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diff --git a/34316-8.txt b/34316-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a2b326 --- /dev/null +++ b/34316-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6477 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Anglo-Saxon Primer, by Henry Sweet + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Anglo-Saxon Primer + With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary; Eighth Edition Revised + + +Author: Henry Sweet + + + +Release Date: November 14, 2010 [eBook #34316] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER*** + + +E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, David Clarke, Keith Edkins, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) + + + +Transcriber's note: + + In this e-text a-breve is represented by [)a], a-macron + by [=a], c-dotted-over by [.c] and e-ogonek by [e,], etc. + + Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file + in which these characters are displayed properly. + See 34316-h.htm or 34316-h.zip: + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34316/34316-h/34316-h.htm) + or + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34316/34316-h.zip) + + + Page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have + been incorporated to facilitate the use of the Notes to the + Readings. + + + + + +AN ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER + +With + +Grammar, Notes, and Glossary + +by + +HENRY SWEET, M.A., PH.D., LL.D. + +Eighth Edition, Revised + + + + + + + +Oxford +At the Clarendon Press +1905 + +Printed in England +At the Oxford University Press + + + + +{v} + +PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. + +The want of an introduction to the study of Old-English has long been felt. +Vernon's _Anglo-Saxon Guide_ was an admirable book for its time, but has +long been completely antiquated. I was therefore obliged to make my +_Anglo-Saxon Reader_ a somewhat unsatisfactory compromise between an +elementary primer and a manual for advanced students, but I always looked +forward to producing a strictly elementary book like the present one, which +would enable me to give the larger one a more scientific character, and +would at the same time serve as an introduction to it. Meanwhile, however, +Professor Earle has brought out his _Book for the beginner in Anglo-Saxon_. +But this work is quite unsuited to serve as an introduction to my Reader, +and will be found to differ so totally in plan and execution from the +present one as to preclude all idea of rivalry on my part. We work on lines +which instead of clashing can only diverge more and more. + +My main principle has been to make the book the easiest possible +introduction to the study of Old-English. + +Poetry has been excluded, and a selection made from the easiest prose +pieces I could find. Old-English original prose is unfortunately limited in +extent, and the most suitable pieces (such as the voyages of Ohthere and +Wulfstan) are already given in the Reader; these I could not give over {vi} +again. But I hope the short extracts from the Chronicle and the Martyrdom +of King Edmund will be found not wanting in interest. For the rest of the +selections I have had to fall back on scriptural extracts, which have the +great advantages of simplicity and familiarity of subject. The Gospel +extracts have been transferred here from the Reader, where they will be +omitted in the next edition. The sentences which head the selections have +been gathered mainly from the Gospels, Ælfric's Homilies, and the +Chronicle. They are all of the simplest possible character, only those +having been taken which would bear isolation from their context. They are +intended to serve both as an introduction and as a supplement to the longer +pieces. They are grouped roughly into paragraphs, according to the +grammatical forms they illustrate. Thus the first paragraph consists mainly +of examples of the nominative singular of nouns and adjectives, the second +of accusative singulars, and so on. + +The spelling has been made rigorously uniform throughout on an early +West-Saxon basis. Injurious as normalizing is to the advanced student, it +is an absolute necessity for the beginner, who wants to have the definite +results of scholarship laid before him, not the confused and fluctuating +spellings which he cannot yet interpret intelligently. Even for purely +scientific purposes we require a standard of comparison and classification, +as in the arrangement of words in a dictionary, where we have to decide, +for instance, whether to put the original of _hear_ under _[=e], [=i]e, +[=i]_ or _[=y]_. The spelling I here adopt is, in fact, the one I should +recommend for dictionary purposes. From early West-Saxon it is an easy step +both to late W. S. and to the Mercian forms from which Modern English is +derived. That I give Ælfric in a spelling slightly earlier than his date is +no more {vii} unreasonable than it is for a classical scholar to print +Ausonius (who doubtless spoke Latin with an almost Italian pronunciation) +in the same spelling as Virgil. + +It is impossible to go into details, but in doubtful or optional cases I +have preferred those forms which seemed most instructive to the student. +Thus I have preferred keeping up the distinction between the indic. +_bundon_ and the subj. _bunden_, although the latter is often levelled +under the former even in early MS. In the accentuation I have for the +present retained the conventional quantities, which are really +'prehistoric' quantities, as I have shown elsewhere (Phil. Soc. Proc. 1880, +1881). It is no use trying to disguise the fact that Old English philology +(owing mainly to its neglect in its native land) is still in an unsettled +state. + +In the Grammar I have cut down the phonology to the narrowest limits, +giving only what is necessary to enable the beginner to trace the +connection of forms within the language itself. Derivation and syntax have +been treated with the same fulness as the inflections. In my opinion, to +give inflections without explaining their use is as absurd as it would be +to teach the names of the different parts of a machine without explaining +their use, and derivation is as much a fundamental element of a language as +inflection. The grammar has been based throughout on the texts, from which +all words and sentences given as examples have, as far as possible, been +taken. This I consider absolutely essential in an elementary book. What is +the use of a grammar which gives a number of forms and rules which the +learner has no occasion to apply practically in his reading? Simply to cut +down an ordinary grammar and prefix it to a selection of elementary texts, +without any attempt to adapt them to one another, is a most unjustifiable +proceeding. {viii} + +In the Glossary cognate and root words are given only when they occur in +the texts, or else are easily recognizable by the ordinary English reader. + +All reference to cognate languages has been avoided. Of course, if the +beginner knows German, the labour of learning Old English will be lightened +for him by one half, but he does not require to have the analogies pointed +out to him. The same applies to the relation between Old and Modern +English. To trace the history of the sounds would be quite out of place in +this book, and postulates a knowledge of the intermediate stages which the +beginner cannot have. + +The Notes consist chiefly of references to the Grammar, and are intended +mainly for those who study without a teacher. As a general rule, no such +references are given where the passage itself is quoted in the Grammar. + +On the whole I do not think the book could be made much easier without +defeating its object. Thus, instead of simply referring the student from +_st[e,]nt_ to _standan_, and thence to the Grammar, I might have saved him +all this trouble by putting '_st[e,]nt_, 3 sg. pres. of _standan_, stand,' +but the result would be in many cases that he would not look at the Grammar +at all--surely a most undesirable result. + +Although I have given everything that I believe to be _necessary_, every +teacher may, of course, at his own discretion add such further +illustrations, linguistic, historical, antiquarian, or otherwise, as he +thinks likely to instruct or interest his pupils. + +My thanks are due to Professor Skeat, not only for constant advice and +encouragement in planning and carrying out this work, but also for help in +correcting the proofs. + +In conclusion I may be allowed to express a hope that this little book may +prove useful not only to young beginners, but also to some of our +Professors of and {ix} Examiners in the English language, most of whom are +now beginning to see the importance of a sound elementary knowledge of +'Anglo-Saxon'--a knowledge which I believe this book to be capable of +imparting, if studied diligently, and not hurriedly cast aside for a more +ambitious one. + +HENRY SWEET. + + HEATH STREET, HAMPSTEAD, + _March 31, 1882_. + + * * * * * + +PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. + +In the present edition I have put this book into what must be (for some +time at least) its permanent form, making such additions and alterations as +seemed necessary. + +If I had any opportunity of teaching the language, I should no doubt have +been able to introduce many other improvements; as it is, I have had to +rely mainly on the suggestions and corrections kindly sent to me by various +teachers and students who have used this book, among whom my especial +thanks are due to the Rev. W. F. Moulton, of Cambridge, and Mr. C. Stoffel, +of Amsterdam. + +HENRY SWEET. + + LONDON, + _October 15, 1884_. + + + + +{x} + +CONTENTS. + + Page + + GRAMMAR 1 + + TEXTS 55 + + NOTES 91 + + GLOSSARY 97 + + + + +{1} + +GRAMMAR. + +The oldest stage of English before the Norman Conquest is called 'Old +English,' which name will be used throughout in this Book, although the +name 'Anglo-Saxon' is still often used. + +There were several dialects of Old English. This book deals only with the +_West-Saxon_ dialect in its earliest form. + +SOUNDS. + +VOWELS. + +The vowel-letters in Old English had nearly the same values as in Latin. +Long vowels were occasionally marked by (´), short vowels being left +unmarked. In this book long vowels are marked by (-). The following are the +elementary vowels and diphthongs, with examples, and key-words from +English, French (F.), and German (G.):-- + + a _as in_ mann (G.) nama (_name_). + [=a] " father st[=a]n (_stone_). + æ " man glæd (_glad_). + [=æ] " d[=æ]d (_deed_)[1]. + e " été (F.) ic ete[2] (_I eat_). + [=e] " see (G.) h[=e] (_he_). + [e,] " men m[e,]nn (_men_). + {2} + i " fini (F.) cwic (_alive_). + [=i] " sieh (G.) w[=i]n (_wine_). + ie " fin ieldran (_ancestors_). + [=i]e " h[=i]eran (_hear_). + o " beau (F.) god (_god_). + [=o] " so (G.) g[=o]d (_good_). + u " sou (F.) sunu (_son_). + [=u] " gut (G.) n[=u] (_now_). + y " véc_u_ (F.) synn (_sin_). + [=y] " grün (G.) br[=y]d (_bride_). + ea = æ + a eall (_all_). + [=e]a = [=æ] + a [=e]ast (_east_). + eo = e + o weorc (_work_). + [=e]o = [=e] + o d[=e]op (_deep_). + _e_ and _[e,]_ are both written e in the MSS. + +The diphthongs are pronounced with the stress on the first element. + + Those who find a difficulty in learning strange vowel-sounds may adopt + the following approximate pronunciation:-- + + a as in ask (short) nama (n[)a]hm[)a]h). + [=a] " father st[=a]n (stahn). + æ " man glæd (glad). + [=æ] " there [=æ]r (air). + e, [e,] " men ete (etty), m[e,]nn (men). + [=e] " they h[=e] (hay). + i, ie " fin cwic (quick), ieldran (ildr[)a]hn). + [=i], [=i]e " see w[=i]n (ween), h[=i]eran + (heer[)a]hn). + o " not god (god). + [=o] " note g[=o]d (goad). + u " full full (full). + [=u] " fool n[=u] (noo). + y " fin synn (zin). + [=y] " see br[=y]d (breed). + ea = [)e]-[)a]h eall ([)e]-[)a]hl). + [=e]a = ai-[)a]h [=e]ast (ai-[)a]hst). + {3} + eo = [)e]-o weorc (w[)e]-ork). + [=e]o = ai-o d[=e]op (dai-op). + + The pronunciation given in parentheses is the nearest that can be + expressed in English letters as pronounced in Southern English. + +CONSONANTS. + +Double consonants must be pronounced double, or long, as in Italian. Thus +_sunu_ (son) must be distinguished from _sunne_ (sun) in the same way as +_penny_ is distinguished from _penknife_. So also _in_ (in) must be +distinguished from _inn_ (house); noting that in modern English final +consonants in accented monosyllables after a short vowel are long, our _in_ +and _inn_ both having the pronunciation of Old English _inn_, not of O.E. +_in_. + +_c_ and _g_ had each a _back_ (guttural) and a _front_ (palatal) pron., +which latter is in this book written _[.c]_, _[.g]_. + +c = _k_, as in _c[=e]ne_ (bold), _cn[=a]wan_ (know). + +[.c] = _kj_, a _k_ formed in the _j_ (English _y_) position, nearly as in +the old-fashioned pron. of _sky_: _[.c]iri[.c]e_ (church), _sty[.c][.c]e_ +(piece), _þ[e,]n[.c]an_ (think). + +g initially and in the combination _ng_ was pron. as in 'get': _g[=o]d_ +(good), _lang_ (long); otherwise (that is, medially and finally after +vowels and _l, r_) as in German _sagen: dagas_ (days), _burg_ (city), +_h[=a]lga_ (saint). + +[.g] initially and in the combination _n[.g]_ was pronounced _gj_ +(corresponding to _kj_): _[.g][=e]_ (ye), _[.g]eorn_ (willing), +_spr[e,]n[.g]an_ (scatter); otherwise = _j_ (as in 'you'): _dæ[.g]_ (day), +_wr[=e][.g]an_ (accuse), _h[e,]r[.g]ian_ (ravage). It is possible that +_[.g]_ in _[.g]e-boren_ (born) and other unaccented syllables was already +pronounced _j. [.c][.g] = [.g][.g]: s[e,][.c][.g]an_ (say), _hry[.c][.g]_ +(back). + +f had the sound of _v_ everywhere where it was possible:--_faran_ (go), +_of_ (of), _ofer_ (over); not, of course, in _oft_ (often), or when +doubled, as in _offrian_ (offer). {4} + +h initially, as in _h[=e]_ (he), had the same sound as now. Everywhere else +it had that of Scotch and German _ch_ in _loch_:--_h[=e]ah_ (high), _Wealh_ +(Welshman), _riht_ (right). _hw_, as in _hwæt_ (what), _hw[=i]l_ (while), +had the sound of our _wh_; and _hl, hn, hr_ differed from _l, n, r_ +respectively precisely as _wh_ differs from _w_, that is, they were these +consonants devocalized, _hl_ being nearly the same as Welsh +_ll:--hl[=a]ford_ (lord), _hl[=u]d_ (loud); _hnappian_ (doze), _hnutu_ +(nut); _hraþe_ (quickly), _hr[=e]od_ (reed). + +r was always a strong trill, as in Scotch:--_r[=æ]ran_ (to raise), _h[=e]r_ +(here), _word_ (word). + +s had the sound of _z_:--_s[=e][.c]an_ (seek), _sw[=a]_ (so), _w[=i]s_ +(wise), _[=a]·r[=i]san_ (rise); not, of course, in combination with hard +consonants, as in _st[=a]n_ (stone), _fæst_ (firm), _r[=i][.c]sian_ (rule), +or when double, as in _cyssan_ (kiss). + +þ had the sound of our _th_ (= dh) in _then_:_--þ[=u]_ (thou), _þing_ +(thing), _s[=o]þ_ (true), _h[=æ]þen_ (heathen); except when in combination +with hard consonants, where it had that of our _th_ in _thin_, as in +_s[=e][.c]þ_ (seeks). Note _hæfþ_ (has) = _hævdh_. + +w was fully pronounced wherever written:--_wr[=i]tan_ (write), _n[=i]we_ +(new), _s[=e]ow_ (sowed _pret._). + +STRESS. + +The stress or accent is marked throughout in this book, whenever it is not +on the first syllable of a word, by (·) preceding the letter on which the +stress begins. Thus _for·[.g]iefan_ is pronounced with the same stress as +that of _forgive_, _andswaru_ with that of _answer_. + + * * * * * + +PHONOLOGY. + +VOWELS. + +Different vowels are related to one another in various ways in O.E., the +most important of which are _mutation_ (German _umlaut_) and _gradation_ +(G. _ablaut_). {5} + +The following changes are _mutations_:-- + +a .. [e,]:--mann, _pl._ m[e,]nn; wand (wound _prt._), w[e,]ndan (to turn). + +ea (= a) .. ie (= [e,]):--eald (old), ieldra (older); feallan (fall), fielþ +(falls). + +[=a] .. [=æ]:--bl[=a]wan (to blow), bl[=æ]wþ (bloweth); h[=a]l (sound), +h[=æ]lan (heal). + +u .. y:--burg (city), _pl._ byri[.g]; trum (strong), trymman (to +strengthen). + +o .. y:--gold, gylden (golden); coss (a kiss), cyssan (to kiss). + +e .. i:--beran (to bear), bireþ (beareth); cweþan (speak), cwide (speech). + +eo (= e) .. ie (= i):--heord (herd), hierde (shepherd); [.c]eorfan (cut), +[.c]ierfþ (cuts). + +u .. o:--curon (they chose), [.g]e·coren (chosen). + +[=u] .. [=y]:--c[=u]þ (known), c[=y]þan (to make known); f[=u]l (foul), +[=a]·f[=y]lan (defile). + +[=o] .. [=e]:--s[=o]hte (sought _prt._), s[=e][.c]an (to seek); f[=o]da +(food), f[=e]dan (to feed). + +[=e]a .. [=i]e:--h[=e]awan (to hew), h[=i]ewþ (hews); t[=e]am (progeny), +t[=i]eman (teem). + +[=e]o .. [=i]e:--st[=e]or (rudder), st[=i]eran (steer); [.g]e·str[=e]on +(possession), [.g]es·tr[=i]enan (gain). + +Before proceeding to gradation, it will be desirable to describe the other +most important vowel-relations. + +a, æ, ea. In O.E. original _a_ is preserved before nasals, as in _mann_, +_lang_, _nama_ (name), and before a single consonant followed by _a_, _u_, +or _o_, as in _dagas_ (days), _dagum_ (to days), _faran_ (go), _gafol_ +(profit), and in some words when _e_ follows, as in _ic fare_ (I go), +_faren_ (gone). Before _r_, _l_, _h_ followed by another consonant, and +before _x_ it becomes _ea_, as in _heard_ (hard), _eall_ (all), _eald_ +(old), _eahta_ (eight), _weaxan_ (to grow). Not in _bærst_ (p. 7). In most +other cases it becomes _æ_:--_dæ[.g]_, (day), _dæ[.g]es_ (of a day), _fæst_ +(firm), _wær_ (wary). {6} + +e before nasals always becomes _i_: compare _bindan_ (to bind), pret. +_band_, with _beran_ (to bear), pret. _bær_. + +_e_ before _r_ (generally followed by a consonant) becomes _eo:--eorþe_ +(earth), _heorte_ (heart). Not in _berstan_ (p. 7). Also in other +cases:--_seolfor_ (silver), _heofon_ (heaven). + +i before _r_ + cons. becomes _ie:--bierþ_ (beareth) contr. from _bireþ, +hierde_ (shepherd) from _heord_ (herd), _wiersa_ (worse). + +[e,] before _r_, or _l_ + cons. often becomes _ie:--fierd_ (army) from +_faran_, _bieldo_ (boldness) from _beald_, _ieldra_ (elder) from _eald_. + +By _gradation_ the vowels are related as follows:-- + +e (i, eo) .. a (æ, ea) .. u (o):-- + +_bindan_ (inf.), _band_ (pret.), _bundon_ (they bound). _beran_ (inf.), +_bær_ (pret.), _boren_ (past partic.). _[.c]eorfan_ (cut), _[.c]earf_ +(pret.), _curfon_ (they cut), _corfen_ (past partic.). _b[e,]nd_ (bond) = +mutation of band, _byr-þen_ (burden) of _bor-en_. + +a (æ, ea) .. [=æ]:--_spræc_ (spoke), _spr[=æ]con_ (they spoke), +_spr[=æ][.c]_ (speech). + +a .. [=o]:--_faran_ (to go), _f[=o]r_ (pret.), _f[=o]r_ (journey). +_[.g]e·f[=e]ra_ (companion) mutation of _f[=o]r_. + +[=i] .. [=a] .. i:--_wr[=i]tan, wr[=a]t, writon, [.g]e·writ_ (writing, +_subst._). _(be)·l[=i]fan_ (remain), _l[=a]f_ (remains), whence by mutation +_l[=æ]fan_ (leave). + +[=e]o ([=u]) .. [=e]a .. u (o):--_[.c][=e]osan_ (choose), _[.c][=e]as, +curon, coren_. _cys-t_ (choice). _(for)·l[=e]osan_ (lose), _l[=e]as_ +(loose), _[=a]·l[=i]esan_ (release), _losian_ (to be lost). _b[=u]gan_ +(bend), _boga_ (bow). + +We see that the laws of gradation are most clearly shown in the conjugation +of the strong verbs. But they run through the whole language, and a +knowledge of the laws of gradation and mutation is the main key to O.E. +etymology. + + It is often necessary to supply intermediate stages in connecting two + words. Thus _l[e,][.c][.g]an_ (lay) cannot be directly referred to + _li[.c][.g]an_ (lie), but only to a form *_lag_-, preserved in the + preterite _læ[.g]_. So also _bl[e,]ndan_ (to blind) can be referred + only indirectly to the adjective _blind_ through an intermediate + *_bland_-. Again, the root-vowel of _byrþen_ {7} (burden) cannot be + explained by the infinitive _beran_ (bear), but only by the past + participle _[.g]e·boren_. In the same way _hryre_ (fall _sb._) must be + referred, not to the infinitive _hr[=e]osan_, but to the preterite + plural _hruron_. + + The vowel-changes in the preterites of verbs of the 'fall'-conjugation + (1) _feallan_, _f[=e]oll_, &c., are due not to gradation, but to other + causes. + +CONSONANTS. + +s becomes _r_ in the preterite plurals and past participles of strong +verbs, as in _curon_, _[.g]e·coren_ from _[.c][=e]osan_, _w[=æ]ron_ pl. of +_wæs_ (was), and in other formations, such as _hryre_ (fall) from +_hr[=e]osan_. + +þ becomes _d_ under the same conditions, as in _wurdon_, _[.g]e·worden_ +from _weorþan_ (become), _cwæþ_ (quoth), pl. _cw[=æ]don_, _cwide_ (speech) +from _cweþan_ (infin.). + +r is often transposed, as in _iernan_ (run) from original *_rinnan_ (cp. +the subst. _ryne_), _berstan_ (burst) from *_brestan_, _bærst_ (burst +_pret._) from _bræst_, _hors_ (horse) from *_hross_. + +The combinations cæ-, gæ- become _[.c]ea-_, _[.g]ea-_, as in _[.c]eaf_ +(chaff) from *_cæf_, _s[.c]eal_ (shall) from *_scæl_, _[.g]eaf_ (gave) = +*_gæf_ from _[.g]iefan_ (cp. _cwæþ_ from _cweþan_), _[.g]eat_ (gate)--cp. +_fæt_ (vessel). + +g[=æ]- often becomes _[.g][=e]a-_, as in _[.g][=e]afon_ (they gave), with +which compare _cw[=æ]don_ (they said). + +ge- becomes _[.g]ie_, as in _[.g]iefan_, _[.g]ieldan_ (pay) from *_gefan_, +*_geldan_--cp. _cweþan_, _delfan_. Not in the prefix _[.g]e-_ and +_[.g][=e]_ (ye). + +When g comes before a consonant in inflection, it often becomes _h_, as in +_h[=e] l[=i]ehþ_ (he lies) from _l[=e]ogan_ (mentiri). + +h after a consonant is dropt when a vowel follows, the preceding vowel +being lengthened, thus _Wealh_ (Welshman) has plural _W[=e]alas_. + + * * * * * + +INFLECTIONS. + +NOUNS. + +Gender. There are three genders in O.E.--masculine, neuter, and feminine. +The gender is partly natural, partly {8} grammatical. By the natural gender +names of male beings, such as _se mann_ (the man), are masculine; of female +beings, such as _s[=e]o dohtor_ (the daughter), are feminine; and of young +creatures, such as _þæt [.c]ild_ (the child), neuter. Note, however, that +_þæt w[=i]f_ (woman) is neuter. + +Grammatical gender is known only by the gender of the article and other +words connected with the noun, and, to some extent, by its form. Thus all +nouns ending in _-a_, such as _se m[=o]na_ (moon), are masculine, _s[=e]o +sunne_ (sun) being feminine. Those ending in _-d[=o]m_, _-h[=a]d_, and +_-s[.c]ipe_ are also masculine:--_se w[=i]sd[=o]m_ (wisdom), _se +[.c]ildh[=a]d_ (childhood), _se fr[=e]onds[.c]ipe_ (friendship). Those in +_-nes_, _-o_ (from adjectives) _-r[=æ]den_, and _-ung_ are +feminine:--_s[=e]o rihtw[=i]snes_ (righteousness), _s[=e]o bieldo_ +(boldness) from _beald_, _s[=e]o mann-r[=æ]den_ (allegiance), _s[=e]o +scotung_ (shooting). + +Compounds follow the gender of their last element, as in _þæt burg-[.g]eat_ +(city-gate), from _s[=e]o burg_ and _þæt [.g]eat_. Hence also _se +w[=i]f-mann_ (woman) is masculine. + +The gender of most words can be learnt only by practice, and the student +should learn each noun with its proper definite article. + +Strong and Weak. Weak nouns are those which form their inflections with +_n_, such as _se m[=o]na_, plural _m[=o]nan_; _s[=e]o sunne_, genitive +sing. _þ[=æ]re sunnan_. All the others, such as _se dæ[.g]_, pl. _dagas_, +_þæt h[=u]s_ (house), gen. sing. _þæs h[=u]ses_, are strong. + +Cases. There are four cases, nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. +The acc. is the same as the nom. in all plurals, in the sing. of all neuter +nouns, and of all strong masculines. Masculine and neuter nouns never +differ in the plural except in the nom. and acc., and in the singular they +differ only in the acc. of weak nouns, which in neuters is the same as the +nom. The dative plural of nearly all nouns ends in _-um_. {9} + +STRONG MASCULINES. + +(1) as-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom[3]._ st[=a]n (_stone_). _Nom._ st[=a]n-as. + _Dat._ st[=a]n-e. _Dat._ st[=a]n-um. + _Gen._ st[=a]n-es. _Gen._ st[=a]n-a. + +So also _d[=æ]l_ (part), _cyning_ (king), _[.c]ildh[=a]d_ (childhood). + +_dæ[.g]_ (day) changes its vowel in the pl. (p. 5):--_dæ[.g]_, _dæ[.g]e_, +_dæ[.g]es_; _dagas_, _dagum_, _daga_. + +Nouns in _-e_ have nom. and dat. sing. the same:--_[e,]nde_, (end), +_[e,]nde_, _[e,]ndes_; _[e,]ndas_, _[e,]ndum_, _[e,]nda_. + +Nouns in _-el_, _-ol_, _-um_, _-en_, _-on_, _-er_, _-or_ often +contract:--_[e,]n[.g]el_ (angel), _[e,]n[.g]le_, _[e,]n[.g]les_; +_[e,]n[.g]las_, _[e,]n[.g]lum_, _[e,]n[.g]la_. So also _næ[.g]el_ (nail), +_þe[.g]en_ (thane), _ealdor_ (prince). Others, such as _æcer_ (field), do +not contract. + +_h_ after a consonant is dropped in inflection (p. 7), as in _feorh_ +(life), _f[=e]ore_, _f[=e]ores_. So also in _Wealh_ (Welshman), plur. +_W[=e]alas_. + +There are other classes which are represented only by a few nouns each. + +(2) e-plurals. + + A few nouns which occur only in the plur.:--_l[=e]ode_ (people), + _l[=e]odum_, _l[=e]oda_. So also several names of + nations:--_[E,]n[.g]le_ (English), _D[e,]ne_ (Danes); _Seaxe_ (Saxons), + _Mier[.c]e_ (Mercians), have gen. plur. _Seaxna_, _Mier[.c]na_. + +(3) Mutation-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ f[=o]t (_foot_). _Nom._ f[=e]t. + _Dat._ f[=e]t. _Dat._ f[=o]t-um. + _Gen._ f[=o]t-es. _Gen._ f[=o]t-a. + +So also _t[=o]þ_ (tooth). _Mann_ (man), _m[e,]nn_, _mannes_; _m[e,]nn_, +_mannum_, _manna_. + +{10} + +(4) u-nouns. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ sun-u (_son_). _Nom._ sun-a. + _Dat._ sun-a. _Dat._ sun-um. + _Gen._ sun-a. _Gen._ sun-a. + +So also _wudu_ (wood). + +(5) r-nouns (including feminines). + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ m[=o]dor (_mother_). _Nom._ m[=o]dor. + _Dat._ m[=e]der. _Dat._ m[=o]dr-um. + _Gen._ m[=o]dor. _Gen._ m[=o]dr-a. + +So also _br[=o]þor_ (brother); _fæder_ (father), _dohtor_ (daughter), have +dat. sing. _fæder_, _dehter_. + +(6) nd-nouns. + +Formed from the present participle of verbs. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ fr[=e]ond (_friend_). _Nom._ fr[=i]end. + _Dat._ fr[=i]end. _Dat._ fr[=e]ond-um. + _Gen._ fr[=e]ond-es. _Gen._ fr[=e]ond-a. + +So also _f[=e]ond_ (enemy). + +Those in _-end_ inflect thus:--_b[=u]end_ (dweller), _b[=u]end_, +_b[=u]endes_; _b[=u]end_, _b[=u]endum_, _b[=u]endra_. So also _H[=æ]lend_ +(saviour). The _-ra_ is an adjectival inflection. + +STRONG NEUTERS. + +(1) u-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ s[.c]ip (_ship_). _Nom._ s[.c]ip-u. + _Dat._ s[.c]ip-e. _Dat._ s[.c]ip-um. + _Gen._ s[.c]ip-es. _Gen._ s[.c]ip-a. + +So all neuters with short final syllable, such as _[.g]e·bed_ (prayer), +_[.g]e·writ_ (writing), _[.g]eat_ (gate). {11} + +_Fæt_ (vessel), _fæte_, _fætes_; _fatu_, _fatum_, _fata_ (p. 5). + +_R[=i][.c]e_ (kingdom), _r[=i][.c]e_, _r[=i][.c]es_; _r[=i][.c]u_, +_r[=i][.c]um_, _r[=i][.c]a_. So also all neuters in _e_, except _[=e]age_ +and _[=e]are_ (p. 13): _[.g]e·þ[=e]ode_ (language), _sty[.c][.c]e_ (piece). + +Those in _-ol_, _-en_, _-or_, &c. are generally contracted:--_d[=e]ofol_ +(devil), _d[=e]ofles_, _d[=e]oflu_. So also _w[=æ]pen_ (weapon), _mynster_ +(monastery), _wundor_ (wonder). + +(2) Unchanged plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ h[=u]s (_house_). _Nom._ h[=u]s. + _Dat._ h[=u]s-e. _Dat._ h[=u]s-um. + _Gen._ h[=u]s-es. _Gen._ h[=u]s-a. + +So all others with long final syllables (that is, containing a long vowel, +or a short vowel followed by more than one consonant), such as _bearn_ +(child), _folc_ (nation), _w[=i]f_ (woman). + +_Feoh_ (money) drops its _h_ in inflection and lengthens the _eo_:--_feoh_, +_f[=e]o_, _f[=e]os_. So also _bleoh_ (colour). + +STRONG FEMININES. + +(1) a-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + (a) _Nom._ [.g]ief-u (_gift_). _Nom._ [.g]ief-a. + _Acc._ [.g]ief-e. _Acc._ [.g]ief-a. + _Dat._ [.g]ief-e. _Dat._ [.g]ief-um. + _Gen._ [.g]ief-e. _Gen._ [.g]ief-ena. + +So also _lufu_ (love), _scamu_ (shame). _Duru_ (door) is an _u_-noun: it +has acc. _duru_, d., g. _dura_, g. pl. _dura_. Observe that all these nouns +have a short syllable before the final vowel. When it is long, the _u_ is +dropped, and the noun falls under (_b_). {12} + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + (_b_) _Nom._ spr[=æ][.c] (_speech_). _Nom._ spr[=æ][.c]-a. + _Acc._ spr[=æ][.c]-e. _Acc._ spr[=æ][.c]-a. + _Dat._ spr[=æ][.c]-e. _Dat._ spr[=æ][.c]-um. + _Gen._ spr[=æ][.c]-e. _Gen._ spr[=æ][.c]-a. + +So also _str[=æ]t_ (street), _sorg_ (sorrow). Some have the acc. sing. the +same as the nom., such as _d[=æ]d_, _hand_, _miht_. + +Those in _-ol_, _-er_, _-or_, &c. contract:--_s[=a]wol_ (soul), _s[=a]wle_, +_s[=a]wla_, _s[=a]wlum_. So also _[.c]easter_ (city), _hl[=æ]dder_ +(ladder). + +Some in _-en_ double the _n_ in inflection:--_byrþen_ (burden), _byrþenne_. +So also those in _-r[=æ]den_, such as _hierdr[=æ]den_ (guardianship). Those +in _-nes_ also double the _s_ in inflection: _g[=o]dnes_ (goodness), +_g[=o]dnesse_. + +(2) Mutation-plurals. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ b[=o]c (_book_). _Nom._ b[=e][.c]. + _Dat._ b[=e][.c]. _Dat._ b[=o]c-um. + _Gen._ b[=e][.c]. _Gen._ b[=o]c-a. + +_Burg_ (city), _byri[.g]_, _burge_; _byri[.g]_, _burgum_, _burga_. + +(3) Indeclinable. + + SINGULAR. + _Nom._ bieldo (_boldness_). + _Dat._ bieldo. + _Gen._ bieldo. + +So also _ieldo_ (age). + +For _r_-nouns, see under Masculines. + +WEAK MASCULINES. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ nam-a (_name_). _Nom._ nam-an. + _Acc._ nam-an. _Acc._ nam-an. + _Dat._ nam-an. _Dat._ nam-um. + _Gen._ nam-an. _Gen._ nam-ena. + +{13} + +So also all nouns in _-a_:--_[.g]e·f[=e]ra_ (companion), _guma_ (man), +_[.g]e·l[=e]afa_ (belief). _Ieldran_ (elders) occurs only in the plural. + +_[.G]e·f[=e]a_ (joy) is contracted throughout:--_[.g]ef[=e]a_, +_[.g]ef[=e]an_. + +WEAK NEUTERS. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ [=e]ag-e (_eye_). _Nom._ [=e]ag-an. + _Acc._ [=e]ag-e. _Acc._ [=e]ag-an. + _Dat._ [=e]ag-an. _Dat._ [=e]ag-um. + _Gen._ [=e]ag-an. _Gen._ [=e]ag-ena. + +So also _[=e]are_ 'ear.' + +WEAK FEMININES. + + SINGULAR. PLURAL. + _Nom._ sunn-e (_sun_). _Nom._ sunn-an. + _Acc._ sunn-an. _Acc._ sunn-an. + _Dat._ sunn-an. _Dat._ sunn-um. + _Gen._ sunn-an. _Gen._ sunn-ena. + +So also _[.c]iri[.c]e_ (church), _f[=æ]mne_ (virgin), _heorte_ (heart). + +_L[=e]o_ (lion) has acc., &c. _l[=e]on_. + +PROPER NAMES. + +Native names of persons are declined like other nouns:--_Ælfred_, gen. +_Ælfredes_, dat. _Ælfrede_; _[=E]ad-burg_ (fem.), gen. _[=E]adburge_, &c. + +Foreign names of persons sometimes follow the analogy of native names, thus +_Cr[=i]st_, _Salomon_ have gen. _Cr[=i]stes_, _Salomones_, dat. +_Cr[=i]ste_, _Salomone_. Sometimes they are declined as in Latin, +especially those in _-us_, but often with a mixture of English endings, and +the Latin endings are used {14} somewhat loosely, the accus. ending being +often extended to the other oblique cases; thus we find nom. _C[=y]rus_, +gen. _C[=y]res_, acc. _C[=y]rum_, dat. _C[=y]rum_ (þ[=æ]m cyninge +C[=y]rum). + +Almost the only names of countries and districts in Old English are those +taken from Latin, such as _Breten_ (Britain), _C[e,]nt_ (Kent), +_[.G]erm[=a]nia_ (Germany), and those formed by composition, generally with +_land_, such as _[E,]n[.g]la-land_ (land of the English, England), +_Isr·ah[=e]la-þ[=e]od_ (Israel). In both of these cases the first element +is in the gen. pl., but ordinary compounds, such as _Scot-land_, also +occur. In other cases the name of the inhabitants of a country is used for +the country itself:--_on [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum_ = in East-anglia, lit. +'among the East-anglians.' So also _on Angel-cynne_ = in England, lit. +'among the English race,' more accurately expressed by _Angelcynnes land_. + +Uncompounded names of countries are sometimes undeclined. Thus we find _on +C[e,]nt_, _t[=o] Hierusal[=e]m_. + +_[.G]erm[=a]nia_, _Asia_, and other foreign names in _-a_ take _-e_ in the +oblique cases, thus gen. _[.G]erm[=a]nie_. + + * * * * * + +ADJECTIVES. + +Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though with +partly different endings, together with strong and weak inflection. In the +masc. and neut. sing. they have an _instrumental_ case, for which in the +fem. and plur., and in the weak inflection the dative is used. + +STRONG ADJECTIVES. + +Adjectives with a short syllable before the endings take _-u_ in the fem. +sing. nom. and neut. pl. nom., those with a long one drop it. {15} + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + (_a_) _Nom._ cwic (_alive_), cwic, cwic-u. + _Acc._ cwic-ne, cwic, cwic-e. + _Dat._ cwic-um, cwic-um, cwic-re. + _Gen._ cwic-es, cwic-es, cwic-re. + _Instr._ cwic-e, cwic-e. (cwicre). + + PLURAL. + _Nom._ cwic-e, cwic-u, cwic-e. + \____________________ ______________/ + \/ + _Dat._ cwic-um. + _Gen._ cwic-ra. + +So also _sum_ (some), _f[=æ]rlic_ (dangerous). + +Those with _æ_, such as _glæd_ (glad), change it to _a_ in dat. _gladum_, +&c. + +Those in _-e_, such as _bl[=i]þe_ (glad), drop it in all +inflections:--_bl[=i]þne_, _bl[=i]þu_, _bl[=i]þre_. + +Those in _-ig_, _-el_, _-ol_, _-en_, _-er_, _-or_ often contract before +inflections beginning with a vowel, as in _h[=a]li[.g]_ (holy), +_h[=a]lges_, _h[=a]lgum_; _mi[.c]el_ (great), _mi[.c]lu_, _mi[.c]le_. Not, +of course, before consonants:--_h[=a]li[.g]ne_, _mi[.c]elne_, _mi[.c]elra_. + +Those in _-u_, such as _[.g]earu_ (ready), change the _u_ into a _w_ before +vowels:--_[.g]earwes_, _[.g]earwe_. + +Adjectives with long syllable before the endings drop the _u_ of the fem. +and neuter:-- + + Masc. Neut. Fem. + (_b_) _Nom. Sing._ g[=o]d (_good_), g[=o]d, g[=o]d. + _Plur._ g[=o]de, g[=o]d, g[=o]de. + +_F[=e]a_ (few) has only the plural inflections, dat. _f[=e]am_, gen. +_f[=e]ara_. + +_H[=e]ah_ (high) drops its second _h_ in inflection and +contracts:--_h[=e]are_, nom. pl. _h[=e]a_, dat. _h[=e]am_, acc. sing. masc. +_h[=e]anne_. + +_Fela_ (many) is indeclinable. {16} + +WEAK ADJECTIVES. + +The weak inflections of adjectives agree exactly with the noun ones:- + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ g[=o]d-a, g[=o]d-e, g[=o]d-e. + _Acc._ g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-e, g[=o]d-an. + _Dat._ g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an. + _Gen._ g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an, g[=o]d-an. + \________________ __________________/ + \/ + PLURAL. + _Nom._ g[=o]d-an. + _Dat._ g[=o]d-um. + _Gen._ g[=o]d-ra. + +The vowel- and consonant-changes are as in the strong declension. + +COMPARISON. + +The comparative is formed by adding _-ra_, and is declined like a weak +adjective:--_l[=e]of_ (dear), _l[=e]ofra_ masc., _l[=e]ofre_ fem., +_l[=e]ofran_ plur., etc.; _m[=æ]re_ (famous), _m[=æ]rra_. The superlative +is formed by adding _-ost_, and may be either weak or strong:--_l[=e]ofost_ +(dearest). + +The following form their comparisons with mutation, with superlative in +_-est_ (the forms in parentheses are adverbs):-- + + eald (_old_), ieldra, ieldest. + lang (_long_), l[e,]n[.g]ra, l[e,]n[.g]est. + n[=e]ah (_near_), (n[=e]ar), n[=i]ehst. + h[=e]ah (_high_), h[=i]erra, h[=i]ehst. + +The following show different roots:-- + + g[=o]d (_good_), b[e,]tera, b[e,]tst. + yfel (_evil_), wiersa, wierrest. + mi[.c]el (_great_), m[=a]ra (m[=a]), m[=æ]st. + l[=y]tel (_little_), l[=æ]ssa (l[=æ]s), l[=æ]st. + +{17} + +The following are defective as well as irregular, being formed from +adverbs:-- + + [=æ]r (_formerly_), [=æ]rra ([=æ]ror), [=æ]rest. + fore (_before_), . . . forma, fyrmest. + [=u]t (_out_), [=y]terra, [=y]temest. + +NUMERALS. + + CARDINAL. ORDINAL. + [=a]n, _one_. forma (_first_). + tw[=a], _two_. [=o]þer. + þr[=e]o, _three_. þridda. + f[=e]ower, _four_. f[=e]orþa. + f[=i]f, _five_. f[=i]f-ta. + siex, _six_. siex-ta. + seofon, _seven_. seofoþa. + eahta, _eight_. eahtoþa. + nigon, _nine_. nigoþa. + t[=i]en, _ten_. t[=e]oþa. + [e,]ndlufon, _eleven_. [e,]ndlyf-ta. + tw[e,]lf, _twelve_. tw[=e,]lf-ta. + þr[=e]o-t[=i]ene, _thirteen_. þr[=e]o-t[=e]oþa. + f[=e]ower-t[=i]ene, _fourteen_. + f[=i]f-t[=i]ene, _fifteen_. + siex-t[=i]ene, _sixteen_. + seofon-t[=i]ene, _seventeen_. + eahta-t[=i]ene, _eighteen_. + nigon-t[=i]ene, _nineteen_. + tw[e,]n-ti[.g], _twenty_. + þri-ti[.g], _thirty_. + f[=e]ower-ti[.g], _forty_. + f[=i]f-ti[.g], _fifty_. + siex-ti[.g], _sixty_. + {18} + hund-·seofon-ti[.g], _seventy_. + hund-·eahta-ti[.g], _eighty_. + hund-·nigon-ti[.g], _ninety_. + hund } _hundred_. + hund-·t[=e]onti[.g], } + hund-·[e,]ndlufonti[.g], _hundred and ten_. + hund-·tw[e,]lfti[.g], _hundred and twenty_. + þ[=u]send, _thousand_. + +_[=A]n_ is declined like other adjectives. + +_Tw[=a]_ is declined thus:-- + + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ tw[=e][.g]en, tw[=a], tw[=a]. + \__________________ ___________________/ + \/ + _Dat._ tw[=æ]m. + _Gen._ tw[=e][.g]ra. + +So also _b[=e][.g]en_ (both), _b[=a]_, _b[=æ]m_, _b[=e][.g]ra_. + +_Þr[=e]o_ is declined thus:-- + + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ þr[=i]e, þr[=e]o, þr[=e]o. + \_____________ _______________/ + \/ + _Dat._ þrim. + _Gen._ þr[=e]ora. + +The others up to _tw[e,]nti[.g]_ are generally indeclinable. Those in +_-ti[.g]_ are sometimes declined like neuter nouns, sometimes like +adjectives, and are often left undeclined. When not made into adjectives +they govern the genitive. + +_Hund_ and _þ[=u]send_ are either declined as neuters or left undeclined, +always taking a genitive:--_eahta hund m[=i]la_ (eight hundred miles), +_f[=e]ower þ[=u]send wera_ (four thousand men). + +Units are always put before tens:--_[=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g]_ (twenty-one). +{19} + +The ordinals are always weak, except _[=o]þer_, which is always strong. + + * * * * * + +PRONOUNS. + +PERSONAL. + + SINGULAR. + _Nom._ i[.c] (_I_), þ[=u] (_thou_). + _Acc._ m[=e], þ[=e]. + _Dat._ m[=e], þ[=e]. + _Gen._ m[=i]n, þ[=i]n. + + DUAL. + _Nom._ wit (_we two_), [.g]it (_ye two_). + _Acc._ unc, inc. + _Dat._ unc, inc. + _Gen._ uncer, incer. + + PLURAL. + _Nom._ w[=e] (_we_), [.g][=e] (_ye_). + _Acc._ [=u]s, [=e]ow. + _Dat._ [=u]s, [=e]ow. + _Gen._ [=u]re, [=e]ower. + + + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ h[=e] (_he_), hit (_it_), h[=e]o (_she_). + _Acc._ hine, hit, h[=i]e. + _Dat._ him, him, hiere. + _Gen._ his, his, hiere. + \_________________ _________________/ + \/ + PLURAL. + _Nom._ h[=i]e (_they_). + _Dat._ him. + _Gen._ hiera. + +There are no reflexive pronouns in O.E., and the ordinary {20} personal +pronouns are used instead:--_h[=i]e [.g]e·samnodon h[=i]e_ (they collected +themselves, assembled); _h[=i]e [=a]·b[=æ]don him w[=i]f_ (they asked for +wives for themselves). _Self_ is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective +agreeing with its pronoun:--_sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum_ +(as they wished for themselves). + +POSSESSIVE. + +_M[=i]n_ (my), _þ[=i]n_ (thy), _[=u]re_ (our), _[=e]ower_ (your), and the +dual _uncer_ and _incer_ are declined like other adjectives. The genitives +_his_ (his, its), _hiere_ (her), _hiera_ (their) are used as indeclinable +possessives. + +INTERROGATIVE. + + Masc. and Fem. Neut. + _Nom._ hw[=a] (_who_), hwæt (_what_). + _Acc._ hwone, hwæt. + _Dat._ hw[=æ]m, hw[=æ]m. + _Gen._ hwæs, hwæs. + _Instr._ hw[=y], hw[=y]. + +_Hwelc_ (which) is declined like a strong adjective: it is used both as a +noun and an adjective. + +DEMONSTRATIVE. + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ se (_that_, _the_), þæt, s[=e]o. + _Acc._ þone, þæt, þ[=a]. + _Dat._ þ[=æ]m, þ[=æ]m, þ[=æ]re. + _Gen._ þæs, þæs, þ[=æ]re. + _Instr._ þ[=y], þon, þ[=y], (þ[=æ]re). + \_______________________ __________________/ + \/ + PLURAL. + _Nom._ þ[=a]. + _Dat._ þ[=æ]m. + _Gen._ þ[=a]ra. + +{21} + +_Se_ is both a demonstrative and a definite article. It is also used as a +personal pronoun:--_h[=e] [.g]e·h[=i]erþ m[=i]n word, and wyr[.c]þ þ[=a]_ +(he hears my words, and does them). _S[=e]_ as a demonstrative and pers. +pronoun has its vowel long. + + SINGULAR. + Masc. Neut. Fem. + _Nom._ þes (_this_), þis, þ[=e]os. + _Acc._ þisne, þis, þ[=a]s. + _Dat._ þissum, þissum, þisse. + _Gen._ þisses, þisses, þisse. + _Instr._ þ[=y]s, þ[=y]s. (þisse). + \__________________ ______________/ + \/ + PLURAL. + _Nom._ þ[=a]s. + _Dat._ þissum. + _Gen._ þissa. + +Other demonstratives, which are used both as nouns and as adjectives, are +_se ilca_ (same), which is always weak, _swelc_ (such), which is always +strong. + +RELATIVE. + +The regular relative is the indeclinable _þe_, as in _[=æ]lc þ[=a]ra þe +þ[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e·h[=i]erþ_ (each of those who hears these my +words). It is often combined with _s[=e]_, which is declined:--_s[=e] þe_ = +who, masc., _s[=e]o þe_, fem., &c. _S[=e]_ alone is also used as a +relative:--_h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, þone ic [.g]e·[.c][=e]as_ (here is my +servant, whom I have chosen); sometimes in the sense of 'he who':--_h[=e]r +þ[=u] hæfst þæt þ[=i]n is_ (here thou hast that which is thine). + +INDEFINITE. + +Indefinites are formed with _sw[=a]_ and the interrogative pronouns, +thus:--_sw[=a] hw[=a] sw[=a]_, _sw[=a] hwel[.c] sw[=a]_ (whoever), _sw[=a] +hwæt sw[=a]_ (whatever). {22} + +_[=A]n_ and _sum_ (some) are used in an indefinite sense:--_[=a]n mann_, +_sum mann_ = 'a certain man,' hence 'a man.' But the indefinite article is +generally not expressed. + +_[=Æ]l[.c]_ (each), _[=æ]ni[.g]_ (any), _n[=æ]ni[.g]_ (no, none), are +declined like other adjectives. + +_[=O]þer_ (other) is always strong:--_þ[=a] [=o]þre m[e,]nn_. + +_Man_, another form of _mann_, is often used in the indefinite sense of +'one,' French _on_:--_his br[=o]þor Horsan man of·sl[=o]g_ (they killed his +brother Horsa). + + * * * * * + +VERBS. + +There are two classes of verbs in O.E., _strong_ and _weak_. The +conjugation of strong verbs is effected mainly by means of vowel-gradation, +that of weak verbs by the addition of _d_ (-ode, -ede, -de) to the +root-syllable. + +The following is the conjugation of the strong verb _bindan_ (bind), which +will serve to show the endings which are common to all verbs:-- + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. bind-e, bind-e. + 2. bind-est, bintst, bind-e. + 3. bind-eþ, bint, bind-e. + _plur._ bind-aþ, bind-en. + + _Pret. sing._ 1. band, bund-e. + 2. bund-e, bund-e. + 3. band, bund-e. + _plur._ bund-on, bund-en. + + _Imper. sing._ bind; _plur._ bind-aþ. _Infin._ bind-an. + _Partic. pres._ bind-ende; _pret._ [.g]e-·bund-en. + _Gerund._ t[=o] bind-enne. + +For the plural _bindaþ_, both indicative and imperative, _binde_ is used +when the personal pronoun follows immediately after {23} the verb:--_w[=e] +bindaþ_ (we bind), but _binde w[=e]_ (let us bind); so also _g[=a]þ!_ (go +plur.), but _g[=a] [.g][=e]!_ (go ye). + +The present participle may be declined like an adjective. Its declension +when used as a noun is given above, p. 10. + +The past participle generally prefixes _[.g]e-_, as in _[.g]e·bunden_, +_[.g]e·numen_ from _niman_ (take), unless the other parts of the verbs have +it already, as in _[.g]e·h[=i]eran_ (hear), _[.g]e·h[=i]ered_. It is +sometimes prefixed to other parts of the verb as well. No _[.g]e_ is added +if the verb has another prefix, such as _[=a]-_, _be-_, _for-_; thus +_for·[.g]iefan_ (forgive) has the past participle _for·[.g]iefen_. The past +participle may be declined like an adjective. + +Traces of an older passive voice are preserved in the form _h[=a]t-te_ from +_h[=a]tan_ (call, name), which is both present 'is called,' and preterite +'was called':--_se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo_ (the monk's name was Abbo). + +STRONG VERBS. + +In the strong verbs the plural of the pret. indic. generally has a +different vowel from that of the sing. (_ic band_, _w[=e] bundon_). The 2nd +sing. pret. indic. and the whole pret. subj. always have the vowel of the +preterite plural indicative (_þ[=u] bunde, ic bunde, w[=e] bunden_.) + +The 2nd and 3rd persons sing. of the pres. indic. often mutate the +root-vowel, thus:-- + + a _becomes_ [e,] _as in_ (h[=e]) st[e,]nt _from_ standan (_stand_). + ea " ie " fielþ " feallan (_fall_). + e " i " cwiþþ " cweþan (_say_). + eo " ie " wierþ " weorþan (_happen_). + [=a] " [=æ] " h[=æ]tt " h[=a]tan (_command_). + [=o] " [=e] " gr[=e]wþ " gr[=o]wan (_grow_). + [=e]a " [=i]e " h[=i]ewþ " h[=e]awan (_hew_). + [=e]o " [=i]e " [.c][=i]est " [.c][=e]osan (_choose_). + [=u] " [=y] " l[=y]cþ " l[=u]can (_close_). + +{24} + +The full ending of the 3rd pers. sing. pres. indic. is _-eþ_, which is +generally contracted, with the following consonant-changes:-- + + -teþ _becomes_ -tt _as in_ l[=æ]tt _from_ l[=æ]tan (_let_). + -deþ " -tt " b[=i]tt " b[=i]dan (_wait_). + -ddeþ " -tt " bitt " biddan (_pray_). + -þeþ " -þþ " cwiþþ " cweþan (_say_). + -seþ " -st " [.c][=i]est " [.c][=e]osan (_choose_). + -ndeþ " -nt " bint " bindan (_bind_). + +Double consonants become single, as in _h[=e] fielþ_ from _feallan_. + +Before the _-st_ of the 2nd pers. consonants are often dropt, as in _þ[=u] +cwist_ from _cweþan_, _þ[=u] [.c][=i]est_ from _[.c][=e]osan_; and _d_ +becomes _t_, as in _þ[=u] bintst_ from _bindan_. + +For the changes between _s_ and _r_, _þ_ and _d_, _g_ and _h_, see p. 7. + +Some verbs, such as _s[=e]on_ (see), drop the _h_ and contract before most +inflections beginning with a vowel:--_ic s[=e]o_, _w[=e] s[=e]oþ_, _t[=o] +s[=e]onne_; but _h[=e] sihþ_. + +There are seven conjugations of strong verbs, distinguished mainly by the +different formation of their preterites. The following lists comprise all +the strong verbs that occur in the texts given in this book, together with +several others of the commoner ones. + +I. 'Fall'-conjugation. + +The pret. sing. and pl. has _[=e]o_ or _[=e]_, and the past partic. retains +the original vowel of the infinitive. {25} + + (_a_) [=e]o-_preterites_. + + ea:-- + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + feallan (_fall_) fielþ f[=e]oll f[=e]ollon feallen + healdan (_hold_) hielt h[=e]old h[=e]oldon healden + wealdan (_wield_) wielt w[=e]old w[=e]oldon wealden + weaxan (_grow_) wiext w[=e]ox w[=e]oxon weaxen + + [=a]:-- + bl[=a]wan (_blow_) bl[=æ]wþ bl[=e]ow bl[=e]owon bl[=a]wen + cn[=a]wan (_know_) cn[=æ]wþ cn[=e]ow cn[=e]owon cn[=a]wen + s[=a]wan (_sow_) s[=æ]wþ s[=e]ow s[=e]owon s[=a]wen + + [=e]:-- + w[=e]pan (_weep_) w[=e]pþ w[=e]op w[=e]opon w[=o]pen + +_W[=e]pan_ has really a weak present (p. 30) with mutation (the original +_[=o]_ re-appearing in the past partic.), but it makes no difference in the +inflection. + + [=o]:-- + fl[=o]wan (_flow_) fl[=e]wþ fl[=e]ow fl[=e]owon fl[=o]wen + gr[=o]wan (_grow_) gr[=e]wþ gr[=e]ow gr[=e]owon gr[=o]wen + r[=o]wan (_row_) r[=e]wþ r[=e]ow r[=e]owon r[=o]wen + + [=e]a:-- + b[=e]atan (_beat_) b[=i]ett b[=e]ot b[=e]oton b[=e]aten + h[=e]awan (_hew_) h[=i]ewþ h[=e]ow h[=e]owon h[=e]awen + hl[=e]apan (_leap_) hl[=i]epþ hl[=e]op hl[=e]opon hl[=e]apen + +(_b_) [=e]-_preterites_. + + [=a]:-- + h[=a]tan (_command_) h[=æ]tt h[=e]t h[=e]ton h[=a]ten + + [=æ]:-- + l[=æ]tan (_let_) l[=æ]tt l[=e]t l[=e]ton l[=æ]ten + + [=o]:-- + f[=o]n (_seize_) f[=e]hþ f[=e]ng f[=e]ngon fangen + h[=o]n (_hang_) h[=e]hþ h[=e]ng h[=e]ngon hangen + +{26} + +II. 'Shake'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _a_ (_ea_) and _[e,]_ (_ie_). _[=O]_ in pret. sing, and pl., _a_ +(_æ_) in partic. pret. _Standan_ drops its _n_ in the pret. The partic. +pret. of _sw[e,]rian_ is irregular. + +a:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD. PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + faran (_go_) færþ f[=o]r f[=o]ron faren + sacan (_quarrel_) sæcþ s[=o]c s[=o]con sacen + scacan (_shake_) scæcþ sc[=o]c sc[=o]con scacen + standan (_stand_) st[e,]nt st[=o]d st[=o]don standen + +The following shows contraction of original _ea_:-- + + sl[=e]an (_strike_) sliehþ sl[=o]g sl[=o]gon slæ[.g]en + +[e,]:-- + + h[e,]bban (_lift_) h[e,]fþ h[=o]f h[=o]fon hafen + s[.c]ieppan (_create_) s[.c]iepþ sc[=o]p sc[=o]pon scapen + sw[e,]rian (_swear_) sw[e,]reþ sw[=o]r sw[=o]ron sworen + +The presents of these verbs are inflected weak, so that their imperative +sing. is _h[e,]fe_ and _sw[e,]re_, like that of _w[e,]nian_ (p. 32). +_Sw[e,]rian_ has indic. _sw[e,]rige_, _sw[e,]rest_, like _w[e,]nian_; +_h[e,]bban_ has _h[e,]bbe_, _h[e,]fst_, &c. like _h[=i]eran_ (p. 30). + +III. 'Bind'-conjugation. + +_I_ (_ie_, _e_, _eo_) followed by two consonants, one or both of which is +nearly always a liquid (_l_, _r_) or nasal (_m_, _n_) in the infin., _a_ +(_æ_, _ea_) in pret. sing., _u_ in pret. pl., _u_ (_o_) in ptc. pret. +_Findan_ has a weak preterite. + +i:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET.SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + bindan (_bind_) bint band bundon bunden + drincan (_drink_) drincþ dranc druncon druncen + findan (_find_) fint funde fundon funden + [.g]ieldan (_pay_) [.g]ielt [.g]eald guldon golden + (on)[.g]innan (_begin_) -[.g]inþ -gann -gunnon -gunnen + {27} + grindan (_grind_) grint grand grundon grunden + iernan (_run_) [p. 7] iernþ arn urnon urnen + [.g]e-·limpan (_happen_) -limpþ -lamp -lumpon -lumpen + scrincan (_shrink_) scrincþ scranc scruncon scruncen + springan (_spring_) springþ sprang sprungon sprungen + swincan (_toil_) swincþ swanc swuncon swuncen + windan (_wind_) wint wand wundon wunden + winnan (_fight_) winþ wann wunnon wunnen + +e:-- + + berstan (_burst_) bierst bærst burston borsten + bre[.g]dan (_pull_) ... bræ[.g]d brugdon brogden + delfan (_dig_) dilfþ dealf dulfon dolfen + sweltan (_die_) swilt swealt swulton swolten + +eo:-- + + beorgan (_protect_) bierhþ bearg burgon borgen + beornan (_burn_)[p. 7] biernþ barn burnon burnen + [.c]eorfan (_cut_) [.c]ierfþ [.c]earf curfon corfen + feohtan (_fight_) fieht feaht fuhton fohten + weorpan (_throw_) wierpþ wearp wurpon worpen + weorþan (_become_) wierþ wearþ wurdon worden + +IV. 'Bear'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _e_ (_i_), followed by a single consonant, generally a liquid or +nasal; in _brecan_ the liquid precedes the vowel. _A_ (_æ_) in pret. sing., +_[=æ]_ (_[=a]_) in pret. pl., _o_ (_u_) in ptc. pret. _Cuman_ is irregular. + +i:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SG. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + niman (_take_) nimþ nam n[=a]mon numen + +e:-- + + beran (_bear_) bierþ bær b[=æ]ron boren + brecan (_break_) bricþ bræc br[=æ]con brocen + s[.c]eran (_shear_) s[.c]ierþ s[.c]ear s[.c][=e]aron scoren + stelan (_steal_) stilþ stæl st[=æ]lon stolen + teran (_tear_) .. tær t[=æ]ron toren + +{28} + +u:-- + + cuman (_come_) cymþ c[=o]m c[=o]mon cumen + +V. 'Give'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _e_ (_i_, _eo_, _ie_) followed by single consonants, which are not +liquids or nasals. This class differs from the last only in the ptc. pret. +which keeps the vowel of the infinitive. + +e:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SG. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + cweþan (_say_) cwiþþ cwæþ cw[=æ]don cweden + etan (_eat_) itt [=æ]t [=æ]ton eten + sprecan (_speak_) spricþ spræc spr[=æ]con sprecen + wrecan (_avenge_) wricþ wræc wr[=æ]con wrecen + +i:-- + + biddan (_pray_) bitt bæd b[=æ]don beden + li[.c][.g]an (_lie_) l[=i]þ læ[.g] l[=æ]gon le[.g]en + sittan (_sit_) sitt sæt s[=æ]ton seten + þi[.c][.g]an (_receive_) þi[.g]eþ þeah þ[=æ]gon þe[.g]en + +All these have weak presents:--imper. _bide_, _li[.g]e_, _site_, _þi[.g]e_. +Their _i_s are mutations of the _e_ which appears in their past partic. + +ie:-- + + [.g]iefan (_give_) [.g]iefþ [.g]eaf [.g][=e]afon [.g]iefen + (on)[.g]ietan (_understand_) -[.g]iett -[.g]eat -[.g][=e]aton + -[.g]ieten + +The following is contracted in most forms:-- + + s[=e]on (_see_) sihþ seah s[=a]won sewen + +VI. 'Shine'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _[=i]_, with pret. sing, in _[=a]_, pl. _i_, ptc. pret. _i_. + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + b[=i]dan (_wait_) b[=i]tt b[=a]d bidon biden + b[=i]tan (_bite_) b[=i]tt b[=a]t biton biten + dr[=i]fan (_drive_) dr[=i]fþ dr[=a]f drifon drifen + {29} + (be)l[=i]fan (_remain_) -l[=i]fþ -l[=a]f -lifon -lifen + r[=i]dan (_ride_) r[=i]tt r[=a]d ridon riden + r[=i]pan (_reap_) r[=i]pþ r[=a]p ripon ripen + ([=a])r[=i]san (_rise_) -r[=i]st -r[=a]s -rison -risen + s[.c][=i]nan (_shine_) s[.c][=i]nþ sc[=a]n s[.c]inon s[.c]inen + sn[=i]þan (_cut_) sn[=i]þþ sn[=a]þ snidon sniden + st[=i]gan (_ascend_) st[=i][.g]þ st[=a]g stigon sti[.g]en + (be)sw[=i]can (_deceive_) -sw[=i]cþ -sw[=a]c -swicon -swicen + [.g]e·w[=i]tan (_depart_) -w[=i]tt w[=a]t -witon -witen + wr[=i]tan (_write_) wr[=i]tt wr[=a]t writon writen + +VII. 'Choose'-conjugation. + +Verbs in _[=e]o_ and _[=u]_, with pret. sing. _[=e]a_, pl. _u_, ptc. pret. +_o_. _Fl[=e]on_ and _t[=e]on_ contract. + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. SING. PRET. PL. PTC. PRET. + b[=e]odan (_offer_) b[=i]ett b[=e]ad budon boden + br[=e]otan (_break_) br[=i]ett br[=e]at bruton broten + [.c][=e]osan (_choose_) [.c][=i]est [.c][=e]as curon coren + fl[=e]ogan (_fly_) fl[=i]ehþ fl[=e]ag flugon flogen + fl[=e]on (_flee_) fl[=i]ehþ fl[=e]ah flugon flogen + fl[=e]otan (_float_) fl[=i]ett fl[=e]at fluton floten + hr[=e]osan (_fall_) hr[=i]est hr[=e]as hruron hroren + hr[=e]owan (_rue_) hr[=i]ewþ hr[=e]aw hruwon hrowen + for·l[=e]osan (_lose_) -l[=i]est -l[=e]as -luron -loren + s[.c][=e]otan (_shoot_) s[.c][=i]ett s[.c][=e]at scuton scoten + sm[=e]ocan (_smoke_) sm[=i]ecþ sm[=e]ac smucon smocen + t[=e]on (_pull_) t[=i]ehþ t[=e]ah tugon togen + [=a]-þr[=e]otan (_fail_) -þr[=i]ett -þr[=e]at -þruton -þroten + +[=u]:-- + + br[=u]can (_enjoy_) br[=y]cþ br[=e]ac brucon brocen + b[=u]gan (_bow_) b[=y]hþ b[=e]ag bugon bogen + l[=u]can (_lock_) l[=y]cþ l[=e]ac lucon locen + l[=u]tan (_bow_) l[=y]tt l[=e]at luton loten + sc[=u]fan (_push_) sc[=y]fþ s[.c][=e]af scufon scofen + +{30} + +WEAK VERBS. + +There are three conjugations of weak verbs--(1) in _-an_, pret. _-de_ +(_h[=i]eran_, _h[=i]erde_, 'hear'); (2) in _-ian_, pret. _-ede_ +(_w[e,]nian_, _w[e,]nede_, 'wean'); (3) in _-ian_, pret. _-ode_ (_lufian_, +_lufode_, 'love'). The verbs of the first two conjugations nearly all have +a mutated vowel in the present and infinitive, which those of the third +conjugation very seldom have. + +I. _an-_verbs. + +This class of weak verbs has the same endings as the strong verbs, except +in the pret. and past partic., which are formed by adding _-de_ and _-ed_ +respectively, with the following consonant changes. + + -ndde _becomes_ -nde _as in_ s[e,]nde _from_ s[e,]ndan (_send_). + -llde " -lde " fylde " fyllan (_fill_). + -tde " -tte " m[=e]tte " m[=e]tan (_find_). + -pde " -pte " dypte " dyppan (_dip_). + -cde " -hte " t[=æ]hte " t[=æ][.c]an (_show_). + +The past partic. is generally contracted in the same way:--_s[e,]nd_, +_m[=e]tt_, _t[=æ]ht_, but some of them often retain the uncontracted +forms:--_fylled_, _dypped_. When declined like adjectives they drop their +_e_ where practicable:--_fylled_, plur. _fylde_; _h[=i]ered_, _h[=i]erde_. + +The 2nd and 3rd pres. sing. ind. are contracted as in the strong verbs. + +(_a_) 'Hear'_-class_. + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. h[=i]er-e (_hear_), h[=i]er-e. + 2. h[=i]er-st, h[=i]er-e. + 3. h[=i]er-þ, h[=i]er-e. + _plur._ h[=i]er-aþ, h[=i]er-en. + {31} + + _Pret. sing._ 1. h[=i]er-de, h[=i]er-de. + 2. h[=i]er-dest, h[=i]er-de. + 3. h[=i]er-de, h[=i]er-de. + _plur._ h[=i]er-don, h[=i]er-den. + + Imper. sing. h[=i]er; plur. h[=i]er-aþ. Infin. h[=i]er-an. + Ptc. pres. h[=i]er-ende; pret. h[=i]er-ed. + Gerund. t[=o] h[=i]er-enne. + +Further examples of this class are:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET. + æt·[=i]ewan (_show_) -[=i]ewþ -[=i]ewde -[=i]ewed. + c[=y]þan (_make known_) c[=y]þþ c[=y]þde c[=y]þed, + c[=y]dd + fyllan (_fill_) fylþ fylde fylled + (n[=e]a)l[=æ][.c]an (_approach_) -l[=æ][.c]þ -l[=æ]hte -l[=æ]ht + l[=æ]dan (_lead_) l[æ]tt l[=æ]dde l[=æ]dd + l[e,][.c][.g]an (_lay_) l[e,][.g]þ l[e,][.g]de l[e,][.g]d + [.g]e·l[=i]efan (_believe_) -l[=i]efþ -l[=i]efde -l[=i]efed + n[e,]mnan (_name_) n[e,]mneþ n[e,]mnde n[e,]mned + s[e,]ndan (_send_) s[e,]nt s[e,]nde s[e,]nd + s[e,]ttan (_set_) s[e,]tt s[e,]tte s[e,]tt + sm[=e]an (_consider_) sm[=e]aþ sm[=e]ade sm[=e]ad + t[=æ][.c]an (_show_) t[=æ][.c]þ t[=æ]hte t[=æ]ht + w[e,]ndan (_turn_) w[e,]nt w[e,]nde w[e,]nd + +(_b_) 'Seek'-_class_. + +In this class the mutated vowels lose their mutation in the preterite and +past partic., besides undergoing other changes in some verbs. + +Those in double consonants (and _[.c][.g]_) simplify them in the contracted +2nd and 3rd sing. pres. indic.:--_s[e,]lle_, _s[e,]lst_, _s[e,]lþ_; +_s[e,][.c][,g]e_, _s[e,][.g]st_, _s[e,][.g]þ_; also in the imperative, +which is formed as in Conj. II:--_s[e,]le_, _s[e,][.g]e_, _by[.g]e_, &c. +{32} + +[e,]:-- + + INFINITIVE. THIRD PRES. PRET. PARTIC. PRET. + + cw[e,]llan (_kill_) cw[e,]lþ cwealde cweald + r[e,][.c][.c]an (_tell_) r[e,][.c]þ reahte reaht + s[e,][.c][.g]an (_say_) s[e,][.g]þ sæ[.g]de sæ[.g]d + s[e,]llan (_give_) s[e,]lþ sealde seald + w[e,][.c][.c]an (_wake_) w[e,][.c]þ weahte weaht + þ[e,]n[.c]an (_think_) þ[e,]n[.c]þ þ[=o]hte þ[=o]ht + +i:-- + + bringan (_bring_) bringþ br[=o]hte br[=o]ht + +y:-- + + by[.c][.g]an (_buy_) by[.g]þ bohte boht + þyn[.c]an (_appear_) þyn[.c]þ þ[=u]hte þ-uht + wyr[.c]an (_work_) wyr[.c]þ worhte worht + +[=e]:-- + + r[=e][.c]an (_care_) r[=e][.c]þ r[=o]hte r[=o]ht + s[=e][.c]an (_seek_) s[=e][.c]þ s[=o]hte s[=o]ht + +II. 'Wean'-_conjugation_. + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. w[e,]n-i[.g]e (_wean_), w[e,]n-i[.g]e. + 2. w[e,]n-est, w[e,]n-i[.g]e. + 3. w[e,]n-eþ, w[e,]n-i[.g]e. + _plur._ w[e,]n-iaþ, w[e,]n-ien. + + _Pret. sing._ 1. w[e,]n-ede, w[e,]n-ede. + 2. w[e,]n-edest, w[e,]n-ede. + 3. w[e,]n-ede, w[e,]n-ede. + _plur._ w[e,]n-edon, w[e,]n-eden. + + _Imper._ w[e,]n-e, w[e,]n-iaþ. _Infin._ w[e,]n-ian. + _Partic. pres._ w[e,]n-iende; _pret._ w[e,]n-ed. + _Gerund._ t[=o] w[e,]n-ienne. + +{33} + +So are conjugated all weak verbs with a short mutated root syllable, such +as _f[e,]rian_ (carry), _w[e,]rian_ (defend), _[.g]e·byrian_ (befit). There +are not many of them. + +III. 'Love'-_conjugation_. + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. luf-i[.g]e (_love_), luf-i[.g]e. + 2. luf-ast, luf-i[.g]e. + 3. luf-aþ, luf-i[.g]e. + _plur._ luf-iaþ, luf-ien. + + _Pret. sing._ 1. luf-ode, luf-ode. + 2. luf-odest, luf-ode. + 3. luf-ode, luf-ode. + _plur._ luf-odon, luf-oden. + + _Imper._ luf-a, luf-iaþ. _Infin._ luf-ian. + _Partic. pres._ luf-iende: _pret._ luf-od. _Gerund._ t[=o] luf-ienne. + +So also _[=a]scian_ (ask), _macian_ (make), _weorþian_ (honour), and many +others. + +_Irregularities._ + +Some verbs are conjugated partly after I, partly after III. Such are +_habban_ (have) and _libban_ (live). + +_Habban_ has pres. indic. _hæbbe_, _hæfst_, _hæfþ_; _habbaþ_, subj. +_hæbbe_, _hæbben_, pret. _hæfde_, imper. _hafa_, _habbaþ_, particc. +_habbende_, _hæfd_. + +_Libban_ has pres. _libbe_, _leofast_, _leofaþ_; _libbaþ_, subj. _libbe_, +pret. _leofode_, imper. _leofa_, _libbaþ_, particc. _libbende_, _lifiende_; +_leofod_. + +_F[e,]tian_ (fetch) has pret. _f[e,]tte_. + +STRONG-WEAK VERBS. + +The strong-weak verbs have for their presents old strong preterites, from +which new weak preterites are formed. Note the occasional second person +sing. in _t_. {34} + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. w[=a]t (_know_), wite. + 2. w[=a]st, wite. + 3. w[=a]t, wite. + _plur._ witon, witen. + + _Pret._ wiste. + + _Imper._ wite, witaþ. _Infin._ witan. + _Partic. pres._ witende; _pret._ witen. + +The other most important weak-strong verbs are given below in the 1st and +2nd sing. pres. indic., in the plur. indic., in the pret., in the infin. +and partic. pret. Of several the last two forms are doubtful, or do not +exist. + +[=A]h (_possess_), [=a]ge, [=a]gon; [=a]hte; [=a]gen (_only as +adjective_)[4]. + +Cann (_know_) canst, cunnon; c[=u]þe; cunnan; c[=u]þ (_only as adjective_.) + +Dearr (_dare_), durre, durron; dorste. + +[.G]e·man (_remember_), -manst; -munde; -munan. + +Mæ[.g] (_can_), miht, magon, mæ[.g]e (_subj._); mihte. + +M[=o]t (_may_), m[=o]st, m[=o]ton; m[=o]ste. + +S[.c]eal (_shall_), s[.c]ealt, sculon, scyle (_subj._); scolde. + +Þearf (_need_), þurfon, þyrfe (_subj._); þorfte; þurfan. + +ANOMALOUS VERBS. + +(1) Willan (_will_) shows a mixture of subj. forms in the pres. indic. +sing.:-- + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. wile, wile. + 2. wilt, wile. + 3. wile, wile. + _plur._ willaþ, willen. + + _Pret._ wolde, etc. + +{35} + +Similarly _nyllan_ (will not):-- + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. nyle, nyle. + 2. nylt, nyle. + 3. nyle, nyle. + _plur._ nyllaþ, nyllen. + + _Pret._ nolde, etc. + +(2) Wesan (_be_). + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. eom; b[=e]o, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. + 2. eart; bist, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. + 3. is; biþ, s[=i]e; b[=e]o. + _plur._ sind; b[=e]oþ, s[=i]en; b[=e]on. + + _Pret. sing._ 1. wæs, w[=æ]re. + 2. w[=æ]re, w[=æ]re. + 3. wæs, w[=æ]re. + _plur._ w[=æ]ron, w[=æ]ren. + + _Imper._ wes, wesaþ; b[=e]o, b[=e]oþ. _Infin._ wesan; b[=e]on. + _Partic. pres._ wesende. + +The contracted negative forms are:--_neom_, _neart_, _nis_; _næs_, +_n[=æ]re_, _n[=æ]ron_; _n[=æ]re_, _n[=æ]ren_. + +(3) D[=o]n (_do_). + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. d[=o], d[=o]. + 2. d[=e]st, d[=o]. + 3. d[=e]þ, d[=o]. + _plur._ d[=o]þ, d[=o]n. + + _Pret._ dyde, etc. + + _Imper._ d[=o], d[=o]þ. _Infin._ d[=o]n. + _Partic. pres._ d[=o]nde; _pret._ [.g]e·d[=o]n. + +{36} + +(4) G[=a]n (_go_). + + INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. + _Pres. sing._ 1. g[=a], g[=a]. + 2. g[=æ]st, g[=a]. + 3. g[=æ]þ, g[=a]. + _plur._ g[=a]þ, g[=a]n. + + _Pret._ [=e]ode, [=e]ode. + + _Imper._ g[=a], g[=a]þ. _Infin._ g[=a]n. + _Partic. pres._ gangende; _pret._ [.g]e·g[=a]n. + + * * * * * + +DERIVATION. + +PREFIXES. + +The following are the most important prefixes, some of which are _verbal_, +being confined to verbs and words formed directly from them; some +_nominal_, being confined to nouns and adjectives. + +[=a]- (1) originally 'forth,' 'away,' as in _[=a]·r[=i]san_, 'rise forth,' +'arise'; _[=a]·faran_, 'go away,''depart'; but generally only intensive, as +in _[=a]·cw[e,]llan_ (kill), _[=a]·hr[=e]osan_ (fall). + +(2) = 'ever' in pronouns and particles, where it gives an indefinite sense, +as in _[=a]-hw[=æ]r_ (anywhere), _[=a]-wiht_ (anything). + +[=æ][.g]- from _[=a]-[.g]e_-, the _[=a]_ being mutated and the _e_ dropped, +has a similar meaning, as in _[=æ][.g]-hwelc_ (each), _[=æ][.g]þer_ = +_[=æ][.g]-hwæþer_ (either). + +be-, originally 'by,' 'around' (cp. the preposition _be_), (1) specializes +the meaning of a transitive verb, as in _be·s[e,]ttan_ (beset, surround), +_be·s[.c]ieran_ (shear); (2) makes an intransitive verb transitive, as in +_be·þ[e,]n[.c]an_ (consider) from _þ[e,]n[.c]an_ (think); (3) gives a +privative meaning, as in _be·h[=e]afdian_ (behead). In some words, such as +_be·cuman_ (come), it is practically unmeaning. {37} + +for- (which is distinct from the preposition _for_) generally has the sense +of 'loss' or 'destruction,' as in _for·d[=o]n_ (destroy), _for·weorþan_ +(perish). Of course, if the verb with which it is compounded already has +this meaning, it acts merely as an intensitive, as in _for·br[=e]otan_ +(break up, break), _for·scrincan_ (shrink up). It also modifies in a bad +sense generally, as in _for·s[=e]on_ (despise), or negatives, as in +_for·b[=e]odan_ (forbid). + +[.g]e- originally meant 'together,' as in _[.g]e·f[=e]ra_ +(fellow-traveller, companion) from _f[=e]ran_ (travel). With verbs it often +signifies 'completion,' 'attainment,' and hence 'success,' as in +_[.g]e·g[=a]n_ (conquer), originally 'go over,' or 'reach,' _[.g]e·winnan_ +(win) from _winnan_ (fight). Hence generally prefixed to _h[=i]eran_ and +_s[=e]on_, _[.g]e·h[=i]eran_ and _[.g]e·s[=e]on_ strictly meaning 'succeed +in hearing, seeing.' It is generally prefixed to past participles (p. 23), +where it originally gave the meaning of completion--_[.g]e·lufod_ = +'completely loved.' + +mis- = 'mis,' as in _mis-d[=æ]d_ (misdeed). + +n- = _ne_ (not), as in _n[=a]_ (not), literally 'never,' _n[=æ]fre_ +(never), _næs_ (was not) = _ne wæs_. + +on- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition _on_. It +properly signifies 'separation,' as in _on·l[=u]can_ (open) from _l[=u]can_ +(lock, close), but is often practically unmeaning, as in _on·[.g]innan_ +(begin). + +or-, literally 'out of,' is privative, as in _orsorg_ (unconcerned) from +_sorg_ (sorrow). + +t[=o]- as a verbal prefix has nothing to do with the preposition _t[=o]_ +(which occurs in _t[=o]·gædre_, 'together,' &c.), but signifies +'separation,' as in _t[=o]·berstan_ (burst asunder), _t[=o]·bre[.g]dan_ +(shake off), and hence 'destruction,' as in _t[=o]·cw[=i]esan_ (crush to +pieces, bruise). + +un- negatives, as in _un-[.g]es[=æ]li[.g]_ (unhappy). {38} + +ENDINGS. + +(_a_) NOUNS. + +_Personal._ + +-end, from the present participle _-ende_, = '-er':--_H[=æ]lend_ (healer, +Saviour), _b[=u]end_ (dweller). + +-ere = '-er':--_s[=a]were_ (sower), _mynetere_ (money-changer, minter) from +_mynet_ (coin). + +-ing, patronymic, _æþeling_ (son of a noble, prince) from _æþele_ (noble). + +_Abstract._ + +-nes, fem. from adjectives:--_g[=o]d-nes_ (goodness), _rihtw[=i]snes_ +(righteousness). + +-uþ, -þo, fem., generally from adjectives:--_[.g][=e]oguþ_ (youth), +_str[e,]n[.g]þo_ (strength) from _strang_. + +-ung, fem. from verbs:--_scotung_ (shooting, shot), _h[e,]rgung_ +(ravaging), from _scotian_, _h[e,]rgian_. + +The following are also independent words:-- + +-d[=o]m, masc.:--_w[=i]s-d[=o]m_ (wisdom), _þ[=e]ow-d[=o]m_ (servitude). + +-h[=a]d, masc.:--_[.c]ild-h[=a]d_ (childhood). + +-r[=æ]den, fem.:--_[.g]e·cwid-r[=æ]den_ (agreement) from _cwide_ (speech); +_mann-r[=æ]den_ (allegiance). + +-s[.c]ipe, masc.:--_fr[=e]ond-s[.c]ipe_ (friendship). Concrete in +_wæter-s[.c]ipe_ (piece of water, water). + +(_b_) ADJECTIVES. + +-en, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'belonging to':--_gylden_ (golden), +_st[=æ]nen_ (of stone), _h[=æ]þen_ (heathen) from _h[=æ]þ_ (heath). In +_seolcen_ (silken) there is no mutation. + +-feald = '-fold':--_hund-feald_ (hundred-fold). + +-i[.g]:--_miht-i[.g]_ (mighty); _h[=a]l-i[.g]_ (holy) from _h[=a]l_ +(whole). {39} + +-isc, with mutation:--_[E,]n[.g]lisc_ (English) from _Angel_; _m[e,]nn-isc_ +(human) from _mann_. + +-ol:--_swic-ol_ (deceitful). + +-iht, with mutation, denotes 'material,' 'nature':--_st[=æ]n-iht_ (stony). + +-sum = 'some':--_h[=i]er-sum_ (obedient). + +The following exist (sometimes in a different form) as independent words:-- + +-fæst:--_s[=o]þ-fæst_ (truthful). + +-full:--_sorg-full_ (sorrowful), _[.g]e·l[=e]af-full_ (believing, pious). + +-l[=e]as = '-less':--_[=a]r-l[=e]as_ (dishonoured, wicked). + +-lic (cp. _[.g]e·l[=i]c_) = '-ly':--_folc-lic_ (popular), _heofon-lic_ +(heavenly). + +-weard = '-ward':--_s[=u]þan-weard_ (southward). + +VERBS. + +-l[=æ][.c]an:--_[=a]n-l[=æ][.c]an_ (unite), _[.g]e·þw[=æ]r-l[=æ][.c]an_ +(agree). + +ADVERBS. + +-e, the regular adverb-termination:--_lange_ (long), _[.g]e·l[=i]ce_ +(similarly) from _lang_, _[.g]e·l[=i]c_. Sometimes _-l[=i]ce_ (from _-lic_) +is used to form adverbs, as _bl[=i]þe-l[=i]ce_ (gladly) from _bl[=i]þe_. + +DERIVATIONS FROM PARTICIPLES. + +Many abstract words are formed from present participles (often in a passive +sense) and past participles (often in an active sense):-- + +-nes:--_for·[.g]iefen-nes_ (forgiveness), _[.g]e·r[e,][.c]ed-nes_ +(narrative), _welwillend-nes_ (benevolence). + +-lic:--_un[=a]r[=i]med-lic_ (innumerable). + +-l[=i]ce:--_welwillend-l[=i]ce_ (benevolently). + + * * * * * {40} + +SYNTAX. + +GENDER. + +When masculine and feminine beings are referred to by the same adjective or +pronoun, the adjective or pronoun is put in the neuter:--_h[=i]e +[.g]e·samnodon h[=i]e_, _ealle þ[=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and [=e]ac swelce +w[=i]f-menn_ ... _and þ[=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]þost w[=æ]ron_ ... (they gathered +themselves, all the chief men, and also women ... and when they were most +merry ...). Here _bl[=i]þost_ is in the neuter plur. + +CASES. + +Accusative. Some verbs of asking (a question) and requesting, together with +_l[=æ]ran_ (teach), take two accusatives, one of the person, and another of +the thing:--_h[=i]e hine ne dorston [=æ]ni[.g] þing [=a]scian_ (they durst +not ask him anything); _w[=e] magon [=e]ow r[=æ]d [.g]e·l[=æ]ran_ (we can +teach you a plan). + +The accusative is used adverbially to express duration of time: _hw[=y] +stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne dæ[.g] [=i]dle?_ (why stand ye here all the +day idle?) + +Dative. The dative in Old E. is of two kinds, (1) the dative proper, and +(2) the instrumental dative, interchanging with the regular instrumental. +It is not always easy to separate the two. + +(1) The dative proper usually designates personal relations, and is +frequently used with verbs, together with an accusative (generally of the +thing). The dative is also used with adjectives. It is used not only with +verbs of _giving_, &c., as in _h[=e] sealde [=æ]lcum [=a]nne p[e,]ning_ (he +gave each a penny); _addressing_, as in _ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e_ (I say +to you), _h[=e] þancode his Dryhtne_ (he thanked his Lord); but also with +many verbs of _benefiting_, _influencing_, &c., as in _ne d[=o] ic þ[=e] +n[=a]nne t[=e]onan_ (I do thee no injury), _h[=i]e noldon him l[=i]efan_ +(they would not allow {41} them to do so); _þ[=æ]m r[=e]þum st[=i]erde_ +(restrained the cruel ones). Also in looser constructions, to denote the +person indirectly affected, benefited, &c., as in _by[.c][.g]aþ [=e]ow ele_ +(buy for yourselves oil). Note especially the following idiom: _h[=i]e +[.g]e·s[=o]hton Bretene Brettum t[=o] fultume_ (they came to Britain as a +help to the Britains--to help them); _h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st him t[=o] +fultume_ (he called Christ to his help). + +The dative is also used with adjectives of _nearness_, _likeness_, +&c.:--_[=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop þe him [.g]e·h[e,]ndost +wæs_ (King Edmund summoned a bishop who was nearest at hand to him); +_heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m mangere þe s[=o]hte þæt g[=o]de +m[e,]regrot_ (the kingdom of the heavens is like the merchant who sought +the good pearl). + +(2) The instrumental dative is used to denote the _instrument_ and _manner_ +of an action: _h[=e] [.g]e·[e,]ndode yflum d[=e]aþe_ (he ended with an evil +death). Hence its use to form adverbs, as in _s[.c][=e]afm[=æ]lum_ +(sheafwise). It also signifies time when:--_þrim [.g][=e]arum [=æ]r þ[=æ]m +þe h[=e] forþ·f[=e]rde_ (three years before he died), which is also +expressed by the instrumental itself:--_s[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian [=æ]lce +[.g][=e]are þone sanct_ (she used to cut the saint's hair every year); +_þ[=y] f[=e]orþan [.g][=e]are his r[=i][.c]es_ (in the fourth year of his +reign). A past participle with a noun in the instrumental dative is used +like the ablative absolute in Latin: _Hubba be·l[=a]f on Norþhymbra-lande, +[.g]e·wunnenum si[.g]e mid wælhr[=e]ownesse_ (H. remained in Northumbria, +victory having been won with cruelty). + +Genitive. The genitive is often used in a partitive sense:--_his f[=e]onda +sum_ (one of his enemies); _hiera f[=i]f w[=æ]ron dysi[.g]e_ (five of them +were foolish). Hence it is generally used with _fela_, as in _fela wundra_ +(many miracles); also with numerals when used as substantives (p. 18). + +The genitive is often used like an accusative to denote the object of +various emotions and mental states, such as {42} _joy_, _desire_, +_remembering_:--_h[=i]e þæs fæ[.g]nodon sw[=i]þe_ (they rejoiced at it +greatly); _m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=æ]re þæt ic on [.g]e·feohte f[=e]olle wiþ +þ[=æ]m þe m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can_ (it would be +pleasanter to me to fall in fight that my people might enjoy (possess) +their country); _ic þæs [.g]e·wilni[.g]e_ (I desire that); _[.g]if h[=e] +his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte_ (if he cared about his life); _h[=e] wæs þæs +H[=æ]lendes [.g]e·myndi[.g]_ (he was mindful of--he remembered the +Saviour). + +Some of these verbs, such as _biddan_ (ask), take an accusative of the +person and a genitive of the thing:--_h[=e] hine hl[=a]fes bitt_ (he asks +him for bread). + +Verbs of _depriving_, _restraining_, &c., have the same construction:--_nis +Angel-cynn be·d[=æ]led Dryhtnes h[=a]lgena_ (England is not deprived of the +Lord's saints). + +Some verbs of _giving_, &c., take a genitive of the thing and a dative of +the person:--_him wæs of·togen [=æ]lces f[=o]dan_ (they were deprived of +all food). + +The genitive is often used to _define_ an adjective or noun:--_þ[=u] eart +wierþe sl[e,][.g]es_ (thou art worthy of death); _on þ[=æ]m [.g][=e]are þe +Ælfred æþeling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] [.g][=e]ara wæs_ (in the year when +Prince Alfred was twenty-one). + +CONCORD. + +Adjectives agree with their nouns not only when used attributively (g[=o]de +m[e,]nn), but also when the adjective follows the noun, either +predicatively or in apposition:--_þ[=a] m[e,]nn sind g[=o]de_; _h[=e] +[.g]e·seah [=o]þre [=i]dle standan_ (he saw others standing idle); _h[=i]e +c[=o]mon mid langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum_ (they came with long ships, +not many). + +APPOSITION. + +In such expressions as 'the island of Britain,' the second noun is not put +in the genitive, but the two are simply put in {43} apposition, both being +declined separately:--_Breten [=i]e[.g]land, on Bretene (þ[=æ]m) +[=i]e[.g]lande_. In 'king Alfred,' &c., the proper name is put first in the +same way:--_Ælfred æþeling_ (prince Alfred); _on Æþelredes cyninges +dæ[.g]e_ (in the days of king Æþelred). + +There is a similar apposition with the adjective _sum_ followed by a noun +or pronoun, as in _sume þ[=a] m[e,]nn_ (some of the men); _þ[=a] þ[=a] +h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wiþ we[.g]_ (while he sowed, some of +them [the seeds] fell by the road). Sometimes the pronoun precedes, as in +_þ[=a] b[=æ]don h[=i]e sume þæt Samson m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen_ (then +some of them asked that Samson might make some sport for them). + +Another kind of apposition occurs in instances like the following, where we +have an adjective agreeing with a following noun, and denoting a part of +it:--_h[=i]e [.g]e·s[=æ]ton s[=u]þanwearde Bretene [=æ]rest_ (they occupied +the south of Britain first); _s[=u]þanweard hit_ (= þæt land) _hæfdon +Peohtas_ (the Picts had the south part of it). + +ADJECTIVES. + +The weak forms are used: + +(1) after the definite article:--_se æþela cyning_ (the noble king); _þæs +æþelan cyninges_, _þæt g[=o]de m[e,]regrot_, _þ[=a] g[=o]dan m[e,]regrotu_. + +(2) after _þis_:--_þ[=a]s earman landl[=e]ode_ (these poor people, _pl._); +_þes h[=a]lga cyning_ (this holy king), _þisses h[=a]lgan cyninges_. + +(3) occasionally after other demonstrative and indefinite adjectives, and +often after possessive pronouns:--_þ[=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas_ (thy +hidden treasures). + +(4) in the vocative:--_þ[=u] yfla þ[=e]ow and sl[=a]wa!_ (thou bad and +slothful servant); _[=e]al[=a] þ[=u] l[=e]ofa cyning!_ (oh, thou dear +king). + +Note that _[=o]þer_ always keeps the strong form: _þ[=a] [=o]þru d[=e]or_ +(the other wild beasts). So also do the possessive pronouns: {44} _þ[=a]s +m[=i]n word_ (these my words). _[=A]n_ in the sense of 'one' keeps the +strong form to distinguish it from the weak _[=a]na_ = 'alone': _þæt [=a]n +d[=e]orwierþe m[e,]regrot_ (the one precious pearl). + +ARTICLES. + +The definite article is omitted as in Modern English before names such as +_God_, and also before _Dryhten_ (the Lord), _D[=e]ofol_ (the Devil), +although _se D[=e]ofol_ also occurs, and names of nations:--_Bretta cyning_ +(king of the Britons). + +It is omitted in many prepositional combinations, not only in those where +it is omitted in Modern English also, as in _si[.g]efæst on s[=æ] and on +lande_ (victorious on sea and on land), but also in many others: +_[.g]ew[e,]nde t[=o] wuda on·[.g][=e]an_ (went back to the wood); _se +floth[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe_ (the army of pirates went back to +their ships); _h[=e] f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e_ (he took the +government--came to the throne). + +The definite article is, on the other hand, sometimes used where it would +not be in Modern E., as in _se mann_ = 'man' (men in general). + +The indefinite article is often not expressed at all:--_þæt dyde unhold +mann_ (an enemy did that); _h[=e] be·stealcode on land sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf_ +(he stole to land like a wolf). Or it is expressed by _sum_: _on þ[=æ]m +lande wæs sum mann, L[=e]ofr[=i][.c] [.g]e·h[=a]ten_ (in that country was a +man called L.). Or by _[=a]n_, as in Modern English_:--[=a]n wulf wearþ +[=a]·s[e,]nd t[=o] be·w[e,]rienne þæt h[=e]afod wiþ þ[=a] [=o]þru d[=e]or_ +(a wolf was sent to protect the head against the other wild beasts). + +PRONOUNS. + +_Hwæt_ is used interrogatively of persons where we should use +'who':--_h[=e] nyste hwæt h[=i]e w[=æ]ron_ (he did not know who they were). +{45} + +VERBS. + +NUMBER. + +After _[=æ]lc þ[=a]ra þe_ (each of-those-who) the verb is put in the sing., +agreeing not with _þ[=a]ra þe_ but with _[=æ]lc_:--_[=æ]lc þ[=a]ra þe +þ[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e·h[=i]erþ_ (each of those who hear these my words). + +When _þæt_ or _þis_ is connected with a plural predicate by means of the +verb 'to be,' the verb is put in the plural:--_þæt w[=æ]ron þ[=a] +[=æ]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna þe Angel-cynnes land [.g]e·s[=o]hton_ +(those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the +English race). + +Impersonal verbs take an accusative of the person, sometimes also with a +genitive of the thing. + +Others, such as _þyn[.c]an_ (appear), take a dative of the person:--_wæs +him [.g]e·þ[=u]ht þæt h[=i]e be·h[=y]dden þæt h[=e]afod_ (they thought they +(the Danes) had hidden the head). + +TENSES. + +There being no future inflection in Old E., the present is used +instead:--_ne [=a]·b[=y]hþ n[=æ]fre E[=a]dmund Hinguare_ (Edmund will never +submit to H.); _g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle +[=e]ow þæt riht biþ_ (go ye into my vineyard, and I will give you what is +right). As we see in this example, there is a tendency to use _b[=e]on_ in +a future sense. Another example is _[.g]if ic b[=e]o [.g]e·bunden mid +seofon r[=a]pum, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]e·wield_ (if I am bound with seven +ropes, I shall at once be overcome). The future is sometimes expressed by +_will_ and _shall_, as in Modern English, though generally with a sense of +volition with the one, and of necessity with the other, the idea of simple +futurity coming out most clearly in the preterites _wolde_ and _scolde_:-- + +_H[=e] [.g]e·l[=æ]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on þe hine [=a]·b[=i]tan wolde_ (he +seized a lion {46} that was going to devour him); _h[=i]e w[=e]ndon þæt +h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re on·f[=o]n_ (they expected to receive more). + +The preterite has the meaning of the modern + +(1) Preterite and imperfect:--_se s[=a]were [=u]t [=e]ode his s[=æ]d t[=o] +s[=a]wenne, and þ[=a] þ[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow ..._ (the sower _went_ out to sow +his seed, and while he _was sowing_ ...). + +(2) Perfect:--_h[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, þone ic [.g]e[.c][=e]as_ (here is my +servant, whom I have chosen);--_[=u]re cyning c[=o]m n[=u] h[=e]r t[=o] +lande_ (our king has just landed here). + +(3) Pluperfect:--_þ[=a] þ[=a] [.g]e·c[=o]mon þe ymb þ[=a] [e,]ndlyftan +t[=i]d c[=o]mon_ (when those came who had come at the eleventh hour). + +Periphrastic tenses are sometimes formed, as in Modern E., by _hæbbe_ and +_hæfde_ with the past participles, and often have the meanings of the +modern perfect and pluperfect respectively, as in _n[=u] ic hæbbe +[.g]estr[=i]ened [=o]þru tw[=a] pund_ (now I have gained two other pounds), +but even the pluperfect often has the sense of a simple preterite. The +participle is undeclinable in the later language, but originally it was +declined, being really an adjective in apposition to the noun or pronoun +governed by _habban_: _h[=i]e hæfdon hiera cyning [=a]·worpenne_ (they had +deposed their king). + +The pluperfect sense is often indicated by the addition of the adverb +_[=æ]r_ (before):--_his sw[=e]ora, þe [=æ]r wæs for·slæ[.g]en_ (his neck, +which had been cut through). + +The periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are formed with +_wesan_:--_siþþan h[=i]e [=a]·farene w[=æ]ron_ (after they had gone away). +Here the participle always agrees with the noun or pronoun with which it is +connected. + +The periphrases with the present participle have no distinctive meanings of +duration, &c.:--_[=a]n mann wæs eardiende on Israh[=e]la þ[=e]ode, Manu[=e] +[.g]e·h[=a]ten_ (a man dwelt in Israel called Manue). {47} + +PASSIVE. + +The passive is formed with _wesan_ or _weorþan_ with the past participle. +These forms are very vague in meaning, and the distinction between the two +auxiliaries is not clearly marked, but _wesan_ appears to indicate a state, +_weorþan_ an action. + +_wearþ [.g]e·lufod_ is generally preterite or perfect in meaning: _[=a]n +wulf wearþ [=a]·s[e,]nd_ (a wolf was sent); _m[=i]ne l[=e]ofe þe[.g]nas, þe +on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon of·slæ[.g]ene_ (my beloved thanes, who have been +killed in their beds). + +_wæs [.g]e·lufod_, indicating a state, is naturally pluperfect in +meaning:--_se [=æ]rendraca sæ[.g]de his hl[=a]forde h[=u] him [.g]e·andwyrd +wæs_ (the messenger told his lord how he had been answered). + +SUBJUNCTIVE. + +The subjunctive states something not as a fact, as in the indicative, but +merely as an object of thought. Hence it is used to express wish, +conditions, doubt, &c. + +A. In principal sentences. + +_Wish_ and _command_ (often nearly equivalent to the imperative):--_þæs him +s[=i]e wuldor and lof [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde_ (therefore let there be to him +praise and glory ever without end); _ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=æ]fre oþþe +w[=i]n_ (nor shall he ever drink ale or wine). + +B. In dependent sentences. + +The chief cases are the following:-- + +(1) In _indirect narrative_ and _question_: _s[=e]o cw[=e]n sæ[.g]de þæt +hiere n[=æ]re be healfum d[=æ]le [.g]e·sæ[.g]d be Salomones m[=æ]rþo_ (the +queen said that she had not been told about Solomon's glory by half); _ic +[=a]sci[.g]e hw[=æ]r s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e_ (I ask where the offering is); +_m[e,]nn woldon s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] l[=æ][.g]e_ (men {48} wished to +see how he lay). When the statement in the indirect narration is perfectly +certain in itself, and not merely accepted on the authority of the speaker, +it is put in the indicative:--_h[=e] hiere sæ[.g]de on hw[=æ]m his miht +wæs_ (he told her what his strength consisted in). + +(2) After verbs of _desiring_ and _commanding_:-- + +_þæs ic [.g]e·wilni[.g]e and [.g]e·wys[.c]e mid m[=o]de þæt ic [=a]na ne +be·l[=i]fe æfter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum þe[.g]num_ (that I desire and wish with +heart that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes). + +(3) To express _purpose_:--_þ[=y] l[=æ]s [.g][=e] þone hw[=æ]te +[=a]·wyrtwalien_ (lest ye root up the wheat);--_Dryhten [=a]s·t[=a]g niþer, +t[=o] b[=æ]m þæt h[=e] [.g]e·s[=a]we þ[=a] burg_ (the Lord descended, in +order that he might see the city). + +(4) To express _result_:--_þ[=u] næfst þ[=a] mihte þæt þ[=u] mæ[.g]e him +wiþ·standan_ (thou hast not the power that thou canst withstand him). + +(5) To express _hypothetical comparison_ (as if):--_se wulf folgode forþ +mid þ[=æ]m h[=e]afde, swelce h[=e] tam w[=æ]re_ (the wolf followed on with +the head, as if he were tame); _h[=e] [.g]e·l[=æ]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on, and +t[=o]·bræ[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, swelce h[=e] t[=o]·t[=æ]re +ti[.c][.c]en_ (he seized a lion and tore her to pieces, as if he were +rending a kid). + +(6) In _conditional_ clauses, generally with _[.g]if_ or _b[=u]tan_, and in +_concessive_ clauses with _þ[=e]ah_, _þ[=e]ah þe_:--_God w[=a]t þæt ic nyle +[=a]·b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]g[e,]ngum [=æ]fre, swelte ic, libbe ic_ (God +knows that I will not swerve from his worship ever, whether I die or live); +_þ[=a]s flotm[e,]nn cumaþ, and þ[=e] cwicne [.g]e·bindaþ, b[=u]tan þ[=u] +mid fl[=e]ame þ[=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]e·beorge_ (these pirates will come and +bind thee alive, unless thou savest thy life with flight); _God hielt +[=E]admund h[=a]lne his l[=i]chaman oþ þone mi[.c]lan dæ[.g], þ[=e]ah þe +h[=e] on moldan c[=o]me_ (God will keep Edmund {49} with his body whole +until the great day, although he has come to earth--been buried). Sometimes +the idea of 'if' must be got from the context:--_clipiaþ t[=o] þissum +[.g]ieftum sw[=a] hwelce sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]e·m[=e]ten_ (summon to this +wedding whomsoever ye meet, = _if_ ye meet any one); _h[=i]e be·h[=e]ton +hiere s[.c]eattas wiþ þ[=æ]m þe h[=e]o be·swice Samson_ (they promised her +money in consideration of her betraying Samson, = if she would...). + +When the statement is assumed as unreal, instead of merely hypothetical, as +in the above instances, both clauses are put in the subjunctive, the +preterite being substituted for the present, as in Modern English also, +where _if I were_ ... implies _I am not_.... The modern distinction between +_if I were_ and _if I had been_, the former corresponding to the present +indicative _I am not_, the latter to the preterite _I was not_, is not made +in Old English, which uses _gif ic w[=æ]re_ in both instances. Sometimes +the 'if'-clause has to be supplied in thought:--_m[=e] l[=e]ofre w[=æ]re +þæt ic on [.g]e·feohte f[=e]olle wiþ þ[=æ]m þe m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera +eardes br[=u]can_ (I would rather fall in fight that my people might +possess their country), where we must supply some such clause as _[.g]if +hit sw[=a] b[=e]on mihte_ (if it might be so--if it were possible to save +my people by my death). + +(7) In clauses dependant on a _negative sentence_:--_nis n[=a]n þing þe his +mihte wiþ·stande_ (there is nothing that resists his might). Sometimes the +negation must be gathered from the context, as in _se h[=a]lga is m[=æ]rra +þonne m[e,]nn mæ[.g]en [=a]·sm[=e]an_ (the saint is more illustrious than +men can conceive = the saint is so illustrious that no men can conceive +it). + +(8) In other cases, to express uncertainty, futurity, &c.: _þ[=i]n +r[=i][.c]e [.g]e·w[=i]tt fram þ[=e], oþ þæt þ[=u] wite þæt God [.g]e·wielt +manna r[=i][.c]a_ (thy kingdom shall depart from thee, till thou knowest +that God rules the kingdoms of men); _uton_ {50} _weorþian [=u]rne naman, +[=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o]·d[=æ]lde [.g]eond ealle eorþan!_ (let +us make our name famous, before we are dispersed over the earth). + +The preterite subjunctive is often expressed by _should_ and _would_ with +an infinitive, as in Modern English. + +_Scolde_ is used after verbs of _desiring_, _requesting_ and +_commanding_:--_biddende þone Ælmihtigan þæt h[=e] him [=a]rian scolde_ +(praying the Almighty to have mercy on him). In the following example the +verb of commanding is understood from the noun _[=æ]rende_:--_h[=e] +s[e,]nde t[=o] þæm cyninge b[=e]otlic [=æ]rende, þæt h[=e] [=a]·b[=u]gan +scolde t[=o] his mannr[=æ]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his f[=e]ores r[=o]hte_ (he +sent to the king an arrogant message, that he was to turn to his +allegiance, if he cared about his life). + +_Wolde_ is used after verbs of _purpose_:--_se cyning [=e]ode inn þæt he +wolde [.g]e·s[=e]on þ[=a] þe þ[=æ]r s[=æ]ton_ (the king went in to see +those who were sitting there). + +INFINITIVE. + +After verbs of commanding the infinitive often seems to have a passive +sense:--_h[=i]e h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran fultum_ (they ordered that +more forces should be sent to them). So also after verbs of hearing, +&c.:--_þæt m[=æ]ste wæl þe w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon_ (the greatest +slaughter we have heard told of). In such cases an indefinite pronoun has +been omitted: 'ordered them to send ...' etc. + +GERUND. + +The gerund is used-- + +(1) to express purpose:--_[=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=æ]d t[=o] +s[=a]wenne_ (the sower went forth to sow his seed). + +(2) it defines or determines an adjective (adverb or noun): _hit is +scandlic ymb swelc t[=o] sprecenne_ (it is shameful to speak of such +things). {51} + +PREPOSITIONS. + +Some prepositions govern the accusative, such as _þurh_ (through), _ymbe_ +(about); some the dative (and instrumental), such as _æfter_ (after), +_[=æ]r_ (before), _æt_ (at), _be_ (by), _binnan_ (within), _b[=u]tan_ +(without), _for_ (for), _fram_ (from), _of_ (of), _t[=o]_ (to). + +Some govern both accusative and dative, such as _ofer_ (over), _on_ (on, +in), _under_ (under). The general rule is that when motion is implied they +take the accusative, when rest is implied, the dative. Thus _on_ with the +accusative signifies 'into,' with the dative 'in.' But this rule is not +strictly followed, and we often find the accusative used with verbs of +rest, as in _h[=e] his h[=u]s [.g]e·timbrode ofer st[=a]n_ (he built his +house on a rock), and conversely, the dative with verbs of motion, as in +_h[=i]e f[=e]ollon on st[=æ]nihte_ (they fell on stony ground). + +As regards the use and meaning of the prepositions, it must be noticed that +_in_ is very seldom used, its place being supplied by _on_, the meaning +'on' being in its turn often expressed by _ofer_, as in the passage just +quoted. + +When a thing is referred to, _þ[=æ]r_ is substituted for _hit_, the +preposition being joined on to the _þ[=æ]r_, so that, for instance, +_þ[=æ]r-t[=o]_ corresponds to _t[=o] him_; _h[=i]e l[=æ]ddon þone cyning +t[=o] [=a]num tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine þ[=æ]r-t[=o]_ (they led the +king to a tree, and tied him to it). So also _h[=e]r-be[=e]astan_ is +equivalent to 'east of this (country).' + +Prepositions sometimes follow, instead of preceding the words they modify, +sometimes with other words intervening: _h[=i]e scuton mid gafelocum him +t[=o]_ (they shot at him with missiles); _h[=i]e cw[=æ]don him +be·tw[=e]onan_ (they said among themselves); _þ[=æ]m Ælmihtigan t[=o] lofe, +þe h[=i]e on [.g]e·l[=i]efdon_ (to the praise of the Almighty, in whom they +believed), where _on_ {52} refers to the indeclinable _þe_. So also in _þæt +h[=u]s þe h[=e] inne wunode_ (the house he dwelt in). + +Where the noun modified by such a preposition is not expressed, the +preposition becomes an adverb: _se cyning s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and +for·dyde þ[=a] mannslagan_ (the king sent his army to the place, and +destroyed the murderers). + +NEGATION. + +The negative particle is _ne_, which drops its _e_ before some common verbs +and pronouns, as in _nis_ = _ne is_, _n[=a]n_ = _ne [=a]n_. The negative +particle is prefixed to every finite verb in a sentence, and to all the +words besides which admit the contracted forms:--_t[=o]·cw[=i]esed hr[=e]od +h[=e] ne for·br[=i]ett_ (he breaks not the bruised reed), _hit n[=a] ne +f[=e]oll_ (it did not fall); _n[=a]n mann nyste n[=a]n þing_ (no man knew +anything). So also with _ne ... ne_ = 'neither ... nor': _ne fl[=i]tt h[=e] +ne h[=e] ne hr[=i]emþ_ (he neither disputes nor cries out). + +CORRELATION. + +Correlation is often more fully expressed in Old than in Modern English, as +in _þ[=a] þ[=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, þ[=a] c[=o]m his f[=e]onda sum_ = +'_when_ the men slept, _then_ came one of his enemies.' In _þ[=a] þ[=a]_ = +'when' the two correlatives are brought immediately together:--_þ[=a] þ[=a] +h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wiþ we[.g]_ = 'then when he sowed, +some of them fell by the road.' In the following example the conjunction +_þæt_ is correlative with the pronoun _þæt_:--_þæs ic [.g]e·wilni[.g]e þæt +ic [=a]na ne be·l[=i]fe æfter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum þe[.g]num_--'that I +desire, that I may not remain alone after my dear thanes.' Sometimes a word +is used to include both the demonstrative and the relative meaning:--_h[=e] +[.g]e·br[=o]hte hine þ[=æ]r h[=e] hine [=æ]r [.g]e·nam_ (he brought him to +the place where he took him from). {53} + +WORD-ORDER. + +The Old English word-order resembles that of German in many respects, +though it is not so strict, thus:-- + +The verb comes before its nominative when the sentence is headed by an +adverb or adverbial group, or when the object or predicate is put at the +head of the sentence:--_þ[=a] cwæþ se cyning_ (then said the king); +_[=æ]rest w[=æ]ron b[=u]end þisses landes Brettas_ (at first the Britons +were the inhabitants of this country); _on his dagum c[=o]mon [=æ]rest +þr[=e]o s[.c]ipu_ (in his days three ships first came); _þæt b[=æ]ron +olfendas_ (camels carried it); _m[=æ]re is se God þe Dani[=e]l on +be·l[=i]efþ_ (great is the God that Daniel believes in). + +The infinite often comes at the end of the sentence; _w[=e] magon [=e]ow +r[=æ]d [.g]e·l[=æ]ran_ (we can teach you a plan). + +The finite verb often comes at the end in dependent sentences, an auxiliary +verb often coming after an infinitive or participle; _þæt w[=æ]ron þ[=a] +[=æ]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna þe Angel-cynnes land [.g]e·s[=o]hton_ +(those were the first ships of Danish men which came to the land of the +English race); _þæt m[=æ]ste wæl þe w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an h[=i]erdon oþ +þisne andweardan dæ[.g]_ (the greatest slaughter that we have heard tell of +up to this present day); _þæt h[=i]e þone Godes mann [=a]·bitan scolden_ +(in order that they should devour the man of God). + +There is a tendency to put the verb at the end in principal sentences also, +or, at least, to bring it near the end: _hiene man of·sl[=o]g_ (they killed +him); _h[=i]e þ[=æ]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon_ (they got the victory there). + + * * * * * + +{54} + +GENERAL TABLE OF ENDINGS. + + NOUNS. + STRONG. WEAK. + _M._ _N._ _F._ _M._ _N._ _F._ + _Sg. N._ -- -- -(u) -a -e -e + _A._ -- -- -(e) -an -e -an + _D._ -e -e -e -an -an -an + _G._ -es -es -e -an -an -an + \______ ______/ + \/ + _Pl. N._ -as -(u) -a -an + _D._ -um -um -um -um + _G._ -a -a -(en)a -ena + + ADJECTIVES. + _Sg. N._ -- -- -(u) -a -e -e + _A._ -ne -- -(e) -an -e -an + _D._ -um -um -re -an -an -an + _G._ -es -es -re -an -an -an + _I._ -e -e (-re) (-an -an -an) + _Pl. N._ -e -(u) -e \______ ______/ + \______ ______/ \/ + \/ -an + _D._ -um -um + _G._ -ra -ra + + + + VERBS. + PRESENT. PRETERITE. + _Indic._ _Subj._ _Indic._ _Subj._ + _Sg._ 1. -e; -i[.g]e -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de + 2. -(e)st; -ast -(i[.g])e -e; -dest -e; -de + 3. -(e)þ; -aþ -(i[.g])e - ; -de -e; -de + _Pl._ -aþ; -iaþ -(i)en -on; -don -en; -den + _Imper. sg._ -(a); _pl._ -(i)aþ. _Infin._ -(i)an. + _Partic. pres._ -(i)ende; _pret._ -en, -ed, -od. _Ger._ (i)enne. + + * * * * * + + +{55} + +TEXTS. + +I. + +SENTENCES. + + [=A]n on-[.g]inn is ealra þinga, þæt is God æl-mihti[.g]. Se + [.g]e·l[=e]afa þe biþ b[=u]tan g[=o]dum weorcum, s[=e] is d[=e]ad; þis + sind + þ[=a]ra apostola word. Ic eom g[=o]d hierde: se g[=o]da hierde + s[e,]lþ his [=a]gen l[=i]f for his s[.c][=e]apum. [=U]re [=A]·l[=i]esend + is se g[=o]da + hierde, and w[=e] cr[=i]stene m[e,]nn sind his s[.c]eap. Se m[=o]na his + 5 + leoht ne s[e,]lþ, and steorran of heofone feallaþ. Sw[=a] sw[=a] + wæter [=a]·dw[=æ]s[.c]þ f[=y]r, sw[=a] [=a]·dw[=æ]s[.c]þ s[=e]o ælmesse + synna. + + Ealle [.g]e·s[.c]eafta, heofonas and [e,]n[.g]las, sunnan and m[=o]nan, + steorran and eorþan, eall n[=i]etenu and ealle fuglas, s[=æ] and + ealle fiscas God [.g]e·sc[=o]p and [.g]e·worhte on siex dagum; and 10 + on þ[=æ]m seofoþan dæ[.g]e h[=e] [.g]e·[e,]ndode his weorc; and h[=e] + be·h[=e]old þ[=a] eall his weorc þe h[=e] [.g]e·worhte, and h[=i]e + w[=æ]ron + eall sw[=i]þe g[=o]d. H[=e] f[=e]rde [.g]eond manigu land, bodiende + Godes [.g]e·l[=e]afan. H[=e] for·l[=e]t eall woruld-þing. Se cyning + be·b[=e]ad þæt man scolde ofer eall Angel-cynn s[.c]ipu wyr[.c]an; 15 + and hiera wæs sw[=a] fela sw[=a] n[=æ]fre [=æ]r ne wæs on n[=a]nes + cyninges dæ[.g]e. Se cyning h[=e]t of·sl[=e]an ealle þ[=a] D[e,]niscan + m[e,]nn þe on Angel-cynne w[=æ]ron. + + Þ[=a] ne mihton h[=i]e him n[=a]n word and-swarian, ne n[=a]n + mann ne dorste hine n[=a]n þing m[=a]re [=a]scian. H[=i]e fuhton 20 + {56} + on þ[=a] burg ealne dæ[.g], and þ[=o]hton þæt h[=i]e h[=i]e scolden + [=a]·brecan. Se eorl [.g]e·w[e,]nde west t[=o] [=I]r-lande, and wæs + þ[=æ]r + ealne þone winter. Æþelred cyning and Ælfred his br[=o]þor + fuhton wiþ ealne þone h[e,]re on Æsces-d[=u]ne. + + Se mann is [=e][.c]e on [=a]num d[=æ]le, þæt is, on þ[=æ]re s[=a]wle; 25 + h[=e]o ne [.g]e·[e,]ndaþ n[=æ]fre. [.G]if se biscop d[=e]þ be his + [=a]gnum + willan, and wile bindan þone un-scyldigan, and þone scyldigan + [=a]·l[=i]esan, þonne for·l[=i]est h[=e] þ[=a] miht þe him God + for·[.g]eaf. Þ[=e]od winþ on·[.g][=e]an þ[=e]ode, and r[=i][.c]e + on·[.g][=e]an r[=i][.c]e. + Ealle m[e,]nn [=e]ow hatiaþ for m[=i]num naman. H[=e] [.g]e·worhte 30 + fela wundra binnan þ[=æ]m fierste þe h[=e] biscop wæs. H[=e] + [.g]e·h[=æ]lde sum w[=i]f mid h[=a]lgum wætre. Se cyning wearþ + of·slæ[.g]en fram his [=a]gnum folce. On þ[=æ]m ilcan [.g][=e]are wæs + se mi[.c]la hungor [.g]eond Angel-cynn. Se mæsse-pr[=e]ost [=a]scaþ + þæt [.c]ild, and cwiþþ: 'Wiþ·sæcst þ[=u] d[=e]ofle?' Þonne andwyrt 35 + se god-fæder, and cwiþþ: 'Ic wiþ·sace d[=e]ofle.' God + ælmihtiga, [.g]e·miltsa m[=e] synn-fullum! Æþelred cyning c[=o]m + h[=a]m t[=o] his [=a]genre þ[=e]ode, and h[=e] glædl[=i]ce fram him + eallum + on·fangen wearþ. + + Cr[=i]st, [=u]re Dryhten, be·b[=e]ad his leornung-cnihtum þæt 40 + h[=i]e scolden t[=æ][.c]an eallum þ[=e]odum þ[=a] þing þ[=a] h[=e] self + him + t[=æ]hte. [.G]if [.g][=e] for·[.g]iefaþ mannum hiera synna, þonne + for·giefþ + [=e]ower se heofonlica Fæder [=e]owre synna. Ne mæ[.g] n[=a]n + mann tw[=æ]m hl[=a]fordum þ[=e]owian: oþþe h[=e] [=a]nne hataþ and + [=o]þerne lufaþ, oþþe h[=e] biþ [=a]num [.g]e·h[=i]ersum and [=o]þrum + un[.g]eh[=i]ersum. 45 + + Se cyning nam þæs eorles sunu mid him t[=o] [E,]n[.g]la-lande. + M[e,]nn be·h[=o]fiaþ g[=o]dre l[=a]re on þissum t[=i]man, þe is + [.g]e·[e,]ndung + þisse worulde. Se l[=i]chama, þe is þ[=æ]re s[=a]wle r[=e]af, andb[=i]daþ + þæs mi[.c]lan d[=o]mes; and þ[=e]ah h[=e] b[=e]o t[=o] d[=u]ste + for·molsnod, 50 + {57} + God hine [=a]·r[=æ]rþ, and [.g]e·bringþ t[=o]·gædre s[=a]wle and + l[=i]chaman t[=o] þ[=æ]m [=e][.c]an l[=i]fe. Hwelc fæder wile s[e,]llan + his + [.c]ilde st[=a]n, [.g]if hit hine hl[=a]fes bitt? [=A]·[.g]iefaþ þ[=æ]m + c[=a]sere þ[=a] + þing þe þæs c[=a]seres sind, and Gode þ[=a] þing þe Godes sind. + S[=e]o s[=a]wol and-b[=i]daþ þæs [=e][.c]an [=æ]ristes. 55 + + H[=e] wæs cyning ofer eall [E,]n[.g]la-land tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. God + ælmihti[.g] is ealra cyninga cyning, and ealra hl[=a]forda hl[=a]ford. + D[=e]ofol is ealra un-riht-w[=i]sra manna h[=e]afod, and þ[=a] + yflan m[e,]nn sind his limu. Synnfulra manna d[=e]aþ is yfel and + earmlic, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e faraþ of þissum scortan l[=i]fe t[=o] + [=e][.c]um 60 + w[=i]tum. H[=u] fela hl[=a]fa hæbbe [.g][=e]? Seofon, and f[=e]a fisca. + Ne [.g]e·wilna þ[=u] [=o]þres mannes [=æ]hta! + + On þ[=æ]m landum eardodon [E,]n[.g]le, [=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e hider on + land c[=o]mon. H[=i]e fuhton on þ[=a] burg ealne dæ[.g], ac h[=i]e ne + mihton h[=i]e [=a]·brecan. Þ[=a] [=e]odon h[=i]e t[=o] hiera s[.c]ipum. + Þ[=æ]r 65 + b[=e]oþ sw[=i]þe mani[.g]e byri[.g] on þ[=æ]m lande, and on [=æ]lcre + byri[.g] + biþ cyning. + + God cwæþ t[=o] No[=e]: 'Ic wile for·d[=o]n eall mann-cynn mid + wætre for hiera synnum, ac ic wile [.g]e·healdan þ[=e], and þ[=i]n + w[=i]f, and þ[=i]ne þr[=i]e suna.' [=A]n mann hæfde tw[=e][.g]en suna; + þ[=a] 70 + cwæþ h[=e] t[=o] þ[=æ]m ieldran: 'g[=a] and wyr[.c] t[=o]·dæ[.g] on + m[=i]num + w[=i]n-[.g]earde.' Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e]: 'ic nyle:' [=e]ode þ[=e]ah siþþan + t[=o] + þ[=æ]m w[=i]n[.g]earde. H[=e] dyde his fæder willan. Se pr[=e]ost + cwæþ t[=o] þ[=æ]m folce: 'Ic [=e]ow bl[=e]tsi[.g]e on naman þæs Fæder, + þæs Suna, and þæs H[=a]lgan G[=a]stes.' [=A]ra þ[=i]num fæder and 75 + þ[=i]nre m[=e]der! Sum w[=i]f c[=o]m t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, and bæd for hiere + dehter. S[=e]o dohtor wearþ [.g]e·h[=æ]led þurh [.g]e·l[=e]afan þ[=æ]re + m[=o]dor. + + B[=e]oþ [.g]e·myndi[.g]e þ[=a]ra tw[=e][.g]ra worda þe Dryhten cwæþ on + {58} + his god-spelle! H[=e] cwæþ: 'For·[.g]iefaþ, and [=e]ow biþ for·[.g]iefen; + 80 + s[e,]llaþ, and [=e]ow biþ [.g]e·seald.' + + Tw[=e][.g]en m[e,]nn [=e]odon int[=o] Godes temple h[=i]e t[=o] + [.g]e·biddenne. + Ælfred cyning f[=o]r mid þrim s[.c]ipum [=u]t on s[=æ], and + [.g]e·feaht wiþ f[=e]ower s[.c]ip-hlæstas D[e,]niscra manna, and þ[=a]ra + s[.c]ipa tw[=a] [.g]e·nam, and þ[=a] m[e,]nn of·slæ[.g]ene w[=æ]ron þe + 85 + þ[=æ]r-on w[=æ]ron. Þ[=a] c[=o]mon þr[=e]o s[.c]ipu. Þ[=a] + [.g]e·f[=e]ngon h[=i]e + þ[=a]ra þr[=e]ora s[.c]ipa tw[=a], and þ-a m[e,]nn of·sl[=o]gon, ealle + b[=u]tan + f[=i]fum. Se w[=i]tega [=a]·wr[=a]t be þ[=æ]m f[=e]ower n[=i]etenum þe + him + æt·[=i]ewdu w[=æ]ron, þæt h[=i]e hæfden [=e]agan him on [=æ]lce healfe. + [=A]n þ[=a]ra n[=i]etena wæs on m[e,]nniscre ons[=i]ene him æt·[=i]ewed, + 90 + [=o]þer on l[=e]on ons[=i]ene, þridde on [.c]ealfes, f[=e]orþe on earnes. + + God þone [=æ]restan mann rihtne and g[=o]dne [.g]e·sc[=o]p, and + eall mann-cynn mid him. Ælfred Æþelwulfing wæs cyning + ofer eall Angel-cynn b[=u]tan þ[=æ]m d[=æ]le þe under D[e,]na onwealde + wæs. [=Æ]lc g[=o]d tr[=e]ow bierþ g[=o]de wæstmas, and [=æ]lc 95 + yfel tr[=e]ow bierþ yfle wæstmas; ne mæ[.g] þæt g[=o]de tr[=e]ow + beran yfle wæstmas, ne þæt yfle tr[=e]ow g[=o]de wæstmas. + [=E]adigu sind [=e]owru [=e]agan, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e [.g]e·s[=e]oþ, and + [=e]owru [=e]aran, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e [.g]e·h[=i]eraþ. Sw[=a] hw[=a] + sw[=a] s[e,]lþ + [=a]num þurstigum m[e,]nn [.c]eald wæter on m[=i]num naman, ne 100 + for·l[=i]est h[=e] his m[=e]de. Ne fare [.g][=e] on h[=æ]þenra manna + we[.g]e! + G[=o]d mann of g[=o]dum gold-horde bringþ g[=o]d forþ; and yfel + mann of yflum goldhorde bringþ yfel forþ. + + Greg[=o]rius se h[=a]lga p[=a]pa is rihtl[=i]ce [.g]e·cweden + [E,]n[.g]liscre + þ[=e]ode apostol. Þ[=a] h[=e] [.g]e·seah þæt se m[=æ]sta d[=æ]l þ[=æ]re + þ[=e]ode 105 + his l[=a]re for·s[=a]won, þ[=a] for·l[=e]t h[=e] h[=i]e, and + [.g]e·[.c][=e]as þ[=a] h[=æ]þnan + l[=e]ode. [.G]if se blinda blindne l[=æ]tt, h[=i]e feallaþ b[=e][.g]en on + [=a]nne + pytt. Se H[=a]lga G[=a]st is lufu and willa þæs Fæder and þæs + Suna; and h[=i]e sind ealle [.g]e·l[=i]ce mihti[.g]e. B[e,]tere is s[=e]o + s[=a]wol þonne se m[e,]te, and b[e,]tera se l[=i]chama þonne his + scr[=u]d. 110 + {59} + S[=e]o s[=a]wol is g[=a]st, and be eorþlicum m[e,]ttum ne leofaþ. + Be·healdaþ þ[=a]s fl[=e]ogendan fuglas, þe ne s[=a]waþ ne ne r[=i]paþ, + ac se heofonlica Fæder h[=i]e [=a]·f[=e]tt. H[=e] cwæþ, 'Ic neom + [=o]þrum mannum [.g]e·l[=i]c;' swelce h[=e] cw[=æ]de, 'Ic [=a]na eom + rihtw[=i]s, + and þ[=a] [=o]þre sind synn-fulle.' 115 + + Þ[=a] se H[=æ]lend þanon f[=o]r, þ[=a] folgodon him tw[=e][.g]en blinde, + cweþende: '[.G]e·miltsa unc, Dav[=i]des sunu!' H[=e] cwæþ t[=o] + him: '[.G]e·l[=i]efe [.g]it þæt ic inc mæ[.g]e [.g]e·hælan?' H[=e] cwæþ: + 'S[=i]e inc æfter incrum [.g]e·l[=e]afan.' Æþelst[=a]n cyning f[=o]r + inn on Scot-land, [=æ][.g]þer [.g]e mid land-h[e,]re [.g]e mid + s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, 120 + and his mi[.c]el ofer·h[e,]rgode. Se mann þe God for·[.g]iett, God + for·[.g]iett [=e]ac hine. Faraþ, and l[=æ]raþ ealle þ[=e]oda! L[=æ]raþ + h[=i]e þæt h[=i]e healden eall þ[=a] þing þe ic [=e]ow be·b[=e]ad! Sume + m[e,]nn sæ[.g]don be him þæt h[=e] w[=æ]re Ælfredes sunu cyninges. + Se H[=æ]lend [=a]scode his leornung-cnihtas, 'Hwone s[e,][.c][.g]aþ 125 + m[e,]nn þæt s[=i]e mannes Sunu?' Hwæt s[e,][.c][.g]e [.g][=e] þæt ic + s[=i]e? + Þ[=u] eart þæs libbendan Godes sunu. Cr[=i]st cwæþ be his + Fæder: '[.G][=e] s[e,][.c][.g]aþ þæt h[=e] [=e]ower God s[=i]e, and + [.g][=e] hine ne + on·cn[=e]owon.' [.G]if h[=i]e þone h[=a]lgan Fæder on·cn[=e]owen, + þonne under·f[=e]ngen h[=i]e mid [.g]e·l[=e]afan his Sunu, þe h[=e] + [=a]·s[e,]nde 130 + t[=o] middan-[.g]earde. Se we[.g] is sw[=i]þe nearu and sticol + s[=e] þe l[=æ]tt t[=o] heofona r[=i][.c]e; and se we[.g] is sw[=i]þe + br[=a]d and + sm[=e]þe s[=e] þe l[=æ]tt t[=o] h[e,]lle w[)i]te. Dysi[.g] biþ se + we[.g]-f[=e]renda + mann s[=e] þe nimþ þone sm[=e]þan we[.g] þe h[=i]ne mis-l[=æ]tt, and + for·l[=æ]tt þone sticolan þe hine [.g]e·bringþ t[=o] þ[=æ]re byri[.g]. + Þæt 135 + ic [=e]ow s[e,][.c][.g]e on þ[=e]ostrum, s[e,][.c][.g]aþ hit on leohte; + and þæt + [.g][=e] on [=e]are [.g]e·h[=i]eraþ, bodiaþ uppan hr[=o]fum. H[=i]e + scufon [=u]t + hiera s[.c]ipu, and [.g]e·w[e,]ndon him be·[.g]eondan s[=æ]. + + Healdaþ and d[=o]þ sw[=a] hwæt sw[=a] h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]aþ; and ne + d[=o] + [.g][=e] n[=a], æfter hiera weorcum: h[=i]e s[e,][.c][.g]aþ, and ne + d[=o]þ. Eall 140 + hiera weorc h[=i]e d[=o]þ þæt m[e,]nn h[=i]e [.g]e·s[=e]on. H[=i]e lufiaþ + þæt + {60} + man h[=i]e gr[=e]te on str[=æ]tum. [=E]al[=a] [.g][=e] n[=æ]ddran and + n[=æ]ddrena + cynn, h[=u] fl[=e]o [.g][=e] fram h[e,]lle d[=o]me? + + W[=e] sind ealle cuman on þissum and-weardan l[=i]fe, and + [=u]re eard nis n[=a] h[=e]r; ac w[=e] sind h[=e]r swelce + we[.g]-f[=e]rende 145 + m[e,]nn: [=a]n cymþ, [=o]þer færþ. Hwelc mann s[e,]lþ his bearne + n[=æ]ddran, [.g]if hit fisces bitt? [=Æ]lc þ[=a]ra þe bitt, h[=e] + on·f[=e]hþ; + and s[=e] þe s[=e][.c]þ, h[=e] hit fint. Ne g[=æ]þ [=æ]lc þ[=a]ra on + heofona + r[=i][.c]e þe cwiþþ t[=o] m[=e], 'Dryhten, Dryhten;' ac s[=e] þe wyr[.c]þ + m[=i]nes Fæder willan þe on heofonum is, s[=e] g[=æ]þ on heofona 150 + r[=i][.c]e. Nis hit n[=a] g[=o]d þ[=æ]t man nime bearna hl[=a]f and + hundum + weorpe. Ic hæbbe þe[.g]nas under m[=e]: and ic cweþe t[=o] + þissum, 'g[=a],' and h[=e] g[=æ]þ; and t[=o] [=o]þrum, 'cum,' and h[=e] + cymþ, and t[=o] m[=i]num þ[=e]owe, 'wyr[.c] þis,' and h[=e] wyr[.c]þ. + + Se H[=æ]lend [.g]e·nam þ[=a] f[=i]f hl[=a]fas, and bl[=e]tsode, and + t[=o]·bræc, 155 + and t[=o]·d[=æ]lde be·twix þ[=æ]m sittendum; sw[=a] [.g]e·l[=i]ce [=e]ac + þ[=a] fiscas t[=o]·d[=æ]lde; and h[=i]e ealle [.g]e·n[=o]g hæfdon. Þ[=a] + þe + þ[=æ]r [=æ]ton w[=æ]ron f[=e]ower þ[=u]send manna, b[=u]tan [.c]ildum and + w[=i]fum. H[=i]e c[=o]mon t[=o] him, and t[=o] him [.g]eb[=æ]don, and þus + cw[=æ]don: 'S[=o]þl[=i]ce þ[=u] eart Godes sunu.' Ne w[=e]ne [.g][=e] þæt + 160 + ic c[=o]me sibbe on eorþan to s[e,]ndenne: ne c[=o]m ic sibbe t[=o] + s[e,]ndenne, ac sweord. H[=e] be·b[=e]ad þæt h[=i]e s[=æ]ten ofer þ[=æ]re + eorþan. H[=e] sæ[.g]de þæt Norþ-manna land w[=æ]re sw[=i]þe lang + and sw[=i]þe smæl. + + H[=i]e ealle on þone cyning w[=æ]ron feohtende, oþ þæt h[=i]e 165 + hine ofslæ[.g]enne hæfdon. [=Æ]lc mann þe [=o]þre m[e,]nn for·sihþ + biþ fram Gode for·sewen. S[=e] þe [=e]aran hæbbe t[=o] [.g]e·hi[=e]renne, + [.g]e·h[=i]ere. G[=o]d is [=u]s h[=e]r t[=o] b[=e]onne. + + God cwæþ t[=o] [=a]num w[=i]tegan, s[=e] wæs Ionas [.g]e·h[=a]ten: + 'Far t[=o] þ[=æ]re byri[.g], and boda þ[=æ]r þ[=a] word þe ic þ[=e] + s[e,][.c][.g]e.' 170 + {61} + Lufiaþ [=e]owre f[=i]end, and d[=o]þ wel þ[=æ]m þe [=e]ow yfel d[=o]þ. + Lufa Dryhten þ[=i]nne God on ealre þ[=i]nre heortan, and on + ealre þ[=i]nre sawle, and on eallum þ[=i]num m[=o]de. S[=e] þe ne + lufaþ his br[=o]þor, þone þe h[=e] [.g]e·sihþ, h[=u] mæ[.g] h[=e] lufian + God, + þone þe h[=e] ne [.g]e·sihþ l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce? S[e,][.g]e [=u]s hwonne + þ[=a]s 175 + þing [.g]e·weorþen, and hwelc t[=a]cen s[=i]e þ[=i]nes t[=o]-cymes and + worulde [.g]e·[e,]ndunge. + + Se H[=æ]lend cwæþ t[=o] [=a]num his leornung-cnihta, s[=e] wæs + h[=a]ten Philippus: 'Mid hw[=æ]m magon w[=e] by[.c][.g]an hl[=a]f þissum + folce?' Wel wiste Cr[=i]st hwæt h[=e] d[=o]n wolde, and h[=e] wiste 180 + þæt Philippus þæt nyste. God mæ[.g] d[=o]n eall þing; w[=e] + sculon wundrian his mihte, and [=e]ac [.g]e·l[=i]efan. Cr[=i]st + [=a]·r[=æ]rde + Lazarum of d[=e]aþe, and cwæþ t[=o] his leornung-cnihtum: + 'T[=o]·l[=i]esaþ + his b[e,]ndas, þæt h[=e] g[=a]n mæ[.g]e.' God is ælmihti[.g], + and mæ[.g] d[=o]n eall þæt h[=e] wile. [.G][=e] nyton on hwelcre t[=i]de + 185 + [=e]ower hl[=a]ford cuman wile. For þ[=æ]m b[=e]o [.g][=e] [.g]earwe; for + þ[=æ]m þe mannes Sunu wile cuman on þ[=æ]re t[=i]de þe [.g][=e] nyton. + Se H[=æ]lend cwæþ be his Fæder: 'Ic hine cann, and [.g]if ic + s[e,][.c][.g]e þæt ic hine ne cunne, þonne b[=e]o ic l[=e]as, [=e]ow + [.g]e·l[=i]c.' + + Se d[=e]ofol cwæþ t[=o] Cr[=i]ste: '[.G]if þ[=u] s[=i]e Godes sunu, cweþ + 190 + t[=o] þissum st[=a]num þæt h[=i]e b[=e]on [=a]·w[e,]nde t[=o] hl[=a]fum.' + Þ[=a] + and-wyrde se H[=æ]lend, and cwæþ: 'Hit is [=a]·writen, "ne + leofaþ se mann n[=a] be hl[=a]fe [=a]num, ac leofaþ be eallum þ[=æ]m + wordum þe g[=a]þ of Godes m[=u]þe."' Se H[=æ]lend c[=o]m t[=o] him, + þ[=æ]r h[=i]e w[=æ]ron [.g]e·gadrode, and cwæþ: 'S[=i]e sibb be·twix 195 + [=e]ow; ic hit eom; ne b[=e]o [.g][=e] n[=a] [=a]·fyrhte.' Fæder [=u]re, + þ[=u] þe + eart on heofonum, s[=i]e þ[=i]n nama [.g]e·h[=a]lgod. W[=e] syngodon, + w[=e] dydon un-rihtl[=i]ce; s[e,]le [=u]s for·[.g]iefnesse: hwæt sculon + w[=e] + d[=o]n? + +{62} + +II. + +FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. + +VII. 24-7. + + [=Æ]lc þ[=a]ra þe þ[=a]s m[=i]n word [.g]e·h[=i]erþ, and þ[=a] wyr[.c]þ, + biþ + [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m w[=i]san were, s[=e] his h[=u]s ofer st[=a]n + [.g]et·imbrode. + Þ[=a] c[=o]m þ[=æ]r re[.g]en and mi[.c]el fl[=o]d, and þ[=æ]r bl[=e]owon + windas, + and [=a]·hruron on þæt h[=u]s, and hit n[=a] ne f[=e]oll: s[=o]þl[=i]ce + hit + wæs ofer st[=a]n [.g]e·timbrod. 5 + + And [=æ]lc þ[=a]ra þe [.g]e·h[=i]erþ þ[=a]s m[=i]n word, and þ[=a] ne + wyr[.c]þ, + s[=e] biþ [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m dysigan m[e,]nn, þe [.g]e·timbrode his + h[=u]s ofer + sand-[.c]eosol. Þ[=a] r[=i]nde hit, and þ[=æ]r c[=o]m fl[=o]d, and + bl[=e]owon + windas, and [=a]·hruron on þ[=æ]t h[=u]s, and þæt h[=u]s f[=e]oll; and + his hryre wæs mi[.c]el. 10 + +XII. 18-21. + + H[=e]r is m[=i]n cnapa, þone ic [.g]e·[.c][=e]as; m[=i]n [.g]e·corena, on + þ[=æ]m + wel [.g]e·l[=i]code m[=i]nre s[=a]wle: ic [=a]·s[e,]tte m[=i]nne g[=a]st + ofer hine, + and d[=o]m h[=e] bodaþ þ[=e]odum. Ne fl[=i]tt h[=e], ne h[=e] ne hriemþ, + ne n[=a]n mann ne [.g]e·h[=i]erþ his stefne on str[=æ]tum. + T[=o]·cw[=i]esed + hr[=e]od h[=e] ne for·br[=i]ett, and sm[=e]ocende fleax h[=e] ne + [=a]·dw[=æ]scþ, 15 + [=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] [=a]·weorpe d[=o]m t[=o] si[.g]e. And on his naman + þ[=e]oda [.g]e·hyhtaþ. + +XIII. 3-8. + + S[=o]þl[=i]ce [=u]t [=e]ode se s[=a]were his s[=æ]d t[=o] s[=a]wenne. And + þ[=a] + þ[=a] h[=e] s[=e]ow, sumu h[=i]e f[=e]ollon wiþ we[.g], and fuglas + c[=o]mon + and [=æ]ton þ[=a]. S[=o]þl[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on st[=æ]nihte, þ[=æ]r + hit 20 + {63} + næfde mi[.c]le eorþan, and hrædl[=i]ce [=u]p sprungon, for þ[=æ]m þe + h[=i]e næfdon p[=æ]re eorþan d[=i]epan; s[=o]þl[=i]ce, [=u]p sprungenre + sunnan, h[=i]e [=a]·dr[=u]godon and for·scruncon, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e + næfdon wyrtruman. S[=o]þl[=i]ce sumu f[=e]ollon on þornas, and + þ[=a] þornas w[=e]oxon, and for·þrysmdon þ[=a]. Sumu s[=o]þl[=i]ce 25 + f[=e]ollon on g[=o]de eorþan, and sealdon wæstm, sum hund-fealdne, + sum siexti[.g]-fealdne, sum þriti[.g]-fealdn[e,]. + +XIII. 24-30. + + Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e·worden þ[=æ]m m[e,]nn [.g]e·l[=i]c þe s[=e]ow + g[=o]d + s[=æ]d on his æcere. S[=o]þl[=i]ce, þ[=a] þ[=a] m[e,]nn sl[=e]pon, þ[=a] + c[=o]m his + f[=e]onda sum, and ofer·s[=e]ow hit mid coccele on·middan þ[=æ]m 30 + hw[=æ]te, and f[=e]rde þanon. S[=o]þl[=i]ce, þ[=a] s[=e]o wyrt w[=e]ox, + and + þone wæstm br[=o]hte, þ[=a] æt·[=i]ewde se coccel hine. Þ[=a] [=e]odon + þæs hl[=a]fordes þ[=e]owas and cw[=æ]don: 'Hl[=a]ford, h[=u], ne s[=e]owe + þ[=u] g[=o]d s[=æ]d on þ[=i]num æcere? hwanon hæfde h[=e] coccel?' + Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e]: 'þæt dyde unhold mann.' Þ[=a] cw[=æ]don þ[=a] 35 + þ[=e]owas: 'Wilt þ[=u], w[=e] g[=a]þ and gadriaþ h[=i]e?' Þ[=a] cwæp + h[=e]: 'Nese: þ[=y] l[=æ]s [.g][=e] þone hw[=æ]te [=a]·wyrtwalien, þonne + [.g][=e] + þone coccel gadriaþ. L[=æ]taþ [=æ][.g]þer weaxan oþ r[=i]p-t[=i]man; + and on p[=æ]m r[=i]pt[=i]man ic s[e,][.c][.g]e þ[=æ]m r[=i]perum: + "gadriaþ + [=æ]rest þone coccel, and bindaþ s[.c][=e]af-m[=æ]lum t[=o] for·bærnenne; + 40 + and gadriaþ þone hw[=æ]te int[=o] m[=i]num b[e,]rne."' + +XIII. 44-8. + + Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e·l[=i]c [.g]e·h[=y]ddum gold-horde on þ[=æ]m + æcere. Þone be·h[=y]tt se mann þe hine fint, and for his blisse + g[=æ]þ, and s[e,]lþ eall þæt h[=e] [=a]h, and [.g]e·by[.g]þ þone æcer. + + Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m mangere þe s[=o]hte þæt + g[=o]de 45 + m[e,]re-grot. Þ[=a] h[=e] funde þæt [=a]n d[=e]or-wierþe m[e,]regrot, + þ[=a] + [=e]ode h[=e], and sealde eall þæt h[=e] [=a]hte, and bohte þæt + m[e,]regrot. + {64} + + Eft is heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e·l[=i]c [=a]·s[e,]ndum n[e,]tte on þ[=a] + s[=æ], and of + [=æ]lcum fisc-cynne gadriendum. Þ[=a] h[=i]e þ[=a] þæt n[e,]tt [=u]p 50 + [=a]·tugon, and s[=æ]ton be þ[=æ]m strande, þ[=a] [.g]e·curon h[=i]e + þ[=a] + g[=o]dan on hiera fatu, and þ[=a] yflan h[=i]e [=a]·wurpon [=u]t. + +XVIII. 12-14. + + [.G]if hwelc mann hæfþ hund s[.c][=e]apa, and him losaþ [=a]n of + þ[=æ]m, h[=u], ne for·l[=æ]tt h[=e] þ[=a] nigon and hund·nigonti[.g] on + þ[=æ]m + muntum, and g[=æ]þ, and s[=e][.c]þ þæt [=a]n þe for·wearþ? And [.g]if 55 + hit [.g]e·limpþ þæt h[=e] hit fint, s[=o]þl[=i]ce ic [=e]ow + s[e,][.c][.g]e þæt h[=e] + sw[=i]þor [.g]e·blissaþ for þ[=æ]m [=a]num þonne for þ[=æ]m nigon and + hund·nigontigum þe n[=a] ne losodon. + +XX. 1-16. + + Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m h[=i]redes ealdre, þe on + [=æ]rnemer[.g]en + [=u]t [=e]ode [=a]·h[=y]ran wyrhtan on his w[=i]n-[.g]eard. + [.G]e·wordenre 60 + [.g]e·cwid-r[=æ]denne þ[=æ]m wyrhtum, h[=e] sealde [=æ]lcum [=a]nne + þ[e,]ning wiþ his dæ[.g]es weorce, and [=a]·s[e,]nde h[=i]e on his + w[=i]n[.g]eard. + And þ[=a] h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe undern-t[=i]d, h[=e] [.g]e·seah + oþre on str[=æ]te [=i]dle standan. Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e]: 'G[=a] [.g][=e] on + m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard, and ic s[e,]lle [=e]ow þæt riht biþ.' And h[=i]e + þ[=a] 65 + f[=e]rdon. Eft h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode ymbe þ[=a] siextan and nigoþan + t[=i]d, and dyde þ[=æ]m sw[=a] [.g]e·l[=i]ce. Þ[=a] ymbe þ[=a] + [e,]ndlyftan + t[=i]d h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode, and funde [=o]þre standende, and þ[=a] + sæ[.g]de h[=e]: + 'Hw[=y] stande [.g][=e] h[=e]r ealne dae[.g] [=i]dle?' Þ[=a] cw[=æ]don + h[=i]e: + 'For þ[=æ]m þe [=u]s n[=a]n mann ne h[=y]rde.' Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e]: 'And 70 + g[=a] [.g][=e] on m[=i]nne w[=i]n[.g]eard.' + + S[=o]þl[=i]ce þ[=a] hit wæs [=æ]fen [.g]e·worden, þ[=a] sæ[.g]de se + w[=i]n[.g]eardes + hl[=a]ford his [.g]e·r[=e]fan: 'Clipa þ[=a] wyrhtan, and [=a]·[.g]ief him + hiera m[=e]de; on·[.g]inn fram þ[=æ]m [=y]t·emestan oþ þone fyrmestan.' + Eornostl[=i]ce þ[=a] þ[=a] [.g]e·c[=o]mon þe ymbe þ[=a] [e,]ndlyftan 75 + t[=i]d c[=o]mon, þ[=a] on·f[=e]ngon h[=i]e [=æ]lc his p[e,]ning. And + þ[=a] þe + {65} + þ[=æ]r [=æ]rest c[=o]mon, w[=e]ndon þæt h[=i]e scolden m[=a]re on·f[=o]n; + þ[=a] + on·f[=e]ngon h[=i]e syndri[.g]e þ[e,]ningas. Þa on·gunnon h[=i]e murcnian + on·[.g][=e]an þone h[=i]redes ealdor, and þus cw[=æ]don: 'Þ[=a]s + [=y]temestan worhton [=a]ne t[=i]d, and þ[=u] dydest h[=i]e [.g]e·l[=i]ce + [=u]s, 80 + þe b[=æ]ron byrþenna on þisses dæ[.g]es h[=æ]tan.' Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e] + and-swariende hiera [=a]num: '[=E]al[=a] þ[=u] fr[=e]ond, ne d[=o] ic + þ[=e] + n[=a]nne t[=e]onan; h[=u], ne c[=o]me þ[=u] t[=o] m[=e] t[=o] wyr[.c]enne + wiþ + [=a]num p[e,]ninge? Nim þæt þ[=i]n is, and g[=a]; ic wile þissum + [=y]temestum s[e,]llan eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a] þ[=e]. Oþþe ne m[=o]t + ic 85 + d[=o]n þæt ic wile? Hwæþer þe þ[=i]n [=e]age m[=a]nfull is for þ[=æ]m + þe ic g[=o]d eom? Sw[=a] b[=e]oþ þa fyrmestan [=y]temeste, and þ[=a] + [=y]temestan fyrmeste; s[=o]þl[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind [.g]e·clipode, and + f[=e]a [.g]e·corene.' + +XXII. 2-14. + + Heofona r[=i][.c]e is [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m cyninge þe macode his suna 90 + [.g]iefta, and s[e,]nde his þ[=e]owas, and clipode þ[=a] [.g]e·laþodan + t[=o] + þ[=æ]m [.g]ieftum. Þ[=a] noldon h[=i]e cuman. Þ[=a] s[e,]nde h[=e] eft + [=o]þre + þ[=e]owas, and sæ[.g]de þ[=æ]m [.g]e·laþodum: 'N[=u] ic [.g]e·[.g]earwode + m[=i]ne feorme: m[=i]ne fearras and m[=i]ne fuglas sind of·slæ[.g]ene, + and eall m[=i]n þing sind [.g]earu; cumaþ t[=o] þ[=æ]m [.g]ieftum.' Þ[=a] + 95 + for·g[=i]emdon h[=i]e þæt, and f[=e]rdon, sum t[=o] his t[=u]ne, sum + t[=o] + his mangunge. And þ[=a] [=o]þre n[=a]mon his þ[=e]owas, and mid + t[=e]onan [.g]e·sw[e,]n[.c]ton, and of·sl[=o]gon. Þ[=a] se cyning þæt + [.g]e·hierde, + þ[=a] wæs h[=e] ierre, and s[e,]nde his h[e,]re t[=o], and for·dyde + þ[=a] mann-slagan, and hiera burg for·bærnde. 100 + + Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e] t[=o] his þ[=e]owum: 'Witodl[=i]ce þ[=a]s [.g]iefta sind + [.g]earwe, ac þ[=a] þe [.g]e·laþode w[=æ]ron ne sind wierþe. G[=a]þ n[=u] + t[=o] wega [.g]el[=æ]tum, and clipiaþ t[=o] þissum [.g]ieftum sw[=a] + hwelce + sw[=a] [.g][=e] [.g]e·m[=e]ten.' Þ[=a] [=e]odon þ[=a] þ[=e]owas [=u]t on + þ[=a] wegas, + and [.g]e·gadrodon ealle þ[=a] þe h[=i]e [.g]e·m[=e]tton, g[=o]de and + yfle; 105 + þ[=a] w[=æ]ron þ[=a] [.g]ieft-h[=u]s mid sittendum mannum [.g]efyldu. + + Þ[=a] [=e]ode se cyning inn, þæt h[=e] wolde [.g]e·s[=e]on þ[=a] þe + þ[=æ]r + {66} + s[=æ]ton, and þ[=a] [.g]e·seah h[=e] þ[=æ]r [=a]nne mann þe næs mid + [.g]ieftlicum + r[=e]afe [.g]escr[=y]dd. Þ[=a] cwæþ h[=e]: 'L[=a], fr[=e]ond, h[=u]meta + [=e]odest þ[=u] inn, and næfdest [.g]ieftlic r[=e]af?' Þa sw[=i]gode + h[=e]. 110 + And se cyning cwæþ t[=o] his þe[.g]num: '[.G]e·bindaþ his handa + and his f[=e]t, and weorpaþ hine on þ[=a] [=y]terran þ[=e]ostru; þ[=æ]r + biþ + w[=o]p and t[=o]þa gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung.' Witodl[=i]ce mani[.g]e sind + [.g]e·laþode, + and f[=e]a [.g]e·corene. + +XXV. 1-13. + + Þonne biþ heofona r[=i][.c]e [.g]e·l[=i]c þ[=æ]m t[=i]en f[=æ]mnum, þe + þ[=a] 115 + leoht-fatu n[=a]mon, and f[=e]rdon on·[.g][=e]an þone br[=y]d-guman and + þ[=a] br[=y]d. Hiera f[=i]f w[=æ]ron dysi[.g]e, and f[=i]f gl[=e]awe. And + þ[=a] f[=i]f + dysigan n[=a]mon leohtfatu, and ne n[=a]mon n[=a]nne ele mid him; + þ[=a] gl[=e]awan n[=a]mon ele on hiera fatum mid þ[=æ]m leohtfatum. + Þ[=a] se br[=y]dguma ielde, þ[=a] hnappodon h[=i]e ealle, and sl[=e]pon. + 120 + Witodl[=i]ce t[=o] middre nihte man hr[=i]emde, and cwæþ: 'N[=u] se + br[=y]dguma cymþ, faraþ him t[=o]·[.g][=e]anes.' Þ[=a] [=a]·rison ealle + þ[=a] + f[=æ]mnan, and gl[e,]n[.g]don hiera leohtfatu. Þ[=a] cw[=æ]don þ[=a] + dysigan to p[=æ]m w[=i]sum: 'S[e,]llaþ [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, for þ[=æ]m + [=u]re leohtfatu sind [=a]·cw[e,]n[.c]tu.' Þ[=a] and·swarodon þ[=a] + gl[=e]awan, 125 + and cw[=æ]don: 'Nese; þ[=y] l[=æ]s þe w[=e] and [.g][=e] næbben + [.g]en[=o]g: + g[=a]þ t[=o] þ[=æ]m [.c][=i]ependum, and by[.c][.g]aþ [=e]ow ele.' + Witodl[=i]ce, + þ[=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon, and woldon by[.c][.g]an, þ[=a] c[=o]m se + br[=y]dguma; + and þ[=a] þe [.g]earwe w[=æ]ron [=e]odon inn mid him t[=o] þ[=æ]m + [.g]ieftum; and s[=e]o duru wæs be·locen. Þ[=a] æt n[=i]ehstan c[=o]mon + 130 + þa [=o]þre f[=æ]mnan, and cw[=æ]don: 'Dryhten, Dryhten, l[=æ]t [=u]s + inn.' Þ[=a] and-swarode h[=e] him, and cwæþ: 'S[=o]þ ic [=e]ow + s[e,][.c][.g]e, ne cann ic [=e]ow.' Witodl[=i]ce, waciaþ, for þ[=æ]m þe + [.g][=e] + nyton ne þone dæ[.g] ne þ[=a] t[=i]d. + +XXV. 14-30. + + Sum mann f[=e]rde on [e,]lþ[=e]odi[.g]nesse, and clipode his 135 + {67} + þ[=e]owas, and be·t[=æ]hte him his [=æ]hta. And [=a]num h[=e] sealde + f[=i]f pund, sumum tw[=a], sumum [=a]n: [=æ][.g]hwelcum be his [=a]gnum + mæ[.g]ne; and f[=e]rde s[=o]na. + + Þ[=a] f[=e]rde s[=e] þe þ[=a] f[=i]f pund under·f[=e]ng, and + [.g]e·str[=i]ende + [=o]þru f[=i]f. And eall-sw[=a] s[=e] þe þ[=a] tw[=a] under·feng, + [.g]e·str[=i]ende 140 + [=o]þru tw[=a]. Witodl[=i]ce s[=e] þe þæt [=a]n under·f[=e]ng, f[=e]rde, + and + be·dealf hit on eorþan, and be·h[=y]dde his hl[=a]fordes feoh. + + Witodl[=i]ce æfter mi[.c]lum fierste c[=o]m þ[=a]ra þ[=e]owa hl[=a]ford, + and dihte him [.g]e·rad. Þ[=a] c[=o]m s[=e] þe þ[=a] f[=i]f pund + under·f[=e]ng, + and br[=o]hte [=o]þru f[=i]f, and cwæþ: 'Hl[=a]ford, f[=i]f pund þ[=u] + sealdest 145 + m[=e]; n[=u] ic [.g]e·str[=i]ende [=o]þru f[=i]f.' Þ[=a] cwæp his + hl[=a]ford t[=o] + him: 'B[=e]o bl[=i]þe, þ[=u] g[=o]da þ[=e]ow and [.g]e·tr[=e]owa: for + þ[=æ]m + þe þ[=u] w[=æ]re [.g]e·tr[=e]owe ofer l[=y]tlu þing, ic [.]ge·s[e,]tte + þ[=e] ofer + mi[.c]lu; g[=a] int[=o] þ[=i]nes hl[=a]fordes blisse.' Þ[=a] c[=o]m s[=e] + þe þ[=a] + tw[=a] pund under·f[=e]ng, and cwæþ: 'Hl[=a]ford, tw[=a] pund þ[=u] 150 + m[=e] sealdest; n[=u] ic hæbbe [.g]e·str[=i]ened [=o]þru tw[=a].' Þ[=a] + cwæþ + his hl[=a]ford t[=o] him: '[.G]e·blissa, þ[=u] g[=o]da þ[=e]ow and + [.g]etr[=e]owa: + for þ[=æ]m þe þ[=u] w[=æ]re [.g]e·tr[=e]owe ofer f[=e]a, ofer fela ic + þ[=e] + [.g]e·s[e,]tte; g[=a] on þ[=i]nes hl[=a]fordes [.g]e·f[=e]an.' Þ[=a] + c[=o]m s[=e] þe þæt + [=a]n pund under·f[=e]ng, and cwæþ: 'Hl[=a]ford, ic w[=a]t þæt 155 + þ[=u] eart heard mann: þ[=u] r[=i]pst þ[=æ]r þ[=u] ne s[=e]owe, and + gaderast þ[=æ]r þ[=u] ne spr[e,]n[.g]dest. And ic f[=e]rde of·dr[=æ]dd, + and be·h[=y]dde þ[=i]n pund on eorþan; h[=e]r þ[=u] hæfst þæt þ[=i]n + is.' Þ[=a] andswarode his hl[=a]ford him, and cwæþ: 'þ[=u] yfla + þ[=e]ow and sl[=a]wa, þ[=u] wistest þæt ic r[=i]pe þ[=æ]r ic ne s[=e]owe, + 160 + and ic gadri[.g]e þ[=æ]r ic ne str[=e]dde: hit [.g]e·byrede þæt þ[=u] + be·fæste m[=i]n feoh myneterum, and ic n[=a]me, þonne ic c[=o]me, + þæt m[=i]n is, mid þ[=æ]m gafole. [=A]·nimaþ þæt pund æt him, and + s[e,]llaþ þ[=æ]m þe m[=e] þ[=a] t[=i]en pund br[=o]hte. Witodl[=i]ce + [=æ]lcum + þ[=a]ra þe hæfþ man s[e,]lþ, and h[=e] hæfþ [.g]e·n[=o]g; þ[=æ]m þe næfþ, + 165 + þæt him þyn[.c]þ þæt h[=e] hæbbe, þæt him biþ æt·brogden. And + weorpaþ þone un·nyttan þ[=e]ow on þ[=a] [=y]terran þ[=e]ostru; þ[=æ]r + biþ w[=o]p and t[=o]þa grist·b[=i]tung.' + +{68} + +III. + +OLD TESTAMENT PIECES. + +I. + + Æfter þ[=æ]m s[=o]þl[=i]ce ealle m[e,]nn spr[=æ]con [=a]ne spr[=æ][.c]e. + Þ[=a] + þ[=a] h[=i]e f[=e]rdon fram [=E]ast-d[=æ]le, h[=i]e fundon [=a]nne feld + on + Senna[=a]r-lande, and wunodon þ[=æ]r-on. + + Þ[=a] cw[=æ]don h[=i]e him be·tw[=e]onan: 'Uton wyr[.c]an [=u]s + ti[.g]elan, + and [=æ]lan h[=i]e on f[=y]re!' Witodl[=i]ce h[=i]e hæfdon ti[.g]elan for + 5 + st[=a]n and tierwan for weal-l[=i]m. And h[=i]e cw[=æ]don: 'Uton + timbrian [=u]s [.c]eastre, and st[=i]epel oþ heofon h[=e]anne! uton + weorþian [=u]rne naman, [=æ]r þ[æ]m þe w[=e] s[=i]en t[=o]·d[=æ]lde + [.g]eond + ealle eorþan!' + + Witodl[=i]ce Dryhten [=a]·st[=a]g niþer, t[=o] þ[=æ]m þæt h[=e] + [.g]e·s[=a]we 10 + þ[=a] burg and þone st[=i]epel, þe Ad[=a]mes bearn [.g]e·timbrodon. + And h[=e] cwæþ: 'þis is [=a]n folc, and ealle h[=i]e sprecaþ [=a]n + læden, and h[=i]e be·gunnon þis t[=o] wyr[.c]enne: ne [.g]e·sw[=i]caþ + h[=i]e + [=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe hit [.g]earu s[=i]e; s[=o]þl[=i]ce uton cuman and + t[=o]·d[=æ]lan + hiera spr[=æ][.c]e!' 15 + + Sw[=a] Dryhten h[=i]e t[=o]·d[=æ]lde of þ[=æ]re st[=o]we [.g]eond ealle + eorþan. + And for þ[=æ]m man n[e,]mnde þ[=a] st[=o]we Bab[=e]l for þ[=æ]m þe þ[=æ]r + w[=æ]ron t[=o]·d[=æ]lde ealle spr[=æ][.c]a. + +II. + + God wolde p[=a] fandian Abrah[=a]mes [.g]e·h[=i]ersumnesse, and + clipode his naman, and cwæþ him þus t[=o]: 'Nim þ[=i]nne 20 + [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu Isa[=a]c, þe þ[=u] lufast, and far t[=o] þ[=æ]m + {69} + lande Visionis hraþe, and [.g]e·offra hine þ[=æ]r uppan [=a]nre + d[=u]ne.' + + Abrah[=a]m þ[=a] [=a]·r[=a]s on þ[=æ]re ilcan nihte, and f[=e]rde mid + tw[=æ]m cnapum t[=o] þ[=æ]m fierlenum lande, and Isa[=a]c samod, 25 + on assum r[=i]dende. + + Þ[=a] on þ[=æ]m þriddan dæ[.g]e, þ[=a] h[=i]e þ[=a] d[=u]ne + [.g]e·s[=a]won, þ[=æ]r + þ[=æ]r h[=i]e t[=o] scoldon t[=o] of·sl[=e]anne Isa[=a]c, þ[=a] cwæþ + Abrah[=a]m + t[=o] þ[=æ]m tw[=æ]m cnapum þus: 'Andb[=i]diaþ [=e]ow h[=e]r mid þ[=æ]m + assum sume hw[=i]le! ic and þ[=æ]t [.c]ild g[=a]þ unc t[=o] + [.g]e·biddenne, 30 + and wit siþþan cumaþ s[=o]na eft t[=o] [=e]ow.' + + Abrah[=a]m þ[=a] h[=e]t Isa[=a]c beran þone wudu t[=o] þ[=æ]re st[=o]we, + and h[=e] self bær his sweord and f[=y]r. Isa[=a]c þa [=a]scode + Abrah[=a]m + his fæder: 'Fæder m[=i]n, ic [=a]sci[.g]e hw[=æ]r s[=e]o offrung s[=i]e; + h[=e]r is wudu and f[=y]r.' Him andwyrde se fæder: 'God + fores[.c][=e]awaþ, 35 + m[=i]n sunu, him self þ[=a] offrunge.' + + H[=i]e c[=o]mon þ[=a] t[=o] þ[=æ]re st[=o]we þe him [.g]e·sweotolode God; + and h[=e] þ[=æ]r weofod [=a]·r[=æ]rde on þ[=a] ealdan w[=i]san, and þone + wudu [.g]e·l[=o]gode sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] hit wolde habban t[=o] his suna + bærnette, siþþan h[=e] of·slæ[.g]en wurde. H[=e] [.g]e·band þ[=a] his 40 + sunu, and his sweord [=a]·t[=e]ah, þæt h[=e] hine [.g]e·offrode on þ[=a] + ealdan w[=i]san. + + Mid þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] wolde þ[=æ]t weorc be·[.g]innan, þ[=a] clipode + Godes [e,]n[.g]el arodl[=i]ce of heofonum: 'Abrah[=a]m!' H[=e] andwyrde + s[=o]na. Se [e,]n[.g]el him cwæþ t[=o]: 'Ne [=a]·cw[e,]le þ[=u] 45 + þæt [.c]ild, ne þ[=i]ne hand ne [=a]·str[e,][.c]e ofer his sw[=e]oran! + N[=u] ic + on·cn[=e]ow s[=o]þl[=i]ce þæt p[=u] on·dr[=æ]tst sw[=i]þe God, n[=u] + p[=u] p[=i]nne + [=a]n-c[e,]nnedan sunu woldest of·sl[=e]an for him.' + + Þ[=a] be·seah Abrah[=a]m s[=o]na under bæc, and [.g]e·seah þ[=æ]r + [=a]nne ramm be·twix þ[=æ]m br[=e]mlum be þ[=æ]m hornum [.g]e·hæftne, 50 + and h[=e] hæfde þone ramm t[=o] þ[=æ]re offrunge, and hine þ[=æ]r + of·sn[=a]þ Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce for his sunu Isa[=a]c. H[=e] h[=e]t þ[=a] + st[=o]we + _Dominus videt_, þæt is 'God [.g]e·sihþ,' and [.g]iet is [.g]e·sæ[.g]d + sw[=a], _In monte Dominus videbit_, þæt is, 'God [.g]e·sihþ on d[=u]ne.' + {70} + + Eft clipode se [e,]n[.g]el Abrah[=a]m, and cwæþ: 'Ic sæ[.g]de 55 + þurh m[=e] selfne, sæ[.g]de se Ælmihtiga, n[=u] þ[=u] noldest [=a]rian + þ[=i]num [=a]nc[e,]nnedum suna, ac þ[=e] wæs m[=i]n [e,][.g]e m[=a]re + þonne + his l[=i]f, ic þ[=e] n[=u] bl[=e]tsi[.g]e, and þ[=i]nne of-spring + ge·mani[.g]-fielde + sw[=a] sw[=a] steorran on heofonum, and sw[=a] sw[=a] sand-[.c]eosol + on s[=æ]; þ[=i]n ofspring s[.c]eal [=a]gan hiera f[=e]onda [.g]eatu. And + on 60 + þ[=i]num s[=æ]de b[=e]oþ ealle þ[=e]oda [.g]e·bl[=e]tsode, for þ[=æ]m þe + þ[=u] + [.g]e·h[=i]ersumodest m[=i]nre h[=æ]se þus.' + + Abrah[=a]m þ[=a] [.g]e·[.c]ierde s[=o]na t[=o] his cnapum, and f[=e]rdon + him + h[=a]m s[=o]na mid heofonlicre bl[=e]tsunge. + +III. + + Sum cw[=e]n wæs on s[=u]þ-d[=æ]le, Saba [.g]e·h[=a]ten, snotor and 65 + w[=i]s. Þ[=a] [.g]e·h[=i]erde h[=e]o Salomones hl[=i]san, and c[=o]m fram + þ[=æ]m s[=u]þernum [.g]e·m[=æ]rum to Salomone binnan Hierusal[=e]m + mid mi[.c]elre fare, and hiere olfendas b[=æ]ron s[=u]þerne wyrta, + and d[=e]or-wierþe [.g]imm-st[=a]nas, and un-[.g]er[=i]m gold. S[=e]o + cw[=e]n + þ[=a] hæfde spr[=æ][.c]e wiþ Salomon, and sæ[.g]de him sw[=a] hwæt 70 + sw[=a] h[=e]o on hiere heortan [.g]e·þ[=o]hte. Salomon þ[=a] h[=i]e + l[=æ]rde, + and hiere sæ[.g]de ealra þ[=a]ra worda and[.g]iet þe h[=e]o hine + [=a]scode. + Þ[=a] [.g]e·seah s[=e]o cw[=e]n Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]m, and þæt m[=æ]re + tempel þe h[=e] [.g]e·timbrod hæfde, and þ[=a] l[=a]c þe man Gode + offrode, and þæs cyninges mani[.g]-fealde þe[.g]nunga, and wæs 75 + t[=o] þ[=æ]m sw[=i]þe of·wundrod þæt h[=e]o næfde furþor n[=a]nne + g[=a]st, + for þ[=æ]m þe h[=e]o ne mihte n[=a] furþor sm[=e]an. H[=e]o cwæþ þ[=a] + t[=o] þ[=æ]m cyninge: 'S[=o]þ is þæt word þe ic [.g]e·h[=i]erde on + m[=i]num earde be þ[=e] and be þ[=i]num w[=i]sd[=o]me, ac ic nolde + [.g]e·l[=i]efan [=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe ic self hit [.g]e·s[=a]we. N[=u] hæbbe ic + [=a]·fandod 80 + þæt m[=e] næs be healfum d[=æ]le þ[=i]n m[=æ]rþo [.g]e·c[=y]ped. M[=a]re + is þ[=i]n w[=i]sd[=o]m and þ[=i]n weorc þonne se hl[=i]sa w[=æ]re þe ic + [.g]e·h[=i]erde. [=E]adige sind þ[=i]ne þe[.g]nas and þ[=i]ne þ[=e]owas, + þe + simle æt·foran þ[=e] standaþ, and þ[=i]nne w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e·h[=i]eraþ. + [.G]e·bl[=e]tsod s[=i]e se ælmihtiga God, þe þ[=e] [.g]e·[.c][=e]as and + [.g]e·s[e,]tte 85 + {71} + ofer Israh[=e]la r[=i][.c]e, þæt þ[=u] d[=o]mas s[e,]tte and + riht-w[=i]snesse,' + H[=e]o for·[.g]eaf þ[=æ]em cyninge þ[=a] hund·tw[e,]lfti[.g] punda + goldes, + and un[.g]er[=i]m d[=e]orwierþra wyrta and d[=e]orwierþra + [.g]immst[=a]na. + Salomon [=e]ac for·[.g]eaf þ[=æ]re cw[=e]ne sw[=a] hwæs sw[=a] h[=e]o + [.g]iernde + æt him; and h[=e]o [.g]e·w[e,]nde on·[.g]e[=a]n t[=o] hiere [=e]þle mid + hiere 90 + þe[.g]num. Salomon þ[=a] wæs [.g]e·m[=æ]rsod ofer eallum eorþlicum + cyningum, and ealle þ[=e]oda [.g]e·wilnodon þæt h[=i]e hine + [.g]e·s[=a]wen, + and his w[=i]sd[=o]m [.g]e·h[=i]erden, and h[=i]e him mani[.g]feald + l[=a]c + br[=o]hton. + + S[=e]o cw[=e]n hæfde [.g]e·t[=a]cnunge þ[=æ]re h[=a]lgan [.g]e·laþunge + ealles 95 + cr[=i]stenes folces, þe c[=o]m t[=o] þ[=æ]m [.g]e·sibbsuman Cr[=i]ste + t[=o] + [.g]e·h[=i]erenne his w[=i]sd[=o]m and þ[=a] god-spellican l[=a]re þa + h[=e] + [=a]·stealde, and be on·liehtunge þæs s[=o]þan [.g]e·l[=e]afan, and be + þ[=æ]m t[=o]weardan d[=o]me, be [=u]rre s[=a]wle un-d[=e]adlicnesse, and + be + hyhte and wuldre þæs [.g]e·m[=æ]nelican [=æ]ristes. 100 + + S[=e]o cw[=e]n c[=o]m t[=o] Salomone mid mi[.c]lum l[=a]cum on golde + and on d[=e]orwierþum [.g]immst[=a]num and wyrt-br[=æ]þum; and + þæt b[=æ]ron olfendas. S[=e]o [.g]e·l[=e]affulle [.g]e·laþung, þe cymþ + of [=æ]lcum earde t[=o] Cr[=i]ste, bringþ him þ[=a]s fore-sæ[.g]dan + l[=a]c + æfter g[=a]stlicum and[.g]iete. H[=e]o offraþ him gold þurh s[=o]þne 105 + [.g]e·l[=e]afan, and wyrtbr[=æ]þas þurh [.g]e·bedu, and d[=e]orwierþe + [.g]immas þurh fæ[.g]ernesse g[=o]dra þ[=e]awa and h[=a]li[.g]ra + mæ[.g]na. + Be þisse [.g]e·laþunge cwæþ se w[=i]tega t[=o] Gode: _Adstitit_ + _regina a dextris tuis, in vestitu deaurato, circumdata varietate_, + þæt is, 's[=e]o cw[=e]n st[e,]nt æt þ[=i]nre sw[=i]þran, on ofergyldum + 110 + [.g]ierlan, ymb·scr[=y]dd mid mani[.g]fealdre f[=a]gnesse.' S[=e]o + g[=a]stlice + cw[=e]n, Godes [.g]e·laþung, is [.g]e·gl[e,]n[.g]ed mid d[=e]orwierþre + frætwunge and mani[.g]fealdum bl[=e]o g[=o]dra drohtnunga and + mihta. + + H[=e]o sæ[.g]de Salomone ealle hiere d[=i]egolnessa, and s[=e]o 115 + [.g]e·laþung [.g]e·openaþ Cr[=i]ste hiere inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d and þa + d[=i]eglan + [.g]e·þ[=o]htas on s[=o]þre andetnesse. + + Olfendas b[=æ]ron þ[=a] d[=e]orwierþan l[=a]c mid þ[=æ]re cw[=e]ne + {72} + int[=o] Hierusal[=e]m; for þ[=æ]m þe þ[=a] h[=æ]þnan, þe [=æ]r w[=æ]ron + [.g]e·hoferode þurh [.g][=i]tsunge and atollice þurh leahtras, b[=æ]ron, + 120 + þurh hiera [.g]e·[.c]ierrednesse and [.g]e·l[=e]afan, þ[=a] g[=a]stlican + l[=a]c + t[=o] Cr[=i]stes handum. + + S[=e]o cw[=e]n wundrode Salomones w[=i]sd[=o]mes, and his + [.g]e·timbrunga, + and þe[.g]nunga; and s[=e]o [.g]e·laþung wundraþ Cr[=i]stes + w[=i]sd[=o]mes, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] is s[=o]þ w[=i]sd[=o]m, and eall + w[=i]sd[=o]m is 125 + of him. H[=e] [.g]e·timbrode þ[=a] h[=e]alican heofonas and ealne + middan[.g]eard, and ealle [.g]e·sceafta [.g]e·s[e,]tte on þrim þingum, + _in mensura, et pondere, et numero_, þæt is, on [.g]e·mete, and + on h[e,]fe, and on [.g]e·tele. Cr[=i]stes þe[.g]nung is [=u]re h[=æ]lo + and + folca [=a]·l[=i]esednes, and þ[=a] sind [.g]e·s[=æ]li[.g]e þe him + þe[.g]niaþ t[=o] 130 + [.g]e·cw[=e]mednesse on þ[=æ]m g[=a]stlicum [.g]e·r[=y]num. + + S[=e]o cw[=e]n sæ[.g]de þæt hiere n[=æ]re be healfum d[=æ]le + [.g]e·sæ[.g]d + be Salomones m[=æ]rþo, and s[=e]o g[=a]stlice cw[=e]n, Godes + [.g]e·laþung, + oþþe [.g]e·hwelc h[=a]li[.g] s[=a]wol, þonne h[=e]o cymþ t[=o] þ[=æ]re + heofonlican + Hierusal[=e]m, þonne [.g]e·sihþ h[=e]o mi[.c]le m[=a]ran m[=æ]rþo 135 + and wuldor þonne hiere [=æ]r on l[=i]fe þurh w[=i]tegan oþþe apostolas + [.g]e·c[=y]dd w[=æ]re. Ne mæ[.g] n[=a]n [=e]age on þissum l[=i]fe + [.g]e·s[=e]on, ne n[=a]n [=e]are [.g]e·h[=i]eran, ne n[=a]nes mannes + heorte + [=a]·sm[=e]an þ[=a] þing þe God [.g]earcaþ þ[=æ]m þe hine lufiaþ. Þ[=a] + þing w[=e] magon be·[.g]ietan, ac w[=e] ne magon h[=i]e [=a]·sm[=e]an, + 140 + ne [=u]s n[=æ]fre ne [=a]·þr[=i]ett þ[=a]ra g[=o]da [.g]e·nyhtsumnes. + + Cr[=i]st is ealra cyninga cyning, and sw[=a] sw[=a] ealle þ[=e]oda + woldon [.g]e·s[=e]on þone [.g]e·sibbsuman Salomon, and his w[=i]sd[=o]m + [.g]e·h[=i]eran, and him mislicu l[=a]c br[=o]hton, sw[=a] [=e]ac n[=u] + of eallum + þ[=e]odum [.g]e·wilniaþ m[e,]nn t[=o] [.g]e·s[=e]onne þone + [.g]e-sibbsuman 145 + Cr[=i]st þurh [.g]e·l[=e]afan, and þone godspellican w[=i]sd[=o]m + [.g]e·h[=i]eran, + and h[=i]e him dæ[.g]-hw[=æ]ml[=i]ce þ[=a] g[=a]stlican l[=a]c + [.g]e·offriaþ on + mani[.g]fealdum [.g]e·metum. + +IV. + + On C[=y]res dagum cyninges wr[=e][.g]don þ[=a] Babil[=o]niscan þone + {73} + w[=i]tegan Dani[=e]l, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] t[=o]·wearp hiera + d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, 150 + and cw[=æ]don [=a]n-m[=o]dl[=i]ce t[=o] þ[=æ]m fore-sæ[.g]dan cyninge + C[=y]rum: + 'Bet[=æ][.c] [=u]s Dani[=e]l, þe [=u]rne god B[=e]l t[=o]·wearp, and þone + dracan + [=a]·cwealde þe w[=e] on be·l[=i]efdon; [.g]if þ[=u] hine for·st[e,]ntst, + w[=e] + for·dilgiaþ þ[=e] and þ[=i]nne h[=i]red.' + + Þ[=a] [.g]e·seah se cyning þæt h[=i]e [=a]n-m[=o]de w[=æ]ron, and + n[=i]edunga 155 + þone w[=i]tegan him t[=o] handum [=a]·s[.c][=e]af. H[=i]e þ[=a] hine + [=a]·wurpon int[=o] [=a]num s[=e]aþe, on þ[=æ]m w[=æ]ron seofon l[=e]on, + þ[=æ]m + man sealde dæ[.g]hw[=æ]ml[=i]ce tw[=a] hr[=i]þeru and tw[=a] s[.c][=e]ap, + ac him + wæs þ[=a] of·togen [=æ]lces f[=o]dan siex dagas, þæt h[=i]e þone Godes + mann [=a]·b[=i]tan scolden. 160 + + On þ[=æ]re t[=i]de wæs sum [=o]þer w[=i]tega on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, his + nama waes Abacuc, s[=e] bær his rifterum m[e,]te t[=o] æcere. Þ[=a] + c[=o]m him t[=o] Godes [e,]n[.g]el, and cwæþ: 'Abacuc, ber þone + m[e,]te t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and s[e,]le Dani[=e]le, s[=e] þe sitt on + þ[=a]ra l[=e]ona + s[=e]aþe.' Abacuc andwyrde þ[=æ]m [e,]n[.g]le: 'L[=a] l[=e]of, ne + [.g]e·seah 165 + ic n[=æ]fre þ[=a] burg, ne ic þone s[=e]aþ n[=a]t.' + + Þ[=a] se [e,]n[.g]el [.g]e·l[=æ]hte hine be þ[=æ]m feaxe, and hine bær + t[=o] Babil[=o]ne, and hine s[e,]tte bufan þ[=æ]m s[=e]aþe. Þ[=a] clipode + se + Abacuc: 'þ[=u] Godes þ[=e]ow, Dani[=e]l, nim þ[=a]s l[=a]c þe þ[=e] God + s[e,]nde!' Dani[=e]l cwæþ: 'M[=i]n Dryhten H[=æ]lend, s[=i]e þ[=e] lof + 170 + and weorþ-mynd þæt þ[=u] m[=e] [.g]e·mundest.' And h[=e] þ[=a] þ[=æ]re + sande br[=e]ac. Witodl[=i]ce Godes [e,]n[.g]el þ[=æ]r-rihte mid swiftum + flyhte [.g]e·br[=o]hte þone disc-þe[.g]n, Abacuc, þ[=æ]r h[=e] hine + [=æ]r [.g]e·nam. + + Se cyning þ[=a] C[=y]rus on þ[=æ]m seofoþan dæ[.g]e [=e]ode dr[=e]ori[.g] + 175 + t[=o] þ[=a]ra l[=e]ona s[=e]aþe, and inn be·seah, and efne þ[=a] + Dani[=e]l + sittende wæs [.g]e·sundfull on·middan þ[=æ]m l[=e]onum. Þ[=a] clipode + se cyning mid mi[.c]elre stefne: 'M[=æ]re is se God þe Dani[=e]l + on be·l[=i]efþ.' And h[=e] þ[=a] mid þ[=æ]m worde hine [=a]·t[=e]ah of + þ[=æ]m + scræfe, and h[=e]t inn weorpan þ[=a] þe hine [=æ]r for·d[=o]n woldon. + 180 + Þæs cyninges h[=æ]s wearþ hrædl[=i]ce [.g]e·fr[e,]mmed, and þæs + w[=i]tegan [=e]hteras wurdon [=a]·scofene be·twix þ[=a] l[=e]on, and + h[=i]e + {74} + þ[=æ]r-rihte mid gr[=æ]digum [.c]eaflum h[=i]e ealle t[=o]·t[=æ]ron. + Þ[=a] + cwæþ se cyning: 'Forhtien and on·dr[=æ]den ealle eorþ-b[=u]end + Dani[=e]les God, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] is [=A]·l[=i]esend and H[=æ]lend, + 185 + wyr[.c]ende t[=a]cnu and wundru on heofonan and on eorþan.' + +V. + + Nabochodonosor, se h[=æ]þena cyning, [.g]e·h[e,]rgode on Godes + folce, on J[=u]d[=e]a-lande, and for hiera m[=a]n-d[=æ]dum God þæt + [.g]e·þafode. Þ[=a] [.g]e·nam h[=e] þ[=a] m[=a]þm-fatu, gyldenu and + silfrenu, + binnan Godes temple, and t[=o] his lande mid him 190 + [.g]e·l[=æ]dde. Hit [.g]e·lamp eft siþþan þæt h[=e] on swefne [=a]ne + [.g]e·sihþe be him selfum [.g]e·seah, sw[=a] sw[=a] him siþþan + [=a]·[=e]ode. + + Æfter þissum ymb twelf m[=o]naþ, [=e]ode se cyning binnan + his healle mid orm[=æ]tre [=u]p-[=a]hafennesse, h[e,]riende his weorc + and his miht, and cwæþ: 'H[=u], ne is þis s[=e]o mi[.c]le Babil[=o]n, + 195 + þe ic self [.g]e·timbrode t[=o] cyne-st[=o]le and t[=o] þrymme, m[=e] + selfum to wlite and wuldre, mid m[=i]num [=a]gnum mæ[.g]ne + and str[e,]n[.g]þo?' Ac him clipode þ[=æ]rrihte t[=o] sw[=i]þe + [e,][.g]eslic + stefn of heofonum, þus cweþende: 'Þ[=u] Nabochodonosor, + þ[=i]n r[=i][.c]e [.g]e·w[=i]tt fram þ[=e], and þ[=u] bist fram mannum + [=a]·worpen, 200 + and þ[=i]n wunung biþ mid wild[=e]orum, and þ[=u] itst gærs, sw[=a] + sw[=a] oxa, seofon [.g][=e]ar, oþ þæt þ[=u] wite þæt se h[=e]alica + God [.g]e·wielt manna r[=i][.c]a, and þæt h[=e] for·[.g]iefþ r[=i][.c]e + þ[=æ]m + þe h[=e] wile.' + + Witodl[=i]ce on þ[=æ]re ilcan t[=i]de wæs þ[=e]os spr[=æ][.c] + [.g]e·fylled 205 + ofer Nabochodonosor, and h[=e] arn t[=o] wuda, and wunode mid + wild[=e]orum, leofode be gærse, sw[=a] sw[=a] n[=i]eten, oþ þæt his + feax w[=e]ox sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=i]f-manna, and his næ[.g]las sw[=a] sw[=a] + earnes clawa. + + Eft siþþan him for·[.g]eaf se ælmihtiga Wealdend his [.g]e·witt, 210 + and h[=e] cwæþ: 'Ic Nabochodonosor [=a]·h[=o]f m[=i]n [=e]agan [=u]p + t[=o] + heofonum, and m[=i]n and[.g]iet m[=e] wearþ for·[.g]iefen, and ic þ[=a] + bl[=e]tsode þone h[=i]ehstan God, and ic h[e,]rede and wuldrode + {75} + þone þe leofaþ on [=e][.c]nesse, for þ[=æ]m þe his miht is [=e][.c]e, and + his r[=i][.c]e st[e,]nt on m[=æ][.g]þe and on m[=æ][.g]þe. Ealle + eorþ-b[=u]end 215 + sind t[=o] n[=a]hte [.g]e·tealde on his wiþ·metennesse. Æfter his + willan h[=e] d[=e]þ [=æ][.g]þer [.g]e on heofone [.g]e on eorþan, and nis + n[=a]n þing þe his mihte wiþ·stande, oþþe him t[=o] cweþe 'hw[=y] + d[=e]st þ[=u] sw[=a]?' On þ[=æ]re t[=i]de m[=i]n and[.g]iet + [.g]e·w[e,]nde t[=o] m[=e], + and ic be·c[=o]m t[=o] weorþ-mynde m[=i]nes cyne-r[=i][.c]es, and m[=i]n + 220 + m[e,]nnisce h[=i]w m[=e] be·c[=o]m. M[=i]ne witan m[=e] s[=o]hton, and + m[=i]n + m[=æ]rþo wearþ [.g]e·[=e]acnod. N[=u] eornostl[=i]ce ic m[=æ]rsi[.g]e and + wuldri[.g]e þone heofonlican cyning, for þ[=æ]m þe eall his weorc + sind s[=o]þ, and his wegas riht-w[=i]se, and h[=e] mæ[.g] + [.g]e·[=e]aþ-m[=e]dan + þ[=a] þe on m[=o]di[.g]nesse faraþ.' 225 + + Þus [.g]e·[=e]aþm[=e]dde se ælmihtiga God þone m[=o]digan cyning + Nabochodonosor. + +{76} + +IV. + +SAMSON. + + [=A]n mann wæs eardiende on Israh[=e]la þ[=e]ode, Manu[=e] + [.g]e·h[=a]ten, of þ[=æ]re m[=æ][.g]þe Dan; his w[=i]f wæs un-t[=i]emend, + and + h[=i]e wunodon b[=u]tan [.c]ilde. Him c[=o]m þ[=a] gangende t[=o] Godes + [e,]n[.g]el, and cwæþ þæt h[=i]e scolden habban sunu him + [.g]e·m[=æ]nne; 'ne h[=e] ealu ne drince n[=æ]fre oþþe w[=i]n, ne n[=a]ht + 5 + f[=u]les ne þi[.c][.g]e; s[=e] biþ Gode h[=a]li[.g] fram his + [.c]ildh[=a]de; and + man ne m[=o]t hine [e,]fsian oþþe be·s[.c]ieran, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] + on·[.g]inþ t[=o] [=a]·l[=i]esenne his folc, Israh[=e]la þ[=e]ode, of + Philist[=e]a + þ[=e]owte.' + + H[=e]o [=a]·c[e,]nde þ[=a] sunu, sw[=a] sw[=a] hiere sæ[.g]de se + [e,]n[.g]el, and 10 + h[=e]t hine Samson; and h[=e] sw[=i]þe w[=e]ox; and God hine bl[=e]tsode, + and Godes g[=a]st wæs on him. H[=e] wearþ þ[=a] mihti[.g] on + mi[.c]elre str[e,]n[.g]þo, sw[=a] þæt h[=e] [.g]e·l[=æ]hte [=a]ne l[=e]on + be we[.g]e, þe + hine [=a]·b[=i]tan wolde, and t[=o]·bræ[.g]d h[=i]e t[=o] sty[.c][.c]um, + swelce he + t[=o]·t[=æ]re sum [=e]aþelic ti[.c][.c]en. 15 + + H[=e] be·gann þ[=a] t[=o] winnenne wiþ þ[=a] Philist[=e]os, and hiera + fela of·sl[=o]g and t[=o] scame t[=u]code, þ[=e]ah þe h[=i]e onweald + hæfden + ofer h[=i]s l[=e]ode. Þ[=a] f[=e]rdon þ[=a] Philist[=e]i forþ æfter + Samsone, + and h[=e]ton his l[=e]ode þæt h[=i]e hine [=a]·[.g][=e]afen t[=o] hiera + onwealde, + þæt h[=i]e wrecan mihten hiera t[=e]on-r[=æ]denne mid tintregum 20 + on him. H[=i]e þ[=a] hine [.g]e·bundon mid tw[=æ]m bæstenum r[=a]pum + and hine [.g]e·l[=æ]ddon t[=o] þ[=æ]m folce. And þ[=a] Philist[=e]iscan + þæs + fæ[.g]nodon sw[=i]þe; urnon him t[=o]·[.g][=e]anes ealle hl[=y]dende; + woldon + hine tintre[.g]ian for hiera t[=e]onr[=æ]denne. Þ[=a] t[=o]·bræ[.g]d + Samson b[=e][.g]en his earmas, þæt þ[=a] r[=a]pas t[=o]-burston þe h[=e] + mid 25 + {77} + [.g]e·bunden wæs. And h[=e] [.g]e·l[=æ]hte þ[= a] s[=o]na sumes assan + [.c]inn-b[=a]n þe h[=e] þ[=æ]r funde, and [.g]e·feaht wiþ h[=i]e, and + of·sl[=o][.g] + [=a]n þ[=u]send mid þæs assan [.c]innb[=a]ne. H[=e] wearþ þ[=a] sw[=i]þe + of·þyrst for þ[=æ]m wundorlican sl[e,][.g]e, and bæd þone heofonlican + God þæt h[=e] him [=a]·s[e,]nde drincan, for þ[=æ]m þe on þ[=æ]re 30 + n[=e]awiste næs n[=a]n wæters[.c]ipe. Þ[=a] arn of þ[=æ]n [.c]innb[=a]ne + of [=a]num t[=e]þ wæter; and Samson þ[=a] dranc, and his Dryhtne + þancode. + + Æfter þissum h[=e] f[=e]rde t[=o] Philist[=e]a lande, int[=o] [=a]nre + byri[.g] + on hiera onwealde, Gaza [.g]e·h[=a]ten. And h[=i]e þæs fæ[.g]nodon; 35 + be·s[e,]tton þ[=a] þ[=æ]t h[=u]s þe h[=e] inne wunode; woldon hine + [.g]e·niman mid þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] [=u]t [=e]ode on [=æ]rne-mer[.g]en, and + hine + of·sl[=e]an. Hwæt þ[=a] Samson hiera sierwunga under·[.g]eat; and + [=a]·r[=a]s on middre nihte t[=o]·middes his f[=e]ondum, and [.g]e·nam + þ[=a] burg-[.g]eatu, and [.g]e·bær on his hry[.c][.g]e mid þ[=æ]m postum, + 40 + sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e be·locenu w[=æ]ron, [=u]p t[=o] [=a]nre d[=u]ne + t[=o] ufeweardum + þ[=æ]m cnolle; and [=e]ode sw[=a] or-sorg of hiera [.g]e·sihþum. + + Hine be·sw[=a]c sw[=a]·þ[=e]ah siþþan [=a]n w[=i]f, Dalila + [.g]e·h[=a]ten, of + þ[=æ]m h[=æ]þnan folce, sw[=a] þæt h[=e] hiere sæ[.g]de, þurh hiere + sw[=i]cd[=o]m 45 + be·p[=æ]ht, on hw[=æ]m his str[e,]n[.g]þo wæs and his wundorlicu + miht. Þ[=a] h[=æ]þnan Philist[=e]i be·h[=e]ton hiere s[.c]eattas wiþ + þ[=æ]m + þe h[=e]o be·swice Samson þone strangan. Þ[=a] [=a]scode h[=e]o + hine [.g]eorne mid hiere [=o]l[=æ][.c]unge on hw[=æ]m his miht w[=æ]re; + and h[=e] hiere andwyrde: '[.G]if ic b[=e]o [.g]e·bunden mid seofon 50 + r[=a]pum, of sinum [.g]eworhte, s[=o]na ic b[=e]o [.g]e·wield.' Þæt + swicole w[=i]f þ[=a] be·[.g]eat þ[=a] seofon r[=a]pas, and h[=e] þurh + sierwunge + sw[=a] wearþ [.g]e·bunden. And him man c[=y]þde þæt + þ[=æ]r c[=o]mon his f[=i]end; þ[=a] t[=o]·bræc h[=e] s[=o]na þ[=a] + r[=a]pas, sw[=a] + sw[=a] h[e,]fel-þr[=æ]das; and þæt w[=i]f nyste on hw[=æ]m his miht 55 + wæs. H[=e] wearþ eft [.g]e·bunden mid eall-n[=i]wum r[=a]pum; and + h[=e] þ[=a] t[=o]·bræc, sw[=a] sw[=a] þ[=a] [=o]þre. + + H[=e]o be·sw[=a]c hine sw[=a]·þ[=e]ah, þæt h[=e] hiere sæ[.g]de æt + {78} + n[=i]ehstan: 'Ic eom Gode [.g]e·h[=a]lgod fram m[=i]num [.c]ildh[=a]de; + and + ic næs n[=æ]fre [.g]e·[e,]fsod, ne n[=æ]fre be·scoren; and [.g]if ic + b[=e]o 60 + be·scoren, þonne b[=e]o ic un-mihti[.g], [=o]þrum mannum [.g]e·l[=i]c;' + and h[=e]o l[=e]t þ[=a] sw[=a]. + + H[=e]o þ[=a] on sumum dæ[.g]e, þ[=a] þ[=a] h[=e] on sl[=æ]pe læ[.g], + for·[.c]earf + his seofon loccas, and [=a]·weahte hine siþþan; þ[=a] wæs + h[=e] sw[=a] unmihti[.g] sw[=a] sw[=a] [=o]þre m[e,]nn. And þ[=a] + Philist[=e]i 65 + [.g]e·f[=e]ngon hine s[=o]na, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e]o hine be·l[=æ]wde, and + [.g]e·l[=æ]ddon + hine on·we[.g]; and h[=e]o hæfde þone s[.c]eatt, sw[=a] sw[=a] + him [.g]e·wearþ. + + H[=i]e þ[=a] hine [=a]·bl[e,]ndon, and [.g]e·bundenne l[=æ]ddon on + heardum racent[=e]agum h[=a]m t[=o] hiera byri[.g], and on cwearterne 70 + be·lucon t[=o] langre fierste: h[=e]ton hine grindan æt + hiera hand-cweorne. Þ[=a] w[=e]oxon his loccas and his miht + eft on him. And þ[=a] Philist[=e]i full·bl[=i]þe w[=æ]ron: þancodon + hiera Gode, Dagon [.g]e·h[=a]ten, swelce h[=i]e þurh his fultum + hiera f[=e]ond [.g]e·wielden. 75 + + Þ[=a] Philist[=e]i þ[=a] mi[.c]le feorme [.g]e·worhton, and + [.g]e·samnodon + h[=i]e on sumre [=u]p-fl[=o]ra, ealle þ[=a] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, and + [=e]ac swelce w[=i]f-m[e,]nn, þr[=e]o þ[=u]send manna on mi[.c]elre + blisse. + And þ[=a] þ[=a] h[=i]e bl[=i]þost w[=æ]ron, þ[=a] b[=æ]don h[=i]e sume + þæt Samson + m[=o]ste him macian sum gamen; and hine man s[=o]na 80 + [.g]e·f[e,]tte mid sw[=i]þlicre w[=a]funge, and h[=e]ton hine standan + be·twix tw[=æ]m st[=æ]nenum sw[=e]orum. On þ[=æ]m tw[=æ]m sw[=e]orum + st[=o]d þæt h[=u]s eall [.g]e·worht. And Samson þ[=a] plegode + sw[=i]þe him æt·foran; and [.g]e·l[=æ]hte þ[=a] sw[=e]oras mid + sw[=i]þlicre + mihte, and sl[=o]g h[=i]e t[=o]·gædre þæt h[=i]e s[=o]na t[=o]·burston; + and 85 + þæt h[=u]s þ[=a] [=a]·f[=e]oll eall, þ[=æ]m folce t[=o] d[=e]aþe, and + Samson + forþ mid, sw[=a] þæt h[=e] mi[.c]le m[=a] on his d[=e]aþe [=a]·cwealde + þonne h[=e] [=æ]r cwic dyde. + +{79} + +V. + +FROM THE CHRONICLE. + + Breten [=i]e[.g]-land is eahta hund m[=i]la lang, and tw[=a] hund + m[=i]la br[=a]d; and h[=e]r sind on þ[=æ]m [=i]e[.g]lande f[=i]f + [.g]e·þ[=e]odu: + [E,]n[.g]lisc, Brettisc, Scyttisc, Pihtisc, and B[=o]c-læden. + + [=Æ]rest w[=æ]ron b[=u]end þisses landes Brettas. Þ[=a] c[=o]mon + of Armenia, and [.g]e·s[=æ]ton s[=u]þan-wearde Bretene [=æ]rest. Þ[=a] 5 + [.g]e·lamp hit þæt Peohtas c[=o]mon s[=u]þan of Scithian mid + langum s[.c]ipum, n[=a] manigum; and þ[=a] c[=o]mon [=æ]rest on + Norþ-ibernian [=u]p; and þ[=æ]r b[=æ]don Scottas þæt h[=i]e þ[=æ]r + m[=o]sten wunian. Ac h[=i]e noldon him l[=i]efan, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e + cw[=æ]don þæt h[=i]e ne mihten ealle æt·gædre [.g]e·wunian þ[=æ]r. 10 + And þ[=a] cw[=æ]don þ[=a] Scottas: 'W[=e] magon [=e]ow hwæþre r[=æ]d + [.g]e·l[=æ]ran: w[=e] witon [=o]þer [=i]e[.g]land h[=e]r-be·[=e]astan; + þ[=æ]r [.g][=e] + magon eardian, [.g]if [.g][=e] willaþ; and [.g]if hw[=a] [=e]ow + wiþ·st[e,]nt, + w[=e] [=e]ow fultumiaþ þæt [.g][=e] hit mæ[.g]en [.g]e·g[=a]n.' + + Þ[=a] f[=e]rdon þ[=a] Peohtas, and [.g]ef[=e]rdon þis land norþan-weard; + 15 + s[=u]þan-weard hit hæfdon Brettas, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e] [=æ]r cw[=æ]don. + And þ[=a] Peohtas him [=a]·b[=æ]don w[=i]f æt Scottum on þ[=a] + [.g]e·r[=a]d + þæt h[=i]e [.g]e·curen hiera cyne-cynn [=a] on þ[=a] w[=i]f-healfe. Þæt + h[=i]e h[=e]oldon sw[=a] lange siþþan. + + And þ[=a] [.g]e·lamp ymbe [.g][=e]ara ryne þæt Scotta sum d[=æ]l 20 + [.g]e·w[=a]t of Ibernian on Bretene, and þæs landes sumne d[=æ]l + [.g]e·[=e]odon; and wæs hiera h[e,]re-toga R[=e]oda [.g]e·h[=a]ten: fram + þæm h[=i]e sind [.g]e·n[e,]mnede D[=a]lr[=e]odi. + {80} + + Anno 449. H[=e]r Marti[=a]nus and Valent[=i]nus on·f[=e]ngon r[=i][.c]e, + and r[=i][.c]sodon seofon winter. 25 + + And on hiera dagum, H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa, fram Wyrt[.g]eorne + [.g]e·laþode, Bretta cyninge, [.g]e·s[=o]hton Bretene on þ[=æ]m + st[e,]de þe is [.g]e·n[e,]mned Ypwines-fl[=e]ot, [=æ]rest Brettum t[=o] + fultume, + ac h[=i]e eft on h[=i]e fuhton. + + Se cyning h[=e]t h[=i]e feohtan on·[.g][=e]an Peohtas; and h[=i]e sw[=a] + 30 + dydon, and si[.g]e hæfdon sw[=a] hw[=æ]r sw[=a] h[=i]e c[=o]mon. + + H[=i]e þ[=a] s[e,]ndon t[=o] Angle, and h[=e]ton him s[e,]ndan m[=a]ran + fultum; and h[=e]ton him s[e,][.c][.g]an Bret-w[=e]ala n[=a]htnesse and + þæs + landes cysta. H[=i]e þ[=a] s[e,]ndon him m[=a]ran fultum. Þ[=a] c[=o]mon + þ[=a] m[e,]nn of þrim m[=æ][.g]þum [.G]erm[=a]nie: of Eald-seaxum, of 35 + [E,]n[.g]lum, of [=I]otum. + + Of [=I]otum c[=o]mon Cant-ware and Wiht-ware--þæt is s[=e]o + m[=æ][.g]þ þe n[=u] eardaþ on Wiht--and þæt cynn on West-seaxum + þe man n[=u]·[.g]iet h[=æ]tt '[=I]otena cynn.' Of Eald-seaxum + c[=o]mon [=E]ast-seaxe, and S[=u]þ-seaxe, and West-seaxe. 40 + Of Angle c[=o]mon--s[=e] [=a] siþþan st[=o]d w[=e]ste be·twix [=I]otum + and + Seaxum--[=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, Mier[.c]e, and ealle + Norþhymbre. + + 455. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and Horsa fuhton wiþ Wyrt[.g]eorne + þ[=æ]m cyninge in þ[=æ]re st[=o]we þe is [.g]e·cweden Æ[.g]les-þrep; 45 + and his br[=o]þor Horsan man of·sl[=o]g. And æfter þ[=æ]m H[e,]n[.g]est + f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e, and Æsc his sunu. + + 457. H[=e]r H[e,]n[.g]est and Æsc fuhton wiþ Brettas in þ[=æ]re + st[=o]we þe is [.g]e·cweden Cr[e,][.c][.g]an-ford, and þ[=æ]r + of·sl[=o]gon + f[=e]ower þ[=u]send wera. And þ[=a] Brettas þ[=a] for·l[=e]ton + C[e,]nt-land, 50 + and mid mi[.c]le [e,][.g]e flugon t[=o] Lunden-byri[.g]. + + 473. H[=e]r Hen[.g]est and Æsc [.g]e·fuhton wiþ W[=e]alas, and + [.g]e·n[=a]mon un-[=a]r[=i]medlicu h[e,]re-r[=e]af, and þ[=a] W[=e]alas + flugon + þ[=a] [E,]n[.g]le sw[=a] sw[=a] f[=y]r. + + 787. H[=e]r nam Beorht-r[=i][.c] cyning Offan dohtor [=E]ad-burge. 55 + And on his dagum c[=o]mon [=æ]rest þr[=e]o s[.c]ipu; and þ[=a] se + {81} + [.g]e·r[=e]fa þ[=æ]r t[=o] r[=a]d, and h[=i]e wolde dr[=i]fan t[=o] þæs + cyninges + t[=u]ne, þ[=y] h[=e] nyste hwæt h[=i]e w[=æ]ron; and hine man of·sl[=o]g. + Þæt w[=æ]ron þ[=a] [=æ]restan s[.c]ipu D[e,]niscra manna þe Angel-cynnes + land [.g]e·s[=o]hton. 60 + + 851. H[=e]r [.C]eorl ealdor-mann [.g]e·feaht wiþ h[=æ]þne m[e,]nn + mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re æt Wi[.c][.g]an-beorge, and þ[=æ]r mi[.c]el wæl + [.g]e·sl[=o]gon, and si[.g]e n[=a]mon. + + And þ[=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are Æþelst[=a]n cyning and Ealhh[e,]re dux + mi[.c]elne h[e,]re of·sl[=o]gon æt Sand-w[=i]c on C[e,]nt; and nigon 65 + s[.c]ipu [.g]e·f[=e]ngon, and þ[=a] [=o]þru [.g]e·fl[=i]emdon; and + h[=æ]þne m[e,]nn + [=æ]rest ofer winter s[=æ]ton. + + And þ[=y] ilcan [.g][=e]are c[=o]m f[=e]orþe healf hund s[.c]ipa on + T[e,]mese-m[=u]þan, and br[=æ]con Cantwara-burg, and Lunden-burg, + and [.g]e·fl[=i]emdon Beorhtwulf Mier[.c]na cyning mid his 70 + fierde; and f[=e]rdon þ[=a] s[=u]þ ofer T[e,]mese on S[=u]þri[.g]e; and + him [.g]e·feaht wiþ Æþelwulf cyning and Æþelbeald his + sunu æt [=A]c-l[=e]a mid West-seaxna fierde, and þ[=æ]r þæt m[=æ]ste + wæl [.g]e·sl[=o]gon on h[=æ]þnum h[e,]re þe w[=e] s[e,][.c][.g]an + h[=i]erdon oþ + þisne andweardan dæ[.g], and þ[=æ]r si[.g]e n[=a]mon. 75 + + 867. H[=e]r f[=o]r se h[e,]re of [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum ofer + Humbre-m[=u]þan + t[=o] Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre on Norþ-hymbre. And þ[=æ]r wæs mi[.c]el + un-[.g]eþw[=æ]rnes þ[=æ]re þ[=e]ode be·twix him selfum, and h[=i]e + hæfdon hiera cyning [=a]·worpenne [=O]sbryht, and un-[.g]ecyndne + cyning under·f[=e]ngon Ællan. And h[=i]e late on [.g][=e]are t[=o] þ[=æ]m + 80 + [.g]e·[.c]ierdon þæt h[=i]e wiþ þone h[e,]re winnende w[=æ]ron; and + h[=i]e + þ[=e]ah mi[.c]le fierd [.g]e·gadrodon, and þone h[e,]re s[=o]hton æt + Eoforw[=i]c-[.c]eastre; and on þ[=a] [.c]eastre br[=æ]con, and h[=i]e + sume + inne wurdon; and þ[=æ]r wæs un-[.g]emetlic wæl ge·slæ[.g]en Norþanhymbra, + sume binnan, sume b[=u]tan, and þ[=a] cyningas 85 + b[=e][.g]en ofslæ[.g]ene; and s[=e]o l[=a]f wiþ þone h[e,]re friþ nam. + +{82} + +VI. + +KING EDMUND. + + Sum sw[=i]þe [.g]e·l[=æ]red munuc c[=o]m s[=u]þan ofer s[=æ] fram sancte + Benedictes st[=o]we, on Æþelredes cyninges dæ[.g]e, to D[=u]nst[=a]ne + ær[.c]e-biscope, þrim [.g][=e]arum [=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] forþ·f[=e]rde, + and se munuc h[=a]tte Abbo. Þ[=a] wurdon h[=i]e æt spr[=æ][.c]e, oþ + þæt D[=u]nst[=a]n reahte be sancte [=E]admunde, sw[=a] sw[=a] + [=E]admundes 5 + sweord-bora hit reahte Æþelst[=a]ne cyninge, þ[=a] þ[=a] + D[=u]nst[=a]n [.g][=e]ong mann wæs, and se sweord-bora wæs for·ealdod + mann. Þ[=a] [.g]e·s[e,]tte se munuc ealle þ[=a], [.g]e·r[e,][.c]ednesse + on + [=a]nre b[=e]c, and eft, þ[=a] þ[=a] s[=e]o b[=o]c c[=o]m t[=o] [=u]s, + binnan f[=e]am + [.g][=e]arum, þ[=a] [=a]·w[e,]ndon w[=e] hit on [E,]n[.g]lisc, sw[=a] + sw[=a] hit h[=e]r·æfter 10 + st[e,]nt. Se munuc þ[=a] Abbo binnan tw[=æ]m [.g][=e]arum [.g]e·w[e,]nde + h[=a]m t[=o] his mynstre, and wearþ s[=o]na t[=o] abbode + [.g]e·s[e,]tt on þ[=æ]m ilcan mynstre. + + [=E]admund se [=e]adiga, [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]la cyning, wæs snotor and + weorþfull, and weorþode simle mid æþelum þ[=e]awum þone 15 + ælmihtigan God. H[=e] wæs [=e]aþ-m[=o]d and [.g]e·þungen, and + sw[=a] [=a]n-r[=æ]d þurh·wunode þæt h[=e] nolde [=a]·b[=u]gan t[=o] + bismerfullum + leahtrum, ne on n[=a]wþre healfe h[=e] ne [=a]·hielde his + þ[=e]awas, ac wæs simle [.g]e·myndi[.g] þ[=æ]re s[=o]þan l[=a]re: '[.G]if + þ[=u] + eart t[=o] h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn [.g]e·s[e,]tt, ne [=a]·h[e,]fe þ[=u] þ[=e], + ac b[=e]o be·twix 20 + mannum sw[=a] sw[=a] [=a]n mann of him.' H[=e] wæs + cysti[.g] w[=æ]dlum and widewum sw[=a] sw[=a] fæder, and mid + wel-willendnesse [.g]e·wissode his folc simle t[=o] riht-w[=i]snesse, + and þ[=æ]m r[=e]þum st[=i]erde, and [.g]e·s[=æ]li[.g]l[=i]ce leofode on + s[=o]þum + [.g]e·l[=e]afan. 25 + {83} + + Hit [.g]e·lamp þ[=a] æt n[=i]ehstan þæt þ[=a] D[e,]niscan l[=e]ode + f[=e]rdon + mid s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, h[e,]rgiende and sl[=e]ande w[=i]de [.g]eond land, + sw[=a] + sw[=a] hiera [.g]e·wuna is. On þ[=æ]m flotan w[=æ]ron þ[=a] fyrmestan + h[=e]afod-m[e,]nn, Hinguar and Hubba, [.g]e·[=a]nl[=æ]hte þurh d[=e]ofol, + and h[=i]e on Norþhymbra-lande [.g]e·l[e,]ndon mid æscum, and 30 + [=a]·w[=e]ston þæt land, and þ[=a] l[=e]ode of·sl[=o]gon. Þ[=a] + [.g]e·w[e,]nde + Hinguar [=e]ast mid his s[.c]ipum, and Hubba be·l[=a]f on + Norþhymbra-lande, + [.g]e·wunnenum si[.g]e mid wæl-hr[=e]ownesse. + Hinguar þ[=a] be·c[=o]m t[=o] [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]lum r[=o]wende on þ[=æ]m + [.g][=e]are + þe Ælfred æþeling [=a]n and tw[e,]nti[.g] [.g][=e]ara wæs, s[=e] þe + West-seaxna 35 + cyning siþþan wearþ m[=æ]re. And se fore-sæ[.g]da + Hinguar f[=æ]rl[=i]ce, sw[=a] sw[=a] wulf, on lande be·stealcode, and + þ[=a] l[=e]ode sl[=o]g, weras and w[=i]f, and þ[=a] un[.g]ewittigan + [.c][=i]ld, + and to bismere t[=u]code þ[=a] bilew[=i]tan Cr[=i]stenan. H[=e] s[e,]nde + þ[=a] siþþan s[=o]na t[=o] þ[=æ]m cyninge b[=e]otlic [=æ]rende, þæt h[=e] + 40 + [=a]·b[=u]gan scolde t[=o] his mann-r[=æ]denne, [.g]if h[=e] his + f[=e]ores r[=o]hte. + Se [=æ]rend-raca c[=o]m þ[=a] t[=o] [=E]admunde cyninge, and Hinguares + [=æ]rende him arodl[=i]ce [=a]·b[=e]ad: 'Hinguar [=u]re cyning, c[=e]ne + and si[.g]efæst on s[=æ] and on lande, hæfþ fela þ[=e]oda [.g]e·weald, + and c[=o]m n[=u] mid fierde f[=æ]rl[=i]ce h[=e]r t[=o] lande, þæt 45 + h[=e] h[=e]r winter-setl mid his werode hæbbe. N[=u] h[=æ]tt h[=e] þ[=e] + d[=æ]lan þ[=i]ne d[=i]eglan gold-hordas and þ[=i]nra ieldrena + [.g]e·str[=e]on + arodl[=i]ce wiþ hine, and þ[=u] b[=e]o his under-cyning, [.g]if þ[=u] + cwic b[=e]on wilt, for þ[=æ]m þe þ[=u] næfst þ[=a] miht þæt þ[=u] mæ[.g]e + him wiþ·standan.' 50 + + Hwæt þ[=a] [=E]admund cyning clipode [=a]nne biscop þe him + þ[=a] [.g]e·h[e,]ndost wæs, and wiþ hine sm[=e]ade h[=u] h[=e] þ[=æ]m + r[=e]þan Hinguare andwyrdan scolde. Þ[=a] forhtode se biscop + for þ[=æ]m f[=æ]rlican [.g]e·limpe, and for þæs cyninges l[=i]fe, + and cwæþ þæt him r[=æ]d þ[=u]hte þæt h[=e] t[=o] þ[=æ]m [.g]e·buge þe 55 + him b[=e]ad Hinguar. Þ[=a] sw[=i]gode se cyning, and be·seah + t[=o] þ[=æ]re eorþan, and cwæþ þ[=a] æt n[=i]ehstan cynel[=i]ce him + t[=o]: '[=E]al[=a] þ[=u] biscop, t[=o] bismere sind [.g]e·t[=a]wode + þ[=a]s earman + {84} + land-l[=e]ode, and m[=e] n[=u] l[=e]ofre w[=æ]re þæt ic on [.g]e·feohte + f[=e]olle wiþ þ[=æ]m þe m[=i]n folc m[=o]ste hiera eardes br[=u]can.' 60 + And se biscop cwæþ: '[=E]al[=a] þ[=u] l[=e]ofa cyning, þ[=i]n folc + l[=i]þ of·slæ[.g]en, and þ[=u] næfst þone fultum þæt þ[=u] feohtan + mæ[.g]e, and þ[=a]s flot-m[e,]nn cumaþ, and þ[=e] cwicne [.g]e·bindaþ, + b[=u]tan þ[=u] mid fl[=e]ame þ[=i]num f[=e]ore [.g]e·beorge, oþþe þ[=u] + þ[=e] sw[=a] + [.g]e·beorge þæt þ[=u] b[=u]ge t[=o] him.' Þ[=a] cwæþ [=E]admund cyning, + 65 + sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=e] full·c[=e]ne wæs: 'þæs ic [.g]e·wilni[.g]e and + [.g]e·w[=y]s[.c]e + mid m[=o]de þæt ic [=a]na ne be·l[=i]fe æfter m[=i]num l[=e]ofum + þe[.g]num, + þe on hiera b[e,]ddum wurdon mid bearnum and w[=i]fum f[=æ]rl[=i]ce + of·slæ[.g]ene fram þissum flot-mannum. Næs m[=e] n[=æ]fre [.g]e·wunelic + þæt ic worhte fl[=e]ames, ac ic wolde sw[=i]þor sweltan, 70 + [.g]if ic þorfte, for m[=i]num [=a]gnum earde, and se ælmihtiga God + w[=a]t þæt ic nyle [=a]·b[=u]gan fram his b[=i]-g[e,]n[.g]um [=æ]fre, ne + fram + his s[=o]þre lufe, swelte ic, libbe ic.' + + Æfter þissum wordum h[=e] [.g]e·w[e,]nde t[=o] þ[=æ]m [=æ]rend-racan þe + Hinguar him t[=o] s[e,]nde, and sæ[.g]de him un·forht: 'Witodl[=i]ce 75 + þ[=u] w[=æ]re n[=u] wierþe sl[e,][.g]es, ac ic nyle [=a]·f[=y]lan on + þ[=i]num f[=u]lum + bl[=o]de m[=i]ne cl[=æ]nan handa, for þ[=æ]m þe ic Cr[=i]ste folgi[.g]e, + þe + [=u]s sw[=a] [.g]e·b[=y]snode; ac ic bl[=i]þel[=i]ce wile b[=e]on + of·slæ[.g]en + þurh [=e]ow, [.g]if hit sw[=a] God fore-s[.c][=e]awaþ. Far n[=u] sw[=i]þe + hraþe, + and s[e,][.g]e þ[=i]num r[=e]þan hl[=a]forde, "ne [=a]·b[=y]hþ n[=æ]fre + [=E]admund 80 + Hinguare on l[=i]fe, h[=æ]þnum h[e,]re-togan, b[=u]tan h[=e] to + H[=æ]lende + Cr[=i]ste [=æ]rest mid [.g]e·l[=e]afan on þissum lande [.g]e·b[=u]ge."' + + Þ[=a] [.g]e·w[e,]nde se [=æ]rend-raca arodl[=i]ce on·we[.g], and + [.g]e·m[=e]tte + be we[.g]e þone wæl-hr[=e]owan Hinguar mid ealre his fierde + f[=u]se to [=E]admunde, and sæ[.g]de þ[=æ]m [=a]rleasan h[=u] him + [.g]e·andwyrd 85 + wæs. Hinguar beb[=e]ad þ[=a] mid bieldo þ[=æ]m s[.c]ip-h[e,]re + þæt h[=i]e þæs cyninges [=a]nes ealle c[=e]pan scolden, þe his h[=æ]se + for·seah, and hine s[=o]na bindan. + + Hwæt þ[=a] [=E]admund cyning, mid þ[=æ]m þe Hinguar c[=o]m, + st[=o]d innan his healle, þæs H[=æ]lendes [.g]e·myndi[.g], and [=a]·wearp + 90 + his w[=æ]pnu: wolde [.g]e·efenl[=æ][.c]an Cr[=i]stes [.g]e·b[=y]snungum, + þe + {85} + for·b[=e]ad Petre mid w[=æ]pnum t[=o] winnenne wiþ þ[=a] wælhr[=e]owan + I[=u]d[=e]iscan. Hwæt þ[=a] [=a]rl[=e]asan þ[=a] [=E]admund [.g]e·bundon, + and + [.g]e·bismrodon huxl[=i]ce, and b[=e]oton mid s[=a]glum, and sw[=a] + siþþan l[=æ]ddon þone [.g]e·l[=e]affullan cyning t[=o] [=a]num + eorþ-faestan 95 + tr[=e]owe, and t[=i]e[.g]don hine þ[=æ]r-t[=o] mid heardum b[e,]ndum, + and hine eft swungon langl[=i]ce mid swipum; and h[=e] + simle clipode be·twix þ[=æ]m swinglum mid s[=o]þum [.g]e·l[=e]afan t[=o] + H[=æ]lende Cr[=i]ste; and þ[=a] h[=æ]þnan þ[=a] for his [.g]e·l[=e]afan + wurdon + w[=o]dl[=i]ce ierre, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] clipode Cr[=i]st him t[=o] + fultume: 100 + h[=i]e scuton þ[=a] mid gafelocum him t[=o], swelce him to gamene, + oþ þæt h[=e] eall wæs be·s[e,]tt mid hiera scotungum, swelce [=i]les + byrsta, sw[=a] sw[=a] Sebasti[=a]nus wæs. Þ[=a] [.g]e·seah Hinguar, se + [=a]rl[=e]asa flotmann, þæt se æþela cyning nolde Cr[=i]ste wiþ·sacan, + ac mid [=a]nr[=æ]dum [.g]e·l[=e]afan hine [=æ]fre clipode: h[=e]t hine + þ[=a] 105 + be·h[=e]afdian, and þ[=a] h[=æ]þnan sw[=a] dydon. Be·twix þ[=æ]m þe h[=e] + clipode t[=o] Cr[=i]ste þ[=a]·[.g]iet, þ[=a] tugon þ[=a] h[=æ]þnan þone + h[=a]lgan + t[=o] sl[e,][.g]e, and mid [=a]num sw[e,]n[.g]e sl[=o]gon him of þæt + h[=e]afod, + and his s[=a]wol s[=i]þode [.g]e·s[=æ]li[.g] t[=o] Cr[=i]ste. Þ[=æ]r wæs + sum + mann [.g]e·h[e,]nde [.g]e·healden, þurh God be·h[=y]dd þ[=æ]m h[=æ]þnum, + 110 + þe þis [.g]e·h[=i]erde eall, and hit eft sæ[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] w[=e] + hit + s[e,][.c][.g]aþ h[=e]r. + + Hwæt þ[=a] se flot-h[e,]re f[=e]rde eft t[=o] s[.c]ipe, and be·h[=y]ddon + þæt + h[=e]afod þæs h[=a]lgan [=E]admundes on þ[=æ]m þi[.c][.c]um br[=e]mlum, + þæt hit be·byr[.g]ed ne wurde. Þ[=a] æfter fierste siþþan h[=i]e 115 + [=a]·farene w[=æ]ron, c[=o]m þæt land-folc t[=o], þe þ[=æ]r t[=o] l[=a]fe + wæs, + þ[=æ]r hiera hl[=a]fordes l[=i]c læ[.g] b[=u]tan h[=e]afde, and wurdon + swiþe + s[=a]ri[.g]e for his sl[e,][.g]e on m[=o]de, and h[=u]ru þæt h[=i]e + næfden þæt + h[=e]afod t[=o] þ[=æ]m bodi[.g]e. Þ[=a] sæ[.g]de se s[.c][=e]awere þe hit + [=æ]r + [.g]e·seah, þæt þ[=a] flotm[e,]nn hæfden þæt h[=e]afod mid him; and 120 + wæs him [.g]e·þ[=u]ht, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit wæs full·s[=o]þ, þæt h[=i]e + beh[=y]dden + þæt h[=e]afod on þ[=æ]m holte for·hwega. + + H[=i]e [=e]odon þ[=a] [e,]ndemes ealle t[=o] þ[=æ]m wuda, s[=e][.c]ende + [.g]e·hw[=æ]r, + [.g]eond þ[=y]flas and br[=e]mlas, [.g]if h[=i]e [=a]-hw[=æ]r mihten + {86} + [.g]e·m[=e]tan þæt h[=e]afod. Wæs [=e]ac mi[.c]el wundor þæt [=a]n wulf + 125 + wearþ [=a]·s[e,]nd, þurh Godes wissunge, t[=o] be·w[e,]rienne þæt + h[=e]afod wiþ þ[=a] [=o]þru d[=e]or ofer dæ[.g] and niht. H[=i]e [=e]odon + þ[=a] + s[=e][.c]ende and simle clipiende, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit [.g]e·wunelic is + þ[=æ]m + þe on wuda g[=a]þ oft, 'hw[=æ]r eart þ[=u] n[=u], [.g]e·f[=e]ra?' And him + andwyrde þæt h[=e]afod, 'h[=e]r, h[=e]r, h[=e]r;' and sw[=a] + [.g]e·l[=o]me 130 + clipode andswariende him eallum, sw[=a] oft sw[=a] hiera [=æ]ni[.g] + clipode, oþ þæt h[=i]e ealle be·c[=o]mon þurh þ[=a] clipunge him t[=o]. + Þ[=a] læ[.g] se gr[=æ]ga wulf þe be·wiste þæt h[=e]afod, and mid his + tw[=æ]m f[=o]tum hæfde þæt h[=e]afod be·clypped, gr[=æ]di[.g] and + hungri[.g], + and for Gode ne dorste þæs h[=e]afdes on·byr[.g]an, ac 135 + h[=e]old hit wiþ d[=e]or. Þ[=a] wurdon h[=i]e of·wundrode þæs + wulfes hierd-r[=æ]denne, and þæt h[=a]li[.g]e h[=e]afod h[=a]m f[e,]redon + mid him, þanciende þ[=æ]m Ælmihtigan ealra his wundra. + Ac se wulf folgode forþ mid þ[=æ]m h[=e]afde, oþ þæt h[=i]e t[=o] + t[=u]ne c[=o]mon, swelce h[=e] tam wære, and [.g]e·w[e,]nde eft siþþan + 140 + t[=o] wuda on·[.g][=e]an. + + Þ[=a] land-l[=e]ode þ[=a] siþþan l[e,][.g]don þæt h[=e]afod t[=o] þ[=æ]m + h[=a]lgan + bodi[.g]e, and be·byri[.g]don sw[=a] h[=i]e s[=e]lest mihton on swelcre + hrædunge, and [.c]iri[.c]an [=a]·r[=æ]rdon s[=o]na him on·uppan. Eft + þ[=a] on fierste, æfter fela [.g][=e]arum, þ[=a] s[=e]o h[e,]rgung + [.g]e·sw[=a]c, 145 + and sibb wearþ for·[.g]iefen þ[=æ]m [.g]e·sw[e,]n[.c]tan folce, þ[=a] + f[=e]ngon + h[=i]e t[=o]·gædre, and worhton [=a]ne [.c]iri[.c]an weorþl[=i]ce þ[=æ]m + h[=a]lgan, + for þ[=æ]m þe ge·l[=o]me wundru wurdon æt his byr[.g]enne, æt + þ[=æ]m [.g]e·bed-h[=u]se þ[=æ]r h[=e] be·byr[.g]ed wæs. H[=i]e woldon + þ[=a] + f[e,]rian mid folclicre weorþmynde þone h[=a]lgan l[=i]chaman, and 150 + l[e,][.c][.g]an innan þ[=æ]re [.c]iri[.c]an. Þ[=a] wæs mi[.c]el wundor + þæt h[=e] + wæs eall sw[=a] [.g]e·h[=a]l swelce h[=e] cwic w[=æ]re, mid cl[=æ]num + l[=i]chaman, + and his sw[=e]ora wæs [.g]e·h[=æ]led, þe [=æ]r wæs for·slæ[.g]en, and + wæs swelce [=a]n seolcen þr[=æ]d ymbe his sw[=e]oran, mannum t[=o] + sweotolunge h[=u] h[=e] ofs·læ[.g]en wæs. [=E]ac swelce þ[=a] wunda, 155 + þe þ[=a] wælhr[=e]owan h[=æ]þnan mid [.g]e·l[=o]mum scotungum on his + l[=i]ce macodon, w[=æ]ron [.g]e·h[=æ]lde þurh þone heofonlican God; + {87} + and h[=e]; l[=i]þ sw[=a] onsund oþ þisne and-weardan dæ[.g], + and-b[=i]diende + [=æ]ristes and þæs [=e][.c]an wuldres. His l[=i]chama [=u]s + c[=y]þþ, þe l[=i]þ un-formolsnod, þæt h[=e] b[=u]tan for·li[.g]re h[=e]r + on 160 + worulde leofode, and mid cl[=æ]num l[=i]fe t[=o]; Cr[=i]ste s[=i]þode. + + Sum widewe wunode, [=O]swyn [.g]e·h[=a]ten, æt þæs h[=a]lgan + byr[.g]enne, on [.g]e·bedum and fæstennum manigu [.g][=e]ar siþþan. + S[=e]o wolde [e,]fsian [=æ]lce [.g][=e]are þone sanct, and his næ[.g]las + [.c]eorfan s[=i]eferl[=i]ce mid lufe, and on scr[=i]ne healdan t[=o] + h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]me 165 + on weofode. Þa weorþode þæt land-folc mid [.g]e·l[=e]afan þone + sanct, and Þ[=e]odred biscop þearle mid [.g]iefum on golde and + on seolfre, þ[=æ]m sancte t[=o] weorþmynde. + + Þ[=a] c[=o]mon on sumne s[=æ]l un-[.g]es[=æ]lige þ[=e]ofas eahta on + [=a]nre nihte t[=o] þ[=æ]m [=a]r-weorþan h[=a]lgan: woldon stelan þ[=a] + 170 + m[=a]þmas þe m[e,]nn þider br[=o]hton, and cunnodon mid cræfte + h[=u] h[=i]e inn cuman mihten. Sum sl[=o]g mid sl[e,][.c][.g]e sw[=i]þe + þ[=a] + hæspan, sum hiera mid f[=e]olan f[=e]olode ymb·[=u]tan, sum [=e]ac + under·dealf þ[=a] duru mid spadan, sum hiera mid hl[=æ]ddre wolde + on·l[=u]can þ[=æ]t [=e]ag-þ[=y]rel; ac h[=i]e swuncon on [=i]del, and + earml[=i]ce 175 + f[=e]rdon, sw[=a] þæt se h[=a]lga wer h[=i]e wundorl[=i]ce [.g]e·band, + [=æ]lcne sw[=a] h[=e] st[=o]d str[=u]tiendne mid t[=o]le, þæt hiera + n[=a]n ne + mihte þæt morþ [.g]e·fr[e,]mman ne h[=i]e þanon [=a]·styrian; ac + st[=o]don sw[=a] oþ mer[.g]en. M[e,]nn þ[=a] þæs wundrodon, h[=u] þ[=a] + weargas hangodon, sum on hl[=æ]ddre, sum l[=e]at t[=o] [.g]e·delfe, 180 + and [=æ]lc on his weorce wæs fæste [.g]e·bunden. H[=i]e wurdon + þ[=a] [.g]e·br[=o]hte t[=o] þ[=æ]m biscope ealle, and h[=e] h[=e]t h[=i]e + [=a]·h[=o]n on + h[=e]am [.g]ealgum ealle; ac h[=e] næs n[=a] [.g]e·myndi[.g] h[=u] se + mildheorta + God clipode þurh his w[=i]tegan þ[=a]s word þe h[=e]r standaþ: + _Eos qui ducuntur ad mortem eruere ne cesses_, 'þ[=a] þe man l[=æ]tt 185 + t[=o] d[=e]aþe [=a]·l[=i]es h[=i]e [=u]t simle.' And [=e]ac þ[=a] + h[=a]lgan can[=o]nes + b[=e]c [.g]e·h[=a]dodum for·b[=e]odaþ [.g]e biscopum [.g]e pr[=e]ostum + t[=o] + b[=e]onne ymbe þ[=e]ofas, for þ[=æ]m þe hit ne [.g]e·byreþ þ[=æ]m þe + b[=e]op [.g]e·corene Gode to þe[.g]nienne þæt h[=i]e + [.g]e·þw[=æ]rl[=æ][.c]an + scylen on [=æ]ni[.g]es mannes d[=e]aþe, [.g]if h[=i]e b[=e]oþ Dryhtnes + 190 + {88} + þe[.g]nas. Eft þ[=a] Þ[=e]odred biscop s[.c][=e]awode his b[=e]c, h[=e] + siþþan + be·hr[=e]owsode mid [.g][=e]omrunge þæt h[=e] sw[=a] r[=e]þne d[=o]m + s[e,]tte + þ[=æ]m un[.g]es[=æ]ligum þ[=e]ofum, and hit be·s[=a]rgode [=æ]fre oþ his + l[=i]fes [e,]nde, and þ[=a] l[=e]ode bæd [.g]eorne þæt h[=i]e him mid + fæsten + full[=i]ce þr[=i]e dagas, biddende þone Ælmihtigan þæt h[=e] him 195 + [=a]rian scolde. + + On þ[=æ]m lande wæs sum mann, L[=e]ofst[=a]n [.g]e·h[=a]ten, r[=i][.c]e + for worulde, un-[.g]ewitti[.g] for Gode; s[=e] r[=a]d t[=o] þ[=æ]m + h[=a]lgan + mid r[=i][.c]etere sw[=i]þe, and h[=e]t him æt·[=i]ewan orgell[=i]ce + sw[=i]þe + þone h[=a]lgan sanct, hwæþer h[=e] [.g]e·sund w[=æ]re; ac sw[=a] hraþe + 200 + sw[=a] h[=e] [.g]e·seah þæs sanctes l[=i]chaman, þ[=a] [=a]·w[=e]dde + h[=e] s[=o]na, + and wæl-hr[=e]owl[=i]ce grymetode, and earml[=i]ce [.g]e·[e,]ndode yflum + d[=e]aþe. Þis is þ[=æ]m [.g]e·l[=i]c þe se [.g]e·l[=e]affulla p[=a]pa + Greg[=o]rius + sæ[.g]de on his [.g]es[e,]tnesse be þ[=æ]m h[=a]lgan Laurentie, þe l[=i]þ + on + R[=o]me-byri[.g], þæt m[e,]nn wolden s[.c][=e]awian h[=u] h[=e] + l[=æ][.g]e [.g]e 205 + g[=o]de [.g]e yfle; ac God h[=i]e [.g]e·stilde sw[=a] þæt þ[=æ]r swulton + on þ[=æ]re s[.c][=e]awunge seofon m[e,]nn æt·gædre; þ[=a] [.g]eswicon + þ[=a] [=o]þre t[=o] s[.c][=e]awienne þone martyr mid m[e,]nniscum + [.g]e·dwylde. + + Fela wundra w[=e] [.g]e·h[=i]erdon on folclicre spr[=æ][.c]e be þ[=æ]m + 210 + h[=a]lgan [=E]admunde, þe w[=e] h[=e]r nyllaþ on [.g]e·write s[e,]ttan, + ac h[=i]e + w[=a]t [.g]e·hw[=a]. On þissum h[=a]lgan is sweotol, and on swelcum + [=o]þrum, þæt God ælmihti[.g] mæ[.g] þone mann [=a]·r[=æ]ran eft on + d[=o]mes dæ[.g]e onsundne of eorþan, s[=e] þe hielt [=E]admund h[=a]lne + his l[=i]chaman oþ þone m[=i][.c]lan dæ[.g], þ[=e]ah þe h[=e] on moldan + c[=o]me. 215 + Wierþe w[=æ]re s[=e]o st[=o]w for þ[=æ]m weorþfullan h[=a]lgan þæt h[=i]e + man weorþode and wel [.g]e·l[=o]gode mid cl[=æ]num Godes þ[=e]owum + t[=o] Cr[=i]stes þ[=e]owd[=o]me; for þ[=æ]m þe se h[=a]lga is m[=æ]rra + þonne + m[e,]nn mæ[.g]en [=a]·sm[=e]an. Nis Angel-cynn be·d[=æ]led Dryhtnes + h[=a]lgena, þonne on [E,]n[.g]la-lande li[.c][.g]aþ swelce h[=a]lgan + swelce 220 + þes h[=a]lga cyning, and C[=u]þberht se [=e]adiga and sancte + Æþelþr[=y]þ on [=E]li[.g], and [=e]ac hiere sweostor, onsund on + l[=i]chaman, + [.g]e·l[=e]afan t[=o] trymmunge. Sind [=e]ac fela [=o]þre on + {89} + Angel-cynne h[=a]lgan, þe fela wundra wyr[.c]aþ, sw[=a] sw[=a] hit + w[=i]de is c[=u]þ, þ[=æ]m Ælmihtigan t[=o] lofe, þe h[=i]e on + [.g]e·l[=i]efdon. 225 + Cr[=i]st [.g]e·sweotolaþ mannum þurh his m[=æ]re h[=a]lgan þæt h[=e] is + ælmihti[.g] God þe wyr[.c]þ swelc wundru, þ[=e]ah þe þ[=a] earman + I[=u]d[=e]iscan hine eallunga wiþ·s[=o]cen, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e sind + [=a]·wier[.g]de, sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e w[=y]s[.c]ton him selfum. Ne + b[=e]oþ n[=a]n + wundru [.g]e·worht æt hiera byr[.g]ennum, for þ[=æ]m þe h[=i]e ne 230 + [.g]e·l[=i]efaþ on þone lifiendan Cr[=i]st; ac Cr[=i]st [.g]e·sweotolaþ + mannum hw[=æ]r se g[=o]da [.g]e·l[=e]afa is, þonne h[=e] swelc wundru + wyr[.c]þ þurh his h[=a]lgan w[=i]de [.g]eond þ[=a]s eorþan, þæs him + s[=i]e + wuldor and lof [=a] mid his heofonlicum Fæder and þ[=æ]m H[=a]lgan + G[=a]ste, [=a] b[=u]tan [e,]nde. 235 + +{91} + +NOTES. + +The references marked 'Gr.' are to the pages and paragraphs of the grammar; +paragraph-references in ( ) are to the numbered paragraphs in the grammar. + +I. SENTENCES. + +Line 2. s[=e]. Gr. 21. 1. + +þis sind. Gr. 45. 2. + +l. 6. s[e,]lþ. Gr. 45. 5. + +l. 7. s[=e]o ælmesse. Gr. 44. 3. + +l. 12. [.g]eworhte. Gr. 46. (3). + +l. 16. hiera. Gr. 41. 3. + +n[=æ]fre ... ne ... n[=a]nes. Gr. 52. 2. _ne wæs_ is usually contracted +into _næs_; the full form is used here because the _wæs_ is emphatic. + +l. 17. h[=e]t ofsl[=e]an. Gr. 50. 4. + +l. 23. Æþelred cyning. Gr. 42. 6. + +l. 24. Æsces-d[=u]n, _sf._ Ashdown, literally 'hill (or down) of the +ashtree.' + +l. 27. wile here denotes _repetition_, = 'is in the habit of.' Cp. l. 52. + +l. 28. þonne is correlative with _gif_ (l. 26), Gr. 52. 3. + +l. 37. ælmihtiga. Gr. 43. (4). + +l. 43. [=e]ower se heofonlica Fæder. This insertion of the definite article +between a possessive pronoun and an adjective is frequent. + +l. 50. b[=e]o. Gr. 48. (6). + +l. 52. t[=o], for. + +l. 56. tw[e,]nti[.g] wintra. Gr. 18. + +l. 58. D[=e]ofol. Gr. 44. 1. + +l. 60. scortan. Gr. 43. (2). + +l. 61. fisca. Gr. 41. 3. + +l. 63. p[=æ]m, those. + +hider on land, lit. hither on to land, = to this land. + +l. 74. bl[=e]tsian. The older form of this word is _bledsian_. It is a +derivative of _bl[=o]d_, like _r[=i][.c]sian_ from _r[=i][.c]e_, with +mutation of the root vowel. Its original meaning was to 'sprinkle with +blood,' and hence, in heathen times, to 'consecrate,' especially to +consecrate an altar by sprinkling it with the blood of the victim. + +l. 80. godspell. The original form of this word was probably _g[=o]dspell_ += 'good tidings,' a literal translation of the Greek _euaggélion_. {92} +Afterwards the first vowel was shortened before the following +consonant-group, or else _god_ was directly substituted for _g[=o]d_, as +giving a more evident meaning, the result being that the word was taken in +the sense of 'God's tidings.' In this form it was adopted into Icelandic +(guðspiall) and Old High German (gotespel), having been introduced by the +Old English missionaries. + +biþ. Gr. 45. 5. + +l. 82. h[=i]e. Gr. 19. + +l. 89. him on [=æ]lce healfe, lit. 'to (for) themselves on each side,' = on +every side (of themselves). + +l. 92. rihtne. Gr. 42. 5. + +l. 93. Æþelwulf-ing. Gr. 38. + +l. 101. fare [.g][=e]. Gr. 22. 7. + +l. 106. fors[=a]won. A plural verb after a singular noun of multitude is +common in O. E., as in other languages. + +l. 107. [.g]if se blinda blindne l[=æ]tt. _[.g]if_ here takes the indic., +instead of the subj. (Gr. 48. 6), because the case is not assumed to be +unreal. So also in V. 13, where the opposition (wiþst[e,]nt) is assumed as +certain, and VI. 19. + +l. 114. cw[=æ]de. Gr. 48. (5). + +l. 118. mæ[.g]e. Compare Gr. 47. (B. 1). + +l. 119. s[=i]e. Gr. 47. (A). + +l. 120. Scotland is here used in its older sense of 'Ireland.' Compare the +first extract from the Chronicle, p. 79 below. + +l. 121. his. Gr. 41. 3. + +l. 123. healden. Gr. 48. (2). + +l. 124. w[=æ]re. Gr. 47. (B. 1). + +l. 132. s[=e] þe. Gr. 21. + +l. 135. þæt. Gr. 21; 52. 3. + +l. 137. on [=e]are. Gr. 51. 2. + +l. 138. [.g]ew[e,]ndon him, lit. 'they went for-themselves'; a reflexive +pronoun in the dative, Gr. 40. (1), is often added to verbs of motion. + +l. 139. d[=o] [.g][=e]. Gr. 22. + +l. 142. gr[=e]te. Compare Gr. 49. (8). + +l. 145. swelce, adverb, 'as it were.' + +l. 151. nime. Gr. 49. (7). + +l. 161. c[=o]me. Compare _mæ[.g]e_, l. 118 above. + +l. 166. ofslæ[.g]enne. Gr. 46. 5. + +l. 176. [.g]eweorþan. Gr. 47. (B. 1.) + +l. 180. wolde. Gr. 45. 5. + +l. 191. b[=e]on. Gr. 48. (2). {93} + +II. FROM THE GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. + +l. 1. þ[=a]s m[=i]n word. Gr. 43. 8. + +l. 16. [=a]weorpe. Gr. 49. (8). + +l. 20. hit refers back to _s[=æ]d_, l. 18. + +l. 22. [=u]p sprungenre sunnan. Gr. 41. 2. + +l. 28. is [.g]eworden. An over-literal rendering of the Latin _factum est_. + +l. 32. hine, reflexive, Gr. 19. + +l. 40. t[=o] forbærnenne. We see here how out of the active 'in order to +burn it' may be developed the passive 'in order that it may be burnt,' as +in the modern E. 'a house to let.' Compare Gr. 50. 4, (1). + +l. 52. on hiera fatu. Compare l. 137. + +l. 60. [.g]ewordenre [.g]ecwidr[=æ]enne þ[=æ]m wyrhtum. A very stiff +adaptation of the ablative absolute of the original, 'conventione autem +facta cum operariis.' _þ[=æ]m wyrhtum_ is to be taken as a dative of the +person affected (Gr. 41). + +l. 67. dyde þ[=æ]m sw[=a] [.g]el[=i]ce. The Latin has simply 'fecit +similiter.' The sense is 'did like to it' (like his former proceeding), the +_sw[=a]_ being pleonastic. + +l. 86. þæt. Gr. 21. + +l. 90. suna, dative, 'for his son.' + +l. 106. [.g]iefth[=u]s. _h[=u]s_ must here be taken in the sense of 'hall,' +'chamber.' In Icelandic the plural _h[=u]s_ is regularly used to denote the +group of buildings (often detached) constituting a house or homestead, the +kitchen, for instance, which was originally detached, being still called +_eldh[=u]s_ (fire-house). + +l. 107. þæt h[=e] wolde ges[=e]on. This clause is due to a confusion of two +constructions, (1) _h[=e] wolde [.g]es[=e]on_, (2) _þæt_ (in order that) +_h[=e] [.g]e·s[=a]we_. + +III. OLD TESTAMENT PIECES. + +The first two pieces are taken from Ælfric's translation of the Heptateuch, +first published by Thwaites in his Heptateuchus, and afterwards by Grein as +vol. i. of his _Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Prosa_--Genesis xi. and +xxii. The other three are from Ælfric's Homilies (edited by Thorpe)--ii. +584 foll., i. 570, ii. 432. + +l. 4. him betw[=e]onan. Gr. 51. 5. + +l. 13. læden. This word is the Latin _latina_ (= _lingua latina_) used +first in the sense of 'Latin language,' then of language generally. {94} + +l. 17. for þ[=æ]m ... for þ[=æ]m þe, correlative, the first demonstrative, +the second relative. + +l. 28. t[=o] scoldon. This use of _s[.c]eal_ with a verb of motion +understood is very common. + +l. 36. him self. _him_ is the reflexive dative of interest referring to +_God_--literally, 'God him-self will appoint for him-self.' In such +constructions we see the origin of the modern _himself_, _themselves_. + +ll. 46, 47. n[=u] ... n[=u], correlative, = now ... now that, the second +_n[=u]_ being almost causal (since). + +l. 51. hæfde ... t[=o], took ... for. + +l. 52. Gode t[=o] l[=a]ce. Gr. 40. (1). + +l. 57. m[=i]n [e,][.g]e, objective genitive, 'the fear of me.' + +m[=a]re, neut. 'a greater thing,' 'something more important.' + +l. 81. m[=a]re. Cp. l. 57. + +l. 82. w[=æ]re. Gr. 49. (7). + +l. 89. hwæs is governed by _[.g]iernde_, by 'attraction.' + +l. 135. mi[.c]le, adverb. + +l. 137. w[=æ]re. Gr, 49. (7). + +l. 153. bel[=i]efan is a later form for _[.g]el[=i]efan_. + +l. 156. t[=o] handum. Cp. l. 122 above. + +l. 174. [=æ]r [.g]enam. Gr. 46. 6. + +l. 200. fram mannum. _fram_ here, as usual, denotes the agent 'by' in +passive constructions. + +l. 202. wite. Compare Gr. 48. (3) and 49. (8). + +IV. SAMSON. + +From Ælfric's translation of the Book of Judges in Thwaites' Heptateuch. + +l. 8. on[.g]inþ t[=o] [=a]l[=i]esenne, will release, _on[.g]innan_ is often +used pleonastically in this way. + +l. 35. Gaza [.g]eh[=a]ten. When a name together with _[.g]eh[=a]ten_ is put +in apposition to another noun it is left undeclined, contrary to the +general principle (Gr. 42. 6). + +l. 41. sw[=a] sw[=a] h[=i]e belocenu w[=æ]ron, locked as they were. + +ufeweardum þ[=æ]m cnolle. Gr. 43. 2. + +l. 46. wæs, consisted. + +l. 51. [.g]eworhte. We should expect _[.g]eworhtum_ (Gr. 42. 5). Perhaps +the nom. is due to confusion with the construction with a relative +clause--_þe of sinum [.g]eworhte sind_. {95} + +l. 74. Dagon [.g]eh[=a]ten. Compare l. 35. swelce, 'on the ground +that'--'because (as they said).' + +l. 81. h[=e]ton. Compare l. 106. + +l. 87. forþ is often used pleonastically in this way with _mid_. + +V. FROM THE CHRONICLE. + +l. 2. h[=e]r sind, there are here. _h[=e]r_ is here used analogously to +_þ[=æ]r_, as in II. 3 and the modern E. _there are_. Cp. also l. 12 below. + +[.g]eþ[=e]odu, languages as the test of nationality. It is believed that +Latin was still spoken as a living language by the Romanized Britons at the +time of the venerable Bede (eighth century), from whose Church History this +section was taken by the compilers of the Chronicle. + +l. 5. Armenia is an error for _Armorica_. + +l. 6. Scithie, Scythia. + +l. 8. Norþibernie, North of Ireland. + +l. 24. h[=e]r, at this date--at this place in the series of entries which +constitute the Chronicle. + +l. 26. Wyrt[.g]eorn is the regular development of an earlier *_Wurtigern_ +from the British _Vortigern_. + +l. 28. Ypwinesfl[=e]ot has not been identified; some say Ebbsfleet. + +l. 45. Æ[.g]lesþrep, Aylesthorpe, a village near Aylesford. + +l. 49. Cr[e,][.c][.g]anford, Crayford. + +l. 52. The diction of this passage, with its alliteration and simile, shows +that it is taken from some old poem. + +l. 61. h[=æ]þne m[e,]nn, Danes. + +l. 62. mid Defena-s[.c][=i]re, literally 'together with Devonshire,' that +is 'with a force of Devonshire men.' + +l. 64. dux is here written instead of _ealdormann_. So also we find _rex_ +for _cyning_. + +l. 65. Sandw[=i]c, Sandwich. + +l. 68. f[=e]orþe healf hund, fourth half = three and a half. This is the +regular way of expressing fractional numbers, as in the German +_viertehalb_. + +l. 71. S[=u]þri[.g]e, Surrey. + +l. 73. [=A]cl[=e]a, Ockley. + +l. 76. se h[e,]re, the Danish army. _h[e,]re_ got a bad sense, through its +association with _h[e,]rgian_ (to harry), and hence is applied only to a +plundering, marauding body of men. In the Laws _h[e,]re_ is defined as {96} +a gang of thieves more than thirty-five in number. The national English +army (militia) is called _fierd_, l. 71, 3 above. + +Humbrem[=u]þa, mouth of the Humber. + +l. 77. Eoforw[=i]c, York; a corruption of _Eboracum_. + +l. 84. inne wurdon, got in. + +l. 85. sume. Compare IV. 51. + +VI. KING EDMUND. + +From Ælfric's Lives of the Saints, now published for the Early English Text +Society by Prof. Skeat. The present life has been printed only by Thorpe, +in his _Analecta Anglosaxonica_ from a very late MS. It is here given from +the older MS., Cott. Jul. E. 7. + +It will be observed that the present piece is in alliterative prose, that +is, with the letter-rime of poetry, but without its metrical form. The +alliteration is easily discernible:--c[=o]m _s_[=u]þan ofer s[=æ] fram +_s_ancte Benedictes _s_t[=o]we; _d_æ[.g]e, t[=o] _D_[=u]nst[=a]ne, &c. + +l. 1. sancte is an English modification of the Latin genitive _sancti_. + +l. 5. sancte is here the E. dative inflection, _sanct_ having been made +into a substantive. + +l. 39. bilew[=i]t = _*bile-hw[=i]t_ (with the regular change of _hw_ into +_w_ between vowels) literally 'white (=tender) of bill,' originally, no +doubt, applied to young birds, and then used metaphorically in the sense of +'gentle,' 'simple.' + +l. 70. worhte fl[=e]ames. This construction of _wyrcan_ with a genitive is +frequent. + +l. 76. w[=æ]re, subj. Gr. 48. (6). + +l. 85. f[=u]se. The correct reading is probably _f[=u]sne_, but the plural +_f[=u]se_ may be taken to refer to Hinguar and his men collectively. + +l. 149. [.g]ebedh[=u]s. The Welsh _bettws_, as in Bettws-y-coed = 'chapel +in the wood,' still preserves the O. E. form nearly unchanged. + +l. 176. sw[=a] þæt does not denote result here, but is explanatory--'namely +by being bound....' + +l. 178. h[=i]e, reflexive. + +l. 179. þæs ... h[=u], correlative. + +l. 185. The reference is apparently to Proverbs xxiv. 11, which (in the +Vulgate) runs thus: 'Erue eos qui ducuntur ad mortem.' + +l. 200. hwæþer, (that he might see) whether ... + +l. 215. l[=i]chaman, instrumental dative (Gr. 41) of defining. + +l. 222. [=E]li[.g] = _[=æ]l-[=i]eg_ 'eel-island.' {97} + +GLOSSARY. + +The order is strictly alphabetical (þ following _t_) except that words with +the prefix _ge_ are put in the order of the letter that follows the _ge_ +(_gebed_ under _b_, &c.). + +The following abbreviations are used :-- + + _sm._, _sn._, _sf._ masc., neut., fem. substantive. + _sv._ strong verb. + _wv._ weak verb. + _swv._ strong-weak verb (preterito-present). + +The others require no explanation. + +The numbers after _sv._ refer to the classes of strong verbs in the +grammar. + +Words in [ ] are Latin (and Greek) originals or cognate Old E. words. The +latter are only referred to when the connection can be proved by the +phonetic laws given in the grammar. + + [=A], _av._ ever, always. + abbod, _sm._ abbot [_Latin_ abbatem]. + [=a]-·b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, _w. dat._ (offer), announce. + [=a]-·biddan, _sv. 5_, ask for, demand. + [=a]-·b[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, devour. + [=a]-·bl[e,]ndan, _wv._ blind [blind]. + [=a]-·brecan, _sv. 4_, break into, take (city). + [=a]-·b[=u]gan, _sv. 7_, bend; swerve, turn. + ac, _cj._ but. + [=a]-·c[e,]nnan, _wv._ bring forth, bear (child). + [=a]-·cw[e,]llan, _wv._ kill. + [=a]-·cw[e,]n[.c]an, _wv._ extinguish. + [=a]-·dr[=u]gian, _wv._ dry up, _intr._ [dr[=y][.g]e]. + [=a]-·dw[=æ]s[.c]an, _wv._ extinguish. + æcer, _sm._ field. + æþele, _aj._ noble, excellent. + æþeling, _sm._ prince. + [=æ]fen, _sm._ evening. + [=æ]fre, _av._ ever, always. + æfter, _av._, _prep. w. dat._ after--æfter þ[=æ]em, after that, + afterwards; according to, by. + [=æ][.g]-hwelc, _prn._ each. + [=æ][.g]þer, _prn._ either, each--_cj._ [=æ][.g]þer [.g]e ... [.g]e, both + ... and [ = [=æ][.g] hwæþer]. + [=æ]ht, _sf._ property [[=a]hte, [=a]gan]. + [=æ]lan, _wv._ burn. + [=æ]l[.c], _aj._ each. + ælmesse, _sf._ alms, charity [_Greek_ ele[=e]mosún[=e]]. + æl-mihti[g.], _aj._ almighty. + [=æ]ni[.g], _aj._ any [[=a]n]. + [=æ]r, _prep. w. dat._ before (of time), [=æ]r þ[=æ]m þe, _cj._ before. + [=æ]r, _av._ formerly, before; _superl._ [=æ]rest, _adj. and adv._, + first. + ær[.c]e-biscop, _sm._ archbishop [_Latin_ archiepiscopus]. + [=æ]rende, _sn._ errand, message. + {98} + [=æ]rend-raca, _sm._ messenger. + [=æ]-rist, _sfm._ (rising again), resurrection [[=a]r[=i]san]. + [=æ]rne-mergen, _sm._ early morning. + æsc, _sm._ (ash-tree); war-ship. + æt, _prp. w. dat._ at; _deprivation_, from; _origin_, + _source_--[=a]b[=æ]don w[=i]f æt him, 'asked for wives from them;' + _specification_, _defining_--wurdon æt spr[=æ][.c]e, 'fell into + conversation.' + æt-·bre[.g]dan, _sv. 3_ (snatch away), deprive of. + æt-·foran, _prp. w. dat._ before. + æt-·gædre, _av._ together. + æt-[=i]ewan, _wv. w. dat._ show. + [=æ]ton, _see_ etan. + [=a]-·fandian, _wv._ experience, find out [findan]. + [=a]-·faran, _sv. 2_, go away, depart. + [=a]-·feallan, _sv. 1_, fall. + [=a]-·f[=e]dan, _wv._ feed. + [=a]-·f[=y]lan, _wv._ defile [f[=u]l]. + [=a]-fyrht, _aj._ frightened [_past partic. of_ [=a]·fyrhtan _from_ + forht]. + [=a]gan, _swv._ possess. + [=a]-·g[=a]n, _sv._ happen. + [=a]gen, _aj._ own [_originally past partic. of_ [=a]gan]. + [=a]-·[.g]iefan, _sv. 5_, _w. dat._ give, render. + [=a]h, _see_ [=a]gan. + [=a]-·h[e,]bban, _sv. 2_, raise, exalt. + [=a]-·hieldan, _wv._ incline. + [=a]-·h[=o]n, _sv. 1_, hang, _trans._ + [=a]-·hr[=e]osan, _sv. 7_, fall. + [=a]hte, _see_ [=a]gan. + [=a]-hw[=æ]r, _av._ anywhere. + [=a]-·h[=y]ran, _wv._ hire. + [=a]-·l[=i]esan, _wv._ (loosen), release; redeem [l[=e]as]. + [=a]-·l[=i]esed-nes, _sf._ redemption. + [=a]-l[=i]esend, _sm._ redeemer. + [=a]n, _aj._ one (_always strong_); a certain one, certain; alone + (_generally weak_); _gen. pl._ [=a]nra _in_ [=a]nra ge-hwel[.c], + 'each one.' + [=a]n-c[e,]nned, _aj._ (_past partic._) (only-born), only (child). + and, _cj._ and. + and-b[=i]dian, _wv. w. gen._ wait, expect [b[=i]dan]. + andet-nes, _sf._ confession. + andettan, _wv._ confess. + and-[.g]iet, _sn._ sense, meaning; understanding, intelligence. + and-swarian, _wv. w. dat._ answer [andswaru]. + and-swaru, _sf._ answer [sw[e,]rian]. + and-weard, _aj._ present. + and-wyrdan, _wv. w. dat._ answer [word]. + Angel, _sm._ Anglen (a district in Slesvig). + Angel-cynn, _sn._ English nation, England. + [=a]-·niman, _sv. 4_, take away. + [=a]n-l[=æ][.c]an, _wv._ unite. + [=a]n-m[=o]d, _aj._ unanimous. + [=a]n-m[=o]d-l[=i]ce, _av._ unanimously. + [=a]n-r[=æ]d, _aj._ (of one counsel) constant, firm, resolute. + apostol, _sm._ apostle. + [=a]r, _sf._ mercy; honour. + [=a]-·r[=æ]ran, _wv._ raise, build [[=a]r[=i]san]. + [=a]rian, _wv. w. dat._ honour; spare, have mercy on [[=a]r]. + [=a]-·r[=i]san, _sv. 6_, arise. + [=a]r-l[=e]as, _aj._ wicked. + arn, _see_ iernan. + arod, _aj._ quick, bold. + arod-l[=i]ce, _av._ quickly, readily, boldly. + [=a]r-weorþ, _adj._ worthy of honour, venerable. + [=a]scian, _wv._ ask. + [=a]-·sc[=u]fan, _sv. 7_, thrust. + [=a]-·s[e,]ndan, _wv._ send. + [=a]-·s[e,]ttan, _wv._ set, place. + [=a]-·sm[=e]an, _wv._ consider, think of, conceive. + assa, _sm._ ass. + [=a]-·st[e,]llan, _wv._ institute. + [=a]-·st[=i]gan, _sv. 6_, ascend, descend. + [=a]-·str[e,][.c][.c]an, _wv._ stretch out, extend. + [=a]-·styrian, _wv._ stir, move. + [=a]-·t[=e]on, _sv. 7_, draw out, draw, take. + atol-lic, _aj._ deformed. + [=a]-·þr[=e]otan, _sv. 7_, fail, run short. + {99} + [=a]-·w[e,][.c][.c]an, _wv._ awake, arouse [wacian]. + [=a]-·w[=e]dan, _wv._ go mad [w[=o]d]. + [=a]-·w[e,]ndan, _wv._ turn; translate. + [=a]-·weorpan, _sv. 3_, throw, throw away; depose (king). + [=a]-·w[=e]stan, _wv._ lay waste, ravage. + [=a]-·wier[.g]ed, _aj._ cursed, accursed, [_past. partic. of_ + [=a]wier[.g]an, _from_ wearg]. + [=a]-wiht, _prn._ aught, anything. + [=a]-·wr[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, write. + [=a]-·wyrtwalian, _wv._ root up. + + B. + + Bæc, _sn._ back--under bæc, behind. + bæd, _see_ biddan. + b[=æ]don, _see_ biddan. + bærnan, _wv._ burn, _trans._ [beornan]. + bærnett, _sn._ burning. + b[=æ]ron, _see_ beran. + bæst, _sm._ bast. + bæsten, _aj._ of bast. + be, _prep. w. dat._ by; about, concerning. + beald, _aj._ bold. + bearn, _sn._ child [beran]. + b[=e]atan, _sv. 1_, beat. + be-·b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, _w. dat._ bid, command. + be-·byr[.g]an, _wv._ bury. + b[=e][.c], _see_ b[=o]c. + be-·clyppan, _wv._ embrace, encompass, hold. + be-·cuman, _sv. 4_, come. + _[.g]e_·bed, _sn._ prayer [biddan]. + be-·d[=æ]lan, _wv. w. gen._ deprive of [d[=æ]l]. + b[e,]dd, _sn._ bed. + be-·delfan, _sv. 3_; (hide by digging), bury. + _[.g]e_·bed-h[=u]s, _sn._ oratory, chapel. + be-·fæstan, _wv._ (make fast); _w. dat._ commit, entrust to. + be-·foran, _prp. w. dat._ before. + b[=e][.g]en, _prn._ both. + be-·[.g]eondan, _prp. w. acc._ beyond. + be-·[.g]ietan, _sv. 5_, get, obtain. + be-·[.g]innan, _sv. 3_, begin. + be-·h[=a]tan, _sv. 1_, _w. dat._ promise. + be-·h[=e]afdian, _wv._ behead [h[=e]afod]. + be-·healdan, _sv. 1_, behold. + be-·h[=o]fian, _wv. w. gen._ require. + be-·hr[=e]owsian, _wv._ repent [hr[=e]owan]. + be-·h[=y]dan, _wv._ hide. + be-·l[=æ]wan, _wv._ betray. + be-·l[=i]efan, _wv._ believe. + be-·l[=i]fan, _sv. 6_, remain [l[=a]f]. + be-·l[=u]can, _sv. 7_, lock, close. + b[e,]nd, _smfn._ bond [bindan]. + b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, _w. dat._ offer. + b[=e]on, _v._ be--b[=e]on ymbe, have to do with. + beorg, _sm._ hill, mountain. + _[.g]e_beorgan, _sv. 3_, _w. dat._ save, protect. + beornan, _sv. 3_, burn, _intrans_. + b[=e]ot-lic, _aj._ boastful. + be-·p[=æ][.c]an, _wv._ deceive. + beran, _sv. 4_, bear, carry; ([.g]eberan, bring forth). + b[e,]rn, _sn._ barn. + berstan, _sv. 3_, burst. + be-·s[=a]rgian, _wv._ lament [s[=a]ri[.g]]. + be-·s[.c]ieran, _sv. 4_, shear, cut hair. + be-·s[=e]on, _sv. 5_, see, look. + be-·s[e,]ttan, _wv._ set about, surround, cover. + be-·stealcian, _wv._ go stealthily, steal. + be-·sw[=i]can, _sv. 6_, deceive, circumvent, betray. + be-·t[=æ][.c]an, _wv._ commit, entrust, give up. + b[e,]tera, b[e,]tst, _see_ g[=o]d. + be·tw[=e]onan, _prp. w. dat._ between, among. + be-·twix, _prep. w. acc. and dat._ between, among; _of time_, + during--betwix þ[=æ]m þe, _cj._ while. + be-·w[e,]rian, _wv._ defend. + be-·witan, _swv._ watch over, have charge of. + b[=i]dan, _sv. 6_, wait. + biddan, _sv. 5_, ask, beg. + _[.g]e_·biddan, _sv. 5_, _refl._ pray. + {100} + bieldo, _sf._ (boldness), arrogance [beald]. + b[=i]-g[e,]ng, _sm._ worship [bi, by, _and_ g[e,]n[.g] _from_ g[=a]n]. + bile-w[=i]t, _aj._ simple, innocent. + bindan, _sv. 3_, bind. + binnan, _av._ inside; _prp. w. dat._ within, in [ = be-innan]. + biscop, _sm._ bishop [_Latin_ episcopus]. + bi-smer, _snm._ insult, ignominy. + bismer-full, _aj._ ignominious, shameful. + bismerian, _wv._ treat with ignominy, insult [bismer]. + b[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, bite. + biþ, _see_ b[=e]on. + bl[=a]wan, _sv. 1_, blow. + bleoh, _sn._ colour. + bl[=e]ow, _see_ bl[=a]wan. + bl[=e]tsian, _wv._ bless. + blind, _aj._ blind. + bliss, _sf._ merriment, joy. + blissian, _wv._ rejoice. + bl[=i]þe, _aj._ glad, merry. + bl[=i]þe-l[=i]ce, _av._ gladly. + bl[=o]d, _sn._ blood. + b[=o]c, _sf._ book, scripture. + B[=o]c-læden, _sn._ book Latin, Latin. + bodian, _wv._ announce, preach [b[=e]odan]. + bodi[.g], _sm._ body. + bohte, _see_ by[.c][.g]an. + br[=a]d, _aj._ broad. + br[=æ]þ, _sm._ vapour, odour. + brecan, _sv. 4_, break; take (city). + bre[.g]dan, _sv. 3_, pull. + br[=e]mel, _sm._ bramble. + Breten, _sf._ Britain. + Brettas, _smpl._ the British. + Brettisc, _aj._ British [Brettas]. + bringan, _wv._ bring. + br[=o]hte, _see_ bringan. + br[=o]þor, _sm._ brother. + br[=u]can, _sv. 7_, _w. gen._ enjoy, partake of. + br[=y]d, _sf._ bride. + br[=y]d-guma, _sm._ bridegroom [_literally_ bride-man]. + b[=u]an, _wv._ dwell. + b[=u]end, _smpl._ dwellers [_pres. partic. of_ b[=u]an]. + bufan, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ over, above, on. + b[=u]gan, _sv. 7_, bend, incline. + bundon, _see_ bindan. + burg, _sf._ city. + burg-[.g]eat, _sn._ city-gate. + b[=u]tan, _av._ outs[=i]de; _prp. w. dat._ without, except, besides [ = + be-[=u]tan]. + b[=u]tan, _cj._ unless, except. + by[.c][.g]an, _wv._ buy. + byrþen, _sf._ burden [beran]. + byr[.g]en, _sf._ tomb [bebyr[.g]an]. + _[.g]e_byrian, _wf._ be due, befit. + byri[.g], _see_ burg. + byrst, _sf._ bristle. + _[.g]e_·b[=y]snian, _wv._ give example, illustrate. + _[.g]e_·b[=y]snung, _sf._ example. + + C. + + Cann, _see_ cunnan. + can[=o]n, _sm._ canon; can[=o]nes b[=e]c, canonical books. + Cantwara-burg, _sf._ Canterbury [Cantwara, _gen. of_ Cantware]. + Cant-ware, _pl._ Kent-dwellers, men of Kent [_Lat._ Cantia _and_ ware]. + c[=a]sere, _sm._ emperor [_Latin_ Caesar]. + [.c]eaflas, _smpl._ jaws. + [.c]eald, _aj._ cold. + [.c]ealf, _sn._ calf. + [.c][=e]ap, _sn._ purchase. + [.c][=e]as, _see_ [.c][=e]osan. + [.c]easter, _sf._ city [_Latin_ castra]. + c[=e]ne, _aj._ brave, bold. + c[e,]nnan, _wv._ bring forth, bear child. + C[e,]nt, _sf._ Kent [Cantia]. + C[e,]nt-land, _sn._ Kent. + [.c]eorfan, _sv. 3_, cut. + [.c][=e]osan, _sv. 7_, choose. + c[=e]pan, _wv. w. gen._ attend, look out for. + [.c][=i]epan, _wv._ trade, sell [[.c][=e]ap]. + [.c][=i]epend, _sm._ seller [_pres. partic. of_ [.c][=i]epan]. + [.c]ierr, _sm._ turn. + {101} + [.c]ierran, _wv._ turn, return, go--[.c]ierran t[=o], take to. + _[.g]e_·[.c]ierred-nes, _sf._ conversion. + [.c]ild, _sn._ child. + [.c]ild-h[=a]d, _sm._ childhood. + [.c]inn-b[=a]n, _sn._ jawbone. + [.c]iri[.c]e, _sf._ church. + cl[=æ]ne, _aj._ clean, pure. + clawu, _sf._ claw. + clipian, _wv._ call, summon. + clipung, _sf._ calling. + clyppan, _wv._ clip, embrace. + cnapa, _sm._ (boy, youth), servant. + cnoll, _sm._ top, summit. + coccel, _sm._ corn-cockle. + c[=o]m, _see_ cuman. + coren, _see_ [.c][=e]osan. + cræft, _sm._ skill, cunning. + cr[=i]sten, _aj._ Christian. + cuma, _sm._ stranger [cuman]. + cuman, _sv. 4_, come; cuman [=u]p, land. + cunnan, _swv._ know. + cunnian, _wv._ try [cunnan]. + curon, _see_ [.c][=e]osan. + c[=u]þ, _aj._ known [_originally past partic. of_ cunnan]. + cw[=æ]don, _see_ cweþan. + cwaeþ, _see_ cweþan. + cweartern, _sn._ prison. + cw[=e]man, _wv._ please, gratify. + _[.g]e_·cw[=e]mednes, _sf._ pleasing. + cw[=e]n, _sf._ queen. + cweþan, _sv. 5_, say, speak; name, call. + cwic, _aj._ alive. + cwide, _sm._ speech, address [cweþan]. + _[.g]e_cw[=i]d-r[=æ]den, _sf._ agreement. + cwiþþ, _see_ cweþan. + cymþ, _see_ cuman. + cyne-cynn, _sn._ royal family. + cyne-l[=i]c, _aj._ royal. + cyne-l[=i]ce, _av._ like a king, royally. + cyne-st[=o]l, _sm._ throne. + cyning, _sm._ king. + cynn, _sn._ race, kind. + cyst, _sf._ excellence [[.c][=e]osan]. + cysti[.g], _aj._ (excellent), charitable. + c[=y]þan, _wv._ make known, tell [c[=u]þ]. + + D. + + D[=æ]d, _sf._ deed. + dæ[.g], _sm._ day. + dæ[.g]-hw[=æ]m-l[=i]ce, _av._ daily. + d[=æ]l, _sm._ part--be healfum d[=æ]le, by half. + d[=æ]lan, _wv._ divide, share. + d[=e]ad, _aj._ dead. + d[=e]aþ, _sm._ death. + Defena-s[.c][=i]r, _sf._ Devonshire [Devonia]. + dehter, _see_ dohtor. + _[.g]e_delf, _sn._ digging. + delfan, _sv. 3_, dig. + D[e,]ne, _smpl._ Danes. + D[e,]nisc, _aj._ Danish. + d[=e]ofol, _sum._ devil [_Latin_ diabolus]. + d[=e]ofol-[.g]ield, _sn._ idol. + d[=e]op, _aj._ deep. + d[=e]or, _sn._ wild beast. + d[=e]ore, _aj._ dear, precious. + d[=e]or-wierþe, _aj._ precious. + d[=i]egol, _aj._ hidden, secret. + d[=i]egol-nes, _sf._ secret. + d[=i]epe, _sf._ depth [d[=e]op]. + dihtan, _wv._ appoint [_Latin_ dictare]. + disc-þe[.g]n, _sm._ (dish-thane), waiter. + dohtor, _sf._ daughter. + d[=o]m, _sm._ doom, judgment, sentence. + d[=o]n, _sv._ do, act. + dorste, _see_ durran. + draca, _sm._ dragon. + dranc, _see_ drincan. + dr[=e]ori[.g], _aj._ sad. + dr[=i]fan, _sv. 6_, drive. + drinca, _sm._ drink. + drincan, _sv. 3_, drink. + drohtnian, _wv._ live, continue, behave. + drohtnung, _sf._ conduct. + dr[=y][.g]e, _aj._ dry. + Dryhten, _sm._ Lord, + d[=u]n, _sf._ hill, down. + durran, _swv._ dare. + duru, _sf._ door. + d[=u]st, _sn._ dust. + _[.g]e_·dwyld, _sn._ error. + dyde, _see_ d[=o]n. + dyppan, _wv._ dip. + dysi[.g], _aj._ foolish. + + {102} + E. + + [=E]ac, _av._ also; [=e]ac swelce, also. + [=e]acnian, _wv._ increase. + [=e]adi[.g], _aj._ (prosperous), blessed. + [=e]age, _sn._ eye. + [=e]ag-þ[=y]rel, _sn._ (eye-hole), window. + eahta, _num._ eight. + [=e]a-l[=a], _interj._ oh! + eald, _aj._ old--_cp._ ieldra. + Eald-seaxe, _smpl._ Old Saxons. + ealdor, _sm._ chief, master. + ealdor-mann, _sm._ chief, officer. + eall, _aj._ all. + eall, _av._ quite ; eall sw[=a] mi[.c]el sw[=a], (quite) as much as. + eall-n[=i]we, _aj._ quite new. + eallunga, _av._ entirely. + ealu, _sn._ ale. + eard, _sm._ country, native land. + eardian, _wv._ dwell. + [=e]are, _sn._ ear. + earm, _sm._ arm. + earm, _aj._ poor, wretched, despicable. + earm-lic, _aj._ miserable. + earm-l[=i]ce, _av._ miserably, wretchedly. + earn, _sm._ eagle. + eart, _see_ wesan. + [=e]ast, _av._ eastwards. + [=e]ast-d[=æ]l, _sm._ east part, the East. + [=E]ast-[e,]n[.g]le, _smpl._ East-Anglians. + [=E]ast-seaxe, _smpl._ East-Saxons. + [=e]aþe-lic, _aj._ insignificant, weak. + [=e]aþ-m[=e]dan, _wv._ humble [[=e]aþm[=o]d]. + [=e]aþ-m[=o]d, _aj._ humble. + [=e][.c]e, _aj._ eternal. + [=e][.c]-nes, _sf._ eternity. + efen, _aj._ even. + _[.g]e_·efen-l[=æ][.c]an, _wv._ imitate. + efne, _av._ behold, lo! [efen]. + [e,]fsian, _wv._ clip, shear. + eft, _av._ again; afterwards, then; back. + [e,][.g]e, _sm._ fear. + [e,][.g]esa, _sm._ fear [e[.g]e]. + [e,][.g]es-lic, _aj._ fearful, awful. + [=e]htere, _sm._ persecutor. + ele, _sm._ oil. + [e,]l-þ[=e]odi[.g]-nes, _sf._ foreign land. + [e,]nde, _sm._ end. + [e,]ndemes, _av._ together. + _[.g]e_·[e,]ndian, _wv._ end; die. + [e,]ndlufon, _num._ eleven. + [e,]ndlyfta, _aj._ eleventh. + _[.g]e_·[e,]ndung, _sf._ ending, end. + [e,]n[.g]el, _sm._ angel [_Latin_ angelus]. + [E,]n[.g]la-land, _sn._ England [[E,]n[.g]la _gen. pl. of_ [E,]n[.g]le]. + [E,]n[.g]le, _smpl._ the English [Angel]. + [E,]n[.g]lisc, _aj._ English--_sn._ English language [[E,]n[.g]le]. + [=e]ode, _see_ g[=a]n. + eom, _see_ wesan. + eorl, _sm._ earl. + eorþ-b[=u]end, _sm._ earth-dweller. + eorþe, _sf._ earth. + eorþ-fæst, _aj._ firm in the earth. + eorþ-lic, _aj._ earthly. + eornost, _sf._ earnest. + eornost-l[=i]ce, _av._ in truth, indeed. + [=e]ow, _see_ þ[=u]. + etan, _sv. 5_, eat. + [=e]þel, _sm._ country, native land. + + F. + + Fæder, _sm._ father. + fæ[.g]en, _aj._ glad. + fæ[.g]er, _aj._ fair. + fæ[.g]er-nes, _sf._ fairness, beauty. + fæ[.g]nian, _wv. w. gen._ rejoice. + f[=æ]mne, _sf._ virgin. + f[=æ]r, _sf._ danger. + f[=æ]r-lic, _aj._ sudden. + f[=æ]r-l[=i]ce, _av._ suddenly. + fæst, _aj._ fast, firm. + fæstan, _wv._ fast. + fæsten, _sf._ fasting. + fæt, _sn._ vessel. + f[=a]g-nes, _sf._ variegation, various colours. + fandian, _wv. w. gen._ try, test, tempt [findan]. + faran, _sv. 2_, go. + faru, _sf._ procession, retinue, pomp. + f[=e]a, _aj. pl._ few. + _[.g]e_·f[=e]a, _sm._ joy. + feallan, _sv. 1_, fall. + fearr, _sm._ bull; ox. + feax, _sn._ hair of head. + {103} + f[=e]dan, _wv._ feed [f[=o]da]. + fela, _aj. pl. w. gen._ many. + feld, _sm._ field. + feoh, _sn._ money, property. + _[.g]e_·feoht, _sn._ fight. + feohtan, _sv. 3_, fight. + f[=e]ole, _sf._ file. + f[=e]olian, _wv._ file. + f[=e]oll, _see_ feallan. + f[=e]ond, _sm._ enemy. + feorh, _snm._ life. + feorm, _sf._ (food); feast, banquet. + feorr, _av._ far. + f[=e]orþa, _num._ fourth. + f[=e]ower, _num._ four. + _[.g]e_·f[=e]ra, _sm._ companion [f[=o]r]. + f[=e]ran, _wv._ go, fare [f[=o]r]. + _[.g]e_·f[=e]ran, _wv._ (go over), take possession of. + f[e,]rian, _wv._ carry [faran]. + f[=e]t, _see_ f[=o]t. + f[e,]tian, _wv._ fetch--_pret._ [.g]ef[e,]tte. + _[.g]e_·f[e,]tte, _see_ f[e,]tian. + f[=i]end, _see_ f[=e]ond. + fierd, _sf._ army [faran]. + fierlen, _aj._ distant [feorr]. + fierst, _sm._ period, time. + f[=i]f, _num._ five. + findan, _sv. 3_ (_pret._ funde), find. + fisc, _sm._ fish. + fisc-cynn, _sn._ fish-kind. + fl[=e]am, _sm._ flight [fl[=e]on]. + fleax, _sn._ flax. + fl[=e]ogan, _sv. 7_, fly. + fl[=e]on, _sv. 7_, flee. + fl[=e]otan, _sv. 7_, float. + fl[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, quarrel, dispute. + _[.g]e_·fl[=i]eman, _wv._ put to flight [fl[=e]am]. + fl[=o]d, _sm._ flood. + flota, _sm._ fleet [fl[=e]otan]. + flot-h[e,]re, _sm._ naval army, army of pirates. + flot-mann, _sm._ sailor, pirate. + fl[=o]wan, _sv. 1_, flow. + flugon, _see_ fl[=e]on. + flyht, _sm._ flight [fl[=e]ogan]. + f[=o]da, _sm._ food. + folc, _sn._ people, nation. + folc-lic, _aj._ popular. + folgian, _wv. w. dat._ follow; obey. + f[=o]n, _sv. 1_, seize, take, capture; f[=e]ng t[=o] r[=i][.c]e, came to + the throne; t[=o]gædre f[=e]ngon, joined together. + for, _prep. w. dat._ before--r[=i][.c]e for worulde, in the eyes of the + world; _causal_, for, because of, for the sake of--ne dorste for + Gode, for the fear of God--for þ[=æ]m, therefore, for þ[=æ]em (þe), + because; _w. acc._, instead of, for. + f[=o]r, _sf._ journey [faran]. + f[=o]r, _see_ faran. + for-·bærnan, _wv._ burn up, burn, _trans._ + for-·b[=e]odan, _sv. 7_, forbid. + for-·br[=e]otan, _sv. 7_, break. + for-·[.c]eorfan, _sv. 3_, cut off. + for-·dilgian, _wv._ destroy. + for-·d[=o]n, _sv._ destroy. + for-·ealdod, _aj._ aged [_past partic. of_ forealdian, grow old]. + fore-s[.c][=e]awian, _wv._ pre-ordain, decree, appoint. + fore-s[e,][.c][.g]an, _wv._ say before--se foresæ[.g]da, the aforesaid. + for-·[.g]iefan, _sv. 5_, _w. dat._ give, grant; forgive. + for-·[.g]ief-nes, _sf._ forgiveness. + for-·[.g][=i]eman, _wv._ neglect. + for-·[.g]ietan, _sv._ forget. + forht, _aj._ afraid. + forhtian, _wv._ be afraid. + for-·hwega, _av._ somewhere. + for-·l[=æ]tan, _sv. 1_, leave, abandon. + for-·l[=e]osan, _sv. 7_, lose. + for-·li[.g]er, _sn._ wantonness, immorality. + forma, _aj._ first--_superl._ fyrmest, first. + for-·molsnian, _wv._ crumble, decay. + for-·scrincan, _sv. 3_, shrink up. + for-s[=e]on, _sv. 5_, despise. + for-·sl[=e]an, _sv. 2_, cut through. + for-·standan, _sv. 2_, (stand before), protect. + forþ, _av._ forth, forwards, on. + forþ-·f[=e]ran, _wv._ depart, die. + for-·þrysman, _wv._ suffocate, choke. + {104} + for-·weorþan, _sv. 3_, perish. + f[=o]t, _sm._ foot. + frætwian, _wv._ adorn. + frætwung, _sf._ ornament. + fram, _prep. w. dat._ from; _agent. w. pass._ h[=i]e w[=æ]ron fram + Wyrt[.g]eorne [.g]elaþode, invited by. + fr[e,]mman, _wv._ perform, do. + fr[=e]ond, _sm._ friend. + friþ, _sm._ peace--friþ niman, make peace. + fugol, _sm._ bird. + fuhton, _see_ feohtan. + f[=u]l, _aj._ foul, impure. + full, _aj._ full. + full-·bl[=i]þe, _aj._ very glad. + full-·c[=e]ne, _aj._ very brave. + ful-l[=i]ce, _av._ fully. + full-·s[=o]þ, _aj._ very true. + fultum, _sm._ help; forces, troops. + fultumian, _wv. w. dat._ help. + funde, _see_ findan. + furþor, _av._ further, more [forþ]. + f[=u]s, _aj._ hastening. + fyllan, _wv._ fill, fulfil [full]. + f[=y]r, _sn._ fire. + fyrmest, _see_ forma. + + G. + + Gadrian, _wv._ gather. + gærs, _sn._ grass. + gafeloc, _sm._ missile, spear. + gafol, _sn._ interest, profit. + gamen, _sn._ sport. + g[=a]n, _sv._ go. + _[.g]e·_g[=a]n, _sv._ gain, conquer. + gangende, _see_ g[=a]n. + g[=a]st, _sm._ spirit; se h[=a]lga g[=a]st, the Holy Ghost. + g[=a]st-lic, _aj._ spiritual. + [.g]e, _cj._ and--[.g]e ... [.g]e, both ... and. + [.g][=e], _see_ þ[=u]. + [.g]ealga, _sm._ gallows. + [.g][=e]ar, _sn._ year. + [.g]earcian, _wv._ prepare [[.g]earo]. + [.g]eard, _sm._ yard, court. + [.g]earu, _aj._ ready. + [.g]earwian, _wv._ prepare. + [.g]eat, _sn._ gate. + [.g][=e]oguþ, _sf._ youth. + [.g][=e]omrung, _sf._ lamentation. + [.g]eond, _prp. w. acc._ through, throughout. + [.g][=e]ong, _aj._ young. + [.g]eorn, _aj._ eager. + [.g]eorne, _av._ eagerly, earnestly. + [.g]iefan, _sv. 5_, give. + [.g]iefta, _sfpl._ marriage, wedding [[.g]iefan]. + [.g]ieft-h[=u]s, _sn._ wedding-hall. + [.g]ieft-lic, _aj._ wedding. + [.g]iefu, _sf._ gift; grace (of God) [[.g]iefan]. + [.g]ierla, _sm._ dress [[.g]earu]. + [.g]iernan, _wv. w. gen._ yearn, desire; ask [[.g]eorn]. + [.g]iet, _av._ yet; further, besides. + [.g]if, _cj._ if. + [.g]imm, _sm._ gem, jewel [_Latin_ gemma]. + [.g]imm-st[=a]n, _sm._ gem, jewel. + [.g]it, _see_ þ[=u]. + [.g][=i]tsian, _wv._ covet. + [.g][=i]tsung, _sf._ covetousness, avarice. + glæd, _aj._ glad. + glæd-l[=i]ce, _av._ gladly. + gl[=e]aw, _aj._ prudent, wise. + gl[e,]n[.g]an, _wv._ adorn; trim (lamp). + god, _sm._ God. + god-fæder, _sm._ godfather. + god-spell, _sn._ gospel. + godspel-lic, _aj._ evangelical. + g[=o]d, _aj._ good--_compar._ b[e,]tera. _superl._ b[e,]tst. + g[=o]d, _sn._ good thing, good. + gold, _sn._ gold. + gold-hord, _sn._ treasure. + gr[=æ]di[.g]. _aj._ greedy. + gr[=æ][.g], _aj._ grey. + gr[=e]tan, _wv._ greet, salute. + grindan, _sv. 3_, grind. + gr[=i]st-b[=i]tung, _sf._ gnashing of teeth. + grymetian, _wv._ grunt, roar. + gyldan, _wv._ gild [gold]. + gylden, _aj._ golden [gold]. + + H. + + Habban, _wv._ have; take. + {105} + h[=a]d, _sm._ rank, condition. + _[.g]e_·h[=a]dod, _aj._ ordained, in orders, clerical [_past partic. of_ + h[=a]dian, ordain]. + hæfde, hæfþ, _see_ habban. + hæftan, _wv._ hold fast, hold [habban]. + h[=æ]lan, _wv._ heal [h[=a]l]. + h[=æ]lend, _sm._ Saviour [_pres. partic. of_ h[=æ]lan]. + h[=æ]lo, _sf._ salvation [h[=a]l]. + h[=æ]s, _sf._ command. + hæspe, _sf._ hasp. + h[=æ]te, _sf._ heat [h[=a]t]. + h[=æ]þ, _sf._ heath. + h[=æ]þen, _aj._ heathen [h[=æ]þ]. + h[=a]l, _aj._ whole, sound. + _[.g]e_·h[=a]l, _aj._ whole, uninjured. + h[=a]lga, _sm._ saint. + h[=a]l[.g]ian, _wv._ hallow, consecrate. + h[=a]li[.g], _aj._ holy. + h[=a]li[.g]-d[=o]m, _sm._ holy object, relic. + h[=a]m, _av._ homewards, home. + hand, _sf._ hand. + hand-cweorn, _sf._ hand-mill. + hangian, _wv._ hang, _intr._ [h[=o]n]. + h[=a]t, _aj._ hot. + h[=a]tan, _sv. 1_, command, ask--_w. inf. in passive sense_, h[=e]ton him + s[e,][.c][.g]an, bade them be told ; name--_passive_, h[=a]tte. + hatian, _wv._ hate. + h[=a]tte, _see_ h[=a]tan. + h[=e], _prn_. he. + h[=e]afod, _sn._ head. + h[=e]afod-mann, _sm._ head-man, ruler, chief. + h[=e]ah, _aj._ high--_superl._ h[=i]ehst. + healdan, _sv. 1_, hold, keep; guard; preserve; observe, keep. + healf, _aj._ half. + healf, _sf._ side. + h[=e]a-lic, _aj._ lofty [h[=e]ah]. + heall, _sf._ hall. + heard, _aj._ hard ; strong; severe. + h[e,]bban, _sv. 2_, raise. + h[e,]fel-þr[=æ]d, _sm._ web-thread, thread. + h[e,]fe, _sm._ weight [h[e,]bban]. + h[e,]fi[.g], _aj._ heavy [h[e,]fe]. + h[e,]ll, _sf._ hell. + _[.g]e_·h[e,]nde, _aj. w. dat._ near [hand]. + h[=e]o, _see_ h[=e]. + heofon, _sm._ heaven--_often in plur._, heofona r[=i][.c]e. + heofon-lic, _aj._ heavenly. + h[=e]old, _see_ healdan. + heord, _sf._ herd. + heorte, _sf._ heart. + h[=e]r, _av._ here; hither--h[=e]r·æfter, &c., hereafter. + h[=e]r-be-·[=e]astan, _av._ east of this. + h[e,]re, _sm._ army. + h[e,]re-r[=e]af, _sn._ spoil. + h[e,]re-toga, _sm._ army-leader, general, chief [toga _from_ t[=e]on]. + h[e,]rgian, _wv._ ravage, make war [h[e,]re]. + h[e,]rgung, _sf._ (ravaging), warfare, war. + h[e,]rian, _wv._ praise. + h[=e]t, _see_ h[=a]tan. + hider, _av_. hither. + h[=i]e, _see_ h[=e]. + h[=i]ehst, _see_ h[=e]ah. + hiera, _see_ h[=e]. + _[.g]e_·h[=i]eran, _wv._ hear. + hierde, _sm._ shepherd [heord]. + hierd-r[=æ]den, _sf._ guardianship. + hiere, _see_ h[=e]. + _[.g]e_·h[=i]er-sum, _aj. w. dat._ obedient [h[=i]eran]. + _[.g]e_·h[=i]ersum-nes, _sf._ obedience. + him, hine, _see_ h[=e]. + h[=i]red, _snm._ family, household. + his, _see_ h[=e]. + hit, _see_ h[=e]. + h[=i]w, _sn._ hue, form. + hl[=æ]dder, _sf._ ladder. + hlæst, _sm._ load. + hl[=a]f, _sm._ bread, loaf of bread. + hl[=a]ford, _sm._ lord. + hl[=i]sa, _sm._ fame. + hl[=u]d, _aj._ loud. + hl[=y]dan, _wv._ make a noise, shout [hl[=u]d]. + hnappian, _wv_. doze. + _[.g]e_·hoferod, _aj._ (past partic.), hump-backed. + holt, _sn._ wood. + {106} + h[=o]n, _sv. 1_, hang [hangian]. + horn, _sm._ horn. + hræd-l[=i]ce, _av._ quickly. + hrædung, _sf._ hurry. + hraþe, _av._ quickly--sw[=a] hraþe sw[=a], as soon as. + hr[=e]od, _sn._ reed. + hr[=e]owan, _sv. 7_, rue, repent. + hr[=i]eman, _wv._ cry, call. + hr[=i]þer, _sn._ ox. + hr[=o]f, _sn._ roof. + hry[.c][.g], _sm._ back. + hryre, _sm._ fall [hr[=e]osan]. + h[=u], _av._ how. + h[=u]-meta, _av._ how. + hund, _sn. w. gen._ hundred. + hund, _sm._ dog. + hund-feald, _aj._ hundredfold. + hund-·nigonti[.g], _num._ ninety. + hund-·tw[e,]lfti[.g], _num._ hundred and twenty. + hungor, _sm._ hunger; famine. + hungri[.g], _aj._ hungry. + h[=u]ru, _av._ especially. + h[=u]s, _sn._ house. + hux-l[=i]ce, _av._ ignominiously. + hw[=a], _prn._ who. + [.g]e·hw[=a], _prn._ every one. + hw[=æ]m, _see_ hw[=a]. + hw[=æ]r, _av._ where--sw[=a] hw[=æ]r sw[=a], wherever. + [.g]e·hw[=æ]r, _av._ everywhere. + hwæs, hwæt, _see_ hw[=a]. + hwæt, _interj._ what! lo! well. + hw[=æ]te, _sm._ wheat. + hwæþer, _av. cj._ whether--hwæþer þe, _to introduce a direct question_. + hwæþre, _av._ however. + hwanon, _av._ whence. + hwel[.c], _prn._ which; any one, any--sw[=a] hwel[.c] sw[=a], whoever. + [.g]e·hwel[.c], _prn._ any, any one. + hw[=i]l, _sf._ while, time. + hwone, _see_ hw[=a]. + hwonne, _av._ when. + hw[=y], _av._ why. + h[=y]dan, _wv._ hide. + hyht, _sf._ hope. + _[.g]e_·hyhtan, _wv._ hope. + h[=y]ran, _wv._ hire. + + I. + + I[.c], _prn._ I. + [=i]del, _aj._ idle; useless, vain--on [=i]del, in vain. + [=i]e[.g]-land, _sn._ island. + ieldan, _wv._ delay [eald]. + ieldra, _see_ eald. + ieldran, _smpl._ ancestors [_originally compar._ of eald]. + iernan, _sv. 3_, run; flow. + ierre, _aj._ angry. + [=i]l, _sm._ hedgehog. + ilca, _prn._ same (always weak, and with the definite article). + in, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ in, into. + inc, _see_ þ[=u]. + inn, _av._ in (of motion). + innan, _prp. w. dat._ (_av._) within. + inne, _av._ within, inside. + inn-[.g]ehy[.g]d, _sn._ inner thoughts, mind. + in-t[=o], _prp. w. dat._ into. + [=I]otan, _smpl._ Jutes. + [=I]r-land, _sn._ Ireland. + I[=u]d[=e]isc, _aj._ Jewish--þ[=a] I[=u]d[=e]iscan, the Jews. + + L. + + L[=a], _interj._ lo!--l[=a] l[=e]of! Sir! + l[=a]c, _sn._ gift; offering, sacrifice. + [.g]e·l[=æ][.c]an, _wv._ seize. + l[=æ]dan, _wv._ lead; carry, bring, take. + læden, _sn._ Latin; language. + læ[.g], _see_ li[.c][.g]an. + l[=æ]ran, _wv. w. double acc._ teach; advise, suggest [l[=a]r]. + _[.g]e_·l[=æ]red, _aj._ learned [_past partic._ of l[=æ]ran]. + l[=æ]s, _av._ less--þ[=y] l[=æ]s (þe), _cj. w. subj._ lest. + l[=æ]tan, _sv. 1_, let; leave--h[=e]o l[=e]t þ[=a] sw[=a], she let the + matter rest there. + _[.g]e_·l[=æ]te, _sn._--wega [.g]el[=æ]tu, _pl._ meetings of the roads. + l[=a]f, _sf._ remains--t[=o] l[=a]fe b[=e]on, remain over, be left + [(be)l[=i]fan]. + {107} + _[.g]e·_lamp, _see_ _[.g]e_limpan. + land, _sn._ land, country. + land-folc, _sn._ people of the country. + land-h[e,]re, _sm._ land-army. + land-l[=e]ode, _smpl._ people of the country. + lang, _aj._ long. + lange, _av._ for a long time, long. + lang-l[=i]ce, _av._ for a long time, long. + l[=a]r, _sf._ teaching, doctrine. + late, _av._ slowly, late--late on [.g][=e]are, late in the year. + _[.g]e·_laþian, _wv._ invite. + _[.g]e·_laþung, _sf._ congregation. + l[=e]af, _sf._ leave. + __[.g]e·_l_[=e]afa, _sm._ belief, faith. + _[.g]e·_l[=e]af-full, _aj._ believing, pious. + leahtor, _sm._ crime, vice. + l[=e]as, _aj._ without (expers), _in compos._--less; false. + l[=e]at, _see_ l[=u]tan. + l[e,][.c][.g]an, _wv._ lay [li[.c][.g]an]. + _[.g]e·_l[e,]ndan, _wv._ land [land]. + l[=e]o, _smf._ lion. + l[=e]ode, _smpl._ people. + l[=e]of, _aj._ dear, beloved; pleasant--m[=e] w[=æ]re l[=e]ofre, I would + rather--[lufu]. + leofode, _see_ libban. + leoht, _sn._ light. + leoht-fæt, _sn._ (light-vessel), lamp. + leornian, _wv._ learn. + leornung-cniht, _sm._ disciple. + l[=e]t, _see_ l[=æ]tan. + libban, _wv._ live. + l[=i]c, _sn._ body, corpse. + _[.g]e·_l[=i]c, _aj. w. dat._ like. + _[.g]e·_l[=i]ce, _av._ in like manner, alike, equally. + li[.c][.g]an, _sv. 5_, lie. + l[=i]c-hama, _sm._ body. + l[=i]cham-l[=i]ce, _av._ bodily. + _[.g]e_l[=i]cian, _wv. w. dat._ please. + l[=i]efan, _wv. w. dat._ allow [l[=e]af]. + _[.g]e·_l[=i]efan, _wv._ believe [gel[=e]afa]. + l[=i]f, _sn._ l[=i]fe. + lifiend, _see_ libban. + lim, _sn._ limb, member. + _[.g]e·_limp, _sn._ event, emergency, calamity. + _[.g]e_·limpan, _sv. 3_, happen. + l[=i]þ, _see_ li[.c][.g]an. + locc, _sm._ lock of hair. + lof, _sn._ praise; glory. + _[.g]e_·l[=o]gian, place; occupy, furnish. + _[.g]e_·l[=o]m, _aj._ frequent, repeated. + _[.g]e_·l[=o]me, _av._ often, repeatedly. + losian, _wv. w. dat._ be lost--him losaþ, he loses [(for)l[=e]osan]. + l[=u]can, _sv. 7_, close. + lufian, _wv._ love. + lufu, _sf._ love [l[=e]of]. + Lunden-burg, _sf._ London [Lundonia]. + l[=u]tan, _sv. 7_, stoop. + l[=y]tel, _aj._ little. + + M. + + M[=a], _see_ micel. + macian, _wv._ make. + mæ[.g], _swv._ can, be able. + mæ[.g]en, _sn._ strength, capacity; virtue [mæ[.g]]. + m[=æ][.g]þ, _sf._ family; tribe, nation; generation. + _[.g]e_·m[=æ]ne, _aj._ common. + _[.g]e_·m[=æ]nelic, _aj._ common, general. + m[=æ]re, _aj._ famous, glorious, great (metaphorically). + _[.g]e_·m[=æ]re, _sn._ boundary, territory. + m[=æ]rsian, _wv._ extol, celebrate [m[=æ]re]. + m[=æ]rþo, _sf._ glory [m[=æ]re]. + mæsse, _sf._ mass [_Latin_ missa]. + mæsse-pr[=e]ost, _sm._ mass-priest. + m[=æ]st, _see_ mi[.c]el. + magon, _see_ mæ[.g]. + man, _indef._ one [mann]. + m[=a]n, _sn._ wickedness. + m[=a]n-d[=æ]d, _sf._ wicked deed. + m[=a]n-full, _aj._ wicked. + mangere, _sm._ merchant. + mangung, _sf._ trade, business. + mani[.g], _aj._ many. + man[=i][.g]-feald, _aj._ manifold. + mani[.g]-fieldan, _wv._ multiply [mani[.g]feald]. + mann, _sm._ man; person. + mann-cynn, _sn._ mankind. + {108} + mann-r[=æ]den, _sf._ allegiance. + mann-slaga, _sm._ manslayer, murderer [sl[=e]an, sl[e,][.g]e]. + m[=a]re, _see_ mi[.c]el. + martyr, _sm._ martyr. + m[=a]þm, _sm._ treasure. + m[=a]þm-fæt, _sn._ precious vessel. + m[=e], _see_ ic. + mearc, _sf._ boundary. + m[=e]d, _sf._ reward, pay. + m[=e]der, _see_ m[=o]dor. + m[e,]nn, _see_ mann. + m[e,]nnisc, _aj._ human [mann]. + m[e,]re-grot, _sr._ pearl [margarita]. + mer[.g]en, _sm._ morning [morgen]. + _[.g]e_·met, _sn._ measure; manner, way. + metan, _sv. 5_, measure. + _[.g]e_·m[=e]tan, _wv._ meet; find [[.g]em[=o]t]. + m[e,]te, _sm._ food--pl. m[e,]ttas. + mi[.c]el, _aj._ great, much--_comp._ m[=a]re, m[=a] (_adv._, _sn._, + _aj._), _sup._ m[=æ]st. + mi[.c]le, _av._ greatly, much. + mid, _prp. w. dat._ (_instr._) with--mid þ[=æ]m þe, _cj._ when. + middan-[.g]eard, _sm._ world [_literally_ middle enclosure]. + midde, _aj._ mid, middle (only of time). + middel, _sn._ middle. + Middel-[e,]n[.g]le, _smpl._ Middle-Angles. + Mier[.c]e, _smpl._ Mercians [mearc]. + miht, _sf._ might, strength; virtue [mæ[.g]]. + mihte, _see_ mæ[.g]. + mihti[.g], _aj._ mighty, strong. + m[=i]l, _sf._ mile [_Latin_ milia (passuum)]. + mild-heort, _aj._ mild-hearted, merciful. + _[.g]e_·miltsian, _wv. w. dat._ have mercy on, pity [milde]. + m[=i]n, _see_ ic. + mis-l[=æ]dan, _wv._ mislead, lead astray. + mis-lic, _aj._ various. + m[=o]d, _sn._ heart, mind. + m[=o]dig, _aj._ proud. + m[=o]di[.g]-nes, _sf._ pride. + m[=o]dor, _sf._ mother. + molde, _sf._ mould, earth. + m[=o]na, _sm._ moon. + m[=o]naþ, _sm._ month--_pl._ m[=o]naþ [m[=o]na]. + morgen, _sm._ morning. + morþ, _sn._ (murder), crime. + m[=o]ste, see m[=o]tan. + _[.g]e·_m[=o]t, _sn._ meeting. + m[=o]tan, _swv._ may; ne m[=o]t, must not. + _[.g]e·_munan, _swv._ remember. + munt, _sm._ mountain, hill [_Latin_ montem]. + munuc, _sm._ monk [_Latin_ monachus]. + murcnian, _wv._ grumble, complain. + m[=u]þ, _sm._ mouth. + m[=u]þa, _sm._ mouth of a river [m[=u]þ]. + _[.g]e·_mynd, _sf._ memory, mind [[.g]emunan]. + _[.g]e·_myndi[.g], _aj. w. gen._ mindful. + mynet, _sf._ coin [_Latin_ moneta]. + mynetere, _sm._ money-changer. + mynster, _sn._ monastery [_Latin_ monasterium]. + + N. + + N[=a], _av._ not, no [ = ne [=a]]. + nabban = ne habban. + n[=æ]ddre, _sf._ snake. + næfde, næfst, = ne hæfde, ne hæfst. + n[=æ]fre, _av._ never [ = ne [=æ]fre]. + næ[.g]el, _sm._ nail. + næs = ne wæs. + n[=a]ht, _prn. w. gen._ naught, nothing [ = n[=a]n wiht]. + n[=a]ht-nes, _sf._ worthlessness, cowardice. + nam, _see_ niman. + nama, _sm._ name. + n[=a]mon, _see_ niman. + n[=a]n, _prn._ none, no [ = ne [=a]n]. + n[=a]t = ne w[=a]t. + n[=a]wþer, _prn._ neither [ = ne [=a]hwæþer (either)]. + ne, _av._ not--ne ... ne, neither ... not. + {109} + n[=e]ah, _av._ near; _superl._ n[=i]ehst--æt n[=i]ehstan, next, + immediately, afterwards. + nearu, _aj._ narrow. + n[=e]a-wist, _sfm._ neighbourhood [wesan]. + n[e,]mnan, _wv._ name [nama]. + neom = ne eom. + nese, _av._ no. + n[e,]tt, _sn._ net. + n[=i]ed, _sf._ need. + n[=i]edunga, _av._ needs, by necessity. + n[=i]ehst, _see_ n[=e]ah. + n[=i]eten, _sn._ animal. + nigon, _num._ nine. + nigoþa, _aj._ ninth. + niht, _sf._ night. + niman, _sv. 4_, take, capture; take in marriage, marry. + nis = ne is. + niþer, _av._ down. + n[=i]we, _aj._ new. + _[.g]e_·n[=o]g, _aj._ enough. + nolde = ne wolde. + norþ, _av._ north. + Norþhymbra-land, _sn._ Northumberland. + Norþ-hymbre, _smpl._ Northumbrians [Humbra]. + norþan-weard, _aj._ northward. + Norþ-m[e,]nn, _pl._ Norwegians. + n[=u], _av._ now, just now; _cj. causal_, now that, since. + n[=u]·[.g]iet, _av._ still. + _[.g]e_·nyht-sum-nes, _sf._ sufficience, abundance. + nyle, = ne wile. + nyste, nyton = ne wiste, ne witon. + + O. + + Of, _prp. w. dat._ of, from _of place_, _origin_, _privation_, _release_, + &c.; _partitive_, s[e,]llaþ [=u]s of [=e]owrum ele, some of your oil. + of-·dr[=æ]dd, _aj._ afraid [_past partic. of_ ofdr[=æ]dan, dread]. + ofer, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ over; on; _of time_, during, throughout, + over. + ofer-gyld, _aj._ (past partic.), gilded over, covered with gold. + ofer-·h[e,]rgian, _wv._ ravage, over-run. + ofer-·s[=a]wan, _sv. 2_, sow over. + offrian, _wv._ offer, sacrifice [_Latin_ offerre]. + offrung, _sf._ offering, sacrifice. + of-·sl[=e]an, _sv. 2_, slay. + of-·sn[=i]þan, _sv. 6_, kill [sn[=i]þan, cut]. + of-spring, _sm._ offspring [springan]. + oft, _av._ often. + of-·t[=e]on, _sv. 7, w. dat. of pers. and gen. of thing_, deprive. + of-·þyrst, _aj._ thirsty [_past partic. of_ ofþyrstan, _from_ þurst]. + of-·wundrian, _wv. w. gen._ wonder. + [=o]-l[=æ][.c]ung, _sf._ flattery. + olfend, _sm._ camel [_Latin_ elephas]. + on, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ on; in; _hostility_, against, on h[=i]e + fuhton; _of time_, in. + on-·byr[.g]an, _wv._ taste. + on-·cn[=a]wan, _sv. 1_, know, recognize. + on·dr[=æ]dan, _sv. 1_, _wv._ dread, fear. + on-·f[=o]n, _sv. 1_, receive. + on-·[.g][=e]an, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ towards; _hostility_, against. + on-·[.g][=e]an, _av._ back--[.g]ew[e,]nde on-[.g][=e]an, returned. + on-[.g]inn, _sn._ beginning. + on-·[.g]innan, _sv. 3_, begin. + on-·liehtan, _wv._ illuminate, enlighten [leoht]. + on·liehtung, _sf._ illumination, light. + on-·l[=u]can, _sv. 7_, unlock. + on-·middan, _prp. w. dat._ in the midst of. + on-s[=i]en, _sf._ appearance, form. + on-sund, _aj._ sound, whole. + on-·uppan, _prp. w. dat._ upon. + on-weald, _sm._ rule, authority, power; territory. + on-·we[.g], _av._ away. + open, _aj._ open. + openian, _wv._ open, reveal, disclose. + orgel-l[=i]ce, _av._ proudly. + {110} + or-m[=æ]te, _aj._ immense, boundless [metan]. + or-sorg, _aj._ unconcerned, careless. + oþ, _prp. w. acc._ until--oþ þæt, _cj._ until; up to, as far as. + [=o]þer, _prn._ (always strong), second; other. + oþþe, _cj._ or--oþþe ... oþþe, either ... or. + oxa, _sm._ ox. + + P. + + P[=a]pa, _sm._ pope [_Latin_ papa]. + p[e,]ning, _sm._ penny. + Peohtas, _smpl._ Picts. + Philist[=e]isc, _aj._ Philistine. + Pihtisc, _aj._ Pictish [Peohtas]. + plegian, _wv._ play. + post, _sm._ post [_Latin_ postis]. + pr[=e]ost, _sm._ priest [_Latin_ presbyter]. + pund, _sn._ pound [_Latin_ pondus]. + pytt, _sm._ pit [_Latin_ puteus]. + + R. + + Racent[=e]ag, _ sf._ chains. + r[=a]d, _see_ r[=i]dan. + _[.g]e_·r[=a]d, _sn._ reckoning, account; on þ[=a] [.g]er[=a]d þæt, on + condition that. + r[=æ]d, _sm._ advice; what is advisable, plan of action--him r[=æ]d + þ[=u]hte, it seemed advisable to him. + ramm, _sm._ ram. + r[=a]p, _sm._ rope. + r[=e]af, _sn._ robe, dress. + reahte, _see_ re[.c][.c]an. + r[=e][.c]an, _wv. w. gen._ reck, care. + r[e,][.c][.c]an, _wv._ tell, narrate. + _[.g]e_·r[e,][.c]ednes, _sf._ narrative. + _[.g]e_·r[=e]fa, _sm._ officer, reeve, bailiff. + re[.g]en, _sm._ rain. + r[=e]þe, _aj._ fierce, cruel. + r[=i][.c]e, _aj._ powerful, of high rank. + r[=i][.c]e, _sn._ kingdom, sovereignty, government. + r[=i][.c]etere, _sn._ (ambition), pomp. + r[=i][.c]sian, _wv._ rule. + r[=i]dan, _sv. 6_, ride. + riftere, _sm._ reaper. + riht, _aj._ right; righteous. + riht-l[=i]ce, _av._ rightly, correctly. + riht-w[=i]s, _aj._ righteous. + riht-w[=i]snes, _sf._ righteousness. + r[=i]m, _sm._ number. + r[=i]man, _wv._ count. + r[=i]nan, _wv._ rain [re[.g]en]. + r[=i]pan, _sv. 6_, reap. + r[=i]pere, _sm._ reaper. + r[=i]p-t[=i]ma, _sm._ reaping-time, harvest. + r[=o]hte, _see_ r[=e][.c]an. + R[=o]me-burg, _sf._ city of Rome. + r[=o]wan, _sv. 1_, row. + ryne, _sm._ course. + _[.g]e_·r[=y]ne, _sn._ mystery. + + S. + + S[=æ], _sf._ sea--_dat._ s[=æ]. + s[=æ]d, _sn._ seed. + sæ[.g]de, _see_ s[e,][.c][.g]an. + s[=æ]l, _sm._ time, occasion. + _[.g]e_·s[=æ]li[.g], _aj._ happy, blessed. + _[.g]e_·s[=æ]li[.g]-l[=i]ce, _av._ happily, blessedly. + sæt, s[=æ]ton, _see_ sittan. + sagol, _sm._ rod, staff. + [.g]e·samnian, _wv._ collect, assemble. + samod, _av_. together, with. + sanct, _sm._ saint [_Latin_ sanctus]. + sand, _sf._ dish of food [s[e,]ndan]. + sand-[.c]eosol, _sm._ sand (_literally_ sand-gravel). + s[=a]r, _sn._ grief. + s[=a]r, _aj._ grievous. + s[=a]ri[.g], _aj._ sorry, sad. + s[=a]wan, _sv. 1_, sow. + s[=a]were, _sm._ sower. + s[=a]wol, _sf._ soul. + scamu, _sf._ shame. + scand, _sf._ disgrace. + scand-lic, _aj._ shameful. + s[.c][=e]af, _sm._ sheaf [sc[=u]fan]. + s[.c][=e]af-m[=æ]lum, _av._ sheafwise. + _[.g]e_·s[.c]eaft, _sf._ creature, created thing. s[.c]eal, _swv._ ought + to, must; shall. + s[.c][=e]ap, _sn._ sheep. + s[.c]eatt, _sm._ (tribute); money. + s[.c][=e]awere, _sm._ spy, witness. + s[.c][=e]awian, _wv._ see; examine; read. + s[.c][=e]awung, _sf._ seeing, examination. + s[.c][=e]otan, _sv. 7_, shoot. + {111} + s[.c]ieppan, _sv. 2_, create. + s[.c]ieran, _sv. 4_, shear. + s[.c]ip, _sn._ ship. + s[.c]ip-h[e,]re, _sm._ fleet. + s[.c]ip-hlæst, _sm._ (shipload), crew. + s[.c][=i]r, _sf._ shire. + scolde, _see_ sceal. + sc[=o]p, _see_ s[.c]ieppan. + scort, _aj._ short. + scotian, _wv._ shoot [s[.c][=e]otan]. + Scot-land, _sn._ Ireland. + Scottas, _smpl._ the Irish. + scotung, _sf._ shot. + scræf, _sn._ cave. + scr[=i]n, _sn._ shrine [_Latin_ scrinium]. + scrincan, _sv. 3_, shrink. + scr[=u]d, _sn._ dress. + scr[=y]dan, _wv._ clothe [scr[=u]d]. + sc[=u]fan, _sv. 7_, push--sc[=u]fan [=u]t, launch (ship). + sculon, _see_ s[.c]eal. + scuton, _see_ s[.c][=e]otan. + scyld, _sf._ guilt [sculon, sceal]. + scyldig, _aj._ guilty. + scylen, _see_ sceal. + Scyttisc, _aj._ Scotch [Scottas]. + se, s[=e], _prn._ that; the; he; who. + _[.g]e_seah, _see_ _[.g]e_s[=e]on. + sealde, _see_ s[e,]llan. + s[=e]aþ, _sm._ pit. + Seaxe, _smpl._ Saxons. + s[=e][.c]an, _wv._ seek; visit, come to; attack. + s[e,][.c][.g]an, _wv._ say. + self, _prn._ self. + s[e,]llan, _wv._ give; sell. + s[=e]lest, _av. superl._ best. + s[e,]ndan, _wv._ send, send message [sand]. + s[=e]o, _see_ se. + seofon, _num._ seven. + seofoþa, _aj._ seventh. + seolc, _sf._ silk. + seolcen, _aj._ silken. + seolfor, _sn._ silver. + _[.g]e·_s[=e]on, _sv. 5_, see. + s[=e]ow, _see_ s[=a]wan. + _[.g]e·_s[e,]tnes, _sf._ narrative [s[e,]ttan]. + s[e,]ttan, _wv._ set; appoint, institute--d[=o]m s[e,]ttan _w. dat._ pass + sentence on; compose, write; create [sittan]. + sibb, _sf._ peace. + _[.g]e_·sibb-sum, _aj._ peaceful. + s[=i]e, _see_ wesan. + s[=i]efer-l[=i]ce, _av._ purely. + s[=i]efre, _aj._ pure. + sierwung, _sf._ stratagem. + siex, _num._ six. + siexta, _aj._ sixth. + siexti[.g], _num._ sixty. + siexti[.g]-feald, _aj._ sixtyfold. + si[.g]e, _sm._ victory--si[.g]e niman, gain the victory. + si[.g]e-fæst, _aj._ victorious. + _[.g]e_·sihþ, _sf._ sight; vision, dream [[.g]es[=e]on]. + sifren, _aj._ silver. + simle, _av._ always. + sind, _see_ wesan. + sinu, _sf_, sinew. + sittan, _sv. 5_, sit; settle, stay. + _[.g]e_·sittan, _sv. 5_, take possession of. + s[=i]þ, _sm._ journey. + s[=i]þian, _wv._ journey, go. + siþþan, _av._ since, afterwards; cj. when. + sl[=æ]p, _sm._ sleep. + sl[=æ]pan, _sv. 1_, sleep, + slaga, _sm._ slayer. [sl[=e]an, _past. partic._ [.g]eslæ[.g]en]. + sl[=a]w, _aj._ slow, slothful, dull. + sl[=e]an, _sv. 2_, strike; slay, kill. + sl[e,][.c][.g], _sm._ hammer [slaga, sl[=e]an]. + sl[e,][.g]e, _sm._ killing [slaga, sl[=e]an]. + sl[=e]p, _see_ sl[=æ]pan. + sl[=o]g, _see_ sl[=e]an. + smæl, _aj._ narrow. + sm[=e]an, _wv._ consider, think; consult. + sm[=e]ocan, _sv. 7_, smoke. + sm[=e]þe, _aj._ smooth. + snotor, _aj._ wise, prudent. + s[=o]na, _av._ soon; then. + sorg, _sf._ sorrow. + s[=o]þ, _aj._ true. + s[=o]þ, _sn._ truth. + s[=o]þ-l[=i]ce, _av._ truly, indeed. + spade, _wf._ spade [_Lati_n spatha]. + {112} + spr[=æ][.c], _sf._ speech, language; conversation [sprecan]. + sprecan, _sv. 5_, speak. + spr[e,]n[.g]an, _wv._ (scatter); sow [springan]. + springan, _sv. 3_, spring. + sprungen, _see_ springan. + st[=æ]nen, _aj._ of stone [st[=a]n]. + st[=æ]niht, _sn._ stony ground [_originally adj._ 'stony,' from st[=a]n]. + st[=a]n, _sm._ stone; brick. + standan, _sv. 2_, stand. + st[=e]ap, _aj._ steep. + st[e,]de, _sm._ place. + stefn, _sf._ voice. + stelan, _sv. 4_, steal. + st[e,]nt, _see_ standan. + st[=e]or, _sf._ steering, rudder. + steorra, _sm._ star. + sticol, _aj._ rough. + st[=i]epel, _sm._ steeple [st[=e]ap]. + st[=i]eran, _wv. w. dat._ restrain [st[=e]or]. + _[.g]e_·stillan, _wv._ stop, prevent. + stille, _aj._ still, quiet. + st[=o]d, _see_ standan. + st[=o]l, _sm._ seat. + st[=o]w, _sf._ place. + str[=æ]t, _sf._ street, road [_Latin_ strata via]. + strand, _sm._ shore. + strang, _aj._ strong. + str[=e]dan, _wv._ (scatter), sow. + str[e,]n[.g]þo, _sf._ strength [strang]. + [.g]e·str[=e]on, _sn._ possession. + [.g]e·str[=i]enan, _wv._ gain [[.g]estr[=e]on]. + str[=u]tian, _wv._ strut. + sty[.c][.c]e, _sn._ piece. + sum, _prn._ some, a certain (one), one; a. + _[.g]e_·sund, _aj._ sound, healthy. + _[.g]e_·sund-full. _aj._ safe and sound. + sundor, _av._ apart. + sunne, _sf._ sun. + sunu, _sm._ son. + s[=u]þ, _av._ south, southwards. + s[=u]þan, _av._ from the south. + s[=u]þan-weard, _aj._ southward. + s[=u]þ-d[=æ]l, _sm._ the South. + s[=u]þerne, _aj._ southern. + S[=u]þ-seaxe, _smpl._ South-Saxons. + sw[=a], _av._ so; sw[=a], sw[=a], as, like--sw[=a] ... sw[=a], so ... as. + sw[=a]c, _see_ sw[=i]can. + sw[=a]-·þ[=e]ah, _av._ however. + swefn, _sn._ sleep; dream. + swel[.c], _prn._ such. + swel[.c]e, _av._ as if, as it were, as, like. + sweltan, _sv. 3_, die. + sw[e,]n[.c]an, _wv._ afflict, molest [swincan]. + sw[e,]n[.g], _sm._ stroke, blow [swingan]. + sw[=e]or, _sm._ pillar. + sw[=e]ora, _sm._ neck. + sweord, _sn._ sword. + sweord-bora, _sm._ sword-bearer [beran]. + sweotol, _aj._ clear, evident. + sweotolian, _wv._ display, show, indicate. + sweotolung, _sf._ manifestation, sign. + sw[e,]rian, _sv. 2_, swear. + sw[=i]c, _sm._ deceit. + _[.g]e_·sw[=i]can, _sv. 6_ (fail, fall short); cease (betray). + sw[=i]c-d[=o]m, _sm._ deceit [sw[=i]can]. + swicol, _aj._ deceitful, treacherous. + swicon, _see_ sw[=i]can. + swift, _aj._ swift. + sw[=i]gian, _wv._ be silent. + swincan, _sv. 3_, labour, toil. + swingan, _sv. 3_, beat. + swingle, _sf._ stroke [swingan]. + swipe, _sm._ whip. + sw[=i]þe, _av._ very, much, greatly, violently--_cp._ sw[=i]þor, rather, + more. + sw[=i]þ-lic, _aj._ excessive, great. + sw[=i]þre, _sf._ right hand [_cp. of_ sw[=i]þe _with_ hand _understood_]. + swulton, _see_ sweltan. + swuncon, _see_ swincan. + swungon, _see_ swingan. + syndri[.g], _aj._ separate [sundor]. + syn-full, _aj._ sinful. + syngian, _wv._ sin. + synn, _sf._ sin. + + {113} + T. + + T[=a]cen, _sn._ sign, token; miracle. + t[=a]cnian, _wv._ signify. + _[.g]e_·t[=a]cnung, _sf._ signification, type. + t[=æ][.c]an, _wv. w. dat._ show; teach. + talu, _sf._ number [getel]. + tam, _aj._ tame. + t[=a]wian, _wv._ ill-treat. + t[=e]am, _sm._ progeny [t[=e]on]. + _[.g]e_·tel, _sn._ number. + t[e,]llan, _wv._ count, account--t[e,]llan t[=o] n[=a]hte, count as + naught [talu]. + T[e,]mes, _sf._ Thames [Tamisia]. + tempel, _sn._ temple [_Latin_ templum]. + t[=e]on, _sv. 7_, pull, drag. + t[=e]ona, _sm._ injury, insult. + t[=e]on-r[=æ]den, _sf._ humiliation. + t[=e]þ, _see_ t[=o]þ. + ti[.c][.c]en, _sn._ kid. + t[=i]d, _sf._ time; hour. + t[=i]e[.g]an, _wv._ tie. + t[=i]eman, _wv._ teem, bring forth [t[=e]am]. + t[=i]en, _num._ ten. + tierwe, _sf._ tar. + ti[.g]ele, _wf._ tile [_Latin_ tegula]. + t[=i]ma, _sm._ time. + timbrian, _wv._ build. + _[.g]e_·timbrung, _sf._ building. + tintre[.g], _sn._ torture. + tintregian, _wv._ torture. + t[=o], _prp. w. dat._ (_av._) to--t[=o] abbode [.g]es[e,]tt, made abbot; + _time_, at--t[=o] langum fierste, for a long time; _adverbial_, t[=o] + scande, ignominiously; _fitness_, _purpose_, _for_--þ[=æ]m folce + (dat.) t[=o] d[=e]aþe, to the death of the people, so that the people + were killed; t[=o] þ[=æ]m þæt, cj. in order that--t[=o] þæm + (sw[=i]þe) ... þæt, so (greatly) ... that. + t[=o], _av._ too. + t[=o]-·berstan, _sv. 3_, burst, break asunder. + t[=o]-·brecan, _sv. 4_, break in pieces, break through. + t[=o]-·bre[.g]dan, _sv. 3_, tear asunder. + t[=o]-·cw[=i]esan, _wv._ crush, bruise. + t[=o]-cyme, _sm._ coming [cuman]. + t[=o]-·dæ[.g], _av._ to-day. + t[=o]-·d[=æ]lan, _wv._ disperse; separate, divide. + t[=o]-·gædre, _av._ together. + t[=o]-·[.g][=e]anes, _prp. w. dat._ towards--him t[=o][.g][=e]anes, to + meet him. + t[=o]l, _sn._ tool. + t[=o]-·l[=i]esan, _wv._ loosen [l[=e]as]. + t[=o]-·middes, _prp. w. dat._ in the midst of. + t[=o]-·teran, _sv. 4_, tear to pieces. + t[=o]þ, _sm._ tooth. + t[=o]-weard, _aj._ future. + t[=o]-·weorpan, _sv. 3_, overthrow, destroy. + tr[=e]ow, _sn._ tree. + _[.g]e_·tr[=e]owe, _aj._ true, faithful. + trum, _aj._ strong. + trymman, _wv._ strengthen [trum]. + trymmung, _sf._ strengthening, encouragement. + t[=u]cian, _wv._ ill-treat. + tugon, _see_ t[=e]on. + t[=u]n, _sm._ village, town. + tw[=a], tw[=æ]m, _see_ tw[=e][.g]en. + tw[=e][.g]en, _num._ two. + tw[e,]lf, _num._ twelve. + tw[e,]nti[.g], _num. w. gen._ twenty. + + Þ. + + Þ[=a], _av. cj._ then; when--þ[=a] þ[=a], when, while--_correlative_ + þ[=a] ... þ[=a], when ... (then). + þ[=a], þ[=æ]m, &c., _see_ se. + þ[=æ]r, _av._ there--þ[=æ]rt[=o], &c. thereto, to it; where--þ[=æ]r + þ[=æ]r, _correl._ where. + þ[=æ]re, _see_ se. + þ[=æ]r-rihte, _av._ immediately. + þæs, _av._ therefore; wherefore. + þæs, þæt, _see_ se. + þæt, _cj._ that. + _[.g]e_·þafian, _wv._ allow, permit. + þ[=a]-·[.g]iet, _av._ still, yet. + þanc, _sm._ thought; thanks. + þancian, _wv. w. gen. of thing and dat. of person_, thank. + {114} + þanon, _av._ thence, away. + þ[=a]s, _see_ þis. + þe, _rel. prn._ who--s[=e] þe, who; _av._ when. + þ[=e], _see_ þ[=u]. + þ[=e]ah, _av. cj._ though, yet, however--þ[=e]ah þe, although. + þearf, _swv._ need. + þearle, _av._ very, greatly. + þ[=e]aw, _sm._ custom, habit; þ[=e]awas, virtues, morality. + þe[.g]en, _sm._ thane; servant. + þe[.g]nian, _wv. w. dat._ serve. + þe[.g]nung, _sf._ service, retinue. + þ[e,]n[.c]an, _wv._ think, expect [þanc]. + þ[=e]od, _sf._ people, nation. + _[.g]e_·þ[=e]ode, _sn._ language. + þ[=e]of, _sm._ thief. + þ[=e]os, _see_ þes. + þ[=e]ostru, _spl._ darkness. + þ[=e]ow, _sm._ servant. + þ[=e]ow-d[=o]m, _sm._ service. + þ[=e]owian, _wv. w. dat._ serve. + þ[=e]owot, _sn._ servitude. + þes, _prn._ this. + þi[.c][.c]e, _aj._ thick. + þi[.c][.g]an, _sv. 5_, take, receive; eat, drink. + þ[=i]n, _see_ þ[=u]. + þing, _sn._ thing. + þis, þissum, &c., _see_ þes. + _[.g]e_·p[=o]ht, _sm._ thought. + þ[=o]hte, _see_ þ[e,]n[.c]an. + þone, _see_ se. + þonne, _av. cj._ then; when; because. + þonne, _av._ than. + þorfte, _see_ þearf. + þorn, _sm._ thorn. + þr[=æ]d, _sm._ thread. + þr[=e]o, _see_ þr[=i]e. + þridda, _aj._ third. + þr[=i]e, _num._ three. + þrim, _see_ þr[=i]e. + þriti[.g], _num._ thirty. + þriti[.g]-feald, _aj._ thirtyfold. + þrymm, _sm._ glory. + þ[=u], _prn._ thou. + þ[=u]hte, _see_ þyn[.c]an. + _[.g]e_·þungen, _aj._ excellent, distinguished. + þurh, _prp. w. acc._ through; _causal_, through, by. + þurh-·wunian, _wv._ continue. + þurst, _sm._ thirst. + þursti[.g], _aj._ thirsty. + þus, _av._ thus. + þ[=u]send, _sn._ thousand. + _[.g]e_·þw[=æ]r-l[=æ][.c]an, _wv._ agree. + þ[=y], _instr. of_ se; _av._ because. + þ[=y]fel, _sm._ bush. + þ[=y]·l[=æ]s, _cj._ lest. + þyn[.c]an, _wv. impers. w. dat._ m[=e] þyn[.c]þ, methinks [þ[e,]n[.c]an]. + þ[=y]rel, _sn._ hole [þurh]. + + U. + + Ufe-weard, _aj._ upward, at the top of. + un-[=a]r[=i]med-lic, _aj._ innumerable. + unc, _see_ ic. + un-_[.g]e_cynd, _aj._ strange, of alien family. + un-d[=e]ad-lic-nes, _sf._ immortality. + under, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ under. + under-cyning, _sm._ under-king. + under-·delfan, _sv._ dig under. + under-·f[=o]n, _sv. 1_, receive, take. + under-·[.g]ietan, _sv. 5_, understand. + undern-t[=i]d, _sf._ morning-time. + un-forht, _aj._ dauntless. + un-for-molsnod, _aj._ (past partic.) undecayed. + un-_[.g]e_h[=i]ersum, _aj. w. dat._ disobedient. + un-hold, _aj._ hostile. + un-_[.g]e_metlic, _aj._ immense. + un-mihti[.g], _aj._ weak. + un-nytt, _aj._ useless. + un-rihtl[=i]ce, _av._ wrongly. + un-rihtw[=i]s, _aj._ unrighteous. + un-_[.g]e_r[=i]m, _sn._ countless number or quantity. + un-_[.g]e_r[=i]m, _aj._ countless. + un-_[.g]e_s[=æ]li[.g], _aj._ unhappy, accursed. + un-scyldi[.g], _aj._ innocent. + un-t[=i]emend, _aj._ barren [_from pres. partic._ of t[=i]eman]. + {115} + un-_[.g]e_þw[=æ]r-nes, _sf._ discord. + un-_[.g]e_witti[.g], _aj._ foolish. + [=u]p, _av._ up. + [=u]p-[=a]hafen-nes, _sf._ conceit, arrogance. + [=u]p-fl[=o]r, _sf._ (_dat. sing._ -a) upper floor, upper story. + uppan, _prp. w. dat._ on, upon. + urnon, _see_ iernan. + [=u]s, _see_ ic. + [=u]t, _av._ out. + [=u]tan, _av._ outside. + uton, _defect. verb, w. infin._ let us--uton g[=a]n, let us go! + + W. + + Wacian, _wv._ be awake, watch. + w[=æ]dla, _sm._ poor man. + wæl, _sn._ slaughter--wæl [.g]e·sl[=e]an, make a slaughter. + wæl-hr[=e]ow, _aj._ cruel. + wælhr[=e]ow-l[=i]ce, _av._ cruelly, savagely. + wælhr[=e]ownes, _sf._ cruelty. + w[=æ]pen, _sn._ weapon. + wær, _aj._ wary. + w[=æ]ron, wæs, _see_ wesan. + wæstm, _sm._ (growth); fruit. + wæter, _sn._ water. + wæter-s[.c]ipe, _sm._ piece of water, water. + w[=a]fung, _sf._ (spectacle), display. + -ware, _pl._ (only in composition) dwellers, inhabitants [_originally + defenders, cp._ w[e,]rian]. + w[=a]t, _see_ witan. + _[.g]e_w[=a]t, _see_ _[.g]e_w[=i]tan. + w[=e], _see_ ic. + _[.g]e_·weald, _sn._ power, command. + wealdan, _sv. 1, w. gen._ rule. + Wealh, _sm._ (_pl._ W[=e]alas), _sm._ Welshman, Briton (_originally_ + foreigner). + weall, _sm._ wall. + weall-l[=i]m, _sm._ (wall-lime), cement, mortar. + wearg, _sm._ felon, criminal [_originally_ wolf, _then_ proscribed man, + outlaw]. + weaxan, _sv. 1_, grow, increase. + we[.g], _sm._ way, road. + we[.g]-f[=e]rende, _aj._ (pres. partic.) way-faring. + wel, _av._ well. + wel-willend-nes, _sf._ benevolence. + w[=e]nan, _wv._ expect, think. + _[.g]e_·w[e,]ndan, _wv._ turn; go [windan]. + w[e,]nian, _wv._ accustom, wean [[.g]ewuna]. + weofod, _sn._ altar. + weorc, _sn._ work. + weorpan, _sv. 3_, throw. + weorþ, _sn._ worth. + weorþ, _aj._ worth, worthy. + weorþan, _sv. 3_, happen; become--w. æt spr[=æ][.c]e, enter into + conversation. + _[.g]e_·weorþan, _sv. 3, impers. w. dat._--him [.g]ewearþ, they agreed + on. + weorþ-full, _aj._ worthy. + weorþian, _wv._ honour, worship; make honoured, exalt. + weorþ-l[=i]ce, _aj._ honourably. + weorþ-mynd, _sf._ honour. + w[=e]ox, _see_ weaxan. + w[=e]pan, _sv. 1_, weep. + wer, _sm._ man. + w[e,]rian, _wv._ defend [wær]. + werod, _sn._ troop, army. + wesan, _sv._ be. + west, _av._ west. + West-seaxe, _smpl._ West-saxons. + w[=e]ste, _aj._ waste, desolate. + w[=i]d, _aj._ wide. + w[=i]de, _av._ widely, far and wide. + widewe, _sf._ widow. + _[.g]e_·wieldan, _wv._ overpower, conquer [wealdan]. + wierþe, _aj. w. gen._ worthy [weorþ]. + w[=i]f, _sn._ woman; wife. + w[=i]f-healf, _sf._ female side. + w[=i]f-mann, _sm._ woman. + wiht, _sf._ wight, creature, thing. + Wiht, _sf._ Isle of Wight [Vectis]. + Wiht-ware, _pl._ Wight-dwellers. + wilde, _aj._ wild. + wild[=e]or, _sn._ wild beast. + willa, _sm._ will. + {116} + willan, _swv._ will, wish; _of repetition_, be used to. + _[.g]e_·wilnian, _wv. w. gen._ desire. + w[=i]n, _sn._ wine. + wind, _sm._ wind. + windan, _sv. 3_, wind. + w[=i]n-[.g]eard, _sm._ vineyard. + winnan, _sv. 3_, fight. + _[.g]e_·winnan, _sv. 3_, win, gain. + winter, (_pl._ winter), _sm._ winter; _in reckoning_ = year. + winter-setl, _sn._ winter-quarters. + w[=i]s, _aj._ wise. + w[=i]s-d[=o]m, _sm._ wisdom. + w[=i]se, _sf._ (wise), way. + _[.g]e_·wiss, _aj._ certain. + _[.g]e_·wissian, _wv._ guide, direct. + _[.g]e_·wissung, _sf._ guidance, direction. + wiste, _see_ witan. + wit, _see_ ic. + wita, _sm._ councillor, sage. + witan, _swv._ know. + _[.g]e_·w[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, depart. + w[=i]te, _sn._ punishment; torment. + w[=i]tega, _sm._ prophet. + witod-l[=i]ce, _av._ truly, indeed, and [witan]. + _[.g]e_·witt, _sn._ wits, intelligence, understanding [witan]. + wiþ, _prp. w. dat. and acc._ towards; along--wiþ we[.g], by the road; + _hostility_, against--fuhton wiþ Brettas, fought with the Britons; + _association, sharing, &c._, with; _defence_, against; _exchange, + price, for_--wiþ þ[=æ]m þe, in consideration of, provided that. + wiþ-·meten-nes, _sf._ comparison. + wiþ-·sacan, _sv. 2, w. dat._ deny. + wiþ-·standan, _sv. 2, w. dat._ withstand, resist. + wlite, _sm._ beauty. + w[=o]d, _aj._ mad. + w[=o]d-l[=i]ce, _av._ madly. + wolde, _see_ willan. + w[=o]p, _sm._ weeping [w[=e]pan]. + word, _sn._ word, sentence; subject of talk, question, answer, report. + _[.g]e_worden, _see_ weorþan. + worhte, _see_ wyr[.c]an. + woruld, _sf._ world. + woruld-þing, _sn._ worldly thing. + wrecan, _sv. 5_, avenge. + wr[=e][.g]an, _wv._ accuse. + _[.g]e_·writ, _sn._ writing [wr[=i]tan]. + wr[=i]tan, _sv. 6_, write. + wudu, _sm._ wood. + wuldor, _sn._ glory. + wuldrian, _wv._ glorify, extol. + wulf, _sm._ wolf. + _[.g]e_·wuna, _sm._ habit, custom [wunian]. + wund, _sf._ wound. + wundor, _sn._ wonder; miracle. + wundor-lic, _aj._ wonderful, wondrous. + wundor-l[=i]ce, _av._ wonderfully, wondrously. + wundrian, _wv. w. gen._ wonder. + _[.g]e_·wunelic, _aj._ customary. + wunian, _wv._ dwell, stay, continue [[.g]ewuna]. + wunung, _sf._ dwelling. + _[.g]e_wunnen, _see_ _[.g]e_winnan. + wyr[.c]an, _wv._ work, make; build; do, perform [weorc]. + wyrhta, _sm._ worker. + wyrt, _sf._ herb, spice; crop. + wyrt-br[=æ]þ, _sm._ spice-fragrance, fragrant spice. + wyrtruma, _sm._ root. + w[=y]s[.c]an, _wv._ wish. + + Y. + + Yfel, _aj._ evil, bad. + yfel, _sn._ evil. + ymbe, _prp. w. acc._ around; _of time_, about, at. + ymb-·scr[=y]dan, _wv._ clothe, array. + ymb-·[=u]tan, _av._ round about. + [=y]terra, _aj. comp._ outer; _superl._ [=y]temest, outermost, last + [[=u]t]. + + + + + * * * * * + + + + +Notes + +[1] Where no key-word is given for a long vowel, it must be pronounced +exactly like the corresponding short one, only lengthened. + +[2] Both vowels. + +[3] Wherever the acc. is not given separately, it is the same as the nom. + +[4] So also _n[=a]h_ = _ne_ (not) _[=a]h_. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANGLO-SAXON PRIMER*** + + +******* This file should be named 34316-8.txt or 34316-8.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/4/3/1/34316 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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