: þū rīpst þǣr þū ne sēowe, and</p> + <p>gaderast þǣr þū ne spręnġdest. And ic fērde of·drǣdd,</p> + <p>and be·hȳdde þīn pund on eorþan; hēr þū hæfst þæt þīn</p> + <p>is.' Þā andswarode his hlāford him, and cwæþ: 'þū yfla</p> + <div class="linenum">160</div><p>þēow and slāwa, þū wistest þæt ic rīpe þǣr ic ne sēowe,</p> + <p>and ic gadriġe þǣr ic ne strēdde: hit ġe·byrede þæt þū</p> + <p>be·fæste mīn feoh myneterum, and ic nāme, þonne ic cōme,</p> + <p>þæt mīn is, mid þǣm gafole. Ā·nimaþ þæt pund æt him, and</p> + <p>sęllaþ þǣm þe mē þā tīen pund brōhte. Witodlīce ǣlcum</p> + <div class="linenum">165</div><p>þāra þe hæfþ man sęlþ, and hē hæfþ ġe·nōg; þǣm þe næfþ,</p> + <p>þæt him þynċþ þæt hē hæbbe, þæt him biþ æt·brogden. And</p> + <p>weorpaþ þone un·nyttan þēow on þā ȳterran þēostru; þǣr</p> + <p>biþ wōp and tōþa grist·bītung.'</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 68 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page68"></a>{68}</span></p> + +<h3>III.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">I.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Æfter þǣm sōþlīce ealle męnn sprǣcon āne sprǣċe. Þā</p> + <p>þā hīe fērdon fram Ēast-dǣle, hīe fundon ānne feld on</p> + <p>Sennaār-lande, and wunodon þǣr-on.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā cwǣdon hīe him be·twēonan: 'Uton wyrċan ūs tiġelan,</p> + <div class="linenum">5</div><p>and ǣlan hīe on fȳre!' Witodlīce hīe hæfdon tiġelan for</p> + <p>stān and tierwan for weal-līm. And hīe cwǣdon: 'Uton</p> + <p>timbrian ūs ċeastre, and stīepel oþ heofon hēanne! uton</p> + <p>weorþian ūrne naman, ǣr þ[æ]m þe wē sīen tō·dǣlde ġeond</p> + <p>ealle eorþan!'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">10</div><p>Witodlīce Dryhten ā·stāg niþer, tō þǣm þæt hē ġe·sāwe</p> + <p>þā burg and þone stīepel, þe Adāmes bearn ġe·timbrodon.</p> + <p>And hē cwæþ: 'þis is ān folc, and ealle hīe sprecaþ ān</p> + <p>læden, and hīe be·gunnon þis tō wyrċenne: ne ġe·swīcaþ hīe</p> + <p>ǣr þǣm þe hit ġearu sīe; sōþlīce uton cuman and tō·dǣlan</p> + <div class="linenum">15</div><p>hiera sprǣċe!'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Swā Dryhten hīe tō·dǣlde of þǣre stōwe ġeond ealle eorþan.</p> + <p>And for þǣm man nęmnde þā stōwe Babēl for þǣm þe þǣr</p> + <p>wǣron tō·dǣlde ealle sprǣċa.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">II.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>God wolde pā fandian Abrahāmes ġe·hīersumnesse, and</p> + <div class="linenum">20</div><p>clipode his naman, and cwæþ him þus tō: 'Nim þīnne</p> + <p>ān-cęnnedan sunu Isaāc, þe þū lufast, and far tō þǣm</p> +<!-- Page 69 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page69"></a>{69}</span> + <p>lande Visionis hraþe, and ġe·offra hine þǣr uppan ānre</p> + <p>dūne.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Abrahām þā ā·rās on þǣre ilcan nihte, and fērde mid</p> + <div class="linenum">25</div><p>twǣm cnapum tō þǣm fierlenum lande, and Isaāc samod,</p> + <p>on assum rīdende.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā on þǣm þriddan dæġe, þā hīe þā dūne ġe·sāwon, þǣr</p> + <p>þǣr hīe tō scoldon tō of·slēanne Isaāc, þā cwæþ Abrahām</p> + <p>tō þǣm twǣm cnapum þus: 'Andbīdiaþ ēow hēr mid þǣm</p> + <div class="linenum">30</div><p>assum sume hwīle! ic and þǣt ċild gāþ unc tō ġe·biddenne,</p> + <p>and wit siþþan cumaþ sōna eft tō ēow.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Abrahām þā hēt Isaāc beran þone wudu tō þǣre stōwe,</p> + <p>and hē self bær his sweord and fȳr. Isaāc þa āscode Abrahām</p> + <p>his fæder: 'Fæder mīn, ic āsciġe hwǣr sēo offrung sīe;</p> + <div class="linenum">35</div><p>hēr is wudu and fȳr.' Him andwyrde se fæder: 'God foresċēawaþ,</p> + <p>mīn sunu, him self þā offrunge.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hīe cōmon þā tō þǣre stōwe þe him ġe·sweotolode God;</p> + <p>and hē þǣr weofod ā·rǣrde on þā ealdan wīsan, and þone</p> + <p>wudu ġe·lōgode swā swā hē hit wolde habban tō his suna</p> + <div class="linenum">40</div><p>bærnette, siþþan hē of·slæġen wurde. Hē ġe·band þā his</p> + <p>sunu, and his sweord ā·tēah, þæt hē hine ġe·offrode on þā</p> + <p>ealdan wīsan.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Mid þǣm þe hē wolde þǣt weorc be·ġinnan, þā clipode</p> + <p>Godes ęnġel arodlīce of heofonum: 'Abrahām!' Hē andwyrde</p> + <div class="linenum">45</div><p>sōna. Se ęnġel him cwæþ tō: 'Ne ā·cwęle þū</p> + <p>þæt ċild, ne þīne hand ne ā·stręċe ofer his swēoran! Nū ic</p> + <p>on·cnēow sōþlīce þæt pū on·drǣtst swīþe God, nū pū pīnne</p> + <p>ān-cęnnedan sunu woldest of·slēan for him.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā be·seah Abrahām sōna under bæc, and ġe·seah þǣr</p> + <div class="linenum">50</div><p>ānne ramm be·twix þǣm brēmlum be þǣm hornum ġe·hæftne,</p> + <p>and hē hæfde þone ramm tō þǣre offrunge, and hine þǣr</p> + <p>of·snāþ Gode tō lāce for his sunu Isaāc. Hē hēt þā stōwe</p> + <p><i>Dominus videt</i>, þæt is 'God ġe·sihþ,' and ġiet is ġe·sæġd</p> + <p>swā, <i>In monte Dominus videbit</i>, þæt is, 'God ġe·sihþ on dūne.'</p> +<!-- Page 70 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page70"></a>{70}</span> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">55</div><p>Eft clipode se ęnġel Abrahām, and cwæþ: 'Ic sæġde</p> + <p>þurh mē selfne, sæġde se Ælmihtiga, nū þū noldest ārian</p> + <p>þīnum āncęnnedum suna, ac þē wæs mīn ęġe māre þonne</p> + <p>his līf, ic þē nū blētsiġe, and þīnne of-spring ge·maniġ-fielde</p> + <p>swā swā steorran on heofonum, and swā swā sand-ċeosol</p> + <div class="linenum">60</div><p>on sǣ; þīn ofspring sċeal āgan hiera fēonda ġeatu. And on</p> + <p>þīnum sǣde bēoþ ealle þēoda ġe·blētsode, for þǣm þe þū</p> + <p>ġe·hīersumodest mīnre hǣse þus.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Abrahām þā ġe·ċierde sōna tō his cnapum, and fērdon him</p> + <p>hām sōna mid heofonlicre blētsunge.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">III.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">65</div><p>Sum cwēn wæs on sūþ-dǣle, Saba ġe·hāten, snotor and</p> + <p>wīs. Þā ġe·hīerde hēo Salomones hlīsan, and cōm fram</p> + <p>þǣm sūþernum ġe·mǣrum to Salomone binnan Hierusalēm</p> + <p>mid miċelre fare, and hiere olfendas bǣron sūþerne wyrta,</p> + <p>and dēor-wierþe ġimm-stānas, and un-ġerīm gold. Sēo cwēn</p> + <div class="linenum">70</div><p>þā hæfde sprǣċe wiþ Salomon, and sæġde him swā hwæt</p> + <p>swā hēo on hiere heortan ġe·þōhte. Salomon þā hīe lǣrde,</p> + <p>and hiere sæġde ealra þāra worda andġiet þe hēo hine āscode.</p> + <p>Þā ġe·seah sēo cwēn Salomones wīsdōm, and þæt mǣre</p> + <p>tempel þe hē ġe·timbrod hæfde, and þā lāc þe man Gode</p> + <div class="linenum">75</div><p>offrode, and þæs cyninges maniġ-fealde þeġnunga, and wæs</p> + <p>tō þǣm swīþe of·wundrod þæt hēo næfde furþor nānne gāst,</p> + <p>for þǣm þe hēo ne mihte nā furþor smēan. Hēo cwæþ þā</p> + <p>tō þǣm cyninge: 'Sōþ is þæt word þe ic ġe·hīerde on</p> + <p>mīnum earde be þē and be þīnum wīsdōme, ac ic nolde</p> + <div class="linenum">80</div><p>ġe·līefan ǣr þǣm þe ic self hit ġe·sāwe. Nū hæbbe ic ā·fandod</p> + <p>þæt mē næs be healfum dǣle þīn mǣrþo ġe·cȳped. Māre</p> + <p>is þīn wīsdōm and þīn weorc þonne se hlīsa wǣre þe ic</p> + <p>ġe·hīerde. Ēadige sind þīne þeġnas and þīne þēowas, þe</p> + <p>simle æt·foran þē standaþ, and þīnne wīsdōm ġe·hīeraþ.</p> + <div class="linenum">85</div><p>Ġe·blētsod sīe se ælmihtiga God, þe þē ġe·ċēas and ġe·sętte</p> +<!-- Page 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page71"></a>{71}</span> + <p>ofer Israhēla rīċe, þæt þū dōmas sętte and riht-wīsnesse,'</p> + <p>Hēo for·ġeaf þǣem cyninge þā hund·twęlftiġ punda goldes,</p> + <p>and unġerīm dēorwierþra wyrta and dēorwierþra ġimmstāna.</p> + <p>Salomon ēac for·ġeaf þǣre cwēne swā hwæs swā hēo ġiernde</p> + <div class="linenum">90</div><p>æt him; and hēo ġe·węnde on·ġeān tō hiere ēþle mid hiere</p> + <p>þeġnum. Salomon þā wæs ġe·mǣrsod ofer eallum eorþlicum</p> + <p>cyningum, and ealle þēoda ġe·wilnodon þæt hīe hine ġe·sāwen,</p> + <p>and his wīsdōm ġe·hīerden, and hīe him maniġfeald lāc</p> + <p>brōhton.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">95</div><p>Sēo cwēn hæfde ġe·tācnunge þǣre hālgan ġe·laþunge ealles</p> + <p>crīstenes folces, þe cōm tō þǣm ġe·sibbsuman Crīste tō</p> + <p>ġe·hīerenne his wīsdōm and þā god-spellican lāre þa hē</p> + <p>ā·stealde, and be on·liehtunge þæs sōþan ġe·lēafan, and be</p> + <p>þǣm tōweardan dōme, be ūrre sāwle un-dēadlicnesse, and be</p> + <div class="linenum">100</div><p>hyhte and wuldre þæs ġe·mǣnelican ǣristes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sēo cwēn cōm tō Salomone mid miċlum lācum on golde</p> + <p>and on dēorwierþum ġimmstānum and wyrt-brǣþum; and</p> + <p>þæt bǣron olfendas. Sēo ġe·lēaffulle ġe·laþung, þe cymþ</p> + <p>of ǣlcum earde tō Crīste, bringþ him þās fore-sæġdan lāc</p> + <div class="linenum">105</div><p>æfter gāstlicum andġiete. Hēo offraþ him gold þurh sōþne</p> + <p>ġe·lēafan, and wyrtbrǣþas þurh ġe·bedu, and dēorwierþe</p> + <p>ġimmas þurh fæġernesse gōdra þēawa and hāliġra mæġna.</p> + <p>Be þisse ġe·laþunge cwæþ se wītega tō Gode: <i>Adstitit</i></p> + <p><i>regina a dextris tuis, in vestitu deaurato, circumdata varietate</i>,</p> + <div class="linenum">110</div><p>þæt is, 'sēo cwēn stęnt æt þīnre swīþran, on ofergyldum</p> + <p>ġierlan, ymb·scrȳdd mid maniġfealdre fāgnesse.' Sēo gāstlice</p> + <p>cwēn, Godes ġe·laþung, is ġe·glęnġed mid dēorwierþre</p> + <p>frætwunge and maniġfealdum blēo gōdra drohtnunga and</p> + <p>mihta.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">115</div><p>Hēo sæġde Salomone ealle hiere dīegolnessa, and sēo</p> + <p>ġe·laþung ġe·openaþ Crīste hiere inn-ġehyġd and þa dīeglan</p> + <p>ġe·þōhtas on sōþre andetnesse.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Olfendas bǣron þā dēorwierþan lāc mid þǣre cwēne</p> +<!-- Page 72 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page72"></a>{72}</span> + <p>intō Hierusalēm; for þǣm þe þā hǣþnan, þe ǣr wǣron</p> + <div class="linenum">120</div><p>ġe·hoferode þurh ġītsunge and atollice þurh leahtras, bǣron,</p> + <p>þurh hiera ġe·ċierrednesse and ġe·lēafan, þā gāstlican lāc</p> + <p>tō Crīstes handum.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sēo cwēn wundrode Salomones wīsdōmes, and his ġe·timbrunga,</p> + <p>and þeġnunga; and sēo ġe·laþung wundraþ Crīstes</p> + <div class="linenum">125</div><p>wīsdōmes, for þǣm þe hē is sōþ wīsdōm, and eall wīsdōm is</p> + <p>of him. Hē ġe·timbrode þā hēalican heofonas and ealne</p> + <p>middanġeard, and ealle ġe·sceafta ġe·sętte on þrim þingum,</p> + <p><i>in mensura, et pondere, et numero</i>, þæt is, on ġe·mete, and</p> + <p>on hęfe, and on ġe·tele. Crīstes þeġnung is ūre hǣlo and</p> + <div class="linenum">130</div><p>folca ā·līesednes, and þā sind ġe·sǣliġe þe him þeġniaþ tō</p> + <p>ġe·cwēmednesse on þǣm gāstlicum ġe·rȳnum.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sēo cwēn sæġde þæt hiere nǣre be healfum dǣle ġe·sæġd</p> + <p>be Salomones mǣrþo, and sēo gāstlice cwēn, Godes ġe·laþung,</p> + <p>oþþe ġe·hwelc hāliġ sāwol, þonne hēo cymþ tō þǣre heofonlican</p> + <div class="linenum">135</div><p>Hierusalēm, þonne ġe·sihþ hēo miċle māran mǣrþo</p> + <p>and wuldor þonne hiere ǣr on līfe þurh wītegan oþþe apostolas</p> + <p>ġe·cȳdd wǣre. Ne mæġ nān ēage on þissum līfe</p> + <p>ġe·sēon, ne nān ēare ġe·hīeran, ne nānes mannes heorte</p> + <p>ā·smēan þā þing þe God ġearcaþ þǣm þe hine lufiaþ. Þā</p> + <div class="linenum">140</div><p>þing wē magon be·ġietan, ac wē ne magon hīe ā·smēan,</p> + <p>ne ūs nǣfre ne ā·þrīett þāra gōda ġe·nyhtsumnes.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Crīst is ealra cyninga cyning, and swā swā ealle þēoda</p> + <p>woldon ġe·sēon þone ġe·sibbsuman Salomon, and his wīsdōm</p> + <p>ġe·hīeran, and him mislicu lāc brōhton, swā ēac nū of eallum</p> + <div class="linenum">145</div><p>þēodum ġe·wilniaþ męnn tō ġe·sēonne þone ġe-sibbsuman</p> + <p>Crīst þurh ġe·lēafan, and þone godspellican wīsdōm ġe·hīeran,</p> + <p>and hīe him dæġ-hwǣmlīce þā gāstlican lāc ġe·offriaþ on</p> + <p>maniġfealdum ġe·metum.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">IV.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>On Cȳres dagum cyninges wrēġdon þā Babilōniscan þone</p> +<!-- Page 73 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page73"></a>{73}</span> + <div class="linenum">150</div><p>wītegan Daniēl, for þǣm þe hē tō·wearp hiera dēofol-ġield,</p> + <p>and cwǣdon ān-mōdlīce tō þǣm fore-sæġdan cyninge Cȳrum:</p> + <p class="hg1">'Betǣċ ūs Daniēl, þe ūrne god Bēl tō·wearp, and þone dracan</p> + <p>ā·cwealde þe wē on be·līefdon; ġif þū hine for·stęntst, wē</p> + <p>for·dilgiaþ þē and þīnne hīred.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">155</div><p>Þā ġe·seah se cyning þæt hīe ān-mōde wǣron, and nīedunga</p> + <p>þone wītegan him tō handum ā·sċēaf. Hīe þā hine</p> + <p>ā·wurpon intō ānum sēaþe, on þǣm wǣron seofon lēon, þǣm</p> + <p>man sealde dæġhwǣmlīce twā hrīþeru and twā sċēap, ac him</p> + <p>wæs þā of·togen ǣlces fōdan siex dagas, þæt hīe þone Godes</p> + <div class="linenum">160</div><p>mann ā·bītan scolden.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>On þǣre tīde wæs sum ōþer wītega on Jūdēa-lande, his</p> + <p>nama waes Abacuc, sē bær his rifterum męte tō æcere. Þā</p> + <p>cōm him tō Godes ęnġel, and cwæþ: 'Abacuc, ber þone</p> + <p>męte tō Babilōne, and sęle Daniēle, sē þe sitt on þāra lēona</p> + <div class="linenum">165</div><p>sēaþe.' Abacuc andwyrde þǣm ęnġle: 'Lā lēof, ne ġe·seah</p> + <p>ic nǣfre þā burg, ne ic þone sēaþ nāt.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā se ęnġel ġe·lǣhte hine be þǣm feaxe, and hine bær</p> + <p>tō Babilōne, and hine sętte bufan þǣm sēaþe. Þā clipode se</p> + <p>Abacuc: 'þū Godes þēow, Daniēl, nim þās lāc þe þē God</p> + <div class="linenum">170</div><p>sęnde!' Daniēl cwæþ: 'Mīn Dryhten Hǣlend, sīe þē lof</p> + <p>and weorþ-mynd þæt þū mē ġe·mundest.' And hē þā þǣre</p> + <p>sande brēac. Witodlīce Godes ęnġel þǣr-rihte mid swiftum</p> + <p>flyhte ġe·brōhte þone disc-þeġn, Abacuc, þǣr hē hine</p> + <p>ǣr ġe·nam.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">175</div><p>Se cyning þā Cȳrus on þǣm seofoþan dæġe ēode drēoriġ</p> + <p>tō þāra lēona sēaþe, and inn be·seah, and efne þā Daniēl</p> + <p>sittende wæs ġe·sundfull on·middan þǣm lēonum. Þā clipode</p> + <p>se cyning mid miċelre stefne: 'Mǣre is se God þe Daniēl</p> + <p>on be·līefþ.' And hē þā mid þǣm worde hine ā·tēah of þǣm</p> + <div class="linenum">180</div><p>scræfe, and hēt inn weorpan þā þe hine ǣr for·dōn woldon.</p> + <p>Þæs cyninges hǣs wearþ hrædlīce ġe·fręmmed, and þæs</p> + <p>wītegan ēhteras wurdon ā·scofene be·twix þā lēon, and hīe</p> +<!-- Page 74 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page74"></a>{74}</span> + <p>þǣr-rihte mid grǣdigum ċeaflum hīe ealle tō·tǣron. Þā</p> + <p>cwæþ se cyning: 'Forhtien and on·drǣden ealle eorþ-būend</p> + <div class="linenum">185</div><p>Daniēles God, for þǣm þe hē is Ā·līesend and Hǣlend,</p> + <p>wyrċende tācnu and wundru on heofonan and on eorþan.'</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead"><span class="scac">V.</span></p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Nabochodonosor, se hǣþena cyning, ġe·hęrgode on Godes</p> + <p>folce, on Jūdēa-lande, and for hiera mān-dǣdum God þæt</p> + <p>ġe·þafode. Þā ġe·nam hē þā māþm-fatu, gyldenu and silfrenu,</p> + <div class="linenum">190</div><p>binnan Godes temple, and tō his lande mid him</p> + <p>ġe·lǣdde. Hit ġe·lamp eft siþþan þæt hē on swefne āne</p> + <p>ġe·sihþe be him selfum ġe·seah, swā swā him siþþan ā·ēode.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Æfter þissum ymb twelf mōnaþ, ēode se cyning binnan</p> + <p>his healle mid ormǣtre ūp-āhafennesse, hęriende his weorc</p> + <div class="linenum">195</div><p>and his miht, and cwæþ: 'Hū, ne is þis sēo miċle Babilōn,</p> + <p>þe ic self ġe·timbrode tō cyne-stōle and tō þrymme, mē</p> + <p>selfum to wlite and wuldre, mid mīnum āgnum mæġne</p> + <p>and stręnġþo?' Ac him clipode þǣrrihte tō swīþe ęġeslic</p> + <p>stefn of heofonum, þus cweþende: 'Þū Nabochodonosor,</p> + <div class="linenum">200</div><p>þīn rīċe ġe·wītt fram þē, and þū bist fram mannum ā·worpen,</p> + <p>and þīn wunung biþ mid wildēorum, and þū itst gærs, swā</p> + <p>swā oxa, seofon ġēar, oþ þæt þū wite þæt se hēalica</p> + <p>God ġe·wielt manna rīċa, and þæt hē for·ġiefþ rīċe þǣm</p> + <p>þe hē wile.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">205</div><p>Witodlīce on þǣre ilcan tīde wæs þēos sprǣċ ġe·fylled</p> + <p>ofer Nabochodonosor, and hē arn tō wuda, and wunode mid</p> + <p>wildēorum, leofode be gærse, swā swā nīeten, oþ þæt his</p> + <p>feax wēox swā swā wīf-manna, and his næġlas swā swā</p> + <p>earnes clawa.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">210</div><p>Eft siþþan him for·ġeaf se ælmihtiga Wealdend his ġe·witt,</p> + <p>and hē cwæþ: 'Ic Nabochodonosor ā·hōf mīn ēagan ūp tō</p> + <p>heofonum, and mīn andġiet mē wearþ for·ġiefen, and ic þā</p> + <p>blētsode þone hīehstan God, and ic hęrede and wuldrode</p> +<!-- Page 75 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page75"></a>{75}</span> + <p>þone þe leofaþ on ēċnesse, for þǣm þe his miht is ēċe, and</p> + <div class="linenum">215</div><p>his rīċe stęnt on mǣġþe and on mǣġþe. Ealle eorþ-būend</p> + <p>sind tō nāhte ġe·tealde on his wiþ·metennesse. Æfter his</p> + <p>willan hē dēþ ǣġþer ġe on heofone ġe on eorþan, and nis</p> + <p>nān þing þe his mihte wiþ·stande, oþþe him tō cweþe 'hwȳ</p> + <p>dēst þū swā?' On þǣre tīde mīn andġiet ġe·węnde tō mē,</p> + <div class="linenum">220</div><p>and ic be·cōm tō weorþ-mynde mīnes cyne-rīċes, and mīn</p> + <p>męnnisce hīw mē be·cōm. Mīne witan mē sōhton, and mīn</p> + <p>mǣrþo wearþ ġe·ēacnod. Nū eornostlīce ic mǣrsiġe and</p> + <p>wuldriġe þone heofonlican cyning, for þǣm þe eall his weorc</p> + <p>sind sōþ, and his wegas riht-wīse, and hē mæġ ġe·ēaþ-mēdan</p> + <div class="linenum">225</div><p>þā þe on mōdiġnesse faraþ.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þus ġe·ēaþmēdde se ælmihtiga God þone mōdigan cyning</p> + <p>Nabochodonosor.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 76 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page76"></a>{76}</span></p> + +<h3>IV.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">SAMSON.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ān mann wæs eardiende on Israhēla þēode, Manuē</p> + <p>ġe·hāten, of þǣre mǣġþe Dan; his wīf wæs un-tīemend, and</p> + <p>hīe wunodon būtan ċilde. Him cōm þā gangende tō Godes</p> + <p>ęnġel, and cwæþ þæt hīe scolden habban sunu him</p> + <div class="linenum">5</div><p>ġe·mǣnne; 'ne hē ealu ne drince nǣfre oþþe wīn, ne nāht</p> + <p>fūles ne þiċġe; sē biþ Gode hāliġ fram his ċildhāde; and</p> + <p>man ne mōt hine ęfsian oþþe be·sċieran, for þǣm þe hē</p> + <p>on·ġinþ tō ā·līesenne his folc, Israhēla þēode, of Philistēa</p> + <p>þēowte.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">10</div><p>Hēo ā·cęnde þā sunu, swā swā hiere sæġde se ęnġel, and</p> + <p>hēt hine Samson; and hē swīþe wēox; and God hine blētsode,</p> + <p>and Godes gāst wæs on him. Hē wearþ þā mihtiġ on</p> + <p>miċelre stręnġþo, swā þæt hē ġe·lǣhte āne lēon be weġe, þe</p> + <p>hine ā·bītan wolde, and tō·bræġd hīe tō styċċum, swelce he</p> + <div class="linenum">15</div><p>tō·tǣre sum ēaþelic tiċċen.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hē be·gann þā tō winnenne wiþ þā Philistēos, and hiera</p> + <p>fela of·slōg and tō scame tūcode, þēah þe hīe onweald hæfden</p> + <p>ofer hīs lēode. Þā fērdon þā Philistēi forþ æfter Samsone,</p> + <p>and hēton his lēode þæt hīe hine ā·ġēafen tō hiera onwealde,</p> + <div class="linenum">20</div><p>þæt hīe wrecan mihten hiera tēon-rǣdenne mid tintregum</p> + <p>on him. Hīe þā hine ġe·bundon mid twǣm bæstenum rāpum</p> + <p>and hine ġe·lǣddon tō þǣm folce. And þā Philistēiscan þæs</p> + <p>fæġnodon swīþe; urnon him tō·ġēanes ealle hlȳdende; woldon</p> + <p>hine tintreġian for hiera tēonrǣdenne. Þā tō·bræġd</p> + <div class="linenum">25</div><p>Samson bēġen his earmas, þæt þā rāpas tō-burston þe hē mid</p> +<!-- Page 77 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page77"></a>{77}</span> + <p>ġe·bunden wæs. And hē ġe·lǣhte þ<span class="over"> a</span> sōna sumes assan</p> + <p>ċinn-bān þe hē þǣr funde, and ġe·feaht wiþ hīe, and of·slōġ</p> + <p>ān þūsend mid þæs assan ċinnbāne. Hē wearþ þā swīþe</p> + <p>of·þyrst for þǣm wundorlican slęġe, and bæd þone heofonlican</p> + <div class="linenum">30</div><p>God þæt hē him ā·sęnde drincan, for þǣm þe on þǣre</p> + <p>nēawiste næs nān wætersċipe. Þā arn of þǣn ċinnbāne</p> + <p>of ānum tēþ wæter; and Samson þā dranc, and his Dryhtne</p> + <p>þancode.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Æfter þissum hē fērde tō Philistēa lande, intō ānre byriġ</p> + <div class="linenum">35</div><p>on hiera onwealde, Gaza ġe·hāten. And hīe þæs fæġnodon;</p> + <p>be·sętton þā þǣt hūs þe hē inne wunode; woldon hine</p> + <p>ġe·niman mid þǣm þe hē ūt ēode on ǣrne-merġen, and hine</p> + <p>of·slēan. Hwæt þā Samson hiera sierwunga under·ġeat; and</p> + <p>ā·rās on middre nihte tō·middes his fēondum, and ġe·nam</p> + <div class="linenum">40</div><p>þā burg-ġeatu, and ġe·bær on his hryċġe mid þǣm postum,</p> + <p>swā swā hīe be·locenu wǣron, ūp tō ānre dūne tō ufeweardum</p> + <p>þǣm cnolle; and ēode swā or-sorg of hiera ġe·sihþum.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hine be·swāc swā·þēah siþþan ān wīf, Dalila ġe·hāten, of</p> + <div class="linenum">45</div><p>þǣm hǣþnan folce, swā þæt hē hiere sæġde, þurh hiere swīcdōm</p> + <p>be·pǣht, on hwǣm his stręnġþo wæs and his wundorlicu</p> + <p>miht. Þā hǣþnan Philistēi be·hēton hiere sċeattas wiþ þǣm</p> + <p>þe hēo be·swice Samson þone strangan. Þā āscode hēo</p> + <p>hine ġeorne mid hiere ōlǣċunge on hwǣm his miht wǣre;</p> + <div class="linenum">50</div><p>and hē hiere andwyrde: 'Ġif ic bēo ġe·bunden mid seofon</p> + <p>rāpum, of sinum ġeworhte, sōna ic bēo ġe·wield.' Þæt</p> + <p>swicole wīf þā be·ġeat þā seofon rāpas, and hē þurh sierwunge</p> + <p>swā wearþ ġe·bunden. And him man cȳþde þæt</p> + <p>þǣr cōmon his fīend; þā tō·bræc hē sōna þā rāpas, swā</p> + <div class="linenum">55</div><p>swā hęfel-þrǣdas; and þæt wīf nyste on hwǣm his miht</p> + <p>wæs. Hē wearþ eft ġe·bunden mid eall-nīwum rāpum; and</p> + <p>hē þā tō·bræc, swā swā þā ōþre.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hēo be·swāc hine swā·þēah, þæt hē hiere sæġde æt</p> +<!-- Page 78 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page78"></a>{78}</span> + <p>nīehstan: 'Ic eom Gode ġe·hālgod fram mīnum ċildhāde; and</p> + <div class="linenum">60</div><p>ic næs nǣfre ġe·ęfsod, ne nǣfre be·scoren; and ġif ic bēo</p> + <p>be·scoren, þonne bēo ic un-mihtiġ, ōþrum mannum ġe·līc;'</p> + <p>and hēo lēt þā swā.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hēo þā on sumum dæġe, þā þā hē on slǣpe læġ, for·ċearf</p> + <p>his seofon loccas, and ā·weahte hine siþþan; þā wæs</p> + <div class="linenum">65</div><p>hē swā unmihtiġ swā swā ōþre męnn. And þā Philistēi</p> + <p>ġe·fēngon hine sōna, swā swā hēo hine be·lǣwde, and ġe·lǣddon</p> + <p>hine on·weġ; and hēo hæfde þone sċeatt, swā swā</p> + <p>him ġe·wearþ.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hīe þā hine ā·blęndon, and ġe·bundenne lǣddon on</p> + <div class="linenum">70</div><p>heardum racentēagum hām tō hiera byriġ, and on cwearterne</p> + <p>be·lucon tō langre fierste: hēton hine grindan æt</p> + <p>hiera hand-cweorne. Þā wēoxon his loccas and his miht</p> + <p>eft on him. And þā Philistēi full·blīþe wǣron: þancodon</p> + <p>hiera Gode, Dagon ġe·hāten, swelce hīe þurh his fultum</p> + <div class="linenum">75</div><p>hiera fēond ġe·wielden.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā Philistēi þā miċle feorme ġe·worhton, and ġe·samnodon</p> + <p>hīe on sumre ūp-flōra, ealle þā hēafod-męnn, and</p> + <p>ēac swelce wīf-męnn, þrēo þūsend manna on miċelre blisse.</p> + <p>And þā þā hīe blīþost wǣron, þā bǣdon hīe sume þæt Samson</p> + <div class="linenum">80</div><p>mōste him macian sum gamen; and hine man sōna</p> + <p>ġe·fętte mid swīþlicre wāfunge, and hēton hine standan</p> + <p>be·twix twǣm stǣnenum swēorum. On þǣm twǣm swēorum</p> + <p>stōd þæt hūs eall ġe·worht. And Samson þā plegode</p> + <p>swīþe him æt·foran; and ġe·lǣhte þā swēoras mid swīþlicre</p> + <div class="linenum">85</div><p>mihte, and slōg hīe tō·gædre þæt hīe sōna tō·burston; and</p> + <p>þæt hūs þā ā·fēoll eall, þǣm folce tō dēaþe, and Samson</p> + <p>forþ mid, swā þæt hē miċle mā on his dēaþe ā·cwealde</p> + <p>þonne hē ǣr cwic dyde.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 79 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page79"></a>{79}</span></p> + +<h3>V.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">FROM THE CHRONICLE.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Breten īeġ-land is eahta hund mīla lang, and twā hund</p> + <p>mīla brād; and hēr sind on þǣm īeġlande fīf ġe·þēodu:</p> + <p>Ęnġlisc, Brettisc, Scyttisc, Pihtisc, and Bōc-læden.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ǣrest wǣron būend þisses landes Brettas. Þā cōmon</p> + <div class="linenum">5</div><p>of Armenia, and ġe·sǣton sūþan-wearde Bretene ǣrest. Þā</p> + <p>ġe·lamp hit þæt Peohtas cōmon sūþan of Scithian mid</p> + <p>langum sċipum, nā manigum; and þā cōmon ǣrest on</p> + <p>Norþ-ibernian ūp; and þǣr bǣdon Scottas þæt hīe þǣr</p> + <p>mōsten wunian. Ac hīe noldon him līefan, for þǣm þe hīe</p> + <div class="linenum">10</div><p>cwǣdon þæt hīe ne mihten ealle æt·gædre ġe·wunian þǣr.</p> + <p>And þā cwǣdon þā Scottas: 'Wē magon ēow hwæþre rǣd</p> + <p>ġe·lǣran: wē witon ōþer īeġland hēr-be·ēastan; þǣr ġē</p> + <p>magon eardian, ġif ġē willaþ; and ġif hwā ēow wiþ·stęnt,</p> + <p>wē ēow fultumiaþ þæt ġē hit mæġen ġe·gān.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">15</div><p>Þā fērdon þā Peohtas, and ġefērdon þis land norþan-weard;</p> + <p>sūþan-weard hit hæfdon Brettas, swā swā wē ǣr cwǣdon.</p> + <p>And þā Peohtas him ā·bǣdon wīf æt Scottum on þā ġe·rād</p> + <p>þæt hīe ġe·curen hiera cyne-cynn ā on þā wīf-healfe. Þæt</p> + <p>hīe hēoldon swā lange siþþan.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">20</div><p>And þā ġe·lamp ymbe ġēara ryne þæt Scotta sum dǣl</p> + <p>ġe·wāt of Ibernian on Bretene, and þæs landes sumne dǣl</p> + <p>ġe·ēodon; and wæs hiera hęre-toga Rēoda ġe·hāten: fram</p> + <p>þæm hīe sind ġe·nęmnede Dālrēodi.</p> +<!-- Page 80 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page80"></a>{80}</span> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Anno 449. Hēr Martiānus and Valentīnus on·fēngon rīċe,</p> + <div class="linenum">25</div><p>and rīċsodon seofon winter.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And on hiera dagum, Hęnġest and Horsa, fram Wyrtġeorne</p> + <p>ġe·laþode, Bretta cyninge, ġe·sōhton Bretene on þǣm</p> + <p>stęde þe is ġe·nęmned Ypwines-flēot, ǣrest Brettum tō fultume,</p> + <p>ac hīe eft on hīe fuhton.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">30</div><p>Se cyning hēt hīe feohtan on·ġēan Peohtas; and hīe swā</p> + <p>dydon, and siġe hæfdon swā hwǣr swā hīe cōmon.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hīe þā sęndon tō Angle, and hēton him sęndan māran</p> + <p>fultum; and hēton him sęċġan Bret-wēala nāhtnesse and þæs</p> + <p>landes cysta. Hīe þā sęndon him māran fultum. Þā cōmon</p> + <div class="linenum">35</div><p>þā męnn of þrim mǣġþum Ġermānie: of Eald-seaxum, of</p> + <p>Ęnġlum, of Īotum.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Of Īotum cōmon Cant-ware and Wiht-ware—þæt is sēo</p> + <p>mǣġþ þe nū eardaþ on Wiht—and þæt cynn on West-seaxum</p> + <p>þe man nū·ġiet hǣtt 'Īotena cynn.' Of Eald-seaxum</p> + <div class="linenum">40</div><p>cōmon Ēast-seaxe, and Sūþ-seaxe, and West-seaxe.</p> + <p>Of Angle cōmon—sē ā siþþan stōd wēste be·twix Īotum and</p> + <p>Seaxum—Ēast-ęnġle, Middel-ęnġle, Mierċe, and ealle Norþhymbre.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>455. Hēr Hęnġest and Horsa fuhton wiþ Wyrtġeorne</p> + <div class="linenum">45</div><p>þǣm cyninge in þǣre stōwe þe is ġe·cweden Æġles-þrep;</p> + <p>and his brōþor Horsan man of·slōg. And æfter þǣm Hęnġest</p> + <p>fēng tō rīċe, and Æsc his sunu.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>457. Hēr Hęnġest and Æsc fuhton wiþ Brettas in þǣre</p> + <p>stōwe þe is ġe·cweden Cręċġan-ford, and þǣr of·slōgon</p> + <div class="linenum">50</div><p>fēower þūsend wera. And þā Brettas þā for·lēton Cęnt-land,</p> + <p>and mid miċle ęġe flugon tō Lunden-byriġ.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>473. Hēr Henġest and Æsc ġe·fuhton wiþ Wēalas, and</p> + <p>ġe·nāmon un-ārīmedlicu hęre-rēaf, and þā Wēalas flugon</p> + <p>þā Ęnġle swā swā fȳr.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">55</div><p>787. Hēr nam Beorht-rīċ cyning Offan dohtor Ēad-burge.</p> + <p>And on his dagum cōmon ǣrest þrēo sċipu; and þā se</p> +<!-- Page 81 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page81"></a>{81}</span> + <p>ġe·rēfa þǣr tō rād, and hīe wolde drīfan tō þæs cyninges</p> + <p>tūne, þȳ hē nyste hwæt hīe wǣron; and hine man of·slōg.</p> + <p>Þæt wǣron þā ǣrestan sċipu Dęniscra manna þe Angel-cynnes</p> + <div class="linenum">60</div><p>land ġe·sōhton.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>851. Hēr Ċeorl ealdor-mann ġe·feaht wiþ hǣþne męnn</p> + <p>mid Defena-sċīre æt Wiċġan-beorge, and þǣr miċel wæl</p> + <p>ġe·slōgon, and siġe nāmon.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And þȳ ilcan ġēare Æþelstān cyning and Ealhhęre dux</p> + <div class="linenum">65</div><p>miċelne hęre of·slōgon æt Sand-wīc on Cęnt; and nigon</p> + <p>sċipu ġe·fēngon, and þā ōþru ġe·flīemdon; and hǣþne męnn</p> + <p>ǣrest ofer winter sǣton.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>And þȳ ilcan ġēare cōm fēorþe healf hund sċipa on</p> + <p>Tęmese-mūþan, and brǣcon Cantwara-burg, and Lunden-burg,</p> + <div class="linenum">70</div><p>and ġe·flīemdon Beorhtwulf Mierċna cyning mid his</p> + <p>fierde; and fērdon þā sūþ ofer Tęmese on Sūþriġe; and</p> + <p>him ġe·feaht wiþ Æþelwulf cyning and Æþelbeald his</p> + <p>sunu æt Āc-lēa mid West-seaxna fierde, and þǣr þæt mǣste</p> + <p>wæl ġe·slōgon on hǣþnum hęre þe wē sęċġan hīerdon oþ</p> + <div class="linenum">75</div><p>þisne andweardan dæġ, and þǣr siġe nāmon.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>867. Hēr fōr se hęre of Ēast-ęnġlum ofer Humbre-mūþan</p> + <p>tō Eoforwīc-ċeastre on Norþ-hymbre. And þǣr wæs miċel</p> + <p>un-ġeþwǣrnes þǣre þēode be·twix him selfum, and hīe</p> + <p>hæfdon hiera cyning ā·worpenne Ōsbryht, and un-ġecyndne</p> + <div class="linenum">80</div><p>cyning under·fēngon Ællan. And hīe late on ġēare tō þǣm</p> + <p>ġe·ċierdon þæt hīe wiþ þone hęre winnende wǣron; and hīe</p> + <p>þēah miċle fierd ġe·gadrodon, and þone hęre sōhton æt</p> + <p>Eoforwīc-ċeastre; and on þā ċeastre brǣcon, and hīe sume</p> + <p>inne wurdon; and þǣr wæs un-ġemetlic wæl ge·slæġen Norþanhymbra,</p> + <div class="linenum">85</div><p>sume binnan, sume būtan, and þā cyningas</p> + <p>bēġen ofslæġene; and sēo lāf wiþ þone hęre friþ nam.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 82 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page82"></a>{82}</span></p> + +<h3>VI.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">KING EDMUND.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sum swīþe ġe·lǣred munuc cōm sūþan ofer sǣ fram sancte</p> + <p>Benedictes stōwe, on Æþelredes cyninges dæġe, to Dūnstāne</p> + <p>ærċe-biscope, þrim ġēarum ǣr þǣm þe hē forþ·fērde,</p> + <p>and se munuc hātte Abbo. Þā wurdon hīe æt sprǣċe, oþ</p> + <div class="linenum">5</div><p>þæt Dūnstān reahte be sancte Ēadmunde, swā swā Ēadmundes</p> + <p>sweord-bora hit reahte Æþelstāne cyninge, þā þā</p> + <p>Dūnstān ġēong mann wæs, and se sweord-bora wæs for·ealdod</p> + <p>mann. Þā ġe·sętte se munuc ealle þā, ġe·ręċednesse on</p> + <p>ānre bēc, and eft, þā þā sēo bōc cōm tō ūs, binnan fēam</p> + <div class="linenum">10</div><p>ġēarum, þā ā·węndon wē hit on Ęnġlisc, swā swā hit hēr·æfter</p> + <p>stęnt. Se munuc þā Abbo binnan twǣm ġēarum ġe·węnde</p> + <p>hām tō his mynstre, and wearþ sōna tō abbode</p> + <p>ġe·sętt on þǣm ilcan mynstre.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ēadmund se ēadiga, Ēast-ęnġla cyning, wæs snotor and</p> + <div class="linenum">15</div><p>weorþfull, and weorþode simle mid æþelum þēawum þone</p> + <p>ælmihtigan God. Hē wæs ēaþ-mōd and ġe·þungen, and</p> + <p>swā ān-rǣd þurh·wunode þæt hē nolde ā·būgan tō bismerfullum</p> + <p>leahtrum, ne on nāwþre healfe hē ne ā·hielde his</p> + <p>þēawas, ac wæs simle ġe·myndiġ þǣre sōþan lāre: 'Ġif þū</p> + <div class="linenum">20</div><p>eart tō hēafod-męnn ġe·sętt, ne ā·hęfe þū þē, ac bēo be·twix</p> + <p>mannum swā swā ān mann of him.' Hē wæs</p> + <p>cystiġ wǣdlum and widewum swā swā fæder, and mid</p> + <p>wel-willendnesse ġe·wissode his folc simle tō riht-wīsnesse,</p> + <p>and þǣm rēþum stīerde, and ġe·sǣliġlīce leofode on sōþum</p> + <div class="linenum">25</div><p>ġe·lēafan.</p> +<!-- Page 83 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page83"></a>{83}</span> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hit ġe·lamp þā æt nīehstan þæt þā Dęniscan lēode fērdon</p> + <p>mid sċip-hęre, hęrgiende and slēande wīde ġeond land, swā</p> + <p>swā hiera ġe·wuna is. On þǣm flotan wǣron þā fyrmestan</p> + <p>hēafod-męnn, Hinguar and Hubba, ġe·ānlǣhte þurh dēofol,</p> + <div class="linenum">30</div><p>and hīe on Norþhymbra-lande ġe·lęndon mid æscum, and</p> + <p>ā·wēston þæt land, and þā lēode of·slōgon. Þā ġe·węnde</p> + <p>Hinguar ēast mid his sċipum, and Hubba be·lāf on Norþhymbra-lande,</p> + <p>ġe·wunnenum siġe mid wæl-hrēownesse.</p> + <p>Hinguar þā be·cōm tō Ēast-ęnġlum rōwende on þǣm ġēare</p> + <div class="linenum">35</div><p>þe Ælfred æþeling ān and twęntiġ ġēara wæs, sē þe West-seaxna</p> + <p>cyning siþþan wearþ mǣre. And se fore-sæġda</p> + <p>Hinguar fǣrlīce, swā swā wulf, on lande be·stealcode, and</p> + <p>þā lēode slōg, weras and wīf, and þā unġewittigan ċīld,</p> + <p>and to bismere tūcode þā bilewītan Crīstenan. Hē sęnde</p> + <div class="linenum">40</div><p>þā siþþan sōna tō þǣm cyninge bēotlic ǣrende, þæt hē</p> + <p>ā·būgan scolde tō his mann-rǣdenne, ġif hē his fēores rōhte.</p> + <p>Se ǣrend-raca cōm þā tō Ēadmunde cyninge, and Hinguares</p> + <p>ǣrende him arodlīce ā·bēad: 'Hinguar ūre cyning, cēne</p> + <p>and siġefæst on sǣ and on lande, hæfþ fela þēoda ġe·weald,</p> + <div class="linenum">45</div><p>and cōm nū mid fierde fǣrlīce hēr tō lande, þæt</p> + <p>hē hēr winter-setl mid his werode hæbbe. Nū hǣtt hē þē</p> + <p>dǣlan þīne dīeglan gold-hordas and þīnra ieldrena ġe·strēon</p> + <p>arodlīce wiþ hine, and þū bēo his under-cyning, ġif þū</p> + <p>cwic bēon wilt, for þǣm þe þū næfst þā miht þæt þū mæġe</p> + <div class="linenum">50</div><p>him wiþ·standan.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hwæt þā Ēadmund cyning clipode ānne biscop þe him</p> + <p>þā ġe·hęndost wæs, and wiþ hine smēade hū hē þǣm</p> + <p>rēþan Hinguare andwyrdan scolde. Þā forhtode se biscop</p> + <p>for þǣm fǣrlican ġe·limpe, and for þæs cyninges līfe,</p> + <div class="linenum">55</div><p>and cwæþ þæt him rǣd þūhte þæt hē tō þǣm ġe·buge þe</p> + <p>him bēad Hinguar. Þā swīgode se cyning, and be·seah</p> + <p>tō þǣre eorþan, and cwæþ þā æt nīehstan cynelīce him</p> + <p>tō: 'Ēalā þū biscop, tō bismere sind ġe·tāwode þās earman</p> +<!-- Page 84 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page84"></a>{84}</span> + <p>land-lēode, and mē nū lēofre wǣre þæt ic on ġe·feohte</p> + <div class="linenum">60</div><p>fēolle wiþ þǣm þe mīn folc mōste hiera eardes brūcan.'</p> + <p>And se biscop cwæþ: 'Ēalā þū lēofa cyning, þīn folc</p> + <p>līþ of·slæġen, and þū næfst þone fultum þæt þū feohtan</p> + <p>mæġe, and þās flot-męnn cumaþ, and þē cwicne ġe·bindaþ,</p> + <p>būtan þū mid flēame þīnum fēore ġe·beorge, oþþe þū þē swā</p> + <div class="linenum">65</div><p>ġe·beorge þæt þū būge tō him.' Þā cwæþ Ēadmund cyning,</p> + <p>swā swā hē full·cēne wæs: 'þæs ic ġe·wilniġe and ġe·wȳsċe</p> + <p>mid mōde þæt ic āna ne be·līfe æfter mīnum lēofum þeġnum,</p> + <p>þe on hiera będdum wurdon mid bearnum and wīfum fǣrlīce</p> + <p>of·slæġene fram þissum flot-mannum. Næs mē nǣfre ġe·wunelic</p> + <div class="linenum">70</div><p>þæt ic worhte flēames, ac ic wolde swīþor sweltan,</p> + <p>ġif ic þorfte, for mīnum āgnum earde, and se ælmihtiga God</p> + <p>wāt þæt ic nyle ā·būgan fram his bī-gęnġum ǣfre, ne fram</p> + <p>his sōþre lufe, swelte ic, libbe ic.'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Æfter þissum wordum hē ġe·węnde tō þǣm ǣrend-racan þe</p> + <div class="linenum">75</div><p>Hinguar him tō sęnde, and sæġde him un·forht: 'Witodlīce</p> + <p>þū wǣre nū wierþe slęġes, ac ic nyle ā·fȳlan on þīnum fūlum</p> + <p>blōde mīne clǣnan handa, for þǣm þe ic Crīste folgiġe, þe</p> + <p>ūs swā ġe·bȳsnode; ac ic blīþelīce wile bēon of·slæġen</p> + <p>þurh ēow, ġif hit swā God fore-sċēawaþ. Far nū swīþe hraþe,</p> + <div class="linenum">80</div><p>and sęġe þīnum rēþan hlāforde, "ne ā·bȳhþ nǣfre Ēadmund</p> + <p>Hinguare on līfe, hǣþnum hęre-togan, būtan hē to Hǣlende</p> + <p>Crīste ǣrest mid ġe·lēafan on þissum lande ġe·būge."'</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā ġe·węnde se ǣrend-raca arodlīce on·weġ, and ġe·mētte</p> + <p>be weġe þone wæl-hrēowan Hinguar mid ealre his fierde</p> + <div class="linenum">85</div><p>fūse to Ēadmunde, and sæġde þǣm ārleasan hū him ġe·andwyrd</p> + <p>wæs. Hinguar bebēad þā mid bieldo þǣm sċip-hęre</p> + <p>þæt hīe þæs cyninges ānes ealle cēpan scolden, þe his hǣse</p> + <p>for·seah, and hine sōna bindan.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hwæt þā Ēadmund cyning, mid þǣm þe Hinguar cōm,</p> + <div class="linenum">90</div><p>stōd innan his healle, þæs Hǣlendes ġe·myndiġ, and ā·wearp</p> + <p>his wǣpnu: wolde ġe·efenlǣċan Crīstes ġe·bȳsnungum, þe</p> +<!-- Page 85 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page85"></a>{85}</span> + <p>for·bēad Petre mid wǣpnum tō winnenne wiþ þā wælhrēowan</p> + <p>Iūdēiscan. Hwæt þā ārlēasan þā Ēadmund ġe·bundon, and</p> + <p>ġe·bismrodon huxlīce, and bēoton mid sāglum, and swā</p> + <div class="linenum">95</div><p>siþþan lǣddon þone ġe·lēaffullan cyning tō ānum eorþ-faestan</p> + <p>trēowe, and tīeġdon hine þǣr-tō mid heardum bęndum,</p> + <p>and hine eft swungon langlīce mid swipum; and hē</p> + <p>simle clipode be·twix þǣm swinglum mid sōþum ġe·lēafan tō</p> + <p>Hǣlende Crīste; and þā hǣþnan þā for his ġe·lēafan wurdon</p> + <div class="linenum">100</div><p>wōdlīce ierre, for þǣm þe hē clipode Crīst him tō fultume:</p> + <p>hīe scuton þā mid gafelocum him tō, swelce him to gamene,</p> + <p>oþ þæt hē eall wæs be·sętt mid hiera scotungum, swelce īles</p> + <p>byrsta, swā swā Sebastiānus wæs. Þā ġe·seah Hinguar, se</p> + <p>ārlēasa flotmann, þæt se æþela cyning nolde Crīste wiþ·sacan,</p> + <div class="linenum">105</div><p>ac mid ānrǣdum ġe·lēafan hine ǣfre clipode: hēt hine þā</p> + <p>be·hēafdian, and þā hǣþnan swā dydon. Be·twix þǣm þe hē</p> + <p>clipode tō Crīste þā·ġiet, þā tugon þā hǣþnan þone hālgan</p> + <p>tō slęġe, and mid ānum swęnġe slōgon him of þæt hēafod,</p> + <p>and his sāwol sīþode ġe·sǣliġ tō Crīste. Þǣr wæs sum</p> + <div class="linenum">110</div><p>mann ġe·hęnde ġe·healden, þurh God be·hȳdd þǣm hǣþnum,</p> + <p>þe þis ġe·hīerde eall, and hit eft sæġde, swā swā wē hit</p> + <p>sęċġaþ hēr.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hwæt þā se flot-hęre fērde eft tō sċipe, and be·hȳddon þæt</p> + <p>hēafod þæs hālgan Ēadmundes on þǣm þiċċum brēmlum,</p> + <div class="linenum">115</div><p>þæt hit be·byrġed ne wurde. Þā æfter fierste siþþan hīe</p> + <p>ā·farene wǣron, cōm þæt land-folc tō, þe þǣr tō lāfe wæs,</p> + <p>þǣr hiera hlāfordes līc læġ būtan hēafde, and wurdon swiþe</p> + <p>sāriġe for his slęġe on mōde, and hūru þæt hīe næfden þæt</p> + <p>hēafod tō þǣm bodiġe. Þā sæġde se sċēawere þe hit ǣr</p> + <div class="linenum">120</div><p>ġe·seah, þæt þā flotmęnn hæfden þæt hēafod mid him; and</p> + <p>wæs him ġe·þūht, swā swā hit wæs full·sōþ, þæt hīe behȳdden</p> + <p>þæt hēafod on þǣm holte for·hwega.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Hīe ēodon þā ęndemes ealle tō þǣm wuda, sēċende ġe·hwǣr,</p> + <p>ġeond þȳflas and brēmlas, ġif hīe ā-hwǣr mihten</p> +<!-- Page 86 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page86"></a>{86}</span> + <div class="linenum">125</div><p>ġe·mētan þæt hēafod. Wæs ēac miċel wundor þæt ān wulf</p> + <p>wearþ ā·sęnd, þurh Godes wissunge, tō be·węrienne þæt</p> + <p>hēafod wiþ þā ōþru dēor ofer dæġ and niht. Hīe ēodon þā</p> + <p>sēċende and simle clipiende, swā swā hit ġe·wunelic is þǣm</p> + <p>þe on wuda gāþ oft, 'hwǣr eart þū nū, ġe·fēra?' And him</p> + <div class="linenum">130</div><p>andwyrde þæt hēafod, 'hēr, hēr, hēr;' and swā ġe·lōme</p> + <p>clipode andswariende him eallum, swā oft swā hiera ǣniġ</p> + <p>clipode, oþ þæt hīe ealle be·cōmon þurh þā clipunge him tō.</p> + <p>Þā læġ se grǣga wulf þe be·wiste þæt hēafod, and mid his</p> + <p>twǣm fōtum hæfde þæt hēafod be·clypped, grǣdiġ and hungriġ,</p> + <div class="linenum">135</div><p>and for Gode ne dorste þæs hēafdes on·byrġan, ac</p> + <p>hēold hit wiþ dēor. Þā wurdon hīe of·wundrode þæs</p> + <p>wulfes hierd-rǣdenne, and þæt hāliġe hēafod hām fęredon</p> + <p>mid him, þanciende þǣm Ælmihtigan ealra his wundra.</p> + <p>Ac se wulf folgode forþ mid þǣm hēafde, oþ þæt hīe tō</p> + <div class="linenum">140</div><p>tūne cōmon, swelce hē tam wære, and ġe·węnde eft siþþan</p> + <p>tō wuda on·ġēan.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā land-lēode þā siþþan lęġdon þæt hēafod tō þǣm hālgan</p> + <p>bodiġe, and be·byriġdon swā hīe sēlest mihton on swelcre</p> + <p>hrædunge, and ċiriċan ā·rǣrdon sōna him on·uppan. Eft</p> + <div class="linenum">145</div><p>þā on fierste, æfter fela ġēarum, þā sēo hęrgung ġe·swāc,</p> + <p>and sibb wearþ for·ġiefen þǣm ġe·swęnċtan folce, þā fēngon</p> + <p>hīe tō·gædre, and worhton āne ċiriċan weorþlīce þǣm hālgan,</p> + <p>for þǣm þe ge·lōme wundru wurdon æt his byrġenne, æt</p> + <p>þǣm ġe·bed-hūse þǣr hē be·byrġed wæs. Hīe woldon þā</p> + <div class="linenum">150</div><p>fęrian mid folclicre weorþmynde þone hālgan līchaman, and</p> + <p>lęċġan innan þǣre ċiriċan. Þā wæs miċel wundor þæt hē</p> + <p>wæs eall swā ġe·hāl swelce hē cwic wǣre, mid clǣnum līchaman,</p> + <p>and his swēora wæs ġe·hǣled, þe ǣr wæs for·slæġen, and</p> + <p>wæs swelce ān seolcen þrǣd ymbe his swēoran, mannum tō</p> + <div class="linenum">155</div><p>sweotolunge hū hē ofs·læġen wæs. Ēac swelce þā wunda,</p> + <p>þe þā wælhrēowan hǣþnan mid ġe·lōmum scotungum on his</p> + <p>līce macodon, wǣron ġe·hǣlde þurh þone heofonlican God;</p> +<!-- Page 87 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page87"></a>{87}</span> + <p>and hē; līþ swā onsund oþ þisne and-weardan dæġ, and-bīdiende</p> + <p>ǣristes and þæs ēċan wuldres. His līchama ūs</p> + <div class="linenum">160</div><p>cȳþþ, þe līþ un-formolsnod, þæt hē būtan for·liġre hēr on</p> + <p>worulde leofode, and mid clǣnum līfe tō; Crīste sīþode.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Sum widewe wunode, Ōswyn ġe·hāten, æt þæs hālgan</p> + <p>byrġenne, on ġe·bedum and fæstennum manigu ġēar siþþan.</p> + <p>Sēo wolde ęfsian ǣlce ġēare þone sanct, and his næġlas</p> + <div class="linenum">165</div><p>ċeorfan sīeferlīce mid lufe, and on scrīne healdan tō hāliġ-dōme</p> + <p>on weofode. Þa weorþode þæt land-folc mid ġe·lēafan þone</p> + <p>sanct, and Þēodred biscop þearle mid ġiefum on golde and</p> + <p>on seolfre, þǣm sancte tō weorþmynde.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Þā cōmon on sumne sǣl un-ġesǣlige þēofas eahta on</p> + <div class="linenum">170</div><p>ānre nihte tō þǣm ār-weorþan hālgan: woldon stelan þā</p> + <p>māþmas þe męnn þider brōhton, and cunnodon mid cræfte</p> + <p>hū hīe inn cuman mihten. Sum slōg mid slęċġe swīþe þā</p> + <p>hæspan, sum hiera mid fēolan fēolode ymb·ūtan, sum ēac</p> + <p>under·dealf þā duru mid spadan, sum hiera mid hlǣddre wolde</p> + <div class="linenum">175</div><p>on·lūcan þǣt ēag-þȳrel; ac hīe swuncon on īdel, and earmlīce</p> + <p>fērdon, swā þæt se hālga wer hīe wundorlīce ġe·band,</p> + <p>ǣlcne swā hē stōd strūtiendne mid tōle, þæt hiera nān ne</p> + <p>mihte þæt morþ ġe·fręmman ne hīe þanon ā·styrian; ac</p> + <p>stōdon swā oþ merġen. Męnn þā þæs wundrodon, hū þā</p> + <div class="linenum">180</div><p>weargas hangodon, sum on hlǣddre, sum lēat tō ġe·delfe,</p> + <p>and ǣlc on his weorce wæs fæste ġe·bunden. Hīe wurdon</p> + <p>þā ġe·brōhte tō þǣm biscope ealle, and hē hēt hīe ā·hōn on</p> + <p>hēam ġealgum ealle; ac hē næs nā ġe·myndiġ hū se mildheorta</p> + <p>God clipode þurh his wītegan þās word þe hēr standaþ:</p> + <div class="linenum">185</div><p><i>Eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eruere ne cesses</i>, 'þā þe man lǣtt</p> + <p>tō dēaþe ā·līes hīe ūt simle.' And ēac þā hālgan canōnes</p> + <p>bēc ġe·hādodum for·bēodaþ ġe biscopum ġe prēostum tō</p> + <p>bēonne ymbe þēofas, for þǣm þe hit ne ġe·byreþ þǣm þe</p> + <p>bēop ġe·corene Gode to þeġnienne þæt hīe ġe·þwǣrlǣċan</p> + <div class="linenum">190</div><p>scylen on ǣniġes mannes dēaþe, ġif hīe bēoþ Dryhtnes</p> +<!-- Page 88 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page88"></a>{88}</span> + <p>þeġnas. Eft þā Þēodred biscop sċēawode his bēc, hē siþþan</p> + <p>be·hrēowsode mid ġēomrunge þæt hē swā rēþne dōm sętte</p> + <p>þǣm unġesǣligum þēofum, and hit be·sārgode ǣfre oþ his</p> + <p>līfes ęnde, and þā lēode bæd ġeorne þæt hīe him mid fæsten</p> + <div class="linenum">195</div><p>fullīce þrīe dagas, biddende þone Ælmihtigan þæt hē him</p> + <p>ārian scolde.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>On þǣm lande wæs sum mann, Lēofstān ġe·hāten, rīċe</p> + <p>for worulde, un-ġewittiġ for Gode; sē rād tō þǣm hālgan</p> + <p>mid rīċetere swīþe, and hēt him æt·īewan orgellīce swīþe</p> + <div class="linenum">200</div><p>þone hālgan sanct, hwæþer hē ġe·sund wǣre; ac swā hraþe</p> + <p>swā hē ġe·seah þæs sanctes līchaman, þā ā·wēdde hē sōna,</p> + <p>and wæl-hrēowlīce grymetode, and earmlīce ġe·ęndode yflum</p> + <p>dēaþe. Þis is þǣm ġe·līc þe se ġe·lēaffulla pāpa Gregōrius</p> + <p>sæġde on his ġesętnesse be þǣm hālgan Laurentie, þe līþ on</p> + <div class="linenum">205</div><p>Rōme-byriġ, þæt męnn wolden sċēawian hū hē lǣġe ġe</p> + <p>gōde ġe yfle; ac God hīe ġe·stilde swā þæt þǣr swulton</p> + <p>on þǣre sċēawunge seofon męnn æt·gædre; þā ġeswicon</p> + <p>þā ōþre tō sċēawienne þone martyr mid męnniscum ġe·dwylde.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="linenum">210</div><p>Fela wundra wē ġe·hīerdon on folclicre sprǣċe be þǣm</p> + <p>hālgan Ēadmunde, þe wē hēr nyllaþ on ġe·write sęttan, ac hīe</p> + <p>wāt ġe·hwā. On þissum hālgan is sweotol, and on swelcum</p> + <p>ōþrum, þæt God ælmihtiġ mæġ þone mann ā·rǣran eft on</p> + <p>dōmes dæġe onsundne of eorþan, sē þe hielt Ēadmund hālne</p> + <div class="linenum">215</div><p>his līchaman oþ þone mīċlan dæġ, þēah þe hē on moldan cōme.</p> + <p>Wierþe wǣre sēo stōw for þǣm weorþfullan hālgan þæt hīe</p> + <p>man weorþode and wel ġe·lōgode mid clǣnum Godes þēowum</p> + <p>tō Crīstes þēowdōme; for þǣm þe se hālga is mǣrra þonne</p> + <p>męnn mæġen ā·smēan. Nis Angel-cynn be·dǣled Dryhtnes</p> + <div class="linenum">220</div><p>hālgena, þonne on Ęnġla-lande liċġaþ swelce hālgan swelce</p> + <p>þes hālga cyning, and Cūþberht se ēadiga and sancte</p> + <p>Æþelþrȳþ on Ēliġ, and ēac hiere sweostor, onsund on līchaman,</p> + <p>ġe·lēafan tō trymmunge. Sind ēac fela ōþre on</p> +<!-- Page 89 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page89"></a>{89}</span> + <p>Angel-cynne hālgan, þe fela wundra wyrċaþ, swā swā hit</p> + <div class="linenum">225</div><p>wīde is cūþ, þǣm Ælmihtigan tō lofe, þe hīe on ġe·līefdon.</p> + <p>Crīst ġe·sweotolaþ mannum þurh his mǣre hālgan þæt hē is</p> + <p>ælmihtiġ God þe wyrċþ swelc wundru, þēah þe þā earman</p> + <p>Iūdēiscan hine eallunga wiþ·sōcen, for þǣm þe hīe sind</p> + <p>ā·wierġde, swā swā hīe wȳsċton him selfum. Ne bēoþ nān</p> + <div class="linenum">230</div><p>wundru ġe·worht æt hiera byrġennum, for þǣm þe hīe ne</p> + <p>ġe·līefaþ on þone lifiendan Crīst; ac Crīst ġe·sweotolaþ</p> + <p>mannum hwǣr se gōda ġe·lēafa is, þonne hē swelc wundru</p> + <p>wyrċþ þurh his hālgan wīde ġeond þās eorþan, þæs him sīe</p> + <p>wuldor and lof ā mid his heofonlicum Fæder and þǣm Hālgan</p> + <div class="linenum">235</div><p>Gāste, ā būtan ęnde.</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p><!-- Page 91 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page91"></a>{91}</span></p> + +<h2>NOTES.</h2> + + <p>The references marked 'Gr.' are to the pages and paragraphs of the + grammar; paragraph-references in ( ) are to the numbered paragraphs in + the grammar.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">I. SENTENCES.</p> + + <p>Line 2. <b>sē.</b> Gr. <a href="#page21">21</a>. 1.</p> + + <p><b>þis sind.</b> Gr. <a href="#page45">45</a>. 2.</p> + + <p>l. 6. <b>sęlþ.</b> Gr. <a href="#page45">45</a>. 5.</p> + + <p>l. 7. <b>sēo ælmesse.</b> Gr. <a href="#page44">44</a>. 3.</p> + + <p>l. 12. <b>ġeworhte.</b> Gr. <a href="#page46">46</a>. (3).</p> + + <p>l. 16. <b>hiera.</b> Gr. <a href="#page41">41</a>. 3.</p> + + <p><b>nǣfre ... ne ... nānes.</b> Gr. <a + href="#page52">52</a>. 2. <i>ne wæs</i> is usually contracted into + <i>næs</i>; the full form is used here because the <i>wæs</i> is + emphatic.</p> + + <p>l. 17. <b>hēt ofslēan.</b> Gr. <a href="#page50">50</a>. + 4.</p> + + <p>l. 23. <b>Æþelred cyning.</b> Gr. <a href="#page42">42</a>. 6.</p> + + <p>l. 24. <b>Æsces-dūn</b>, <i>sf.</i> <b>Ashdown</b>, literally + 'hill (or down) of the ashtree.'</p> + + <p>l. 27. <b>wile</b> here denotes <i>repetition</i>, = 'is in the habit + of.' Cp. l. 52.</p> + + <p>l. 28. <b>þonne</b> is correlative with <i>gif</i> (l. 26), Gr. <a + href="#page52">52</a>. 3.</p> + + <p>l. 37. <b>ælmihtiga.</b> Gr. <a href="#page43">43</a>. (4).</p> + + <p>l. 43. <b>ēower se heofonlica Fæder.</b> This insertion of the + definite article between a possessive pronoun and an adjective is + frequent.</p> + + <p>l. 50. <b>bēo.</b> Gr. <a href="#page48">48</a>. (6).</p> + + <p>l. 52. <b>tō</b>, for.</p> + + <p>l. 56. <b>twęntiġ wintra.</b> Gr. <a + href="#page18">18</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 58. <b>Dēofol.</b> Gr. <a href="#page44">44</a>. 1.</p> + + <p>l. 60. <b>scortan.</b> Gr. <a href="#page43">43</a>. (2).</p> + + <p>l. 61. <b>fisca.</b> Gr. <a href="#page41">41</a>. 3.</p> + + <p>l. 63. pǣm, those.</p> + + <p><b>hider on land</b>, lit. hither on to land, = to this land.</p> + + <p>l. 74. <b>blētsian.</b> The older form of this word is + <i>bledsian</i>. It is a derivative of <i>blōd</i>, like + <i>rīċsian</i> from <i>rīċe</i>, with mutation of + the root vowel. Its original meaning was to 'sprinkle with blood,' and + hence, in heathen times, to 'consecrate,' especially to consecrate an + altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim.</p> + + <p>l. 80. <b>godspell.</b> The original form of this word was probably + <i>gōdspell</i> = 'good tidings,' a literal translation of the + Greek <i>euaggélion</i>. <!-- Page 92 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page92"></a>{92}</span>Afterwards the first vowel was shortened + before the following consonant-group, or else <i>god</i> was directly + substituted for <i>gōd</i>, as giving a more evident meaning, the + result being that the word was taken in the sense of 'God's tidings.' In + this form it was adopted into Icelandic (guðspiall) and Old High German + (gotespel), having been introduced by the Old English missionaries.</p> + + <p><b>biþ.</b> Gr. <a href="#page45">45</a>. 5.</p> + + <p>l. 82. <b>hīe.</b> Gr. <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 89. <b>him on ǣlce healfe</b>, lit. 'to (for) themselves on + each side,' = on every side (of themselves).</p> + + <p>l. 92. <b>rihtne.</b> Gr. <a href="#page42">42</a>. 5.</p> + + <p>l. 93. <b>Æþelwulf-ing.</b> Gr. <a href="#page38">38</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 101. <b>fare ġē.</b> Gr. <a href="#page22">22</a>. + 7.</p> + + <p>l. 106. <b>forsāwon.</b> A plural verb after a singular noun of + multitude is common in O. E., as in other languages.</p> + + <p>l. 107. <b>ġif se blinda blindne lǣtt.</b> + <i>ġif</i> here takes the indic., instead of the subj. (Gr. <a + href="#page48">48</a>. 6), because the case is not assumed to be unreal. + So also in V. 13, where the opposition (wiþstęnt) is assumed as + certain, and VI. 19.</p> + + <p>l. 114. <b>cwǣde.</b> Gr. <a href="#page48">48</a>. (5).</p> + + <p>l. 118. <b>mæġe.</b> Compare Gr. <a href="#page47">47</a>. (B. + 1).</p> + + <p>l. 119. <b>sīe.</b> Gr. <a href="#page47">47</a>. (A).</p> + + <p>l. 120. <b>Scotland</b> is here used in its older sense of 'Ireland.' + Compare the first extract from the Chronicle, p. <a href="#page79">79</a> + below.</p> + + <p>l. 121. <b>his.</b> Gr. <a href="#page41">41</a>. 3.</p> + + <p>l. 123. <b>healden.</b> Gr. <a href="#page48">48</a>. (2).</p> + + <p>l. 124. <b>wǣre.</b> Gr. <a href="#page47">47</a>. (B. 1).</p> + + <p>l. 132. <b>sē þe.</b> Gr. <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 135. <b>þæt.</b> Gr. <a href="#page21">21</a>; <a + href="#page52">52</a>. 3.</p> + + <p>l. 137. <b>on ēare.</b> Gr. <a href="#page51">51</a>. 2.</p> + + <p>l. 138. <b>ġewęndon him</b>, lit. 'they went + for-themselves'; a reflexive pronoun in the dative, Gr. <a + href="#page40">40</a>. (1), is often added to verbs of motion.</p> + + <p>l. 139. <b>dō ġē.</b> Gr. <a + href="#page22">22</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 142. <b>grēte.</b> Compare Gr. <a href="#page49">49</a>. + (8).</p> + + <p>l. 145. <b>swelce</b>, adverb, 'as it were.'</p> + + <p>l. 151. <b>nime.</b> Gr. <a href="#page49">49</a>. (7).</p> + + <p>l. 161. <b>cōme.</b> Compare <i>mæġe</i>, l. 118 + above.</p> + + <p>l. 166. <b>ofslæġenne.</b> Gr. <a href="#page46">46</a>. 5.</p> + + <p>l. 176. <b>ġeweorþan.</b> Gr. <a href="#page47">47</a>. (B. + 1.)</p> + + <p>l. 180. <b>wolde.</b> Gr. <a href="#page45">45</a>. 5.</p> + + <p>l. 191. <b>bēon.</b> Gr. <a href="#page48">48</a>. (2). <!-- + Page 93 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page93"></a>{93}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW.</p> + + <p>l. 1. <b>þās mīn word.</b> Gr. <a href="#page43">43</a>. + 8.</p> + + <p>l. 16. <b>āweorpe.</b> Gr. <a href="#page49">49</a>. (8).</p> + + <p>l. 20. <b>hit</b> refers back to <i>sǣd</i>, l. 18.</p> + + <p>l. 22. <b>ūp sprungenre sunnan.</b> Gr. <a + href="#page41">41</a>. 2.</p> + + <p>l. 28. <b>is ġeworden.</b> An over-literal rendering of the + Latin <i>factum est</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 32. <b>hine</b>, reflexive, Gr. <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 40. <b>tō forbærnenne.</b> We see here how out of the active + 'in order to burn it' may be developed the passive 'in order that it may + be burnt,' as in the modern E. 'a house to let.' Compare Gr. <a + href="#page50">50</a>. 4, (1).</p> + + <p>l. 52. <b>on hiera fatu.</b> Compare l. 137.</p> + + <p>l. 60. <b>ġewordenre ġecwidrǣenne þǣm + wyrhtum.</b> A very stiff adaptation of the ablative absolute of the + original, 'conventione autem facta cum operariis.' <i>þǣm + wyrhtum</i> is to be taken as a dative of the person affected (Gr. <a + href="#page41">41</a>).</p> + + <p>l. 67. <b>dyde þǣm swā ġelīce.</b> The Latin + has simply 'fecit similiter.' The sense is 'did like to it' (like his + former proceeding), the <i>swā</i> being pleonastic.</p> + + <p>l. 86. <b>þæt.</b> Gr. <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p> + + <p>l. 90. <b>suna</b>, dative, 'for his son.'</p> + + <p>l. 106. <b>ġiefthūs.</b> <i>hūs</i> must here be + taken in the sense of 'hall,' 'chamber.' In Icelandic the plural + <i>hūs</i> is regularly used to denote the group of buildings + (often detached) constituting a house or homestead, the kitchen, for + instance, which was originally detached, being still called + <i>eldhūs</i> (fire-house).</p> + + <p>l. 107. <b>þæt hē wolde gesēon.</b> This clause is due to + a confusion of two constructions, (1) <i>hē wolde + ġesēon</i>, (2) <i>þæt</i> (in order that) <i>hē + ġe·sāwe</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES.</p> + + <p>The first two pieces are taken from Ælfric's translation of the + Heptateuch, first published by Thwaites in his Heptateuchus, and + afterwards by Grein as vol. i. of his <i>Bibliothek der angelsächsischen + Prosa</i>—Genesis xi. and xxii. The other three are from Ælfric's + Homilies (edited by Thorpe)—ii. 584 foll., i. 570, ii. 432.</p> + + <p>l. 4. <b>him betwēonan.</b> Gr. <a href="#page51">51</a>. 5.</p> + + <p>l. 13. <b>læden.</b> This word is the Latin <i>latina</i> (= <i>lingua + latina</i>) used first in the sense of 'Latin language,' then of language + generally. <!-- Page 94 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page94"></a>{94}</span></p> + + <p>l. 17. <b>for þǣm ... for þǣm þe</b>, correlative, the + first demonstrative, the second relative.</p> + + <p>l. 28. <b>tō scoldon.</b> This use of <i>sċeal</i> with a + verb of motion understood is very common.</p> + + <p>l. 36. <b>him self.</b> <i>him</i> is the reflexive dative of interest + referring to <i>God</i>—literally, 'God him-self will appoint for + him-self.' In such constructions we see the origin of the modern + <i>himself</i>, <i>themselves</i>.</p> + + <p>ll. 46, 47. <b>nū ... nū</b>, correlative, = now ... now + that, the second <i>nū</i> being almost causal (since).</p> + + <p>l. 51. <b>hæfde ... tō</b>, took ... for.</p> + + <p>l. 52. <b>Gode tō lāce.</b> Gr. <a href="#page40">40</a>. + (1).</p> + + <p>l. 57. <b>mīn ęġe</b>, objective genitive, 'the fear + of me.'</p> + + <p><b>māre</b>, neut. 'a greater thing,' 'something more + important.'</p> + + <p>l. 81. <b>māre.</b> Cp. l. 57.</p> + + <p>l. 82. <b>wǣre.</b> Gr. <a href="#page49">49</a>. (7).</p> + + <p>l. 89. <b>hwæs</b> is governed by <i>ġiernde</i>, by + 'attraction.'</p> + + <p>l. 135. <b>miċle</b>, adverb.</p> + + <p>l. 137. <b>wǣre.</b> Gr, <a href="#page49">49</a>. (7).</p> + + <p>l. 153. <b>belīefan</b> is a later form for + <i>ġelīefan</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 156. <b>tō handum.</b> Cp. l. 122 above.</p> + + <p>l. 174. <b>ǣr ġenam.</b> Gr. <a href="#page46">46</a>. + 6.</p> + + <p>l. 200. <b>fram mannum.</b> <i>fram</i> here, as usual, denotes the + agent 'by' in passive constructions.</p> + + <p>l. 202. <b>wite.</b> Compare Gr. <a href="#page48">48</a>. (3) and <a + href="#page49">49</a>. (8).</p> + +<p class="cenhead">IV. SAMSON.</p> + + <p>From Ælfric's translation of the Book of Judges in Thwaites' + Heptateuch.</p> + + <p>l. 8. <b>onġinþ tō ālīesenne</b>, will + release, <i>onġinnan</i> is often used pleonastically in this + way.</p> + + <p>l. 35. <b>Gaza ġehāten.</b> When a name together with + <i>ġehāten</i> is put in apposition to another noun it is + left undeclined, contrary to the general principle (Gr. <a + href="#page42">42</a>. 6).</p> + + <p>l. 41. <b>swā swā hīe belocenu wǣron</b>, + locked as they were.</p> + + <p><b>ufeweardum þǣm cnolle.</b> Gr. <a href="#page43">43</a>. + 2.</p> + + <p>l. 46. <b>wæs</b>, consisted.</p> + + <p>l. 51. <b>ġeworhte.</b> We should expect <i>ġeworhtum</i> + (Gr. <a href="#page42">42</a>. 5). Perhaps the nom. is due to confusion + with the construction with a relative clause—<i>þe of sinum + ġeworhte sind</i>. <!-- Page 95 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page95"></a>{95}</span></p> + + <p>l. 74. <b>Dagon ġehāten.</b> Compare l. 35. swelce, 'on + the ground that'—'because (as they said).'</p> + + <p>l. 81. <b>hēton.</b> Compare l. 106.</p> + + <p>l. 87. <b>forþ</b> is often used pleonastically in this way with + <i>mid</i>.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">V. FROM THE CHRONICLE.</p> + + <p>l. 2. <b>hēr sind</b>, there are here. <i>hēr</i> is here + used analogously to <i>þǣr</i>, as in II. 3 and the modern E. + <i>there are</i>. Cp. also l. 12 below.</p> + + <p><b>ġeþēodu</b>, languages as the test of nationality. It + is believed that Latin was still spoken as a living language by the + Romanized Britons at the time of the venerable Bede (eighth century), + from whose Church History this section was taken by the compilers of the + Chronicle.</p> + + <p>l. 5. <b>Armenia</b> is an error for <i>Armorica</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 6. <b>Scithie</b>, Scythia.</p> + + <p>l. 8. <b>Norþibernie</b>, North of Ireland.</p> + + <p>l. 24. <b>hēr</b>, at this date—at this place in the + series of entries which constitute the Chronicle.</p> + + <p>l. 26. <b>Wyrtġeorn</b> is the regular development of an earlier + *<i>Wurtigern</i> from the British <i>Vortigern</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 28. <b>Ypwinesflēot</b> has not been identified; some say + Ebbsfleet.</p> + + <p>l. 45. <b>Æġlesþrep</b>, Aylesthorpe, a village near + Aylesford.</p> + + <p>l. 49. <b>Cręċġanford</b>, Crayford.</p> + + <p>l. 52. The diction of this passage, with its alliteration and simile, + shows that it is taken from some old poem.</p> + + <p>l. 61. <b>hǣþne męnn</b>, Danes.</p> + + <p>l. 62. <b>mid Defena-sċīre</b>, literally 'together with + Devonshire,' that is 'with a force of Devonshire men.'</p> + + <p>l. 64. <b>dux</b> is here written instead of <i>ealdormann</i>. So + also we find <i>rex</i> for <i>cyning</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 65. <b>Sandwīc</b>, Sandwich.</p> + + <p>l. 68. <b>fēorþe healf hund</b>, fourth half = three and a half. + This is the regular way of expressing fractional numbers, as in the + German <i>viertehalb</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 71. <b>Sūþriġe</b>, Surrey.</p> + + <p>l. 73. <b>Āclēa</b>, Ockley.</p> + + <p>l. 76. <b>se hęre</b>, the Danish army. <i>hęre</i> got a + bad sense, through its association with <i>hęrgian</i> (to harry), + and hence is applied only to a plundering, marauding body of men. In the + Laws <i>hęre</i> is defined as <!-- Page 96 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page96"></a>{96}</span>a gang of thieves more + than thirty-five in number. The national English army (militia) is called + <i>fierd</i>, l. 71, 3 above.</p> + + <p><b>Humbremūþa</b>, mouth of the Humber.</p> + + <p>l. 77. <b>Eoforwīc</b>, York; a corruption of + <i>Eboracum</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 84. <b>inne wurdon</b>, got in.</p> + + <p>l. 85. <b>sume.</b> Compare IV. 51.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">VI. KING EDMUND.</p> + + <p>From Ælfric's Lives of the Saints, now published for the Early English + Text Society by Prof. Skeat. The present life has been printed only by + Thorpe, in his <i>Analecta Anglosaxonica</i> from a very late MS. It is + here given from the older MS., Cott. Jul. E. 7.</p> + + <p>It will be observed that the present piece is in alliterative prose, + that is, with the letter-rime of poetry, but without its metrical form. + The alliteration is easily discernible:—cōm + <i>s</i>ūþan ofer sǣ fram <i>s</i>ancte Benedictes + <i>s</i>tōwe; <i>d</i>æġe, tō + <i>D</i>ūnstāne, &c.</p> + + <p>l. 1. <b>sancte</b> is an English modification of the Latin genitive + <i>sancti</i>.</p> + + <p>l. 5. <b>sancte</b> is here the E. dative inflection, <i>sanct</i> + having been made into a substantive.</p> + + <p>l. 39. <b>bilewīt</b> = <i>*bile-hwīt</i> (with the + regular change of <i>hw</i> into <i>w</i> between vowels) literally + 'white (=tender) of bill,' originally, no doubt, applied to young birds, + and then used metaphorically in the sense of 'gentle,' 'simple.'</p> + + <p>l. 70. <b>worhte flēames.</b> This construction of <i>wyrcan</i> + with a genitive is frequent.</p> + + <p>l. 76. <b>wǣre</b>, subj. Gr. <a href="#page48">48</a>. (6).</p> + + <p>l. 85. <b>fūse.</b> The correct reading is probably + <i>fūsne</i>, but the plural <i>fūse</i> may be taken to + refer to Hinguar and his men collectively.</p> + + <p>l. 149. <b>ġebedhūs.</b> The Welsh <i>bettws</i>, as in + Bettws-y-coed = 'chapel in the wood,' still preserves the O. E. form + nearly unchanged.</p> + + <p>l. 176. <b>swā þæt</b> does not denote result here, but is + explanatory—'namely by being bound....'</p> + + <p>l. 178. <b>hīe</b>, reflexive.</p> + + <p>l. 179. <b>þæs ... hū</b>, correlative.</p> + + <p>l. 185. The reference is apparently to Proverbs xxiv. 11, which (in + the Vulgate) runs thus: 'Erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem.'</p> + + <p>l. 200. <b>hwæþer</b>, (that he might see) whether ...</p> + + <p>l. 215. <b>līchaman</b>, instrumental dative (Gr. <a + href="#page41">41</a>) of defining.</p> + + <p>l. 222. <b>Ēliġ</b> = <i>ǣl-īeg</i> + 'eel-island.' <!-- Page 97 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page97"></a>{97}</span></p> + + <p>GLOSSARY.</p> + + <p>The order is strictly alphabetical (þ following <i>t</i>) except that + words with the prefix <i>ge</i> are put in the order of the letter that + follows the <i>ge</i> (<i>gebed</i> under <i>b</i>, &c.).</p> + + <p>The following abbreviations are used :—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>sm.</i>, <i>sn.</i>, <i>sf.</i> masc., neut., fem. substantive.</p> + <p><i>sv.</i> strong verb.</p> + <p><i>wv.</i> weak verb.</p> + <p><i>swv.</i> strong-weak verb (preterito-present).</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The others require no explanation.</p> + + <p>The numbers after <i>sv.</i> refer to the classes of strong verbs in + the grammar.</p> + + <p>Words in [ ] are Latin (and Greek) originals or cognate Old E. words. + The latter are only referred to when the connection can be proved by the + phonetic laws given in the grammar.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Ā</b>, <i>av.</i> ever, always.</p> + <p><b>abbod</b>, <i>sm.</i> abbot [<i>Latin</i> abbatem].</p> + <p><b>ā-·bēodan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> (offer), announce.</p> + <p><b>ā-·biddan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, ask for, demand.</p> + <p><b>ā-·bītan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, devour.</p> + <p><b>ā-·blęndan</b>, <i>wv.</i> blind [blind].</p> + <p><b>ā-·brecan</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, break into, take (city).</p> + <p><b>ā-·būgan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, bend; swerve, turn.</p> + <p><b>ac</b>, <i>cj.</i> but.</p> + <p><b>ā-·cęnnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> bring forth, bear (child).</p> + <p><b>ā-·cwęllan</b>, <i>wv.</i> kill.</p> + <p><b>ā-·cwęnċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> extinguish.</p> + <p><b>ā-·drūgian</b>, <i>wv.</i> dry up, <i>intr.</i> [drȳġe].</p> + <p><b>ā-·dwǣsċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> extinguish.</p> + <p><b>æcer</b>, <i>sm.</i> field.</p> + <p><b>æþele</b>, <i>aj.</i> noble, excellent.</p> + <p><b>æþeling</b>, <i>sm.</i> prince.</p> + <p><b>ǣfen</b>, <i>sm.</i> evening.</p> + <p><b>ǣfre</b>, <i>av.</i> ever, always.</p> + <p><b>æfter</b>, <i>av.</i>, <i>prep. w. dat.</i> after—æfter þǣem, after that, afterwards; according to, by.</p> + <p><b>ǣġ-hwelc</b>, <i>prn.</i> each.</p> + <p><b>ǣġþer</b>, <i>prn.</i> either, each—<i>cj.</i> ǣġþer ġe ... ġe, both ... and [ = ǣġ hwæþer].</p> + <p><b>ǣht</b>, <i>sf.</i> property [āhte, āgan].</p> + <p><b>ǣlan</b>, <i>wv.</i> burn.</p> + <p><b>ǣlċ</b>, <i>aj.</i> each.</p> + <p><b>ælmesse</b>, <i>sf.</i> alms, charity [<i>Greek</i> eleēmosúnē].</p> + <p><b>æl-mihti[g.]</b>, <i>aj.</i> almighty.</p> + <p><b>ǣniġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> any [ān].</p> + <p><b>ǣr</b>, <i>prep. w. dat.</i> before (of time), ǣr þǣm þe, <i>cj.</i> before.</p> + <p><b>ǣr</b>, <i>av.</i> formerly, before; <i>superl.</i> ǣrest, <i>adj. and adv.</i>, first.</p> + <p><b>ærċe-biscop</b>, <i>sm.</i> archbishop [<i>Latin</i> archiepiscopus].</p> + <p><b>ǣrende</b>, <i>sn.</i> errand, message.</p> +<!-- Page 98 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page98"></a>{98}</span> + <p><b>ǣrend-raca</b>, <i>sm.</i> messenger.</p> + <p><b>ǣ-rist</b>, <i>sfm.</i> (rising again), resurrection [ārīsan].</p> + <p><b>ǣrne-mergen</b>, <i>sm.</i> early morning.</p> + <p><b>æsc</b>, <i>sm.</i> (ash-tree); war-ship.</p> + <p><b>æt</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> at; <i>deprivation</i>, from; <i>origin</i>, <i>source</i>—ābǣdon wīf æt him, 'asked for wives from them;' <i>specification</i>, <i>defining</i>—wurdon æt sprǣċe, 'fell into conversation.'</p> + <p><b>æt-·breġdan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i> (snatch away), deprive of.</p> + <p><b>æt-·foran</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> before.</p> + <p><b>æt-·gædre</b>, <i>av.</i> together.</p> + <p><b>æt-īewan</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> show.</p> + <p><b>ǣton</b>, <i>see</i> <b>etan</b>.</p> + <p><b>ā-·fandian</b>, <i>wv.</i> experience, find out [findan].</p> + <p><b>ā-·faran</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, go away, depart.</p> + <p><b>ā-·feallan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, fall.</p> + <p><b>ā-·fēdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> feed.</p> + <p><b>ā-·fȳlan</b>, <i>wv.</i> defile [fūl].</p> + <p><b>ā-fyrht</b>, <i>aj.</i> frightened [<i>past partic. of</i> ā·fyrhtan <i>from</i> forht].</p> + <p><b>āgan</b>, <i>swv.</i> possess.</p> + <p><b>ā-·gān</b>, <i>sv.</i> happen.</p> + <p><b>āgen</b>, <i>aj.</i> own [<i>originally past partic. of</i> āgan].</p> + <p><b>ā-·ġiefan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> give, render.</p> + <p><b>āh</b>, <i>see</i> <b>āgan</b>.</p> + <p><b>ā-·hębban</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, raise, exalt.</p> + <p><b>ā-·hieldan</b>, <i>wv.</i> incline.</p> + <p><b>ā-·hōn</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, hang, <i>trans.</i></p> + <p><b>ā-·hrēosan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, fall.</p> + <p><b>āhte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>āgan</b>.</p> + <p><b>ā-hwǣr</b>, <i>av.</i> anywhere.</p> + <p><b>ā-·hȳran</b>, <i>wv.</i> hire.</p> + <p><b>ā-·līesan</b>, <i>wv.</i> (loosen), release; redeem [lēas].</p> + <p><b>ā-·līesed-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> redemption.</p> + <p><b>ā-līesend</b>, <i>sm.</i> redeemer.</p> + <p><b>ān</b>, <i>aj.</i> one (<i>always strong</i>); a certain one, certain; alone (<i>generally weak</i>); <i>gen. pl.</i> ānra <i>in</i> ānra ge-hwelċ, 'each one.'</p> + <p><b>ān-cęnned</b>, <i>aj.</i> (<i>past partic.</i>) (only-born), only (child).</p> + <p><b>and</b>, <i>cj.</i> and.</p> + <p><b>and-bīdian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> wait, expect [bīdan].</p> + <p><b>andet-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> confession.</p> + <p><b>andettan</b>, <i>wv.</i> confess.</p> + <p><b>and-ġiet</b>, <i>sn.</i> sense, meaning; understanding, intelligence.</p> + <p><b>and-swarian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> answer [andswaru].</p> + <p><b>and-swaru</b>, <i>sf.</i> answer [swęrian].</p> + <p><b>and-weard</b>, <i>aj.</i> present.</p> + <p><b>and-wyrdan</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> answer [word].</p> + <p><b>Angel</b>, <i>sm.</i> Anglen (a district in Slesvig).</p> + <p><b>Angel-cynn</b>, <i>sn.</i> English nation, England.</p> + <p><b>ā-·niman</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, take away.</p> + <p><b>ān-lǣċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> unite.</p> + <p><b>ān-mōd</b>, <i>aj.</i> unanimous.</p> + <p><b>ān-mōd-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> unanimously.</p> + <p><b>ān-rǣd</b>, <i>aj.</i> (of one counsel) constant, firm, resolute.</p> + <p><b>apostol</b>, <i>sm.</i> apostle.</p> + <p><b>ār</b>, <i>sf.</i> mercy; honour.</p> + <p><b>ā-·rǣran</b>, <i>wv.</i> raise, build [ārīsan].</p> + <p><b>ārian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> honour; spare, have mercy on [ār].</p> + <p><b>ā-·rīsan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, arise.</p> + <p><b>ār-lēas</b>, <i>aj.</i> wicked.</p> + <p><b>arn</b>, <i>see</i> <b>iernan</b>.</p> + <p><b>arod</b>, <i>aj.</i> quick, bold.</p> + <p><b>arod-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> quickly, readily, boldly.</p> + <p><b>ār-weorþ</b>, <i>adj.</i> worthy of honour, venerable.</p> + <p><b>āscian</b>, <i>wv.</i> ask.</p> + <p><b>ā-·scūfan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, thrust.</p> + <p><b>ā-·sęndan</b>, <i>wv.</i> send.</p> + <p><b>ā-·sęttan</b>, <i>wv.</i> set, place.</p> + <p><b>ā-·smēan</b>, <i>wv.</i> consider, think of, conceive.</p> + <p><b>assa</b>, <i>sm.</i> ass.</p> + <p><b>ā-·stęllan</b>, <i>wv.</i> institute.</p> + <p><b>ā-·stīgan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, ascend, descend.</p> + <p><b>ā-·stręċċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> stretch out, extend.</p> + <p><b>ā-·styrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> stir, move.</p> + <p><b>ā-·tēon</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, draw out, draw, take.</p> + <p><b>atol-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> deformed.</p> + <p><b>ā-·þrēotan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, fail, run short.</p> +<!-- Page 99 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page99"></a>{99}</span> + <p><b>ā-·węċċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> awake, arouse [wacian].</p> + <p><b>ā-·wēdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> go mad [wōd].</p> + <p><b>ā-·węndan</b>, <i>wv.</i> turn; translate.</p> + <p><b>ā-·weorpan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, throw, throw away; depose (king).</p> + <p><b>ā-·wēstan</b>, <i>wv.</i> lay waste, ravage.</p> + <p><b>ā-·wierġed</b>, <i>aj.</i> cursed, accursed, [<i>past. partic. of</i> āwierġan, <i>from</i> wearg].</p> + <p><b>ā-wiht</b>, <i>prn.</i> aught, anything.</p> + <p><b>ā-·wrītan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, write.</p> + <p><b>ā-·wyrtwalian</b>, <i>wv.</i> root up.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>B.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Bæc</b>, <i>sn.</i> back—under bæc, behind.</p> + <p><b>bæd</b>, <i>see</i> <b>biddan</b>.</p> + <p><b>bǣdon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>biddan</b>.</p> + <p><b>bærnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> burn, <i>trans.</i> [beornan].</p> + <p><b>bærnett</b>, <i>sn.</i> burning.</p> + <p><b>bǣron</b>, <i>see</i> <b>beran</b>.</p> + <p><b>bæst</b>, <i>sm.</i> bast.</p> + <p><b>bæsten</b>, <i>aj.</i> of bast.</p> + <p><b>be</b>, <i>prep. w. dat.</i> by; about, concerning.</p> + <p><b>beald</b>, <i>aj.</i> bold.</p> + <p><b>bearn</b>, <i>sn.</i> child [beran].</p> + <p><b>bēatan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, beat.</p> + <p><b>be-·bēodan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> bid, command.</p> + <p><b>be-·byrġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> bury.</p> + <p><b>bēċ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>bōc</b>.</p> + <p><b>be-·clyppan</b>, <i>wv.</i> embrace, encompass, hold.</p> + <p><b>be-·cuman</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, come.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·bed</b>, <i>sn.</i> prayer [biddan].</p> + <p><b>be-·dǣlan</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> deprive of [dǣl].</p> + <p><b>będd</b>, <i>sn.</i> bed.</p> + <p><b>be-·delfan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>; (hide by digging), bury.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·bed-hūs</b>, <i>sn.</i> oratory, chapel.</p> + <p><b>be-·fæstan</b>, <i>wv.</i> (make fast); <i>w. dat.</i> commit, entrust to.</p> + <p><b>be-·foran</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> before.</p> + <p><b>bēġen</b>, <i>prn.</i> both.</p> + <p><b>be-·ġeondan</b>, <i>prp. w. acc.</i> beyond.</p> + <p><b>be-·ġietan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, get, obtain.</p> + <p><b>be-·ġinnan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, begin.</p> + <p><b>be-·hātan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> promise.</p> + <p><b>be-·hēafdian</b>, <i>wv.</i> behead [hēafod].</p> + <p><b>be-·healdan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, behold.</p> + <p><b>be-·hōfian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> require.</p> + <p><b>be-·hrēowsian</b>, <i>wv.</i> repent [hrēowan].</p> + <p><b>be-·hȳdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> hide.</p> + <p><b>be-·lǣwan</b>, <i>wv.</i> betray.</p> + <p><b>be-·līefan</b>, <i>wv.</i> believe.</p> + <p><b>be-·līfan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, remain [lāf].</p> + <p><b>be-·lūcan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, lock, close.</p> + <p><b>bęnd</b>, <i>smfn.</i> bond [bindan].</p> + <p><b>bēodan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> offer.</p> + <p><b>bēon</b>, <i>v.</i> be—bēon ymbe, have to do with.</p> + <p><b>beorg</b>, <i>sm.</i> hill, mountain.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>beorgan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> save, protect.</p> + <p><b>beornan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, burn, <i>intrans</i>.</p> + <p><b>bēot-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> boastful.</p> + <p><b>be-·pǣċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> deceive.</p> + <p><b>beran</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, bear, carry; (ġeberan, bring forth).</p> + <p><b>bęrn</b>, <i>sn.</i> barn.</p> + <p><b>berstan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, burst.</p> + <p><b>be-·sārgian</b>, <i>wv.</i> lament [sāriġ].</p> + <p><b>be-·sċieran</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, shear, cut hair.</p> + <p><b>be-·sēon</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, see, <b>look</b>.</p> + <p><b>be-·sęttan</b>, <i>wv.</i> set about, surround, cover.</p> + <p><b>be-·stealcian</b>, <i>wv.</i> go stealthily, steal.</p> + <p><b>be-·swīcan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, deceive, circumvent, betray.</p> + <p><b>be-·tǣċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> commit, entrust, give up.</p> + <p><b>bętera</b>, <b>bętst</b>, <i>see</i> <b>gōd</b>.</p> + <p><b>be·twēonan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> between, among.</p> + <p><b>be-·twix</b>, <i>prep. w. acc. and dat.</i> between, among; <i>of time</i>, during—betwix þǣm þe, <i>cj.</i> while.</p> + <p><b>be-·węrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> defend.</p> + <p><b>be-·witan</b>, <i>swv.</i> watch over, have charge of.</p> + <p><b>bīdan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, wait.</p> + <p><b>biddan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, ask, beg.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·biddan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, <i>refl.</i> pray.</p> +<!-- Page 100 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page100"></a>{100}</span> + <p><b>bieldo</b>, <i>sf.</i> (boldness), arrogance [beald].</p> + <p><b>bī-gęng</b>, <i>sm.</i> worship [bi, by, <i>and</i> gęnġ <i>from</i> gān].</p> + <p><b>bile-wīt</b>, <i>aj.</i> simple, innocent.</p> + <p><b>bindan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, bind.</p> + <p><b>binnan</b>, <i>av.</i> inside; <i>prp. w. dat.</i> within, in [ = be-innan].</p> + <p><b>biscop</b>, <i>sm.</i> bishop [<i>Latin</i> episcopus].</p> + <p><b>bi-smer</b>, <i>snm.</i> insult, ignominy.</p> + <p><b>bismer-full</b>, <i>aj.</i> ignominious, shameful.</p> + <p><b>bismerian</b>, <i>wv.</i> treat with ignominy, insult [bismer].</p> + <p><b>bītan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, bite.</p> + <p><b>biþ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>bēon</b>.</p> + <p><b>blāwan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, blow.</p> + <p><b>bleoh</b>, <i>sn.</i> colour.</p> + <p><b>blēow</b>, <i>see</i> <b>blāwan</b>.</p> + <p><b>blētsian</b>, <i>wv.</i> bless.</p> + <p><b>blind</b>, <i>aj.</i> blind.</p> + <p><b>bliss</b>, <i>sf.</i> merriment, joy.</p> + <p><b>blissian</b>, <i>wv.</i> rejoice.</p> + <p><b>blīþe</b>, <i>aj.</i> glad, merry.</p> + <p><b>blīþe-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> gladly.</p> + <p><b>blōd</b>, <i>sn.</i> blood.</p> + <p><b>bōc</b>, <i>sf.</i> book, scripture.</p> + <p><b>Bōc-læden</b>, <i>sn.</i> book Latin, Latin.</p> + <p><b>bodian</b>, <i>wv.</i> announce, preach [bēodan].</p> + <p><b>bodiġ</b>, <i>sm.</i> body.</p> + <p><b>bohte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>byċġan</b>.</p> + <p><b>brād</b>, <i>aj.</i> broad.</p> + <p><b>brǣþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> vapour, odour.</p> + <p><b>brecan</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, break; take (city).</p> + <p><b>breġdan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, pull.</p> + <p><b>brēmel</b>, <i>sm.</i> bramble.</p> + <p><b>Breten</b>, <i>sf.</i> Britain.</p> + <p><b>Brettas</b>, <i>smpl.</i> the British.</p> + <p><b>Brettisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> British [Brettas].</p> + <p><b>bringan</b>, <i>wv.</i> bring.</p> + <p><b>brōhte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>bringan</b>.</p> + <p><b>brōþor</b>, <i>sm.</i> brother.</p> + <p><b>brūcan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, <i>w. gen.</i> enjoy, partake of.</p> + <p><b>brȳd</b>, <i>sf.</i> bride.</p> + <p><b>brȳd-guma</b>, <i>sm.</i> bridegroom [<i>literally</i> bride-man].</p> + <p><b>būan</b>, <i>wv.</i> dwell.</p> + <p><b>būend</b>, <i>smpl.</i> dwellers [<i>pres. partic. of</i> būan].</p> + <p><b>bufan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> over, above, on.</p> + <p><b>būgan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, bend, incline.</p> + <p><b>bundon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>bindan</b>.</p> + <p><b>burg</b>, <i>sf.</i> city.</p> + <p><b>burg-ġeat</b>, <i>sn.</i> city-gate.</p> + <p><b>būtan</b>, <i>av.</i> outsīde; <i>prp. w. dat.</i> without, except, besides [ = be-ūtan].</p> + <p><b>būtan</b>, <i>cj.</i> unless, except.</p> + <p><b>byċġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> buy.</p> + <p><b>byrþen</b>, <i>sf.</i> burden [beran].</p> + <p><b>byrġen</b>, <i>sf.</i> tomb [bebyrġan].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>byrian</b>, <i>wf.</i> be due, befit.</p> + <p><b>byriġ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>burg</b>.</p> + <p><b>byrst</b>, <i>sf.</i> bristle.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·bȳsnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> give example, illustrate.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·bȳsnung</b>, <i>sf.</i> example.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>C.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Cann</b>, <i>see</i> <b>cunnan</b>.</p> + <p><b>canōn</b>, <i>sm.</i> canon; canōnes bēc, canonical books.</p> + <p><b>Cantwara-burg</b>, <i>sf.</i> Canterbury [Cantwara, <i>gen. of</i> Cantware].</p> + <p><b>Cant-ware</b>, <i>pl.</i> Kent-dwellers, men of Kent [<i>Lat.</i> Cantia <i>and</i> ware].</p> + <p><b>cāsere</b>, <i>sm.</i> emperor [<i>Latin</i> Caesar].</p> + <p><b>ċeaflas</b>, <i>smpl.</i> jaws.</p> + <p><b>ċeald</b>, <i>aj.</i> cold.</p> + <p><b>ċealf</b>, <i>sn.</i> calf.</p> + <p><b>ċēap</b>, <i>sn.</i> purchase.</p> + <p><b>ċēas</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ċēosan</b>.</p> + <p><b>ċeaster</b>, <i>sf.</i> city [<i>Latin</i> castra].</p> + <p><b>cēne</b>, <i>aj.</i> brave, bold.</p> + <p><b>cęnnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> bring forth, bear child.</p> + <p><b>Cęnt</b>, <i>sf.</i> Kent [Cantia].</p> + <p><b>Cęnt-land</b>, <i>sn.</i> Kent.</p> + <p><b>ċeorfan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, cut.</p> + <p><b>ċēosan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, choose.</p> + <p><b>cēpan</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> attend, look out for.</p> + <p><b>ċīepan</b>, <i>wv.</i> trade, sell [ċēap].</p> + <p><b>ċīepend</b>, <i>sm.</i> seller [<i>pres. partic. of</i> ċīepan].</p> + <p><b>ċierr</b>, <i>sm.</i> turn.</p> +<!-- Page 101 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page101"></a>{101}</span> + <p><b>ċierran</b>, <i>wv.</i> turn, return, go—ċierran tō, take to.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·ċierred-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> conversion.</p> + <p><b>ċild</b>, <i>sn.</i> child.</p> + <p><b>ċild-hād</b>, <i>sm.</i> childhood.</p> + <p><b>ċinn-bān</b>, <i>sn.</i> jawbone.</p> + <p><b>ċiriċe</b>, <i>sf.</i> church.</p> + <p><b>clǣne</b>, <i>aj.</i> clean, pure.</p> + <p><b>clawu</b>, <i>sf.</i> claw.</p> + <p><b>clipian</b>, <i>wv.</i> call, summon.</p> + <p><b>clipung</b>, <i>sf.</i> calling.</p> + <p><b>clyppan</b>, <i>wv.</i> clip, embrace.</p> + <p><b>cnapa</b>, <i>sm.</i> (boy, youth), servant.</p> + <p><b>cnoll</b>, <i>sm.</i> top, summit.</p> + <p><b>coccel</b>, <i>sm.</i> corn-cockle.</p> + <p><b>cōm</b>, <i>see</i> <b>cuman</b>.</p> + <p><b>coren</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ċēosan</b>.</p> + <p><b>cræft</b>, <i>sm.</i> skill, cunning.</p> + <p><b>crīsten</b>, <i>aj.</i> Christian.</p> + <p><b>cuma</b>, <i>sm.</i> stranger [cuman].</p> + <p><b>cuman</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, come; cuman ūp, land.</p> + <p><b>cunnan</b>, <i>swv.</i> know.</p> + <p><b>cunnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> try [cunnan].</p> + <p><b>curon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ċēosan</b>.</p> + <p><b>cūþ</b>, <i>aj.</i> known [<i>originally past partic. of</i> cunnan].</p> + <p><b>cwǣdon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>cweþan</b>.</p> + <p><b>cwaeþ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>cweþan</b>.</p> + <p><b>cweartern</b>, <i>sn.</i> prison.</p> + <p><b>cwēman</b>, <i>wv.</i> please, gratify.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·cwēmednes</b>, <i>sf.</i> pleasing.</p> + <p><b>cwēn</b>, <i>sf.</i> queen.</p> + <p><b>cweþan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, say, speak; name, call.</p> + <p><b>cwic</b>, <i>aj.</i> alive.</p> + <p><b>cwide</b>, <i>sm.</i> speech, address [cweþan].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>cwīd-rǣden</b>, <i>sf.</i> agreement.</p> + <p><b>cwiþþ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>cweþan</b>.</p> + <p><b>cymþ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>cuman</b>.</p> + <p><b>cyne-cynn</b>, <i>sn.</i> royal family.</p> + <p><b>cyne-līc</b>, <i>aj.</i> royal.</p> + <p><b>cyne-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> like a king, royally.</p> + <p><b>cyne-stōl</b>, <i>sm.</i> throne.</p> + <p><b>cyning</b>, <i>sm.</i> king.</p> + <p><b>cynn</b>, <i>sn.</i> race, kind.</p> + <p><b>cyst</b>, <i>sf.</i> excellence [ċēosan].</p> + <p><b>cystiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> (excellent), charitable.</p> + <p><b>cȳþan</b>, <i>wv.</i> make known, tell [cūþ].</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>D.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Dǣd</b>, <i>sf.</i> deed.</p> + <p><b>dæġ</b>, <i>sm.</i> day.</p> + <p><b>dæġ-hwǣm-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> daily.</p> + <p><b>dǣl</b>, <i>sm.</i> part—be healfum dǣle, by half.</p> + <p><b>dǣlan</b>, <i>wv.</i> divide, share.</p> + <p><b>dēad</b>, <i>aj.</i> dead.</p> + <p><b>dēaþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> death.</p> + <p><b>Defena-sċīr</b>, <i>sf.</i> Devonshire [Devonia].</p> + <p><b>dehter</b>, <i>see</i> <b>dohtor</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>delf</b>, <i>sn.</i> digging.</p> + <p><b>delfan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, dig.</p> + <p><b>Dęne</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Danes.</p> + <p><b>Dęnisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> Danish.</p> + <p><b>dēofol</b>, <i>sum.</i> devil [<i>Latin</i> diabolus].</p> + <p><b>dēofol-ġield</b>, <i>sn.</i> idol.</p> + <p><b>dēop</b>, <i>aj.</i> deep.</p> + <p><b>dēor</b>, <i>sn.</i> wild beast.</p> + <p><b>dēore</b>, <i>aj.</i> dear, precious.</p> + <p><b>dēor-wierþe</b>, <i>aj.</i> precious.</p> + <p><b>dīegol</b>, <i>aj.</i> hidden, secret.</p> + <p><b>dīegol-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> secret.</p> + <p><b>dīepe</b>, <i>sf.</i> depth [dēop].</p> + <p><b>dihtan</b>, <i>wv.</i> appoint [<i>Latin</i> dictare].</p> + <p><b>disc-þeġn</b>, <i>sm.</i> (dish-thane), waiter.</p> + <p><b>dohtor</b>, <i>sf.</i> daughter.</p> + <p><b>dōm</b>, <i>sm.</i> doom, judgment, sentence.</p> + <p><b>dōn</b>, <i>sv.</i> do, act.</p> + <p><b>dorste</b>, <i>see</i> <b>durran</b>.</p> + <p><b>draca</b>, <i>sm.</i> dragon.</p> + <p><b>dranc</b>, <i>see</i> <b>drincan</b>.</p> + <p><b>drēoriġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> sad.</p> + <p><b>drīfan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, drive.</p> + <p><b>drinca</b>, <i>sm.</i> drink.</p> + <p><b>drincan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, drink.</p> + <p><b>drohtnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> live, continue, behave.</p> + <p><b>drohtnung</b>, <i>sf.</i> conduct.</p> + <p><b>drȳġe</b>, <i>aj.</i> dry.</p> + <p><b>Dryhten</b>, <i>sm.</i> Lord,</p> + <p><b>dūn</b>, <i>sf.</i> hill, down.</p> + <p><b>durran</b>, <i>swv.</i> dare.</p> + <p><b>duru</b>, <i>sf.</i> door.</p> + <p><b>dūst</b>, <i>sn.</i> dust.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·dwyld</b>, <i>sn.</i> error.</p> + <p><b>dyde</b>, <i>see</i> <b>dōn</b>.</p> + <p><b>dyppan</b>, <i>wv.</i> dip.</p> + <p><b>dysiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> foolish.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> +<!-- Page 102 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page102"></a>{102}</span> + <p class="i12"><b>E.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Ēac</b>, <i>av.</i> also; ēac swelce, also.</p> + <p><b>ēacnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> increase.</p> + <p><b>ēadiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> (prosperous), blessed.</p> + <p><b>ēage</b>, <i>sn.</i> eye.</p> + <p><b>ēag-þȳrel</b>, <i>sn.</i> (eye-hole), window.</p> + <p><b>eahta</b>, <i>num.</i> eight.</p> + <p><b>ēa-lā</b>, <i>interj.</i> oh!</p> + <p><b>eald</b>, <i>aj.</i> old—<i>cp.</i> ieldra.</p> + <p><b>Eald-seaxe</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Old Saxons.</p> + <p><b>ealdor</b>, <i>sm.</i> chief, master.</p> + <p><b>ealdor-mann</b>, <i>sm.</i> chief, officer.</p> + <p><b>eall</b>, <i>aj.</i> all.</p> + <p><b>eall</b>, <i>av.</i> quite ; eall swā miċel swā, (quite) as much as.</p> + <p><b>eall-nīwe</b>, <i>aj.</i> quite new.</p> + <p><b>eallunga</b>, <i>av.</i> entirely.</p> + <p><b>ealu</b>, <i>sn.</i> ale.</p> + <p><b>eard</b>, <i>sm.</i> country, native land.</p> + <p><b>eardian</b>, <i>wv.</i> dwell.</p> + <p><b>ēare</b>, <i>sn.</i> ear.</p> + <p><b>earm</b>, <i>sm.</i> arm.</p> + <p><b>earm</b>, <i>aj.</i> poor, wretched, despicable.</p> + <p><b>earm-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> miserable.</p> + <p><b>earm-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> miserably, wretchedly.</p> + <p><b>earn</b>, <i>sm.</i> eagle.</p> + <p><b>eart</b>, <i>see</i> <b>wesan</b>.</p> + <p><b>ēast</b>, <i>av.</i> eastwards.</p> + <p><b>ēast-dǣl</b>, <i>sm.</i> east part, the East.</p> + <p><b>Ēast-ęnġle</b>, <i>smpl.</i> East-Anglians.</p> + <p><b>Ēast-seaxe</b>, <i>smpl.</i> East-Saxons.</p> + <p><b>ēaþe-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> insignificant, weak.</p> + <p><b>ēaþ-mēdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> humble [ēaþmōd].</p> + <p><b>ēaþ-mōd</b>, <i>aj.</i> humble.</p> + <p><b>ēċe</b>, <i>aj.</i> eternal.</p> + <p><b>ēċ-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> eternity.</p> + <p><b>efen</b>, <i>aj.</i> even.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·efen-lǣċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> imitate.</p> + <p><b>efne</b>, <i>av.</i> behold, lo! [efen].</p> + <p><b>ęfsian</b>, <i>wv.</i> clip, shear.</p> + <p><b>eft</b>, <i>av.</i> again; afterwards, then; back.</p> + <p><b>ęġe</b>, <i>sm.</i> fear.</p> + <p><b>ęġesa</b>, <i>sm.</i> fear [eġe].</p> + <p><b>ęġes-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> fearful, awful.</p> + <p><b>ēhtere</b>, <i>sm.</i> persecutor.</p> + <p><b>ele</b>, <i>sm.</i> oil.</p> + <p><b>ęl-þēodiġ-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> foreign land.</p> + <p><b>ęnde</b>, <i>sm.</i> end.</p> + <p><b>ęndemes</b>, <i>av.</i> together.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·ęndian</b>, <i>wv.</i> end; die.</p> + <p><b>ęndlufon</b>, <i>num.</i> eleven.</p> + <p><b>ęndlyfta</b>, <i>aj.</i> eleventh.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·ęndung</b>, <i>sf.</i> ending, end.</p> + <p><b>ęnġel</b>, <i>sm.</i> angel [<i>Latin</i> angelus].</p> + <p><b>Ęnġla-land</b>, <i>sn.</i> England [Ęnġla <i>gen. pl. of</i> Ęnġle].</p> + <p><b>Ęnġle</b>, <i>smpl.</i> the English [Angel].</p> + <p><b>Ęnġlisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> English—<i>sn.</i> English language [Ęnġle].</p> + <p><b>ēode</b>, <i>see</i> <b>gān</b>.</p> + <p><b>eom</b>, <i>see</i> <b>wesan</b>.</p> + <p><b>eorl</b>, <i>sm.</i> earl.</p> + <p><b>eorþ-būend</b>, <i>sm.</i> earth-dweller.</p> + <p><b>eorþe</b>, <i>sf.</i> earth.</p> + <p><b>eorþ-fæst</b>, <i>aj.</i> firm in the earth.</p> + <p><b>eorþ-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> earthly.</p> + <p><b>eornost</b>, <i>sf.</i> earnest.</p> + <p><b>eornost-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> in truth, indeed.</p> + <p><b>ēow</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</p> + <p><b>etan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, eat.</p> + <p><b>ēþel</b>, <i>sm.</i> country, native land.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>F.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Fæder</b>, <i>sm.</i> father.</p> + <p><b>fæġen</b>, <i>aj.</i> glad.</p> + <p><b>fæġer</b>, <i>aj.</i> fair.</p> + <p><b>fæġer-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> fairness, beauty.</p> + <p><b>fæġnian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> rejoice.</p> + <p><b>fǣmne</b>, <i>sf.</i> virgin.</p> + <p><b>fǣr,</b> <i>sf.</i> danger.</p> + <p><b>fǣr-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> sudden.</p> + <p><b>fǣr-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> suddenly.</p> + <p><b>fæst</b>, <i>aj.</i> fast, firm.</p> + <p><b>fæstan</b>, <i>wv.</i> fast.</p> + <p><b>fæsten</b>, <i>sf.</i> fasting.</p> + <p><b>fæt</b>, <i>sn.</i> vessel.</p> + <p><b>fāg-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> variegation, various colours.</p> + <p><b>fandian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> try, test, tempt [findan].</p> + <p><b>faran</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, go.</p> + <p><b>faru</b>, <i>sf.</i> procession, retinue, pomp.</p> + <p><b>fēa</b>, <i>aj. pl.</i> few.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·fēa</b>, <i>sm.</i> joy.</p> + <p><b>feallan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, fall.</p> + <p><b>fearr</b>, <i>sm.</i> bull; ox.</p> + <p><b>feax</b>, <i>sn.</i> hair of head.</p> +<!-- Page 103 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page103"></a>{103}</span> + <p><b>fēdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> feed [fōda].</p> + <p><b>fela</b>, <i>aj. pl. w. gen.</i> many.</p> + <p><b>feld</b>, <i>sm.</i> field.</p> + <p><b>feoh</b>, <i>sn.</i> money, property.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·feoht</b>, <i>sn.</i> fight.</p> + <p><b>feohtan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, fight.</p> + <p><b>fēole</b>, <i>sf.</i> file.</p> + <p><b>fēolian</b>, <i>wv.</i> file.</p> + <p><b>fēoll</b>, <i>see</i> <b>feallan</b>.</p> + <p><b>fēond</b>, <i>sm.</i> enemy.</p> + <p><b>feorh</b>, <i>snm.</i> life.</p> + <p><b>feorm</b>, <i>sf.</i> (food); feast, banquet.</p> + <p><b>feorr</b>, <i>av.</i> far.</p> + <p><b>fēorþa</b>, <i>num.</i> fourth.</p> + <p><b>fēower</b>, <i>num.</i> four.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·fēra</b>, <i>sm.</i> companion [fōr].</p> + <p><b>fēran</b>, <i>wv.</i> go, fare [fōr].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·fēran</b>, <i>wv.</i> (go over), take possession of.</p> + <p><b>fęrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> carry [faran].</p> + <p><b>fēt</b>, <i>see</i> <b>fōt</b>.</p> + <p><b>fętian</b>, <i>wv.</i> fetch—<i>pret.</i> ġefętte.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·fętte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>fętian</b>.</p> + <p><b>fīend</b>, <i>see</i> <b>fēond</b>.</p> + <p><b>fierd</b>, <i>sf.</i> army [faran].</p> + <p><b>fierlen</b>, <i>aj.</i> distant [feorr].</p> + <p><b>fierst</b>, <i>sm.</i> period, time.</p> + <p><b>fīf</b>, <i>num.</i> five.</p> + <p><b>findan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i> (<i>pret.</i> funde), find.</p> + <p><b>fisc</b>, <i>sm.</i> fish.</p> + <p><b>fisc-cynn</b>, <i>sn.</i> fish-kind.</p> + <p><b>flēam</b>, <i>sm.</i> flight [flēon].</p> + <p><b>fleax</b>, <i>sn.</i> flax.</p> + <p><b>flēogan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, fly.</p> + <p><b>flēon</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, flee.</p> + <p><b>flēotan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, float.</p> + <p><b>flītan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, quarrel, dispute.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·flīeman</b>, <i>wv.</i> put to flight [flēam].</p> + <p><b>flōd</b>, <i>sm.</i> flood.</p> + <p><b>flota</b>, <i>sm.</i> fleet [flēotan].</p> + <p><b>flot-hęre</b>, <i>sm.</i> naval army, army of pirates.</p> + <p><b>flot-mann</b>, <i>sm.</i> sailor, pirate.</p> + <p><b>flōwan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, flow.</p> + <p><b>flugon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>flēon</b>.</p> + <p><b>flyht</b>, <i>sm.</i> flight [flēogan].</p> + <p><b>fōda</b>, <i>sm.</i> food.</p> + <p><b>folc</b>, <i>sn.</i> people, nation.</p> + <p><b>folc-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> popular.</p> + <p><b>folgian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> follow; obey.</p> + <p><b>fōn</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, seize, take, capture; fēng tō rīċe, came to the throne; tōgædre fēngon, joined together.</p> + <p><b>for</b>, <i>prep. w. dat.</i> before—rīċe for worulde, in the eyes of the world; <i>causal</i>, for, because of, for the sake of—ne dorste for Gode, for the fear of God—for þǣm, therefore, for þǣem (þe), because; <i>w. acc.</i>, instead of, for.</p> + <p><b>fōr</b>, <i>sf.</i> journey [faran].</p> + <p><b>fōr</b>, <i>see</i> <b>faran</b>.</p> + <p><b>for-·bærnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> burn up, burn, <i>trans.</i></p> + <p><b>for-·bēodan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, forbid.</p> + <p><b>for-·brēotan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, break.</p> + <p><b>for-·ċeorfan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, cut off.</p> + <p><b>for-·dilgian</b>, <i>wv.</i> destroy.</p> + <p><b>for-·dōn</b>, <i>sv.</i> destroy.</p> + <p><b>for-·ealdod</b>, <i>aj.</i> aged [<i>past partic. of</i> forealdian, grow old].</p> + <p><b>fore-sċēawian</b>, <i>wv.</i> pre-ordain, decree, appoint.</p> + <p><b>fore-sęċġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> say before—se foresæġda, the aforesaid.</p> + <p><b>for-·ġiefan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, <i>w. dat.</i> give, grant; forgive.</p> + <p><b>for-·ġief-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> forgiveness.</p> + <p><b>for-·ġīeman</b>, <i>wv.</i> neglect.</p> + <p><b>for-·ġietan</b>, <i>sv.</i> forget.</p> + <p><b>forht</b>, <i>aj.</i> afraid.</p> + <p><b>forhtian</b>, <i>wv.</i> be afraid.</p> + <p><b>for-·hwega</b>, <i>av.</i> somewhere.</p> + <p><b>for-·lǣtan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, leave, abandon.</p> + <p><b>for-·lēosan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, lose.</p> + <p><b>for-·liġer</b>, <i>sn.</i> wantonness, immorality.</p> + <p><b>forma</b>, <i>aj.</i> first—<i>superl.</i> fyrmest, first.</p> + <p><b>for-·molsnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> crumble, decay.</p> + <p><b>for-·scrincan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, shrink up.</p> + <p><b>for-sēon</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, despise.</p> + <p><b>for-·slēan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, cut through.</p> + <p><b>for-·standan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, (stand before), protect.</p> + <p><b>forþ</b>, <i>av.</i> forth, forwards, on.</p> + <p><b>forþ-·fēran</b>, <i>wv.</i> depart, die.</p> + <p><b>for-·þrysman</b>, <i>wv.</i> suffocate, choke.</p> +<!-- Page 104 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page104"></a>{104}</span> + <p><b>for-·weorþan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, perish.</p> + <p><b>fōt</b>, <i>sm.</i> foot.</p> + <p><b>frætwian</b>, <i>wv.</i> adorn.</p> + <p><b>frætwung</b>, <i>sf.</i> ornament.</p> + <p><b>fram</b>, <i>prep. w. dat.</i> from; <i>agent. w. pass.</i> hīe wǣron fram Wyrtġeorne ġelaþode, invited by.</p> + <p><b>fręmman</b>, <i>wv.</i> perform, do.</p> + <p><b>frēond</b>, <i>sm.</i> friend.</p> + <p><b>friþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> peace—friþ niman, make peace.</p> + <p><b>fugol</b>, <i>sm.</i> bird.</p> + <p><b>fuhton</b>, <i>see</i> <b>feohtan</b>.</p> + <p><b>fūl</b>, <i>aj.</i> foul, impure.</p> + <p><b>full</b>, <i>aj.</i> full.</p> + <p><b>full-·blīþe</b>, <i>aj.</i> very glad.</p> + <p><b>full-·cēne</b>, <i>aj.</i> very brave.</p> + <p><b>ful-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> fully.</p> + <p><b>full-·sōþ</b>, <i>aj.</i> very true.</p> + <p><b>fultum</b>, <i>sm.</i> help; forces, troops.</p> + <p><b>fultumian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> help.</p> + <p><b>funde</b>, <i>see</i> <b>findan</b>.</p> + <p><b>furþor</b>, <i>av.</i> further, more [forþ].</p> + <p><b>fūs</b>, <i>aj.</i> hastening.</p> + <p><b>fyllan</b>, <i>wv.</i> fill, fulfil [full].</p> + <p><b>fȳr</b>, <i>sn.</i> fire.</p> + <p><b>fyrmest</b>, <i>see</i> <b>forma</b>.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>G.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Gadrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> gather.</p> + <p><b>gærs</b>, <i>sn.</i> grass.</p> + <p><b>gafeloc</b>, <i>sm.</i> missile, spear.</p> + <p><b>gafol</b>, <i>sn.</i> interest, profit.</p> + <p><b>gamen</b>, <i>sn.</i> sport.</p> + <p><b>gān</b>, <i>sv.</i> go.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>gān</b>, <i>sv.</i> gain, conquer.</p> + <p><b>gangende</b>, <i>see</i> <b>gān</b>.</p> + <p><b>gāst</b>, <i>sm.</i> spirit; se hālga gāst, the Holy Ghost.</p> + <p><b>gāst-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> spiritual.</p> + <p><b>ġe</b>, <i>cj.</i> and—ġe ... ġe, both ... and.</p> + <p><b>ġē</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</p> + <p><b>ġealga</b>, <i>sm.</i> gallows.</p> + <p><b>ġēar</b>, <i>sn.</i> year.</p> + <p><b>ġearcian</b>, <i>wv.</i> prepare [ġearo].</p> + <p><b>ġeard</b>, <i>sm.</i> yard, court.</p> + <p><b>ġearu</b>, <i>aj.</i> ready.</p> + <p><b>ġearwian</b>, <i>wv.</i> prepare.</p> + <p><b>ġeat</b>, <i>sn.</i> gate.</p> + <p><b>ġēoguþ</b>, <i>sf.</i> youth.</p> + <p><b>ġēomrung</b>, <i>sf.</i> lamentation.</p> + <p><b>ġeond</b>, <i>prp. w. acc.</i> through, throughout.</p> + <p><b>ġēong</b>, <i>aj.</i> young.</p> + <p><b>ġeorn</b>, <i>aj.</i> eager.</p> + <p><b>ġeorne</b>, <i>av.</i> eagerly, earnestly.</p> + <p><b>ġiefan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, give.</p> + <p><b>ġiefta</b>, <i>sfpl.</i> marriage, wedding [ġiefan].</p> + <p><b>ġieft-hūs</b>, <i>sn.</i> wedding-hall.</p> + <p><b>ġieft-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> wedding.</p> + <p><b>ġiefu</b>, <i>sf.</i> gift; grace (of God) [ġiefan].</p> + <p><b>ġierla</b>, <i>sm.</i> dress [ġearu].</p> + <p><b>ġiernan</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> yearn, desire; ask [ġeorn].</p> + <p><b>ġiet</b>, <i>av.</i> yet; further, besides.</p> + <p><b>ġif</b>, <i>cj.</i> if.</p> + <p><b>ġimm</b>, <i>sm.</i> gem, jewel [<i>Latin</i> gemma].</p> + <p><b>ġimm-stān</b>, <i>sm.</i> gem, jewel.</p> + <p><b>ġit</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</p> + <p><b>ġītsian</b>, <i>wv.</i> covet.</p> + <p><b>ġītsung</b>, <i>sf.</i> covetousness, avarice.</p> + <p><b>glæd</b>, <i>aj.</i> glad.</p> + <p><b>glæd-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> gladly.</p> + <p><b>glēaw</b>, <i>aj.</i> prudent, wise.</p> + <p><b>glęnġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> adorn; trim (lamp).</p> + <p><b>god</b>, <i>sm.</i> God.</p> + <p><b>god-fæder</b>, <i>sm.</i> godfather.</p> + <p><b>god-spell</b>, <i>sn.</i> gospel.</p> + <p><b>godspel-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> evangelical.</p> + <p><b>gōd</b>, <i>aj.</i> good—<i>compar.</i> bętera. <i>superl.</i> bętst.</p> + <p><b>gōd</b>, <i>sn.</i> good thing, good.</p> + <p><b>gold</b>, <i>sn.</i> gold.</p> + <p><b>gold-hord</b>, <i>sn.</i> treasure.</p> + <p><b>grǣdiġ</b>. <i>aj.</i> greedy.</p> + <p><b>grǣġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> grey.</p> + <p><b>grētan</b>, <i>wv.</i> greet, salute.</p> + <p><b>grindan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, grind.</p> + <p><b>grīst-bītung</b>, <i>sf.</i> gnashing of teeth.</p> + <p><b>grymetian</b>, <i>wv.</i> grunt, roar.</p> + <p><b>gyldan</b>, <i>wv.</i> gild [gold].</p> + <p><b>gylden</b>, <i>aj.</i> golden [gold].</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>H.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Habban</b>, <i>wv.</i> have; take.</p> +<!-- Page 105 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page105"></a>{105}</span> + <p><b>hād</b>, <i>sm.</i> rank, condition.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hādod</b>, <i>aj.</i> ordained, in orders, clerical [<i>past partic. of</i> hādian, ordain].</p> + <p><b>hæfde</b>, <b>hæfþ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>habban</b>.</p> + <p><b>hæftan</b>, <i>wv.</i> hold fast, hold [habban].</p> + <p><b>hǣlan</b>, <i>wv.</i> heal [hāl].</p> + <p><b>hǣlend</b>, <i>sm.</i> Saviour [<i>pres. partic. of</i> hǣlan].</p> + <p><b>hǣlo</b>, <i>sf.</i> salvation [hāl].</p> + <p><b>hǣs</b>, <i>sf.</i> command.</p> + <p><b>hæspe</b>, <i>sf.</i> hasp.</p> + <p><b>hǣte</b>, <i>sf.</i> heat [hāt].</p> + <p><b>hǣþ</b>, <i>sf.</i> heath.</p> + <p><b>hǣþen</b>, <i>aj.</i> heathen [hǣþ].</p> + <p><b>hāl</b>, <i>aj.</i> whole, sound.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hāl</b>, <i>aj.</i> whole, uninjured.</p> + <p><b>hālga</b>, <i>sm.</i> saint.</p> + <p><b>hālġian</b>, <i>wv.</i> hallow, consecrate.</p> + <p><b>hāliġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> holy.</p> + <p><b>hāliġ-dōm</b>, <i>sm.</i> holy object, relic.</p> + <p><b>hām</b>, <i>av.</i> homewards, home.</p> + <p><b>hand</b>, <i>sf.</i> hand.</p> + <p><b>hand-cweorn</b>, <i>sf.</i> hand-mill.</p> + <p><b>hangian</b>, <i>wv.</i> hang, <i>intr.</i> [hōn].</p> + <p><b>hāt</b>, <i>aj.</i> hot.</p> + <p><b>hātan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, command, ask—<i>w. inf. in passive sense</i>, hēton him sęċġan, bade them be told ; name—<i>passive</i>, hātte.</p> + <p><b>hatian</b>, <i>wv.</i> hate.</p> + <p><b>hātte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hātan</b>.</p> + <p><b>hē</b>, <i>prn</i>. he.</p> + <p><b>hēafod</b>, <i>sn.</i> head.</p> + <p><b>hēafod-mann</b>, <i>sm.</i> head-man, ruler, chief.</p> + <p><b>hēah</b>, <i>aj.</i> high—<i>superl.</i> hīehst.</p> + <p><b>healdan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, hold, keep; guard; preserve; observe, keep.</p> + <p><b>healf</b>, <i>aj.</i> half.</p> + <p><b>healf</b>, <i>sf.</i> side.</p> + <p><b>hēa-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> lofty [hēah].</p> + <p><b>heall</b>, <i>sf.</i> hall.</p> + <p><b>heard</b>, <i>aj.</i> hard ; strong; severe.</p> + <p><b>hębban</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, raise.</p> + <p><b>hęfel-þrǣd</b>, <i>sm.</i> web-thread, thread.</p> + <p><b>hęfe</b>, <i>sm.</i> weight [hębban].</p> + <p><b>hęfiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> heavy [hęfe].</p> + <p><b>hęll</b>, <i>sf.</i> hell.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hęnde</b>, <i>aj. w. dat.</i> near [hand].</p> + <p><b>hēo</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b>heofon</b>, <i>sm.</i> heaven—<i>often in plur.</i>, heofona rīċe.</p> + <p><b>heofon-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> heavenly.</p> + <p><b>hēold</b>, <i>see</i> <b>healdan</b>.</p> + <p><b>heord</b>, <i>sf.</i> herd.</p> + <p><b>heorte</b>, <i>sf.</i> heart.</p> + <p><b>hēr</b>, <i>av.</i> here; hither—hēr·æfter, &c., hereafter.</p> + <p><b>hēr-be-·ēastan</b>, <i>av.</i> east of this.</p> + <p><b>hęre</b>, <i>sm.</i> army.</p> + <p><b>hęre-rēaf</b>, <i>sn.</i> spoil.</p> + <p><b>hęre-toga</b>, <i>sm.</i> army-leader, general, chief [toga <i>from</i> tēon].</p> + <p><b>hęrgian</b>, <i>wv.</i> ravage, make war [hęre].</p> + <p><b>hęrgung</b>, <i>sf.</i> (ravaging), warfare, war.</p> + <p><b>hęrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> praise.</p> + <p><b>hēt</b>, <i>see</i> hātan.</p> + <p><b>hider</b>, <i>av</i>. hither.</p> + <p><b>hīe</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b>hīehst</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hēah</b>.</p> + <p><b>hiera</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hīeran</b>, <i>wv.</i> hear.</p> + <p><b>hierde</b>, <i>sm.</i> shepherd [heord].</p> + <p><b>hierd-rǣden</b>, <i>sf.</i> guardianship.</p> + <p><b>hiere</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hīer-sum</b>, <i>aj. w. dat.</i> obedient [hīeran].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hīersum-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> obedience.</p> + <p><b>him</b>, <b>hine</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b>hīred</b>, <i>snm.</i> family, household.</p> + <p><b>his</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b>hit</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hē</b>.</p> + <p><b>hīw</b>, <i>sn.</i> hue, form.</p> + <p><b>hlǣdder</b>, <i>sf.</i> ladder.</p> + <p><b>hlæst</b>, <i>sm.</i> load.</p> + <p><b>hlāf</b>, <i>sm.</i> bread, loaf of bread.</p> + <p><b>hlāford</b>, <i>sm.</i> lord.</p> + <p><b>hlīsa</b>, <i>sm.</i> fame.</p> + <p><b>hlūd</b>, <i>aj.</i> loud.</p> + <p><b>hlȳdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> make a noise, shout [hlūd].</p> + <p><b>hnappian</b>, <i>wv</i>. doze.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hoferod</b>, <i>aj.</i> (past partic.), hump-backed.</p> + <p><b>holt</b>, <i>sn.</i> wood.</p> +<!-- Page 106 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page106"></a>{106}</span> + <p><b>hōn</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, hang [hangian].</p> + <p><b>horn</b>, <i>sm.</i> horn.</p> + <p><b>hræd-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> quickly.</p> + <p><b>hrædung</b>, <i>sf.</i> hurry.</p> + <p><b>hraþe</b>, <i>av.</i> quickly—swā hraþe swā, as soon as.</p> + <p><b>hrēod</b>, <i>sn.</i> reed.</p> + <p><b>hrēowan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, rue, repent.</p> + <p><b>hrīeman</b>, <i>wv.</i> cry, call.</p> + <p><b>hrīþer</b>, <i>sn.</i> ox.</p> + <p><b>hrōf</b>, <i>sn.</i> roof.</p> + <p><b>hryċġ</b>, <i>sm.</i> back.</p> + <p><b>hryre</b>, <i>sm.</i> fall [hrēosan].</p> + <p><b>hū</b>, <i>av.</i> how.</p> + <p><b>hū-meta</b>, <i>av.</i> how.</p> + <p><b>hund</b>, <i>sn. w. gen.</i> hundred.</p> + <p><b>hund</b>, <i>sm.</i> dog.</p> + <p><b>hund-feald</b>, <i>aj.</i> hundredfold.</p> + <p><b>hund-·nigontiġ</b>, <i>num.</i> ninety.</p> + <p><b>hund-·twęlftiġ</b>, <i>num.</i> hundred and twenty.</p> + <p><b>hungor</b>, <i>sm.</i> hunger; famine.</p> + <p><b>hungriġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> hungry.</p> + <p><b>hūru</b>, <i>av.</i> especially.</p> + <p><b>hūs</b>, <i>sn.</i> house.</p> + <p><b>hux-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> ignominiously.</p> + <p><b>hwā</b>, <i>prn.</i> who.</p> + <p><b>ġe·hwā</b>, <i>prn.</i> every one.</p> + <p><b>hwǣm</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hwā</b>.</p> + <p><b>hwǣr</b>, <i>av.</i> where—swā hwǣr swā, wherever.</p> + <p><b>ġe·hwǣr</b>, <i>av.</i> everywhere.</p> + <p><b>hwæs</b>, <b>hwæt</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hwā</b>.</p> + <p><b>hwæt</b>, <i>interj.</i> what! lo! well.</p> + <p><b>hwǣte</b>, <i>sm.</i> wheat.</p> + <p><b>hwæþer</b>, <i>av. cj.</i> whether—hwæþer þe, <i>to introduce a direct question</i>.</p> + <p><b>hwæþre</b>, <i>av.</i> however.</p> + <p><b>hwanon</b>, <i>av.</i> whence.</p> + <p><b>hwelċ</b>, <i>prn.</i> which; any one, any—swā hwelċ swā, whoever.</p> + <p><b>ġe·hwelċ</b>, <i>prn.</i> any, any one.</p> + <p><b>hwīl</b>, <i>sf.</i> while, time.</p> + <p><b>hwone</b>, <i>see</i> <b>hwā</b>.</p> + <p><b>hwonne</b>, <i>av.</i> when.</p> + <p><b>hwȳ</b>, <i>av.</i> why.</p> + <p><b>hȳdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> hide.</p> + <p><b>hyht</b>, <i>sf.</i> hope.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·hyhtan</b>, <i>wv.</i> hope.</p> + <p><b>hȳran</b>, <i>wv.</i> hire.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>I.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Iċ</b>, <i>prn.</i> I.</p> + <p><b>īdel</b>, <i>aj.</i> idle; useless, vain—on īdel, in vain.</p> + <p><b>īeġ-land</b>, <i>sn.</i> island.</p> + <p><b>ieldan</b>, <i>wv.</i> delay [eald].</p> + <p><b>ieldra</b>, <i>see</i> <b>eald</b>.</p> + <p><b>ieldran</b>, <i>smpl.</i> ancestors [<i>originally compar.</i> of eald].</p> + <p><b>iernan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, run; flow.</p> + <p><b>ierre</b>, <i>aj.</i> angry.</p> + <p><b>īl</b>, <i>sm.</i> hedgehog.</p> + <p><b>ilca</b>, <i>prn.</i> same (always weak, and with the definite article).</p> + <p><b>in</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> in, into.</p> + <p><b>inc</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</p> + <p><b>inn</b>, <i>av.</i> in (of motion).</p> + <p><b>innan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> (<i>av.</i>) within.</p> + <p><b>inne</b>, <i>av.</i> within, inside.</p> + <p><b>inn-ġehyġd</b>, <i>sn.</i> inner thoughts, mind.</p> + <p><b>in-tō</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> into.</p> + <p><b>Īotan</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Jutes.</p> + <p><b>Īr-land</b>, <i>sn.</i> Ireland.</p> + <p><b>Iūdēisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> Jewish—þā Iūdēiscan, the Jews.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>L.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Lā</b>, <i>interj.</i> lo!—lā lēof! Sir!</p> + <p><b>lāc</b>, <i>sn.</i> gift; offering, sacrifice.</p> + <p><b>ġe·lǣċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> seize.</p> + <p><b>lǣdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> lead; carry, bring, take.</p> + <p><b>læden</b>, <i>sn.</i> Latin; language.</p> + <p><b>læġ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>liċġan</b>.</p> + <p><b>lǣran</b>, <i>wv. w. double acc.</i> teach; advise, suggest [lār].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·lǣred</b>, <i>aj.</i> learned [<i>past partic.</i> of lǣran].</p> + <p><b>lǣs</b>, <i>av.</i> less—þȳ lǣs (þe), <i>cj. w. subj.</i> lest.</p> + <p><b>lǣtan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, let; leave—hēo lēt þā swā, she let the matter rest there.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·lǣte</b>, <i>sn.</i>—wega ġelǣtu, <i>pl.</i> meetings of the roads.</p> + <p><b>lāf</b>, <i>sf.</i> remains—tō lāfe bēon, remain over, be left [(be)līfan].</p> +<!-- Page 107 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page107"></a>{107}</span> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>lamp</b>, <i>see</i> <b><i>ġe</i>limpan</b>.</p> + <p><b>land</b>, <i>sn.</i> land, country.</p> + <p><b>land-folc</b>, <i>sn.</i> people of the country.</p> + <p><b>land-hęre</b>, <i>sm.</i> land-army.</p> + <p><b>land-lēode</b>, <i>smpl.</i> people of the country.</p> + <p><b>lang</b>, <i>aj.</i> long.</p> + <p><b>lange</b>, <i>av.</i> for a long time, long.</p> + <p><b>lang-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> for a long time, long.</p> + <p><b>lār</b>, <i>sf.</i> teaching, doctrine.</p> + <p><b>late</b>, <i>av.</i> slowly, late—late on ġēare, late in the year.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>laþian</b>, <i>wv.</i> invite.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>laþung</b>, <i>sf.</i> congregation.</p> + <p><b>lēaf</b>, <i>sf.</i> leave.</p> + <p><b><i><i>ġe·</i>l</i>ēafa</b>, <i>sm.</i> belief, faith.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>lēaf-full</b>, <i>aj.</i> believing, pious.</p> + <p><b>leahtor</b>, <i>sm.</i> crime, vice.</p> + <p><b>lēas</b>, <i>aj.</i> without (expers), <i>in compos.</i>—less; false.</p> + <p><b>lēat</b>, <i>see</i> <b>lūtan</b>.</p> + <p><b>lęċġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> lay [liċġan].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>lęndan</b>, <i>wv.</i> land [land].</p> + <p><b>lēo</b>, <i>smf.</i> lion.</p> + <p><b>lēode</b>, <i>smpl.</i> people.</p> + <p><b>lēof</b>, <i>aj.</i> dear, beloved; pleasant—mē wǣre lēofre, I would rather—[lufu].</p> + <p><b>leofode</b>, <i>see</i> <b>libban</b>.</p> + <p><b>leoht</b>, <i>sn.</i> light.</p> + <p><b>leoht-fæt</b>, <i>sn.</i> (light-vessel), lamp.</p> + <p><b>leornian</b>, <i>wv.</i> learn.</p> + <p><b>leornung-cniht</b>, <i>sm.</i> disciple.</p> + <p><b>lēt</b>, <i>see</i> <b>lǣtan</b>.</p> + <p><b>libban</b>, <i>wv.</i> live.</p> + <p><b>līc</b>, <i>sn.</i> body, corpse.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>līc</b>, <i>aj. w. dat.</i> like.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>līce</b>, <i>av.</i> in like manner, alike, equally.</p> + <p><b>liċġan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, lie.</p> + <p><b>līc-hama</b>, <i>sm.</i> body.</p> + <p><b>līcham-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> bodily.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>līcian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> please.</p> + <p><b>līefan</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> allow [lēaf].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>līefan</b>, <i>wv.</i> believe [gelēafa].</p> + <p><b>līf</b>, <i>sn.</i> līfe.</p> + <p><b>lifiend</b>, <i>see</i> <b>libban</b>.</p> + <p><b>lim</b>, <i>sn.</i> limb, member.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>limp</b>, <i>sn.</i> event, emergency, calamity.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·limpan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, happen.</p> + <p><b>līþ</b>, <i>see</i> <b>liċġan</b>.</p> + <p><b>locc</b>, <i>sm.</i> lock of hair.</p> + <p><b>lof</b>, <i>sn.</i> praise; glory.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·lōgian</b>, place; occupy, furnish.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·lōm</b>, <i>aj.</i> frequent, repeated.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·lōme</b>, <i>av.</i> often, repeatedly.</p> + <p><b>losian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> be lost—him losaþ, he loses [(for)lēosan].</p> + <p><b>lūcan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, close.</p> + <p><b>lufian</b>, <i>wv.</i> love.</p> + <p><b>lufu</b>, <i>sf.</i> love [lēof].</p> + <p><b>Lunden-burg</b>, <i>sf.</i> London [Lundonia].</p> + <p><b>lūtan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, stoop.</p> + <p><b>lȳtel</b>, <i>aj.</i> little.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>M.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Mā</b>, <i>see</i> <b>micel</b>.</p> + <p><b>macian</b>, <i>wv.</i> make.</p> + <p><b>mæġ</b>, <i>swv.</i> can, be able.</p> + <p><b>mæġen</b>, <i>sn.</i> strength, capacity; virtue [mæġ].</p> + <p><b>mǣġþ</b>, <i>sf.</i> family; tribe, nation; generation.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·mǣne</b>, <i>aj.</i> common.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·mǣnelic</b>, <i>aj.</i> common, general.</p> + <p><b>mǣre</b>, <i>aj.</i> famous, glorious, great (metaphorically).</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·mǣre</b>, <i>sn.</i> boundary, territory.</p> + <p><b>mǣrsian</b>, <i>wv.</i> extol, celebrate [mǣre].</p> + <p><b>mǣrþo</b>, <i>sf.</i> glory [mǣre].</p> + <p><b>mæsse</b>, <i>sf.</i> mass [<i>Latin</i> missa].</p> + <p><b>mæsse-prēost</b>, <i>sm.</i> mass-priest.</p> + <p><b>mǣst</b>, <i>see</i> <b>miċel</b>.</p> + <p><b>magon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>mæġ</b>.</p> + <p><b>man</b>, <i>indef.</i> one [mann].</p> + <p><b>mān</b>, <i>sn.</i> wickedness.</p> + <p><b>mān-dǣd</b>, <i>sf.</i> wicked deed.</p> + <p><b>mān-full</b>, <i>aj.</i> wicked.</p> + <p><b>mangere</b>, <i>sm.</i> merchant.</p> + <p><b>mangung</b>, <i>sf.</i> trade, business.</p> + <p><b>maniġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> many.</p> + <p><b>manīġ-feald</b>, <i>aj.</i> manifold.</p> + <p><b>maniġ-fieldan</b>, <i>wv.</i> multiply [maniġfeald].</p> + <p><b>mann</b>, <i>sm.</i> man; person.</p> + <p><b>mann-cynn</b>, <i>sn.</i> mankind.</p> +<!-- Page 108 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page108"></a>{108}</span> + <p><b>mann-rǣden</b>, <i>sf.</i> allegiance.</p> + <p><b>mann-slaga</b>, <i>sm.</i> manslayer, murderer [slēan, slęġe].</p> + <p><b>māre</b>, <i>see</i> <b>miċel</b>.</p> + <p><b>martyr</b>, <i>sm.</i> martyr.</p> + <p><b>māþm</b>, <i>sm.</i> treasure.</p> + <p><b>māþm-fæt</b>, <i>sn.</i> precious vessel.</p> + <p><b>mē</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ic</b>.</p> + <p><b>mearc</b>, <i>sf.</i> boundary.</p> + <p><b>mēd</b>, <i>sf.</i> reward, pay.</p> + <p><b>mēder</b>, <i>see</i> <b>mōdor</b>.</p> + <p><b>męnn</b>, <i>see</i> <b>mann</b>.</p> + <p><b>męnnisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> human [mann].</p> + <p><b>męre-grot</b>, <i>sr.</i> pearl [margarita].</p> + <p><b>merġen</b>, <i>sm.</i> morning [morgen].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·met,</b> <i>sn.</i> measure; manner, way.</p> + <p><b>metan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, measure.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·mētan</b>, <i>wv.</i> meet; find [ġemōt].</p> + <p><b>męte</b>, <i>sm.</i> food—pl. męttas.</p> + <p><b>miċel</b>, <i>aj.</i> great, much—<i>comp.</i> māre, mā (<i>adv.</i>, <i>sn.</i>, <i>aj.</i>), <i>sup.</i> mǣst.</p> + <p><b>miċle</b>, <i>av.</i> greatly, much.</p> + <p><b>mid</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> (<i>instr.</i>) with—mid þǣm þe, <i>cj.</i> when.</p> + <p><b>middan-ġeard</b>, <i>sm.</i> world [<i>literally</i> middle enclosure].</p> + <p><b>midde</b>, <i>aj.</i> mid, middle (only of time).</p> + <p><b>middel</b>, <i>sn.</i> middle.</p> + <p><b>Middel-ęnġle</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Middle-Angles.</p> + <p><b>Mierċe</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Mercians [mearc].</p> + <p><b>miht</b>, <i>sf.</i> might, strength; virtue [mæġ].</p> + <p><b>mihte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>mæġ</b>.</p> + <p><b>mihtiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> mighty, strong.</p> + <p><b>mīl</b>, <i>sf.</i> mile [<i>Latin</i> milia (passuum)].</p> + <p><b>mild-heort</b>, <i>aj.</i> mild-hearted, merciful.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·miltsian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> have mercy on, pity [milde].</p> + <p><b>mīn</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ic</b>.</p> + <p><b>mis-lǣdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> mislead, lead astray.</p> + <p><b>mis-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> various.</p> + <p><b>mōd</b>, <i>sn.</i> heart, mind.</p> + <p><b>mōdig</b>, <i>aj.</i> proud.</p> + <p><b>mōdiġ-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> pride.</p> + <p><b>mōdor</b>, <i>sf.</i> mother.</p> + <p><b>molde</b>, <i>sf.</i> mould, earth.</p> + <p><b>mōna</b>, <i>sm.</i> moon.</p> + <p><b>mōnaþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> month—<i>pl.</i> mōnaþ [mōna].</p> + <p><b>morgen</b>, <i>sm.</i> morning.</p> + <p><b>morþ</b>, <i>sn.</i> (murder), crime.</p> + <p><b>mōste</b>, see <b>mōtan</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>mōt</b>, <i>sn.</i> meeting.</p> + <p><b>mōtan</b>, <i>swv.</i> may; ne mōt, must not.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>munan</b>, <i>swv.</i> remember.</p> + <p><b>munt</b>, <i>sm.</i> mountain, hill [<i>Latin</i> montem].</p> + <p><b>munuc</b>, <i>sm.</i> monk [<i>Latin</i> monachus].</p> + <p><b>murcnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> grumble, complain.</p> + <p><b>mūþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> mouth.</p> + <p><b>mūþa</b>, <i>sm.</i> mouth of a river [mūþ].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>mynd</b>, <i>sf.</i> memory, mind [ġemunan].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>myndiġ</b>, <i>aj. w. gen.</i> mindful.</p> + <p><b>mynet</b>, <i>sf.</i> coin [<i>Latin</i> moneta].</p> + <p><b>mynetere</b>, <i>sm.</i> money-changer.</p> + <p><b>mynster</b>, <i>sn.</i> monastery [<i>Latin</i> monasterium].</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>N.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Nā</b>, <i>av.</i> not, no [ = ne ā].</p> + <p><b>nabban</b> = ne habban.</p> + <p><b>nǣddre</b>, <i>sf.</i> snake.</p> + <p><b>næfde</b>, <b>næfst</b>, = ne hæfde, ne hæfst.</p> + <p><b>nǣfre</b>, <i>av.</i> never [ = ne ǣfre].</p> + <p><b>næġel</b>, <i>sm.</i> nail.</p> + <p><b>næs</b> = ne wæs.</p> + <p><b>nāht</b>, <i>prn. w. gen.</i> naught, nothing [ = nān wiht].</p> + <p><b>nāht-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> worthlessness, cowardice.</p> + <p><b>nam</b>, <i>see</i> <b>niman</b>.</p> + <p><b>nama</b>, <i>sm.</i> name.</p> + <p><b>nāmon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>niman</b>.</p> + <p><b>nān</b>, <i>prn.</i> none, no [ = ne ān].</p> + <p><b>nāt</b> = ne wāt.</p> + <p><b>nāwþer</b>, <i>prn.</i> neither [ = ne āhwæþer (either)].</p> + <p><b>ne</b>, <i>av.</i> not—ne ... ne, neither ... not.</p> +<!-- Page 109 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page109"></a>{109}</span> + <p><b>nēah</b>, <i>av.</i> near; <i>superl.</i> nīehst—æt nīehstan, next, immediately, afterwards.</p> + <p><b>nearu</b>, <i>aj.</i> narrow.</p> + <p><b>nēa-wist</b>, <i>sfm.</i> neighbourhood [wesan].</p> + <p><b>nęmnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> name [nama].</p> + <p><b>neom</b> = ne eom.</p> + <p><b>nese</b>, <i>av.</i> no.</p> + <p><b>nętt</b>, <i>sn.</i> net.</p> + <p><b>nīed</b>, <i>sf.</i> need.</p> + <p><b>nīedunga</b>, <i>av.</i> needs, by necessity.</p> + <p><b>nīehst</b>, <i>see</i> <b>nēah</b>.</p> + <p><b>nīeten</b>, <i>sn.</i> animal.</p> + <p><b>nigon</b>, <i>num.</i> nine.</p> + <p><b>nigoþa</b>, <i>aj.</i> ninth.</p> + <p><b>niht</b>, <i>sf.</i> night.</p> + <p><b>niman</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, take, capture; take in marriage, marry.</p> + <p><b>nis</b> = ne is.</p> + <p><b>niþer</b>, <i>av.</i> down.</p> + <p><b>nīwe</b>, <i>aj.</i> new.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·nōg</b>, <i>aj.</i> enough.</p> + <p><b>nolde</b> = ne wolde.</p> + <p><b>norþ</b>, <i>av.</i> north.</p> + <p><b>Norþhymbra-land</b>, <i>sn.</i> Northumberland.</p> + <p><b>Norþ-hymbre</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Northumbrians [Humbra].</p> + <p><b>norþan-weard</b>, <i>aj.</i> northward.</p> + <p><b>Norþ-męnn</b>, <i>pl.</i> Norwegians.</p> + <p><b>nū</b>, <i>av.</i> now, just now; <i>cj. causal</i>, now that, since.</p> + <p><b>nū·ġiet</b>, <i>av.</i> still.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·nyht-sum-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> sufficience, abundance.</p> + <p><b>nyle</b>, = ne wile.</p> + <p><b>nyste</b>, <b>nyton</b> = ne wiste, ne witon.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>O.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Of</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> of, from <i>of place</i>, <i>origin</i>, <i>privation</i>, <i>release</i>, &c.; <i>partitive</i>, sęllaþ ūs of ēowrum ele, some of your oil.</p> + <p><b>of-·drǣdd</b>, <i>aj.</i> afraid [<i>past partic. of</i> ofdrǣdan, dread].</p> + <p><b>ofer</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> over; on; <i>of time</i>, during, throughout, over.</p> + <p><b>ofer-gyld</b>, <i>aj.</i> (past partic.), gilded over, covered with gold.</p> + <p><b>ofer-·hęrgian</b>, <i>wv.</i> ravage, over-run.</p> + <p><b>ofer-·sāwan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, sow over.</p> + <p><b>offrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> offer, sacrifice [<i>Latin</i> offerre].</p> + <p><b>offrung</b>, <i>sf.</i> offering, sacrifice.</p> + <p><b>of-·slēan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, slay.</p> + <p><b>of-·snīþan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, kill [snīþan, cut].</p> + <p><b>of-spring</b>, <i>sm.</i> offspring [springan].</p> + <p><b>oft</b>, <i>av.</i> often.</p> + <p><b>of-·tēon</b>, <i>sv. 7, w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing</i>, deprive.</p> + <p><b>of-·þyrst</b>, <i>aj.</i> thirsty [<i>past partic. of</i> ofþyrstan, <i>from</i> þurst].</p> + <p><b>of-·wundrian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> wonder.</p> + <p><b>ō-lǣċung</b>, <i>sf.</i> flattery.</p> + <p><b>olfend</b>, <i>sm.</i> camel [<i>Latin</i> elephas].</p> + <p><b>on</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> on; in; <i>hostility</i>, against, on hīe fuhton; <i>of time</i>, in.</p> + <p><b>on-·byrġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> taste.</p> + <p><b>on-·cnāwan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, know, recognize.</p> + <p><b>on·drǣdan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, <i>wv.</i> dread, fear.</p> + <p><b>on-·fōn</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, receive.</p> + <p><b>on-·ġēan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> towards; <i>hostility</i>, against.</p> + <p><b>on-·ġēan</b>, <i>av.</i> back—ġewęnde on-ġēan, returned.</p> + <p><b>on-ġinn</b>, <i>sn.</i> beginning.</p> + <p><b>on-·ġinnan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, begin.</p> + <p><b>on-·liehtan</b>, <i>wv.</i> illuminate, enlighten [leoht].</p> + <p><b>on·liehtung</b>, <i>sf.</i> illumination, light.</p> + <p><b>on-·lūcan,</b> <i>sv. 7</i>, unlock.</p> + <p><b>on-·middan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> in the midst of.</p> + <p><b>on-sīen</b>, <i>sf.</i> appearance, form.</p> + <p><b>on-sund</b>, <i>aj.</i> sound, whole.</p> + <p><b>on-·uppan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> upon.</p> + <p><b>on-weald</b>, <i>sm.</i> rule, authority, power; territory.</p> + <p><b>on-·weġ</b>, <i>av.</i> away.</p> + <p><b>open</b>, <i>aj.</i> open.</p> + <p><b>openian</b>, <i>wv.</i> open, reveal, disclose.</p> + <p><b>orgel-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> proudly.</p> +<!-- Page 110 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page110"></a>{110}</span> + <p><b>or-mǣte</b>, <i>aj.</i> immense, boundless [metan].</p> + <p><b>or-sorg</b>, <i>aj.</i> unconcerned, careless.</p> + <p><b>oþ</b>, <i>prp. w. acc.</i> until—oþ þæt, <i>cj.</i> until; up to, as far as.</p> + <p><b>ōþer</b>, <i>prn.</i> (always strong), second; other.</p> + <p><b>oþþe</b>, <i>cj.</i> or—oþþe ... oþþe, either ... or.</p> + <p><b>oxa</b>, <i>sm.</i> ox.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>P.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Pāpa</b>, <i>sm.</i> pope [<i>Latin</i> papa].</p> + <p><b>pęning</b>, <i>sm.</i> penny.</p> + <p><b>Peohtas</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Picts.</p> + <p><b>Philistēisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> Philistine.</p> + <p><b>Pihtisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> Pictish [Peohtas].</p> + <p><b>plegian</b>, <i>wv.</i> play.</p> + <p><b>post</b>, <i>sm.</i> post [<i>Latin</i> postis].</p> + <p><b>prēost</b>, <i>sm.</i> priest [<i>Latin</i> presbyter].</p> + <p><b>pund</b>, <i>sn.</i> pound [<i>Latin</i> pondus].</p> + <p><b>pytt</b>, <i>sm.</i> pit [<i>Latin</i> puteus].</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>R.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Racentēag</b>, <i> sf.</i> chains.</p> + <p><b>rād,</b> <i>see</i> <b>rīdan</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·rād</b>, <i>sn.</i> reckoning, account; on þā ġerād þæt, on condition that.</p> + <p><b>rǣd,</b> <i>sm.</i> advice; what is advisable, plan of action—him rǣd þūhte, it seemed advisable to him.</p> + <p><b>ramm</b>, <i>sm.</i> ram.</p> + <p><b>rāp</b>, <i>sm.</i> rope.</p> + <p><b>rēaf</b>, <i>sn.</i> robe, dress.</p> + <p><b>reahte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>reċċan</b>.</p> + <p><b>rēċan</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> reck, care.</p> + <p><b>ręċċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> tell, narrate.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·ręċednes</b>, <i>sf.</i> narrative.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·rēfa</b>, <i>sm.</i> officer, reeve, bailiff.</p> + <p><b>reġen</b>, <i>sm.</i> rain.</p> + <p><b>rēþe</b>, <i>aj.</i> fierce, cruel.</p> + <p><b>rīċe</b>, <i>aj.</i> powerful, of high rank.</p> + <p><b>rīċe</b>, <i>sn.</i> kingdom, sovereignty, government.</p> + <p><b>rīċetere</b>, <i>sn.</i> (ambition), pomp.</p> + <p><b>rīċsian</b>, <i>wv.</i> rule.</p> + <p><b>rīdan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, ride.</p> + <p><b>riftere</b>, <i>sm.</i> reaper.</p> + <p><b>riht</b>, <i>aj.</i> right; righteous.</p> + <p><b>riht-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> rightly, correctly.</p> + <p><b>riht-wīs</b>, <i>aj.</i> righteous.</p> + <p><b>riht-wīsnes</b>, <i>sf.</i> righteousness.</p> + <p><b>rīm</b>, <i>sm.</i> number.</p> + <p><b>rīman</b>, <i>wv.</i> count.</p> + <p><b>rīnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> rain [reġen].</p> + <p><b>rīpan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, reap.</p> + <p><b>rīpere</b>, <i>sm.</i> reaper.</p> + <p><b>rīp-tīma</b>, <i>sm.</i> reaping-time, harvest.</p> + <p><b>rōhte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>rēċan</b>.</p> + <p><b>Rōme-burg</b>, <i>sf.</i> city of Rome.</p> + <p><b>rōwan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, row.</p> + <p><b>ryne</b>, <i>sm.</i> course.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·rȳne</b>, <i>sn.</i> mystery.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>S.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Sǣ</b>, <i>sf.</i> sea—<i>dat.</i> sǣ.</p> + <p><b>sǣd</b>, <i>sn.</i> seed.</p> + <p><b>sæġde</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sęċġan</b>.</p> + <p><b>sǣl</b>, <i>sm.</i> time, occasion.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sǣliġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> happy, blessed.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sǣliġ-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> happily, blessedly.</p> + <p><b>sæt</b>, sǣton, <i>see</i> <b>sittan</b>.</p> + <p><b>sagol</b>, <i>sm.</i> rod, staff.</p> + <p><b>ġe·samnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> collect, assemble.</p> + <p><b>samod</b>, <i>av</i>. together, with.</p> + <p><b>sanct</b>, <i>sm.</i> saint [<i>Latin</i> sanctus].</p> + <p><b>sand</b>, <i>sf.</i> dish of food [sęndan].</p> + <p><b>sand-ċeosol</b>, <i>sm.</i> sand (<i>literally</i> sand-gravel).</p> + <p><b>sār</b>, <i>sn.</i> grief.</p> + <p><b>sār</b>, <i>aj.</i> grievous.</p> + <p><b>sāriġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> sorry, sad.</p> + <p><b>sāwan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, sow.</p> + <p><b>sāwere</b>, <i>sm.</i> sower.</p> + <p><b>sāwol</b>, <i>sf.</i> soul.</p> + <p><b>scamu</b>, <i>sf.</i> shame.</p> + <p><b>scand</b>, <i>sf.</i> disgrace.</p> + <p><b>scand-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> shameful.</p> + <p><b>sċēaf</b>, <i>sm.</i> sheaf [scūfan].</p> + <p><b>sċēaf-mǣlum</b>, <i>av.</i> sheafwise.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sċeaft</b>, <i>sf.</i> creature, created thing. sċeal, <i>swv.</i> ought to, must; shall.</p> + <p><b>sċēap</b>, <i>sn.</i> sheep.</p> + <p><b>sċeatt</b>, <i>sm.</i> (tribute); money.</p> + <p><b>sċēawere</b>, <i>sm.</i> spy, witness.</p> + <p><b>sċēawian</b>, <i>wv.</i> see; examine; read.</p> + <p><b>sċēawung</b>, <i>sf.</i> seeing, examination.</p> + <p><b>sċēotan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, shoot.</p> +<!-- Page 111 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page111"></a>{111}</span> + <p><b>sċieppan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, create.</p> + <p><b>sċieran</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, shear.</p> + <p><b>sċip</b>, <i>sn.</i> ship.</p> + <p><b>sċip-hęre</b>, <i>sm.</i> fleet.</p> + <p><b>sċip-hlæst</b>, <i>sm.</i> (shipload), crew.</p> + <p><b>sċīr</b>, <i>sf.</i> shire.</p> + <p><b>scolde</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sceal</b>.</p> + <p><b>scōp</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sċieppan</b>.</p> + <p><b>scort</b>, <i>aj.</i> short.</p> + <p><b>scotian</b>, <i>wv.</i> shoot [sċēotan].</p> + <p><b>Scot-land</b>, <i>sn.</i> Ireland.</p> + <p><b>Scottas</b>, <i>smpl.</i> the Irish.</p> + <p><b>scotung</b>, <i>sf.</i> shot.</p> + <p><b>scræf</b>, <i>sn.</i> cave.</p> + <p><b>scrīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> shrine [<i>Latin</i> scrinium].</p> + <p><b>scrincan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, shrink.</p> + <p><b>scrūd</b>, <i>sn.</i> dress.</p> + <p><b>scrȳdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> clothe [scrūd].</p> + <p><b>scūfan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, push—scūfan ūt, launch (ship).</p> + <p><b>sculon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sċeal</b>.</p> + <p><b>scuton</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sċēotan</b>.</p> + <p><b>scyld</b>, <i>sf.</i> guilt [sculon, sceal].</p> + <p><b>scyldig</b>, <i>aj.</i> guilty.</p> + <p><b>scylen</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sceal</b>.</p> + <p><b>Scyttisc</b>, <i>aj.</i> Scotch [Scottas].</p> + <p><b>se</b>, <b>sē</b>, <i>prn.</i> that; the; he; who.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>seah</b>, <i>see</i> <b><i>ġe</i>sēon</b>.</p> + <p><b>sealde</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sęllan</b>.</p> + <p><b>sēaþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> pit.</p> + <p><b>Seaxe</b>, <i>smpl.</i> Saxons.</p> + <p><b>sēċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> seek; visit, come to; attack.</p> + <p><b>sęċġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> say.</p> + <p><b>self</b>, <i>prn.</i> self.</p> + <p><b>sęllan</b>, <i>wv.</i> give; sell.</p> + <p><b>sēlest</b>, <i>av. superl.</i> best.</p> + <p><b>sęndan</b>, <i>wv.</i> send, send message [sand].</p> + <p><b>sēo</b>, <i>see</i> <b>se</b>.</p> + <p><b>seofon</b>, <i>num.</i> seven.</p> + <p><b>seofoþa</b>, <i>aj.</i> seventh.</p> + <p><b>seolc</b>, <i>sf.</i> silk.</p> + <p><b>seolcen</b>, <i>aj.</i> silken.</p> + <p><b>seolfor</b>, <i>sn.</i> silver.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>sēon</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, see.</p> + <p><b>sēow</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sāwan</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe·</i>sętnes</b>, <i>sf.</i> narrative [sęttan].</p> + <p><b>sęttan</b>, <i>wv.</i> set; appoint, institute—dōm sęttan <i>w. dat.</i> pass sentence on; compose, write; create [sittan].</p> + <p><b>sibb</b>, <i>sf.</i> peace.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sibb-sum</b>, <i>aj.</i> peaceful.</p> + <p><b>sīe</b>, <i>see</i> <b>wesan</b>.</p> + <p><b>sīefer-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> purely.</p> + <p><b>sīefre</b>, <i>aj.</i> pure.</p> + <p><b>sierwung</b>, <i>sf.</i> stratagem.</p> + <p><b>siex</b>, <i>num.</i> six.</p> + <p><b>siexta</b>, <i>aj.</i> sixth.</p> + <p><b>siextiġ</b>, <i>num.</i> sixty.</p> + <p><b>siextiġ-feald</b>, <i>aj.</i> sixtyfold.</p> + <p><b>siġe</b>, <i>sm.</i> victory—siġe niman, gain the victory.</p> + <p><b>siġe-fæst</b>, <i>aj.</i> victorious.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sihþ</b>, <i>sf.</i> sight; vision, dream [ġesēon].</p> + <p><b>sifren</b>, <i>aj.</i> silver.</p> + <p><b>simle</b>, <i>av.</i> always.</p> + <p><b>sind</b>, <i>see</i> <b>wesan</b>.</p> + <p><b>sinu</b>, <i>sf</i>, sinew.</p> + <p><b>sittan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, sit; settle, stay.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sittan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, take possession of.</p> + <p><b>sīþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> journey.</p> + <p><b>sīþian</b>, <i>wv.</i> journey, go.</p> + <p><b>siþþan</b>, <i>av.</i> since, afterwards; cj. when.</p> + <p><b>slǣp</b>, <i>sm.</i> sleep.</p> + <p><b>slǣpan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, sleep,</p> + <p><b>slaga</b>, <i>sm.</i> slayer. [slēan, <i>past. partic.</i> ġeslæġen].</p> + <p><b>slāw</b>, <i>aj.</i> slow, slothful, dull.</p> + <p><b>slēan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, strike; slay, kill.</p> + <p><b>slęċġ</b>, <i>sm.</i> hammer [slaga, slēan].</p> + <p><b>slęġe</b>, <i>sm.</i> killing [slaga, slēan].</p> + <p><b>slēp</b>, <i>see</i> <b>slǣpan</b>.</p> + <p><b>slōg</b>, <i>see</i> <b>slēan.</b></p> + <p><b>smæl</b>, <i>aj.</i> narrow.</p> + <p><b>smēan</b>, <i>wv.</i> consider, think; consult.</p> + <p><b>smēocan</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, smoke.</p> + <p><b>smēþe</b>, <i>aj.</i> smooth.</p> + <p><b>snotor</b>, <i>aj.</i> wise, prudent.</p> + <p><b>sōna</b>, <i>av.</i> soon; then.</p> + <p><b>sorg</b>, <i>sf.</i> sorrow.</p> + <p><b>sōþ</b>, <i>aj.</i> true.</p> + <p><b>sōþ</b>, <i>sn.</i> truth.</p> + <p><b>sōþ-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> truly, indeed.</p> + <p><b>spade</b>, <i>wf.</i> spade [<i>Lati</i>n spatha].</p> +<!-- Page 112 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page112"></a>{112}</span> + <p><b>sprǣċ</b>, <i>sf.</i> speech, language; conversation [sprecan].</p> + <p><b>sprecan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, speak.</p> + <p><b>spręnġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> (scatter); sow [springan].</p> + <p><b>springan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, spring.</p> + <p><b>sprungen</b>, <i>see</i> <b>springan</b>.</p> + <p><b>stǣnen</b>, <i>aj.</i> of stone [stān].</p> + <p><b>stǣniht</b>, <i>sn.</i> stony ground [<i>originally adj.</i> 'stony,' from stān].</p> + <p><b>stān</b>, <i>sm.</i> stone; brick.</p> + <p><b>standan</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, stand.</p> + <p><b>stēap</b>, <i>aj.</i> steep.</p> + <p><b>stęde</b>, <i>sm.</i> place.</p> + <p><b>stefn</b>, <i>sf.</i> voice.</p> + <p><b>stelan</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, steal.</p> + <p><b>stęnt</b>, <i>see</i> <b>standan</b>.</p> + <p><b>stēor</b>, <i>sf.</i> steering, rudder.</p> + <p><b>steorra</b>, <i>sm.</i> star.</p> + <p><b>sticol</b>, <i>aj.</i> rough.</p> + <p><b>stīepel</b>, <i>sm.</i> steeple [stēap].</p> + <p><b>stīeran</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> restrain [stēor].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·stillan</b>, <i>wv.</i> stop, prevent.</p> + <p><b>stille</b>, <i>aj.</i> still, quiet.</p> + <p><b>stōd</b>, <i>see</i> <b>standan</b>.</p> + <p><b>stōl</b>, <i>sm.</i> seat.</p> + <p><b>stōw</b>, <i>sf.</i> place.</p> + <p><b>strǣt</b>, <i>sf.</i> street, road [<i>Latin</i> strata via].</p> + <p><b>strand</b>, <i>sm.</i> shore.</p> + <p><b>strang</b>, <i>aj.</i> strong.</p> + <p><b>strēdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> (scatter), sow.</p> + <p><b>stręnġþo</b>, <i>sf.</i> strength [strang].</p> + <p><b>ġe·strēon</b>, <i>sn.</i> possession.</p> + <p><b>ġe·strīenan</b>, <i>wv.</i> gain [ġestrēon].</p> + <p><b>strūtian</b>, <i>wv.</i> strut.</p> + <p><b>styċċe</b>, <i>sn.</i> piece.</p> + <p><b>sum</b>, <i>prn.</i> some, a certain (one), one; a.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sund</b>, <i>aj.</i> sound, healthy.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·sund-full</b>. <i>aj.</i> safe and sound.</p> + <p><b>sundor</b>, <i>av.</i> apart.</p> + <p><b>sunne</b>, <i>sf.</i> sun.</p> + <p><b>sunu</b>, <i>sm.</i> son.</p> + <p><b>sūþ</b>, <i>av.</i> south, southwards.</p> + <p><b>sūþan</b>, <i>av.</i> from the south.</p> + <p><b>sūþan-weard</b>, <i>aj.</i> southward.</p> + <p><b>sūþ-dǣl</b>, <i>sm.</i> the South.</p> + <p><b>sūþerne</b>, <i>aj.</i> southern.</p> + <p><b>Sūþ-seaxe</b>, <i>smpl.</i> South-Saxons.</p> + <p><b>swā</b>, <i>av.</i> so; swā, swā, as, like—swā ... swā, so ... as.</p> + <p><b>swāc</b>, <i>see</i> <b>swīcan</b>.</p> + <p><b>swā-·þēah,</b> <i>av.</i> however.</p> + <p><b>swefn</b>, <i>sn.</i> sleep; dream.</p> + <p><b>swelċ</b>, <i>prn.</i> such.</p> + <p><b>swelċe</b>, <i>av.</i> as if, as it were, as, like.</p> + <p><b>sweltan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, die.</p> + <p><b>swęnċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> afflict, molest [swincan].</p> + <p><b>swęnġ</b>, <i>sm.</i> stroke, blow [swingan].</p> + <p><b>swēor</b>, <i>sm.</i> pillar.</p> + <p><b>swēora</b>, <i>sm.</i> neck.</p> + <p><b>sweord</b>, <i>sn.</i> sword.</p> + <p><b>sweord-bora</b>, <i>sm.</i> sword-bearer [beran].</p> + <p><b>sweotol</b>, <i>aj.</i> clear, evident.</p> + <p><b>sweotolian</b>, <i>wv.</i> display, show, indicate.</p> + <p><b>sweotolung</b>, <i>sf.</i> manifestation, sign.</p> + <p><b>swęrian</b>, <i>sv. 2</i>, swear.</p> + <p><b>swīc</b>, <i>sm.</i> deceit.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·swīcan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i> (fail, fall short); cease (betray).</p> + <p><b>swīc-dōm</b>, <i>sm.</i> deceit [swīcan].</p> + <p><b>swicol</b>, <i>aj.</i> deceitful, treacherous.</p> + <p><b>swicon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>swīcan</b>.</p> + <p><b>swift</b>, <i>aj.</i> swift.</p> + <p><b>swīgian</b>, <i>wv.</i> be silent.</p> + <p><b>swincan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, labour, toil.</p> + <p><b>swingan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, beat.</p> + <p><b>swingle</b>, <i>sf.</i> stroke [swingan].</p> + <p><b>swipe</b>, <i>sm.</i> whip.</p> + <p><b>swīþe</b>, <i>av.</i> very, much, greatly, violently—<i>cp.</i> swīþor, rather, more.</p> + <p><b>swīþ-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> excessive, great.</p> + <p><b>swīþre</b>, <i>sf.</i> right hand [<i>cp. of</i> swīþe <i>with</i> hand <i>understood</i>].</p> + <p><b>swulton</b>, <i>see</i> <b>sweltan</b>.</p> + <p><b>swuncon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>swincan</b>.</p> + <p><b>swungon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>swingan</b>.</p> + <p><b>syndriġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> separate [sundor].</p> + <p><b>syn-full</b>, <i>aj.</i> sinful.</p> + <p><b>syngian</b>, <i>wv.</i> sin.</p> + <p><b>synn</b>, <i>sf.</i> sin.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> +<!-- Page 113 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page113"></a>{113}</span> + <p class="i12"><b>T.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Tācen,</b> <i>sn.</i> sign, token; miracle.</p> + <p><b>tācnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> signify.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·tācnung</b>, <i>sf.</i> signification, type.</p> + <p><b>tǣċan</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> show; teach.</p> + <p><b>talu</b>, <i>sf.</i> number [getel].</p> + <p><b>tam</b>, <i>aj.</i> tame.</p> + <p><b>tāwian</b>, <i>wv.</i> ill-treat.</p> + <p><b>tēam</b>, <i>sm.</i> progeny [tēon].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·tel</b>, <i>sn.</i> number.</p> + <p><b>tęllan</b>, <i>wv.</i> count, account—tęllan tō nāhte, count as naught [talu].</p> + <p><b>Tęmes</b>, <i>sf.</i> Thames [Tamisia].</p> + <p><b>tempel</b>, <i>sn.</i> temple [<i>Latin</i> templum].</p> + <p><b>tēon</b>, <i>sv. 7</i>, pull, drag.</p> + <p><b>tēona</b>, <i>sm.</i> injury, insult.</p> + <p><b>tēon-rǣden</b>, <i>sf.</i> humiliation.</p> + <p><b>tēþ</b>, <i>see</i> tōþ.</p> + <p><b>tiċċen</b>, <i>sn.</i> kid.</p> + <p><b>tīd</b>, <i>sf.</i> time; hour.</p> + <p><b>tīeġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> tie.</p> + <p><b>tīeman</b>, <i>wv.</i> teem, bring forth [tēam].</p> + <p><b>tīen</b>, <i>num.</i> ten.</p> + <p><b>tierwe</b>, <i>sf.</i> tar.</p> + <p><b>tiġele</b>, <i>wf.</i> tile [<i>Latin</i> tegula].</p> + <p><b>tīma</b>, <i>sm.</i> time.</p> + <p><b>timbrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> build.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·timbrung</b>, <i>sf.</i> building.</p> + <p><b>tintreġ</b>, <i>sn.</i> torture.</p> + <p><b>tintregian</b>, <i>wv.</i> torture.</p> + <p><b>tō</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> (<i>av.</i>) to—tō abbode ġesętt, made abbot; <i>time</i>, at—tō langum fierste, for a long time; <i>adverbial</i>, tō scande, ignominiously; <i>fitness</i>, <i>purpose</i>, <i>for</i>—þǣm folce (dat.) tō dēaþe, to the death of the people, so that the people were killed; tō þǣm þæt, cj. in order that—tō þæm (swīþe) ... þæt, so (greatly) ... that.</p> + <p><b>tō</b>, <i>av.</i> too.</p> + <p><b>tō-·berstan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, burst, break asunder.</p> + <p><b>tō-·brecan</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, break in pieces, break through.</p> + <p><b>tō-·breġdan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, tear asunder.</p> + <p><b>tō-·cwīesan</b>, <i>wv.</i> crush, bruise.</p> + <p><b>tō-cyme</b>, <i>sm.</i> coming [cuman].</p> + <p><b>tō-·dæġ</b>, <i>av.</i> to-day.</p> + <p><b>tō-·dǣlan</b>, <i>wv.</i> disperse; separate, divide.</p> + <p><b>tō-·gædre</b>, <i>av.</i> together.</p> + <p><b>tō-·ġēanes</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> towards—him tōġēanes, to meet him.</p> + <p><b>tōl</b>, <i>sn.</i> tool.</p> + <p><b>tō-·līesan</b>, <i>wv.</i> loosen [lēas].</p> + <p><b>tō-·middes</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> in the midst of.</p> + <p><b>tō-·teran</b>, <i>sv. 4</i>, tear to pieces.</p> + <p><b>tōþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> tooth.</p> + <p><b>tō-weard</b>, <i>aj.</i> future.</p> + <p><b>tō-·weorpan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, overthrow, destroy.</p> + <p><b>trēow</b>, <i>sn.</i> tree.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·trēowe,</b> <i>aj.</i> true, faithful.</p> + <p><b>trum</b>, <i>aj.</i> strong.</p> + <p><b>trymman</b>, <i>wv.</i> strengthen [trum].</p> + <p><b>trymmung</b>, <i>sf.</i> strengthening, encouragement.</p> + <p><b>tūcian</b>, <i>wv.</i> ill-treat.</p> + <p><b>tugon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>tēon</b>.</p> + <p><b>tūn</b>, <i>sm.</i> village, town.</p> + <p><b>twā</b>, <b>twǣm</b>, <i>see</i> <b>twēġen</b>.</p> + <p><b>twēġen</b>, <i>num.</i> two.</p> + <p><b>twęlf</b>, <i>num.</i> twelve.</p> + <p><b>twęntiġ</b>, <i>num. w. gen.</i> twenty.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>Þ.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Þā</b>, <i>av. cj.</i> then; when—þā þā, when, while—<i>correlative</i> þā ... þā, when ... (then).</p> + <p><b>þā</b>, þǣm, &c., <i>see</i> <b>se</b>.</p> + <p><b>þǣr</b>, <i>av.</i> there—þǣrtō, &c. thereto, to it; where—þǣr þǣr, <i>correl.</i> where.</p> + <p><b>þǣre</b>, <i>see</i> <b>se</b>.</p> + <p><b>þǣr-rihte</b>, <i>av.</i> immediately.</p> + <p><b>þæs</b>, <i>av.</i> therefore; wherefore.</p> + <p><b>þæs</b>, <b>þæt</b>, <i>see</i> <b>se</b>.</p> + <p><b>þæt</b>, <i>cj.</i> that.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·þafian</b>, <i>wv.</i> allow, permit.</p> + <p><b>þā-·ġiet</b>, <i>av.</i> still, yet.</p> + <p><b>þanc</b>, <i>sm.</i> thought; thanks.</p> + <p><b>þancian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen. of thing and dat. of person</i>, thank.</p> +<!-- Page 114 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page114"></a>{114}</span> + <p><b>þanon</b>, <i>av.</i> thence, away.</p> + <p><b>þās</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þis</b>.</p> + <p><b>þe</b>, <i>rel. prn.</i> who—sē þe, who; <i>av.</i> when.</p> + <p><b>þē</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</p> + <p><b>þēah</b>, <i>av. cj.</i> though, yet, however—þēah þe, although.</p> + <p><b>þearf</b>, <i>swv.</i> need.</p> + <p><b>þearle</b>, <i>av.</i> very, greatly.</p> + <p><b>þēaw</b>, <i>sm.</i> custom, habit; þēawas, virtues, morality.</p> + <p><b>þeġen</b>, <i>sm.</i> thane; servant.</p> + <p><b>þeġnian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> serve.</p> + <p><b>þeġnung</b>, <i>sf.</i> service, retinue.</p> + <p><b>þęnċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> think, expect [þanc].</p> + <p><b>þēod</b>, <i>sf.</i> people, nation.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·þēode</b>, <i>sn.</i> language.</p> + <p><b>þēof</b>, <i>sm.</i> thief.</p> + <p><b>þēos</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þes</b>.</p> + <p><b>þēostru</b>, <i>spl.</i> darkness.</p> + <p><b>þēow</b>, <i>sm.</i> servant.</p> + <p><b>þēow-dōm</b>, <i>sm.</i> service.</p> + <p><b>þēowian</b>, <i>wv. w. dat.</i> serve.</p> + <p><b>þēowot</b>, <i>sn.</i> servitude.</p> + <p><b>þes</b>, <i>prn.</i> this.</p> + <p><b>þiċċe</b>, <i>aj.</i> thick.</p> + <p><b>þiċġan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, take, receive; eat, drink.</p> + <p><b>þīn</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þū</b>.</p> + <p><b>þing</b>, <i>sn.</i> thing.</p> + <p><b>þis</b>, <b>þissum</b>, &c., <i>see</i> <b>þes</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·pōht</b>, <i>sm.</i> thought.</p> + <p><b>þōhte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þęnċan</b>.</p> + <p><b>þone</b>, <i>see</i> <b>se</b>.</p> + <p><b>þonne</b>, <i>av. cj.</i> then; when; because.</p> + <p><b>þonne</b>, <i>av.</i> than.</p> + <p><b>þorfte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þearf</b>.</p> + <p><b>þorn</b>, <i>sm.</i> thorn.</p> + <p><b>þrǣd</b>, <i>sm.</i> thread.</p> + <p><b>þrēo</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þrīe</b>.</p> + <p><b>þridda</b>, <i>aj.</i> third.</p> + <p><b>þrīe</b>, <i>num.</i> three.</p> + <p><b>þrim</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þrīe</b>.</p> + <p><b>þritiġ</b>, <i>num.</i> thirty.</p> + <p><b>þritiġ-feald</b>, <i>aj.</i> thirtyfold.</p> + <p><b>þrymm</b>, <i>sm.</i> glory.</p> + <p><b>þū</b>, <i>prn.</i> thou.</p> + <p><b>þūhte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>þynċan</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·þungen</b>, <i>aj.</i> excellent, distinguished.</p> + <p><b>þurh</b>, <i>prp. w. acc.</i> through; <i>causal</i>, through, by.</p> + <p><b>þurh-·wunian</b>, <i>wv.</i> continue.</p> + <p><b>þurst</b>, <i>sm.</i> thirst.</p> + <p><b>þurstiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> thirsty.</p> + <p><b>þus</b>, <i>av.</i> thus.</p> + <p><b>þūsend</b>, <i>sn.</i> thousand.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·þwǣr-lǣċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> agree.</p> + <p><b>þȳ</b>, <i>instr. of</i> se; <i>av.</i> because.</p> + <p><b>þȳfel</b>, <i>sm.</i> bush.</p> + <p><b>þȳ·lǣs</b>, <i>cj.</i> lest.</p> + <p><b>þynċan</b>, <i>wv. impers. w. dat.</i> mē þynċþ, methinks [þęnċan].</p> + <p><b>þȳrel</b>, <i>sn.</i> hole [þurh].</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>U.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Ufe-weard</b>, <i>aj.</i> upward, at the top of.</p> + <p><b>un-ārīmed-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> innumerable.</p> + <p><b>unc</b>, <i>see</i> ic.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>cynd</b>, <i>aj.</i> strange, of alien family.</p> + <p><b>un-dēad-lic-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> immortality.</p> + <p><b>under</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> under.</p> + <p><b>under-cyning</b>, <i>sm.</i> under-king.</p> + <p><b>under-·delfan</b>, <i>sv.</i> dig under.</p> + <p><b>under-·fōn</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, receive, take.</p> + <p><b>under-·ġietan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, understand.</p> + <p><b>undern-tīd</b>, <i>sf.</i> morning-time.</p> + <p><b>un-forht</b>, <i>aj.</i> dauntless.</p> + <p><b>un-for-molsnod</b>, <i>aj.</i> (past partic.) undecayed.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>hīersum</b>, <i>aj. w. dat.</i> disobedient.</p> + <p><b>un-hold</b>, <i>aj.</i> hostile.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>metlic</b>, <i>aj.</i> immense.</p> + <p><b>un-mihtiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> weak.</p> + <p><b>un-nytt</b>, <i>aj.</i> useless.</p> + <p><b>un-rihtlīce</b>, <i>av.</i> wrongly.</p> + <p><b>un-rihtwīs</b>, <i>aj.</i> unrighteous.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>rīm</b>, <i>sn.</i> countless number or quantity.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>rīm</b>, <i>aj.</i> countless.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>sǣliġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> unhappy, accursed.</p> + <p><b>un-scyldiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> innocent.</p> + <p><b>un-tīemend</b>, <i>aj.</i> barren [<i>from pres. partic.</i> of tīeman].</p> +<!-- Page 115 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page115"></a>{115}</span> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>þwǣr-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> discord.</p> + <p><b>un-<i>ġe</i>wittiġ</b>, <i>aj.</i> foolish.</p> + <p><b>ūp</b>, <i>av.</i> up.</p> + <p><b>ūp-āhafen-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> conceit, arrogance.</p> + <p><b>ūp-flōr</b>, <i>sf.</i> (<i>dat. sing.</i> -a) upper floor, upper story.</p> + <p><b>uppan</b>, <i>prp. w. dat.</i> on, upon.</p> + <p><b>urnon</b>, <i>see</i> <b>iernan</b>.</p> + <p><b>ūs</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ic</b>.</p> + <p><b>ūt</b>, <i>av.</i> out.</p> + <p><b>ūtan</b>, <i>av.</i> outside.</p> + <p><b>uton</b>, <i>defect. verb, w. infin.</i> let us—uton gān, let us go!</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>W.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Wacian</b>, <i>wv.</i> be awake, watch.</p> + <p><b>wǣdla</b>, <i>sm.</i> poor man.</p> + <p><b>wæl</b>, <i>sn.</i> slaughter—wæl ġe·slēan, make a slaughter.</p> + <p><b>wæl-hrēow</b>, <i>aj.</i> cruel.</p> + <p><b>wælhrēow-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> cruelly, savagely.</p> + <p><b>wælhrēownes</b>, <i>sf.</i> cruelty.</p> + <p><b>wǣpen</b>, <i>sn.</i> weapon.</p> + <p><b>wær</b>, <i>aj.</i> wary.</p> + <p><b>wǣron</b>, <b>wæs</b>, <i>see</i> <b>wesan</b>.</p> + <p><b>wæstm</b>, <i>sm.</i> (growth); fruit.</p> + <p><b>wæter</b>, <i>sn.</i> water.</p> + <p><b>wæter-sċipe</b>, <i>sm.</i> piece of water, water.</p> + <p><b>wāfung</b>, <i>sf.</i> (spectacle), display.</p> + <p><b>-ware</b>, <i>pl.</i> (only in composition) dwellers, inhabitants [<i>originally defenders, cp.</i> węrian].</p> + <p><b>wāt</b>, <i>see</i> <b>witan</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>wāt</b>, <i>see</i> <b><i>ġe</i>wītan</b>.</p> + <p><b>wē</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ic</b>.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·weald</b>, <i>sn.</i> power, command.</p> + <p><b>wealdan</b>, <i>sv. 1, w. gen.</i> rule.</p> + <p><b>Wealh</b>, <i>sm.</i> (<i>pl.</i> Wēalas), <i>sm.</i> Welshman, Briton (<i>originally</i> foreigner).</p> + <p><b>weall</b>, <i>sm.</i> wall.</p> + <p><b>weall-līm</b>, <i>sm.</i> (wall-lime), cement, mortar.</p> + <p><b>wearg</b>, <i>sm.</i> felon, criminal [<i>originally</i> wolf, <i>then</i> proscribed man, outlaw].</p> + <p><b>weaxan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, grow, increase.</p> + <p><b>weġ</b>, <i>sm.</i> way, road.</p> + <p><b>weġ-fērende</b>, <i>aj.</i> (pres. partic.) way-faring.</p> + <p><b>wel</b>, <i>av.</i> well.</p> + <p><b>wel-willend-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> benevolence.</p> + <p><b>wēnan</b>, <i>wv.</i> expect, think.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·węndan</b>, <i>wv.</i> turn; go [windan].</p> + <p><b>węnian</b>, <i>wv.</i> accustom, wean [ġewuna].</p> + <p><b>weofod</b>, <i>sn.</i> altar.</p> + <p><b>weorc</b>, <i>sn.</i> work.</p> + <p><b>weorpan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, throw.</p> + <p><b>weorþ</b>, <i>sn.</i> worth.</p> + <p><b>weorþ</b>, <i>aj.</i> worth, worthy.</p> + <p><b>weorþan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, happen; become—w. æt sprǣċe, enter into conversation.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·weorþan</b>, <i>sv. 3, impers. w. dat.</i>—him ġewearþ, they agreed on.</p> + <p><b>weorþ-full</b>, <i>aj.</i> worthy.</p> + <p><b>weorþian</b>, <i>wv.</i> honour, worship; make honoured, exalt.</p> + <p><b>weorþ-līce</b>, <i>aj.</i> honourably.</p> + <p><b>weorþ-mynd</b>, <i>sf.</i> honour.</p> + <p><b>wēox</b>, <i>see</i> <b>weaxan</b>.</p> + <p><b>wēpan</b>, <i>sv. 1</i>, weep.</p> + <p><b>wer</b>, <i>sm.</i> man.</p> + <p><b>węrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> defend [wær].</p> + <p><b>werod</b>, <i>sn.</i> troop, army.</p> + <p><b>wesan</b>, <i>sv.</i> be.</p> + <p><b>west</b>, <i>av.</i> west.</p> + <p><b>West-seaxe</b>, <i>smpl.</i> West-saxons.</p> + <p><b>wēste</b>, <i>aj.</i> waste, desolate.</p> + <p><b>wīd</b>, <i>aj.</i> wide.</p> + <p><b>wīde</b>, <i>av.</i> widely, far and wide.</p> + <p><b>widewe</b>, <i>sf.</i> widow.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wieldan</b>, <i>wv.</i> overpower, conquer [wealdan].</p> + <p><b>wierþe</b>, <i>aj. w. gen.</i> worthy [weorþ].</p> + <p><b>wīf</b>, <i>sn.</i> woman; wife.</p> + <p><b>wīf-healf</b>, <i>sf.</i> female side.</p> + <p><b>wīf-mann</b>, <i>sm.</i> woman.</p> + <p><b>wiht</b>, <i>sf.</i> wight, creature, thing.</p> + <p><b>Wiht</b>, <i>sf.</i> Isle of Wight [Vectis].</p> + <p><b>Wiht-ware</b>, <i>pl.</i> Wight-dwellers.</p> + <p><b>wilde</b>, <i>aj.</i> wild.</p> + <p><b>wildēor</b>, <i>sn.</i> wild beast.</p> + <p><b>willa</b>, <i>sm.</i> will.</p> +<!-- Page 116 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page116"></a>{116}</span> + <p><b>willan</b>, <i>swv.</i> will, wish; <i>of repetition</i>, be used to.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wilnian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> desire.</p> + <p><b>wīn</b>, <i>sn.</i> wine.</p> + <p><b>wind</b>, <i>sm.</i> wind.</p> + <p><b>windan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, wind.</p> + <p><b>wīn-ġeard</b>, <i>sm.</i> vineyard.</p> + <p><b>winnan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, fight.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·winnan</b>, <i>sv. 3</i>, win, gain.</p> + <p><b>winter</b>, (<i>pl.</i> winter), <i>sm.</i> winter; <i>in reckoning</i> = year.</p> + <p><b>winter-setl</b>, <i>sn.</i> winter-quarters.</p> + <p><b>wīs</b>, <i>aj.</i> wise.</p> + <p><b>wīs-dōm</b>, <i>sm.</i> wisdom.</p> + <p><b>wīse</b>, <i>sf.</i> (wise), way.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wiss</b>, <i>aj.</i> certain.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wissian</b>, <i>wv.</i> guide, direct.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wissung</b>, <i>sf.</i> guidance, direction.</p> + <p><b>wiste</b>, <i>see</i> <b>witan</b>.</p> + <p><b>wit</b>, <i>see</i> <b>ic</b>.</p> + <p><b>wita</b>, <i>sm.</i> councillor, sage.</p> + <p><b>witan</b>, <i>swv.</i> know.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wītan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, depart.</p> + <p><b>wīte</b>, <i>sn.</i> punishment; torment.</p> + <p><b>wītega</b>, <i>sm.</i> prophet.</p> + <p><b>witod-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> truly, indeed, and [witan].</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·witt</b>, <i>sn.</i> wits, intelligence, understanding [witan].</p> + <p><b>wiþ</b>, <i>prp. w. dat. and acc.</i> towards; along—wiþ weġ, by the road; <i>hostility</i>, against—fuhton wiþ Brettas, fought with the Britons; <i>association, sharing, &c.</i>, with; <i>defence</i>, against; <i>exchange, price, for</i>—wiþ þǣm þe, in consideration of, provided that.</p> + <p><b>wiþ-·meten-nes</b>, <i>sf.</i> comparison.</p> + <p><b>wiþ-·sacan</b>, <i>sv. 2, w. dat.</i> deny.</p> + <p><b>wiþ-·standan</b>, <i>sv. 2, w. dat.</i> withstand, resist.</p> + <p><b>wlite</b>, <i>sm.</i> beauty.</p> + <p><b>wōd</b>, <i>aj.</i> mad.</p> + <p><b>wōd-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> madly.</p> + <p><b>wolde</b>, <i>see</i> <b>willan</b>.</p> + <p><b>wōp</b>, <i>sm.</i> weeping [wēpan].</p> + <p><b>word</b>, <i>sn.</i> word, sentence; subject of talk, question, answer, report.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>worden</b>, <i>see</i> <b>weorþan</b>.</p> + <p><b>worhte</b>, <i>see</i> <b>wyrċan</b>.</p> + <p><b>woruld</b>, <i>sf.</i> world.</p> + <p><b>woruld-þing</b>, <i>sn.</i> worldly thing.</p> + <p><b>wrecan</b>, <i>sv. 5</i>, avenge.</p> + <p><b>wrēġan</b>, <i>wv.</i> accuse.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·writ</b>, <i>sn.</i> writing [wrītan].</p> + <p><b>wrītan</b>, <i>sv. 6</i>, write.</p> + <p><b>wudu</b>, <i>sm.</i> wood.</p> + <p><b>wuldor</b>, <i>sn.</i> glory.</p> + <p><b>wuldrian</b>, <i>wv.</i> glorify, extol.</p> + <p><b>wulf</b>, <i>sm.</i> wolf.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wuna</b>, <i>sm.</i> habit, custom [wunian].</p> + <p><b>wund</b>, <i>sf.</i> wound.</p> + <p><b>wundor</b>, <i>sn.</i> wonder; miracle.</p> + <p><b>wundor-lic</b>, <i>aj.</i> wonderful, wondrous.</p> + <p><b>wundor-līce</b>, <i>av.</i> wonderfully, wondrously.</p> + <p><b>wundrian</b>, <i>wv. w. gen.</i> wonder.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>·wunelic</b>, <i>aj.</i> customary.</p> + <p><b>wunian</b>, <i>wv.</i> dwell, stay, continue [ġewuna].</p> + <p><b>wunung</b>, <i>sf.</i> dwelling.</p> + <p><b><i>ġe</i>wunnen</b>, <i>see</i> <b><i>ġe</i>winnan</b>.</p> + <p><b>wyrċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> work, make; build; do, perform [weorc].</p> + <p><b>wyrhta</b>, <i>sm.</i> worker.</p> + <p><b>wyrt</b>, <i>sf.</i> herb, spice; crop.</p> + <p><b>wyrt-brǣþ</b>, <i>sm.</i> spice-fragrance, fragrant spice.</p> + <p><b>wyrtruma</b>, <i>sm.</i> root.</p> + <p><b>wȳsċan</b>, <i>wv.</i> wish.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i12"><b>Y.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p><b>Yfel</b>, <i>aj.</i> evil, bad.</p> + <p><b>yfel</b>, <i>sn.</i> evil.</p> + <p><b>ymbe</b>, <i>prp. w. acc.</i> around; <i>of time</i>, about, at.</p> + <p><b>ymb-·scrȳdan</b>, <i>wv.</i> clothe, array.</p> + <p><b>ymb-·ūtan</b>, <i>av.</i> round about.</p> + <p><b>ȳterra</b>, <i>aj. comp.</i> outer; <i>superl.</i> ȳtemest, outermost, last [ūt].</p> + </div> + </div> + +<p class="cenhead">THE END.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>Notes</h3> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a name="Nt1" href="#NtA1">[1]</a> Where no key-word is given for a + long vowel, it must be pronounced exactly like the corresponding short + one, only lengthened.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt2" href="#NtA2">[2]</a> Both vowels.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt3" href="#NtA3">[3]</a> Wherever the acc. is not given + separately, it is the same as the nom.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt4" href="#NtA4">[4]</a> So also <i>nāh</i> = + <i>ne</i> (not) <i>āh</i>.</p> + +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="pg" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 34316-h.txt or 34316-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/4/3/1/34316">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/3/1/34316</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution.</p> + + + +<pre> +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license">http://www.gutenberg.org/license)</a>. + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org">http://www.gutenberg.org</a> + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. + +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/</a> + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL</a> + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** +</pre> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/34316-h/images/$rbrace.png b/34316-h/images/$rbrace.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f40954 --- /dev/null +++ b/34316-h/images/$rbrace.png diff --git a/34316-h/images/$ubrace.png b/34316-h/images/$ubrace.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f988ae --- /dev/null +++ b/34316-h/images/$ubrace.png |
