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diff --git a/34411-8.txt b/34411-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9268cc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/34411-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,788 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902, by +Walter W. Dalquist and E. Raymond Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 + Referred to the Genus Myotis + +Author: Walter W. Dalquist + E. Raymond Hall + +Release Date: November 23, 2010 [EBook #34411] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PIPISTRELLUS CINNAMOMEUS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + + +Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 +Referred to the Genus Myotis + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and WALTER W. DALQUEST + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History + +Volume 1, No. 25, pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text +January 20, 1950 + +University of Kansas +LAWRENCE +1950 + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Edward H. Taylor, +A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 1, No. 25, pp. 581-590, 5 figures in text +January 20, 1950 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND. JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1950 + +23-1545 + +[Transcriber's Note: Words surrounded by tildes, like ~this~ signifies +words in bold. Words surrounded by underscores, like _this_, signifies +words in italics. Male symbol is shown as [M] and female symbol is +[F].] + + + + +Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902 +Referred to the Genus Myotis + +By + +E. RAYMOND HALL AND WALTER W. DALQUEST + + +Miller (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1902, p. 390, September +3,1902) based the name _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ on a skin and skull of +a vespertilionid bat obtained on May 4, 1900, at Montecristo, Tabasco, +Mexico, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman. A single specimen was +available to Miller when he proposed the name _P. cinnamomeus_. Dalquest +and Hall (Jour. Mamm., 29:180, May 14, 1948) reported three additional +specimens collected in 1946 by W. W. Dalquest on the Río Blanco, twenty +kilometers west-northwest of Piedras Negras, Veracruz, Mexico. No other +published information concerning this species is known to us, although +the name has, of course, appeared in regional lists, for example in the +"List of North American Recent Mammals, 1923" (Bull. U. S. National +Museum, 128:75, April 29, 1924) by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr. + +Additional specimens, nevertheless, are known. Two collected on April 18 +and 20, 1903, at Papayo, Guerrero, by Nelson and Goldman, are in the +Biological Surveys Collection in the United States National Museum. A +skin, probably of this species, for which the skull cannot now be found, +was taken on October 27, 1904, at Esquinapa, Sinaloa, by J. H. Batty and +is in the American Museum of Natural History. This is the skin referred +by Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, May 25, 1928) to +_Myotis occultus_. Three additional specimens, each a skin with skull, +were collected twenty kilometers east-northeast of Jesús Carranza, at +200 feet elevation, Veracruz, by Walter W. Dalquest, two on April 13, +1949, and one on May 16 of the same year. These are in the Museum of +Natural History of the University of Kansas, as also are the three +previously reported by Dalquest and Hall (_loc. cit._). A total of ten +specimens, from five localities, all in Mexico, thus is accounted for. + +On page 392 of the original description--which our study of the holotype +shows to be accurate--Miller wrote: "This bat differs so widely from the +other known American species of _Pipistrellus_ as to need no special +comparisons. Superficially it has much the appearance of an unusually +red _Myotis lucifugus_, and only on examination of the teeth do the +animal's true relationships become apparent." In referring to the teeth +Miller almost certainly was thinking of the premolars of which there are +only two on each side of the upper jaw and on each side of the lower jaw +in _Pipistrellus_, including his _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_, whereas +_Myotis_ at that time was thought always to have three premolars on each +side of both the upper and lower jaw, except in rare instances where one +premolar might be lacking on one side of one jaw or even more rarely on +both sides of the upper jaw. In his original description of _P. +cinnamomeus_, Miller mentioned also that it had the "Inner upper incisor +distinctly smaller than the outer, not approximately equal to it as is +the case in _P. subflavus_." + +At this point it is well to make clear that each of the genera +_Pipistrellus_ and _Myotis_ contains a large number of species and that +the differences between the two genera are few. Our examination of +American specimens reveals only one differential character: In _Myotis_ +the outer upper incisor is distinctly larger than the inner, whereas the +two incisors are of approximately equal size in _Pipistrellus_. It may +be noted that the outer upper incisor of several, but not all, species +of _Myotis_ has a well-developed concave surface directed toward the +canine whereas this surface is flat or convex in _Pipistrellus_. In both +features, the type of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller agrees with +_Myotis_ and differs from _Pipistrellus_. + +Five years after naming and describing _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_, +Miller published his monumental work entitled "The families and genera +of bats" (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 57, June 29, 1907) wherein he points +out the differences in the upper incisors between _Pipistrellus_ and +_Myotis_ (by a _lapsus plumae_ ascribes subequal incisors to _Myotis_ +and unequal incisors to _Pipistrellus_) but seemingly failed to +reëxamine _P. cinnamomeus_ in the light of this better understanding of +the two genera, or if he did examine _P. cinnamomeus_ he possibly was +misled still by the absence of the third premolar on each side of both +the upper and lower jaw. + +In 1928 when Miller and Allen published their account of "The American +bats of the Genera _Myotis_ and _Pizonyx_" (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144, +May 25, 1928) they examined specimens of _Myotis occultus_ which they +implied (_op. cit._: 99-100) had only two instead of three premolars on +each side of both the upper and lower jaws. In preparing this taxonomic +account of bats of the genus _Myotis_, the specimens (type and two from +Papayo) of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ seem not to have been examined. +Indeed, it is almost certain that they were not examined for the species +was renamed; the new name, _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and +Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928), was based on a +skull with the corresponding body in alcohol. The characters of this +specimen are almost exactly those of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_, named +and described by Miller 26 years earlier. The type locality (Teapa) of +_M. l. fortidens_ is 80 miles westerly from the type locality of _P. +cinnamomeus_; both are in the state of Tabasco, and in the same +life-zone, at equivalent elevations (neither higher than 50 meters). +Since there are no characters of taxonomic worth to distinguish the two +named specimens, _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen 1928 +falls as a synonym of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller 1902. But, +according to Miller and Allen (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:19, 197), +_Vespertilio cinnamomeus_ Wagner 1855 is a name based on _Myotis ruber_ +(E. Geoffroy, 1806) from Paraguay and hence _Myotis cinnamomeus_ +(Miller) 1902 is a homonym of _Myotis cinnamomeus_ (Wagner) 1855 and is +unavailable for the animal from Montecristo when it is transferred to +the genus _Myotis_; the species of animal concerned will take the next +available name, which seems to be _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller +and Allen 1928. + +It may reasonably be asked if _Myotis_ and _Pipistrellus_ should be +retained as separate genera if the only constant difference between the +two is subequal versus unequal upper incisors. In our opinion it would +be worth-while for someone who had access to adequate material from both +the Old World and the New World to investigate this question. We lack +adequate material from the Old World. + +When Miller and Allen named _M. l. fortidens_ they had only two +specimens, the holotype from Teapa, Tabasco, and a referred specimen +from Fort Hancock, El Paso County, Texas, approximately 1,200 miles +north-northwest of Teapa. We have examined this specimen from Texas (U. +S. Nat. Mus., 21083/36121, skin and skull) and regard it as _Myotis +lucifugus carissima_ Thomas. Furthermore, we regard the holotype of +_Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen 1928 as specifically +distinct from _Myotis lucifugus_ of Miller and Allen 1928. The Cinnamon +Myotis, described below, therefore may stand as: + + +~Myotis fortidens~ Miller and Allen + +CINNAMON MYOTIS + + _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, p. 390, September 3, 1902, type from + Montecristo, Tabasco (preoccupied by _Vespertilio + cinnamomeus_ Wagner, Schreber's Säugethiere, suppl., 5:755, + 1855, a renaming of _Vespertilio ruber_ E. Geoffroy + Saint-Hilaire). + + _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen, Bull. U. S. + Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928. + +_Type._--"Adult female (in alcohol) No. 88.8.8.18, British Museum +(Natural History). Collected at Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico, by H. H. Smith, +January 5, 1888. Presented by Messrs. Salvin and Godman [after Miller +and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:54, May 25, 1928]." + +_Range._--Known only from the lower part of the Tropical Life-zone of +the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and east and west coasts of +Mexico. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Map showing localities from which _Myotis +fortidens_ has been recorded.] + +_Diagnosis._--Among American species of the genus, over-all size medium +(total length 94 mm); body long (54); tail short (39); forearm of medium +length (37); tibia short (14.5); foot long (58 per cent of length of +tibia); wing membrane arising from side of foot at distal end of +metatarsal; calcar simple (not keeled) and 7 mm long; ears 15 to 16 mm +long measured in the flesh from the notch (posteroventral border of the +meatus); tragus, measured from same place, 7 to 8 mm high with +posterobasal lobe; third metacarpal longest and second metacarpal +shortest; fifth shorter than fourth; ears brownish; membranes of wing +and tail blackish; uropatagium almost hairless, the few hairs that are +present being almost invisible; pelage of back 5 mm long with some +overhairs 8 to 9 mm long; basal 3 mm of fur black, remainder +Cinnamon-Brown (capitalized color terms, after Ridgway, Color Standards +and Color Nomenclature, Washington, D. C., 1912); outline of skull +viewed dorsally similar to that of _Myotis lucifugus_; sagittal crest +well developed; distance across upper canines equal to or slightly +exceeding interorbital constriction; braincase low; two premolars on +each side in upper jaw and also in lower jaw, the one remaining small +premolar in contact with both the canine and the fourth premolar. + +[Illustration: FIGS. 2-5. Four views of the skull of _Myotis fortidens_. +No. 32112, University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, [M], obtained +20 kilometers east-northeast Jesús Carranza, 200 feet elevation, +Veracruz, Mexico, on May 16, 1949, by Walter W. Dalquest; original no. +12869. ×2.] + +_Remarks._--_Myotis fortidens_ is known only from the Tropical +Life-zone. The skin, without a skull, from Esquinapa, Sinaloa, agrees in +color with the undoubted specimens of _M. fortidens_ from Papayo, +Guerrero, but can be matched also by selected skins of _Myotis occultus_ +from Blythe, Riverside County, California. Without the skull the +reference of this specimen to _M. fortidens_ is provisional. Reason for +referring it to _fortidens_ rather than to _M. occultus_ is provided, +however, by a series of eleven specimens of _M. occultus_ from Álamos, +Sonora. These are Saccardo's Umber rather than Cinnamon-Brown and they +are geographically intermediate between the reddish _M. occultus_ of +California and the reddish _M. fortidens_ of Mexico. Furthermore, these +specimens from Álamos have large skulls of slightly different +proportions than those of _M. fortidens_ or than those of _M. occultus_ +from California; possibly the animals from Álamos are representative of +the larger, duller-colored variation for which Hollister proposed the +name _Myotis baileyi_ (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:44, March 10, +1909). This duller-colored type of animal intervenes between the +geographic ranges of undoubted _M. occultus_ and undoubted _M. +fortidens_. The specimen from Esquinapa, in the geographic sense, is on +the _fortidens_ side rather than on the _occultus_ side of the _baileyi_ +population. This geographic position is the basis on which the specimen +from Esquinapa is referred to _M. fortidens_. The third premolar is +lacking from each side of both the upper and the lower jaws of each +individual of this series from Álamos. + +The specimens of _M. fortidens_ are all distinguishable by their color +from other kinds of _Myotis_ found in the same area. Occasional +individuals of _Myotis velifer_, as for example three from Las Vigas, +Veracruz, also are reddish but they are of brighter tone. In addition, +the larger size and cranial features of these specimens of _M. velifer_ +permit ready differentiation of them from specimens of _M. fortidens_. +One specimen (No. 32113) of _M. fortidens_ from twenty kilometers +east-northeast of Jesús Carranza is lighter than the others, being near +(_j_) Cinnamon-Brown above and is lighter on the under-parts than on the +upper parts. Another individual (No. 32112) is duller colored than the +others, being Snuff Brown both above and below. Otherwise the specimens +of _M. fortidens_ agree in color. + +Among named kinds of _Myotis_, _M. fortidens_ resembles _Myotis +lucifugus_ and _Myotis occultus_. From the former, _M. fortidens_ +differs in possessing a strong sagittal crest and in lacking the third +premolar in both the upper jaw and the lower jaw. _M. fortidens_ lacks +the glossy sheen found on the pelage of many individuals of _M. +lucifugus_. From _M. occultus_, _M. fortidens_ differs in having the +rostrum (viewed from above) smaller in relation to the braincase. This +is true of specimens with the teeth showing much wear as well as in +specimens with the teeth unworn or only moderately worn. Also, _M. +fortidens_ is longer bodied as may be seen by comparing the measurements +given here with those recorded for _M. occultus_ by Miller and Allen +(Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, May 25, 1928). We are agreed that _M. +fortidens_ is as closely related to _M. occultus_ as to any other named +kind of _Myotis_, and that it is more closely related to it than to most +other species of the genus, but one of us (Dalquest) thinks that _M. +fortidens_ is specifically distinct from _M. occultus_, whereas the +other author (Hall) inclines to the view that additional specimens from +localities intermediate between the known geographic ranges of _M. +occultus_ and _M. fortidens_ will reveal intergradation between the two +kinds. However that may be, there is no proof at present of such +intergradation and the binomial is therefore used for the Cinnamon +Myotis. + + _Specimens examined._--Total number, 10, all from Mexico, + each a skin with skull except the skin-only from Sinaloa. + _Sinaloa_: Esquinapa, 1 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.). _Guerrero_: + Papayo, 2 (U. S. Biological Surveys Collection). _Veracruz_: + 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras, 3 (Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. + Kansas); 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza, 200 ft. elevation, 3 + (Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Kansas). _Tabasco_: Montecristo, 1 + (U. S. Biological Surveys Collection). + + _Additional record._--Tabasco: Teapa, the holotype of + _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_ Miller and Allen 1928. + +_University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas. +Transmitted October 31, 1949._ + +CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF _Myotis fortidens_ + +Column headings: + +A: Greatest length +B: Condylobasal length +C: Zygomatic breadth +D: Interorbital constriction +E: Breadth of braincase +F: Mandible +G: Maxillary tooth-row +H: Maxillary breadth at M3 +I: Mandibular tooth-row +J: Wear of teeth + +============================================================================== + Sex + No. Age Locality A B C D E F G H I J +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 25030[M] Esquinapa .... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ? + 126650[F] Papayo 15.0 14.2 9.7 3.9 7.1 11.5 5.5 5.6 6.0 0 + 126651[F] Do. 15.1 13.8 9.4 3.8 6.8 10.6 5.6 5.9 6.0 0 + 17834[M] P. Negras[1] .... 4.1 10.6 5.6 5.7 6.0 0 + 17835[F] Do. 15.5 14.9 9.6 4.2 7.2 11.0 5.7 6.0 6.1 2 + 17836[F] Do. 15.5 14.5 9.7 4.2 7.3 10.9 5.4 5.9 5.7 3 + 32112[M] J. Carranza[2] 15.3 14.4 9.7 4.1 7.3 11.5 5.7 5.9 6.3 1 + 32113[M] Do. 15.0 14.0 9.5 4.2 7.2 10.9 5.5 5.9 5.9 1 + 32114[M] Do. 15.0 13.9 9.7 4.1 7.2 10.8 5.4 6.0 5.9 1 +88.8.8.18[F][3] Teapa 15.0 13.8 9.6 3.8 7.4 .... 5.4 5.8 5.8 1 + 100231[F][4] Montecristo 15.0 14.1 9.0 4.0 7.2 11.4 5.8 ... 6.0 0 + Average 15.2 14.2 9.5 4.0 7.2 11.0 5.6 5.9 6.0 +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +[Note 1: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras.] + +[Note 2: 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza, 200 ft.] + +[Note 3: Type of _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_; measurements after Miller +and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100; 101, May 25, 1928.] + +[Note 4: Type of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller 1902.] + + +EXTERNAL MEASUREMENTS OF _Myotis fortidens_ + +Column headings: + +A: Total length +B: Head and body +C: Tail +D: Tibia +E: Foot +F: Forearm +G: Thumb +H: Third metacarpal +I: Fifth metacarpal +J: Ear from notch + +=============================================================================== + Sex + No. Age Locality A B C D E F G H I J +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + 25030[M] Esquinapa .. .. .. 14.2 8.1[5] 35.6 5.5 33.3 30.8 .. + 126650[F] Papayo .. .. .. 14.7 8.2[5] 38.3 5.4 35.1 32.4 + 126651[F] Do. .. .. .. 14.8 7.9[5] 35.6 5.7 32.7 31.1 + 17834[M] P. Negras[6] 95 55 40 14.7 9.0[5] 37.0 5.7 33.8 32.0 15 + 17835[F] Do. 93 55 38 15.6 9.4[5] 37.5 6.0 35.4 32.2 15 + 17836[F] Do. 94 55 39 14.3 8.4[5] 37.6 6.0 34.5 32.7 15 + 32112[M] J. Carranza[7] 94 53 41 14.5 8.9[5] 38.2 5.0 35.1 33.8 16 + 32113[M] Do. 94 57 37 14.2 8.0[5] 36.5 5.3 34.9 32.7 16 + 32114[M] Do. 90 53 37 .... ... 37.0 5.1 34.2 33.0 16 +88.8.8.18[F][8] Teapa .. 46 39 15.6 8.0 38.6 6.2 34.8 33.0 + 100231[F][9] Montecristo 99 56 44 15.4 9.6 37.0 6.0 .... .... + Average 94 53.8 39.4 14.8 8.6 37.2 5.6 34.4 32.4 15.5 +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +[Note 5: Measured on the dried skin.] + +[Note 6: 20 km. WNW Piedras Negras.] + +[Note 7: 20 km. ENE Jesús Carranza.] + +[Note 8: Type of _Myotis lucifugus fortidens_; measurements after Miller +and Allen, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 144:100, 101, May 25, 1928.] + +[Note 9: Type of _Pipistrellus cinnamomeus_ Miller 1902.] + +28-1545 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pipistrellus cinnamomeus Miller 1902, by +Walter W. Dalquist and E. 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