path: root/34412.txt

The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the
Middle Oligocene of Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull, by Edwin C. Galbreath

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the Middle Oligocene of Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull

Author: Edwin C. Galbreath

Release Date: November 23, 2010 [EBook #34412]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW SPECIES OF HETEROMYID RODENT ***




Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net.







A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the Middle Oligocene of
Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull

BY

EDWIN C. GALBREATH

University of Kansas Publications
Museum of Natural History

Volume 1, No. 18, pp. 285-300, 2 plates
August 16, 1948

University of Kansas
LAWRENCE
1948


UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman; H. H. Lane, Edward H. Taylor

Volume 1, No. 18, pp. 285-300, 2 plates
August 16, 1948

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY
FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER
TOPEKA, KANSAS
1948

[Illustration]

22-3342


[Transcriber's Note: Words surrounded by tildes, like ~this~ signifies
words in bold. Words surrounded by underscores, like _this_, signifies
words in italics.]

[Illustration: PLATE 2. _Heliscomys tenuiceps._ Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat.
Hist., Vert. Paleo. Coll. No. 7702. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C,
ventral view. All views approximately x 5.]

[Illustration: PLATE 3. _Heliscomys tenuiceps._ Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat.
Hist., Vert. Paleo. Coll. No. 7702. A, lateral view of right side of
skull showing structures in orbital area. ALS, alisphenoid. FR, frontal.
MAX, maxillary. OS, orbitosphenoid. PAL, palatine. PC, presphenoid
canal. SF, sphenoidal fissure. SFr, sphenofrontal foramen. SPal,
sphenopalatine foramen. Approximately x 9.3; B, occlusal view of P4-M3.
Approximately x 23.4.]




A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent from the Middle Oligocene of
Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull

By

EDWIN C. GALBREATH


Heretofore our knowledge of the osteology of _Heliscomys_ Cope has been
extremely limited; this genus previously was known by its teeth,
fragmental maxillaries, incomplete palatine bone and mandible, and part
of one forelimb. In the summer of 1946 the writer, as a member of the
University of Kansas Museum of Natural History field party, discovered
the anterior part of a skull of _Heliscomys_ in the middle Oligocene
deposits of Logan County, Colorado. This specimen, representing a new
species, yields a welcome, and greatly desired addition to our fund of
information about the genus.

The writer is indebted to Dr. Robert W. Wilson for advice and helpful
criticism in the course of this study, and to Mr. Bryan Patterson of the
Chicago Natural History Museum for the loan of comparative material.
Mrs. Bernita Mansfield of the Geology Department, University of Kansas,
prepared the plates.


Family HETEROMYIDAE

~Heliscomys tenuiceps~, new species

_Holotype._--Anterior part of a skull with left P4-M3, No. 7702,
Vertebrate Paleontological Collection, Museum of Natural History,
University of Kansas.

_Geological Age and locality._--Silts of Orellan age in the Cedar Creek
facies of the Brule formation in "Chimney Canyon," Sec. 3, T. 11 N, R.
54 W, Logan County, Colorado.

_Diagnosis._--Size larger than any known species; P4 with
posteroexternal cusp (metacone) anterior to central (hypocone) and
lingual (entostyle) cusps, which are connected by a cingulum; internal
cingula of molars undivided, and as high as paracone and metacone; style
of each cingulum opposite the straight median valley; rostrum deep and
laterally compressed.

_Description._--The type consists of the preorbital and interorbital
parts of a skull. Its size is comparable to that of the Recent
heteromyid, _Liomys pictus_ Merriam. _L. pictus_ is the species referred
to in the comparisons below when only the generic name _Liomys_ is
mentioned. Both incisors have been broken off. The right tooth-row is
missing, but the left row is complete, and its orientation indicates
that the tooth rows were parallel. The zygomata are broken off close to
the rostrum, which is relatively narrow in comparison with its length
and depth. In this narrowness, the specimen resembles _Florentiamys_
Wood more than it does such Recent heteromyids as _Liomys_ or
_Heteromys_, where the rostrum is much wider at the dorsal surface than
at the ventral surface (correlating with the wide interorbital
dimension). In No. 7702 the rostrum is not appreciably expanded on the
dorsal surface. The wide interorbital dimension also gives a tapering
appearance to the rostrum of the Recent heteromyids, when viewed
dorsally, which is not seen in the fossil specimen. Like those of most
heteromyids, the nasals and premaxillaries project forward beyond the
incisors.

_H. tenuiceps_ has a distinctly heteromyidlike appearance, and it is
obvious that the features of the anterior part of the skull, which
characterize the heteromyids, had been established by middle Oligocene
time.

The nasal bone extends caudad as far as does the premaxillary; they
terminate at the anterior border of the orbit. The nasal is widest
anteriorly where it curves downward on the side to meet the anterior
projection of the premaxillary bone beyond the incisor. Posteriorly, the
two nasals have practically parallel lateral borders much as in
_Liomys_.

The frontal bone dorsally is relatively narrower than in any Recent
heteromyid, and closely resembles that of the geomyids. There is a
slight depression in the midline of the skull where the two frontals
unite, but no evidence of a ridge for the attachment of the temporal
muscle. In lateral view, the ledge seen in _Liomys_ at the dorsal
surface is absent, nor is this surface rounded as in _Geomys_.
Preservation around the nasolacrimal canal is poor, but traces of
sutures indicate that the frontal bone is not involved in the
posteromedial wall of that canal. The orbital plate is broad,
comparatively flat, and extends farther ventrad than in _Liomys_, and
enters into the composition of the sphenopalatine foramina. Ventrally
the frontal bone meets the orbital processes of the palatine and
maxillary bones, and posterolaterally meets the orbitosphenoid.

In the anterodorsal angle of the rim of the orbit the lacrimal bone
rests against the frontal and maxillary bones, where the body of the
lacrimal contributes to the formation of the posteromedial wall of the
nasolacrimal canal. Only a slight part of the maxillary process of the
lacrimal remains on each side.

The premaxillary bone, which constitutes most of the anterior part of
the rostrum, is typically heteromyid in shape. The frontal process is
long and slender. On the side of the rostrum the premaxillary forms the
anterointernal border of the infraorbital foramen. The ventrolateral
border of the bone is expanded slightly and aids in the formation of the
tuberosity made by the maxillary bone at the ventroposterior border of
the foramen. Ventrally the premaxillary makes up the anterior two-thirds
of the lateral wall of the incisive (anterior palatine) foramen. It is
not possible to establish what part of the median septum between the
foramina is made up of premaxillary bones. The incisor arches through
the premaxillary in a manner similar to that in _Liomys_, with the upper
wall of the root canal being formed by the upper surface of the bone.
Due to the narrowness of the rostrum, the root of the incisor is
prominently outlined on the side of the rostrum, both in the
premaxillary and maxillary bones. With this modeling of the side of the
rostrum because of the incisor root canal, and the flaring of the
posterior and ventral edges of the infraorbital foramen, the side wall
of the premaxillary appears as a depressed area. Anterior to the incisor
root the tip of the premaxillary projects forward, and parallels its
opposite, laterally, instead of turning inward as in _Liomys_. This
condition, together with the prominence of the root canal, makes the
anterior tip project as a flange. The premaxillary extends downward as a
plate of bone, and embraces the posterior and lateral sides of the
incisor as in Recent heteromyids. The interpremaxillary foramen, if
present, is obscure. However, there appears to be a foramen posterior to
the incisor, which possibly has taken over the function of the
interpremaxillary foramen.

Both maxillary bones are incomplete, and lack the zygomatic processes.
The rostral part of the maxillary is compressed laterally, as is the
premaxillary. The anterior border of the maxillary contributes to the
formation of the border of the anterior opening of the infraorbital
canal where, at the posteroventral border of the opening, the bone is
produced into a prominent tuberosity which projects laterally
approximately one millimeter on each side. The infraorbital foramen
(anterior opening of the infraorbital canal) lies about midway between
the anterior end of the skull and the root of the zygoma. High on each
side of the rostrum, and beneath the dorsal edge of the masseteric
plate, is an area containing small foramina. The zygomasseteric plate is
inclined forward at the dorsal end, and extends anteriorly almost to the
highest part of the arch of the canal for the root of the incisor. The
posterior end of the infraorbital canal lies on the median side of the
zygomatic root as it does in _H. hatcheri_ Wood. Ventrally the zygomatic
root rises above the fourth premolar as in _H. gregoryi_ Wood, _H.
hatcheri_, and in Recent heteromyids. The ventral part of the orbit,
containing the sphenopalatine foramen, presphenoid foramen, and the
sphenoidal fissure, is not constricted as in _Liomys_, but is open like
that of the squirrels. This condition is emphasized by the narrowness of
the interorbital part of the skull and the more vertical position of the
orbital plate.

The alisphenoid bone is large and forms part of the posteromedial wall
of the orbit. The sphenofrontal foramen lies in the suture between the
extreme anterior margin of this bone and the frontal bone.

The orbitosphenoid bone makes up little of the orbital wall. It occupies
the posterior area of the orbit between the alisphenoid and palatine,
and is in contact with these bones and the frontal. The presphenoid
canal between the orbits is large, and the entrance at each end is well
separated from the sphenoidal fissure. Damage to the sphenoidal fissure,
which occurred prior to preservation, obscures its relationship to the
optic foramen. No bar was found that would indicate that the two
openings were widely separate. Anteroventrally the sphenoidal fissure is
bounded by the orbitosphenoid bone, and dorsolaterally by the
alisphenoid bone. Between the presphenoid foramen and the
orbitosphenoid-frontal suture there is a distinct ridge, and the suture
between the two bones lies in an elongate pit or trough formed by the
anterior sloping side of the ridge and the impressed lateral wall of the
frontal bone.

The palatine bone is represented by fragments joined to other bones of
the skull. The maxillary process of the left palatine bone is united to
the maxillary by a highly sinuous suture. The union of the palatines to
the maxillaries make a suture in the shape of a "V" with the base
forward and somewhat blunt. The canal for the palatine artery and nerve
has a multiple opening on the palate. One major foramen opens on each
side of the palatomaxillary suture, and two or possibly three smaller
foramina open posteriorly on the palatine bone. Prominent on the
palatine bone, posteromedial to the third molar, is the foramen
(palatine pit) for the palatine vein. Collectively, this complex of
foramina is often known as the posterior palatine foramina. Wood (1933)
states that _H. gregoryi_ has two posterior palatine foramina as in
Recent genera, the anterior one opening opposite the posterior end of
M1, and the posterior one opposite the median part of M3. The orbital
process of the left palatine bone lies inside (medial to) the palatine
process of the maxillary. Anteriorly this orbital process meets the
orbital process of the maxillary bone, and the sphenopalatine foramen is
found in the suture between these two bones and the frontal.

As previously mentioned, the preserved dentition of this specimen
consists of the complete left row of cheek teeth and roots of the
incisors.

The incisor is compressed laterally, more so than in any Recent
heteromyid. The anterior face is rounded, asulcate, and covered with a
heavy band of enamel, whereas the posterior side, due to lateral
compression, is drawn out into a thin blade. The root of the incisor is
at the lateral border of the premaxillary, so it is obvious that the two
incisors converged on each other at the midline to form a cutting
surface. The writer has not examined the asulcate, laterally compressed
incisors of _H. hatcheri_, and cannot say how they compare with this
specimen.

The most significant features of the cheek teeth are their size, and the
undivided internal cingulum. The molars are well worn, but the pattern,
as a whole, is easily discernable.

P4 has an anterior cusp and three posterior cusps as in other members of
the genus. However, the buccal cusp (metacone) of the metaloph is
considerably anterior to the central (hypocone) and lingual (entostyle)
cusps, and the three cusps do not form a curve as in other species. In
size the central cusp is largest, the buccal cusp is practically as
large, and the lingual cusp is small. A cingulum connects the lingual
and central cusps at the posterior margin of the tooth. In the Pipestone
Springs specimen of _Heliscomys_ reported by McGrew (1941) the central
and buccal cusps were connected by a cingulum, and some _H. hatcheri_
specimens have all three cusps connected in a similar manner. A low arm
or ridge extends from the lingual cusp forward to the lingual side of
the base of the anterior cusp. The valleys between the posterior cusps
are shallow. There is no sign of the small cuspule on the anteroexternal
base of the anterior cusp seen in _H. gregoryi_, _H. hatcheri_, and the
Pipestone Springs specimen. However, when one sees the variability of
the cuspules on P4 of _H. hatcheri_, the presence of a minor cuspule
does not seem to be of taxonomic importance.

M1 deviates from the pattern typical of _Heliscomys_ more than do any of
the other molar teeth. However, it must be kept in mind that some of the
differences may be due to wear. For example, the protocone and paracone,
and the hypocone and metacone are united to form protoloph and metaloph
respectively. If the height of the external border of the paracone and
metacone is taken into account and compared with the worn inner parts of
these two cusps and the equally well-worn protocone and hypocone, it
appears that these cusps formed no more of a true bilophodont tooth than
do the cusps in other species of _Heliscomys_; in each of the species
the cusps generally are separate entities. _H. gregoryi_ is reported to
have an "incipient tendency to form lophs," and _H. hatcheri_ does the
same when worn, but by union with the anterior cingulum. If cusps in _H.
tenuiceps_ do form lophs, the process is definitely not by union of the
cusps with the anterior cingulum. The transverse median valley is deep
and divides the tooth on the buccal side. The anteroposterior valleys
are shallow and hanging, and can be said to exist only as indentations
between the two sets of cusps. The paracone and metacone are much higher
than the other two cusps, but much of this disparity in height may be
the result of greater wear on the protocone and hypocone; _H. gregoryi_
agrees with _H. tenuiceps_ in these respects. Possibly the protocone and
hypocone were much larger than the paracone and metacone. The internal
cingulum of M1 exhibits only one large cusp opposite the medial end of
the transverse valley, and shows no evidence of having been divided into
two cusps. It is barely possible that there may have been two cusps and
that wear makes it appear that there was only one. I doubt that there
were two cusps because the cingulum is still so high (as high as the
outer edges of the paracone and metacone) as to suggest that it is only
slightly worn. Posteriorly this single cusp in the cingulum is united
with the hypocone. Anteriorly the cusp is confluent with an anterior
cingulum that is small, but, nevertheless, plainly visible as it crosses
the occlusal face of the tooth to the paracone. There is some reason to
believe that there was a posterior cingulum, but wear, which has
obliterated even the posterior wall of the hypocone, prevents my being
certain about this. This cingulum is absent in _H. gregoryi_ and present
in _H. hatcheri_.

M2 compares favorably with M1 except for the following differences: The
protocone and hypocone are equal to the paracone and metacone in area,
but not in height; although the internal cingulum is undivided, there is
no evidence of a cusp as in M1. Here, too, the cingulum is as high as
the paracone and metacone. Possibly the cingulum was confluent with the
hypocone. The internal cingulum continues around the margin of the tooth
to the paracone as an anterior cingulum which is sharper and plainer
than the anterior cingulum on M1. There is no evidence of a posterior
cingulum.

M3 shows a great amount of wear, and the occlusal pattern is not too
clear. The median transverse valley is reduced almost to a pit, and the
paracone and metacone are divided by a small notch. The protocone and
paracone, the latter being much higher, are larger than the metacone
which is reduced in size, and not all this difference in size can be the
result of wear. The hypocone is absent. The internal cingulum is as high
as the paracone and shows no evidence of division into two cusps, but in
M3 this character is apparently variable for _H. gregoryi_ does not have
the internal cingulum divided and _H. hatcheri_ has it markedly so. A
slight anterior arm of the internal cingulum may have reached forward to
the anterior face of the protocone. Wear prevents knowing whether a
crest surrounds the tooth completely, or only on three sides.

In size the teeth of _H. tenuiceps_ average twenty per cent larger than
any of the upper teeth of _H. gregoryi_, _H. hatcheri_, or the Pipestone
Springs specimen, and exceed any of the known lower teeth including
those of _H. vetus_ and _H. senex_ by twenty-five per cent or more.
Inasmuch as the upper teeth rarely exceed the lower in length in all the
related genera of heteromyids, it is assumed that a similar relationship
existed between the upper and lower molars of _H. tenuiceps_ and,
therefore, that this species can be distinguished by its large size. The
relative size of the premolars and molars is the same in _H. tenuiceps_
as in other species of _Heliscomys_. However, within the framework of
this similar relationship there are two differences. P4 of _H.
tenuiceps_ is relatively larger than the P4 of _H. gregoryi_, and
relatively smaller than the P4 of _H. hatcheri_. The width of the molars
is relatively greater in _H. tenuiceps_ and _H. gregoryi_ than in _H.
hatcheri_.


MEASUREMENTS

(In millimeters)

                                                  U. K. M. N. H.
                                                  (Vert. Paleo.)
                                                     No. 7702
Height of skull at M2                                  7.48
Length from anterior end of nasals to rear of M3      15.41
Length of nasal bones                                 10.50
Width of rostrum at highest point of root canal        3.97
Interorbital width                                     4.39
Estimated length of skull                             25.00
I, anteroposterior length                              1.56
I, transverse width                                    0.63
P4-M3 crown length                                     3.75
P4-M3 alveolar length                                  3.80
P4, anteroposterior length[A]                          1.05
P4, transverse width                                   1.08
M1, anteroposterior length                             0.93
M1, transverse width                                   1.17
M2, anteroposterior length                             0.93
M2, transverse width                                   1.14
M3, anteroposterior length                             0.78
M3, transverse width                                   0.93

[Note A: This and the following measurements at occlusal surface.]

_Discussion._--_Heliscomys tenuiceps_ shows beyond any doubt that the
heteromyid pattern of skull was developed by mid-Oligocene times, and in
this species was already undergoing lateral compression. The major
change later made in heteromyid skulls is broadening of the dorsal
surface of the skull in the interorbital area.

The complete confirmation of Wood's (1939) statement that the
"sciuromorph" zygomasseteric structure had been developed by this time
in the heteromyid rodents as it had been in the early Eomyids is
demonstrated in this specimen. Further, it is to be noted that the
infraorbital canal is not sciuridlike, but has been forced forward on
the rostrum, as in the Geomyoidea.

In some ways this skull shows similarities to _Florentiamys loomisi_
Wood, of the early Miocene, which aid in determining the relationship of
that unusual genus to _Heliscomys_ and to the heteromyids in general.
When Wood described _Florentiamys_ the peculiar combination of
characters found in this animal prompted him to speculate that: (1) It
was a typical heteromyid which had secondarily developed cingula; (2)
its cheek teeth were nearer the primitive pattern than were those of any
other known fossil heteromyid, and that _Heliscomys_ represented a
simplification in the reduction of the cingula; or (3) it was not a
heteromyid, but a parallel development from the "Paramys" stock. Wood
favored the second possibility. Now that a part of the skull of one
species of _Heliscomys_ is known, the undivided internal cingulum that
is confluent with the hypocone, the lateral compression of the deep
rostrum, and the general similarity to the heteromyids appear as points
in common between the two skulls, and demonstrate the closeness of
_Florentiamys_ to the heteromyids. However, the specimen does not
contribute anything new to use in choosing between Wood's first two
postulates. In the writer's opinion the undivided internal cingulum is a
primitive condition that has survived in _Florentiamys_ and _Heliscomys
tenuiceps_. This common character together with the laterally compressed
rostrum leads me to think that structurally, _H. tenuiceps_ is a link
between _Florentiamys_ and the ancestral form of _Heliscomys_.
Admittedly P4 of _Florentiamys_ seems far from the _Heliscomys_ pattern,
but I think that this highly specialized structure could have been
derived from _Heliscomys_ or a common ancestor.




LITERATURE CITED


MCGREW, PAUL O.

1941. Heteromyids from the Miocene and Lower Oligocene. Geol. Ser. of
Field Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, pp. 55-57, 1 fig.

WOOD, ALBERT E.

1933. A New Heteromyid Rodent from the Oligocene of Montana. Jour.
Mamm., vol. 14, pp. 134-141, 5 figs.

1935. Evolution and Relationship of the Heteromyid Rodents with New
Forms from the Tertiary of Western North America. Annals of the Carnegie
Mus., vol. 24, pp. 73-262, 157 figs.

1937. Part II. Rodentia, in The Mammalian Fauna of the White River
Oligocene; by William Berryman Scott and Glenn Lowell Jepsen. Trans.
Amer. Phil. Soc., n.s., vol. 28, pp. 155-269, figs. 8-70, pls. 23-33.

1939. Additional Specimens of the Heteromyid Rodent Heliscomys from the
Oligocene of Nebraska. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 237, pp. 550-561, 11 figs.

_Transmitted March 1, 1948._

22-3342





End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Species of Heteromyid Rodent
from the Middle Oligocene of Northeast Colorado with Remarks on the Skull, by Edwin C. Galbreath

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW SPECIES OF HETEROMYID RODENT ***

***** This file should be named 34412.txt or 34412.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/4/1/34412/

Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net.


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
https://gutenberg.org/license).


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at https://pglaf.org

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org


Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit https://pglaf.org

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.


Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.


Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     https://www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.