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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/34949-8.txt b/34949-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..248296c --- /dev/null +++ b/34949-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1751 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea, by +Robert G Webb and J. Knox Jones and George W. Byers + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea + +Author: Robert G Webb + J. Knox Jones + George W. Byers + +Release Date: January 13, 2011 [EBook #34949] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOME REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS *** + + + + +Produced by Simon Gardner, Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +Transcriber's Notes + +This Plain Text version has been prepared for Smooth Reading using the +ASCII and Latin-1 character sets. + + Italic typeface has been represented using _underscores_; + Bold typeface has been represented using =equals symbols=; + Small caps typeface has been represented using UPPER CASE. + +Note that some unexpected spellings have not been changed from +the original: + +Page 155 onwards: "parotoid" appears for "parotid". + +Page 172 (two references by Mori): "Quelpaert" appears for "Quelpart". + +The following changes to the text have been made: + +Page 159: changed "planyci" to "plancyi" (The most trenchant characters +of _plancyi_ seem to be ...) + +Page 169: changed "juvenal" to "juvenile" (... does not conform to the +juvenile pattern of either subspecies.) + + * * * * * + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Volume 15, No. 2, pp. 149-173 + + January 31, 1962 + + Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea + + BY + + ROBERT G. WEBB, J. KNOX JONES, JR., + AND GEORGE W. BYERS + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + LAWRENCE + 1962 + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, + Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. + + Volume 15, No. 2, pp. 149-173 + Published January 31, 1962 + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + PRINTED BY + JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1962 + + 28-8517 + + + + Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea + + BY + + ROBERT G. WEBB, J. KNOX JONES, JR., AND GEORGE W. BYERS + +In 1954, two of us (Jones and Byers) collected reptiles and amphibians +in Korea incidental to field studies relating to hemorrhagic fever. The +382 specimens thus obtained were deposited either in the Museum of +Natural History of The University of Kansas (KU), or in the Museum of +Zoology of the University of Michigan (UMMZ), and are the basis for the +present report. Continuous American military operations of one sort or +another in Korea since 1945 have afforded opportunities for interested +persons to obtain there collections of amphibians and reptiles, the +study of which has resulted in several recent publications (Babb, 1955; +Dixon, 1956; Hahn, 1959 and 1960; Shannon, 1956 and 1957; Stewart, 1953 +and 1954; Tanner, 1953; Walley, 1958_a_ and 1958_b_). This paper, which +contains comments on the natural history and taxonomy of 22 species, all +previously reported from Korea, supplements earlier studies, especially +Shannon's (1956) annotated list of the herpetofauna of the country. + +Shannon (_loc. cit._) recorded 36 kinds of reptiles and amphibians from +Korea. Subsequently, _Bufo stejnegeri_ (previously omitted) was added by +Shannon (1957), _Takydromus takydromoides oldi_ was described by Walley +(1958_a_), and _Takydromus kwangakuensis_ was relegated to synonymy +under _T. amurensis_ by Walley (1958_b_). Presently, then, 37 kinds are +on record from the Korean Peninsula. + +In the accounts beyond, Jones and Byers are mostly responsible for the +remarks on natural history, whereas Webb is mostly responsible for the +taxonomic comments. The synonymies include (1) the original description, +which is followed by (2) the first use of the name-combination here +employed if it differs from the name as originally proposed, and (3) any +synonyms having type localities in Korea. All measurements are in +millimeters and all dates refer to the year 1954 unless otherwise +indicated. A gazetteer of localities mentioned in the text and a list of +literature cited follow the accounts of species. + +We are grateful to the officers, enlisted men and civilians associated +in 1954 with the Field Unit of the Commission on Hemorrhagic Fever, +Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, who aided our efforts in Korea; we +are especially mindful of the contributions of Dr. Albert A. Barber, Dr. +Marshall Hertig, Mr. Louis J. Lipovsky and Dr. Warren D. Thomas. We are +grateful also to Mr. Yoshinori Imaizumi, National Science Museum of +Japan, for his translations of several papers in Japanese, and to Dr. +Edward H. Taylor for making certain pertinent references available to +us. + + +=Hynobius leechii= Boulenger + + _Hynobius Leechii_ Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 19:67, + January, 1887 (type locality, Gensan [=Wonsan], Korea). + + _Hynobius leechii quelpaertensis_ Mori, Jour. Chosen Nat. Hist. + Soc., 6:47 (Japanese) and 53 (English), March 25, 1928 (type + locality, Quelpart Island [=Cheju Do], Korea). + + _Specimens examined_ (3).--1 mi. SW Inje, 1 (KU); 4 mi. NNE + Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 2 (KU). + + _Description_ (KU 38774 from 1 mi. SW Inje).--Total length, 86 (head + 13, body 40, tail 33); costal grooves (including axillary and + inguinal), 13; two costal grooves between adpressed toes; length of + inner branch of series of vomerine teeth less than distance between + outer border of naris and peak of opposite series (tooth-rows + V-shaped, approximately as long as broad); dorsal surface yellowish + brown or buff (yellowish in life), having numerous blackish marks; + venter yellowish cream, having an indistinct grayish mottling. + +_Remarks._--The salamander described above was found in a foxhole with +another desiccated individual (not saved) on a military compound on +April 24. The only other occurrence of _H. leechii_ on the mainland to +come to our attention was the report of several larvae that were seen in +a small pool on a hillside near Chip´o-ri in the summer of 1953. + +Each of the two specimens from Cheju Do (KU 38775-76) differs from KU +38774 in having (1) the length of inner branch of the vomerine series +slightly greater than the distance between outer border of naris and +peak of opposite series (tooth-rows V-shaped, longer than broad), (2) a +dorsal and ventral keel on the tail, (3) one costal groove (rather than +two costal grooves) between adpressed toes, and (4) in being darker both +dorsally and ventrally. The area of buff on the dorsal surface of each +specimen is reduced by a fine, blackish mottling and stippling, and the +venter of each is grayish. Respective total lengths of KU 38775 and +38776 are 84 (head 12, body 36, tail 36) and 89 (12, 35, 42), and the +number of costal grooves 13 and 14. Although the two specimens are of +approximately the same size, the tail of KU 38776 is noticeably the +longer; the tail of KU 38775 is thicker and deeper than that of KU +38776. + +The two specimens from 4 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri were taken on September 9 in +damp substrate under volcanic rocks along a little-used road; although +many rocks were overturned, only these two individuals were found. A +South Korean soldier informed us that salamanders were fairly common on +Cheju Do. + +Mori (1928_a_:16) first mentioned in Japanese text the alleged +distinctiveness of the salamander occurring on Cheju Do. Later, Mori +(1928_b_:47 in Japanese, and 1928_c_:53 in English) provided valid +descriptions of the subspecies, _Hynobius leechii quelpaertensis_. Okada +(1934:17) questioned the validity of _H. l. quelpaertensis_ and Sato +(1943) regarded the salamanders of Cheju Do as inseparable from the +Korean _H. leechii_. The English description of _quelpaertensis_ is +briefer than the preceding one in Japanese and lacks comparisons with +related forms. KU 38775-76 seemingly differ appreciably from the +description of _quelpaertensis_ only in having the series of vomerine +teeth narrowly V-shaped and longer than broad. We tentatively follow +Sato in regarding _quelpaertensis_ as a synonym of _leechii_. + + +=Bombina orientalis= (Boulenger) + + _Bombinator orientalis_ Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, + 5:143, pl. IX, fig. 2, February, 1890 (type locality restricted to + Chefoo, China, by Pope, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61:435, + August 29, 1931). + + _Bombina orientalis_, Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:51, figs. + 30-43, pl. VII (reproduction from Boulenger, _supra_), July 22, + 1907. + + _Specimens examined_ (87).--2 mi. N Chip´o-ri, 8 (KU), 5 (UMMZ); 1 + mi. SW Inje, 1 (KU); 15 mi. NE Mosulp´o, Cheju Do, 6 (KU); + Sangdaehwa, 2 (KU); Taehoesan-ni, 1 (KU); 1 mi. W Tangjonggok, 32 + (KU), 17 (UMMZ); Tangnim-ni, 2 (KU); 3 mi. SW Yanggu, 1 (KU); 2 mi. + N Yongdae-ri, 8 (KU), 4 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--Most of our specimens were taken from breeding congresses +after heavy rains in rice fields and other shallow temporary waters. +Thirteen individuals from Chip´o-ri were collected from foxholes around +the edge of a military compound (two pairs in amplexus; no egg masses +seen), and represent a small sample of frogs that were everywhere +following a heavy rain on the night of May 13-14. On April 23, 32 +_Bombina orientalis_ and three _Rana temporaria dybowskii_ were trapped +in the water-filled bottom of an unused grease pit near Tangjonggok. +Many tadpoles and two kinds of egg masses (small clusters and beadlike +strings) were present; the small clusters of _Bombina_ were commonest. +On June 13 at the same locality, thousands of these toads were observed +(hundreds in axillary amplexus) in foxholes, temporary rain pools, and +backwashes along the Puk-ch´on [river]. On June 12 near Yongdae-ri many +individuals were seen (several pairs in amplexus), along Route 24 +paralleling the Puk-ch´on, in rain pools and in ditches and backwashes +from the river; almost all available water contained small +(approximately 10 × 10 mm.) egg masses. Numbers of eggs per mass, +selected at random, were 5, 2, 2, 5, 2, 8, 8, 2 and 5. Some that were +saved subsequently hatched on June 15-17. + +The call is a quiet low trill or series of staccato whistles rising +slightly at the beginning; a short peeplike note also was heard. The +specimens from Cheju Do, which are generally smaller than those +collected on the mainland in spring, were taken on September 6 in a +small stream that had large volcanic rocks in many places and that was +flanked by thick brush and small trees. The earliest and latest dates on +which _B. orientalis_ was collected were April 21 and September 6, +respectively. + +In the breeding season, males are distinguished from females by the +large blackish (probably brownish earlier in season) areas on the +anteroventral surface of the antebrachium, the metacarpal tubercle, and +the inner surface of the first finger (sometimes also the second and +third). Also, males have conspicuous black-tipped tubercles on the back +(usually absent in females) that extend onto the limbs (usually smooth +in females, at least laterally). Field observations by one of us (Byers) +suggested that the dorsal pattern of males had greater contrast than +that of females and that the venter was brighter reddish. Eight females +from Tangjonggok averaged 47.9 (43-51) in snout-vent length, whereas 24 +males from there averaged 50.0 (46-55), indicating little, if any, size +difference between the sexes. + +Okada (1931:29) recorded variation in color of live Korean individuals +(green or brown dorsally and pale yellow or red ventrally) and variation +in extent of black markings on the belly (_op. cit._:fig. 12). The +specimens from Cheju Do (28, 32, 32, 32, 37 and 46 in snout-vent length) +have less black ventrally than specimens from the mainland. + + +=Bufo bufo gargarizans= Cantor + + _Bufo gargarizans_ Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 9:483, + August, 1842 (type locality, island of Chusan, China). + + _Bufo bufo gargarizans_, Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:59, + July 22, 1907. + + _Specimens examined_ (10).--Central National Forest, near + Pup´yong-ni, 1 (KU); 5 mi. NW Choksong, near Imjin River, 1 (KU); 5 + mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 4 (KU), 2 (UMMZ); 1 mi. S + Yami-ri, 1 (KU). + + _Description (nine females)._--Dorsal surface brownish, having + indistinct pale areas, some of which tend to form longitudinal + stripes that extend posteriorly from parotoid glands; blackish + mark, usually on lateral part of parotoid, having short spurs + directed posteriorly and ventrally; edge of upper jaw and warts on + dorsal surface becoming blackish with increasing size; small, + conspicuous group of warts near angle of jaw below parotoid; + middorsal warts tending, at level of posterior edge of parotoids, to + form a V that has its apex between the parotoids; ventral surface + pale yellowish, sometimes having well-defined blackish marks; + granular underparts of large specimens having small blackish + tubercles. + + _Male (KU 40118 from 5 mi. E Seoul)._--Snout-vent length, 65; no + vocal sacs or slits; dorsal and inner surfaces of first and second + fingers, and inner surface of third finger black; canthus rostralis + indistinct (a well-defined ridge on right side); nostrils closer to + tip of snout than to eye, their distance from each other slightly + less than interorbital width; interorbital width (6.2) greater than + width of eyelid (4.7); tympanum distinct, circular, its diameter + (3.0) less than length of eye (6.5), and approximately twice + distance (1.6) of tympanum from eye; no cranial crests; parotoid + gland elongate, approximately twice as long as broad (12.5 × 5.0), + narrowly separated from posterior edge of eyelid; head elongate + (width at posterior edge of tympanum, 23.6); length from posterior + edge of tympanum to tip of upper jaw, 18.9; first finger slightly + longer than second, fourth finger about two-thirds as long as third; + most subarticular tubercles divided; outer palmar tubercle larger + than inner; heels not touching when folded legs placed at right + angles to longitudinal axis of body; tibiotarsal articulation just + reaching eye when leg laid forward; tarsometatarsal articulation not + reaching beyond snout; foot large (tibiotarsal articulation to tip + of fourth toe approximately 46.0); fourth toe approximately half + webbed, other toes more than half webbed; edges of webs somewhat + crenulate; some subarticular tubercles divided; length of inner + metatarsal tubercle (4.5) more than half length of first toe (7.0); + inner metatarsal tubercle larger than outer, both darkened; tarsal + fold extending from inner metatarsal tubercle for approximately + two-thirds length of tarsus; tips of toes (not fingers) darkened; + dorsal surface of back and proximal part of hind legs coarsely + granular, of rounded, pavement-type tubercles lacking sharp tips; + small group of warts near angle of jaw below parotoids; dorsal + pattern contrasting and irregular (especially on limbs), of dark + brown and pale gray; conspicuous black mark (interrupted) on lateral + surface of parotoid having two, well-defined spurs that project + posteroventrally; undersurface granular, lacking markings except for + two indistinctly-margined dark spots on chest, and black spot on + left leg. + +_Remarks._--This nocturnal, introduced species (Okada, 1931:47) is +presumably widespread in Korea and seemingly prefers lowland habitats. +Individuals were taken in sparse vegetation on a sand flat near the Han +River, at the edge of a rice field in a light rain, along a road at +night, and in millet fields adjacent to the Han River, which was +flooding at that time (July 9). + +As is obvious from the foregoing descriptions, the male (KU 40118), +which was obtained on March 19, differs considerably from the nine +females; neither does it agree with Stejneger's (1907:66) or Okada's +(_op. cit._:45-46, fig. 18) description of males of _Bufo bufo asiaticus +[=gargarizans]_ from Wonsan and Seoul. Upon cursory examination, KU +40118 is notable for having a contrasting dorsal pattern and elongate, +ranidlike proportions. Some of the characteristics resemble those of +_Bufo raddei_ Strauch as given by Stejneger (_op. cit._:70-72, figs. +53-57), Okada (1935:9, figs. 2 and 32-34, pls. II-III), and Liu +(1950:203-205, fig. 43). + +Stejneger (_op. cit._:59-68) recognized _B. b. gargarizans_ as occurring +in southern China, and _Bufo bufo asiaticus_ as the subspecies occurring +in northern China. Subsequently, _asiaticus_ was relegated to synonymy +under the earlier-named _gargarizans_--see discussions by Pope and +Boring (1940:33) and Liu (_op. cit._:220). + + +=Kaloula borealis= (Barbour) + + _Cacopoides borealis_ Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 51(12):231, + April, 1908 (type locality, Antung, Manchuria). + + _Kaloula borealis_, Noble, Amer. Mus. Novit., 165:6, April 16, 1925. + + _Specimens examined_ (8).--5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 3 + (UMMZ); 7 mi. ESE Seoul, 4 (KU). + +_Remarks._--On April 5, one male and three females were uncovered by a +bulldozer from between one and two feet below the surface of the ground +in an old Korean burial mound; one individual was completely surrounded +by compact soil. All quickly became active when placed in water. Two of +the females (43 and 44 in snout-vent length) contained masses of +immature eggs. A male obtained on June 4 was found during a rain; the +three UMMZ specimens were obtained on July 8 on banks above the Han +River. Breeding of this species seems to coincide with the rainy season +in late spring and early summer when males were noted calling around +flooded ditches and swales in deep grass. The local Korean name of the +species, which sounds something like "maeng-kongi," is said to come from +the call, which is best described as a monotonous, snoring sound that +rarely is heard in two parts as suggested by the name. + + +=Hyla arborea japonica= Günther + + [_Hyla arborea_] Var. _japonica_ Günther, Catalogue of the Batrachia + Salientia in the ... British Museum, p. 109, 1858 (type locality, + Japan). + + _Hyla arborea_ var. _savignyi_ Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. + 5, 19:67, January, 1887 (type locality, Gensan [= Wonsan], Korea). + + _Hyla stepheni_ Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 579, pl. 51, + fig. 1 (for 1887), April, 1888 (type locality, Port Hamilton, a + small island between Korea and Japan). + + _Specimens examined_ (44).--Central National Forest, near + Pup´yong-ni, 2 (KU); 3 mi. NW Chip´o-ri, 1 (KU); 1 mi. N Mosulp´o, + Cheju Do, 1 (KU); 1 mi. NW Oho-ri, 13 (KU), 3 (UMMZ); + Sangbonch´on-ni, 2 (UMMZ); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 8 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, + 10 (KU), 3 (UMMZ); 7 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--Hylids from 5 mi. ESE Seoul were collected from a +cement-walled pit at the Seoul City Water Works; a specimen of _Elaphe +rufodorsata_ taken in the pit had eaten one hylid. Two individuals were +taken in the morning of May 29 on leaf litter in a wooded valley in the +Central National Forest where a number were calling in a light rain, but +the species was rarely found in woods. Two frogs were found along a +rocky stream at Sangbonch´on-ni. Most individuals were taken while +calling, on grasses and reeds or on the ground, along the edges of rice +fields. Sixteen hylids collected 1 mi. NW Oho-ri were calling in shallow +water of a rice field on a hillside, but none was heard in a large lake +nearby or in adjacent fields. On May 15, 4 mi. ESE Ch´orwon, +approximately one hundred tadpoles, thought to be of this species, +congregated near a drain (into a lower field) of an unused rice field; +the tadpoles were well-developed, some having hind legs. The earliest +and latest dates of collection represented in our material are May 8 and +October 29. The call is best described as a raspy "waak," "week," or +"wiick" in the middle register. + +The listing of "Hylae arboreae var japonicae descript pars _Schleg. in +Fauna Japon._ p. 112 ..." by Günther (1858:81) in synonymy under the +account of _Polypedates schlegelii_, implies that Schlegel was the first +author to use the name-combination _Hyla arborea japonica_. Boulenger +(1882:86, 381) went so far as to credit Schlegel as the author of the +name _japonica_. The reason for this action is not known because +Schlegel (in von Siebold, 1838:112) referred to this hylid only under +the name "Hyla arborea." + + +=Rana rugosa= Schlegel + + _Rana rugosa_ Schlegel, Reptilia [Saurii et Batrachii], _in_ von + Siebold, Fauna Japonica, p. 110, pl. 3, figs. 3-4, 1838 (type + locality designated as Japan, probably near Nagasaki, by + Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:123, July 22, 1907). + + _Specimens examined_ (26).--Central National Forest, near + Pup´yong-ni, 13 (KU), 1 (UMMZ); 2 mi. S Ch´orwon, 4 (KU); 2 mi. E + Hoengsong, 3 (KU); 1 mi. NW Oho-ri, 1 (KU); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU); + 6 mi. E Seoul, 3 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--_Rana rugosa_ was associated with _Rana nigromaculata_ and +_Rana amurensis coreana_ at all localities where the species was taken +save at 2 mi. E Hoengsong, where _R. a. coreana_ was not observed. Three +specimens of _R. rugosa_ were collected among grasses and reeds in +water along the edge of Ch´orwon Reservoir, 2 mi. S Ch´orwon, where they +were difficult to find in the thick vegetation even though their low, +soft calls were heard; the specimen from 1 mi. NW Oho-ri was found in a +rice field. Otherwise, habitats recorded indicate a preference for +small, fast-flowing streams, especially in wooded valleys. On one +occasion, individuals were found trapped in cement-walled pits about old +ruins on a wooded hillside in the Central National Forest. The earliest +and latest dates of capture among our specimens are May 15 and November +6. In addition to the localities listed above, the species was observed +4 mi. W Ch´ungju. + +_R. rugosa_ may have an extensive breeding season as suggested by the +variation in size of frogs collected or observed in 1954. Of nine frogs +obtained on May 29, five ranged in snout-vent length from 26 to 28, and +four from 42 to 54. Three specimens collected on October 9 measured 39, +41, and 55, and two obtained on November 6 measured 25 and 37. + + +=Rana nigromaculata= Hallowell + + _Rana nigromaculata_ Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, + [12]:500 (for 1860), 1861 (type locality, Simoda, Japan). + + _Specimens examined_ (47).--Central National Forest, near + Pup´yong-ni, 6 (KU); 2 mi. S Ch´orwon, 5 (KU); 4 mi. W Ch´ungju, 2 + (KU); 7 mi. W Ch´ungju, 1 (KU); 2 mi. E Hoengsong, 1 (KU); 8 mi. SW + Kunsan, 1 (KU); 1 mi. NW Oho-ri, 5 (KU); 5 mi. ENE Pusan, 2 (KU); 5 + mi. ESE Seoul, 9 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 3 (KU), 10 (UMMZ); 6 mi. NNE + Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 2 (KU). + + _Description._--Back brownish or grayish (greenish in life), having + few, indistinct or well-defined, dark blotches, or extensive + blackish areas (representing fusion of markings); pale, middorsal + stripe (pale green, buff or yellowish in life) from snout to anus, + sometimes as wide as interorbital width, but indistinct or lacking + when pattern on back absent; blackish bar often present behind + tympanum; posterior surface of thigh mottled; underparts pale yellow + to whitish, sometimes having a few dusky marks on throat; + longitudinal ridges between dorsolateral folds indistinct in some + small frogs; largest female and male having respective snout-vent + lengths of 100 and 70. + +_Remarks._--_Rana nigromaculata_ is the most abundant ranid in central +Korea and, in a general way, the ecological equivalent of _Rana pipiens_ +in temperate North America. The species is associated with most aquatic +habitats, from rocky streams to rice fields and large impoundments. In +the vicinity of Seoul the din of large breeding congresses was heard +more or less continuously from mid-April to mid-May. Large numbers of +juveniles (approximately one inch long) were noticed first on July 8 and +were present thereafter for about three weeks, being commonest in +standing water after heavy rains or during prolonged showers. These data +and the different sizes of individuals collected at the same time +suggest either variable growth or, more probably, an extensive breeding +season. Our earliest and latest dates of collection are April 16 and +October 7. The Korean name for "frog," most often applied to _R. +nigromaculata_, sounds something like "keg-oh-ree." The call is a +prolonged, raspy, staccato croak, sometimes with a rising inflection at +the end. + +In addition to the localities listed above, the species was observed 5 +mi. W Kwangju and 3 mi. S Osan. + +Despite a high degree of individual variation, _Rana nigromaculata_ +seemingly varies geographically as well; some subspecies probably should +be recognized, but the species as a whole has never been thoroughly +studied systematically. The division of _R. nigromaculata_ into three +subspecies by Schmidt (1927:563-567) was considered untenable by Fang +and Chang (1931:95-98), and it has been regarded by most recent authors +as a variable, monotypic species. + +The named subspecies _R. n. chosenica_ (Okada, 1931:89, with type +locality at Seoul, and geographically restricted to Korea) was +considered a subspecies of _Rana plancyi_ by Shannon (1956:36). The most +trenchant characters of _plancyi_ seem to be the wide dorsolateral +folds, the uniform greenish dorsum, the presence of dermal pustules on +the back between the dorsolateral folds, and the lack of a mottled +pattern on the posterior surface of the thigh. Among our specimens of +_R. nigromaculata_, the width of the dorsolateral folds is variable, a +uniform greenish dorsum is found only in large males, dermal pustules +are mixed with ridges in only one male (KU 38733), and all have a +spotted or mottled pattern on the posterior surface of the thigh. All of +our specimens having an indistinct pattern on the back, or lacking a +pattern, are males and resemble the photographs of males published by +Moriya (1954: pl. I, fig. 5) and Liu (1936: pl. IV, figs. 1-2); +juveniles of both sexes and large females have contrasting patterns. + +None of our frogs seems, therefore, clearly referable to the species +_plancyi_, although some characters are suggestive of _plancyi_. Moriya +(_op. cit.:19_), who studied variation of _R. nigromaculata_ in Japan, +noted that one of the most distinct populations there (_R. n. +brevipoda_) resembled _Rana plancyi_. Ting (1939) discovered that +_nigromaculata_ and _plancyi_ were cross-fertile and raised hybrid +larvae through metamorphosis. Pope and Boring (1940) suggested +hybridization between the two species in eastern China, and the above +mentioned facts suggest to us the possibility of hybridization in other +regions. + + +=Rana amurensis coreana= Okada + + _Rana temporaria coreana_ Okada, Annot. Zool. Japon., 11:140 + (footnote), July 25, 1927, _nomen nudum_. + + _Rana temporaria coreana_ Okada, Jour. Chosen Nat. Hist. Soc, 6:19, + pl. 1, fig. 7, 1928 (type locality, Keijo [= Seoul], Korea). + + _Rana amurensis coreana_, Shannon, Herpetologica, 12:38, March 6, + 1956. + + _Specimens examined_ (9).--Central National Forest, near + Pup´yong-ni, 1 (KU); 2 mi. S Ch´orwon, 1 (KU); 4 mi. W Ch´ungju, 1 + (KU); 1 mi. N Oho-ri, 1 (KU); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 3 (KU); Yongp´yong, 2 + (KU). + +_Remarks._--One individual of _R. a. coreana_ (KU 38698) and one of +_Rana temporaria dybowskii_ (KU 38715) were collected on May 29 along a +stream in the Central National Forest in association with _R. rugosa_ +and _R. nigromaculata_. Specimens of _coreana_ from the vicinity of +Seoul were found in rice fields. The earliest date of collection was +April 13 at Yongp´yong. Our largest specimen of _coreana_ measured 47 in +snout-vent length. + +Because _R. a. coreana_ and _Rana temporaria dybowskii_ are sympatric in +central Korea and closely resemble one another, the two species were not +distinguished in the field and the following observations may pertain to +either (or both) species. Wood frogs were observed 2 mi. E Songdong-ni +on July 12 in paddies (rice fields) along with individuals of _Hyla +arborea_, _Rana rugosa_, and _Rana nigromaculata_. At Chip´o-ri on April +6, individuals (probably _R. t. dybowskii_) were seen in a seepage pool +from an abandoned rice field; _R. nigromaculata_ also was seen there. +Six or seven egg masses (some having small tadpoles) were observed in +the shallow water, but it was not certain to which species the eggs +belonged. Completely metamorphosed young (probably _R. a. coreana_) were +first seen 1 mi. N Oho-ri on June 9. At Taehoesan-ni on November 12, +several sluggish frogs were seen in a small pool that was covered by a +thin layer of ice. + +On September 26 in the Central National Forest, many wood frogs of +various sizes were observed. _R. amurensis_ and _R. temporaria_ probably +have extended breeding seasons that correspond to those of _R. rugosa_ +and _R. nigromaculata_. Judging from our observations, _amurensis_ +prefers the proximity of water, whereas _temporaria_ may occur some +distance from permanent water. + +In our specimens, _R. amurensis coreana_ differs from _R. temporaria +dybowskii_ in having (1) smaller maximal size, (2) more slender body, +(3) shorter legs, (4) incompletely webbed toes, (5) no mottling or +barring on lips, (6) no contrasting barred pattern on hind legs, (7) +dark brown stripes (usually) between dorsolateral folds, (8) a dark +brown, linear mark below canthus, and (9) an immaculate ventral surface. +Two additional distinguishing characters, which we found difficult to +evaluate, are the nearly straight, dorsolateral folds, and lack of vocal +sacs or ostia in males of _R. a. coreana_ (Shannon, 1956:38). Some of +the differences between the two species were illustrated by Okada, +1931:107, fig. 48, _R. temporaria temporaria_ [=_R. t. dybowskii_] and +123, fig. 54, _R. temporaria coreana_ [=_R. amurensis coreana_]. + + +=Rana temporaria dybowskii= Günther + + _Rana Dybowskii_ Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 17:387, May, + 1876 (type locality, Abrek Bay, near Vladivostok, Siberia). + + _Rana temporaria dybowski_, Shannon, Herpetologica, 12:38, March 6, + 1956. + + _Specimens examined_ (20).--Central National Forest, near + Pup´yong-ni, 7 (KU); Chip´o-ri, 2 (KU); 1 mi. SW Inje, 6 (KU); 8 mi. + SW Kangnung, 1 (KU); Taegwang-ni, 1 (KU); 1 mi. SW Tangjonggok, 3 + (KU). + +_Remarks._--On October 9 in the Central National Forest, five +individuals were found in a concrete-walled pit in old ruins on a wooded +hillside; no specimens of _Rana amurensis coreana_ were taken there. _R. +t. dybowskii_ was most often taken on high, moist slopes, and seemed to +be especially common in forests. The specimen from 8 mi. SW Kangnung was +obtained in a wooded area along a mountain stream. The earliest date of +collection of a specimen of _dybowskii_ was March 7 at Taegwang-ni. See +also the remarks under the preceding account of _Rana amurensis +coreana_. + +The largest male among our specimens measured 65 in snout-vent length +and the largest female, 79. Five gravid females had snout-vent lengths +of 64, 68, 69, 69 and 70. + + +=Trionyx sinensis= Wiegmann + + _Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis_ Wiegmann, Nova Acta Acad. + Leopold.-Carol., 17:189, 1835 (type locality, near Macao, China). + + _Specimen examined._--Han River, 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU). + +_Remarks._--Our only specimen was purchased from a man who had captured +it by hand in the Han River; it was the only turtle seen during our stay +in Korea. Koreans eat turtles, and the elaborate (and relatively +permanent) fish-traps that they construct across streams and small +rivers probably reduce the size of populations of _T. sinensis_ and +other species. + + +=Eremias argus= Peters + + _Eremias argus_ Peters, Monatsber. preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. + 61, fig. 3 (for 1869), 1870 (type locality, Chefoo, China). + + _Specimens examined_ (23).--Chip´o-ri, 1 (KU); 5 mi. E Seoul, 3 + (KU), 3 (UMMZ); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 4 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 10 (UMMZ); 7 + mi. ESE Seoul, 2 (KU). + +_Remarks._--Individuals of _E. argus_ were most often seen on dry +hillsides having a relatively sparse cover of vegetation. The first +lizard of this species was taken on April 2. In 1954 the last part of +March and early part of April were generally warm, with temperatures +above 70° F. on several occasions; probably some _E. argus_ were active +in late March. KU 38773 (snout-vent length, 51) laid three eggs between +June 4 and 14; KU 38768 (snout-vent length, 58) obtained on May 8 was +gravid, containing four eggs. Testes of lizards in the breeding season +measure approximately 4.0 x 2.5 (KU 38772, obtained on June 16). + +The snout-vent length of our largest female is 61, that of the largest +male, 57. The snout-vent length of 11 specimens averaged 77 (67-96) per +cent of length of tail. + + +=Tachydromus amurensis= Peters + + _Tachydromus amurensis_ Peters, Sitzungsber. Gesell. naturf. Freunde + Berlin, p. 71, 1881 (type locality, Kossakewitcha, Amurland). + + _Specimens examined_ (3).--Central National Forest, near + Pup´yong-ni, 1 (KU), 1 (UMMZ); Majon-ni, 1 (KU). + +_Remarks._--One of our specimens was found among grasses along a small +stream in the Central National Forest. The other two were obtained by +other persons and we lack knowledge of conditions of their capture. + +A juvenile (KU 39416, snout-vent length, 25) that was obtained on +September 9 is tentatively referred to this species. There seem to be +three femoral pores on the left leg but the number is indistinct on the +right. The specimen is dark and lacks a pattern. Its condition precludes +counts of ventral scales (not keeled), but scalation is otherwise the +same as a male (KU 40120, snout-vent length approximately 47, length of +tail, 124). The third specimen, a male (UMMZ 113442, snout-vent length, +51, length of tail, 115), agrees with KU 40120, except in having 32 +instead of 29 dorsal scales at midbody, 4-4 instead of 3-3 femoral +pores, and in lacking a pale stripe from eye through ear to shoulder. + + +=Tachydromus wolteri= Fischer + + _Tachydromus Wolteri_ Fischer, Jahrb. Wiss. Anst. Hamburg, 2:82 (for + 1884), 1885 (type locality, Chemulp´o, Korea). + + _Specimens examined_ (2).--Yongp´yong, 2 (KU). + +_Remarks._--On April 14, two females (57 and 45 in snout-vent length, +the tail of the latter measuring 103) were easily captured by hand on a +burned-over rice field. + + +=Lygosoma reevesii= (Gray) + + _Tiliqua Reevesii_ Gray, Ann. [Mag.] Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 2:292, + December, 1838 (type locality, China). + + [_Lygosoma (Liolepisma) laterale_] var. _reevesi_, Boettger, Katalog + der Batrachier-Sammlung ..., p. 104, 1893. + + _Specimens examined_ (6).--Central National Forest, near + Pup´yong-ni, 3 (KU); 4 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (KU); 7 mi. NNE + Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (UMMZ); 16 mi. NE Mosulp´o, Cheju Do, 1 + (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--On October 23 an individual was captured while sunning on a +stump on a wooded hillside in the Central National Forest; two others at +this locality were collected on damp ground-cover on the same hillside. +A juvenile from Cheju Do was found among moss-covered rocks in a stream +bed; the other specimens from Cheju Do were found among moss-covered +rocks on the western slope of Halla San. + +Each ovary of a female obtained on October 23 contained five enlarged +follicles, about 1 mm. in diameter. The left testis of a male obtained +on August 10 seemed enlarged, indicating possible sexual activity, and +measured approximately 6 x 2 mm. The snout-vent length of our largest +male is 41, that of our largest female, 48. The prefrontals are in +contact in all of our specimens save one (UMMZ 113446). + +There is disagreement among herpetologists concerning the generic name +of the small lygosome skink in the United States and its ecological +equivalent in China and Korea. We tentatively use _Lygosoma_ (Conant, +1951:207-208), although Mittleman (1950) pointed out reasons for using +_Scincella_. Shannon (1956:41) discussed the debated issue whether or +not the lygosome skinks of the New and Old worlds are conspecific. + + +=Rhabdophis tigrina lateralis= (Berthold) + + _Tropidonotus lateralis_ Berthold, Nachrichten Gesell. Wiss. + Göttingen, p. 180, 1859 (type locality, China). + + _Specimens examined_ (26).--Central National Forest, near + Pup´yong-ni, 1 (KU); 2 mi. N Chip´o-ri, 2 (KU); 3 mi. NW Chip´o-ri, + 4 (KU); 4 mi. N Ch´onan, 1 (KU); 3 mi. S Kumhwa, 1 (KU); 1 mi. SW + Naegong-ni, 1 (KU); 4 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU); 5 mi. E Seoul, 2 (UMMZ); + 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 4 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU), 4 (UMMZ); 7 mi. ESE + Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 2 (KU); 5 mi. NE + Taejon, 1 (KU). + +_Remarks._--This common, vagrant species was found on brushy hillsides, +near buildings on hills above rice fields, in tall grasses near streams, +in rice fields, and along drainage and irrigation ditches. The earliest +and latest dates of collection were April 5 and November 7. On the first +date mentioned an individual was found in hibernation with five _Elaphe +rufodorsata_ and one _Agkistrodon halys_ in an earthen Korean burial +mound. The specimen was uncovered by a bulldozer at a depth of about one +foot below the surface. We were told that 18 snakes of this species were +found in the same place (7 mi. ESE Seoul) the previous winter. + +The stomach of each of four individuals contained one _Rana +nigromaculata_. The stomach of another individual contained a _R. +nigromaculata_ and remains of a carabid beetle, whereas another +contained three small, partially-digested frogs that appeared to be +_Hyla arborea_. P. M. Youngman reported to us that he found a snake of +this species that was attempting to swallow a toad, _Bufo bufo +gargarizans_. One of the small individuals from Cheju Do was being eaten +by a _Zamenis spinalis_ when found. One specimen was parasitized by +three nematodes, _Kalicephalus natricis_ (see Olsen, 1957:208). + +Two females of this oviparous species (lengths of body, 680 and 700) +collected on May 14 contained nine eggs (18 mm. long), and 13 eggs (15 +mm.) respectively; a third (length of body, 610) obtained on June 26 +contained 10 eggs that were approximately 18 mm. long. A female (UMMZ +113458, length of body, 710), which was captured on July 10 and kept +alive in captivity, laid 11 eggs on August 12 between 9 and 10 in the +morning. The weight of nine of these eggs averaged 3.32 (3.0-3.6) grams; +the last two eggs deposited were small and weighed only 1.3 and 1.4 +grams. The eggs were incubated unsuccessfully. One that was opened on +September 14 and another opened on September 26 contained young easily +recognized as of this species. In captivity the parent snake underwent +ecdysis on about July 20 and again on August 26. + +Our largest female and largest male have respective total lengths of +1013 (840 + 173) and 740 (575 + 165). Our smallest specimens, captured +on September 9, measured 215 and 230 mm. in length of body, and probably +represent young of the year. The snake found in hibernation on April 5 +measured 275 in length of body. The ventrals of 11 males averaged 161.3 +(158-171) and those of 14 females, 165.1 (160-170); subcaudals of eight +males averaged 69.6 (66-74) and those of 14 females, 61.5 (52-73). + +Males seem to have small scales in the anal region that are more +strongly keeled than scales elsewhere on the body (the scales catch on +finger tips when rubbed in a posteroanterior direction), but males lack +small tubercles on the upper and lateral parts of the head as mentioned +by Maslin (1950:433). The comments of the same author (_op. cit._:434) +concerning integumental poison glands in the nuchal region of this +species are of interest in view of several reports that we received of +swollen extremities resulting from handling snakes of this species. + +In using the generic names _Rhabdophis_ and _Amphiesma_ for species +formerly placed in the genus _Natrix_, we follow Malnate (1960), who +divided _Natrix (auct.)_ into five distinct genera. + + +=Amphiesma vibakari ruthveni= (Van Denburgh) + + _Natrix vibakari ruthveni_ Van Denburgh, Proc. California Acad. + Sci., ser. 4, 13(2):3, July 26, 1923 (type locality, Pusan, + Korea). + + _Specimens examined_ (5).--Central National Forest, near + Pup´yong-ni, 1 (KU); 4 mi. SW Ch´ongyang-ni, 1 (KU); 10 mi. NE + Mosulp´o, Cheju Do, 1 (UMMZ); 6-7 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 + (KU), 1 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--The specimen from the Central National Forest was captured +on August 18 near a stream on a damp ground-cover of leaves. The +specimens from Cheju Do were taken in early September, one in a grassy +area, and the other two on earthen banks of road-cuts on the slopes of +Halla San. The stomach of one individual from Cheju Do contained an +earthworm. Our largest specimen, a male having 154 ventrals and 68 +subcaudals, measured 508 (380 + 128). + +The subcaudal counts of 68 (KU 38861) and 69 (UMMZ 113461) on two males +from Cheju Do are higher than the maximal count known for the subspecies +_ruthveni_ in Korea, and resemble those of _Amphiesma vibakari vibakari_ +of the Japanese islands. The subcaudals average 61 (55-65) in _ruthveni_ +and 71 (63-83) in _vibakari_ according to Van Denburgh (1923:3-4). A +juvenile from the Central National Forest (KU 38862), lacking the tip of +the tail, has 64 subcaudals. + + +=Dinodon rufozonatum= (Cantor) + + _Lycodon rufo-zonatus_ Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 9:483, + August, 1842 (type locality, island of Chusan, China). + + _Dinodon rufozonatus_, Peters, Sitzungsber. Gesell. naturf. Freunde + Berlin, p. 89, 1881. + + _Specimens examined_ (4).--Central National Forest, near + Pup´yong-ni, 3 (KU); Yongsan (Seoul), 1 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--The three specimens from the Central National Forest were +taken in the period August 12-26. Two were caught in live-traps set for +small mammals in deep forest among granite outcrops. The specimen from +Yongsan was obtained on October 27 in a partly wooded area. Ventrals and +subcaudals of our four specimens (all males) numbered, respectively, +198, 200, 198, 205, and 74, 75, 75, __. Total length of the largest +specimen was 960 (790 + 170). + +We follow Chang (1932:54) and most subsequent authors in regarding _D. +rufozonatum_ as a monotypic species. + + +=Zamenis spinalis= (Peters) + + _Masticophis spinalis_ Peters, Monatsber. preuss. Akad. Wiss., + Berlin, p. 91 (for 1866), 1867 (type locality, unknown--"Mexico" + erroneously listed). + + _Zamenis spinalis_, Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 9:22, + January, 1872. + + _Specimens examined_ (2).--5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. NNE + Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (KU). + +_Remarks._--The specimen from Cheju Do was captured on September 9 in +tall grass near a small stream and was eating a small _Rhabdophis +tigrina_. The female from near Seoul was obtained from a Korean on June +10, and was gravid (six eggs, each approximately 35 mm. in length). The +length of body measured approximately 550 and the length of incomplete +tail 168 in one specimen (KU 38777, female from 5 mi. ESE Seoul), 540 +and 183 in the other (KU 38778, female from Cheju Do). Respective +ventral and subcaudal counts of the two females are 204, 194, and 74+, +86. + +There is some disagreement in the literature as to the proper generic +name of this snake. Differences in dentition between Old World species +(referable to _Zamenis_) and the American species (referable to +_Coluber_) are discussed by Bogert and Oliver (1945:365). The species +_spinalis_ has been referred to _Coluber_ by several authors (see Pope, +1935:226). + + +=Elaphe dione= (Pallas) + + _Coluber dione_ Pallas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des + Russischen Reichs, 2:717, 1773 (type locality, "Salt steppes + toward the Caspian Sea" according to Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. + Mus., 58:315, July 22, 1907). + + _Elaphis dione_, Duméril and Bibron, Erpétologie générale ..., + 7:248, 1854. + + _Specimens examined_ (10).--Choksong, 1 (KU); 4 mi. N Ch´onan, 1 + (KU); Seoul, 1 (KU); 5 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU), 2 (UMMZ); 5 mi. ESE + Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 1 (UMMZ); Taegwang-ni, 1 (KU); 2 mi. + WSW Tongjonggok, 1 (KU). + +_Remarks._--This species seemingly occurs in upland habitats. Specimens +were taken on rocky hillsides, on sparsely wooded hillsides, and in +cultivated fields. November 21 was the latest date of capture of an +active individual (UMMZ 113451), the head of which was seen many times +prior to capture protruding from a hole beneath the concrete floor of a +building. A female (KU 38855), measuring 915 (775 + 140) in total +length, and obtained on June 13, contained nine eggs (32 mm. long). One +juvenile had eaten a half-grown house mouse, _Mus musculus_; the stomach +of a male contained three mice, one a striped field mouse, _Apodemus +agrarius_, the other two probably also of that species but too far +digested for certain identification. Eggs probably hatch in late summer. +A young of the year (length of body, 340) was captured on September 30; +another juvenile (length of body, 285) was obtained in May. + +Our largest male (KU 40123) measured 904 (719 + 185) in total length. +Ventrals and subcaudals of six females averaged 205.8 (198-211) and 62.2 +(55-69), respectively, whereas corresponding counts of four males +averaged 196.8 (190-214), and 71.0 (69-74). Each of nine specimens had +dorsal scales in 23-25-19 rows except one (UMMZ 113451), which had +23-25-23 rows. + + +=Elaphe rufodorsata= (Cantor) + + _Tropidonotus rufodorsatus_ Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, + 9:483, August, 1842 (type locality, island of Chusan, China). + + _Elaphe rufodorsata_, Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:310, + figs. 269-271, July 22, 1907. + + _Specimens examined_ (27).--7 mi. NW Changhowan-ni, 1 (KU); 3 mi. NW + Chip´o-ri, 3 (KU); 7 mi. W Ch´ungju, 2 (KU), 1 (UMMZ); 3 mi. S + Kumhwa, 2 (KU); 1 mi. NW Oho-ri, 1 (KU); 4 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU); 5 + mi. E Seoul, 2 (KU); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 2 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 3 (KU), + 2 (UMMZ); 7 mi. ESE Seoul, 5 (KU); 4 mi. N Uijongbu, 1 (KU); 5 mi. + NE Uijongbu, 1 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--_E. rufodorsata_ was commonly observed and collected on +barren hillsides, on country roads, in rice fields, and along drainage +ditches and small streams. One was found sunning outstretched on a road. +Two individuals were trapped in cement-walled pits at the Seoul City +Water Works. On April 5, five snakes of this species with one +_Rhabdophis tigrina_ and one _Agkistrodon halys_, all partly caked with +earth, were found sunning in a shallow depression on the side of a +Korean burial mound, which was presumably a hibernaculum. Aside from one +juvenile, four of the _E. rufodorsata_ were of approximately the same +size, having bodies ranging in length from 385 to 455. + +Copulation was observed on April 25 (male, KU 38811, length of body, +400, and female, KU 38812, length of body, 565), and on May 4 (female, +KU 38816, length of body, 620). Eggs doubtless hatch at various times in +summer. One of five snakes obtained on April 5 (see above) measured 310 +(250 + 60) in total length. Another juvenile (KU 38828), obtained on +October 18, was 478 (385 + 93) long, and our smallest specimen of this +species (KU 38821), captured on June 26, measured 275 (230 + 45). + +The stomachs of two snakes each contained a _Rana nigromaculata_; +another individual had eaten a _Hyla arborea_, and a fourth specimen had +eaten a small fish. One specimen was parasitized by a cestode. + +The largest female from our series (KU 38816) measured 740 (620 + 120), +and the largest male (KU 38813), 595 (475 + 120). Respective ventral and +subcaudal counts of 13 males averaged 170.5 (167-174) and 60.0 (56-63), +ventrals of 12 females averaged 178.3 (169-182), and subcaudals of 11 +averaged 51.0 (46-56). + + +=Elaphe schrencki anomala= (Boulenger) + + _Coluber anomalus_ Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 17:243, + March, 1916 (type locality, Chihfeng, China). + + _Elaphe schrencki anomala_, Pope, The reptiles of China, p. 266, + fig. 57, May 11, 1935. + + _Specimens examined_ (7).--Central National Forest, near + Pup´yong-ni, 2 (KU), 1 (UMMZ); 4½ mi. W Chip´o-ri, 1 (KU); 5 mi. + N P´yong-taek, 1 (KU); 5 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 + (KU). + +_Remarks._--Individuals were observed or taken on dry, scrubby hillsides +and in grassy upland areas. One of the three snakes from the Central +National Forest was captured on a steep, forested hillside among granite +outcroppings; another was obtained there along a stream bank and had +eaten three bats, _Murina aurata_ (see Jones, 1960:265), and one mouse, +_Apodemus_ sp. (tail only found). P. M. Youngman reported (personal +communication) finding a rat (_Rattus_ sp.) in the stomach of one +individual. A female (KU 38830, length of body, 1180) that was obtained +on June 2 contained 17 eggs, each approximately 32 mm. long. The +ventrals of two females numbered 223 and 229, and the subcaudals of the +latter 70. Ventrals and subcaudals of five males were, respectively, +211, 213, 214, 215, 216, and 71, 75, 75, 69, 75. + +The coloration and pattern of our seven specimens are of interest in +view of the probable intergradation between _E. s. anomala_ and _E. s. +schrencki_ in northern Korea (see comments by Shannon, 1956:46). The +smallest specimen (KU 38831), having a total length of 335 (280 + 55), +was obtained 4 mi. N P´yong-taek on September 24. It is nearly uniform +pale brown (lacks a dorsal pattern) and additionally is characterized as +follows: incomplete pattern on the head; no black postocular band (pale +brown with black posterior border); ventrolateral extensions of the head +pattern that form longitudinal stripes of white on the third row of +scales; a pale whitish stripe on the sixth and seventh scale rows that +extends posteriorly to the level of the fortieth ventral and that has a +narrow black border (sometimes interrupted); small and indistinct +blackish markings and pale stripes on sides (no higher than sixth row of +scales); underside of the head whitish; and venter grayish, having +blackish margins on the ends of ventrals posteriorly. KU 38831 is +unusual and perhaps anomalous in having a pattern that does not conform +to the juvenile pattern of either subspecies. + +A female (KU 38830), having a total length of 1390 (1180 + 210), from 5 +mi. ESE Seoul conforms to descriptions of _anomala_ in being uniformly +pale brown above and in having indistinct dark smudges on the sides; the +ventral surface is whitish having indistinct dark smudges, brown spots +at the ends of each ventral, and the posterior edge of each ventral +brown. A male (KU 40125), measuring 1090 (890 + 200) in total length, +from 5 mi. E Seoul, is pale brown above and lacks markings on the +anterior part of the body. Indistinct dark markings occur at midbody, +whereas the posterior quarter of the body and tail have well-defined +black bands on a buff background. The black bands posteriorly are +arranged in pairs; each pair of bands is separated by two and a half to +three scales, whereas the bands of each pair are separated by only one +and a half scales. The ventral surface has an obscure marbled pattern. +Our largest specimen, a male (UMMZ 113454) having a total length of 1488 +(1230 + 258), from the Central National Forest, resembles KU 40125, +except that pale brown blotches (29 on body, one blackish on neck) and +dark lateral spots occur anteriorly on the body. + +Another female (KU 38860, body length, 970) from 4½ mi. W Chip´o-ri, +our northernmost locality of record, has a fairly distinct pattern +dorsally. The 30 dark brown, black-edged blotches that are separated by +a buff background are not arranged in pairs (as in KU 40125); the dorsal +blotches sometimes alternate with small lateral blotches. The ventral +surface is marbled throughout. + +Two males from the Central National Forest, having total lengths of 1105 +(920 + 185) and 830 (690 + 140), generally resemble one another in +having the head and neck dark brown or blackish and the anterior part of +body dark brown, but discernibly blotched. The posterior part of the +body and tail of each bears well-defined blotches (dark brown or black) +with buffy interspaces; the dorsal blotches are sometimes arranged in +pairs. The ventral surface of each is marbled throughout. These two +males are noteworthy in that the pattern anteriorly is obscure, but the +ground color is dark, not pale as in the two specimens from the vicinity +of Seoul. + + +=Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus= Stejneger + + _Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus_ Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. + Mus., 58:463, July 22, 1907 (type locality, Pusan, Korea). + + _Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus_, Okada, A catalogue of vertebrates + of Japan, p. 103, 1938. + + _Specimens examined_ (12).--Central National Forest, near + Pup´yong-ni, 4 (KU); 3 mi. NW Chip´o-ri, 2 (KU); 16 mi. NE Mosulp´o, + Cheju Do, 1 (UMMZ); 5 mi. E Seoul, 1 (UMMZ); 6 mi. E Seoul, 2 (KU); + 7 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU); 7 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--Individuals of _Agkistrodon_ were collected on brushy or +wooded hillsides, along rock walls or in piles of rocks, and in damp, +rocky, wooded ravines near streams. Many were docile when captured. One +specimen was infested with nematodes, another with cestodes. One +specimen had eaten a striped field mouse, _Apodemus agrarius_, and +another had eaten a gray hamster, _Cricetulus triton_. One female, +obtained on May 22, 6 mi. E Seoul, contained 14 embryos. Another female, +obtained on August 25 in the Central National Forest, contained three +well-developed embryos. + +We have not included descriptive or taxonomic remarks concerning _A. +halys_ because Dr. Howard K. Gloyd, University of Arizona, who currently +is studying the systematics of the genus _Agkistrodon_, has our +specimens on loan. + + +Gazetteer + +Listed below are all localities mentioned in the accounts of species; +the latitude (north) and longitude (east) are given for each. All +place-names can be found in "Gazetteer to maps of Korea," 3 vols., AMS +2, U. S. Army Map Service, September, 1950, and, except for the two +marked by an asterisk, can be located on AMS map series L552 (Korea, +1:250,000). The McCune-Reischauer system of romanization of Korean names +is used. + + Changhowan-ni. 37°07´, 127°38´ + + Central National Forest. A small mixed forest 15-18 mi. NE Seoul and + immediately west of the village of Pup´yong-ni; most of our + collecting there was done approximately at 37°45´, 127°10´ + + Cheju Do (Quelpart Island). A large island in the East China Sea off + the southwestern tip of the Korean mainland (see Mosulp´o and + Sogwi-ri) + + Chip´o-ri. 38°08´, 127°19´ + + Choksong. 37°58´, 126°57´ + + Ch´onan. 36°48´, 127°09´ + + *Ch´ongyang-ni. 38°15´, 127°23´ + + Ch´orwon. 38°15´, 127°13´ + + Ch´ungju. 36°58´, 127°57´ + + Halla San. A central, volcanic mountain on Cheju Do (see above) + + Hoengsong. 37°29´, 127°59´ + + Inje. 38°04´, 128°11´ + + Kangnung. 37°45´, 128°54´ + + Kumhwa. 38°17´, 127°28´ + + Kunsan. 35°59´, 126°43´ + + Kwangju. 35°09´, 126°55´ + + Majon-ni. 37°52´, 126°46´ + + Mosulp´o. 33°13´, 126°15´ + + Naegong-ni. 37°41´, 127°10´ + + Oho-ri. 38°20´, 128°32´ + + Osan. 37°09´, 127°04´ + + Pup´yong-ni. 37°44´, 127°12´ + + Pusan. 35°08´, 129°04´ + + P´yong-taek [= P´yongt´aeng-ni]. 36°59´, 127°05´ + + Sangbonch´on-ni. 37°27´, 127°16´ + + Sangdaehwa. 37°30´, 128°26´ + + Seoul. 37°32´, 127°00´ + + Sogwi-ri. 33°15´, 126°34´ + + Songdong-ni. 38°01´, 127°16´ + + Taegwang-ni. 38°11´, 127°06´ + + *Taehoesan-ni. 38°04´, 127°14´ + + Taejon. 36°20´, 127°26´ + + Tangjonggok. 38°11´, 128°19´ + + Tangnim-ni. 37°50´, 127°37´ + + Uijongbu. 37°44´, 127°03´ + + Wonsan. 39°09´, 127°27´ + + Yami-ri. 38°03´, 127°16´ + + Yanggu. 38°06´, 128°00´ + + Yongdae-ri. 38°13´, 128°23´ + + Yongp´yong. 38°01´, 127°13´ + + +Literature Cited + +BABB, G. H., JR. + + 1955. An annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of + Korea. Bull. Philadelphia Herp. Soc., 1:17-23. + +BOGERT, C. M., AND OLIVER, J. A. + + 1945. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora. + Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:297-426, 8 pls., 13 figs., 2 + maps, March 30. + +BOULENGER, G. A. + + 1882. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata in the + collection of the British Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, + xvi + 503 pp., 30 pls. + +CHANG, M. L. Y. + + 1932. Notes on a collection of reptiles from Szechuan. + Contrib. Biol. Lab., Sci. Soc. China, Zool. Ser., 8:9-95, 28 + figs., February. + +CONANT, R. + + 1951. The reptiles of Ohio. Second edition (with revisionary + addenda). Amer. Midland Nat., Univ. Notre Dame Press, 284 pp., + 27 pls. + +DIXON, J. R. + + 1956. A collection of amphibians and reptiles from west central + Korea. Herpetologica, 12:50-56, 1 fig., March 6. + +FANG, P. W., AND CHANG, M. L. Y. + + 1931. Amphibia of Nanking. Contrib. Biol. Lab., Sci. Soc. China, + Zool. Ser., 7:65-114, 18 figs., May. + +GÜNTHER, A. + + 1858. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the collection of the + British Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, xvi + 160 pp., 12 + pls. + +HAHN, D. E. + + 1959. Observations and collecting notes on _Rana n. nigromaculata_ + in central Korea. Jour. Ohio Herp. Soc., 2:7-8, September 20. + + 1960. Collecting notes on central Korean reptiles and amphibians. + Jour. Ohio Herp. Soc., 2:16-24, 4 figs., September 20. + +JONES, J. K., JR. + + 1960. The least tube-nosed bat in Korea. Jour. Mamm., 41:265, May + 20. + +LIU, C. + + 1936. Secondary sex characters of Chinese frogs and toads. Zool. + Ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 22:115-156, 12 pls., October 31. + + 1950. Amphibians of western China. Fieldiana: Zool. Memoirs, Chicago + Nat. Hist. Mus., 2:1-400, 10 pls., 100 figs., June 15. + +MALNATE, E. V. + + 1960. Systematic division and evolution of the colubrid snake genus + Natrix, with comments on the subfamily Natricinae. Proc. Acad. + Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 112:41-71, 2 figs., 4 maps, September + 23. + +MASLIN, T. P. + + 1950. Snakes of the Kiukiang-Lushan area, Kiangsi, China. Proc. + California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 26:419-466, 10 figs., April 28. + +MITTLEMAN, M. B. + + 1950. The generic status of _Scincus lateralis_ Say, 1823. + Herpetologica, 6:17-20, June 5. + +MORI, T. + + 1928_a_. A presumption of the age in which the separation of Japan + and Korea had occurred and the general condition at that age + estimated from the distribution of animals in Saishuto and + Tsushima. Chosen, pp. 14-25, January, 1928 (in Japanese). + + 1928_b_. On amphibians and reptiles of Quelpaert Island. Jour. + Chosen Nat. Hist. Soc., 6:47-52, March 25 (in Japanese). + + 1928_c_. On a new Hynobius from Quelpaert Isl. Jour. Chosen Nat. + Hist. Soc., 6:53, March 25. + +MORIYA, K. + + 1954. Studies on the five races of the Japanese pond frog, _Rana + nigromaculata_ Hallowell. I. Differences in the morphological + characters. Jour. Sci. Hiroshima Univ. (ser. B, div. 1), + 15:1-21, 2 pls., 1 fig., December. + +OKADA, Y. + + 1931. The tailless batrachians of the Japanese Empire. Imp. Agric. + Exp. Sta., Tokyo, 215 pp., 29 pls., 97 figs., March 30. + + 1934. A contribution toward a check list of the urodeles of Japan. + Copeia, 1934(1):16-19, April 24. + + 1935. Amphibia of Jehol. Rept. First Sci. Exped. Manchoukuo, sect. + V, div. II, pt. II, art. 1, pp. 1-24 (in Japanese) and 25-47 + (in English), 7 pls., 9 figs., November 30. + +OLSEN, L. S. + + 1957. A new species of _Neoascaris_ (Nematode) from a Korean wood + mouse. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., 76:205-208, 9 figs., April. + +POPE, C. H. + + 1935. The reptiles of China (Natural History of Central Asia, Vol. + X). Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, lii + 604 pp., 27 pls., + 78 figs., May 11. + +POPE, C. H., AND BORING, A. M. + + 1940. A survey of Chinese Amphibia. Peking Nat. Hist. Bull., + 15:13-86, 1 map, September. + +SATO, I. + + 1943. The tailed batrachians of Japan. Tokyo, 520 pp., illustrated + (in Japanese). + +SCHLEGEL, H. + + 1838. Reptilia (_in_ von Siebold, Fauna Japonica), pp. 1-144, + illustrated. + +SCHMIDT, K. P. + + 1927. Notes on Chinese amphibians. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 54:553-575, 2 pls., October 14. + +SHANNON, F. A. + + 1956. The reptiles and amphibians of Korea. Herpetologica, 12:22-49, + 1 pl., 1 fig., March 6. + + 1957. Addition to the herpetofauna of Korea. Herpetologica, 13:52, + March 30. + +STEJNEGER, L. + + 1907. Herpetology of Japan and adjacent territory. Bull. U. S. Nat. + Mus., 58:xx + 577, 35 pls., 409 figs., July 22. + +STEWART, G. D. + + 1953. Notes on a collection of amphibians from central Korea. + Herpetologica, 9:146-148, October 30. + + 1954. A small collection of reptiles from central Korea. Copeia, + 1954(1):65-67, February 19. + +TANNER, V. M. + + 1953. Pacific Islands herpetology No. VIII, Korea. Great Basin Nat., + 13:67-73. + +TING, H. + + 1939. A study of the reciprocal hybrids of two species of frogs, + _Rana nigromaculata_ and _Rana plancyi_. Peking Nat. Hist. Bull., + 13:181-200, 3 pls., March. + +VAN DENBURGH, J. + + 1923. A new subspecies of watersnake (_Natrix vibakari ruthveni_) from + eastern Asia. Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 13:3-4, + July 26. + +WALLEY, H. D. + + 1958_a_. A new lacertid lizard from Korea. Herpetologica, + 14:203-205, 1 fig., December 1. + + 1958_b_. "The status of _Takydromus kwangakuensis_ Doi." Copeia, + 1958(4):338, December 22. + +_Transmitted June 30, 1961_. + +28-8517 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea, by +Robert G Webb and J. Knox Jones and George W. 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Webb, J. Knox Jones, Jr., and George W. Byers. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +p.species { + text-align: center; + clear: both; + font-size: large; +} /* Species headings */ + +p.in1 { + padding-left:1em; +} + +p.author { + margin-bottom: 0em; + font-variant: small-caps; +} /* style for author in citations list */ + +p.hangref { + margin-top: 0em; + padding-left: 4em; + margin-left: -2em; +} /* hanging indent style for references */ + + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +div.trans-note { + border-style: solid; + border-width: 1px; + margin: 2em 15%; + padding: 1em; + text-align: center; +} /* transcriber's note */ + +ul { + list-style-type: none +} /* no bullets on lists */ + +li { + padding-top: 0.5em; +} /* spaced list items */ + + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea, by +Robert G Webb and J. Knox Jones and George W. Byers + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea + +Author: Robert G Webb + J. Knox Jones + George W. Byers + +Release Date: January 13, 2011 [EBook #34949] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOME REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS *** + + + + +Produced by Simon Gardner, Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<div class="trans-note"> +<h4>Transcriber's Notes</h4> + +<p>Some unexpected spellings have been retained from +the original:</p> + +<p class="in1">Page <a href="#Page_155">155</a> onwards: "parotoid" appears for "parotid".</p> + +<p class="in1">Page <a href="#Page_172">172</a> (two references by Mori): "Quelpaert" appears for "Quelpart".</p> + +<p>The following changes to the text have been made:</p> + +<p class="in1">Page <a href="#Page_159">159</a>: changed "planyci" to "plancyi" (The most trenchant characters +of <i>plancyi</i> seem to be ...)</p> + +<p class="in1">Page <a href="#Page_169">169</a>: changed "juvenal" to "juvenile" (... does not conform to the +juvenile pattern of either subspecies.)</p> + + +<ul> +<li><b>Contents:</b></li> +<li><a href="#Page_149">Title Page.</a></li> +<li><a href="#Page_151">Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea.</a></li> +<li><a href="#Gazetteer">Gazetteer.</a></li> +<li><a href="#Literature_Cited">Literature Cited.</a></li></ul> +</div> + +<p class="center"><!-- Page 149 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> + <span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications<br /> + Museum of Natural History</span></p> + +<p class="center"> Volume 15, No. 2, pp. 149-173</p> + +<p class="center"> January 31, 1962</p> + +<p class="center"> <span style="font-size:x-large;">Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea</span></p> + +<p class="center">BY<br /> +ROBERT G. WEBB, J. KNOX JONES, JR., + AND GEORGE W. BYERS</p> + +<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">University of Kansas<br /> + Lawrence</span><br /> + 1962</p> +<p><!-- Page 150 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span></p> + +<p class="center"> Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, + Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.</p> + +<p class="center"> Volume 15, No. 2, pp. 149-173<br /> + Published January 31, 1962</p> + +<p class="center"> <span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> + Lawrence, Kansas</p> + +<p class="center"> PRINTED BY<br /> + JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER<br /> + TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> + 1962</p> + +<p class="center"> 28-8517</p> + +<hr /> +<p><!-- Page 151 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> + + + +<h1>Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea</h1> + +<p class="center">BY<br /> +ROBERT G. WEBB, J. KNOX JONES, JR., AND GEORGE W. BYERS</p> + + +<p>In 1954, two of us (Jones and Byers) collected reptiles and +amphibians in Korea incidental to field studies relating to hemorrhagic +fever. The 382 specimens thus obtained were deposited +either in the Museum of Natural History of The University of +Kansas (KU), or in the Museum of Zoology of the University of +Michigan (UMMZ), and are the basis for the present report. Continuous +American military operations of one sort or another in +Korea since 1945 have afforded opportunities for interested persons +to obtain there collections of amphibians and reptiles, the study +of which has resulted in several recent publications (Babb, 1955; +Dixon, 1956; Hahn, 1959 and 1960; Shannon, 1956 and 1957; +Stewart, 1953 and 1954; Tanner, 1953; Walley, 1958<i>a</i> and 1958<i>b</i>). +This paper, which contains comments on the natural history and +taxonomy of 22 species, all previously reported from Korea, supplements +earlier studies, especially Shannon's (1956) annotated list +of the herpetofauna of the country.</p> + +<p>Shannon (<i>loc. cit.</i>) recorded 36 kinds of reptiles and amphibians +from Korea. Subsequently, <i>Bufo stejnegeri</i> (previously omitted) +was added by Shannon (1957), <i>Takydromus takydromoides oldi</i> +was described by Walley (1958<i>a</i>), and <i>Takydromus kwangakuensis</i> +was relegated to synonymy under <i>T. amurensis</i> by Walley +(1958<i>b</i>). Presently, then, 37 kinds are on record from the Korean +Peninsula.</p> + +<p>In the accounts beyond, Jones and Byers are mostly responsible +for the remarks on natural history, whereas Webb is mostly responsible +for the taxonomic comments. The synonymies include +(1) the original description, which is followed by (2) the first use +of the name-combination here employed if it differs from the name +as originally proposed, and (3) any synonyms having type localities +in Korea. All measurements are in millimeters and all dates refer +to the year 1954 unless otherwise indicated. A gazetteer of localities +mentioned in the text and a list of literature cited follow +the accounts of species.</p> + +<p>We are grateful to the officers, enlisted men and civilians associated +in 1954 with the Field Unit of the Commission on Hemor<!-- Page 152 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>rhagic +Fever, Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, who aided our +efforts in Korea; we are especially mindful of the contributions of +Dr. Albert A. Barber, Dr. Marshall Hertig, Mr. Louis J. Lipovsky +and Dr. Warren D. Thomas. We are grateful also to Mr. Yoshinori +Imaizumi, National Science Museum of Japan, for his translations +of several papers in Japanese, and to Dr. Edward H. Taylor for +making certain pertinent references available to us.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Hynobius leechii</b> Boulenger</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Hynobius Leechii</i> Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 19:67, January, +1887 (type locality, Gensan [=Wonsan], Korea).</p> + +<p><i>Hynobius leechii quelpaertensis</i> Mori, Jour. Chosen Nat. Hist. Soc., 6:47 +(Japanese) and 53 (English), March 25, 1928 (type locality, Quelpart +Island [=Cheju Do], Korea).</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (3).—1 mi. SW Inje, 1 (KU); 4 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, +Cheju Do, 2 (KU).</p> + +<p><i>Description</i> (KU 38774 from 1 mi. SW Inje).—Total length, 86 (head 13, +body 40, tail 33); costal grooves (including axillary and inguinal), 13; two +costal grooves between adpressed toes; length of inner branch of series of +vomerine teeth less than distance between outer border of naris and peak of +opposite series (tooth-rows V-shaped, approximately as long as broad); dorsal +surface yellowish brown or buff (yellowish in life), having numerous blackish +marks; venter yellowish cream, having an indistinct grayish mottling.</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The salamander described above was found in a foxhole +with another desiccated individual (not saved) on a military +compound on April 24. The only other occurrence of <i>H. leechii</i> +on the mainland to come to our attention was the report of several +larvae that were seen in a small pool on a hillside near Chip´o-ri +in the summer of 1953.</p> + +<p>Each of the two specimens from Cheju Do (KU 38775-76) differs +from KU 38774 in having (1) the length of inner branch of the +vomerine series slightly greater than the distance between outer +border of naris and peak of opposite series (tooth-rows V-shaped, +longer than broad), (2) a dorsal and ventral keel on the tail, +(3) one costal groove (rather than two costal grooves) between +adpressed toes, and (4) in being darker both dorsally and ventrally. +The area of buff on the dorsal surface of each specimen is reduced +by a fine, blackish mottling and stippling, and the venter of each +is grayish. Respective total lengths of KU 38775 and 38776 are +84 (head 12, body 36, tail 36) and 89 (12, 35, 42), and the number +of costal grooves 13 and 14. Although the two specimens are of +approximately the same size, the tail of KU 38776 is noticeably +the longer; the tail of KU 38775 is thicker and deeper than that +of KU 38776.<!-- Page 153 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> + +<p>The two specimens from 4 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri were taken on September +9 in damp substrate under volcanic rocks along a little-used +road; although many rocks were overturned, only these two individuals +were found. A South Korean soldier informed us that +salamanders were fairly common on Cheju Do.</p> + +<p>Mori (1928<i>a</i>:16) first mentioned in Japanese text the alleged +distinctiveness of the salamander occurring on Cheju Do. Later, +Mori (1928<i>b</i>:47 in Japanese, and 1928<i>c</i>:53 in English) provided +valid descriptions of the subspecies, <i>Hynobius leechii quelpaertensis</i>. +Okada (1934:17) questioned the validity of <i>H. l. quelpaertensis</i> +and Sato (1943) regarded the salamanders of Cheju Do as +inseparable from the Korean <i>H. leechii</i>. The English description +of <i>quelpaertensis</i> is briefer than the preceding one in Japanese +and lacks comparisons with related forms. KU 38775-76 seemingly +differ appreciably from the description of <i>quelpaertensis</i> only in +having the series of vomerine teeth narrowly V-shaped and longer +than broad. We tentatively follow Sato in regarding <i>quelpaertensis</i> +as a synonym of <i>leechii</i>.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Bombina orientalis</b> (Boulenger)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bombinator orientalis</i> Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 5:143, pl. IX, +fig. 2, February, 1890 (type locality restricted to Chefoo, China, by +Pope, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61:435, August 29, 1931).</p> + +<p><i>Bombina orientalis</i>, Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:51, figs. 30-43, +pl. VII (reproduction from Boulenger, <i>supra</i>), July 22, 1907.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (87).—2 mi. N Chip´o-ri, 8 (KU), 5 (UMMZ); 1 mi. +SW Inje, 1 (KU); 15 mi. NE Mosulp´o, Cheju Do, 6 (KU); Sangdaehwa, 2 +(KU); Taehoesan-ni, 1 (KU); 1 mi. W Tangjonggok, 32 (KU), 17 (UMMZ); +Tangnim-ni, 2 (KU); 3 mi. SW Yanggu, 1 (KU); 2 mi. N Yongdae-ri, 8 +(KU), 4 (UMMZ).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—Most of our specimens were taken from breeding congresses +after heavy rains in rice fields and other shallow temporary +waters. Thirteen individuals from Chip´o-ri were collected from +foxholes around the edge of a military compound (two pairs in +amplexus; no egg masses seen), and represent a small sample of +frogs that were everywhere following a heavy rain on the night of +May 13-14. On April 23, 32 <i>Bombina orientalis</i> and three <i>Rana +temporaria dybowskii</i> were trapped in the water-filled bottom of +an unused grease pit near Tangjonggok. Many tadpoles and two +kinds of egg masses (small clusters and beadlike strings) were +present; the small clusters of <i>Bombina</i> were commonest. On June +13 at the same locality, thousands of these toads were observed +(hundreds in axillary amplexus) in foxholes, temporary rain pools, +and backwashes along the Puk-ch´on [river]. On June 12 near<!-- Page 154 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> +Yongdae-ri many individuals were seen (several pairs in amplexus), +along Route 24 paralleling the Puk-ch´on, in rain pools and in +ditches and backwashes from the river; almost all available water +contained small (approximately 10 × 10 mm.) egg masses. Numbers +of eggs per mass, selected at random, were 5, 2, 2, 5, 2, 8, 8, 2 +and 5. Some that were saved subsequently hatched on June 15-17.</p> + +<p>The call is a quiet low trill or series of staccato whistles rising +slightly at the beginning; a short peeplike note also was heard. The +specimens from Cheju Do, which are generally smaller than those +collected on the mainland in spring, were taken on September 6 +in a small stream that had large volcanic rocks in many places and +that was flanked by thick brush and small trees. The earliest and +latest dates on which <i>B. orientalis</i> was collected were April 21 and +September 6, respectively.</p> + +<p>In the breeding season, males are distinguished from females by +the large blackish (probably brownish earlier in season) areas on +the anteroventral surface of the antebrachium, the metacarpal +tubercle, and the inner surface of the first finger (sometimes also +the second and third). Also, males have conspicuous black-tipped +tubercles on the back (usually absent in females) that extend onto +the limbs (usually smooth in females, at least laterally). Field +observations by one of us (Byers) suggested that the dorsal pattern +of males had greater contrast than that of females and that +the venter was brighter reddish. Eight females from Tangjonggok +averaged 47.9 (43-51) in snout-vent length, whereas 24 males +from there averaged 50.0 (46-55), indicating little, if any, size +difference between the sexes.</p> + +<p>Okada (1931:29) recorded variation in color of live Korean +individuals (green or brown dorsally and pale yellow or red ventrally) +and variation in extent of black markings on the belly (<i>op. +cit.</i>:fig. 12). The specimens from Cheju Do (28, 32, 32, 32, 37 +and 46 in snout-vent length) have less black ventrally than specimens +from the mainland.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Bufo bufo gargarizans</b> Cantor</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Bufo gargarizans</i> Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 9:483, August, 1842 +(type locality, island of Chusan, China).</p> + +<p><i>Bufo bufo gargarizans</i>, Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:59, July 22, 1907.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (10).—Central National Forest, near Pup´yong-ni, 1 +(KU); 5 mi. NW Choksong, near Imjin River, 1 (KU); 5 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU); +6 mi. E Seoul, 4 (KU), 2 (UMMZ); 1 mi. S Yami-ri, 1 (KU).</p> + +<p><i>Description (nine females).</i>—Dorsal surface brownish, having indistinct +pale areas, some of which tend to form longitudinal stripes that extend pos<!-- Page 155 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>teriorly +from parotoid glands; blackish mark, usually on lateral part of parotoid, +having short spurs directed posteriorly and ventrally; edge of upper jaw and +warts on dorsal surface becoming blackish with increasing size; small, conspicuous +group of warts near angle of jaw below parotoid; middorsal warts +tending, at level of posterior edge of parotoids, to form a V that has its apex +between the parotoids; ventral surface pale yellowish, sometimes having well-defined +blackish marks; granular underparts of large specimens having small +blackish tubercles.</p> + +<p><i>Male (KU 40118 from 5 mi. E Seoul).</i>—Snout-vent length, 65; no vocal +sacs or slits; dorsal and inner surfaces of first and second fingers, and inner +surface of third finger black; canthus rostralis indistinct (a well-defined ridge +on right side); nostrils closer to tip of snout than to eye, their distance from +each other slightly less than interorbital width; interorbital width (6.2) +greater than width of eyelid (4.7); tympanum distinct, circular, its diameter +(3.0) less than length of eye (6.5), and approximately twice distance (1.6) +of tympanum from eye; no cranial crests; parotoid gland elongate, approximately +twice as long as broad (12.5 × 5.0), narrowly separated from posterior +edge of eyelid; head elongate (width at posterior edge of tympanum, 23.6); +length from posterior edge of tympanum to tip of upper jaw, 18.9; first finger +slightly longer than second, fourth finger about two-thirds as long as third; +most subarticular tubercles divided; outer palmar tubercle larger than inner; +heels not touching when folded legs placed at right angles to longitudinal +axis of body; tibiotarsal articulation just reaching eye when leg laid forward; +tarsometatarsal articulation not reaching beyond snout; foot large (tibiotarsal +articulation to tip of fourth toe approximately 46.0); fourth toe approximately +half webbed, other toes more than half webbed; edges of webs somewhat +crenulate; some subarticular tubercles divided; length of inner metatarsal +tubercle (4.5) more than half length of first toe (7.0); inner metatarsal +tubercle larger than outer, both darkened; tarsal fold extending from inner +metatarsal tubercle for approximately two-thirds length of tarsus; tips of toes +(not fingers) darkened; dorsal surface of back and proximal part of hind legs +coarsely granular, of rounded, pavement-type tubercles lacking sharp tips; +small group of warts near angle of jaw below parotoids; dorsal pattern contrasting +and irregular (especially on limbs), of dark brown and pale gray; +conspicuous black mark (interrupted) on lateral surface of parotoid having +two, well-defined spurs that project posteroventrally; undersurface granular, +lacking markings except for two indistinctly-margined dark spots on chest, +and black spot on left leg.</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—This nocturnal, introduced species (Okada, 1931:47) +is presumably widespread in Korea and seemingly prefers lowland +habitats. Individuals were taken in sparse vegetation on a sand +flat near the Han River, at the edge of a rice field in a light rain, +along a road at night, and in millet fields adjacent to the Han +River, which was flooding at that time (July 9).</p> + +<p>As is obvious from the foregoing descriptions, the male (KU +40118), which was obtained on March 19, differs considerably from +the nine females; neither does it agree with Stejneger's (1907:66)<!-- Page 156 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +or Okada's (<i>op. cit.</i>:45-46, fig. 18) description of males of <i>Bufo +bufo asiaticus [=gargarizans]</i> from Wonsan and Seoul. Upon +cursory examination, KU 40118 is notable for having a contrasting +dorsal pattern and elongate, ranidlike proportions. Some of the +characteristics resemble those of <i>Bufo raddei</i> Strauch as given by +Stejneger (<i>op. cit.</i>:70-72, figs. 53-57), Okada (1935:9, figs. 2 and +32-34, pls. II-III), and Liu (1950:203-205, fig. 43).</p> + +<p>Stejneger (<i>op. cit.</i>:59-68) recognized <i>B. b. gargarizans</i> as occurring +in southern China, and <i>Bufo bufo asiaticus</i> as the subspecies +occurring in northern China. Subsequently, <i>asiaticus</i> was relegated +to synonymy under the earlier-named <i>gargarizans</i>—see discussions +by Pope and Boring (1940:33) and Liu (<i>op. cit.</i>:220).</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Kaloula borealis</b> (Barbour)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Cacopoides borealis</i> Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 51(12):231, April, +1908 (type locality, Antung, Manchuria).</p> + +<p><i>Kaloula borealis</i>, Noble, Amer. Mus. Novit., 165:6, April 16, 1925.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (8).—5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 3 +(UMMZ); 7 mi. ESE Seoul, 4 (KU).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—On April 5, one male and three females were uncovered +by a bulldozer from between one and two feet below the +surface of the ground in an old Korean burial mound; one individual +was completely surrounded by compact soil. All quickly became +active when placed in water. Two of the females (43 and 44 in +snout-vent length) contained masses of immature eggs. A male +obtained on June 4 was found during a rain; the three UMMZ +specimens were obtained on July 8 on banks above the Han River. +Breeding of this species seems to coincide with the rainy season +in late spring and early summer when males were noted calling +around flooded ditches and swales in deep grass. The local Korean +name of the species, which sounds something like "maeng-kongi," +is said to come from the call, which is best described as a monotonous, +snoring sound that rarely is heard in two parts as suggested +by the name.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Hyla arborea japonica</b> Günther</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>[<i>Hyla arborea</i>] Var. <i>japonica</i> Günther, Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia +in the ... British Museum, p. 109, 1858 (type locality, Japan).</p> + +<p><i>Hyla arborea</i> var. <i>savignyi</i> Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 19:67, +January, 1887 (type locality, Gensan [= Wonsan], Korea).</p> + +<p><i>Hyla stepheni</i> Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 579, pl. 51, fig. 1 +(for 1887), April, 1888 (type locality, Port Hamilton, a small island +between Korea and Japan).</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (44).—Central National Forest, near Pup´yong-ni, 2 +(KU); 3 mi. NW Chip´o-ri, 1 (KU); 1 mi. N Mosulp´o, Cheju Do, 1 (KU);<!-- Page 157 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +1 mi. NW Oho-ri, 13 (KU), 3 (UMMZ); Sangbonch´on-ni, 2 (UMMZ); 5 mi. +ESE Seoul, 8 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 10 (KU), 3 (UMMZ); 7 mi. NNE +Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (UMMZ).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—Hylids from 5 mi. ESE Seoul were collected from a +cement-walled pit at the Seoul City Water Works; a specimen of +<i>Elaphe rufodorsata</i> taken in the pit had eaten one hylid. Two +individuals were taken in the morning of May 29 on leaf litter in a +wooded valley in the Central National Forest where a number +were calling in a light rain, but the species was rarely found in +woods. Two frogs were found along a rocky stream at Sangbonch´on-ni. +Most individuals were taken while calling, on grasses +and reeds or on the ground, along the edges of rice fields. Sixteen +hylids collected 1 mi. NW Oho-ri were calling in shallow water of +a rice field on a hillside, but none was heard in a large lake nearby +or in adjacent fields. On May 15, 4 mi. ESE Ch´orwon, approximately +one hundred tadpoles, thought to be of this species, congregated +near a drain (into a lower field) of an unused rice field; +the tadpoles were well-developed, some having hind legs. The +earliest and latest dates of collection represented in our material +are May 8 and October 29. The call is best described as a raspy +"waak," "week," or "wiick" in the middle register.</p> + +<p>The listing of "Hylae arboreae var japonicae descript pars <i>Schleg. +in Fauna Japon.</i> p. 112 ..." by Günther (1858:81) in synonymy +under the account of <i>Polypedates schlegelii</i>, implies that +Schlegel was the first author to use the name-combination <i>Hyla +arborea japonica</i>. Boulenger (1882:86, 381) went so far as to credit +Schlegel as the author of the name <i>japonica</i>. The reason for this +action is not known because Schlegel (in von Siebold, 1838:112) +referred to this hylid only under the name "Hyla arborea."</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Rana rugosa</b> Schlegel</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana rugosa</i> Schlegel, Reptilia [Saurii et Batrachii], <i>in</i> von Siebold, Fauna +Japonica, p. 110, pl. 3, figs. 3-4, 1838 (type locality designated as Japan, +probably near Nagasaki, by Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:123, +July 22, 1907).</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (26).—Central National Forest, near Pup´yong-ni, 13 +(KU), 1 (UMMZ); 2 mi. S Ch´orwon, 4 (KU); 2 mi. E Hoengsong, 3 (KU); +1 mi. NW Oho-ri, 1 (KU); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 3 +(UMMZ).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>Rana rugosa</i> was associated with <i>Rana nigromaculata</i> +and <i>Rana amurensis coreana</i> at all localities where the species was +taken save at 2 mi. E Hoengsong, where <i>R. a. coreana</i> was not +observed. Three specimens of <i>R. rugosa</i> were collected among<!-- Page 158 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> +grasses and reeds in water along the edge of Ch´orwon Reservoir, +2 mi. S Ch´orwon, where they were difficult to find in the thick +vegetation even though their low, soft calls were heard; the specimen +from 1 mi. NW Oho-ri was found in a rice field. Otherwise, +habitats recorded indicate a preference for small, fast-flowing +streams, especially in wooded valleys. On one occasion, individuals +were found trapped in cement-walled pits about old ruins +on a wooded hillside in the Central National Forest. The earliest +and latest dates of capture among our specimens are May 15 and +November 6. In addition to the localities listed above, the species +was observed 4 mi. W Ch´ungju.</p> + +<p><i>R. rugosa</i> may have an extensive breeding season as suggested +by the variation in size of frogs collected or observed in 1954. Of +nine frogs obtained on May 29, five ranged in snout-vent length +from 26 to 28, and four from 42 to 54. Three specimens collected +on October 9 measured 39, 41, and 55, and two obtained on November +6 measured 25 and 37.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Rana nigromaculata</b> Hallowell</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana nigromaculata</i> Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, [12]:500 +(for 1860), 1861 (type locality, Simoda, Japan).</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (47).—Central National Forest, near Pup´yong-ni, 6 +(KU); 2 mi. S Ch´orwon, 5 (KU); 4 mi. W Ch´ungju, 2 (KU); 7 mi. W +Ch´ungju, 1 (KU); 2 mi. E Hoengsong, 1 (KU); 8 mi. SW Kunsan, 1 (KU); +1 mi. NW Oho-ri, 5 (KU); 5 mi. ENE Pusan, 2 (KU); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 9 +(KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 3 (KU), 10 (UMMZ); 6 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, +2 (KU).</p> + +<p><i>Description.</i>—Back brownish or grayish (greenish in life), having few, +indistinct or well-defined, dark blotches, or extensive blackish areas (representing +fusion of markings); pale, middorsal stripe (pale green, buff or yellowish +in life) from snout to anus, sometimes as wide as interorbital width, but +indistinct or lacking when pattern on back absent; blackish bar often present +behind tympanum; posterior surface of thigh mottled; underparts pale yellow +to whitish, sometimes having a few dusky marks on throat; longitudinal ridges +between dorsolateral folds indistinct in some small frogs; largest female and +male having respective snout-vent lengths of 100 and 70.</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>Rana nigromaculata</i> is the most abundant ranid in +central Korea and, in a general way, the ecological equivalent of +<i>Rana pipiens</i> in temperate North America. The species is associated +with most aquatic habitats, from rocky streams to rice fields and +large impoundments. In the vicinity of Seoul the din of large +breeding congresses was heard more or less continuously from +mid-April to mid-May. Large numbers of juveniles (approximately +one inch long) were noticed first on July 8 and were present<!-- Page 159 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> +thereafter for about three weeks, being commonest in standing +water after heavy rains or during prolonged showers. These data +and the different sizes of individuals collected at the same time +suggest either variable growth or, more probably, an extensive +breeding season. Our earliest and latest dates of collection are +April 16 and October 7. The Korean name for "frog," most often +applied to <i>R. nigromaculata</i>, sounds something like "keg-oh-ree." +The call is a prolonged, raspy, staccato croak, sometimes with a +rising inflection at the end.</p> + +<p>In addition to the localities listed above, the species was observed +5 mi. W Kwangju and 3 mi. S Osan.</p> + +<p>Despite a high degree of individual variation, <i>Rana nigromaculata</i> +seemingly varies geographically as well; some subspecies probably +should be recognized, but the species as a whole has never been +thoroughly studied systematically. The division of <i>R. nigromaculata</i> +into three subspecies by Schmidt (1927:563-567) was considered +untenable by Fang and Chang (1931:95-98), and it has +been regarded by most recent authors as a variable, monotypic +species.</p> + +<p>The named subspecies <i>R. n. chosenica</i> (Okada, 1931:89, with +type locality at Seoul, and geographically restricted to Korea) was +considered a subspecies of <i>Rana plancyi</i> by Shannon (1956:36). +The most trenchant characters of <i>plancyi</i> seem to be the wide dorsolateral +folds, the uniform greenish dorsum, the presence of dermal +pustules on the back between the dorsolateral folds, and the lack +of a mottled pattern on the posterior surface of the thigh. Among +our specimens of <i>R. nigromaculata</i>, the width of the dorsolateral +folds is variable, a uniform greenish dorsum is found only in large +males, dermal pustules are mixed with ridges in only one male +(KU 38733), and all have a spotted or mottled pattern on the +posterior surface of the thigh. All of our specimens having an +indistinct pattern on the back, or lacking a pattern, are males and +resemble the photographs of males published by Moriya (1954: +pl. I, fig. 5) and Liu (1936: pl. IV, figs. 1-2); juveniles of both +sexes and large females have contrasting patterns.</p> + +<p>None of our frogs seems, therefore, clearly referable to the +species <i>plancyi</i>, although some characters are suggestive of <i>plancyi</i>. +Moriya (<i>op. cit.</i>:19), who studied variation of <i>R. nigromaculata</i> in +Japan, noted that one of the most distinct populations there (<i>R. n. +brevipoda</i>) resembled <i>Rana plancyi</i>. Ting (1939) discovered that +<i>nigromaculata</i> and <i>plancyi</i> were cross-fertile and raised hybrid<!-- Page 160 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +larvae through metamorphosis. Pope and Boring (1940) suggested +hybridization between the two species in eastern China, and the +above mentioned facts suggest to us the possibility of hybridization +in other regions.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Rana amurensis coreana</b> Okada</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana temporaria coreana</i> Okada, Annot. Zool. Japon., 11:140 (footnote), +July 25, 1927, <i>nomen nudum</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Rana temporaria coreana</i> Okada, Jour. Chosen Nat. Hist. Soc, 6:19, pl. 1, +fig. 7, 1928 (type locality, Keijo [= Seoul], Korea).</p> + +<p><i>Rana amurensis coreana</i>, Shannon, Herpetologica, 12:38, March 6, 1956.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (9).—Central National Forest, near Pup´yong-ni, 1 +(KU); 2 mi. S Ch´orwon, 1 (KU); 4 mi. W Ch´ungju, 1 (KU); 1 mi. N Oho-ri, +1 (KU); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 3 (KU); Yongp´yong, 2 (KU).</p></div> + +<p><i><a name="Remarks_Rana_amurensis_coreana" id="Remarks_Rana_amurensis_coreana"></a>Remarks.</i>—One individual of <i>R. a. coreana</i> (KU 38698) and one +of <i>Rana temporaria dybowskii</i> (KU 38715) were collected on May +29 along a stream in the Central National Forest in association with +<i>R. rugosa</i> and <i>R. nigromaculata</i>. Specimens of <i>coreana</i> from the +vicinity of Seoul were found in rice fields. The earliest date of +collection was April 13 at Yongp´yong. Our largest specimen of +<i>coreana</i> measured 47 in snout-vent length.</p> + +<p>Because <i>R. a. coreana</i> and <i>Rana temporaria dybowskii</i> are sympatric +in central Korea and closely resemble one another, the two +species were not distinguished in the field and the following observations +may pertain to either (or both) species. Wood frogs were +observed 2 mi. E Songdong-ni on July 12 in paddies (rice fields) +along with individuals of <i>Hyla arborea</i>, <i>Rana rugosa</i>, and <i>Rana +nigromaculata</i>. At Chip´o-ri on April 6, individuals (probably +<i>R. t. dybowskii</i>) were seen in a seepage pool from an abandoned +rice field; <i>R. nigromaculata</i> also was seen there. Six or seven egg +masses (some having small tadpoles) were observed in the shallow +water, but it was not certain to which species the eggs belonged. +Completely metamorphosed young (probably <i>R. a. coreana</i>) were +first seen 1 mi. N Oho-ri on June 9. At Taehoesan-ni on November +12, several sluggish frogs were seen in a small pool that was covered +by a thin layer of ice.</p> + +<p>On September 26 in the Central National Forest, many wood +frogs of various sizes were observed. <i>R. amurensis</i> and <i>R. temporaria</i> +probably have extended breeding seasons that correspond to +those of <i>R. rugosa</i> and <i>R. nigromaculata</i>. Judging from our observations, +<i>amurensis</i> prefers the proximity of water, whereas <i>temporaria</i> +may occur some distance from permanent water.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 161 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> +In our specimens, <i>R. amurensis coreana</i> differs from <i>R. temporaria +dybowskii</i> in having (1) smaller maximal size, (2) more slender +body, (3) shorter legs, (4) incompletely webbed toes, (5) no +mottling or barring on lips, (6) no contrasting barred pattern on +hind legs, (7) dark brown stripes (usually) between dorsolateral +folds, (8) a dark brown, linear mark below canthus, and (9) an +immaculate ventral surface. Two additional distinguishing characters, +which we found difficult to evaluate, are the nearly straight, +dorsolateral folds, and lack of vocal sacs or ostia in males of <i>R. a. +coreana</i> (Shannon, 1956:38). Some of the differences between +the two species were illustrated by Okada, 1931:107, fig. 48, <i>R. +temporaria temporaria</i> [=<i>R. t. dybowskii</i>] and 123, fig. 54, <i>R. +temporaria coreana</i> [=<i>R. amurensis coreana</i>].</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Rana temporaria dybowskii</b> Günther</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Rana Dybowskii</i> Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 17:387, May, 1876 +(type locality, Abrek Bay, near Vladivostok, Siberia).</p> + +<p><i>Rana temporaria dybowski</i>, Shannon, Herpetologica, 12:38, March 6, 1956.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (20).—Central National Forest, near Pup´yong-ni, 7 +(KU); Chip´o-ri, 2 (KU); 1 mi. SW Inje, 6 (KU); 8 mi. SW Kangnung, 1 +(KU); Taegwang-ni, 1 (KU); 1 mi. SW Tangjonggok, 3 (KU).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—On October 9 in the Central National Forest, five +individuals were found in a concrete-walled pit in old ruins on a +wooded hillside; no specimens of <i>Rana amurensis coreana</i> were +taken there. <i>R. t. dybowskii</i> was most often taken on high, moist +slopes, and seemed to be especially common in forests. The specimen +from 8 mi. SW Kangnung was obtained in a wooded area +along a mountain stream. The earliest date of collection of a +specimen of <i>dybowskii</i> was March 7 at Taegwang-ni. <a href="#Remarks_Rana_amurensis_coreana">See also the +remarks under the preceding account of <i>Rana amurensis coreana</i>.</a></p> + +<p>The largest male among our specimens measured 65 in snout-vent +length and the largest female, 79. Five gravid females had +snout-vent lengths of 64, 68, 69, 69 and 70.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Trionyx sinensis</b> Wiegmann</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis</i> Wiegmann, Nova Acta Acad. Leopold.-Carol., +17:189, 1835 (type locality, near Macao, China).</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimen examined.</i>—Han River, 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—Our only specimen was purchased from a man who +had captured it by hand in the Han River; it was the only turtle seen +during our stay in Korea. Koreans eat turtles, and the elaborate +(and relatively permanent) fish-traps that they construct across +streams and small rivers probably reduce the size of populations +of <i>T. sinensis</i> and other species.<!-- Page 162 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Eremias argus</b> Peters</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Eremias argus</i> Peters, Monatsber. preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. 61, fig. 3 +(for 1869), 1870 (type locality, Chefoo, China).</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (23).—Chip´o-ri, 1 (KU); 5 mi. E Seoul, 3 (KU), +3 (UMMZ); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 4 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 10 (UMMZ); 7 mi. +ESE Seoul, 2 (KU).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—Individuals of <i>E. argus</i> were most often seen on dry +hillsides having a relatively sparse cover of vegetation. The first +lizard of this species was taken on April 2. In 1954 the last part +of March and early part of April were generally warm, with temperatures +above 70° F. on several occasions; probably some <i>E. argus</i> +were active in late March. KU 38773 (snout-vent length, 51) +laid three eggs between June 4 and 14; KU 38768 (snout-vent +length, 58) obtained on May 8 was gravid, containing four eggs. +Testes of lizards in the breeding season measure approximately +4.0 x 2.5 (KU 38772, obtained on June 16).</p> + +<p>The snout-vent length of our largest female is 61, that of the +largest male, 57. The snout-vent length of 11 specimens averaged +77 (67-96) per cent of length of tail.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Tachydromus amurensis</b> Peters</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tachydromus amurensis</i> Peters, Sitzungsber. Gesell. naturf. Freunde Berlin, +p. 71, 1881 (type locality, Kossakewitcha, Amurland).</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (3).—Central National Forest, near Pup´yong-ni, 1 +(KU), 1 (UMMZ); Majon-ni, 1 (KU).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—One of our specimens was found among grasses along +a small stream in the Central National Forest. The other two were +obtained by other persons and we lack knowledge of conditions of +their capture.</p> + +<p>A juvenile (KU 39416, snout-vent length, 25) that was obtained +on September 9 is tentatively referred to this species. There seem +to be three femoral pores on the left leg but the number is indistinct +on the right. The specimen is dark and lacks a pattern. Its condition +precludes counts of ventral scales (not keeled), but scalation +is otherwise the same as a male (KU 40120, snout-vent length approximately +47, length of tail, 124). The third specimen, a male +(UMMZ 113442, snout-vent length, 51, length of tail, 115), agrees +with KU 40120, except in having 32 instead of 29 dorsal scales at +midbody, 4-4 instead of 3-3 femoral pores, and in lacking a pale +stripe from eye through ear to shoulder.<!-- Page 163 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Tachydromus wolteri</b> Fischer</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tachydromus Wolteri</i> Fischer, Jahrb. Wiss. Anst. Hamburg, 2:82 (for 1884), +1885 (type locality, Chemulp´o, Korea).</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (2).—Yongp´yong, 2 (KU).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—On April 14, two females (57 and 45 in snout-vent +length, the tail of the latter measuring 103) were easily captured +by hand on a burned-over rice field.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Lygosoma reevesii</b> (Gray)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tiliqua Reevesii</i> Gray, Ann. [Mag.] Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 2:292, +December, 1838 (type locality, China).</p> + +<p>[<i>Lygosoma (Liolepisma) laterale</i>] var. <i>reevesi</i>, Boettger, Katalog +der Batrachier-Sammlung ..., p. 104, 1893.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (6).—Central National Forest, near Pup´yong-ni, 3 +(KU); 4 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (KU); 7 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju +Do, 1 (UMMZ); 16 mi. NE Mosulp´o, Cheju Do, 1 (UMMZ).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—On October 23 an individual was captured while +sunning on a stump on a wooded hillside in the Central National +Forest; two others at this locality were collected on damp ground-cover +on the same hillside. A juvenile from Cheju Do was found +among moss-covered rocks in a stream bed; the other specimens +from Cheju Do were found among moss-covered rocks on the +western slope of Halla San.</p> + +<p>Each ovary of a female obtained on October 23 contained five +enlarged follicles, about 1 mm. in diameter. The left testis of a +male obtained on August 10 seemed enlarged, indicating possible +sexual activity, and measured approximately 6 x 2 mm. The snout-vent +length of our largest male is 41, that of our largest female, 48. +The prefrontals are in contact in all of our specimens save one +(UMMZ 113446).</p> + +<p>There is disagreement among herpetologists concerning the +generic name of the small lygosome skink in the United States and +its ecological equivalent in China and Korea. We tentatively use +<i>Lygosoma</i> (Conant, 1951:207-208), although Mittleman (1950) +pointed out reasons for using <i>Scincella</i>. Shannon (1956:41) discussed +the debated issue whether or not the lygosome skinks of the +New and Old worlds are conspecific.<!-- Page 164 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Rhabdophis tigrina lateralis</b> (Berthold)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tropidonotus lateralis</i> Berthold, Nachrichten Gesell. Wiss. Göttingen, p. 180, +1859 (type locality, China).</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (26).—Central National Forest, near Pup´yong-ni, 1 +(KU); 2 mi. N Chip´o-ri, 2 (KU); 3 mi. NW Chip´o-ri, 4 (KU); 4 mi. N +Ch´onan, 1 (KU); 3 mi. S Kumhwa, 1 (KU); 1 mi. SW Naegong-ni, 1 (KU); +4 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU); 5 mi. E Seoul, 2 (UMMZ); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 4 (KU); +6 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU), 4 (UMMZ); 7 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. NNE +Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 2 (KU); 5 mi. NE Taejon, 1 (KU).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—This common, vagrant species was found on brushy +hillsides, near buildings on hills above rice fields, in tall grasses +near streams, in rice fields, and along drainage and irrigation ditches. +The earliest and latest dates of collection were April 5 and November +7. On the first date mentioned an individual was found in +hibernation with five <i>Elaphe rufodorsata</i> and one <i>Agkistrodon halys</i> +in an earthen Korean burial mound. The specimen was uncovered +by a bulldozer at a depth of about one foot below the surface. We +were told that 18 snakes of this species were found in the same +place (7 mi. ESE Seoul) the previous winter.</p> + +<p>The stomach of each of four individuals contained one <i>Rana +nigromaculata</i>. The stomach of another individual contained a <i>R. +nigromaculata</i> and remains of a carabid beetle, whereas another +contained three small, partially-digested frogs that appeared to be +<i>Hyla arborea</i>. P. M. Youngman reported to us that he found a +snake of this species that was attempting to swallow a toad, <i>Bufo +bufo gargarizans</i>. One of the small individuals from Cheju Do was +being eaten by a <i>Zamenis spinalis</i> when found. One specimen was +parasitized by three nematodes, <i>Kalicephalus natricis</i> (see Olsen, +1957:208).</p> + +<p>Two females of this oviparous species (lengths of body, 680 and +700) collected on May 14 contained nine eggs (18 mm. long), and +13 eggs (15 mm.) respectively; a third (length of body, 610) obtained +on June 26 contained 10 eggs that were approximately 18 +mm. long. A female (UMMZ 113458, length of body, 710), which +was captured on July 10 and kept alive in captivity, laid 11 eggs +on August 12 between 9 and 10 in the morning. The weight of +nine of these eggs averaged 3.32 (3.0-3.6) grams; the last two eggs +deposited were small and weighed only 1.3 and 1.4 grams. The +eggs were incubated unsuccessfully. One that was opened on +September 14 and another opened on September 26 contained +young easily recognized as of this species. In captivity the parent<!-- Page 165 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> +snake underwent ecdysis on about July 20 and again on August 26.</p> + +<p>Our largest female and largest male have respective total lengths +of 1013 (840 + 173) and 740 (575 + 165). Our smallest specimens, +captured on September 9, measured 215 and 230 mm. in length +of body, and probably represent young of the year. The snake +found in hibernation on April 5 measured 275 in length of body. +The ventrals of 11 males averaged 161.3 (158-171) and those of +14 females, 165.1 (160-170); subcaudals of eight males averaged +69.6 (66-74) and those of 14 females, 61.5 (52-73).</p> + +<p>Males seem to have small scales in the anal region that are more +strongly keeled than scales elsewhere on the body (the scales catch +on finger tips when rubbed in a posteroanterior direction), but +males lack small tubercles on the upper and lateral parts of the +head as mentioned by Maslin (1950:433). The comments of the +same author (<i>op. cit.</i>:434) concerning integumental poison glands +in the nuchal region of this species are of interest in view of several +reports that we received of swollen extremities resulting from +handling snakes of this species.</p> + +<p>In using the generic names <i>Rhabdophis</i> and <i>Amphiesma</i> for +species formerly placed in the genus <i>Natrix</i>, we follow Malnate +(1960), who divided <i>Natrix (auct.)</i> into five distinct genera.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Amphiesma vibakari ruthveni</b> (Van Denburgh)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Natrix vibakari ruthveni</i> Van Denburgh, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, +13(2):3, July 26, 1923 (type locality, Pusan, Korea).</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (5).—Central National Forest, near Pup´yong-ni, 1 +(KU); 4 mi. SW Ch´ongyang-ni, 1 (KU); 10 mi. NE Mosulp´o, Cheju Do, +1 (UMMZ); 6-7 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (KU), 1 (UMMZ).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The specimen from the Central National Forest was +captured on August 18 near a stream on a damp ground-cover of +leaves. The specimens from Cheju Do were taken in early September, +one in a grassy area, and the other two on earthen banks of +road-cuts on the slopes of Halla San. The stomach of one individual +from Cheju Do contained an earthworm. Our largest specimen, +a male having 154 ventrals and 68 subcaudals, measured 508 +(380 + 128).</p> + +<p>The subcaudal counts of 68 (KU 38861) and 69 (UMMZ 113461) +on two males from Cheju Do are higher than the maximal count +known for the subspecies <i>ruthveni</i> in Korea, and resemble those +of <i>Amphiesma vibakari vibakari</i> of the Japanese islands. The subcaudals +average 61 (55-65) in <i>ruthveni</i> and 71 (63-83) in <i>vibakari</i><!-- Page 166 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> +according to Van Denburgh (1923:3-4). A juvenile from the +Central National Forest (KU 38862), lacking the tip of the tail, +has 64 subcaudals.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Dinodon rufozonatum</b> (Cantor)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Lycodon rufo-zonatus</i> Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 9:483, August, +1842 (type locality, island of Chusan, China).</p> + +<p><i>Dinodon rufozonatus</i>, Peters, Sitzungsber. Gesell. naturf. Freunde Berlin, +p. 89, 1881.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (4).—Central National Forest, near Pup´yong-ni, 3 +(KU); Yongsan (Seoul), 1 (UMMZ).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The three specimens from the Central National Forest +were taken in the period August 12-26. Two were caught in live-traps +set for small mammals in deep forest among granite outcrops. +The specimen from Yongsan was obtained on October 27 in a partly +wooded area. Ventrals and subcaudals of our four specimens (all +males) numbered, respectively, 198, 200, 198, 205, and 74, 75, 75, __. +Total length of the largest specimen was 960 (790 + 170).</p> + +<p>We follow Chang (1932:54) and most subsequent authors in +regarding <i>D. rufozonatum</i> as a monotypic species.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Zamenis spinalis</b> (Peters)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Masticophis spinalis</i> Peters, Monatsber. preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. 91 +(for 1866), 1867 (type locality, unknown—"Mexico" erroneously listed).</p> + +<p><i>Zamenis spinalis</i>, Günther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 9:22, January, 1872.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (2).—5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, +Cheju Do, 1 (KU).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The specimen from Cheju Do was captured on September +9 in tall grass near a small stream and was eating a small +<i>Rhabdophis tigrina</i>. The female from near Seoul was obtained +from a Korean on June 10, and was gravid (six eggs, each approximately +35 mm. in length). The length of body measured approximately +550 and the length of incomplete tail 168 in one specimen +(KU 38777, female from 5 mi. ESE Seoul), 540 and 183 in the +other (KU 38778, female from Cheju Do). Respective ventral and +subcaudal counts of the two females are 204, 194, and 74+, 86.</p> + +<p>There is some disagreement in the literature as to the proper +generic name of this snake. Differences in dentition between Old +World species (referable to <i>Zamenis</i>) and the American species +(referable to <i>Coluber</i>) are discussed by Bogert and Oliver (1945:365). +The species <i>spinalis</i> has been referred to <i>Coluber</i> by several +authors (see Pope, 1935:226).<!-- Page 167 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Elaphe dione</b> (Pallas)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coluber dione</i> Pallas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen +Reichs, 2:717, 1773 (type locality, "Salt steppes toward the Caspian Sea" +according to Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:315, July 22, 1907).</p> + +<p><i>Elaphis dione</i>, Duméril and Bibron, Erpétologie générale ..., 7:248, +1854.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (10).—Choksong, 1 (KU); 4 mi. N Ch´onan, 1 (KU); +Seoul, 1 (KU); 5 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU), 2 (UMMZ); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU); +6 mi. E Seoul, 1 (UMMZ); Taegwang-ni, 1 (KU); 2 mi. WSW Tongjonggok, +1 (KU).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—This species seemingly occurs in upland habitats. +Specimens were taken on rocky hillsides, on sparsely wooded hillsides, +and in cultivated fields. November 21 was the latest date of +capture of an active individual (UMMZ 113451), the head of which +was seen many times prior to capture protruding from a hole beneath +the concrete floor of a building. A female (KU 38855), +measuring 915 (775 + 140) in total length, and obtained on June +13, contained nine eggs (32 mm. long). One juvenile had eaten a +half-grown house mouse, <i>Mus musculus</i>; the stomach of a male contained +three mice, one a striped field mouse, <i>Apodemus agrarius</i>, +the other two probably also of that species but too far digested for +certain identification. Eggs probably hatch in late summer. A +young of the year (length of body, 340) was captured on September +30; another juvenile (length of body, 285) was obtained in May.</p> + +<p>Our largest male (KU 40123) measured 904 (719 + 185) in total +length. Ventrals and subcaudals of six females averaged 205.8 +(198-211) and 62.2 (55-69), respectively, whereas corresponding +counts of four males averaged 196.8 (190-214), and 71.0 (69-74). +Each of nine specimens had dorsal scales in 23-25-19 rows except +one (UMMZ 113451), which had 23-25-23 rows.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Elaphe rufodorsata</b> (Cantor)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Tropidonotus rufodorsatus</i> Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 9:483, +August, 1842 (type locality, island of Chusan, China).</p> + +<p><i>Elaphe rufodorsata</i>, Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:310, figs. 269-271, +July 22, 1907.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (27).—7 mi. NW Changhowan-ni, 1 (KU); 3 mi. NW +Chip´o-ri, 3 (KU); 7 mi. W Ch´ungju, 2 (KU), 1 (UMMZ); 3 mi. S Kumhwa, +2 (KU); 1 mi. NW Oho-ri, 1 (KU); 4 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU); 5 mi. E Seoul, 2 +(KU); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 2 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 3 (KU), 2 (UMMZ); 7 mi. +ESE Seoul, 5 (KU); 4 mi. N Uijongbu, 1 (KU); 5 mi. NE Uijongbu, 1 +(UMMZ).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>E. rufodorsata</i> was commonly observed and collected +on barren hillsides, on country roads, in rice fields, and along drain<!-- Page 168 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>age +ditches and small streams. One was found sunning outstretched +on a road. Two individuals were trapped in cement-walled pits at +the Seoul City Water Works. On <a name="April_5" id="April_5"></a>April 5, five snakes of this species +with one <i>Rhabdophis tigrina</i> and one <i>Agkistrodon halys</i>, all partly +caked with earth, were found sunning in a shallow depression on +the side of a Korean burial mound, which was presumably a hibernaculum. +Aside from one juvenile, four of the <i>E. rufodorsata</i> were +of approximately the same size, having bodies ranging in length +from 385 to 455.</p> + +<p>Copulation was observed on April 25 (male, KU 38811, length of +body, 400, and female, KU 38812, length of body, 565), and on +May 4 (female, KU 38816, length of body, 620). Eggs doubtless +hatch at various times in summer. One of five snakes obtained on +April 5 (<a href="#April_5">see above</a>) measured 310 (250 + 60) in total length. +Another juvenile (KU 38828), obtained on October 18, was 478 +(385 + 93) long, and our smallest specimen of this species (KU +38821), captured on June 26, measured 275 (230 + 45).</p> + +<p>The stomachs of two snakes each contained a <i>Rana nigromaculata</i>; +another individual had eaten a <i>Hyla arborea</i>, and a fourth +specimen had eaten a small fish. One specimen was parasitized +by a cestode.</p> + +<p>The largest female from our series (KU 38816) measured 740 +(620 + 120), and the largest male (KU 38813), 595 (475 + 120). +Respective ventral and subcaudal counts of 13 males averaged +170.5 (167-174) and 60.0 (56-63), ventrals of 12 females averaged +178.3 (169-182), and subcaudals of 11 averaged 51.0 (46-56).</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Elaphe schrencki anomala</b> (Boulenger)</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Coluber anomalus</i> Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 17:243, March, +1916 (type locality, Chihfeng, China).</p> + +<p><i>Elaphe schrencki anomala</i>, Pope, The reptiles of China, p. 266, fig. 57, +May 11, 1935.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (7).—Central National Forest, near Pup´yong-ni, 2 +(KU), 1 (UMMZ); 4½ mi. W Chip´o-ri, 1 (KU); 5 mi. N P´yong-taek, 1 (KU); +5 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—Individuals were observed or taken on dry, scrubby +hillsides and in grassy upland areas. One of the three snakes from +the Central National Forest was captured on a steep, forested hillside +among granite outcroppings; another was obtained there along +a stream bank and had eaten three bats, <i>Murina aurata</i> (see Jones, +1960:265), and one mouse, <i>Apodemus</i> sp. (tail only found). P. M. +Youngman reported (personal communication) finding a rat (<i>Rattus</i> +sp.) in the stomach of one individual. A female (KU 38830, length<!-- Page 169 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> +of body, 1180) that was obtained on June 2 contained 17 eggs, each +approximately 32 mm. long. The ventrals of two females numbered +223 and 229, and the subcaudals of the latter 70. Ventrals and +subcaudals of five males were, respectively, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, +and 71, 75, 75, 69, 75.</p> + +<p>The coloration and pattern of our seven specimens are of interest +in view of the probable intergradation between <i>E. s. anomala</i> and +<i>E. s. schrencki</i> in northern Korea (see comments by Shannon, 1956:46). +The smallest specimen (KU 38831), having a total length +of 335 (280 + 55), was obtained 4 mi. N P´yong-taek on September +24. It is nearly uniform pale brown (lacks a dorsal pattern) and +additionally is characterized as follows: incomplete pattern on the +head; no black postocular band (pale brown with black posterior +border); ventrolateral extensions of the head pattern that form +longitudinal stripes of white on the third row of scales; a pale +whitish stripe on the sixth and seventh scale rows that extends +posteriorly to the level of the fortieth ventral and that has a narrow +black border (sometimes interrupted); small and indistinct blackish +markings and pale stripes on sides (no higher than sixth row of +scales); underside of the head whitish; and venter grayish, having +blackish margins on the ends of ventrals posteriorly. KU 38831 +is unusual and perhaps anomalous in having a pattern that does not +conform to the juvenile pattern of either subspecies.</p> + +<p>A female (KU 38830), having a total length of 1390 (1180 + 210), +from 5 mi. ESE Seoul conforms to descriptions of <i>anomala</i> in being +uniformly pale brown above and in having indistinct dark smudges +on the sides; the ventral surface is whitish having indistinct dark +smudges, brown spots at the ends of each ventral, and the posterior +edge of each ventral brown. A male (KU 40125), measuring 1090 +(890 + 200) in total length, from 5 mi. E Seoul, is pale brown above +and lacks markings on the anterior part of the body. Indistinct +dark markings occur at midbody, whereas the posterior quarter of +the body and tail have well-defined black bands on a buff background. +The black bands posteriorly are arranged in pairs; each +pair of bands is separated by two and a half to three scales, whereas +the bands of each pair are separated by only one and a half scales. +The ventral surface has an obscure marbled pattern. Our largest +specimen, a male (UMMZ 113454) having a total length of 1488 +(1230 + 258), from the Central National Forest, resembles KU +40125, except that pale brown blotches (29 on body, one blackish +on neck) and dark lateral spots occur anteriorly on the body.<!-- Page 170 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p> + +<p>Another female (KU 38860, body length, 970) from 4½ mi. W +Chip´o-ri, our northernmost locality of record, has a fairly distinct +pattern dorsally. The 30 dark brown, black-edged blotches that +are separated by a buff background are not arranged in pairs (as +in KU 40125); the dorsal blotches sometimes alternate with small +lateral blotches. The ventral surface is marbled throughout.</p> + +<p>Two males from the Central National Forest, having total lengths +of 1105 (920 + 185) and 830 (690 + 140), generally resemble one +another in having the head and neck dark brown or blackish and +the anterior part of body dark brown, but discernibly blotched. +The posterior part of the body and tail of each bears well-defined +blotches (dark brown or black) with buffy interspaces; the dorsal +blotches are sometimes arranged in pairs. The ventral surface of +each is marbled throughout. These two males are noteworthy in +that the pattern anteriorly is obscure, but the ground color is dark, +not pale as in the two specimens from the vicinity of Seoul.</p> + + +<p class="species"><b>Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus</b> Stejneger</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus</i> Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:463, +July 22, 1907 (type locality, Pusan, Korea).</p> + +<p><i>Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus</i>, Okada, A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan, +p. 103, 1938.</p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Specimens examined</i> (12).—Central National Forest, near Pup´yong-ni, 4 +(KU); 3 mi. NW Chip´o-ri, 2 (KU); 16 mi. NE Mosulp´o, Cheju Do, 1 +(UMMZ); 5 mi. E Seoul, 1 (UMMZ); 6 mi. E Seoul, 2 (KU); 7 mi. ESE +Seoul, 1 (KU); 7 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (UMMZ).</p></div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—Individuals of <i>Agkistrodon</i> were collected on brushy +or wooded hillsides, along rock walls or in piles of rocks, and in +damp, rocky, wooded ravines near streams. Many were docile +when captured. One specimen was infested with nematodes, +another with cestodes. One specimen had eaten a striped field +mouse, <i>Apodemus agrarius</i>, and another had eaten a gray hamster, +<i>Cricetulus triton</i>. One female, obtained on May 22, 6 mi. E Seoul, +contained 14 embryos. Another female, obtained on August 25 in +the Central National Forest, contained three well-developed embryos.</p> + +<p>We have not included descriptive or taxonomic remarks concerning +<i>A. halys</i> because Dr. Howard K. Gloyd, University of Arizona, +who currently is studying the systematics of the genus <i>Agkistrodon</i>, +has our specimens on loan.<!-- Page 171 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> + + +<h2><a name="Gazetteer" id="Gazetteer"></a>Gazetteer</h2> + +<p>Listed below are all localities mentioned in the accounts of +species; the latitude (north) and longitude (east) are given for +each. All place-names can be found in "Gazetteer to maps of +Korea," 3 vols., AMS 2, U. S. Army Map Service, September, 1950, +and, except for the two marked by an asterisk, can be located on +AMS map series L552 (Korea, 1:250,000). The McCune-Reischauer +system of romanization of Korean names is used.</p> + + +<ul> +<li>Changhowan-ni. 37°07´, 127°38´</li> + +<li>Central National Forest. A small +mixed forest 15-18 mi. NE Seoul +and immediately west of the village +of Pup´yong-ni; most of our +collecting there was done approximately +at 37°45´, 127°10´</li> + +<li><a name="Cheju_Do" id="Cheju_Do"></a>Cheju Do (Quelpart Island). A +large island in the East China Sea +off the southwestern tip of the +Korean mainland (see Mosulp´o +and Sogwi-ri)</li> + +<li>Chip´o-ri. 38°08´, 127°19´</li> + +<li>Choksong. 37°58´, 126°57´</li> + +<li>Ch´onan. 36°48´, 127°09´</li> + +<li>*Ch´ongyang-ni. 38°15´, 127°23´ +Ch´orwon. 38°15´, 127°13´</li> + +<li>Ch´ungju. 36°58´, 127°57´</li> + +<li>Halla San. A central, volcanic mountain +on Cheju Do (<a href="#Cheju_Do">see above</a>)</li> + +<li>Hoengsong. 37°29´, 127°59´</li> + +<li>Inje. 38°04´, 128°11´</li> + +<li>Kangnung. 37°45´, 128°54´</li> + +<li>Kumhwa. 38°17´, 127°28´</li> + +<li>Kunsan. 35°59´, 126°43´</li> + +<li>Kwangju. 35°09´, 126°55´</li> + +<li>Majon-ni. 37°52´, 126°46´</li> + +<li>Mosulp´o. 33°13´, 126°15´</li> + +<li>Naegong-ni. 37°41´, 127°10´</li> + +<li>Oho-ri. 38°20´, 128°32´</li> + +<li>Osan. 37°09´, 127°04´</li> + +<li>Pup´yong-ni. 37°44´, 127°12´</li> + +<li>Pusan. 35°08´, 129°04´</li> + +<li>P´yong-taek [= P´yongt´aeng-ni]. 36°59´, +127°05´</li> + +<li>Sangbonch´on-ni. 37°27´, 127°16´</li> + +<li>Sangdaehwa. 37°30´, 128°26´</li> + +<li>Seoul. 37°32´, 127°00´</li> + +<li>Sogwi-ri. 33°15´, 126°34´</li> + +<li>Songdong-ni. 38°01´, 127°16´</li> + +<li>Taegwang-ni. 38°11´, 127°06´</li> + +<li>*Taehoesan-ni. 38°04´, 127°14´</li> + +<li>Taejon. 36°20´, 127°26´</li> + +<li>Tangjonggok. 38°11´, 128°19´</li> + +<li>Tangnim-ni. 37°50´, 127°37´</li> + +<li>Uijongbu. 37°44´, 127°03´</li> + +<li>Wonsan. 39°09´, 127°27´</li> + +<li>Yami-ri. 38°03´, 127°16´</li> + +<li>Yanggu. 38°06´, 128°00´</li> + +<li>Yongdae-ri. 38°13´, 128°23´</li> + +<li>Yongp´yong. 38°01´, 127°13´</li> +</ul> + +<h2><a name="Literature_Cited" id="Literature_Cited"></a>Literature Cited</h2> + +<p class="author">Babb, G. H., Jr.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1955. An annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of +Korea. Bull. Philadelphia Herp. Soc., 1:17-23.</p> + +<p class="author">Bogert, C. M., and Oliver, J. A.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1945. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora. Bull. Amer. +Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:297-426, 8 pls., 13 figs., 2 maps, March 30.</p> + +<p class="author">Boulenger, G. A.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1882. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata in the collection +of the British Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, xvi + 503 +pp., 30 pls.</p> + +<p class="author">Chang, M. L. Y.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1932. Notes on a collection of reptiles from Szechuan. Contrib. Biol. +Lab., Sci. Soc. China, Zool. Ser., 8:9-95, 28 figs., February.</p><p><!-- Page 172 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p> + +<p class="author">Conant, R.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1951. The reptiles of Ohio. 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H.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1935. The reptiles of China (Natural History of Central Asia, Vol. X). +Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, lii + 604 pp., 27 pls., 78 figs., +May 11.</p> + +<p class="author">Pope, C. H., and Boring, A. M.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1940. A survey of Chinese Amphibia. Peking Nat. Hist. Bull., 15:13-86, +1 map, September.</p> + +<p class="author">Sato, I.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1943. The tailed batrachians of Japan. Tokyo, 520 pp., illustrated (in +Japanese).</p> + +<p class="author">Schlegel, H.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1838. Reptilia (<i>in</i> von Siebold, Fauna Japonica), pp. 1-144, illustrated.</p> + +<p class="author">Schmidt, K. P.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1927. Notes on Chinese amphibians. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 54:553-575, +2 pls., October 14.</p> + +<p class="author">Shannon, F. A.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1956. The reptiles and amphibians of Korea. Herpetologica, 12:22-49, +1 pl., 1 fig., March 6.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1957. Addition to the herpetofauna of Korea. Herpetologica, 13:52, +March 30.</p> + +<p class="author">Stejneger, L.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1907. Herpetology of Japan and adjacent territory. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., +58:xx + 577, 35 pls., 409 figs., July 22.</p> + +<p class="author">Stewart, G. D.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1953. Notes on a collection of amphibians from central Korea. Herpetologica, +9:146-148, October 30.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1954. A small collection of reptiles from central Korea. Copeia, 1954(1):65-67, +February 19.</p> + +<p class="author">Tanner, V. M.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1953. Pacific Islands herpetology No. VIII, Korea. Great Basin Nat., +13:67-73.</p> + +<p class="author">Ting, H.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1939. A study of the reciprocal hybrids of two species of frogs, <i>Rana +nigromaculata</i> and <span class="smcap">Rana plancyi</span>. Peking Nat. Hist. Bull., 13:181-200, +3 pls., March.</p> + +<p class="author">Van Denburgh, J.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1923. A new subspecies of watersnake (<i>Natrix vibakari ruthveni</i>) from +eastern Asia. Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 13:3-4, July 26.</p> + +<p class="author">Walley, H. D.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1958<i>a</i>. A new lacertid lizard from Korea. Herpetologica, 14:203-205, +1 fig., December 1.</p> + +<p class="hangref">1958<i>b</i>. "The status of <i>Takydromus kwangakuensis</i> Doi." Copeia, 1958(4):338, +December 22.</p> + +<p><i>Transmitted June 30, 1961</i>.</p> + +<p>28-8517</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea, by +Robert G Webb and J. Knox Jones and George W. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea + +Author: Robert G Webb + J. Knox Jones + George W. Byers + +Release Date: January 13, 2011 [EBook #34949] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SOME REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS *** + + + + +Produced by Simon Gardner, Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +Transcriber's Notes + +This Plain Text version uses the 7-bit ASCII character set only. + + Italic typeface has been represented using _underscores_; + Bold typeface has been represented using =equals symbols=; + Small caps typeface has been represented using UPPER CASE. + + ['e] represents e-acute; + [:o], [:u] represent o-umlaut, u-umlaut; + deg. represents the degree symbol (angle and temperature). + +Note that some unexpected spellings have not been changed from +the original: + +Page 155 onwards: "parotoid" appears for "parotid". + +Page 172 (two references by Mori): "Quelpaert" appears for "Quelpart". + +The following changes to the text have been made: + +Page 159: changed "planyci" to "plancyi" (The most trenchant characters +of _plancyi_ seem to be ...) + +Page 169: changed "juvenal" to "juvenile" (... does not conform to the +juvenile pattern of either subspecies.) + + * * * * * + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Volume 15, No. 2, pp. 149-173 + + January 31, 1962 + + Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea + + BY + + ROBERT G. WEBB, J. KNOX JONES, JR., + AND GEORGE W. BYERS + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + LAWRENCE + 1962 + + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, + Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. + + Volume 15, No. 2, pp. 149-173 + Published January 31, 1962 + + UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS + Lawrence, Kansas + + PRINTED BY + JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER + TOPEKA, KANSAS + 1962 + + 28-8517 + + + + Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea + + BY + + ROBERT G. WEBB, J. KNOX JONES, JR., AND GEORGE W. BYERS + +In 1954, two of us (Jones and Byers) collected reptiles and amphibians +in Korea incidental to field studies relating to hemorrhagic fever. The +382 specimens thus obtained were deposited either in the Museum of +Natural History of The University of Kansas (KU), or in the Museum of +Zoology of the University of Michigan (UMMZ), and are the basis for the +present report. Continuous American military operations of one sort or +another in Korea since 1945 have afforded opportunities for interested +persons to obtain there collections of amphibians and reptiles, the +study of which has resulted in several recent publications (Babb, 1955; +Dixon, 1956; Hahn, 1959 and 1960; Shannon, 1956 and 1957; Stewart, 1953 +and 1954; Tanner, 1953; Walley, 1958_a_ and 1958_b_). This paper, which +contains comments on the natural history and taxonomy of 22 species, all +previously reported from Korea, supplements earlier studies, especially +Shannon's (1956) annotated list of the herpetofauna of the country. + +Shannon (_loc. cit._) recorded 36 kinds of reptiles and amphibians from +Korea. Subsequently, _Bufo stejnegeri_ (previously omitted) was added by +Shannon (1957), _Takydromus takydromoides oldi_ was described by Walley +(1958_a_), and _Takydromus kwangakuensis_ was relegated to synonymy +under _T. amurensis_ by Walley (1958_b_). Presently, then, 37 kinds are +on record from the Korean Peninsula. + +In the accounts beyond, Jones and Byers are mostly responsible for the +remarks on natural history, whereas Webb is mostly responsible for the +taxonomic comments. The synonymies include (1) the original description, +which is followed by (2) the first use of the name-combination here +employed if it differs from the name as originally proposed, and (3) any +synonyms having type localities in Korea. All measurements are in +millimeters and all dates refer to the year 1954 unless otherwise +indicated. A gazetteer of localities mentioned in the text and a list of +literature cited follow the accounts of species. + +We are grateful to the officers, enlisted men and civilians associated +in 1954 with the Field Unit of the Commission on Hemorrhagic Fever, +Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, who aided our efforts in Korea; we +are especially mindful of the contributions of Dr. Albert A. Barber, Dr. +Marshall Hertig, Mr. Louis J. Lipovsky and Dr. Warren D. Thomas. We are +grateful also to Mr. Yoshinori Imaizumi, National Science Museum of +Japan, for his translations of several papers in Japanese, and to Dr. +Edward H. Taylor for making certain pertinent references available to +us. + + +=Hynobius leechii= Boulenger + + _Hynobius Leechii_ Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, 19:67, + January, 1887 (type locality, Gensan [=Wonsan], Korea). + + _Hynobius leechii quelpaertensis_ Mori, Jour. Chosen Nat. Hist. + Soc., 6:47 (Japanese) and 53 (English), March 25, 1928 (type + locality, Quelpart Island [=Cheju Do], Korea). + + _Specimens examined_ (3).--1 mi. SW Inje, 1 (KU); 4 mi. NNE + Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 2 (KU). + + _Description_ (KU 38774 from 1 mi. SW Inje).--Total length, 86 (head + 13, body 40, tail 33); costal grooves (including axillary and + inguinal), 13; two costal grooves between adpressed toes; length of + inner branch of series of vomerine teeth less than distance between + outer border of naris and peak of opposite series (tooth-rows + V-shaped, approximately as long as broad); dorsal surface yellowish + brown or buff (yellowish in life), having numerous blackish marks; + venter yellowish cream, having an indistinct grayish mottling. + +_Remarks._--The salamander described above was found in a foxhole with +another desiccated individual (not saved) on a military compound on +April 24. The only other occurrence of _H. leechii_ on the mainland to +come to our attention was the report of several larvae that were seen in +a small pool on a hillside near Chip'o-ri in the summer of 1953. + +Each of the two specimens from Cheju Do (KU 38775-76) differs from KU +38774 in having (1) the length of inner branch of the vomerine series +slightly greater than the distance between outer border of naris and +peak of opposite series (tooth-rows V-shaped, longer than broad), (2) a +dorsal and ventral keel on the tail, (3) one costal groove (rather than +two costal grooves) between adpressed toes, and (4) in being darker both +dorsally and ventrally. The area of buff on the dorsal surface of each +specimen is reduced by a fine, blackish mottling and stippling, and the +venter of each is grayish. Respective total lengths of KU 38775 and +38776 are 84 (head 12, body 36, tail 36) and 89 (12, 35, 42), and the +number of costal grooves 13 and 14. Although the two specimens are of +approximately the same size, the tail of KU 38776 is noticeably the +longer; the tail of KU 38775 is thicker and deeper than that of KU +38776. + +The two specimens from 4 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri were taken on September 9 in +damp substrate under volcanic rocks along a little-used road; although +many rocks were overturned, only these two individuals were found. A +South Korean soldier informed us that salamanders were fairly common on +Cheju Do. + +Mori (1928_a_:16) first mentioned in Japanese text the alleged +distinctiveness of the salamander occurring on Cheju Do. Later, Mori +(1928_b_:47 in Japanese, and 1928_c_:53 in English) provided valid +descriptions of the subspecies, _Hynobius leechii quelpaertensis_. Okada +(1934:17) questioned the validity of _H. l. quelpaertensis_ and Sato +(1943) regarded the salamanders of Cheju Do as inseparable from the +Korean _H. leechii_. The English description of _quelpaertensis_ is +briefer than the preceding one in Japanese and lacks comparisons with +related forms. KU 38775-76 seemingly differ appreciably from the +description of _quelpaertensis_ only in having the series of vomerine +teeth narrowly V-shaped and longer than broad. We tentatively follow +Sato in regarding _quelpaertensis_ as a synonym of _leechii_. + + +=Bombina orientalis= (Boulenger) + + _Bombinator orientalis_ Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, + 5:143, pl. IX, fig. 2, February, 1890 (type locality restricted to + Chefoo, China, by Pope, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 61:435, + August 29, 1931). + + _Bombina orientalis_, Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:51, figs. + 30-43, pl. VII (reproduction from Boulenger, _supra_), July 22, + 1907. + + _Specimens examined_ (87).--2 mi. N Chip'o-ri, 8 (KU), 5 (UMMZ); 1 + mi. SW Inje, 1 (KU); 15 mi. NE Mosulp'o, Cheju Do, 6 (KU); + Sangdaehwa, 2 (KU); Taehoesan-ni, 1 (KU); 1 mi. W Tangjonggok, 32 + (KU), 17 (UMMZ); Tangnim-ni, 2 (KU); 3 mi. SW Yanggu, 1 (KU); 2 mi. + N Yongdae-ri, 8 (KU), 4 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--Most of our specimens were taken from breeding congresses +after heavy rains in rice fields and other shallow temporary waters. +Thirteen individuals from Chip'o-ri were collected from foxholes around +the edge of a military compound (two pairs in amplexus; no egg masses +seen), and represent a small sample of frogs that were everywhere +following a heavy rain on the night of May 13-14. On April 23, 32 +_Bombina orientalis_ and three _Rana temporaria dybowskii_ were trapped +in the water-filled bottom of an unused grease pit near Tangjonggok. +Many tadpoles and two kinds of egg masses (small clusters and beadlike +strings) were present; the small clusters of _Bombina_ were commonest. +On June 13 at the same locality, thousands of these toads were observed +(hundreds in axillary amplexus) in foxholes, temporary rain pools, and +backwashes along the Puk-ch'on [river]. On June 12 near Yongdae-ri many +individuals were seen (several pairs in amplexus), along Route 24 +paralleling the Puk-ch'on, in rain pools and in ditches and backwashes +from the river; almost all available water contained small +(approximately 10 x 10 mm.) egg masses. Numbers of eggs per mass, +selected at random, were 5, 2, 2, 5, 2, 8, 8, 2 and 5. Some that were +saved subsequently hatched on June 15-17. + +The call is a quiet low trill or series of staccato whistles rising +slightly at the beginning; a short peeplike note also was heard. The +specimens from Cheju Do, which are generally smaller than those +collected on the mainland in spring, were taken on September 6 in a +small stream that had large volcanic rocks in many places and that was +flanked by thick brush and small trees. The earliest and latest dates on +which _B. orientalis_ was collected were April 21 and September 6, +respectively. + +In the breeding season, males are distinguished from females by the +large blackish (probably brownish earlier in season) areas on the +anteroventral surface of the antebrachium, the metacarpal tubercle, and +the inner surface of the first finger (sometimes also the second and +third). Also, males have conspicuous black-tipped tubercles on the back +(usually absent in females) that extend onto the limbs (usually smooth +in females, at least laterally). Field observations by one of us (Byers) +suggested that the dorsal pattern of males had greater contrast than +that of females and that the venter was brighter reddish. Eight females +from Tangjonggok averaged 47.9 (43-51) in snout-vent length, whereas 24 +males from there averaged 50.0 (46-55), indicating little, if any, size +difference between the sexes. + +Okada (1931:29) recorded variation in color of live Korean individuals +(green or brown dorsally and pale yellow or red ventrally) and variation +in extent of black markings on the belly (_op. cit._:fig. 12). The +specimens from Cheju Do (28, 32, 32, 32, 37 and 46 in snout-vent length) +have less black ventrally than specimens from the mainland. + + +=Bufo bufo gargarizans= Cantor + + _Bufo gargarizans_ Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 9:483, + August, 1842 (type locality, island of Chusan, China). + + _Bufo bufo gargarizans_, Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:59, + July 22, 1907. + + _Specimens examined_ (10).--Central National Forest, near + Pup'yong-ni, 1 (KU); 5 mi. NW Choksong, near Imjin River, 1 (KU); 5 + mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 4 (KU), 2 (UMMZ); 1 mi. S + Yami-ri, 1 (KU). + + _Description (nine females)._--Dorsal surface brownish, having + indistinct pale areas, some of which tend to form longitudinal + stripes that extend posteriorly from parotoid glands; blackish + mark, usually on lateral part of parotoid, having short spurs + directed posteriorly and ventrally; edge of upper jaw and warts on + dorsal surface becoming blackish with increasing size; small, + conspicuous group of warts near angle of jaw below parotoid; + middorsal warts tending, at level of posterior edge of parotoids, to + form a V that has its apex between the parotoids; ventral surface + pale yellowish, sometimes having well-defined blackish marks; + granular underparts of large specimens having small blackish + tubercles. + + _Male (KU 40118 from 5 mi. E Seoul)._--Snout-vent length, 65; no + vocal sacs or slits; dorsal and inner surfaces of first and second + fingers, and inner surface of third finger black; canthus rostralis + indistinct (a well-defined ridge on right side); nostrils closer to + tip of snout than to eye, their distance from each other slightly + less than interorbital width; interorbital width (6.2) greater than + width of eyelid (4.7); tympanum distinct, circular, its diameter + (3.0) less than length of eye (6.5), and approximately twice + distance (1.6) of tympanum from eye; no cranial crests; parotoid + gland elongate, approximately twice as long as broad (12.5 x 5.0), + narrowly separated from posterior edge of eyelid; head elongate + (width at posterior edge of tympanum, 23.6); length from posterior + edge of tympanum to tip of upper jaw, 18.9; first finger slightly + longer than second, fourth finger about two-thirds as long as third; + most subarticular tubercles divided; outer palmar tubercle larger + than inner; heels not touching when folded legs placed at right + angles to longitudinal axis of body; tibiotarsal articulation just + reaching eye when leg laid forward; tarsometatarsal articulation not + reaching beyond snout; foot large (tibiotarsal articulation to tip + of fourth toe approximately 46.0); fourth toe approximately half + webbed, other toes more than half webbed; edges of webs somewhat + crenulate; some subarticular tubercles divided; length of inner + metatarsal tubercle (4.5) more than half length of first toe (7.0); + inner metatarsal tubercle larger than outer, both darkened; tarsal + fold extending from inner metatarsal tubercle for approximately + two-thirds length of tarsus; tips of toes (not fingers) darkened; + dorsal surface of back and proximal part of hind legs coarsely + granular, of rounded, pavement-type tubercles lacking sharp tips; + small group of warts near angle of jaw below parotoids; dorsal + pattern contrasting and irregular (especially on limbs), of dark + brown and pale gray; conspicuous black mark (interrupted) on lateral + surface of parotoid having two, well-defined spurs that project + posteroventrally; undersurface granular, lacking markings except for + two indistinctly-margined dark spots on chest, and black spot on + left leg. + +_Remarks._--This nocturnal, introduced species (Okada, 1931:47) is +presumably widespread in Korea and seemingly prefers lowland habitats. +Individuals were taken in sparse vegetation on a sand flat near the Han +River, at the edge of a rice field in a light rain, along a road at +night, and in millet fields adjacent to the Han River, which was +flooding at that time (July 9). + +As is obvious from the foregoing descriptions, the male (KU 40118), +which was obtained on March 19, differs considerably from the nine +females; neither does it agree with Stejneger's (1907:66) or Okada's +(_op. cit._:45-46, fig. 18) description of males of _Bufo bufo asiaticus +[=gargarizans]_ from Wonsan and Seoul. Upon cursory examination, KU +40118 is notable for having a contrasting dorsal pattern and elongate, +ranidlike proportions. Some of the characteristics resemble those of +_Bufo raddei_ Strauch as given by Stejneger (_op. cit._:70-72, figs. +53-57), Okada (1935:9, figs. 2 and 32-34, pls. II-III), and Liu +(1950:203-205, fig. 43). + +Stejneger (_op. cit._:59-68) recognized _B. b. gargarizans_ as occurring +in southern China, and _Bufo bufo asiaticus_ as the subspecies occurring +in northern China. Subsequently, _asiaticus_ was relegated to synonymy +under the earlier-named _gargarizans_--see discussions by Pope and +Boring (1940:33) and Liu (_op. cit._:220). + + +=Kaloula borealis= (Barbour) + + _Cacopoides borealis_ Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 51(12):231, + April, 1908 (type locality, Antung, Manchuria). + + _Kaloula borealis_, Noble, Amer. Mus. Novit., 165:6, April 16, 1925. + + _Specimens examined_ (8).--5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 3 + (UMMZ); 7 mi. ESE Seoul, 4 (KU). + +_Remarks._--On April 5, one male and three females were uncovered by a +bulldozer from between one and two feet below the surface of the ground +in an old Korean burial mound; one individual was completely surrounded +by compact soil. All quickly became active when placed in water. Two of +the females (43 and 44 in snout-vent length) contained masses of +immature eggs. A male obtained on June 4 was found during a rain; the +three UMMZ specimens were obtained on July 8 on banks above the Han +River. Breeding of this species seems to coincide with the rainy season +in late spring and early summer when males were noted calling around +flooded ditches and swales in deep grass. The local Korean name of the +species, which sounds something like "maeng-kongi," is said to come from +the call, which is best described as a monotonous, snoring sound that +rarely is heard in two parts as suggested by the name. + + +=Hyla arborea japonica= G[:u]nther + + [_Hyla arborea_] Var. _japonica_ G[:u]nther, Catalogue of the Batrachia + Salientia in the ... British Museum, p. 109, 1858 (type locality, + Japan). + + _Hyla arborea_ var. _savignyi_ Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. + 5, 19:67, January, 1887 (type locality, Gensan [= Wonsan], Korea). + + _Hyla stepheni_ Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 579, pl. 51, + fig. 1 (for 1887), April, 1888 (type locality, Port Hamilton, a + small island between Korea and Japan). + + _Specimens examined_ (44).--Central National Forest, near + Pup'yong-ni, 2 (KU); 3 mi. NW Chip'o-ri, 1 (KU); 1 mi. N Mosulp'o, + Cheju Do, 1 (KU); 1 mi. NW Oho-ri, 13 (KU), 3 (UMMZ); + Sangbonch'on-ni, 2 (UMMZ); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 8 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, + 10 (KU), 3 (UMMZ); 7 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--Hylids from 5 mi. ESE Seoul were collected from a +cement-walled pit at the Seoul City Water Works; a specimen of _Elaphe +rufodorsata_ taken in the pit had eaten one hylid. Two individuals were +taken in the morning of May 29 on leaf litter in a wooded valley in the +Central National Forest where a number were calling in a light rain, but +the species was rarely found in woods. Two frogs were found along a +rocky stream at Sangbonch'on-ni. Most individuals were taken while +calling, on grasses and reeds or on the ground, along the edges of rice +fields. Sixteen hylids collected 1 mi. NW Oho-ri were calling in shallow +water of a rice field on a hillside, but none was heard in a large lake +nearby or in adjacent fields. On May 15, 4 mi. ESE Ch'orwon, +approximately one hundred tadpoles, thought to be of this species, +congregated near a drain (into a lower field) of an unused rice field; +the tadpoles were well-developed, some having hind legs. The earliest +and latest dates of collection represented in our material are May 8 and +October 29. The call is best described as a raspy "waak," "week," or +"wiick" in the middle register. + +The listing of "Hylae arboreae var japonicae descript pars _Schleg. in +Fauna Japon._ p. 112 ..." by G[:u]nther (1858:81) in synonymy under the +account of _Polypedates schlegelii_, implies that Schlegel was the first +author to use the name-combination _Hyla arborea japonica_. Boulenger +(1882:86, 381) went so far as to credit Schlegel as the author of the +name _japonica_. The reason for this action is not known because +Schlegel (in von Siebold, 1838:112) referred to this hylid only under +the name "Hyla arborea." + + +=Rana rugosa= Schlegel + + _Rana rugosa_ Schlegel, Reptilia [Saurii et Batrachii], _in_ von + Siebold, Fauna Japonica, p. 110, pl. 3, figs. 3-4, 1838 (type + locality designated as Japan, probably near Nagasaki, by + Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:123, July 22, 1907). + + _Specimens examined_ (26).--Central National Forest, near + Pup'yong-ni, 13 (KU), 1 (UMMZ); 2 mi. S Ch'orwon, 4 (KU); 2 mi. E + Hoengsong, 3 (KU); 1 mi. NW Oho-ri, 1 (KU); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU); + 6 mi. E Seoul, 3 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--_Rana rugosa_ was associated with _Rana nigromaculata_ and +_Rana amurensis coreana_ at all localities where the species was taken +save at 2 mi. E Hoengsong, where _R. a. coreana_ was not observed. Three +specimens of _R. rugosa_ were collected among grasses and reeds in +water along the edge of Ch'orwon Reservoir, 2 mi. S Ch'orwon, where they +were difficult to find in the thick vegetation even though their low, +soft calls were heard; the specimen from 1 mi. NW Oho-ri was found in a +rice field. Otherwise, habitats recorded indicate a preference for +small, fast-flowing streams, especially in wooded valleys. On one +occasion, individuals were found trapped in cement-walled pits about old +ruins on a wooded hillside in the Central National Forest. The earliest +and latest dates of capture among our specimens are May 15 and November +6. In addition to the localities listed above, the species was observed +4 mi. W Ch'ungju. + +_R. rugosa_ may have an extensive breeding season as suggested by the +variation in size of frogs collected or observed in 1954. Of nine frogs +obtained on May 29, five ranged in snout-vent length from 26 to 28, and +four from 42 to 54. Three specimens collected on October 9 measured 39, +41, and 55, and two obtained on November 6 measured 25 and 37. + + +=Rana nigromaculata= Hallowell + + _Rana nigromaculata_ Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, + [12]:500 (for 1860), 1861 (type locality, Simoda, Japan). + + _Specimens examined_ (47).--Central National Forest, near + Pup'yong-ni, 6 (KU); 2 mi. S Ch'orwon, 5 (KU); 4 mi. W Ch'ungju, 2 + (KU); 7 mi. W Ch'ungju, 1 (KU); 2 mi. E Hoengsong, 1 (KU); 8 mi. SW + Kunsan, 1 (KU); 1 mi. NW Oho-ri, 5 (KU); 5 mi. ENE Pusan, 2 (KU); 5 + mi. ESE Seoul, 9 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 3 (KU), 10 (UMMZ); 6 mi. NNE + Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 2 (KU). + + _Description._--Back brownish or grayish (greenish in life), having + few, indistinct or well-defined, dark blotches, or extensive + blackish areas (representing fusion of markings); pale, middorsal + stripe (pale green, buff or yellowish in life) from snout to anus, + sometimes as wide as interorbital width, but indistinct or lacking + when pattern on back absent; blackish bar often present behind + tympanum; posterior surface of thigh mottled; underparts pale yellow + to whitish, sometimes having a few dusky marks on throat; + longitudinal ridges between dorsolateral folds indistinct in some + small frogs; largest female and male having respective snout-vent + lengths of 100 and 70. + +_Remarks._--_Rana nigromaculata_ is the most abundant ranid in central +Korea and, in a general way, the ecological equivalent of _Rana pipiens_ +in temperate North America. The species is associated with most aquatic +habitats, from rocky streams to rice fields and large impoundments. In +the vicinity of Seoul the din of large breeding congresses was heard +more or less continuously from mid-April to mid-May. Large numbers of +juveniles (approximately one inch long) were noticed first on July 8 and +were present thereafter for about three weeks, being commonest in +standing water after heavy rains or during prolonged showers. These data +and the different sizes of individuals collected at the same time +suggest either variable growth or, more probably, an extensive breeding +season. Our earliest and latest dates of collection are April 16 and +October 7. The Korean name for "frog," most often applied to _R. +nigromaculata_, sounds something like "keg-oh-ree." The call is a +prolonged, raspy, staccato croak, sometimes with a rising inflection at +the end. + +In addition to the localities listed above, the species was observed 5 +mi. W Kwangju and 3 mi. S Osan. + +Despite a high degree of individual variation, _Rana nigromaculata_ +seemingly varies geographically as well; some subspecies probably should +be recognized, but the species as a whole has never been thoroughly +studied systematically. The division of _R. nigromaculata_ into three +subspecies by Schmidt (1927:563-567) was considered untenable by Fang +and Chang (1931:95-98), and it has been regarded by most recent authors +as a variable, monotypic species. + +The named subspecies _R. n. chosenica_ (Okada, 1931:89, with type +locality at Seoul, and geographically restricted to Korea) was +considered a subspecies of _Rana plancyi_ by Shannon (1956:36). The most +trenchant characters of _plancyi_ seem to be the wide dorsolateral +folds, the uniform greenish dorsum, the presence of dermal pustules on +the back between the dorsolateral folds, and the lack of a mottled +pattern on the posterior surface of the thigh. Among our specimens of +_R. nigromaculata_, the width of the dorsolateral folds is variable, a +uniform greenish dorsum is found only in large males, dermal pustules +are mixed with ridges in only one male (KU 38733), and all have a +spotted or mottled pattern on the posterior surface of the thigh. All of +our specimens having an indistinct pattern on the back, or lacking a +pattern, are males and resemble the photographs of males published by +Moriya (1954: pl. I, fig. 5) and Liu (1936: pl. IV, figs. 1-2); +juveniles of both sexes and large females have contrasting patterns. + +None of our frogs seems, therefore, clearly referable to the species +_plancyi_, although some characters are suggestive of _plancyi_. Moriya +(_op. cit.:19_), who studied variation of _R. nigromaculata_ in Japan, +noted that one of the most distinct populations there (_R. n. +brevipoda_) resembled _Rana plancyi_. Ting (1939) discovered that +_nigromaculata_ and _plancyi_ were cross-fertile and raised hybrid +larvae through metamorphosis. Pope and Boring (1940) suggested +hybridization between the two species in eastern China, and the above +mentioned facts suggest to us the possibility of hybridization in other +regions. + + +=Rana amurensis coreana= Okada + + _Rana temporaria coreana_ Okada, Annot. Zool. Japon., 11:140 + (footnote), July 25, 1927, _nomen nudum_. + + _Rana temporaria coreana_ Okada, Jour. Chosen Nat. Hist. Soc, 6:19, + pl. 1, fig. 7, 1928 (type locality, Keijo [= Seoul], Korea). + + _Rana amurensis coreana_, Shannon, Herpetologica, 12:38, March 6, + 1956. + + _Specimens examined_ (9).--Central National Forest, near + Pup'yong-ni, 1 (KU); 2 mi. S Ch'orwon, 1 (KU); 4 mi. W Ch'ungju, 1 + (KU); 1 mi. N Oho-ri, 1 (KU); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 3 (KU); Yongp'yong, 2 + (KU). + +_Remarks._--One individual of _R. a. coreana_ (KU 38698) and one of +_Rana temporaria dybowskii_ (KU 38715) were collected on May 29 along a +stream in the Central National Forest in association with _R. rugosa_ +and _R. nigromaculata_. Specimens of _coreana_ from the vicinity of +Seoul were found in rice fields. The earliest date of collection was +April 13 at Yongp'yong. Our largest specimen of _coreana_ measured 47 in +snout-vent length. + +Because _R. a. coreana_ and _Rana temporaria dybowskii_ are sympatric in +central Korea and closely resemble one another, the two species were not +distinguished in the field and the following observations may pertain to +either (or both) species. Wood frogs were observed 2 mi. E Songdong-ni +on July 12 in paddies (rice fields) along with individuals of _Hyla +arborea_, _Rana rugosa_, and _Rana nigromaculata_. At Chip'o-ri on April +6, individuals (probably _R. t. dybowskii_) were seen in a seepage pool +from an abandoned rice field; _R. nigromaculata_ also was seen there. +Six or seven egg masses (some having small tadpoles) were observed in +the shallow water, but it was not certain to which species the eggs +belonged. Completely metamorphosed young (probably _R. a. coreana_) were +first seen 1 mi. N Oho-ri on June 9. At Taehoesan-ni on November 12, +several sluggish frogs were seen in a small pool that was covered by a +thin layer of ice. + +On September 26 in the Central National Forest, many wood frogs of +various sizes were observed. _R. amurensis_ and _R. temporaria_ probably +have extended breeding seasons that correspond to those of _R. rugosa_ +and _R. nigromaculata_. Judging from our observations, _amurensis_ +prefers the proximity of water, whereas _temporaria_ may occur some +distance from permanent water. + +In our specimens, _R. amurensis coreana_ differs from _R. temporaria +dybowskii_ in having (1) smaller maximal size, (2) more slender body, +(3) shorter legs, (4) incompletely webbed toes, (5) no mottling or +barring on lips, (6) no contrasting barred pattern on hind legs, (7) +dark brown stripes (usually) between dorsolateral folds, (8) a dark +brown, linear mark below canthus, and (9) an immaculate ventral surface. +Two additional distinguishing characters, which we found difficult to +evaluate, are the nearly straight, dorsolateral folds, and lack of vocal +sacs or ostia in males of _R. a. coreana_ (Shannon, 1956:38). Some of +the differences between the two species were illustrated by Okada, +1931:107, fig. 48, _R. temporaria temporaria_ [=_R. t. dybowskii_] and +123, fig. 54, _R. temporaria coreana_ [=_R. amurensis coreana_]. + + +=Rana temporaria dybowskii= G[:u]nther + + _Rana Dybowskii_ G[:u]nther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 17:387, May, + 1876 (type locality, Abrek Bay, near Vladivostok, Siberia). + + _Rana temporaria dybowski_, Shannon, Herpetologica, 12:38, March 6, + 1956. + + _Specimens examined_ (20).--Central National Forest, near + Pup'yong-ni, 7 (KU); Chip'o-ri, 2 (KU); 1 mi. SW Inje, 6 (KU); 8 mi. + SW Kangnung, 1 (KU); Taegwang-ni, 1 (KU); 1 mi. SW Tangjonggok, 3 + (KU). + +_Remarks._--On October 9 in the Central National Forest, five +individuals were found in a concrete-walled pit in old ruins on a wooded +hillside; no specimens of _Rana amurensis coreana_ were taken there. _R. +t. dybowskii_ was most often taken on high, moist slopes, and seemed to +be especially common in forests. The specimen from 8 mi. SW Kangnung was +obtained in a wooded area along a mountain stream. The earliest date of +collection of a specimen of _dybowskii_ was March 7 at Taegwang-ni. See +also the remarks under the preceding account of _Rana amurensis +coreana_. + +The largest male among our specimens measured 65 in snout-vent length +and the largest female, 79. Five gravid females had snout-vent lengths +of 64, 68, 69, 69 and 70. + + +=Trionyx sinensis= Wiegmann + + _Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis_ Wiegmann, Nova Acta Acad. + Leopold.-Carol., 17:189, 1835 (type locality, near Macao, China). + + _Specimen examined._--Han River, 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU). + +_Remarks._--Our only specimen was purchased from a man who had captured +it by hand in the Han River; it was the only turtle seen during our stay +in Korea. Koreans eat turtles, and the elaborate (and relatively +permanent) fish-traps that they construct across streams and small +rivers probably reduce the size of populations of _T. sinensis_ and +other species. + + +=Eremias argus= Peters + + _Eremias argus_ Peters, Monatsber. preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, p. + 61, fig. 3 (for 1869), 1870 (type locality, Chefoo, China). + + _Specimens examined_ (23).--Chip'o-ri, 1 (KU); 5 mi. E Seoul, 3 + (KU), 3 (UMMZ); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 4 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 10 (UMMZ); 7 + mi. ESE Seoul, 2 (KU). + +_Remarks._--Individuals of _E. argus_ were most often seen on dry +hillsides having a relatively sparse cover of vegetation. The first +lizard of this species was taken on April 2. In 1954 the last part of +March and early part of April were generally warm, with temperatures +above 70deg. F. on several occasions; probably some _E. argus_ were active +in late March. KU 38773 (snout-vent length, 51) laid three eggs between +June 4 and 14; KU 38768 (snout-vent length, 58) obtained on May 8 was +gravid, containing four eggs. Testes of lizards in the breeding season +measure approximately 4.0 x 2.5 (KU 38772, obtained on June 16). + +The snout-vent length of our largest female is 61, that of the largest +male, 57. The snout-vent length of 11 specimens averaged 77 (67-96) per +cent of length of tail. + + +=Tachydromus amurensis= Peters + + _Tachydromus amurensis_ Peters, Sitzungsber. Gesell. naturf. Freunde + Berlin, p. 71, 1881 (type locality, Kossakewitcha, Amurland). + + _Specimens examined_ (3).--Central National Forest, near + Pup'yong-ni, 1 (KU), 1 (UMMZ); Majon-ni, 1 (KU). + +_Remarks._--One of our specimens was found among grasses along a small +stream in the Central National Forest. The other two were obtained by +other persons and we lack knowledge of conditions of their capture. + +A juvenile (KU 39416, snout-vent length, 25) that was obtained on +September 9 is tentatively referred to this species. There seem to be +three femoral pores on the left leg but the number is indistinct on the +right. The specimen is dark and lacks a pattern. Its condition precludes +counts of ventral scales (not keeled), but scalation is otherwise the +same as a male (KU 40120, snout-vent length approximately 47, length of +tail, 124). The third specimen, a male (UMMZ 113442, snout-vent length, +51, length of tail, 115), agrees with KU 40120, except in having 32 +instead of 29 dorsal scales at midbody, 4-4 instead of 3-3 femoral +pores, and in lacking a pale stripe from eye through ear to shoulder. + + +=Tachydromus wolteri= Fischer + + _Tachydromus Wolteri_ Fischer, Jahrb. Wiss. Anst. Hamburg, 2:82 (for + 1884), 1885 (type locality, Chemulp'o, Korea). + + _Specimens examined_ (2).--Yongp'yong, 2 (KU). + +_Remarks._--On April 14, two females (57 and 45 in snout-vent length, +the tail of the latter measuring 103) were easily captured by hand on a +burned-over rice field. + + +=Lygosoma reevesii= (Gray) + + _Tiliqua Reevesii_ Gray, Ann. [Mag.] Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 2:292, + December, 1838 (type locality, China). + + [_Lygosoma (Liolepisma) laterale_] var. _reevesi_, Boettger, Katalog + der Batrachier-Sammlung ..., p. 104, 1893. + + _Specimens examined_ (6).--Central National Forest, near + Pup'yong-ni, 3 (KU); 4 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (KU); 7 mi. NNE + Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (UMMZ); 16 mi. NE Mosulp'o, Cheju Do, 1 + (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--On October 23 an individual was captured while sunning on a +stump on a wooded hillside in the Central National Forest; two others at +this locality were collected on damp ground-cover on the same hillside. +A juvenile from Cheju Do was found among moss-covered rocks in a stream +bed; the other specimens from Cheju Do were found among moss-covered +rocks on the western slope of Halla San. + +Each ovary of a female obtained on October 23 contained five enlarged +follicles, about 1 mm. in diameter. The left testis of a male obtained +on August 10 seemed enlarged, indicating possible sexual activity, and +measured approximately 6 x 2 mm. The snout-vent length of our largest +male is 41, that of our largest female, 48. The prefrontals are in +contact in all of our specimens save one (UMMZ 113446). + +There is disagreement among herpetologists concerning the generic name +of the small lygosome skink in the United States and its ecological +equivalent in China and Korea. We tentatively use _Lygosoma_ (Conant, +1951:207-208), although Mittleman (1950) pointed out reasons for using +_Scincella_. Shannon (1956:41) discussed the debated issue whether or +not the lygosome skinks of the New and Old worlds are conspecific. + + +=Rhabdophis tigrina lateralis= (Berthold) + + _Tropidonotus lateralis_ Berthold, Nachrichten Gesell. Wiss. + G[:o]ttingen, p. 180, 1859 (type locality, China). + + _Specimens examined_ (26).--Central National Forest, near + Pup'yong-ni, 1 (KU); 2 mi. N Chip'o-ri, 2 (KU); 3 mi. NW Chip'o-ri, + 4 (KU); 4 mi. N Ch'onan, 1 (KU); 3 mi. S Kumhwa, 1 (KU); 1 mi. SW + Naegong-ni, 1 (KU); 4 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU); 5 mi. E Seoul, 2 (UMMZ); + 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 4 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU), 4 (UMMZ); 7 mi. ESE + Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 2 (KU); 5 mi. NE + Taejon, 1 (KU). + +_Remarks._--This common, vagrant species was found on brushy hillsides, +near buildings on hills above rice fields, in tall grasses near streams, +in rice fields, and along drainage and irrigation ditches. The earliest +and latest dates of collection were April 5 and November 7. On the first +date mentioned an individual was found in hibernation with five _Elaphe +rufodorsata_ and one _Agkistrodon halys_ in an earthen Korean burial +mound. The specimen was uncovered by a bulldozer at a depth of about one +foot below the surface. We were told that 18 snakes of this species were +found in the same place (7 mi. ESE Seoul) the previous winter. + +The stomach of each of four individuals contained one _Rana +nigromaculata_. The stomach of another individual contained a _R. +nigromaculata_ and remains of a carabid beetle, whereas another +contained three small, partially-digested frogs that appeared to be +_Hyla arborea_. P. M. Youngman reported to us that he found a snake of +this species that was attempting to swallow a toad, _Bufo bufo +gargarizans_. One of the small individuals from Cheju Do was being eaten +by a _Zamenis spinalis_ when found. One specimen was parasitized by +three nematodes, _Kalicephalus natricis_ (see Olsen, 1957:208). + +Two females of this oviparous species (lengths of body, 680 and 700) +collected on May 14 contained nine eggs (18 mm. long), and 13 eggs (15 +mm.) respectively; a third (length of body, 610) obtained on June 26 +contained 10 eggs that were approximately 18 mm. long. A female (UMMZ +113458, length of body, 710), which was captured on July 10 and kept +alive in captivity, laid 11 eggs on August 12 between 9 and 10 in the +morning. The weight of nine of these eggs averaged 3.32 (3.0-3.6) grams; +the last two eggs deposited were small and weighed only 1.3 and 1.4 +grams. The eggs were incubated unsuccessfully. One that was opened on +September 14 and another opened on September 26 contained young easily +recognized as of this species. In captivity the parent snake underwent +ecdysis on about July 20 and again on August 26. + +Our largest female and largest male have respective total lengths of +1013 (840 + 173) and 740 (575 + 165). Our smallest specimens, captured +on September 9, measured 215 and 230 mm. in length of body, and probably +represent young of the year. The snake found in hibernation on April 5 +measured 275 in length of body. The ventrals of 11 males averaged 161.3 +(158-171) and those of 14 females, 165.1 (160-170); subcaudals of eight +males averaged 69.6 (66-74) and those of 14 females, 61.5 (52-73). + +Males seem to have small scales in the anal region that are more +strongly keeled than scales elsewhere on the body (the scales catch on +finger tips when rubbed in a posteroanterior direction), but males lack +small tubercles on the upper and lateral parts of the head as mentioned +by Maslin (1950:433). The comments of the same author (_op. cit._:434) +concerning integumental poison glands in the nuchal region of this +species are of interest in view of several reports that we received of +swollen extremities resulting from handling snakes of this species. + +In using the generic names _Rhabdophis_ and _Amphiesma_ for species +formerly placed in the genus _Natrix_, we follow Malnate (1960), who +divided _Natrix (auct.)_ into five distinct genera. + + +=Amphiesma vibakari ruthveni= (Van Denburgh) + + _Natrix vibakari ruthveni_ Van Denburgh, Proc. California Acad. + Sci., ser. 4, 13(2):3, July 26, 1923 (type locality, Pusan, + Korea). + + _Specimens examined_ (5).--Central National Forest, near + Pup'yong-ni, 1 (KU); 4 mi. SW Ch'ongyang-ni, 1 (KU); 10 mi. NE + Mosulp'o, Cheju Do, 1 (UMMZ); 6-7 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 + (KU), 1 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--The specimen from the Central National Forest was captured +on August 18 near a stream on a damp ground-cover of leaves. The +specimens from Cheju Do were taken in early September, one in a grassy +area, and the other two on earthen banks of road-cuts on the slopes of +Halla San. The stomach of one individual from Cheju Do contained an +earthworm. Our largest specimen, a male having 154 ventrals and 68 +subcaudals, measured 508 (380 + 128). + +The subcaudal counts of 68 (KU 38861) and 69 (UMMZ 113461) on two males +from Cheju Do are higher than the maximal count known for the subspecies +_ruthveni_ in Korea, and resemble those of _Amphiesma vibakari vibakari_ +of the Japanese islands. The subcaudals average 61 (55-65) in _ruthveni_ +and 71 (63-83) in _vibakari_ according to Van Denburgh (1923:3-4). A +juvenile from the Central National Forest (KU 38862), lacking the tip of +the tail, has 64 subcaudals. + + +=Dinodon rufozonatum= (Cantor) + + _Lycodon rufo-zonatus_ Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, 9:483, + August, 1842 (type locality, island of Chusan, China). + + _Dinodon rufozonatus_, Peters, Sitzungsber. Gesell. naturf. Freunde + Berlin, p. 89, 1881. + + _Specimens examined_ (4).--Central National Forest, near + Pup'yong-ni, 3 (KU); Yongsan (Seoul), 1 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--The three specimens from the Central National Forest were +taken in the period August 12-26. Two were caught in live-traps set for +small mammals in deep forest among granite outcrops. The specimen from +Yongsan was obtained on October 27 in a partly wooded area. Ventrals and +subcaudals of our four specimens (all males) numbered, respectively, +198, 200, 198, 205, and 74, 75, 75, __. Total length of the largest +specimen was 960 (790 + 170). + +We follow Chang (1932:54) and most subsequent authors in regarding _D. +rufozonatum_ as a monotypic species. + + +=Zamenis spinalis= (Peters) + + _Masticophis spinalis_ Peters, Monatsber. preuss. Akad. Wiss., + Berlin, p. 91 (for 1866), 1867 (type locality, unknown--"Mexico" + erroneously listed). + + _Zamenis spinalis_, G[:u]nther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 9:22, + January, 1872. + + _Specimens examined_ (2).--5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. NNE + Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (KU). + +_Remarks._--The specimen from Cheju Do was captured on September 9 in +tall grass near a small stream and was eating a small _Rhabdophis +tigrina_. The female from near Seoul was obtained from a Korean on June +10, and was gravid (six eggs, each approximately 35 mm. in length). The +length of body measured approximately 550 and the length of incomplete +tail 168 in one specimen (KU 38777, female from 5 mi. ESE Seoul), 540 +and 183 in the other (KU 38778, female from Cheju Do). Respective +ventral and subcaudal counts of the two females are 204, 194, and 74+, +86. + +There is some disagreement in the literature as to the proper generic +name of this snake. Differences in dentition between Old World species +(referable to _Zamenis_) and the American species (referable to +_Coluber_) are discussed by Bogert and Oliver (1945:365). The species +_spinalis_ has been referred to _Coluber_ by several authors (see Pope, +1935:226). + + +=Elaphe dione= (Pallas) + + _Coluber dione_ Pallas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des + Russischen Reichs, 2:717, 1773 (type locality, "Salt steppes + toward the Caspian Sea" according to Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. + Mus., 58:315, July 22, 1907). + + _Elaphis dione_, Dum['e]ril and Bibron, Erp['e]tologie + g['e]n['e]rale ..., 7:248, 1854. + + _Specimens examined_ (10).--Choksong, 1 (KU); 4 mi. N Ch'onan, 1 + (KU); Seoul, 1 (KU); 5 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU), 2 (UMMZ); 5 mi. ESE + Seoul, 1 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 1 (UMMZ); Taegwang-ni, 1 (KU); 2 mi. + WSW Tongjonggok, 1 (KU). + +_Remarks._--This species seemingly occurs in upland habitats. Specimens +were taken on rocky hillsides, on sparsely wooded hillsides, and in +cultivated fields. November 21 was the latest date of capture of an +active individual (UMMZ 113451), the head of which was seen many times +prior to capture protruding from a hole beneath the concrete floor of a +building. A female (KU 38855), measuring 915 (775 + 140) in total +length, and obtained on June 13, contained nine eggs (32 mm. long). One +juvenile had eaten a half-grown house mouse, _Mus musculus_; the stomach +of a male contained three mice, one a striped field mouse, _Apodemus +agrarius_, the other two probably also of that species but too far +digested for certain identification. Eggs probably hatch in late summer. +A young of the year (length of body, 340) was captured on September 30; +another juvenile (length of body, 285) was obtained in May. + +Our largest male (KU 40123) measured 904 (719 + 185) in total length. +Ventrals and subcaudals of six females averaged 205.8 (198-211) and 62.2 +(55-69), respectively, whereas corresponding counts of four males +averaged 196.8 (190-214), and 71.0 (69-74). Each of nine specimens had +dorsal scales in 23-25-19 rows except one (UMMZ 113451), which had +23-25-23 rows. + + +=Elaphe rufodorsata= (Cantor) + + _Tropidonotus rufodorsatus_ Cantor, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, + 9:483, August, 1842 (type locality, island of Chusan, China). + + _Elaphe rufodorsata_, Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:310, + figs. 269-271, July 22, 1907. + + _Specimens examined_ (27).--7 mi. NW Changhowan-ni, 1 (KU); 3 mi. NW + Chip'o-ri, 3 (KU); 7 mi. W Ch'ungju, 2 (KU), 1 (UMMZ); 3 mi. S + Kumhwa, 2 (KU); 1 mi. NW Oho-ri, 1 (KU); 4 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU); 5 + mi. E Seoul, 2 (KU); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 2 (KU); 6 mi. E Seoul, 3 (KU), + 2 (UMMZ); 7 mi. ESE Seoul, 5 (KU); 4 mi. N Uijongbu, 1 (KU); 5 mi. + NE Uijongbu, 1 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--_E. rufodorsata_ was commonly observed and collected on +barren hillsides, on country roads, in rice fields, and along drainage +ditches and small streams. One was found sunning outstretched on a road. +Two individuals were trapped in cement-walled pits at the Seoul City +Water Works. On April 5, five snakes of this species with one +_Rhabdophis tigrina_ and one _Agkistrodon halys_, all partly caked with +earth, were found sunning in a shallow depression on the side of a +Korean burial mound, which was presumably a hibernaculum. Aside from one +juvenile, four of the _E. rufodorsata_ were of approximately the same +size, having bodies ranging in length from 385 to 455. + +Copulation was observed on April 25 (male, KU 38811, length of body, +400, and female, KU 38812, length of body, 565), and on May 4 (female, +KU 38816, length of body, 620). Eggs doubtless hatch at various times in +summer. One of five snakes obtained on April 5 (see above) measured 310 +(250 + 60) in total length. Another juvenile (KU 38828), obtained on +October 18, was 478 (385 + 93) long, and our smallest specimen of this +species (KU 38821), captured on June 26, measured 275 (230 + 45). + +The stomachs of two snakes each contained a _Rana nigromaculata_; +another individual had eaten a _Hyla arborea_, and a fourth specimen had +eaten a small fish. One specimen was parasitized by a cestode. + +The largest female from our series (KU 38816) measured 740 (620 + 120), +and the largest male (KU 38813), 595 (475 + 120). Respective ventral and +subcaudal counts of 13 males averaged 170.5 (167-174) and 60.0 (56-63), +ventrals of 12 females averaged 178.3 (169-182), and subcaudals of 11 +averaged 51.0 (46-56). + + +=Elaphe schrencki anomala= (Boulenger) + + _Coluber anomalus_ Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 17:243, + March, 1916 (type locality, Chihfeng, China). + + _Elaphe schrencki anomala_, Pope, The reptiles of China, p. 266, + fig. 57, May 11, 1935. + + _Specimens examined_ (7).--Central National Forest, near + Pup'yong-ni, 2 (KU), 1 (UMMZ); 4-1/2 mi. W Chip'o-ri, 1 (KU); 5 mi. + N P'yong-taek, 1 (KU); 5 mi. E Seoul, 1 (KU); 5 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 + (KU). + +_Remarks._--Individuals were observed or taken on dry, scrubby hillsides +and in grassy upland areas. One of the three snakes from the Central +National Forest was captured on a steep, forested hillside among granite +outcroppings; another was obtained there along a stream bank and had +eaten three bats, _Murina aurata_ (see Jones, 1960:265), and one mouse, +_Apodemus_ sp. (tail only found). P. M. Youngman reported (personal +communication) finding a rat (_Rattus_ sp.) in the stomach of one +individual. A female (KU 38830, length of body, 1180) that was obtained +on June 2 contained 17 eggs, each approximately 32 mm. long. The +ventrals of two females numbered 223 and 229, and the subcaudals of the +latter 70. Ventrals and subcaudals of five males were, respectively, +211, 213, 214, 215, 216, and 71, 75, 75, 69, 75. + +The coloration and pattern of our seven specimens are of interest in +view of the probable intergradation between _E. s. anomala_ and _E. s. +schrencki_ in northern Korea (see comments by Shannon, 1956:46). The +smallest specimen (KU 38831), having a total length of 335 (280 + 55), +was obtained 4 mi. N P'yong-taek on September 24. It is nearly uniform +pale brown (lacks a dorsal pattern) and additionally is characterized as +follows: incomplete pattern on the head; no black postocular band (pale +brown with black posterior border); ventrolateral extensions of the head +pattern that form longitudinal stripes of white on the third row of +scales; a pale whitish stripe on the sixth and seventh scale rows that +extends posteriorly to the level of the fortieth ventral and that has a +narrow black border (sometimes interrupted); small and indistinct +blackish markings and pale stripes on sides (no higher than sixth row of +scales); underside of the head whitish; and venter grayish, having +blackish margins on the ends of ventrals posteriorly. KU 38831 is +unusual and perhaps anomalous in having a pattern that does not conform +to the juvenile pattern of either subspecies. + +A female (KU 38830), having a total length of 1390 (1180 + 210), from 5 +mi. ESE Seoul conforms to descriptions of _anomala_ in being uniformly +pale brown above and in having indistinct dark smudges on the sides; the +ventral surface is whitish having indistinct dark smudges, brown spots +at the ends of each ventral, and the posterior edge of each ventral +brown. A male (KU 40125), measuring 1090 (890 + 200) in total length, +from 5 mi. E Seoul, is pale brown above and lacks markings on the +anterior part of the body. Indistinct dark markings occur at midbody, +whereas the posterior quarter of the body and tail have well-defined +black bands on a buff background. The black bands posteriorly are +arranged in pairs; each pair of bands is separated by two and a half to +three scales, whereas the bands of each pair are separated by only one +and a half scales. The ventral surface has an obscure marbled pattern. +Our largest specimen, a male (UMMZ 113454) having a total length of 1488 +(1230 + 258), from the Central National Forest, resembles KU 40125, +except that pale brown blotches (29 on body, one blackish on neck) and +dark lateral spots occur anteriorly on the body. + +Another female (KU 38860, body length, 970) from 4-1/2 mi. W Chip'o-ri, +our northernmost locality of record, has a fairly distinct pattern +dorsally. The 30 dark brown, black-edged blotches that are separated by +a buff background are not arranged in pairs (as in KU 40125); the dorsal +blotches sometimes alternate with small lateral blotches. The ventral +surface is marbled throughout. + +Two males from the Central National Forest, having total lengths of 1105 +(920 + 185) and 830 (690 + 140), generally resemble one another in +having the head and neck dark brown or blackish and the anterior part of +body dark brown, but discernibly blotched. The posterior part of the +body and tail of each bears well-defined blotches (dark brown or black) +with buffy interspaces; the dorsal blotches are sometimes arranged in +pairs. The ventral surface of each is marbled throughout. These two +males are noteworthy in that the pattern anteriorly is obscure, but the +ground color is dark, not pale as in the two specimens from the vicinity +of Seoul. + + +=Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus= Stejneger + + _Agkistrodon blomhoffii brevicaudus_ Stejneger, Bull. U. S. Nat. + Mus., 58:463, July 22, 1907 (type locality, Pusan, Korea). + + _Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus_, Okada, A catalogue of vertebrates + of Japan, p. 103, 1938. + + _Specimens examined_ (12).--Central National Forest, near + Pup'yong-ni, 4 (KU); 3 mi. NW Chip'o-ri, 2 (KU); 16 mi. NE Mosulp'o, + Cheju Do, 1 (UMMZ); 5 mi. E Seoul, 1 (UMMZ); 6 mi. E Seoul, 2 (KU); + 7 mi. ESE Seoul, 1 (KU); 7 mi. NNE Sogwi-ri, Cheju Do, 1 (UMMZ). + +_Remarks._--Individuals of _Agkistrodon_ were collected on brushy or +wooded hillsides, along rock walls or in piles of rocks, and in damp, +rocky, wooded ravines near streams. Many were docile when captured. One +specimen was infested with nematodes, another with cestodes. One +specimen had eaten a striped field mouse, _Apodemus agrarius_, and +another had eaten a gray hamster, _Cricetulus triton_. One female, +obtained on May 22, 6 mi. E Seoul, contained 14 embryos. Another female, +obtained on August 25 in the Central National Forest, contained three +well-developed embryos. + +We have not included descriptive or taxonomic remarks concerning _A. +halys_ because Dr. Howard K. Gloyd, University of Arizona, who currently +is studying the systematics of the genus _Agkistrodon_, has our +specimens on loan. + + +Gazetteer + +Listed below are all localities mentioned in the accounts of species; +the latitude (north) and longitude (east) are given for each. All +place-names can be found in "Gazetteer to maps of Korea," 3 vols., AMS +2, U. S. Army Map Service, September, 1950, and, except for the two +marked by an asterisk, can be located on AMS map series L552 (Korea, +1:250,000). The McCune-Reischauer system of romanization of Korean names +is used. + + Changhowan-ni. 37deg.07', 127deg.38' + + Central National Forest. A small mixed forest 15-18 mi. NE Seoul and + immediately west of the village of Pup'yong-ni; most of our + collecting there was done approximately at 37deg.45', 127deg.10' + + Cheju Do (Quelpart Island). A large island in the East China Sea off + the southwestern tip of the Korean mainland (see Mosulp'o and + Sogwi-ri) + + Chip'o-ri. 38deg.08', 127deg.19' + + Choksong. 37deg.58', 126deg.57' + + Ch'onan. 36deg.48', 127deg.09' + + *Ch'ongyang-ni. 38deg.15', 127deg.23' + + Ch'orwon. 38deg.15', 127deg.13' + + Ch'ungju. 36deg.58', 127deg.57' + + Halla San. A central, volcanic mountain on Cheju Do (see above) + + Hoengsong. 37deg.29', 127deg.59' + + Inje. 38deg.04', 128deg.11' + + Kangnung. 37deg.45', 128deg.54' + + Kumhwa. 38deg.17', 127deg.28' + + Kunsan. 35deg.59', 126deg.43' + + Kwangju. 35deg.09', 126deg.55' + + Majon-ni. 37deg.52', 126deg.46' + + Mosulp'o. 33deg.13', 126deg.15' + + Naegong-ni. 37deg.41', 127deg.10' + + Oho-ri. 38deg.20', 128deg.32' + + Osan. 37deg.09', 127deg.04' + + Pup'yong-ni. 37deg.44', 127deg.12' + + Pusan. 35deg.08', 129deg.04' + + P'yong-taek [= P'yongt'aeng-ni]. 36deg.59', 127deg.05' + + Sangbonch'on-ni. 37deg.27', 127deg.16' + + Sangdaehwa. 37deg.30', 128deg.26' + + Seoul. 37deg.32', 127deg.00' + + Sogwi-ri. 33deg.15', 126deg.34' + + Songdong-ni. 38deg.01', 127deg.16' + + Taegwang-ni. 38deg.11', 127deg.06' + + *Taehoesan-ni. 38deg.04', 127deg.14' + + Taejon. 36deg.20', 127deg.26' + + Tangjonggok. 38deg.11', 128deg.19' + + Tangnim-ni. 37deg.50', 127deg.37' + + Uijongbu. 37deg.44', 127deg.03' + + Wonsan. 39deg.09', 127deg.27' + + Yami-ri. 38deg.03', 127deg.16' + + Yanggu. 38deg.06', 128deg.00' + + Yongdae-ri. 38deg.13', 128deg.23' + + Yongp'yong. 38deg.01', 127deg.13' + + +Literature Cited + +BABB, G. H., JR. + + 1955. An annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of + Korea. Bull. Philadelphia Herp. Soc., 1:17-23. + +BOGERT, C. M., AND OLIVER, J. A. + + 1945. A preliminary analysis of the herpetofauna of Sonora. + Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 83:297-426, 8 pls., 13 figs., 2 + maps, March 30. + +BOULENGER, G. A. + + 1882. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Ecaudata in the + collection of the British Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, + xvi + 503 pp., 30 pls. + +CHANG, M. L. Y. + + 1932. Notes on a collection of reptiles from Szechuan. + Contrib. Biol. Lab., Sci. Soc. China, Zool. Ser., 8:9-95, 28 + figs., February. + +CONANT, R. + + 1951. The reptiles of Ohio. Second edition (with revisionary + addenda). Amer. Midland Nat., Univ. Notre Dame Press, 284 pp., + 27 pls. + +DIXON, J. R. + + 1956. A collection of amphibians and reptiles from west central + Korea. Herpetologica, 12:50-56, 1 fig., March 6. + +FANG, P. W., AND CHANG, M. L. Y. + + 1931. Amphibia of Nanking. Contrib. Biol. Lab., Sci. Soc. China, + Zool. Ser., 7:65-114, 18 figs., May. + +G[:U]NTHER, A. + + 1858. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the collection of the + British Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, xvi + 160 pp., 12 + pls. + +HAHN, D. E. + + 1959. Observations and collecting notes on _Rana n. nigromaculata_ + in central Korea. Jour. Ohio Herp. Soc., 2:7-8, September 20. + + 1960. Collecting notes on central Korean reptiles and amphibians. + Jour. Ohio Herp. Soc., 2:16-24, 4 figs., September 20. + +JONES, J. K., JR. + + 1960. The least tube-nosed bat in Korea. Jour. Mamm., 41:265, May + 20. + +LIU, C. + + 1936. Secondary sex characters of Chinese frogs and toads. Zool. + Ser., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 22:115-156, 12 pls., October 31. + + 1950. Amphibians of western China. Fieldiana: Zool. Memoirs, Chicago + Nat. Hist. Mus., 2:1-400, 10 pls., 100 figs., June 15. + +MALNATE, E. V. + + 1960. Systematic division and evolution of the colubrid snake genus + Natrix, with comments on the subfamily Natricinae. Proc. Acad. + Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 112:41-71, 2 figs., 4 maps, September + 23. + +MASLIN, T. P. + + 1950. Snakes of the Kiukiang-Lushan area, Kiangsi, China. Proc. + California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 26:419-466, 10 figs., April 28. + +MITTLEMAN, M. B. + + 1950. The generic status of _Scincus lateralis_ Say, 1823. + Herpetologica, 6:17-20, June 5. + +MORI, T. + + 1928_a_. A presumption of the age in which the separation of Japan + and Korea had occurred and the general condition at that age + estimated from the distribution of animals in Saishuto and + Tsushima. Chosen, pp. 14-25, January, 1928 (in Japanese). + + 1928_b_. On amphibians and reptiles of Quelpaert Island. Jour. + Chosen Nat. Hist. Soc., 6:47-52, March 25 (in Japanese). + + 1928_c_. On a new Hynobius from Quelpaert Isl. Jour. Chosen Nat. + Hist. Soc., 6:53, March 25. + +MORIYA, K. + + 1954. Studies on the five races of the Japanese pond frog, _Rana + nigromaculata_ Hallowell. I. Differences in the morphological + characters. Jour. Sci. Hiroshima Univ. (ser. B, div. 1), + 15:1-21, 2 pls., 1 fig., December. + +OKADA, Y. + + 1931. The tailless batrachians of the Japanese Empire. Imp. Agric. + Exp. Sta., Tokyo, 215 pp., 29 pls., 97 figs., March 30. + + 1934. A contribution toward a check list of the urodeles of Japan. + Copeia, 1934(1):16-19, April 24. + + 1935. Amphibia of Jehol. Rept. First Sci. Exped. Manchoukuo, sect. + V, div. II, pt. II, art. 1, pp. 1-24 (in Japanese) and 25-47 + (in English), 7 pls., 9 figs., November 30. + +OLSEN, L. S. + + 1957. A new species of _Neoascaris_ (Nematode) from a Korean wood + mouse. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., 76:205-208, 9 figs., April. + +POPE, C. H. + + 1935. The reptiles of China (Natural History of Central Asia, Vol. + X). Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, lii + 604 pp., 27 pls., + 78 figs., May 11. + +POPE, C. H., AND BORING, A. M. + + 1940. A survey of Chinese Amphibia. Peking Nat. Hist. Bull., + 15:13-86, 1 map, September. + +SATO, I. + + 1943. The tailed batrachians of Japan. Tokyo, 520 pp., illustrated + (in Japanese). + +SCHLEGEL, H. + + 1838. Reptilia (_in_ von Siebold, Fauna Japonica), pp. 1-144, + illustrated. + +SCHMIDT, K. P. + + 1927. Notes on Chinese amphibians. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 54:553-575, 2 pls., October 14. + +SHANNON, F. A. + + 1956. The reptiles and amphibians of Korea. Herpetologica, 12:22-49, + 1 pl., 1 fig., March 6. + + 1957. Addition to the herpetofauna of Korea. Herpetologica, 13:52, + March 30. + +STEJNEGER, L. + + 1907. Herpetology of Japan and adjacent territory. Bull. U. S. Nat. + Mus., 58:xx + 577, 35 pls., 409 figs., July 22. + +STEWART, G. D. + + 1953. Notes on a collection of amphibians from central Korea. + Herpetologica, 9:146-148, October 30. + + 1954. A small collection of reptiles from central Korea. Copeia, + 1954(1):65-67, February 19. + +TANNER, V. M. + + 1953. Pacific Islands herpetology No. VIII, Korea. Great Basin Nat., + 13:67-73. + +TING, H. + + 1939. A study of the reciprocal hybrids of two species of frogs, + _Rana nigromaculata_ and _Rana plancyi_. Peking Nat. Hist. Bull., + 13:181-200, 3 pls., March. + +VAN DENBURGH, J. + + 1923. A new subspecies of watersnake (_Natrix vibakari ruthveni_) from + eastern Asia. Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 13:3-4, + July 26. + +WALLEY, H. D. + + 1958_a_. A new lacertid lizard from Korea. Herpetologica, + 14:203-205, 1 fig., December 1. + + 1958_b_. "The status of _Takydromus kwangakuensis_ Doi." Copeia, + 1958(4):338, December 22. + +_Transmitted June 30, 1961_. + +28-8517 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Korea, by +Robert G Webb and J. Knox Jones and George W. 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