diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34411-8.txt | 788 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34411-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 14258 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34411-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 149598 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34411-h/34411-h.htm | 860 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34411-h/images/i_006.jpg | bin | 0 -> 90094 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34411-h/images/i_007.jpg | bin | 0 -> 45421 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34411.txt | 788 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34411.zip | bin | 0 -> 14225 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
11 files changed, 2452 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/34411-8.txt b/34411-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9268cc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/34411-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,788 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902, by +Walter W. Dalquist and E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 + Referred to the Genus Myotis + +Author: Walter W. Dalquist + E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: November 23, 2010 [EBook #34411] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PIPISTRELLUS CINNAMOMEUS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + + +Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 +Referred to the Genus Myotis + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History + +Volume 1, No. 25, pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text +January 20, 1950 + +University of Kansas +LAWRENCE +1950 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor, +A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 1, No. 25, pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text +January 20, 1950 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND. JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1950 + +23-1545 + +[Transcriber's Note: Words surrounded by tildes, like ~this~ signifies +words in bold. Words surrounded by underscores, like _this_, signifies +words in italics. Male symbol is shown as [M] and female symbol is +[F].] + + + + +Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 +Referred to the Genus Myotis + +By + +E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST + + +Miller (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 390, September +3,1902) based the name _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ on a skin and skull of +a vespertilionid bat obtained on May 4, 1900, at Montecristo, Tabasco, +Mexico, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. A single specimen was +available to Miller when he proposed the name _P. cinnamomeus_. Dalquest +and Hall (Jour. Mamm., 29:180, May 14, 1948) reported three additional +specimens collected in 1946 by W. W. Dalquest on the Río Blanco, twenty +kilometers west-northwest of Piedras Negras, Veracruz, Mexico. No other +published information concerning this species is known to us, although +the name has, of course, appeared in regional lists, for example in the +"List of North American Recent Mammals, 1923" (Bull. U. S. National +Museum, 128:75, April 29, 1924) by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. + +Additional specimens, nevertheless, are known. Two collected on April 18 +and 20, 1903, at Papayo, Guerrero, by Nelson and Goldman, are in the +Biological Surveys Collection in the United States National Museum. A +skin, probably of this species, for which the skull cannot now be found, +was taken on October 27, 1904, at Esquinapa, Sinaloa, by J. H. Batty and +is in the American Museum of Natural History. This is the skin referred +by Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, May 25, 1928) to +_Myotis occultus_. Three additional specimens, each a skin with skull, +were collected twenty kilometers east-northeast of Jesús Carranza, at +200 feet elevation, Veracruz, by Walter W. Dalquest, two on April 13, +1949, and one on May 16 of the same year. These are in the Museum of +Natural History of the University of Kansas, as also are the three +previously reported by Dalquest and Hall (_loc. cit._). A total of ten +specimens, from five localities, all in Mexico, thus is accounted for. + +On page 392 of the original description--which our study of the holotype +shows to be accurate--Miller wrote: "This bat differs so widely from the +other known American species of _Pipistrellus_ as to need no special +comparisons. Superficially it has much the appearance of an unusually +red _Myotis lucifugus_, and only on examination of the teeth do the +animal's true relationships become apparent." In referring to the teeth +Miller almost certainly was thinking of the premolars of which there are +only two on each side of the upper jaw and on each side of the lower jaw +in _Pipistrellus_, including his _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_, whereas +_Myotis_ at that time was thought always to have three premolars on each +side of both the upper and lower jaw, except in rare instances where one +premolar might be lacking on one side of one jaw or even more rarely on +both sides of the upper jaw. In his original description of _P. +cinnamomeus_, Miller mentioned also that it had the "Inner upper incisor +distinctly smaller than the outer, not approximately equal to it as is +the case in _P. subflavus_." + +At this point it is well to make clear that each of the genera +_Pipistrellus_ and _Myotis_ contains a large number of species and that +the differences between the two genera are few. Our examination of +American specimens reveals only one differential character: In _Myotis_ +the outer upper incisor is distinctly larger than the inner, whereas the +two incisors are of approximately equal size in _Pipistrellus_. It may +be noted that the outer upper incisor of several, but not all, species +of _Myotis_ has a well-developed concave surface directed toward the +canine whereas this surface is flat or convex in _Pipistrellus_. In both +features, the type of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller agrees with +_Myotis_ and differs from _Pipistrellus_. + +Five years after naming and describing _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_, +Miller published his monumental work entitled "The families and genera +of bats" (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57, June 29, 1907) wherein he points +out the differences in the upper incisors between _Pipistrellus_ and +_Myotis_ (by a _lapsus plumae_ ascribes subequal incisors to _Myotis_ +and unequal incisors to _Pipistrellus_) but seemingly failed to +reëxamine _P. cinnamomeus_ in the light of this better understanding of +the two genera, or if he did examine _P. cinnamomeus_ he possibly was +misled still by the absence of the third premolar on each side of both +the upper and lower jaw. + +In 1928 when Miller and Allen published their account of "The American +bats of the Genera _Myotis_ and _Pizonyx_" (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144, +May 25, 1928) they examined specimens of _Myotis occultus_ which they +implied (_op. cit._: 99-100) had only two instead of three premolars on +each side of both the upper and lower jaws. In preparing this taxonomic +account of bats of the genus _Myotis_, the specimens (type and two from +Papayo) of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ seem not to have been examined. +Indeed, it is almost certain that they were not examined for the species +was renamed; the new name, _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and +Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928), was based on a +skull with the corresponding body in alcohol. The characters of this +specimen are almost exactly those of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_, named +and described by Miller 26 years earlier. The type locality (Teapa) of +_M. l. fortidens_ is 80 miles westerly from the type locality of _P. +cinnamomeus_; both are in the state of Tabasco, and in the same +life-zone, at equivalent elevations (neither higher than 50 meters). +Since there are no characters of taxonomic worth to distinguish the two +named specimens, _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen 1928 +falls as a synonym of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller 1902. But, +according to Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:19, 197), +_Vespertilio cinnamomeus_ Wagner 1855 is a name based on _Myotis ruber_ +(E. Geoffroy, 1806) from Paraguay and hence _Myotis cinnamomeus_ +(Miller) 1902 is a homonym of _Myotis cinnamomeus_ (Wagner) 1855 and is +unavailable for the animal from Montecristo when it is transferred to +the genus _Myotis_; the species of animal concerned will take the next +available name, which seems to be _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller +and Allen 1928. + +It may reasonably be asked if _Myotis_ and _Pipistrellus_ should be +retained as separate genera if the only constant difference between the +two is subequal versus unequal upper incisors. In our opinion it would +be worth-while for someone who had access to adequate material from both +the Old World and the New World to investigate this question. We lack +adequate material from the Old World. + +When Miller and Allen named _M. l. fortidens_ they had only two +specimens, the holotype from Teapa, Tabasco, and a referred specimen +from Fort Hancock, El Paso County, Texas, approximately 1,200 miles +north-northwest of Teapa. We have examined this specimen from Texas (U. +S. Nat. Mus., 21083/36121, skin and skull) and regard it as _Myotis +lucifugus carissima_ Thomas. Furthermore, we regard the holotype of +_Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen 1928 as specifically +distinct from _Myotis lucifugus_ of Miller and Allen 1928. The Cinnamon +Myotis, described below, therefore may stand as: + + +~Myotis fortidens~ Miller and Allen + +CINNAMON MYOTIS + + _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 390, September 3, 1902, type from + Montecristo, Tabasco (preoccupied by _Vespertilio + cinnamomeus_ Wagner, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl., 5:755, + 1855, a renaming of _Vespertilio ruber_ E. Geoffroy + Saint-Hilaire). + + _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. + Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928. + +_Type._--"Adult female (in alcohol) No. 88.8.8.18, British Museum +(Natural History). Collected at Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico, by H. H. Smith, +January 5, 1888. Presented by Messrs. Salvin and Godman [after Miller +and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928]." + +_Range._--Known only from the lower part of the Tropical Life-zone of +the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and east and west coasts of +Mexico. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Map showing localities from which _Myotis +fortidens_ has been recorded.] + +_Diagnosis._--Among American species of the genus, over-all size medium +(total length 94 mm); body long (54); tail short (39); forearm of medium +length (37); tibia short (14.5); foot long (58 per cent of length of +tibia); wing membrane arising from side of foot at distal end of +metatarsal; calcar simple (not keeled) and 7 mm long; ears 15 to 16 mm +long measured in the flesh from the notch (posteroventral border of the +meatus); tragus, measured from same place, 7 to 8 mm high with +posterobasal lobe; third metacarpal longest and second metacarpal +shortest; fifth shorter than fourth; ears brownish; membranes of wing +and tail blackish; uropatagium almost hairless, the few hairs that are +present being almost invisible; pelage of back 5 mm long with some +overhairs 8 to 9 mm long; basal 3 mm of fur black, remainder +Cinnamon-Brown (capitalized color terms, after Ridgway, Color Standards +and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912); outline of skull +viewed dorsally similar to that of _Myotis lucifugus_; sagittal crest +well developed; distance across upper canines equal to or slightly +exceeding interorbital constriction; braincase low; two premolars on +each side in upper jaw and also in lower jaw, the one remaining small +premolar in contact with both the canine and the fourth premolar. + +[Illustration: FIGS. 2-5. Four views of the skull of _Myotis fortidens_. +No. 32112, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, [M], obtained +20 kilometers east-northeast Jesús Carranza, 200 feet elevation, +Veracruz, Mexico, on May 16, 1949, by Walter W. Dalquest; original no. +12869. ×2.] + +_Remarks._--_Myotis fortidens_ is known only from the Tropical +Life-zone. The skin, without a skull, from Esquinapa, Sinaloa, agrees in +color with the undoubted specimens of _M. fortidens_ from Papayo, +Guerrero, but can be matched also by selected skins of _Myotis occultus_ +from Blythe, Riverside County, California. Without the skull the +reference of this specimen to _M. fortidens_ is provisional. Reason for +referring it to _fortidens_ rather than to _M. occultus_ is provided, +however, by a series of eleven specimens of _M. occultus_ from Álamos, +Sonora. These are Saccardo's Umber rather than Cinnamon-Brown and they +are geographically intermediate between the reddish _M. occultus_ of +California and the reddish _M. fortidens_ of Mexico. Furthermore, these +specimens from Álamos have large skulls of slightly different +proportions than those of _M. fortidens_ or than those of _M. occultus_ +from California; possibly the animals from Álamos are representative of +the larger, duller-colored variation for which Hollister proposed the +name _Myotis baileyi_ (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:44, March 10, +1909). This duller-colored type of animal intervenes between the +geographic ranges of undoubted _M. occultus_ and undoubted _M. +fortidens_. The specimen from Esquinapa, in the geographic sense, is on +the _fortidens_ side rather than on the _occultus_ side of the _baileyi_ +population. This geographic position is the basis on which the specimen +from Esquinapa is referred to _M. fortidens_. The third premolar is +lacking from each side of both the upper and the lower jaws of each +individual of this series from Álamos. + +The specimens of _M. fortidens_ are all distinguishable by their color +from other kinds of _Myotis_ found in the same area. Occasional +individuals of _Myotis velifer_, as for example three from Las Vigas, +Veracruz, also are reddish but they are of brighter tone. In addition, +the larger size and cranial features of these specimens of _M. velifer_ +permit ready differentiation of them from specimens of _M. fortidens_. +One specimen (No. 32113) of _M. fortidens_ from twenty kilometers +east-northeast of Jesús Carranza is lighter than the others, being near +(_j_) Cinnamon-Brown above and is lighter on the under-parts than on the +upper parts. Another individual (No. 32112) is duller colored than the +others, being Snuff Brown both above and below. Otherwise the specimens +of _M. fortidens_ agree in color. + +Among named kinds of _Myotis_, _M. fortidens_ resembles _Myotis +lucifugus_ and _Myotis occultus_. From the former, _M. fortidens_ +differs in possessing a strong sagittal crest and in lacking the third +premolar in both the upper jaw and the lower jaw. _M. fortidens_ lacks +the glossy sheen found on the pelage of many individuals of _M. +lucifugus_. From _M. occultus_, _M. fortidens_ differs in having the +rostrum (viewed from above) smaller in relation to the braincase. This +is true of specimens with the teeth showing much wear as well as in +specimens with the teeth unworn or only moderately worn. Also, _M. +fortidens_ is longer bodied as may be seen by comparing the measurements +given here with those recorded for _M. occultus_ by Miller and Allen +(Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, May 25, 1928). We are agreed that _M. +fortidens_ is as closely related to _M. occultus_ as to any other named +kind of _Myotis_, and that it is more closely related to it than to most +other species of the genus, but one of us (Dalquest) thinks that _M. +fortidens_ is specifically distinct from _M. occultus_, whereas the +other author (Hall) inclines to the view that additional specimens from +localities intermediate between the known geographic ranges of _M. +occultus_ and _M. fortidens_ will reveal intergradation between the two +kinds. However that may be, there is no proof at present of such +intergradation and the binomial is therefore used for the Cinnamon +Myotis. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 10, all from Mexico, + each a skin with skull except the skin-only from Sinaloa. + _Sinaloa_: Esquinapa, 1 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). _Guerrero_: + Papayo, 2 (U. S. Biological Surveys Collection). _Veracruz_: + 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 3 (Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. + Kansas); 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza, 200 ft. elevation, 3 + (Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas). _Tabasco_: Montecristo, 1 + (U. S. Biological Surveys Collection). + + _Additional record._--Tabasco: Teapa, the holotype of + _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen 1928. + +_University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas. +Transmitted October 31, 1949._ + +CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF _Myotis fortidens_ + +Column headings: + +A: Greatest length +B: Condylobasal length +C: Zygomatic breadth +D: Interorbital constriction +E: Breadth of braincase +F: Mandible +G: Maxillary tooth-row +H: Maxillary breadth at M3 +I: Mandibular tooth-row +J: Wear of teeth + +============================================================================== + Sex + No. Age Locality A B C D E F G H I J +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 25030[M] Esquinapa .... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ? + 126650[F] Papayo 15.0 14.2 9.7 3.9 7.1 11.5 5.5 5.6 6.0 0 + 126651[F] Do. 15.1 13.8 9.4 3.8 6.8 10.6 5.6 5.9 6.0 0 + 17834[M] P. Negras[1] .... 4.1 10.6 5.6 5.7 6.0 0 + 17835[F] Do. 15.5 14.9 9.6 4.2 7.2 11.0 5.7 6.0 6.1 2 + 17836[F] Do. 15.5 14.5 9.7 4.2 7.3 10.9 5.4 5.9 5.7 3 + 32112[M] J. Carranza[2] 15.3 14.4 9.7 4.1 7.3 11.5 5.7 5.9 6.3 1 + 32113[M] Do. 15.0 14.0 9.5 4.2 7.2 10.9 5.5 5.9 5.9 1 + 32114[M] Do. 15.0 13.9 9.7 4.1 7.2 10.8 5.4 6.0 5.9 1 +88.8.8.18[F][3] Teapa 15.0 13.8 9.6 3.8 7.4 .... 5.4 5.8 5.8 1 + 100231[F][4] Montecristo 15.0 14.1 9.0 4.0 7.2 11.4 5.8 ... 6.0 0 + Average 15.2 14.2 9.5 4.0 7.2 11.0 5.6 5.9 6.0 +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +[Note 1: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras.] + +[Note 2: 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza, 200 ft.] + +[Note 3: Type of _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_; measurements after Miller +and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100; 101, May 25, 1928.] + +[Note 4: Type of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller 1902.] + + +EXTERNAL MEASUREMENTS OF _Myotis fortidens_ + +Column headings: + +A: Total length +B: Head and body +C: Tail +D: Tibia +E: Foot +F: Forearm +G: Thumb +H: Third metacarpal +I: Fifth metacarpal +J: Ear from notch + +=============================================================================== + Sex + No. Age Locality A B C D E F G H I J +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + 25030[M] Esquinapa .. .. .. 14.2 8.1[5] 35.6 5.5 33.3 30.8 .. + 126650[F] Papayo .. .. .. 14.7 8.2[5] 38.3 5.4 35.1 32.4 + 126651[F] Do. .. .. .. 14.8 7.9[5] 35.6 5.7 32.7 31.1 + 17834[M] P. Negras[6] 95 55 40 14.7 9.0[5] 37.0 5.7 33.8 32.0 15 + 17835[F] Do. 93 55 38 15.6 9.4[5] 37.5 6.0 35.4 32.2 15 + 17836[F] Do. 94 55 39 14.3 8.4[5] 37.6 6.0 34.5 32.7 15 + 32112[M] J. Carranza[7] 94 53 41 14.5 8.9[5] 38.2 5.0 35.1 33.8 16 + 32113[M] Do. 94 57 37 14.2 8.0[5] 36.5 5.3 34.9 32.7 16 + 32114[M] Do. 90 53 37 .... ... 37.0 5.1 34.2 33.0 16 +88.8.8.18[F][8] Teapa .. 46 39 15.6 8.0 38.6 6.2 34.8 33.0 + 100231[F][9] Montecristo 99 56 44 15.4 9.6 37.0 6.0 .... .... + Average 94 53.8 39.4 14.8 8.6 37.2 5.6 34.4 32.4 15.5 +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +[Note 5: Measured on the dried skin.] + +[Note 6: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras.] + +[Note 7: 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza.] + +[Note 8: Type of _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_; measurements after Miller +and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, 101, May 25, 1928.] + +[Note 9: Type of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller 1902.] + +28-1545 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902, by +Walter W. Dalquist and E. Raymond Hall + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PIPISTRELLUS CINNAMOMEUS *** + +***** This file should be named 34411-8.txt or 34411-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/4/1/34411/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/34411-8.zip b/34411-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f5fcaf --- /dev/null +++ b/34411-8.zip diff --git a/34411-h.zip b/34411-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7636ecc --- /dev/null +++ b/34411-h.zip diff --git a/34411-h/34411-h.htm b/34411-h/34411-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ee2514 --- /dev/null +++ b/34411-h/34411-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,860 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Pipistrellus Cinnamomeus Miller 1902 Referred To The Genus Myotis, by E. Raymond Hall And Walter W. Dalquest. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902, by +Walter W. Dalquist and E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 + Referred to the Genus Myotis + +Author: Walter W. Dalquist + E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: November 23, 2010 [EBook #34411] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PIPISTRELLUS CINNAMOMEUS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h1>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902<br /> Referred to the Genus Myotis</h1> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST</h2> + +<p class="center"> +University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History<br /> +<br /> +Volume 1, No. 25, pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text<br /> +January 20, 1950<br /> +<br /> +University of Kansas<br /> +LAWRENCE<br /> +1950<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor,<br /> +A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson<br /> +<br /> +Volume 1, No. 25, pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text<br /> +January 20, 1950<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /> +<br /> +PRINTED BY<br /> +FERD VOILAND. JR., STATE PRINTER<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1950<br /> +<br /> +23-1545<br /> +</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_583" id="Page_583">[Pg 583]</a></span></p> +<h2>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902<br /> Referred to the Genus Myotis</h2> + +<h4>By</h4> + +<h3>E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST</h3> + + +<p>Miller (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 390, September +3,1902) based the name <i>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus</i> on a skin and skull of +a vespertilionid bat obtained on May 4, 1900, at Montecristo, Tabasco, +Mexico, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. A single specimen was +available to Miller when he proposed the name <i>P. cinnamomeus</i>. Dalquest +and Hall (Jour. Mamm., 29:180, May 14, 1948) reported three additional +specimens collected in 1946 by W. W. Dalquest on the Río Blanco, twenty +kilometers west-northwest of Piedras Negras, Veracruz, Mexico. No other +published information concerning this species is known to us, although +the name has, of course, appeared in regional lists, for example in the +"List of North American Recent Mammals, 1923" (Bull. U. S. National +Museum, 128:75, April 29, 1924) by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr.</p> + +<p>Additional specimens, nevertheless, are known. Two collected on April 18 +and 20, 1903, at Papayo, Guerrero, by Nelson and Goldman, are in the +Biological Surveys Collection in the United States National Museum. A +skin, probably of this species, for which the skull cannot now be found, +was taken on October 27, 1904, at Esquinapa, Sinaloa, by J. H. Batty and +is in the American Museum of Natural History. This is the skin referred +by Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, May 25, 1928) to +<i>Myotis occultus</i>. Three additional specimens, each a skin with skull, +were collected twenty kilometers east-northeast of Jesús Carranza, at +200 feet elevation, Veracruz, by Walter W. Dalquest, two on April 13, +1949, and one on May 16 of the same year. These are in the Museum of +Natural History of the University of Kansas, as also are the three +previously reported by Dalquest and Hall (<i>loc. cit.</i>). A total of ten +specimens, from five localities, all in Mexico, thus is accounted for.</p> + +<p>On page 392 of the original description—which our study of the holotype +shows to be accurate—Miller wrote: "This bat differs so widely from the +other known American species of <i>Pipistrellus</i> as to need no special +comparisons. Superficially it has much the appearance of an unusually +red <i>Myotis lucifugus</i>, and only on examination of the teeth do the +animal's true relationships become apparent."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_584" id="Page_584">[Pg 584]</a></span> In referring to the teeth +Miller almost certainly was thinking of the premolars of which there are +only two on each side of the upper jaw and on each side of the lower jaw +in <i>Pipistrellus</i>, including his <i>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus</i>, whereas +<i>Myotis</i> at that time was thought always to have three premolars on each +side of both the upper and lower jaw, except in rare instances where one +premolar might be lacking on one side of one jaw or even more rarely on +both sides of the upper jaw. In his original description of <i>P. +cinnamomeus</i>, Miller mentioned also that it had the "Inner upper incisor +distinctly smaller than the outer, not approximately equal to it as is +the case in <i>P. subflavus</i>."</p> + +<p>At this point it is well to make clear that each of the genera +<i>Pipistrellus</i> and <i>Myotis</i> contains a large number of species and that +the differences between the two genera are few. Our examination of +American specimens reveals only one differential character: In <i>Myotis</i> +the outer upper incisor is distinctly larger than the inner, whereas the +two incisors are of approximately equal size in <i>Pipistrellus</i>. It may +be noted that the outer upper incisor of several, but not all, species +of <i>Myotis</i> has a well-developed concave surface directed toward the +canine whereas this surface is flat or convex in <i>Pipistrellus</i>. In both +features, the type of <i>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus</i> Miller agrees with +<i>Myotis</i> and differs from <i>Pipistrellus</i>.</p> + +<p>Five years after naming and describing <i>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus</i>, +Miller published his monumental work entitled "The families and genera +of bats" (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57, June 29, 1907) wherein he points +out the differences in the upper incisors between <i>Pipistrellus</i> and +<i>Myotis</i> (by a <i>lapsus plumae</i> ascribes subequal incisors to <i>Myotis</i> +and unequal incisors to <i>Pipistrellus</i>) but seemingly failed to +reëxamine <i>P. cinnamomeus</i> in the light of this better understanding of +the two genera, or if he did examine <i>P. cinnamomeus</i> he possibly was +misled still by the absence of the third premolar on each side of both +the upper and lower jaw.</p> + +<p>In 1928 when Miller and Allen published their account of "The American +bats of the Genera <i>Myotis</i> and <i>Pizonyx</i>" (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144, +May 25, 1928) they examined specimens of <i>Myotis occultus</i> which they +implied (<i>op. cit.</i>: 99-100) had only two instead of three premolars on +each side of both the upper and lower jaws. In preparing this taxonomic +account of bats of the genus <i>Myotis</i>, the specimens (type and two from +Papayo) of <i>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus</i> seem not to have been examined. +Indeed, it is almost certain that they were not examined for the species +was renamed; the new<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_585" id="Page_585">[Pg 585]</a></span> name, <i>Myotis lucifugus fortidens</i> Miller and +Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928), was based on a +skull with the corresponding body in alcohol. The characters of this +specimen are almost exactly those of <i>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus</i>, named +and described by Miller 26 years earlier. The type locality (Teapa) of +<i>M. l. fortidens</i> is 80 miles westerly from the type locality of <i>P. +cinnamomeus</i>; both are in the state of Tabasco, and in the same +life-zone, at equivalent elevations (neither higher than 50 meters). +Since there are no characters of taxonomic worth to distinguish the two +named specimens, <i>Myotis lucifugus fortidens</i> Miller and Allen 1928 +falls as a synonym of <i>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus</i> Miller 1902. But, +according to Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:19, 197), +<i>Vespertilio cinnamomeus</i> Wagner 1855 is a name based on <i>Myotis ruber</i> +(E. Geoffroy, 1806) from Paraguay and hence <i>Myotis cinnamomeus</i> +(Miller) 1902 is a homonym of <i>Myotis cinnamomeus</i> (Wagner) 1855 and is +unavailable for the animal from Montecristo when it is transferred to +the genus <i>Myotis</i>; the species of animal concerned will take the next +available name, which seems to be <i>Myotis lucifugus fortidens</i> Miller +and Allen 1928.</p> + +<p>It may reasonably be asked if <i>Myotis</i> and <i>Pipistrellus</i> should be +retained as separate genera if the only constant difference between the +two is subequal versus unequal upper incisors. In our opinion it would +be worth-while for someone who had access to adequate material from both +the Old World and the New World to investigate this question. We lack +adequate material from the Old World.</p> + +<p>When Miller and Allen named <i>M. l. fortidens</i> they had only two +specimens, the holotype from Teapa, Tabasco, and a referred specimen +from Fort Hancock, El Paso County, Texas, approximately 1,200 miles +north-northwest of Teapa. We have examined this specimen from Texas (U. +S. Nat. Mus., 21083/36121, skin and skull) and regard it as <i>Myotis +lucifugus carissima</i> Thomas. Furthermore, we regard the holotype of +<i>Myotis lucifugus fortidens</i> Miller and Allen 1928 as specifically +distinct from <i>Myotis lucifugus</i> of Miller and Allen 1928. The Cinnamon +Myotis, described below, therefore may stand as:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_586" id="Page_586">[Pg 586]</a></span></p> + + +<h4><b>Myotis fortidens</b> Miller and Allen</h4> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Cinnamon Myotis</span></h4> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus</i> Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. +Philadelphia, p. 390, September 3, 1902, type from +Montecristo, Tabasco (preoccupied by <i>Vespertilio +cinnamomeus</i> Wagner, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl., 5:755, +1855, a renaming of <i>Vespertilio ruber</i> E. Geoffroy +Saint-Hilaire).</p> + +<p><i>Myotis lucifugus fortidens</i> Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. +Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928.</p></div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—"Adult female (in alcohol) No. 88.8.8.18, British Museum +(Natural History). Collected at Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico, by H. H. Smith, +January 5, 1888. Presented by Messrs. Salvin and Godman [after Miller +and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928]."</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Known only from the lower part of the Tropical Life-zone of +the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and east and west coasts of +Mexico.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> +<img src="images/i_006.jpg" width="650" height="473" alt="Fig. 1. Map showing localities from which Myotis +fortidens has been recorded." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1. Map showing localities from which Myotis +fortidens has been recorded.</span> +</div> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Among American species of the genus, over-all size medium +(total length 94 mm); body long (54); tail short (39); forearm of medium +length (37); tibia short (14.5); foot long (58 per cent of length of +tibia); wing membrane arising from side of foot at distal end of +metatarsal; calcar simple (not keeled) and 7 mm long; ears 15 to 16 mm +long measured in the flesh from the notch (posteroventral border of the +meatus); tragus, measured from same place, 7 to 8 mm high with +posterobasal lobe; third metacarpal longest and second metacarpal +shortest; fifth shorter than fourth; ears brownish; membranes of wing +and tail blackish; uropatagium almost hairless, the few hairs that are +present being almost invisible; pelage of back 5 mm long with some +overhairs 8 to 9 mm long; basal 3 mm of fur black, remainder +Cinnamon-Brown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_587" id="Page_587">[Pg 587]</a></span> (capitalized color terms, after Ridgway, Color Standards +and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912); outline of skull +viewed dorsally similar to that of <i>Myotis lucifugus</i>; sagittal crest +well developed; distance across upper canines equal to or slightly +exceeding interorbital constriction; braincase low; two premolars on +each side in upper jaw and also in lower jaw, the one remaining small +premolar in contact with both the canine and the fourth premolar.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;"> +<img src="images/i_007.jpg" width="650" height="209" alt="Figs. 2-5. Four views of the skull of Myotis fortidens. +No. 32112, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, ♂, obtained +20 kilometers east-northeast Jesús Carranza, 200 feet elevation, +Veracruz, Mexico, on May 16, 1949, by Walter W. Dalquest; original no. +12869. ×2." title="" /> +<span class="caption">Figs. 2-5. Four views of the skull of Myotis fortidens. +No. 32112, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, ♂, obtained +20 kilometers east-northeast Jesús Carranza, 200 feet elevation, +Veracruz, Mexico, on May 16, 1949, by Walter W. Dalquest; original no. +12869. ×2.</span> +</div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>Myotis fortidens</i> is known only from the Tropical +Life-zone. The skin, without a skull, from Esquinapa, Sinaloa, agrees in +color with the undoubted specimens of <i>M. fortidens</i> from Papayo, +Guerrero, but can be matched also by selected skins of <i>Myotis occultus</i> +from Blythe, Riverside County, California. Without the skull the +reference of this specimen to <i>M. fortidens</i> is provisional. Reason for +referring it to <i>fortidens</i> rather than to <i>M. occultus</i> is provided, +however, by a series of eleven specimens of <i>M. occultus</i> from Álamos, +Sonora. These are Saccardo's Umber rather than Cinnamon-Brown and they +are geographically intermediate between the reddish <i>M. occultus</i> of +California and the reddish <i>M. fortidens</i> of Mexico. Furthermore, these +specimens from Álamos have large skulls of slightly different +proportions than those of <i>M. fortidens</i> or than those of <i>M. occultus</i> +from California; possibly the animals from Álamos are representative of +the larger, duller-colored variation for which Hollister proposed the +name <i>Myotis baileyi</i> (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:44, March 10, +1909). This duller-colored type of animal intervenes between the +geographic ranges of undoubted <i>M. occultus</i> and undoubted <i>M. +fortidens</i>. The specimen from Esquinapa, in the geographic sense, is on +the <i>fortidens</i> side rather than on the <i>occultus</i> side of the <i>baileyi</i> +population. This geographic position is the basis on which the specimen +from Esquinapa is referred to <i>M. fortidens</i>. The third premolar is +lacking from each side of both the upper and the lower jaws of each +individual of this series from Álamos.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_588" id="Page_588">[Pg 588]</a></span></p> + +<p>The specimens of <i>M. fortidens</i> are all distinguishable by their color +from other kinds of <i>Myotis</i> found in the same area. Occasional +individuals of <i>Myotis velifer</i>, as for example three from Las Vigas, +Veracruz, also are reddish but they are of brighter tone. In addition, +the larger size and cranial features of these specimens of <i>M. velifer</i> +permit ready differentiation of them from specimens of <i>M. fortidens</i>. +One specimen (No. 32113) of <i>M. fortidens</i> from twenty kilometers +east-northeast of Jesús Carranza is lighter than the others, being near +(<i>j</i>) Cinnamon-Brown above and is lighter on the under-parts than on the +upper parts. Another individual (No. 32112) is duller colored than the +others, being Snuff Brown both above and below. Otherwise the specimens +of <i>M. fortidens</i> agree in color.</p> + +<p>Among named kinds of <i>Myotis</i>, <i>M. fortidens</i> resembles <i>Myotis +lucifugus</i> and <i>Myotis occultus</i>. From the former, <i>M. fortidens</i> +differs in possessing a strong sagittal crest and in lacking the third +premolar in both the upper jaw and the lower jaw. <i>M. fortidens</i> lacks +the glossy sheen found on the pelage of many individuals of <i>M. +lucifugus</i>. From <i>M. occultus</i>, <i>M. fortidens</i> differs in having the +rostrum (viewed from above) smaller in relation to the braincase. This +is true of specimens with the teeth showing much wear as well as in +specimens with the teeth unworn or only moderately worn. Also, <i>M. +fortidens</i> is longer bodied as may be seen by comparing the measurements +given here with those recorded for <i>M. occultus</i> by Miller and Allen +(Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, May 25, 1928). We are agreed that <i>M. +fortidens</i> is as closely related to <i>M. occultus</i> as to any other named +kind of <i>Myotis</i>, and that it is more closely related to it than to most +other species of the genus, but one of us (Dalquest) thinks that <i>M. +fortidens</i> is specifically distinct from <i>M. occultus</i>, whereas the +other author (Hall) inclines to the view that additional specimens from +localities intermediate between the known geographic ranges of <i>M. +occultus</i> and <i>M. fortidens</i> will reveal intergradation between the two +kinds. However that may be, there is no proof at present of such +intergradation and the binomial is therefore used for the Cinnamon +Myotis.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 10, all from Mexico, +each a skin with skull except the skin-only from Sinaloa. +<i>Sinaloa</i>: Esquinapa, 1 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). <i>Guerrero</i>: +Papayo, 2 (U. S. Biological Surveys Collection). <i>Veracruz</i>: +20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 3 (Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. +Kansas); 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza, 200 ft. elevation, 3 +(Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas). <i>Tabasco</i>: Montecristo, 1 +(U. S. Biological Surveys Collection).</p> + +<p><i>Additional record.</i>—Tabasco: Teapa, the holotype of +<i>Myotis lucifugus fortidens</i> Miller and Allen 1928.</p></div> + +<p><i>University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas. +Transmitted October 31, 1949.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_589" id="Page_589">[Pg 589]</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Cranial Measurements of</span> <i>Myotis fortidens</i></h4> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'>No.</td><td align='left'>Sex Age</td><td align='left'>Locality</td><td align='left'>Greatest length</td><td align='left'>Condylobasal length</td><td align='left'>Zygomatic breadth</td><td align='left'>Interorbital constriction</td><td align='left'>Breadth of braincase</td><td align='left'>Mandible</td><td align='left'>Maxillary tooth-row</td><td align='left'>Maxillary breadth at M3</td><td align='left'>Mandibular tooth-row</td><td align='left'>Wear of teeth</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>25030</td><td align='left'>♂</td><td align='left'>Esquinapa</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>...</td><td align='left'>...</td><td align='left'>...</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>...</td><td align='left'>...</td><td align='left'>...</td><td align='left'>?</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>126650</td><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'>Papayo</td><td align='left'>15.0</td><td align='left'>14.2</td><td align='left'>9.7</td><td align='left'>3.9</td><td align='left'>7.1</td><td align='left'>11.5</td><td align='left'>5.5</td><td align='left'>5.6</td><td align='left'>6.0</td><td align='left'>0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>126651</td><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'>Do.</td><td align='left'>15.1</td><td align='left'>13.8</td><td align='left'>9.4</td><td align='left'>3.8</td><td align='left'>6.8</td><td align='left'>10.6</td><td align='left'>5.6</td><td align='left'>5.9</td><td align='left'>6.0</td><td align='left'>0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>17834</td><td align='left'>♂</td><td align='left'>P. Negras[1]</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>4.1</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>10.6</td><td align='left'>5.6</td><td align='left'>5.7</td><td align='left'>6.0</td><td align='left'>0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>17835</td><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'>Do.</td><td align='left'>15.5</td><td align='left'>14.9</td><td align='left'>9.6</td><td align='left'>4.2</td><td align='left'>7.2</td><td align='left'>11.0</td><td align='left'>5.7</td><td align='left'>6.0</td><td align='left'>6.1</td><td align='left'>2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>17836</td><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'>Do.</td><td align='left'>15.5</td><td align='left'>14.5</td><td align='left'>9.7</td><td align='left'>4.2</td><td align='left'>7.3</td><td align='left'>10.9</td><td align='left'>5.4</td><td align='left'>5.9</td><td align='left'>5.7</td><td align='left'>3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>32112</td><td align='left'>♂</td><td align='left'>J. Carranza[2]</td><td align='left'>15.3</td><td align='left'>14.4</td><td align='left'>9.7</td><td align='left'>4.1</td><td align='left'>7.3</td><td align='left'>11.5</td><td align='left'>5.7</td><td align='left'>5.9</td><td align='left'>6.3</td><td align='left'>1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>32113</td><td align='left'>♂</td><td align='left'>Do.</td><td align='left'>15.0</td><td align='left'>14.0</td><td align='left'>9.5</td><td align='left'>4.2</td><td align='left'>7.2</td><td align='left'>10.9</td><td align='left'>5.5</td><td align='left'>5.9</td><td align='left'>5.9</td><td align='left'>1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>32114</td><td align='left'>♂</td><td align='left'>Do.</td><td align='left'>15.0</td><td align='left'>13.9</td><td align='left'>9.7</td><td align='left'>4.1</td><td align='left'>7.2</td><td align='left'>10.8</td><td align='left'>5.4</td><td align='left'>6.0</td><td align='left'>5.9</td><td align='left'>1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>88.8.8.18</td><td align='left'>♀[3]</td><td align='left'>Teapa</td><td align='left'>15.0</td><td align='left'>13.8</td><td align='left'>9.6</td><td align='left'>3.8</td><td align='left'>7.4</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>5.4</td><td align='left'>5.8</td><td align='left'>5.8</td><td align='left'>1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>100231</td><td align='left'>♀[4]</td><td align='left'>Montecristo</td><td align='left'>15.0</td><td align='left'>14.1</td><td align='left'>9.0</td><td align='left'>4.0</td><td align='left'>7.2</td><td align='left'>11.4</td><td align='left'>5.8</td><td align='left'>...</td><td align='left'>6.0</td><td align='left'>0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Average</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'>15.2</td><td align='left'>14.2</td><td align='left'>9.5</td><td align='left'>4.0</td><td align='left'>7.2</td><td align='left'>11.0</td><td align='left'>5.6</td><td align='left'>5.9</td><td align='left'>6.0</td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>[Note 1: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras.]</p> + +<p>[Note 2: 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza, 200 ft.]</p> + +<p>[Note 3: Type of <i>Myotis lucifugus fortidens</i>; measurements after Miller +and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100; 101, May 25, 1928.]</p> + +<p>[Note 4: Type of <i>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus</i> Miller 1902.]</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">External Measurements of</span> <i>Myotis fortidens</i></h4> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'>No.</td><td align='left'>Sex <br />Age</td><td align='left'>Locality</td><td align='left'>Total length</td><td align='left'>Head and body</td><td align='left'>Tail</td><td align='left'>Tibia</td><td align='left'>Foot</td><td align='left'>Forearm</td><td align='left'>Thumb</td><td align='left'>Third metacarpal</td><td align='left'>Fifth metacarpal</td><td align='left'>Ear from notch</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>25030</td><td align='left'>♂</td><td align='left'>Esquinapa</td><td align='left'>..</td><td align='left'>..</td><td align='left'>..</td><td align='left'>14.2</td><td align='left'>8.1[5]</td><td align='left'>35.6</td><td align='left'>5.5</td><td align='left'>33.3</td><td align='left'>30.8</td><td align='left'>..</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>126650</td><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'>Papayo</td><td align='left'>..</td><td align='left'>..</td><td align='left'>..</td><td align='left'>14.7</td><td align='left'>8.2[5]</td><td align='left'>38.3</td><td align='left'>5.4</td><td align='left'>35.1</td><td align='left'>32.4</td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>126651</td><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'>Do.</td><td align='left'>..</td><td align='left'>..</td><td align='left'>..</td><td align='left'>14.8</td><td align='left'>7.9[5]</td><td align='left'>35.6</td><td align='left'>5.7</td><td align='left'>32.7</td><td align='left'>31.1</td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>17834</td><td align='left'>♂</td><td align='left'>P. Negras[6]</td><td align='left'>95</td><td align='left'>55</td><td align='left'>40</td><td align='left'>14.7</td><td align='left'>9.0[5]</td><td align='left'>37.0</td><td align='left'>5.7</td><td align='left'>33.8</td><td align='left'>32.0</td><td align='left'>15</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>17835</td><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'>Do.</td><td align='left'>93</td><td align='left'>55</td><td align='left'>38</td><td align='left'>15.6</td><td align='left'>9.4[5]</td><td align='left'>37.5</td><td align='left'>6.0</td><td align='left'>35.4</td><td align='left'>32.2</td><td align='left'>15</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>17836</td><td align='left'>♀</td><td align='left'>Do.</td><td align='left'>94</td><td align='left'>55</td><td align='left'>39</td><td align='left'>14.3</td><td align='left'>8.4[5]</td><td align='left'>37.6</td><td align='left'>6.0</td><td align='left'>34.5</td><td align='left'>32.7</td><td align='left'>15</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>32112</td><td align='left'>♂</td><td align='left'>J. Carranza[7]</td><td align='left'>94</td><td align='left'>53</td><td align='left'>41</td><td align='left'>14.5</td><td align='left'>8.9[5]</td><td align='left'>38.2</td><td align='left'>5.0</td><td align='left'>35.1</td><td align='left'>33.8</td><td align='left'>16</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>32113</td><td align='left'>♂</td><td align='left'>Do.</td><td align='left'>94</td><td align='left'>57</td><td align='left'>37</td><td align='left'>14.2</td><td align='left'>8.0[5]</td><td align='left'>36.5</td><td align='left'>5.3</td><td align='left'>34.9</td><td align='left'>32.7</td><td align='left'>16</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>32114</td><td align='left'>♂</td><td align='left'>Do.</td><td align='left'>90</td><td align='left'>53</td><td align='left'>37</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>...</td><td align='left'>37.0</td><td align='left'>5.1</td><td align='left'>34.2</td><td align='left'>33.0</td><td align='left'>16</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>88.8.8.18</td><td align='left'>♀[8]</td><td align='left'>Teapa</td><td align='left'>..</td><td align='left'> 46</td><td align='left'>39</td><td align='left'>15.6</td><td align='left'> 8.0</td><td align='left'>38.6</td><td align='left'>6.2</td><td align='left'>34.8</td><td align='left'>33.0</td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>100231</td><td align='left'>♀[9]</td><td align='left'>Montecristo</td><td align='left'>99</td><td align='left'> 56</td><td align='left'>44</td><td align='left'>15.4 </td><td align='left'>9.6</td><td align='left'>37.0</td><td align='left'>6.0</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Average</td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>94</td><td align='left'> 53.8 </td><td align='left'>39.4</td><td align='left'> 14.8</td><td align='left'> 8.6</td><td align='left'>37.2</td><td align='left'> 5.6</td><td align='left'> 34.4 </td><td align='left'>32.4</td><td align='left'>15.5</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>[Note 5: Measured on the dried skin.]</p> + +<p>[Note 6: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras.]</p> + +<p>[Note 7: 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza.]</p> + +<p>[Note 8: Type of <i>Myotis lucifugus fortidens</i>; measurements after Miller +and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, 101, May 25, 1928.]</p> + +<p>[Note 9: Type of <i>Pipistrellus cinnamomeus</i> Miller 1902.]<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_590" id="Page_590">[Pg 590]</a></span></p> + +<p>28-1545</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902, by +Walter W. Dalquist and E. Raymond Hall + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PIPISTRELLUS CINNAMOMEUS *** + +***** This file should be named 34411-h.htm or 34411-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/4/1/34411/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> diff --git a/34411-h/images/i_006.jpg b/34411-h/images/i_006.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..da3d425 --- /dev/null +++ b/34411-h/images/i_006.jpg diff --git a/34411-h/images/i_007.jpg b/34411-h/images/i_007.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b47f0d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/34411-h/images/i_007.jpg diff --git a/34411.txt b/34411.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ddcfd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/34411.txt @@ -0,0 +1,788 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902, by +Walter W. Dalquist and E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 + Referred to the Genus Myotis + +Author: Walter W. Dalquist + E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: November 23, 2010 [EBook #34411] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PIPISTRELLUS CINNAMOMEUS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + + +Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 +Referred to the Genus Myotis + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History + +Volume 1, No. 25, pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text +January 20, 1950 + +University of Kansas +LAWRENCE +1950 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor, +A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 1, No. 25, pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text +January 20, 1950 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND. JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1950 + +23-1545 + +[Transcriber's Note: Words surrounded by tildes, like ~this~ signifies +words in bold. Words surrounded by underscores, like _this_, signifies +words in italics. Male symbol is shown as [M] and female symbol is +[F].] + + + + +Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 +Referred to the Genus Myotis + +By + +E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST + + +Miller (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 390, September +3,1902) based the name _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ on a skin and skull of +a vespertilionid bat obtained on May 4, 1900, at Montecristo, Tabasco, +Mexico, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. A single specimen was +available to Miller when he proposed the name _P. cinnamomeus_. Dalquest +and Hall (Jour. Mamm., 29:180, May 14, 1948) reported three additional +specimens collected in 1946 by W. W. Dalquest on the Rio Blanco, twenty +kilometers west-northwest of Piedras Negras, Veracruz, Mexico. No other +published information concerning this species is known to us, although +the name has, of course, appeared in regional lists, for example in the +"List of North American Recent Mammals, 1923" (Bull. U. S. National +Museum, 128:75, April 29, 1924) by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. + +Additional specimens, nevertheless, are known. Two collected on April 18 +and 20, 1903, at Papayo, Guerrero, by Nelson and Goldman, are in the +Biological Surveys Collection in the United States National Museum. A +skin, probably of this species, for which the skull cannot now be found, +was taken on October 27, 1904, at Esquinapa, Sinaloa, by J. H. Batty and +is in the American Museum of Natural History. This is the skin referred +by Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, May 25, 1928) to +_Myotis occultus_. Three additional specimens, each a skin with skull, +were collected twenty kilometers east-northeast of Jesus Carranza, at +200 feet elevation, Veracruz, by Walter W. Dalquest, two on April 13, +1949, and one on May 16 of the same year. These are in the Museum of +Natural History of the University of Kansas, as also are the three +previously reported by Dalquest and Hall (_loc. cit._). A total of ten +specimens, from five localities, all in Mexico, thus is accounted for. + +On page 392 of the original description--which our study of the holotype +shows to be accurate--Miller wrote: "This bat differs so widely from the +other known American species of _Pipistrellus_ as to need no special +comparisons. Superficially it has much the appearance of an unusually +red _Myotis lucifugus_, and only on examination of the teeth do the +animal's true relationships become apparent." In referring to the teeth +Miller almost certainly was thinking of the premolars of which there are +only two on each side of the upper jaw and on each side of the lower jaw +in _Pipistrellus_, including his _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_, whereas +_Myotis_ at that time was thought always to have three premolars on each +side of both the upper and lower jaw, except in rare instances where one +premolar might be lacking on one side of one jaw or even more rarely on +both sides of the upper jaw. In his original description of _P. +cinnamomeus_, Miller mentioned also that it had the "Inner upper incisor +distinctly smaller than the outer, not approximately equal to it as is +the case in _P. subflavus_." + +At this point it is well to make clear that each of the genera +_Pipistrellus_ and _Myotis_ contains a large number of species and that +the differences between the two genera are few. Our examination of +American specimens reveals only one differential character: In _Myotis_ +the outer upper incisor is distinctly larger than the inner, whereas the +two incisors are of approximately equal size in _Pipistrellus_. It may +be noted that the outer upper incisor of several, but not all, species +of _Myotis_ has a well-developed concave surface directed toward the +canine whereas this surface is flat or convex in _Pipistrellus_. In both +features, the type of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller agrees with +_Myotis_ and differs from _Pipistrellus_. + +Five years after naming and describing _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_, +Miller published his monumental work entitled "The families and genera +of bats" (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57, June 29, 1907) wherein he points +out the differences in the upper incisors between _Pipistrellus_ and +_Myotis_ (by a _lapsus plumae_ ascribes subequal incisors to _Myotis_ +and unequal incisors to _Pipistrellus_) but seemingly failed to +reexamine _P. cinnamomeus_ in the light of this better understanding of +the two genera, or if he did examine _P. cinnamomeus_ he possibly was +misled still by the absence of the third premolar on each side of both +the upper and lower jaw. + +In 1928 when Miller and Allen published their account of "The American +bats of the Genera _Myotis_ and _Pizonyx_" (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144, +May 25, 1928) they examined specimens of _Myotis occultus_ which they +implied (_op. cit._: 99-100) had only two instead of three premolars on +each side of both the upper and lower jaws. In preparing this taxonomic +account of bats of the genus _Myotis_, the specimens (type and two from +Papayo) of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ seem not to have been examined. +Indeed, it is almost certain that they were not examined for the species +was renamed; the new name, _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and +Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928), was based on a +skull with the corresponding body in alcohol. The characters of this +specimen are almost exactly those of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_, named +and described by Miller 26 years earlier. The type locality (Teapa) of +_M. l. fortidens_ is 80 miles westerly from the type locality of _P. +cinnamomeus_; both are in the state of Tabasco, and in the same +life-zone, at equivalent elevations (neither higher than 50 meters). +Since there are no characters of taxonomic worth to distinguish the two +named specimens, _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen 1928 +falls as a synonym of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller 1902. But, +according to Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:19, 197), +_Vespertilio cinnamomeus_ Wagner 1855 is a name based on _Myotis ruber_ +(E. Geoffroy, 1806) from Paraguay and hence _Myotis cinnamomeus_ +(Miller) 1902 is a homonym of _Myotis cinnamomeus_ (Wagner) 1855 and is +unavailable for the animal from Montecristo when it is transferred to +the genus _Myotis_; the species of animal concerned will take the next +available name, which seems to be _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller +and Allen 1928. + +It may reasonably be asked if _Myotis_ and _Pipistrellus_ should be +retained as separate genera if the only constant difference between the +two is subequal versus unequal upper incisors. In our opinion it would +be worth-while for someone who had access to adequate material from both +the Old World and the New World to investigate this question. We lack +adequate material from the Old World. + +When Miller and Allen named _M. l. fortidens_ they had only two +specimens, the holotype from Teapa, Tabasco, and a referred specimen +from Fort Hancock, El Paso County, Texas, approximately 1,200 miles +north-northwest of Teapa. We have examined this specimen from Texas (U. +S. Nat. Mus., 21083/36121, skin and skull) and regard it as _Myotis +lucifugus carissima_ Thomas. Furthermore, we regard the holotype of +_Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen 1928 as specifically +distinct from _Myotis lucifugus_ of Miller and Allen 1928. The Cinnamon +Myotis, described below, therefore may stand as: + + +~Myotis fortidens~ Miller and Allen + +CINNAMON MYOTIS + + _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 390, September 3, 1902, type from + Montecristo, Tabasco (preoccupied by _Vespertilio + cinnamomeus_ Wagner, Schreber's Saeugethiere, suppl., 5:755, + 1855, a renaming of _Vespertilio ruber_ E. Geoffroy + Saint-Hilaire). + + _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. + Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928. + +_Type._--"Adult female (in alcohol) No. 88.8.8.18, British Museum +(Natural History). Collected at Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico, by H. H. Smith, +January 5, 1888. Presented by Messrs. Salvin and Godman [after Miller +and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928]." + +_Range._--Known only from the lower part of the Tropical Life-zone of +the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and east and west coasts of +Mexico. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Map showing localities from which _Myotis +fortidens_ has been recorded.] + +_Diagnosis._--Among American species of the genus, over-all size medium +(total length 94 mm); body long (54); tail short (39); forearm of medium +length (37); tibia short (14.5); foot long (58 per cent of length of +tibia); wing membrane arising from side of foot at distal end of +metatarsal; calcar simple (not keeled) and 7 mm long; ears 15 to 16 mm +long measured in the flesh from the notch (posteroventral border of the +meatus); tragus, measured from same place, 7 to 8 mm high with +posterobasal lobe; third metacarpal longest and second metacarpal +shortest; fifth shorter than fourth; ears brownish; membranes of wing +and tail blackish; uropatagium almost hairless, the few hairs that are +present being almost invisible; pelage of back 5 mm long with some +overhairs 8 to 9 mm long; basal 3 mm of fur black, remainder +Cinnamon-Brown (capitalized color terms, after Ridgway, Color Standards +and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912); outline of skull +viewed dorsally similar to that of _Myotis lucifugus_; sagittal crest +well developed; distance across upper canines equal to or slightly +exceeding interorbital constriction; braincase low; two premolars on +each side in upper jaw and also in lower jaw, the one remaining small +premolar in contact with both the canine and the fourth premolar. + +[Illustration: FIGS. 2-5. Four views of the skull of _Myotis fortidens_. +No. 32112, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, [M], obtained +20 kilometers east-northeast Jesus Carranza, 200 feet elevation, +Veracruz, Mexico, on May 16, 1949, by Walter W. Dalquest; original no. +12869. x2.] + +_Remarks._--_Myotis fortidens_ is known only from the Tropical +Life-zone. The skin, without a skull, from Esquinapa, Sinaloa, agrees in +color with the undoubted specimens of _M. fortidens_ from Papayo, +Guerrero, but can be matched also by selected skins of _Myotis occultus_ +from Blythe, Riverside County, California. Without the skull the +reference of this specimen to _M. fortidens_ is provisional. Reason for +referring it to _fortidens_ rather than to _M. occultus_ is provided, +however, by a series of eleven specimens of _M. occultus_ from Alamos, +Sonora. These are Saccardo's Umber rather than Cinnamon-Brown and they +are geographically intermediate between the reddish _M. occultus_ of +California and the reddish _M. fortidens_ of Mexico. Furthermore, these +specimens from Alamos have large skulls of slightly different +proportions than those of _M. fortidens_ or than those of _M. occultus_ +from California; possibly the animals from Alamos are representative of +the larger, duller-colored variation for which Hollister proposed the +name _Myotis baileyi_ (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:44, March 10, +1909). This duller-colored type of animal intervenes between the +geographic ranges of undoubted _M. occultus_ and undoubted _M. +fortidens_. The specimen from Esquinapa, in the geographic sense, is on +the _fortidens_ side rather than on the _occultus_ side of the _baileyi_ +population. This geographic position is the basis on which the specimen +from Esquinapa is referred to _M. fortidens_. The third premolar is +lacking from each side of both the upper and the lower jaws of each +individual of this series from Alamos. + +The specimens of _M. fortidens_ are all distinguishable by their color +from other kinds of _Myotis_ found in the same area. Occasional +individuals of _Myotis velifer_, as for example three from Las Vigas, +Veracruz, also are reddish but they are of brighter tone. In addition, +the larger size and cranial features of these specimens of _M. velifer_ +permit ready differentiation of them from specimens of _M. fortidens_. +One specimen (No. 32113) of _M. fortidens_ from twenty kilometers +east-northeast of Jesus Carranza is lighter than the others, being near +(_j_) Cinnamon-Brown above and is lighter on the under-parts than on the +upper parts. Another individual (No. 32112) is duller colored than the +others, being Snuff Brown both above and below. Otherwise the specimens +of _M. fortidens_ agree in color. + +Among named kinds of _Myotis_, _M. fortidens_ resembles _Myotis +lucifugus_ and _Myotis occultus_. From the former, _M. fortidens_ +differs in possessing a strong sagittal crest and in lacking the third +premolar in both the upper jaw and the lower jaw. _M. fortidens_ lacks +the glossy sheen found on the pelage of many individuals of _M. +lucifugus_. From _M. occultus_, _M. fortidens_ differs in having the +rostrum (viewed from above) smaller in relation to the braincase. This +is true of specimens with the teeth showing much wear as well as in +specimens with the teeth unworn or only moderately worn. Also, _M. +fortidens_ is longer bodied as may be seen by comparing the measurements +given here with those recorded for _M. occultus_ by Miller and Allen +(Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, May 25, 1928). We are agreed that _M. +fortidens_ is as closely related to _M. occultus_ as to any other named +kind of _Myotis_, and that it is more closely related to it than to most +other species of the genus, but one of us (Dalquest) thinks that _M. +fortidens_ is specifically distinct from _M. occultus_, whereas the +other author (Hall) inclines to the view that additional specimens from +localities intermediate between the known geographic ranges of _M. +occultus_ and _M. fortidens_ will reveal intergradation between the two +kinds. However that may be, there is no proof at present of such +intergradation and the binomial is therefore used for the Cinnamon +Myotis. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 10, all from Mexico, + each a skin with skull except the skin-only from Sinaloa. + _Sinaloa_: Esquinapa, 1 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). _Guerrero_: + Papayo, 2 (U. S. Biological Surveys Collection). _Veracruz_: + 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 3 (Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. + Kansas); 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft. elevation, 3 + (Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas). _Tabasco_: Montecristo, 1 + (U. S. Biological Surveys Collection). + + _Additional record._--Tabasco: Teapa, the holotype of + _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen 1928. + +_University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas. +Transmitted October 31, 1949._ + +CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF _Myotis fortidens_ + +Column headings: + +A: Greatest length +B: Condylobasal length +C: Zygomatic breadth +D: Interorbital constriction +E: Breadth of braincase +F: Mandible +G: Maxillary tooth-row +H: Maxillary breadth at M3 +I: Mandibular tooth-row +J: Wear of teeth + +============================================================================== + Sex + No. Age Locality A B C D E F G H I J +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 25030[M] Esquinapa .... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ? + 126650[F] Papayo 15.0 14.2 9.7 3.9 7.1 11.5 5.5 5.6 6.0 0 + 126651[F] Do. 15.1 13.8 9.4 3.8 6.8 10.6 5.6 5.9 6.0 0 + 17834[M] P. Negras[1] .... 4.1 10.6 5.6 5.7 6.0 0 + 17835[F] Do. 15.5 14.9 9.6 4.2 7.2 11.0 5.7 6.0 6.1 2 + 17836[F] Do. 15.5 14.5 9.7 4.2 7.3 10.9 5.4 5.9 5.7 3 + 32112[M] J. Carranza[2] 15.3 14.4 9.7 4.1 7.3 11.5 5.7 5.9 6.3 1 + 32113[M] Do. 15.0 14.0 9.5 4.2 7.2 10.9 5.5 5.9 5.9 1 + 32114[M] Do. 15.0 13.9 9.7 4.1 7.2 10.8 5.4 6.0 5.9 1 +88.8.8.18[F][3] Teapa 15.0 13.8 9.6 3.8 7.4 .... 5.4 5.8 5.8 1 + 100231[F][4] Montecristo 15.0 14.1 9.0 4.0 7.2 11.4 5.8 ... 6.0 0 + Average 15.2 14.2 9.5 4.0 7.2 11.0 5.6 5.9 6.0 +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +[Note 1: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras.] + +[Note 2: 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza, 200 ft.] + +[Note 3: Type of _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_; measurements after Miller +and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100; 101, May 25, 1928.] + +[Note 4: Type of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller 1902.] + + +EXTERNAL MEASUREMENTS OF _Myotis fortidens_ + +Column headings: + +A: Total length +B: Head and body +C: Tail +D: Tibia +E: Foot +F: Forearm +G: Thumb +H: Third metacarpal +I: Fifth metacarpal +J: Ear from notch + +=============================================================================== + Sex + No. Age Locality A B C D E F G H I J +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + 25030[M] Esquinapa .. .. .. 14.2 8.1[5] 35.6 5.5 33.3 30.8 .. + 126650[F] Papayo .. .. .. 14.7 8.2[5] 38.3 5.4 35.1 32.4 + 126651[F] Do. .. .. .. 14.8 7.9[5] 35.6 5.7 32.7 31.1 + 17834[M] P. Negras[6] 95 55 40 14.7 9.0[5] 37.0 5.7 33.8 32.0 15 + 17835[F] Do. 93 55 38 15.6 9.4[5] 37.5 6.0 35.4 32.2 15 + 17836[F] Do. 94 55 39 14.3 8.4[5] 37.6 6.0 34.5 32.7 15 + 32112[M] J. Carranza[7] 94 53 41 14.5 8.9[5] 38.2 5.0 35.1 33.8 16 + 32113[M] Do. 94 57 37 14.2 8.0[5] 36.5 5.3 34.9 32.7 16 + 32114[M] Do. 90 53 37 .... ... 37.0 5.1 34.2 33.0 16 +88.8.8.18[F][8] Teapa .. 46 39 15.6 8.0 38.6 6.2 34.8 33.0 + 100231[F][9] Montecristo 99 56 44 15.4 9.6 37.0 6.0 .... .... + Average 94 53.8 39.4 14.8 8.6 37.2 5.6 34.4 32.4 15.5 +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +[Note 5: Measured on the dried skin.] + +[Note 6: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras.] + +[Note 7: 20 km. ENE Jesus Carranza.] + +[Note 8: Type of _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_; measurements after Miller +and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, 101, May 25, 1928.] + +[Note 9: Type of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller 1902.] + +28-1545 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902, by +Walter W. Dalquist and E. Raymond Hall + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PIPISTRELLUS CINNAMOMEUS *** + +***** This file should be named 34411.txt or 34411.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/4/1/34411/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/34411.zip b/34411.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..031489c --- /dev/null +++ b/34411.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c4e96e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #34411 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34411) |
