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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Toronto of Old, by Henry Scadding
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Toronto of Old
+
+Author: Henry Scadding
+
+Release Date: February 9, 2011 [EBook #35225]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TORONTO OF OLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Marcia Brooks, Ross Cooling and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Canada Team at
+http://www.pgdpcanada.net (This file was produced from
+images generously made available by The Internet
+Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  TORONTO OF OLD
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  H. SCADDING. D.D.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  Toronto of Old:
+
+  Collections and Recollections
+
+  ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE
+
+  EARLY SETTLEMENT AND SOCIAL LIFE OF THE CAPITAL OF ONTARIO.
+
+  By HENRY SCADDING, D.D.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  TORONTO:
+  ADAM, STEVENSON & CO.
+  1873.
+
+
+
+
+  Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year One
+  Thousand Eight Hundred and Seventy-three, by Adam, Stevenson & Co.,
+  in the office of the Minister of Agriculture.
+
+
+  Hunter, Rose & Co.,
+  Printers, Stereotypers and Bookbinders,
+  Toronto.
+
+
+
+
+  TO
+
+  THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
+
+  The Earl of Dufferin, K.C.B.
+
+  GOVERNOR GENERAL OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA,
+  A KEEN SYMPATHIZER WITH
+  THE MINUTE PAST, AS WELL AS THE MINUTE PRESENT,
+  OF THE PEOPLE COMMITTED TO HIS CHARGE,
+
+  This Volume,
+
+  TREATING OF THE INFANCY AND EARLY YOUTH
+  OF AN IMPORTANT CANADIAN CIVIC COMMUNITY
+  NOW FAST RISING TO MAN'S ESTATE,
+
+  IS
+
+  (BY PERMISSION GRACIOUSLY GIVEN,)
+  THANKFULLY AND LOYALLY DEDICATED
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  PREFACE.
+
+
+It is singular that the elder Disraeli has not included in his
+"Curiosities of Literature" a chapter on Books originating in Accident.
+It is exactly the kind of topic we might have expected him to discuss,
+in his usual pleasant manner. Of such productions there is doubtless
+somewhere a record. Whenever it shall be discovered, the volume here
+presented to the reader must be added to the list. A few years since,
+when preparing for a local periodical a paper of "Early Notices of
+Toronto," the writer little imagined what the sheets then under his hand
+would finally grow to. The expectation at the time simply was, that the
+article on which he was at work would assist as a minute scintilla in
+one of those monthly meteoric showers of miscellaneous light literature
+with which the age is so familiar; that it would engage, perhaps, the
+attention for a few moments of a chance gazer here and there, and then
+vanish in the usual way. But on a subsequent revision, the subject thus
+casually taken up seemed capable of being more fully handled. Two or
+three friends, moreover, had expressed a regret that to the memoranda
+given, gathered chiefly from early French documents, there had not been
+added some of the more recent floating folklore of the community, some
+of the homely table-talk of the older people of the place; such of the
+mixed traditions, in short, of the local Past of Toronto as might seem
+of value as illustrations of primitive colonial life and manners. It was
+urged, likewise, in several quarters, that if something in this
+direction were not speedily done, the men of the next generation would
+be left irremediably ignorant of a multitude of minute particulars
+relating to their immediate predecessors, and the peculiar conditions
+under which were so bravely executed the many labours whereby for
+posterity the path onward has been made smooth. For many years the
+writer had quietly concerned himself with such matters. Identified with
+Toronto from boyhood, to him the long, straight ways of the place
+nowhere presented barren, monotonous vistas. To him innumerable objects
+and sites on the right hand and on the left, in almost every quarter,
+called up reminiscences, the growth partly of his own experience and
+observation, and partly the residuum of discourse with others, all
+invested with a certain degree of rational, human interest, as it seemed
+to him. But still, that he was sometime to be the compiler of an
+elaborate volume on the subject never seriously entered his thoughts.
+Having, however, as was narrated, once tapped the vein, he was led step
+by step to further explorations, until the result was reached which the
+reader has now placed before him.
+
+By inspection it will be seen that the plan pursued was to proceed
+rather deliberately through the principal thoroughfares, noticing
+persons and incidents of former days, as suggested by buildings and
+situations in the order in which they were severally seen; relying in
+the first instance on personal recollections for the most part, and then
+attaching to every coigne of vantage such relevant information as could
+be additionally gathered from coevals and seniors, or gleaned from such
+literary relics, in print or manuscript of an early date, as could be
+secured. Here and there, brief digressions into adjacent streets were
+made, when a house or the scene of an incident chanced to draw the
+supposed pilgrim aside. The perambulation of Yonge Street was extended
+to the Holland Landing, and even to Penetanguishene, the whole line of
+that lengthy route presenting points more or less noteworthy at short
+intervals. Finally a chapter on the Marine of the Harbour was decided
+on, the boats and vessels of the place, their owners and commanders,
+entering, as is natural, so largely into the retrospect of the
+inhabitants of a Port.
+
+Although the imposing bulk of the volume may look like evidence to the
+contrary, it has been our ambition all along not to incur the reproach
+of prolixity. We have endeavoured to express whatever we had to say as
+concisely as we could. Several narratives have been disregarded which
+probably, in some quarters, will be sought for here. But while anxious
+to present as varied and minute a picture as possible of the local Past,
+we considered it inexpedient to chronicle anything that was unduly
+trivial. Thus if we have not succeeded in being everywhere piquant, we
+trust we shall be found nowhere unpardonably dull: an achievement of
+some merit, surely, when our material, comprising nothing that was
+exceptionally romantic or very grandly heroic, is considered. And a
+first step has, as we conceive, been taken towards generating for
+Toronto, for many of its streets and byways, for many of its nooks and
+corners, and its neighbourhood generally, a certain modicum of that
+charm which, springing from association and popular legend, so
+delightfully invests, to the prepared and sensitive mind, every square
+rood of the old lands beyond the sea.
+
+It will be proper, after all, however, perhaps to observe, that the
+reader who expects to find in this book a formal history of even Toronto
+of Old, will be disappointed. It was no part of the writer's design to
+furnish a narrative of every local event occurring in the periods
+referred to, with chronological digests, statistical tables, and
+catalogues exhibiting in full the Christian names and surnames of all
+the first occupants of lots. For such information recourse must be had
+to the offices of the several public functionaries, municipal and
+provincial, where whole volumes in folio, filled with the desired
+particulars, will be found.
+
+We have next gratefully to record our obligations to those who during
+the composition of the following pages encouraged the undertaking in
+various ways. Especial thanks are due to the Association of Pioneers,
+whose names are given in detail in the Appendix, and who did the writer
+the honour of appointing him their Historiographer. Before assemblages
+more or less numerous, of this body, large abstracts of the Collections
+and Recollections here permanently garnered, were read and discussed.
+Several of the members of this society, moreover, gave special _seances_
+at their respective homes for the purpose of listening to portions of
+the same. Those who were so kind as to be at the trouble of doing this
+were the Hon. W. P. Howland, C. B., Lieutenant-Governor; the Rev. Dr.
+Richardson; Mr. J. G. Worts (twice); Mr. R. H. Oates; Mr. James Stitt;
+Mr. J. T. Smith; Mr. W. B. Phipps (twice).--The Canadian Institute, by
+permitting the publication in its Journal of successive instalments of
+these papers, contributed materially to the furtherance of the work, as
+without the preparation for the press from time to time which was thus
+necessitated, it is possible the volume itself, as a completed whole,
+would never have appeared. To the following gentlemen we are indebted
+for the use of papers or books, for obliging replies to queries, and for
+items of information otherwise communicated:--Mr. W. H. Lee of Ottawa;
+Judge Jarvis of Cornwall; Mr. T. J. Preston of Yorkville; Mr. W.
+Helliwell of the Highland Creek; the late Col. G. T. Denison of
+Rusholme, Toronto; Mr. M. F. Whitehead of Port Hope; Mr. Devine of the
+Crown Lands Department; Mr. H. J. Jones of the same Department; Mr.
+Russel Inglis of Toronto; Mr. J. G. Howard of Toronto; the Rev. J. Carry
+of Holland Landing; Major McLeod of Drynoch; the Rev. George Hallen of
+Penetanguishene; the Ven. Archdeacon Fuller of Toronto; Mr. G. A. Barber
+of Toronto; Mr. J. T. Kerby of Niagara; the Rev. Saltern Givins of
+Yorkville; the Rev. A. Sanson of Toronto; the Rev. Dr. McMurray of
+Niagara; the Rev. Adam Elliott of Tuscarora; Mr. H. J. Morse of Toronto;
+Mr. W. Kirby of Niagara; Mr. Morgan Baldwin of Toronto; Mr. J. McEwan of
+Sandwich; Mr. W. D. Campbell of Quebec; Mr. T. Cottrill Clarke of
+Philadelphia.--Mrs. Cassidy of Toronto kindly allowed the use of two
+(now rare) volumes, published in 1765, by her near kinsman, Major Robert
+Rogers. Through Mr. Homer Dixon of the Homewood, Toronto, a long loan of
+the earliest edition of the first _Gazetteer_ of Upper Canada was
+procured from the library of the Young Men's Christian Association of
+Toronto.--The Rev. Dr. Ryerson, Chief Superintendent of Education, and
+Dr. Hodgins, Deputy Superintendent, courteously permitted an
+unrestricted access to the Departmental Library, rich in works of
+special value to any one prosecuting researches in early Canadian
+history. To Mr. G. Mercer Adam we are much beholden for a careful,
+friendly interest taken in the typographical execution and fair
+appearance generally of the volume.
+
+The two portraits which, in no mere conventional sense, enrich the work,
+were engraved from miniatures very artistically drawn for the purpose,
+from original paintings never before copied, in the possession of Capt.
+J. K. Simcoe, R. N., of Wolford, in the County of Devon.
+
+The circulation to be expected for a book like the present must be
+chiefly local. Nevertheless, it is to be presumed that there are persons
+scattered up and down in various parts of Canada and the United States,
+who, having been at some period of their lives familiar with Toronto,
+and retaining still a kindly regard for the place, will like to possess
+such a memorial of it in the olden time as is here offered. And even in
+the old home-countries across the Atlantic--England, Scotland and
+Ireland--there are probably members of military and other families once
+resident at Toronto, to whom such a reminder of pleasant hours, as it is
+hoped, passed there, will not be unacceptable. For similar reasons the
+book, were its existence known, would be welcome here and there in
+Australia and New Zealand, and other colonies and settlements of
+England.
+
+In an attempt to narrate so many particulars of time, place, person and
+circumstance, it can scarcely be hoped that errors have been wholly
+avoided. It is earnestly desired that any that may be detected will be
+adverted to with kindness and charity, and not in a carping tone.
+Unfairly, sometimes, a slip discovered, however trivial, is emphatically
+dwelt on, to the ignoring of almost all the points in respect of which
+complete accuracy has been secured, at the cost of much painstaking.
+Conscious that our aim throughout has been to be as minutely correct as
+possible, we ask for consideration in this regard. A certain slight
+variety which will perhaps be noticed in the orthography of a few Indian
+and other names is to be attributed to a like absence of uniformity in
+the documents consulted. While the forms which we ourselves prefer will
+be readily discerned, it was not judged advisable everywhere to insist
+on them.
+
+  10 Trinity Square, Toronto,
+    June 4th, 1873.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE.
+
+  Introductory,                                                       1
+
+  Sect.   I.  Palace Street to the Market Place,                     25
+
+    "    II.  Front Street: from the Market Place to Brock
+              Street,                                                48
+
+    "   III.  From Brock Street to the Old French Fort,              67
+
+    "    IV.  From the Garrison back to the place of beginning,      78
+
+    "     V.  King Street: From John Street to Yonge Street,         88
+
+    "    VI.      "        From Yonge Street to Church Street,       98
+
+    "   VII.      "        Digression Southwards at Church
+                             Street: Market Lane,                   109
+
+    "  VIII.      "        St. James' Church,                       117
+
+    "    IX.      "                 "        _Continued_,           129
+
+    "     X.      "                 "              "                139
+
+    "    XI.      "        Digression northward at Church
+                             Street: the Old District Grammar
+                             School,                                152
+
+    "   XII.      "        From Church Street to George St.,        172
+
+    "  XIII.      "        Digression into Duke Street,             180
+
+    "   XIV.      "        From George Street to Caroline
+                             Street,                                184
+
+    "    XV.      "        From Caroline Street to Berkeley
+                             Street,                                195
+
+    "   XVI.  From Berkeley Street to the Bridge and across it,     201
+
+    "  XVII.  The Valley of the Don:
+
+                (1). From the Bridge on the Kingston Road
+                       to Tyler's,                                  225
+
+                (2). From Tyler's to the Big Bend,                  228
+
+                (3). From the Big Bend to Castle Frank Brook,       234
+
+                (4). Castle Frank,                                  236
+
+                (5). On to the Ford and the Mills,                  241
+
+  Sect. XVIII.  Queen Street: from the Don Bridge to Caroline
+                                Street,                             244
+
+    "     XIX.       "        Digression at Caroline Street:
+                                History of the Early Press,         258
+
+    "      XX.       "        From George Street to Yonge St.       284
+                              Memories of the Old Court House,      290
+
+    "     XXI.       "        From Yonge Street to College
+                                Avenue,                             305
+                              Digression Southward at Bay St.,      308
+                              Osgoode Hall,                         312
+                              Digression Northward at the College
+                                Avenue,                             318
+
+    "    XXII.       "        From the College Avenue to Brock
+                                Street and Spadina Avenue,          326
+
+    "   XXIII.       "        From Brock Street and Spadina
+                                Avenue to the Humber,               345
+
+    "    XXIV.  Yonge Street: From the Bay to Yorkville,            375
+
+    "     XXV.       "        From Yorkville to Hogg's Hollow,      411
+
+    "    XXVI.       "        From Hogg's Hollow to Bond's
+                                Lake,                               445
+
+    "   XXVII.       "        From Bond's Lake to the Holland
+                                Landing, with Digressions to
+                                Newmarket and Sharon,               466
+
+    "  XXVIII.       "        Onward, from Holland Landing to
+                                Penetanguishene,                    496
+
+    "    XXIX.  The Harbour: Its Marine, 1793-99,                   508
+
+    "     XXX.     Do.          do.      1800-14,                   525
+
+    "    XXXI.     Do.          do.      1815-27,                   538
+
+    "   XXXII.     Do.          do.      1828-63,                   563
+
+  Appendix.                                                         577
+
+  Index.                                                            581
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  INTRODUCTORY.
+
+
+In French colonial documents of a very respectable antiquity, we meet
+with the name Toronto again and again. It is given as an appellation
+that is well-known, and its form in the greater number of instances is
+exactly that which it has now permanently assumed, but here and there
+its orthography varies by a letter or two, as is usually the case with
+strange terms when taken down by ear. In a Memoir on the state of
+affairs in Canada, transmitted to France in 1686, by the Governor in
+Chief of the day, the Marquis de Denonville, the familiar word appears.
+Addressing the Minister de Seignelay, the Marquis says: "The letters I
+wrote to Sieurs du Lhu and de la Durantaye, of which I sent you copies,
+will inform you of my orders to them to fortify the two passages leading
+to Michilimaquina. Sieur du Lhu is at that of the Detroit of Lake Erie,
+and Sieur de la Durantaye at that of the portage of Toronto. These two
+posts" the marquis observes, "will block the passage against the
+English, if they undertake to go again to Michilimaquina, and will serve
+as retreats to the savages our allies either while hunting or marching
+against the Iroquois."
+
+Again, further on in the same Despatch, Denonville says: "I have heard
+that Sieur du Lhu is arrived at the post of the Detroit of Lake Erie,
+with fifty good men well-armed, with munitions of war and provisions and
+all other necessaries sufficient to guarantee them against the severe
+cold, and to render them comfortable during the whole winter on the spot
+where they will entrench themselves. M. de la Durantaye is collecting
+people to entrench himself at Michilimaquina and to occupy the other
+pass which the English may take by Toronto, the other entrance to lake
+Huron. In this way" the marquis assures de Seignelay, "our Englishmen
+will have somebody to speak to. All this, however," he reminds the
+minister, "cannot be accomplished without considerable expense, but
+still" he adds, "we must maintain our honour and our prosperity."
+
+Du Lhu and de la Durantaye here named were the French agents or
+superintendents in what was then the Far West. Du Lhu is the same person
+whose name, under the form of Duluth, has become in recent times so well
+known, as appertaining to a town near the head of Lake Superior,
+destined in the future to be one of the great Railway Junctions of the
+continent, like Buffalo or Chicago.
+
+The Englishmen for whom M. de Denonville desired an instructive
+reception to be prepared were some of the people of Governor Dongan of
+the province of New York. Governor Dongan either could not or would not
+restrain his people from poaching for furs on the French King's domain.
+When Denonville wrote his despatch in 1686 some of these illicit traders
+had been recently seen in the direction of Michilimackinac, having
+passed up by the way of Lake Erie. To intercept them on their return,
+the Marquis reports that he has stationed "a bark, some canoes and
+twenty good men" at the river communicating from Lake Erie with that of
+Ontario near Niagara, by which place the English who ascended Lake Erie
+must of necessity pass on their return home with their peltries. "I
+regard, Monseigneur," continues Denonville to the minister, "as of
+primary importance the prohibition of this trade to the English, who,
+without doubt, would entirely ruin ours both by the cheaper bargains
+they could give the Indians, and by attracting to them the Frenchmen of
+our colony who are accustomed to go into the woods." Governor Dongan was
+also always holding communications with the Iroquois and spiriting them
+on to resist French encroachments. He even audaciously asserted that his
+own sovereign--it soon became doubtful who that was, whether James II.
+or William of Orange--was the rightful supreme lord of the Iroquois
+territory.
+
+As to the particular spot intended when Denonville says M. de la
+Durantaye is about to occupy "the pass which the English may take by
+Toronto," there may seem at first to be some ambiguity.
+
+In 1686 the vicinage of Lake Simcoe, especially the district between
+Lake Simcoe and Lake Huron, appears to have been commonly known as the
+Toronto region. We deduce this from the old contemporary maps, on one or
+other of which Matchedash bay is the Bay of Toronto; the river Severn is
+the Toronto river; Lake Simcoe itself is Toronto Lake; the chain of
+Lakes passing south-eastward from the neighbourhood of Lake Simcoe and
+issuing by the Trent in the Bay of Quinte is also the Toronto river or
+lake-chain, and again, the Humber, running southwesterly from the
+vicinity of Lake Simcoe into Lake Ontario, is likewise occasionally the
+Toronto river; the explanation of all which phraseology is to be found
+in the supposition that the Severn, the Trent chain of lakes, and the
+Humber, were, each of them, a commonly-frequented line of
+water-communication with a Toronto region--a well-peopled district--"a
+place of meeting," the haunt of numerous allied families and friendly
+bands. (That such is the most probable interpretation of the term
+Toronto, we shall hereafter see at large.)
+
+The spot to be occupied by de la Durantaye for the purpose of defending
+"the Pass at Toronto" might therefore be either in the Toronto region
+itself at the Lake Huron end of the trail leading from Lake Ontario, or
+at the Lake Ontario end of the same trail, at the point where English
+trespassers coming from the direction of the Iroquois territory would
+disembark, when intending to penetrate to Michilimackinac by this route.
+
+At the first-mentioned point, viz, the Lake Huron end of the trail, it
+was early recommended that a fort should be established, as we learn
+from letter twenty-three of Lahontan, but we do not hear that such a
+structure was ever erected there. The remains of solid buildings that
+have been found in that quarter are those of Jesuit mission-houses, and
+not of a formal fort established by the French government. At the
+last-mentioned spot, on the contrary, viz, the Lake Ontario end of the
+trail, it is certain that a fortified trading-post was early erected;
+the official designation of which, as we shall presently learn, was Fort
+Rouille, but the name by which it came in the course of time to be
+popularly known was Fort Toronto, as being the object which marked and
+guarded the southern terminus of the trail or portage leading to the
+district in the interior commonly called the Toronto region.
+
+It was here then, near the embouchure of the modern Canadian Humber,
+that "our Englishmen," as Denonville expressed himself, crossing over on
+illicit errands from Governor Dongan's domain to that of the King of
+France, were to find "somebody to speak to."
+
+[Sidenote: 1687.]
+
+The order sent to Durantaye was indeed not immediately executed. In 1687
+Denonville reports as follows to the authorities at Paris: "I have
+altered" he says, "the orders I had originally given last year to M. de
+la Durantaye to pass by Toronto and to enter Lake Ontario at
+Gandatsi-tiagon to form a junction with M. du Lhu at Niagara. I have
+sent him word," he continues, "by Sieur Juchereau, who took back the two
+Hurons and Outaouas chiefs this winter, to join Sieur du Lhu at the
+Detroit of Lake Erie, so that they may be stronger, and in a condition
+to resist the enemy, should he go to meet them at Niagara."
+
+In 1687 the business in contemplation was something more serious than
+the mere repression of trespass on the part of a few stray traders from
+Governor Dongan's province. The confederated Iroquois were, if possible,
+to be humbled once for all. From the period of Montmagny's arrival in
+1637 the French settlements to the eastward had suffered from the fierce
+inroads of the Iroquois. The predecessor of Denonville, de la Barre, had
+made a peace with them on terms that caused them to despise the French;
+and their boldness had since increased to such a degree that the
+existence of the settlements was imperilled. In a Report to the minister
+at Paris on this subject M. de Denonville again names Toronto; and he
+clearly considers it a post of sufficient note to be classed, for the
+moment, with Fort Frontenac, Niagara and Michilimackinac. To achieve
+success against the Iroquois, he informed the minister, 3000 men would
+be required. Of such a force, he observes, he has at the time only one
+half; but he boasts of more, he says, for reputation's sake: "for the
+rest of the militia are necessary to protect and cultivate the farms of
+the country; and a part of the force," he then adds, "must be employed
+in guarding the posts of Fort Frontenac, Niagara, Toronto, and
+Michilimackinac, so as to secure the aid which he expects from Illinois
+and from the other Indians, on whom however he cannot rely," he says,
+"unless he shall be able alone to defeat the five Iroquois nations."
+
+The campaign which ensued, though nominally a success, was attended with
+disastrous consequences. The blows struck, not having been followed up
+with sufficient vigour, simply further exasperated "the five Iroquois
+nations," and entailed a frightful retaliation. In 1689 took place the
+famous massacre of Lachine and devastation of the island of Montreal.
+Denonville was superseded as his predecessor de la Barre had been. The
+Count de Frontenac was appointed his successor, sent out for the second
+time, Governor General of New France.
+
+[Sidenote: 1749.]
+
+Some years now elapse before we light on another notice of Toronto. But
+at length we again observe the familiar word in one of the Reports or
+Memoirs annually despatched from Canada to France. In 1749 M. de la
+Galissoniere, administrator in the absence of the Governor in Chief, de
+la Jonquiere, informs the King's minister in Paris that he has given
+orders for erecting a stockade and establishing a royal trading post at
+Toronto.
+
+This was expected to be a counterpoise to the trading-post of Choueguen
+on the southern side of the Lake, newly erected by the English at the
+mouth of the Oswego river, on the site of the present town of Oswego.
+Choueguen itself had been established as a set-off to the fort at the
+mouth of the Niagara river, which had been built there by the French in
+spite of remonstrances on the part of the authorities at New York.
+
+Choueguen at first was simply a so-called "beaver trap" or trading-post,
+established by permission, nominally obtained, of the Iroquois; but it
+speedily developed into a strong stone-fort, and became, in fact, a
+standing menace to Fort Frontenac, on the northern shore of the Lake.
+Choueguen likewise drew to itself a large share of the valuable peltries
+of the north shore, which used before to find their way down the St.
+Lawrence to Montreal and Quebec. The goods offered at the English
+trading-post of Choueguen were found to be superior to the French goods,
+and the price given for furs was greater there than on the French side
+of the water. The storekeeper at Niagara told the Abbe Picquet, of whom
+we shall hear again presently, that the Indians compared the
+silver-trinkets which were procured at Choueguen with those which were
+procured at the French Stores; and they found that the Choueguen
+articles were as heavy as the others, of purer silver and better
+workmanship, but did not cost them quite two beavers, whilst for those
+offered for sale at the French King's post, ten beavers were demanded.
+"Thus we are discredited" the Abbe complained, "and this silver-ware
+remains a pure loss in the King's stores. French brandy indeed," the
+Abbe adds, "was preferred to the English: nevertheless that did not
+prevent the Indians going to Choueguen. To destroy the trade there," he
+affirms, "the King's posts ought to have been supplied with the same
+goods as Choueguen and at the same price. The French ought also," he
+says, "to have been forbidden to send the domiciliated Indians thither:
+but that" he confesses, "would have been very difficult."
+
+Choueguen had thus, in the eyes of the French authorities, come to be a
+little Carthage that must be put down, or, at all events, crippled to
+the greatest possible extent.
+
+Accordingly, as a counterpoise in point of commercial influence,
+Toronto, as we have seen, was to be made a fortified trading post. "On
+being informed" says M. de la Galissoniere, in the document referred to,
+bearing date 1749, "that the northern Indians ordinarily went to
+Choueguen with their peltries by way of Toronto on the northwest side of
+Lake Ontario, twenty-five leagues from Niagara, and seventy-five from
+Fort Frontenac, it was thought advisable to establish a post at that
+place and to send thither an officer, fifteen soldiers, and some
+workmen, to construct a small stockade-fort there. Its expense will not
+be great," M. de la Galissoniere assures the minister, "the timber is
+transported there, and the remainder will be conveyed by the barques
+belonging to Fort Frontenac. Too much care cannot be taken," remarks the
+Administrator, "to prevent these Indians continuing their trade with the
+English, and to furnish them at this post with all their necessaries,
+even as cheap as at Choueguen. Messrs. de la Jonquiere and Bigot will
+permit some canoes to go there on license and will apply the funds as a
+gratuity to the officer in command there. But it will be necessary to
+order the commandants at Detroit, Niagara, and Fort Frontenac, to be
+careful that the traders and store-keepers of these posts furnish goods
+for two or three years to come, at the same rates as the English. By
+these means the Indians will disaccustom themselves from going to
+Choueguen, and the English will be obliged to abandon that place."
+
+De la Galissoniere returned to France in 1749. He was a naval officer
+and fond of scientific pursuits. It was he who in 1756, commanded the
+expedition against Minorca, which led to the execution of Admiral Byng.
+
+[Sidenote: 1752.]
+
+From a despatch written by M. de Longueil in 1752, we gather that the
+post of the Toronto portage, in its improved, strengthened state, is
+known as Fort Rouille, so named, doubtless from Antoine Louis Rouille,
+Count de Jouy, Colonial Minister from 1749 to 1754. M. de Longueil says
+that "M. de Celeron had addressed certain despatches to M. de
+Lavalterie, the commandant at Niagara, who detached a soldier to convey
+them to Fort Rouille, with orders to the store-keeper at that post to
+transmit them promptly to Montreal. It is not known," he remarks, "what
+became of that soldier." About the same time, a Mississague from Toronto
+arrived at Niagara, who informed M. de Lavalterie that he had not seen
+that soldier at the Fort, nor met him on the way. "It is to be feared
+that he has been killed by Indians," he adds, "and the despatches
+carried to the English."
+
+An uncomfortable Anglophobia was reigning at Fort Rouille, as generally
+along the whole of the north shore of Lake Ontario in 1752. We learn
+this also from another passage in the same despatch. "The store-keeper
+at Toronto, says," M. de Longueil writes to M. de Vercheres, commandant
+at Fort Frontenac, "that some trustworthy Indians have assured him that
+the Saulteux (Otchipways,) who killed our Frenchman some years ago, have
+dispersed themselves along the head of Lake Ontario; and seeing himself
+surrounded by them, he doubts not but they have some evil design on his
+Fort. There is no doubt," he continues, "but 'tis the English who are
+inducing the Indians to destroy the French, and that they would give a
+good deal to get the Savages to destroy Fort Toronto, on account of the
+essential injury it does their trade at Choueguen."
+
+Such observations help us to imagine the anxious life which the lonely
+occupants of Fort Rouille must have been leading at the period referred
+to. From an abstract of a journal or memoir of the Abbe Picquet given in
+the Documentary History of the State of New York (i. 283), we obtain a
+glimpse of the state of things at the same place, about the same period,
+from the point of view, however, of an interested ecclesiastic. The Abbe
+Picquet was a doctor of the Sorbonne, and bore the titles of King's
+Missionary and Prefect Apostolic of Canada. He established a mission at
+Oswegatchie (Ogdensburg) which was known as _La Presentation_, and which
+became virtually a military outpost of Fort Frontenac. He was very
+useful to the authorities at Quebec in advocating French interests on
+the south side of the St. Lawrence. The Marquis du Quesne used to say
+that the Abbe Picquet was worth ten regiments to New France. His
+activity was so great, especially among the Six Nations, that even
+during his lifetime he was complimented with the title of "Apostle of
+the Iroquois." When at length the French power fell he retired to
+France, where he died in 1781. In 1751 the Abbe made a tour of
+exploration round Lake Ontario. He was conveyed in a King's canoe, and
+was accompanied by one of bark containing five trusty natives. He
+visited Fort Frontenac and the Bay of Quinte; especially the site there
+of an ancient mission which M. Dollieres de Kleus and Abbe d'Urfe,
+priests of the St. Sulpice Seminary had established. "The quarter is
+beautiful," the Abbe remarks, "but the land is not good." He then
+visited Fort Toronto, the journal goes on to say, seventy leagues from
+Fort Frontenac, at the west end of Lake Ontario. He found good bread and
+good wine there, it is stated, and everything requisite for the trade,
+whilst they were in want of these things at all the other posts. He
+found Mississagues there, we are told, who flocked around him; they
+spoke first of the happiness their young people, the women and children,
+would feel if the King would be as good to them as to the Iroquois, for
+whom he procured missionaries. They complained that instead of building
+a church, they had constructed only a canteen for them. The Abbe
+Picquet, we are told, did not allow them to finish; and answered them
+that they had been treated according to their fancy; that they had never
+evinced the least zeal for religion; that their conduct was much opposed
+to it; that the Iroquois on the contrary had manifested their love for
+Christianity. But as he had no order, it is subjoined, to attract them,
+viz., the Mississagues, to his mission at _La Presentation_--he avoided
+a more lengthened explanation.
+
+The poor fellows were somewhat unfairly lectured by the Abbe, for,
+according to his own showing, they expressed a desire for a church
+amongst them.
+
+A note on the Mississagues in the Documentary History (i. 22) mentions
+the neighbourhood of Toronto as one of the quarters frequented by that
+tribe: at the same time it sets down their numbers as incredibly few.
+"The Mississagues," the note says, "are dispersed along this lake
+(Ontario), some at Kente, others at the river Toronto (the Humber), and
+finally at the head of the Lake, to the number of 150 in all; and at
+Matchedash. The principal tribe is that of the Crane."
+
+The Abbe Picquet visited Niagara and the Portage above (Queenston or
+Lewiston); and in connection with his observations on those points he
+refers again expressly to Toronto. He is opposed to the maintenance of
+store-houses for trade at Toronto, because it tended to diminish the
+trade at Niagara and Fort Frontenac, "those two ancient posts," as he
+styles them. "It was necessary," he says, "to supply Niagara, especially
+the Portage, rather than Toronto. The difference," he says, "between the
+two first of these posts and the last is, that three or four hundred
+canoes could come loaded with furs to the Portage (Queenston or
+Lewiston); and that no canoes could go to Toronto except those which
+cannot pass before Niagara and to Fort Frontenac--(the translation
+appears to be obscure)--such as the Ottawas of the Head of the Lake and
+the Mississagues: so that Toronto could not but diminish the trade of
+these two ancient posts, which would have been sufficient to stop all
+the savages had the stores been furnished with goods to their liking."
+
+In 1752, a French military expedition from Quebec to the Ohio region,
+rested at Fort Toronto. Stephen Coffen, in his narrative of that
+expedition, which he accompanied as a volunteer, names the place, but he
+spells the word in accordance with his own pronunciation, Taranto. "They
+on their way stopped," he says "a couple of days at Cadaraghqui Fort,
+also at Taranto on the north side of Lake Ontario; then at Niagara
+fifteen days."
+
+[Sidenote: 1756.]
+
+In 1756, the hateful Choueguen, which had given occasion to the
+establishment of Toronto as a fortified trading-post, was rased to the
+ground. Montcalm, who afterwards fell on the Plains of Abraham, had been
+entrusted with the task of destroying the offensive stronghold of the
+English on Lake Ontario. He went about the work with some reluctance,
+deeming the project of the Governor-General, De Vaudreuil, to be rash.
+Circumstances, however, unexpectedly favoured him; and the garrison of
+Choueguen, in other words, of Oswego, capitulated. "Never before," said
+Montcalm, in his report of the affair to the Home Minister, "did 3,000
+men, with a scanty artillery, besiege 1,800, there being 2,000 enemies
+within call, as in the late affair; the party attacked having a superior
+marine, also, on Lake Ontario. The success gained has been contrary to
+all expectation. The conduct I followed in this affair," Montcalm
+continues, "and the dispositions I made, were so much out of the
+ordinary way of doing things that the audacity we manifested would be
+counted for rashness in Europe. Therefore, Monseigneur," he adds, "I beg
+of you as a favour to assure his Majesty that if he should accord to me
+what I most wish for, employment in regular campaigning, I shall be
+guided by very different principles." Alas, there was to be no more
+"regular campaigning" for Montcalm. His eyes were never again to gaze
+upon the battle fields in Bohemia, Italy and Germany, where, prior to
+his career in Canada, he had won laurels.
+
+The success before Choueguen in 1756 was followed by a more than
+counterbalancing disaster at Fort Frontenac in 1758. In that year a
+force of 3,000 men under Col. Bradstreet, detached from the army of
+Abercromby, stationed near Lake George, made a sudden descent on Fort
+Frontenac, from the New York side of the water, and captured the place.
+It was instantly and utterly destroyed, together with a number of
+vessels which had formed a part of the spoil brought away from
+Choueguen. On this occasion we find that the cry _Hannibal ante Portas_!
+was once more fully expected to be heard speedily within the stockade at
+Toronto. M. de Vaudreuil, the Governor-General, informs the Minister at
+Paris, M. de Massiac, "that should the English make their appearance at
+Toronto, I have given orders to burn it at once, and to fall back on
+Niagara."
+
+[Sidenote: 1759.]
+
+One more order (the last), issuing from a French source, having
+reference to Toronto, is to be read in the records of the following
+year, 1759. M. de Vaudreuil, again in his despatch home, after stating
+that he had summoned troops from Illinois and Detroit, to rendezvous at
+Presqu'isle on Lake Erie, adds,--"As those forces will proceed to the
+relief of Niagara, should the enemy wish to besiege it, I have in like
+manner sent orders to Toronto, to collect the Mississagues and other
+natives, to forward them to Niagara."
+
+[Sidenote: 1760.]
+
+The enemy, it appears, did wish to besiege Niagara; and on the 25th of
+July they took it--an incident followed on the 18th of the next
+September by the fall of Quebec, and the transfer of all Canada to the
+British Crown. The year after the conquest a force was despatched by
+General Amherst from Montreal to proceed up the country and take
+possession of the important post at Detroit. It was conveyed in fifteen
+whale-boats and consisted of two hundred Rangers under the command of
+Major Robert Rogers. Major Rogers was accompanied by the following
+officers: Capt. Brewer, Capt. Wait, Lieut. Bhreme, Assistant-Engineer,
+and Lieut. Davis of the Royal Train of Artillery. The party set out from
+Montreal on the 12th of September, 1760. The journal of Major Rogers
+has been published. It includes an account of this expedition. We give
+the complete title of the work, which is one sought after by
+book-collectors: "The Journals of Major Robert Rogers, containing an
+Account of the several Excursions he made under the Generals who
+commanded on the Continent of North America during the late War. From
+which may be collected the most material Circumstances of every Campaign
+upon that continent from the commencement to the conclusion of the War.
+London: Printed for the Author, and sold by J. Millan, bookseller, near
+Whitehall, MDCCLXV."
+
+We extract the part in which a visit to Toronto is spoken of. He leaves
+the ruins of Fort Frontenac on the 25th of September. On the 28th he
+enters the mouth of a river which he says is called by the Indians "The
+Grace of Man." (The Major probably mistook, or was imposed upon, in the
+matter of etymology.)
+
+Here he found, he says, about fifty Mississaga Indians fishing for
+salmon. "At our first appearance," he continues, "they ran down, both
+men and boys to the edge of the Lake, and continued firing their pieces,
+to express their joy at the sight of the English colours, until such
+time as we had landed." About fifteen miles further on he enters another
+river, which he says, the Indians call "The Life of Man."
+
+"On the 30th," the journal proceeds:--"We embarked at the first dawn of
+day, and, with the assistance of sails and oars, made great way on a
+south-west course; and in the evening reached the river Toronto (the
+Humber), having run seventy miles. Many points extending far into the
+water," Major Rogers remarks, "occasioned a frequent alteration of our
+course. We passed a bank of twenty miles in length, but the land behind
+it seemed to be level, well timbered with large oaks, hickories, maples,
+and some poplars. No mountains appeared in sight. Round the place where
+formerly the French had a fort, that was called Fort Toronto, there was
+a tract of about 300 acres of cleared ground. The soil here is
+principally clay. The deer are extremely plenty in this country. Some
+Indians," Major Rogers continues, "were hunting at the mouth of the
+river, who ran into the woods at our approach, very much frightened.
+They came in however in the morning and testified their joy at the news
+of our success against the French. They told us that we could easily
+accomplish our journey from thence to Detroit in eight days; that when
+the French traded at that place (Toronto), the Indians used to come
+with their peltry from Michilimackinac down the river Toronto; that the
+portage was but twenty miles from that to a river falling into Lake
+Huron, which had some falls, but none very considerable; they added that
+there was a carrying-place of fifteen miles from some westerly part of
+Lake Erie to a river running without any falls through several Indian
+towns into Lake St. Clair. I think Toronto," Major Rogers then states,
+"a most convenient place for a factory, and that from thence we may very
+easily settle the north side of Lake Erie."
+
+"We left Toronto," the journal then proceeds, "the 1st of October,
+steering south, right across the west end of Lake Ontario. At dark, we
+arrived at the South Shore, five miles west of Fort Niagara, some of our
+boats now becoming exceeding leaky and dangerous. This morning, before
+we set out, I directed the following order of march:--The boats in a
+line. If the wind rose high, the red flag hoisted, and the boats to
+crowd nearer, that they might be ready to give mutual assistance in case
+of a leak or other accident, by which means we saved the crew and arms
+of the boat commanded by Lieutenant M'Cormack, which sprang a leak and
+sunk, losing nothing except the packs. We halted all the next day at
+Niagara, and provided ourselves with blankets, coats, shirts, shoes,
+moccasins, &c. I received from the commanding officer eighty barrels of
+provisions, and changed two whale-boats for as many batteaux, which
+proved leaky. In the evening, some of my party proceeded with the
+provisions to the Falls (the rapid water at Queenston), and in the
+morning marched the rest there, and began the portage of the provisions
+and boats. Messrs. Bhreme and Davis took a survey of the great cataract
+of Niagara."
+
+[Sidenote: 1761.]
+
+At the time of Major Rogers' visit to Toronto all trading there had
+apparently ceased; but we observe that he says it was most convenient
+place for a factory. In 1761, we have Toronto named in a letter
+addressed by Captain Campbell, commanding at Detroit, to Major Walters,
+commanding at Niagara, informing him of an intended attack of the
+Indians. "Detroit, June 17th, 1761, two o'clock in the morning. Sir,--I
+had the favour of yours, with General Amherst's despatches. I have sent
+you an express with a very important piece of intelligence I have had
+the good fortune to discover. I have been lately alarmed with reports of
+the bad designs of the Indian nations against this place, and the
+English in general. I can now inform you for certain it comes from the
+Six Nations; and that they have sent belts of wampum and deputies to all
+the nations from Nova Scotia to the Illinois, to take up the hatchet
+against the English, and have employed the Mississaguas to send belts of
+wampum to the northern nations. Their project is as follows:--The Six
+Nations, at least the Senecas, are to assemble at the head of French
+Creek, within five-and-twenty leagues of Presqu'isle; part of the Six
+Nations (the Delawares and Shawnees), are to assemble on the Ohio; and
+at the same time, about the latter end of the month, to surprise Niagara
+and Fort Pitt, and cut off the communication everywhere. I hope this
+will come time enough to put you on your guard, and to send to Oswego,
+and all the posts in that communication. They expect to be joined by the
+nations that are to come from the North by Toronto."
+
+[Sidenote: 1767.]
+
+Eight years after the occupation of the country by the English, a
+considerable traffic was being carried on at Toronto. We learn this from
+a despatch of Sir William Johnson's to the Earl of Shelburne, on the
+subject of Indian affairs, bearing date 1767. Sir William affirms that
+persons could be found willing to pay L1,000 per annum for the monopoly
+of the trade at Toronto. Some remarks of his that precede the reference
+to Toronto give us some idea of the commercial tactics of the Indian and
+Indian trader of the time. "The Indians have no business to follow when
+at peace," Sir William Johnson says, "but hunting. Between each hunt
+they have a recess of several months. They are naturally very covetous,"
+the same authority asserts, "and become daily better acquainted with the
+value of our goods and their own peltry; they are everywhere at home,
+and travel without the expense or inconvenience attending our journey to
+them. On the other hand, every step our traders take beyond the posts,
+is attended at least with some risk and a very heavy expense, which the
+Indians must feel as heavily on the purchase of their commodities; all
+which considered, is it not reasonable to suppose that they would rather
+employ their idle time in quest of a cheap market, than sit down with
+such slender returns as they must receive in their own villages?" He
+then instances Toronto. "As a proof of which," Sir William continues, "I
+shall give one instance concerning Toronto, on the north shore of Lake
+Ontario. Notwithstanding the assertion of Major Rogers," Sir William
+Johnson says, "that even a single trader would not think it worth
+attention to supply a dependent post, yet I have heard traders of long
+experience and good circumstances affirm, that for the exclusive trade
+of that place, for one season, they would willingly pay L1,000--so
+certain were they of a quiet market--from the cheapness at which they
+could afford their goods there."
+
+Although after the Conquest the two sides of Lake Ontario and of the St.
+Lawrence generally were no longer under different crowns, the previous
+rivalry between the two routes, the St. Lawrence and Mohawk river
+routes, to the seaboard continued; and it was plainly to the interest of
+those who desired the aggrandisement of Albany and New York to the
+detriment of Montreal and Quebec, to discourage serious trading
+enterprises with Indians on the northern side of the St. Lawrence
+waters. We have an example of this spirit in a "Journal of Indian
+Transactions at [Fort] Niagara, in the year 1767," published in the
+documentary History of New York (ii. 868, 8vo. ed.), in which Toronto is
+named, and a great chieftain from that region figures--in one respect,
+somewhat discreditably, however. We give the passage of the journal to
+which we refer. The document appears to have been drawn up by Norman
+M'Leod, an Indian agent, visiting Fort Niagara.
+
+"July 17th, [1767.] Arrived Wabacommegat, chief of the Mississagas. [He
+came from Toronto, as we shall presently see.] July 18th. Arrived
+Ashenshan, head-warrior of the Senecas, belonging to the Caiadeon
+village. This day, Wabacommegat came to speak to me, but was so drunk
+that no one could understand him."
+
+Again: "July 19th. Had a small conference with Wabacommegat.
+Present--Norman M'Leod, Esq.; Mr. Neil MacLean, Commissary of
+Provisions; Jean Baptiste de Couagne, interpreter. Wabacommegat spoke
+first, and, after the usual compliments, told that as soon as he had
+heard of my arrival, he and his young men came to see me. He then asked
+me if I had any news, and desired I should tell all I had. Then he gave
+four strings of wampum. I then told them--Children, I am glad to see
+you. I am sent here by your father, Sir William Johnson, to take care of
+your trade, and to prevent abuses therein. I have no sort of news, for I
+suppose you have heard of the drunken Chippewas that killed an
+Englishman and wounded his wife very much, above Detroit; they are sent
+down the country by consent and approbation of the head men of the
+nation. I am sorry to acquaint you that some of your nation that came
+here with Nan-i-bo-jou, killed a cow and a mare belonging to Captain
+Grant, on the other side of the river. I am persuaded that all here
+present think it was very wrong, and a very bad return for the many good
+offices done by the English in general towards them, and in particular
+by Captain Grant, who had that day fed the men that were guilty of the
+theft. I hope and desire that Wabacommegat and the rest of the chiefs
+and warriors here present, will do all in their power to discover the
+thief, and bring him in here to me the next time they return, that we
+may see what satisfaction he or they may give Captain Grant for the loss
+of his cattle. [I gave seven strings of wampum.] Children, I am sorry to
+hear you have permitted people to trade at Toronto. I hope you will
+prevent it for the future. All of you know the reason of this belt of
+wampum being left at this place. [I then showed them a large belt left
+here five or six years ago by Wabacommegat, by which belt he was under
+promise not to allow anybody whatever to carry on trade at Toronto.]
+Now, children, I have no more to say, but desire you to remember and
+keep close to all the promises you have made to your English father. You
+must not listen to any bad news. When you hear any, good or bad, come to
+me with it. You may depend upon it I shall always tell you the truth. [I
+gave four strings of wampum.]
+
+"Wabacommegat replied: 'Father, we have heard you with attention. I
+think it was very wrong in the people to kill Captain Grant's cattle. I
+shall discover the men that did it, and will bring them in here in the
+fall. We will allow no more trade to be carried on at Toronto. As to
+myself, it is well known I don't approve of it, as I went with the
+interpreter to bring in those that were trading at that place. We go
+away this day, and hope our father will give us some provisions, rum,
+powder and shot, and we will bring you venison when we return.' I
+replied, it was not in my power to give them much, but as it was the
+first time I had the pleasure of speaking to them, they should have a
+little of what they wanted."
+
+In the January previous to the conference, two traders had been arrested
+at Toronto. Sir William Johnson, in a letter to Gen. Gage, writes thus,
+under date of January 12, 1767. "Capt. Browne writes me that he has, at
+the request of Commissary Roberts, caused two traders to be apprehended
+at Toronto, where they were trading contrary to authority. I hope
+Lieut.-Gov. Carleton," Sir William continues, "will, agreeable to the
+declaration in one of his letters, have them prosecuted and punished as
+an example to the rest. I am informed that there are several more from
+Canada trading with the Indians on the north side of Lake Ontario, and
+up along the rivers in that quarter, which, if not prevented, must
+entirely ruin the fair trader." In these extracts from the
+correspondence of Sir William Johnson, and from the Journal of
+transactions at Fort Niagara, in 1767, we are admitted, as we suspect,
+to a true view of the status of Toronto as a trading-post for a series
+of years after the conquest. It was, as we conceive, a place where a
+good deal of forestalling of the regular markets went on. Trappers and
+traders, acting without license, made such bargains as they could with
+individuals among the native bands frequenting the spot at particular
+seasons of the year. We do not suppose that any store-houses for the
+deposit of goods or peltries were maintained here after the conquest. In
+a MS. map, which we have seen, of about the date 1793, the site of the
+old Fort Rouille is marked by a group of wigwams of the usual pointed
+shape, with the inscription appended, "Toronto, an Indian village now
+deserted."
+
+[Sidenote: 1788.]
+
+In 1788 Toronto harbour was well and minutely described by J. Collins,
+Deputy Surveyor General, in a Report presented to Lord Dorchester,
+Governor-General, on the Military Posts and Harbours on Lakes Ontario,
+Erie and Huron. "The Harbour of Toronto," Mr. Collins says, "is near two
+miles in length from the entrance on the west to the isthmus between it
+and a large morass on the eastward. The breadth of the entrance is about
+half a mile, but the navigable channel for vessels is only about 500
+yards, having from three to three and a half fathoms water. The north or
+main shore, the whole length of the harbour, is a clay bank from twelve
+to twenty feet high, and rising gradually behind, apparently good land,
+and fit for settlement. The water is rather shoal near the shore, having
+but one fathom depth at one hundred yards distance, two fathoms at two
+hundred yards; and when I sounded here, the waters of the Lake were very
+high. There is good and safe anchorage everywhere within the harbour,
+being either a soft or sandy bottom. The south shore is composed of a
+great number of sandhills and ridges, intersected with swamps and small
+creeks. It is of unequal breadths, being from a quarter of a mile to a
+mile wide across from the harbour to the lake, and runs in length to the
+east five or six miles. Through the middle of the isthmus before
+mentioned, or rather near the north shore, is a channel with two fathoms
+water, and in the morass there are other channels from one to two
+fathoms deep. From what has been said," Mr. Collins proceeds to observe,
+"it will appear that the harbour of Toronto is capacious, safe and well
+sheltered; but the entrance being from the westward is a great
+disadvantage to it, as the prevailing winds are from that quarter; and
+as this is a fair wind from hence down the Lake, of course it is that
+which vessels in general would take their departure from; but they may
+frequently find it difficult to get out of the harbour. The shoalness of
+the north shore, as before remarked, is also disadvantageous as to
+erecting wharfs, quays, &c. In regard to this place as a military post,"
+Mr. Collins reports, "I do not see any very striking features to
+recommend it in that view; but the best situation to occupy for the
+purpose of protecting the settlement and harbour would, I conceive, be
+on the point and near the entrance thereof." (The knoll which
+subsequently became the site of the Garrison of York, is probably
+intended. Gibraltar point, on the opposite side of the entrance, where a
+block house was afterwards built, may also be glanced at.)
+
+The history of the site of Fort Toronto would probably have differed
+from what it has been, and the town developed there would, perhaps, have
+assumed at its outset a French rather than an English aspect, had the
+expectations of three Lower Canadian gentlemen, in 1791, been completely
+fulfilled. Under date of "Surveyor General's Office [Quebec], 10th June,
+1791," Mr. Collins, Deputy Surveyor-General, writes to Mr. Augustus
+Jones, an eminent Deputy Provincial Surveyor, of whom we shall hear
+repeatedly, that "His Excellency, Lord Dorchester, has been pleased to
+order one thousand acres of land to be laid out at Toronto for Mr.
+Rocheblave; and for Captain Lajoree, and for Captain Bouchette seven
+hundred acres each, at the same place, which please to lay out
+accordingly," Mr. Collins says, "and report the same to this office with
+all convenient speed."
+
+We may suppose that these three French gentlemen became early aware of
+the spot likely to be selected for the capital of the contemplated
+Province of Upper Canada, and foresaw the advantages that might accrue
+from the possession of some broad acres there. Unluckily for them,
+however, delay occurred in the execution of Lord Dorchester's order; and
+in the meantime, the new Province was duly constituted, with a
+government and land-granting department of its own; and, under date of
+"Nassau [Niagara], June 15, 1792," Mr. Augustus Jones, writing to Mr.
+Collins, refers to his former communication in the following
+terms:--"Your order of the 10th of June, 1791, for lands at Toronto, in
+favour of Mr. Rocheblave and others, I only received the other day; and
+as the members of the Land Board think their power dissolved by our
+Governor's late Proclamation relative to granting of Lands in Upper
+Canada, they recommend it to me to postpone doing anything in respect of
+such order until I may receive some further instructions."
+
+We hear no more of the order. Had M. Rocheblave, Captain Lajoree and
+Captain Bouchette become legally seized of the lands assigned them at
+Toronto by Lord Dorchester, the occupants of building-lots in York,
+instead of holding in fee simple, would probably have been burdened for
+many a year with some vexatious recognitions of quasi-seignorial rights.
+
+On Holland's great MS. map of the Province of Quebec, made in 1791, and
+preserved in the Crown Lands Department of Ontario, the indentation in
+front of the mouth of the modern Humber river is entitled "Toronto Bay";
+the sheet of water between the peninsula and the mainland is not named:
+but the peninsula itself is marked "Presqu'isle, Toronto;" and an
+extensive rectangular tract, bounded on the south by "Toronto Bay" and
+the waters within the peninsula, is inscribed "Toronto." In Mr.
+Chewett's MS. Journal, we have, under date of Quebec, April 22, 1792,
+the following entry: "Received from Gov. Simcoe a Plan of Points Henry
+and Frederick, to have a title page put to them: also a plan of the Town
+and township of Toronto, and to know whether it was ever laid out." We
+gather from this that sometime prior to Governor Simcoe's arrival, it
+had been in contemplation to establish a town at Toronto.
+
+The name Toronto pleased the ear and took the fancy of sentimental
+writers. We have it introduced by an author of this class, in a work,
+entitled "Voyage dans la Haute Pensylvanie et dans l'Etat de New York,
+par un Membre adoptif de la nation Oneida;" published at Paris in 1801,
+but written prior to 1799, as it is inscribed to Washington. The author
+describes a Council pretended to be held at Onondaga, where chiefs and
+sachems speak. They discourse of the misery of man, of death, of the
+ravages of the small-pox. Siasconcet, one of the sages, relates his
+interview with Kahawabash, who had lost his wife and all his friends by
+the prevailing malady. Siasconcet exhorts him to suffer in silence like
+a wise man. Kahawabash replies, "Siasconcet! n'as-tu pas souvent entendu
+les cris plaintifs de l'ours, dont la compagne avoit ete tuee? N'as-tu
+pas souvent vu couler les larmes des yeux du castor qui avait perdu sa
+femelle ou ses petits? Eh bien! moi, suis-je inferieur a l'ours ou au
+castor? Non: je suis homme, aussi bon chasseur, aussi brave guerrier que
+tes sachems: comment empecher l'arc de s'etendre quand la corde casse?
+La cime du chene ou la tige du roseau de ployer, quand l'orage eclate?
+Lorsque le corps est blesse, Siasconcet, il en decoule du sang; quand le
+coeur est navre, il en decoule des larmes: voila ce que je dirai a tes
+vieillards; je verrai ce qu'ils me repondront."
+
+In the reply of Siasconcet, we have the reference to Toronto to which we
+have alluded, and which somewhat startled us when we suddenly lighted
+upon it in the work above-named. "Eh, bien!" Siasconcet said: "eh, bien!
+Kahawabash, pleure sous mon toit, puisque ton bon genie le veut, et pour
+plaire au mauvais, que tes yeux soient secs quand tu seras au feu
+d'Onondaga." "Que faut-il donc faire sur la terre," rejoined Kahawabash,
+"puisque l'un veut ce que l'autre ne veut pas?" "Que faut-il faire?"
+answered Siasconcet, "considerer la vie comme un passage de Toronto a
+Niagara. Que de difficultes n'eprouvons-pas nous pour doubler les caps,
+pour sortir des baies dans lesquelles les vents nous forcent d'entrer?
+Que de chances contre d'aussi freles canots que les notres? Il faut
+cependant prendre le temps et les choses comme ils viennent, puisque
+nous ne pouvons pas les choisir; il faut nourrir, aimer sa femme et ses
+enfans, respecter sa tribu et sa nation; jouir du bien quand il nous
+echeoit; supporter le mal avec courage et patience; chasser et pecher
+quand on a faim, se reposer et fumer quand on est las; s'attendre a
+rencontrer le malheur puisque on est ne; se rejouir quand il ne vient
+pas; se considerer comme des oiseaux perches pour la nuit sur la branche
+d'un arbre, et qui, au point du jour, s'envolent et disparaissent pour
+toujours."
+
+Familiar with the modern two-hours' pleasure-trip from Toronto to
+Niagara, we were, for the moment unprepared for the philosophic sachem's
+illustration of the changes and chances of mortal life. We forgot what
+an undertaking that journey was in the days of the primitive birch
+canoe, when in order to accomplish the passage, the whole of the
+western portion of Lake Ontario, was wont to be cautiously and
+laboriously coasted.
+
+The real name of the author of the "Voyage dans la Haute Pensylvanie"
+was Saint-Jean de Crevecoeur.
+
+To the narrative just given is appended information, which, if
+superfluous, will nevertheless be read locally now, with some curiosity.
+The note explains that Toronto and Niagara, are "postes considerables de
+l'Ontario: le premier, situe a l'ouest de ce lac, est forme par une baie
+profonde et commode, ou le Gouvernement Anglais a fait construire un
+chantier, et une ville a laquelle on a donne le nom d'York; le second,
+situe au sud-ouest, est forme par l'embouchure de la riviere Niagara, a
+l'est de laquelle est la forteresse du meme nom, et a l'ouest la pointe
+des Mississagues, sur laquelle on construit une nouvelle ville, destinee
+a etre la capitale du Haut Canada."
+
+The annotator speaks, we see, of the town on Mississaga point and the
+other new town on the opposite side of the lake in the same terms: both
+are in process of construction; and the town on Mississaga point, he
+still thinks is destined to be the capital of Upper Canada.
+
+[Sidenote: 1796.]
+
+The language of the note recalls the agitation in the public mind at
+Niagara in 1796, on the subject of the seat of Government for Upper
+Canada--a question that has since agitated Canada in several of its
+sub-sections. The people of Niagara in 1796, being in possession,
+naturally thought that the distinction ought to continue with them.
+Governor Simcoe had ordered the removal of the public offices to the
+infant York: there to abide, however, only temporarily, until the West
+should be peopled, and a second London built, on a Canadian Thames. Lord
+Dorchester, the Governor-in-Chief, at Quebec, held that Kingston ought
+to have been preferred, but that place, like Niagara, was, it was urged,
+too near the frontier in case of war. In 1796, Governor Simcoe had
+withdrawn from the country, and the people of Niagara entertained hopes
+that the order for removal might still be revoked. The policy of the
+late Governor, however, continued to be carried out.
+
+[Sidenote: 1793.]
+
+Three years previously, viz., in 1793, the site of the trading post
+known as Toronto had been occupied by the troops drawn from Niagara and
+Queenston. At noon on the 27th of August in 1793, the first royal salute
+had been fired from the garrison there, and responded to by the
+shipping in the harbour, in commemoration of the change of name from
+Toronto to York--a change intended to please the old king, George III.,
+through a compliment offered to his soldier son, Frederick, Duke of
+York.
+
+For some time after 1793, official letters and other contemporary
+records exhibit in their references to the new site, the expressions,
+"Toronto, now York," and "York, late Toronto."
+
+[Sidenote: 1795.]
+
+The ancient appellation was a favorite, and continued in ordinary use.
+Isaac Weld, who travelled in North America in 1795-7, still speaks in
+his work of the transfer of the Government from Niagara to Toronto.
+"Niagara," he says, "is the centre of the _beau monde_ of Upper Canada:
+orders, however," he continues, "had been issued before our arrival
+there for the removal of the Seat of Government from thence to Toronto,
+which was deemed a more eligible spot for the meeting of the Legislative
+bodies, as being farther removed from the frontiers of the United
+States. This projected change," he adds, "is by no means relished by the
+people at large, as Niagara is a much more convenient place of resort to
+most of them than Toronto; and as the Governor, who proposed the
+measure, has been removed, it is imagined that it will not be put in
+execution."
+
+[Sidenote: 1803.]
+
+In 1803-4, Thomas Moore, the distinguished poet, travelled on this
+continent. The record of his tour took the form, not of a journal in
+prose, but of a miscellaneous collection of verses suggested by
+incidents and scenes encountered. These pieces, addressed many of them
+to friends, appear now as a subdivision of his collected works, as Poems
+relating to America. The society of the United States in 1804 appears to
+have been very distasteful to him. He speaks of his experience somewhat
+as we may imagine the winged Pegasus, if endowed with speech, would have
+done of his memorable brief taste of sublunary life. Writing to the Hon.
+W. R. Spencer, from Buffalo,--which he explains to be "a little village
+on Lake Erie,"--in a strain resembling that of the poetical satirists of
+the century which had just passed away, he sweepingly declares--
+
+  "Take Christians, Mohawks, Democrats, and all,
+   From the rude wigwam to the congress-hall,
+   From man the savage, whether slav'd or free,
+   To man the civilized, less tame than he,--
+   'Tis one dull chaos, one unfertile strife
+   Betwixt half-polished and half-barbarous life;
+   Where every ill the ancient world could brew
+   Is mixed with every grossness of the new;
+   Where all corrupts, though little can entice,
+   And nought is known of luxury, but its vice!"
+
+He makes an exception in a note appended to these lines, in favour of
+the Dennies and their friends at Philadelphia, with whom he says, "I
+passed the few agreeable moments which my tour through the States
+afforded me." These friends he thus apostrophises:--
+
+  "Yet, yet forgive me, oh! ye sacred few,
+   Whom late by Delaware's green banks I knew:
+   Whom known and loved thro' many a social eve,
+   'Twas bliss to live with, and 'twas pain to leave.
+   Not with more joy the lonely exile scann'd
+   The writing traced upon the desert's sand,
+   Where his lone heart but little hoped to find
+   One trace of life, one stamp of human kind;
+   Than did I hail the pure, th' enlightened zeal,
+   The strength to reason and the warmth to feel,
+   The manly polish and the illumined taste,
+   Which, 'mid the melancholy, heartless waste,
+   My foot has traversed, oh! you sacred few,
+   I found by Delaware's green banks with you."
+
+After visiting the Falls of Niagara, Moore passed down Lake Ontario,
+threaded his way through the Thousand Islands, shot the Long Sault and
+other rapids, and spent some days in Montreal.
+
+The poor lake-craft which in 1804 must have accommodated the poet, may
+have put in at the harbour of York. He certainly alludes to a tranquil
+evening scene on the waters in that quarter, and notices the situation
+of the ancient "Toronto." Thus he sings in some verses addressed to Lady
+Charlotte Rawdon, "from the banks of the St. Lawrence." (He refers to
+the time when he was last in her company, and says how improbable it
+then was that he should ever stand upon the shores of America):
+
+  "I dreamt not then that ere the rolling year
+   Had filled its circle, I should wander here
+   In musing awe; should tread this wondrous world,
+   See all its store of inland waters hurl'd
+   In one vast volume down Niagara's steep,
+   Or calm behold them, in transparent sleep,
+   Where the blue hills of old Toronto shed
+   Their evening shadows o'er Ontario's bed;
+   Should trace the grand Cadaraqui, and glide
+   Down the white rapids of his lordly tide.
+   Through massy woods, 'mid islets flowering fair,
+   And blooming glades, where the first sinful pair
+   For consolation might have weeping trod,
+   When banished from the garden of their God."
+
+We can better picture to ourselves the author of Lalla Rookh floating on
+the streams and other waters "of Ormus and of Ind," constructing verses
+as he journeys on, than we can of the same personage on the St. Lawrence
+in 1804 similarly engaged. "The Canadian Boat Song" has become in its
+words and air almost a "national anthem" amongst us. It was written, we
+are assured, at St Anne's, near the junction of the Ottawa and the St.
+Lawrence.
+
+Toronto should be duly appreciative of the distinction of having been
+named by Moore. The look and sound of the word took his fancy, and he
+doubtless had pleasure in introducing it in his verses addressed to Lady
+Rawdon. It will be observed that while Moore gives the modern
+pronunciation of Niagara, and not the older, as Goldsmith does in his
+"Traveller," he obliges us to pronounce Cataraqui in an unusual manner.
+
+Isaac Weld, it will have been noticed, also preferred the name Toronto,
+in the passage from his Travels just now given, though writing after its
+alteration to York. The same traveller moreover indulges in the
+following general strictures: "It is to be lamented that the Indian
+names, so grand and sonorous, should ever have been changed for others.
+Newark, Kingston, York, are poor substitutes for the original names of
+the respective places, Niagara, Cataraqui, Toronto."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+    "Dead vegetable matter made the humus; into that the roots of
+    the living tree were struck, and because there had been
+    vegetation in the past, there was vegetation in the future. And
+    so it was with regard to the higher life of a nation. Unless
+    there was a past to which it could refer, there would not be in
+    it any high sense of its own mission in the world. . . . . .
+    They did not want to bring the old times back again, but they
+    would understand the present around them far better if they
+    would trace the present back into the past, see what it arose
+    out of, what it had been the development of, and what it
+    contained to serve for the future before them."--_Bishop of
+    Winchester to the Archaeological Institute, at Southampton, Aug.
+    1872._
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  TORONTO OF OLD
+
+  I.
+
+  PALACE STREET TO THE MARKET PLACE.
+
+
+In Rome, at the present day, the parts that are the most attractive to
+the tourist of archaeological tastes, are those that are the most
+desolate; quarters that, apart from their associations, are the most
+uninviting. It is the same with many another venerable town of the world
+beyond the Atlantic, of far less note than the old Imperial capital,
+with Avignon, for example; with Nismes and Vienne in France; with Paris
+itself, also, to some extent; with Chester, and York, and St. Albans,
+the Verulam of the Roman period, in England.
+
+It is the same with our American towns, wherever any relics of their
+brief past are extant. Detroit, we remember, had once a quaint,
+dilapidated, primaeval quarter. It is the same with our own Toronto. He
+that would examine the vestiges of the original settlement, out of which
+the actual town has grown, must betake himself, in the first instance,
+to localities now deserted by fashion, and be content to contemplate
+objects that, to the indifferent eye, will seem commonplace and
+insignificant.
+
+To invest such places and things with any degree of interest will appear
+difficult. An attempt in that direction may even be pronounced
+visionary. Nevertheless, it is a duty which we owe to our forefathers to
+take what note we can of the labours of their hands; to forbid, so far
+as we may, the utter oblivion of their early efforts, and deeds, and
+sayings, the outcome of their ideas, of their humours and anxieties; to
+forbid, even, so far as we may, the utter oblivion of the form and
+fashion of their persons.
+
+The excavations which the first inhabitants made in the construction of
+their dwellings and in engineering operations, civil and military, were
+neither deep nor extensive; the materials which they employed were, for
+the most part, soft and perishable. In a few years all the original
+edifices of York, the infant Toronto, together with all the primitive
+delvings and cuttings, will, of necessity, have vanished. Natural decay
+will have destroyed some. Winds, fires, and floods will have removed
+others. The rest will have been deliberately taken out of the way, or
+obliterated in the accomplishment of modern improvements, the rude and
+fragile giving way before the commodious and enduring.
+
+At St. Petersburg, we believe, the original log-hut of Peter the Great
+is preserved to the present day, in a casing of stone, with a kind of
+religious reverence. And in Rome of old, through the influence of a
+similar sacred regard for the past, the lowly cottage of Romulus was
+long protected in a similar manner. There are probably no material
+relics of our founders and forefathers which we should care to invest
+with a like forced and artificial permanence. But memorials of those
+relics, and records of the associations that may here and there be found
+to cluster round them,--these we may think it worth our while to collect
+and cherish.
+
+Overlooking the harbour of the modern Toronto, far down in the east,
+there stands at the present day, a large structure of grey cut-stone.
+Its radiating wings, the turret placed at a central point aloft,
+evidently for the ready oversight of the subjacent premises; the
+unornamented blank walls, pierced high up in each storey with a row of
+circular-heading openings, suggestive of shadowy corridors and cells
+within, all help to give to this pile an unmistakable prison-aspect.
+
+It was very nearly on the site of this rather hard-featured building
+that the first Houses of Parliament of Upper Canada were placed--humble
+but commodious structures of wood, built before the close of the
+eighteenth century, and destroyed by the incendiary hand of the invader
+in 1813. "They consisted," as a contemporary document sets forth, "of
+two elegant Halls, with convenient offices, for the accommodation of the
+Legislature and the Courts of Justice."--"The Library, and all the
+papers and records belonging to these institutions were consumed, and,
+at the same time," the document adds, "the Church was robbed, and the
+Town Library totally pillaged."--The injuries thus inflicted were a few
+months afterwards avenged by the destruction of the Public Buildings at
+Washington, by a British force. "We consider," said an Address of the
+Legislative Council of Lower Canada to Sir George Prevost, "the
+destruction of the Public Buildings at Washington as a just retribution
+for the outrages committed by an American force at the seat of
+Government of Upper Canada."
+
+On the same site succeeded the more conspicuous and more capacious, but
+still plain and simply cubical brick block erected for legislative
+purposes in 1818, and accidentally burned in 1824. The conflagration on
+this occasion entailed a loss which, the _Canadian Review_ of the
+period, published at Montreal, observes, "in the present state of the
+finances and debt of the Province, cannot be considered a trifling
+affair." That loss, we are informed by the same authority, amounted to
+the sum of two thousand pounds.
+
+Hereabout the Westminster of the new capital was expected to be. It is
+not improbable that the position at the head, rather than the entrance,
+of the harbour was preferred, as being at once commanding and secure.
+
+The appearance of the spot in its primaeval condition, was doubtless more
+prepossessing than we can now conceive it ever to have been. Fine groves
+of forest trees may have given it a sheltered look, and, at the same
+time, have screened off from view the adjoining swamps.
+
+The language of the early _Provincial Gazetteer_, published by
+authority, is as follows: "The Don empties itself into the harbour, a
+little above the Town, running through a marsh, which when drained, will
+afford most beautiful and fruitful meadows." In the early manuscript
+Plans, the same sanguine opinion is recorded, in regard to the morasses
+in this locality. On one, of 1810, now before us, we have the
+inscription: "Natural Meadow which may be mown." On another, the legend
+runs: "Large Marsh, and will in time make good Meadows." On a third it
+is: "Large Marsh and Good Grass."
+
+At all events, hereabout it was that York, capital of Upper Canada,
+began to rise. To the west and north of the site of the Houses of
+Parliament, the officials of the Government, with merchants and
+tradesmen in the usual variety, began to select lots and put up
+convenient dwellings; whilst close by, at Berkeley Street or Parliament
+Street as the southern portion of the modern Berkeley Street was then
+named, the chief thoroughfare of the town had its commencing-point.
+Growing slowly westward from here, King Street developed in its course,
+in the customary American way, its hotel, its tavern, its
+boarding-house, its waggon-factory, its tinsmith shop, its bakery, its
+general store, its lawyer's office, its printing office, its places of
+worship.
+
+Eastward of Berkeley Street, King Street became the Kingston road,
+trending slightly to the north, and then proceeding in a straight line
+to a bridge over the Don. This divergency in the highway caused a number
+of the lots on its northern side to be awkwardly bounded on their
+southern ends by lines that formed with their sides, alternately obtuse
+and acute angles, productive of corresponding inconveniencies in the
+shapes of the buildings afterwards erected thereon; and in the position
+of some of them. At one particular point the houses looked as if they
+had been separated from each other and partially twisted round, by the
+jolt of an earthquake.
+
+At the Bridge, the lower Kingston road, if produced westward in a right
+line, would have been Queen Street, or Lot Street, had it been deemed
+expedient to clear a passage in that direction through the forest. But
+some way westward from the Bridge, in this line, a ravine was
+encountered lengthwise, which was held to present great engineering
+difficulties. A road cut diagonally from the Bridge to the opening of
+King Street, at once avoided this natural impediment, and also led to a
+point where an easy connection was made with the track for wheels, which
+ran along the shore of the harbour to the Garrison. But for the ravine
+alluded to, which now appears to the south of Moss Park, Lot Street, or,
+which is the same thing, Queen Street, would at an early period, have
+begun to dispute with King Street, its claim to be the chief
+thoroughfare of York.
+
+But to come back to our original unpromising stand-point.
+
+Objectionable as the first site of the Legislative Buildings at York may
+appear to ourselves, and alienated as it now is to lower uses, we cannot
+but gaze upon it with a certain degree of emotion, when we remember that
+here it was the first skirmishes took place in the great war of
+principles which afterwards with such determination and effect was
+fought out in Canada. Here it was that first loomed up before the minds
+of our early law-makers the ecclesiastical question, the educational
+question, the constitutional question. Here it was that first was heard
+the open discussion, childlike, indeed, and vague, but pregnant with
+very weighty consequences, of topics, social and national, which, at the
+time, even in the parent state itself, were mastered but by few.
+
+Here it was, during a period of twenty-seven years (1797-1824), at each
+opening and closing of the annual session, amidst the firing of cannon
+and the commotion of a crowd, the cavalcade drew up that is wont, from
+the banks of the Thames to the remotest colony of England, to mark the
+solemn progress of the sovereign or the sovereign's representative, to
+and from the other Estates in Parliament assembled. Here, amidst such
+fitting surroundings of state, as the circumstances of the times and the
+place admitted, came and went personages of eminence, whose names are
+now familiar in Canadian story: never, indeed, the founder and organiser
+of Upper Canada, Governor Simcoe himself, in this formal and ceremonious
+manner; although often must he have visited the spot otherwise, in his
+personal examinations of every portion of his young capital and its
+environs. But here, immediately after him, however, came and went
+repeatedly, in due succession, President Russell, Governor Hunter,
+Governor Gore, General Brock, General Sheaffe, Sir Gordon Drummond, Sir
+Peregrine Maitland.
+
+And, while contemplating the scene of our earliest political conflicts,
+the scene of our earliest known state pageants in these parts, with
+their modest means and appliances, our minds intuitively recur to a
+period farther removed still, when under even yet more primitive
+conditions the Parliament of Upper Canada assembled at Newark, just
+across the Lake. We picture to ourselves the group of seven
+crown-appointed Councillors and five representatives of the Commons,
+assembled there, with the first Speaker, McDonell, of Glengary; all
+plain, unassuming, prosaic men, listening, at their first session, to
+the opening speech of their frank and honoured Governor. We see them
+adjourning to the open air from their straightened chamber at Navy Hall,
+and conducting the business of the young Province under the shade of a
+spreading tree, introducing the English Code and Trial by Jury,
+decreeing Roads, and prohibiting the spread of Slavery; while a boulder
+of the drift, lifting itself up through the natural turf, serves as a
+desk for the recording clerk. Below them, in the magnificent estuary of
+the river Niagara, the waters of all the Upper Lakes are swirling by,
+not yet recovered from the agonies of the long gorge above, and the leap
+at Table Rock.--Even here, at the opening and close of this primaeval
+Legislature, some of the decent ceremonial was observed with which, as
+we have just said, the sadly inferior site at the embouchure of the Don
+became afterwards familiar. We learn this from the narrative of the
+French Duke de Liancourt, who affords us a glimpse of the scene at
+Newark on the occasion of a Parliament there in 1795. "The whole retinue
+of the Governor," he says, "consisted in a guard of fifty men of the
+garrison of the fort. Draped in silk, he entered the Hall with his hat
+on his head, attended by his adjutant and two secretaries. The two
+members of the Legislative Council gave, by their speaker, notice of it
+to the Assembly. Five members of the latter having appeared at the bar,
+the Governor delivered a speech, modelled after that of the King, on the
+political affairs of Europe, on the treaty concluded with the United
+States (Jay's treaty of 1794), which he mentioned in expressions very
+favourable to the Union; and on the peculiar concerns of Canada."
+(Travels, i. 258.)
+
+By the Quebec Act, passed in 1791, it was enacted that the Legislative
+Council for Upper Canada should consist of not fewer than seven members,
+and the Assembly of not less than sixteen members, who were to be called
+together at least once in every year. To account for the smallness of
+the attendance on the occasion just described, the Duke explains that
+the Governor had deferred the session "on account of the expected
+arrival of a Chief Justice, who was to come from England: and from a
+hope that he should be able to acquaint the members with the particulars
+of the Treaty with the United States. But the harvest had now begun,
+which, in a higher degree than elsewhere, engages in Canada the public
+attention, far beyond what state affairs can do. Two members of the
+Legislative Council were present, instead of seven; no Chief Justice
+appeared, who was to act as Speaker; instead of sixteen members of the
+Assembly, five only attended; and this was the whole number that could
+be collected at this time. The law required a greater number of members
+for each house, to discuss and determine upon any business; but within
+two days a year would have expired since the last session. The Governor,
+therefore, thought it right to open the session, reserving, however, to
+either house the right of proroguing the sitting, from one day to
+another, in expectation that the ships from Detroit and Kingston would
+either bring the members who were yet wanting, or certain intelligence
+of their not being able to attend."
+
+But again to return to the Houses of Parliament at York.--Extending from
+the grounds which surrounded the buildings, in the east, all the way to
+the fort at the entrance of the harbour, in the west, there was a
+succession of fine forest trees, especially oak; underneath and by the
+side of which the upper surface of the precipitous but nowhere very
+elevated cliff was carpeted with thick green-sward, such as is still to
+be seen between the old and new garrisons, or at Mississaga Point at
+Niagara. A fragment, happily preserved, of the ancient bank, is to be
+seen in the ornamental piece of ground known as the Fair-green; a strip
+of land first protected by a fence, and planted with shrubbery at the
+instance of Mr. George Monro, when Mayor, who also, in front of his
+property some distance further on, long guarded from harm a solitary
+survivor of the grove that once fringed the harbour.
+
+On our first visit to Southampton, many years ago, we remember observing
+a resemblance between the walk to the river Itchen, shaded by trees and
+commanding a wide water-view on the south, and the margin of the harbour
+of York.
+
+In the interval between the points where now Princes Street and Caroline
+Street descend to the water's edge, was a favourite landing-place for
+the small craft of the bay--a wide and clean gravelly beach, with a
+convenient ascent to the cliff above. Here, on fine mornings, at the
+proper season, skiffs and canoes, log and birch-bark were to be seen
+putting in, weighed heavily down with fish, speared or otherwise taken
+during the preceding night, in the lake, bay, or neighbouring river.
+Occasionally a huge sturgeon would be landed, one struggle of which
+might suffice to upset a small boat. Here were to be purchased in
+quantities, salmon, pickerel, masquelonge, whitefish and herrings; with
+the smaller fry of perch, bass and sunfish. Here, too, would be
+displayed unsightly catfish, suckers, lampreys, and other eels; and
+sometimes lizards, young alligators for size. Specimens, also, of the
+curious steel-clad, inflexible, vicious-looking pipe-fish were not
+uncommon. About the submerged timbers of the wharves this creature was
+often to be seen--at one moment stationary and still, like the
+dragon-fly or humming-bird poised on the wing, then, like those nervous
+denizens of the air, giving a sudden dart off to the right or left,
+without curving its body.
+
+Across the bay, from this landing-place, a little to the eastward, was
+the narrowest part of the peninsula, a neck of sand, destitute of
+trees, known as the portage or carrying-place, where, from time
+immemorial, canoes and small boats were wont to be transferred to and
+from the lake.
+
+Along the bank, above the landing-place, Indian encampments were
+occasionally set up. Here, in comfortless wigwams, we have seen Dr. Lee,
+a medical man attached to the Indian department, administering from an
+ordinary tin cup, nauseous but salutary draughts to sick and
+convalescent squaws. It was the duty of Dr. Lee to visit Indian
+settlements and prescribe for the sick. In the discharge of his duty he
+performed long journeys, on horseback, to Penetanguishene and other
+distant posts, carrying with him his drugs and apparatus in saddle-bags.
+When advanced in years, and somewhat disabled in regard to activity of
+movement, Dr. Lee was attached to the Parliamentary staff as Usher of
+the Black Rod.--The locality at which we are glancing suggests the name
+of another never-to-be-forgotten medical man, whose home and property
+were close at hand. This is the eminent surgeon and physician,
+Christopher Widmer.
+
+It is to be regretted that Dr. Widmer left behind him no written
+memorials of his long and varied experience. Before his settlement in
+York, he had been a staff cavalry surgeon, on active service during the
+campaigns in the Peninsula. A personal narrative of his public life
+would have been full of interest. But his ambition was content with the
+homage of his contemporaries, rich and poor, rendered with sincerity to
+his pre-eminent abilities and inextinguishable zeal as a surgeon and
+physician. Long after his retirement from general practice, he was every
+day to be seen passing to and from the old Hospital on King Street,
+conveyed in his well-known cabriolet, and guiding with his own hand the
+reins conducted in through the front window of the vehicle. He had now
+attained a great age; but his slender form continued erect; the hat was
+worn jauntily, as in other days, and the dress was ever scrupulously
+exact; the expression of the face in repose was somewhat abstracted and
+sad, but a quick smile appeared at the recognition of friends. The
+ordinary engravings of Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the
+blood, recall in some degree the countenance of Dr. Widmer. Within the
+General Hospital, a portrait of him is appropriately preserved. One of
+the earliest, and at the same time one of the most graceful
+lady-equestrians ever seen in York was this gentleman's accomplished
+wife. At a later period a sister of Mr. Justice Willis was also
+conspicuous as a skilful and fearless horse-woman. The description in
+the Percy Anecdotes of the Princess Amelia, youngest daughter of George
+II., is curiously applicable to the last-named lady, who united to the
+amiable peculiarities indicated, talents and virtues of the highest
+order. "She," the brothers Sholto and Reuben say, "was of a masculine
+turn of mind, and evinced this strikingly enough in her dress and
+manners: she generally wore a riding-habit in the German fashion with a
+round hat; and delighted very much in attending her stables,
+particularly when any of the horses were out of order." At a phenomenon
+such as this, suddenly appearing in their midst, the staid and
+simple-minded society of York stood for a while aghast.
+
+In the _Loyalist_ of Nov. 15, 1828, we have the announcement of a
+Medical partnership entered into between Dr. Widmer and Dr. Diehl. It
+reads thus: "Doctor Widmer, finding his professional engagements much
+extended of late, and occasionally too arduous for one person, has been
+induced to enter into partnership with Doctor Diehl, a respectable
+practitioner, late of Montreal. It is expected that their united
+exertions will prevent in future any disappointment to Dr. Widmer's
+friends, both in Town and Country. Dr. Diehl's residence is at present
+at Mr. Hayes' Boarding-house. York, Oct. 28, 1828." Dr. Diehl died at
+Toronto, March 5, 1868.
+
+At the south-west corner of Princes Street, near where we are now
+supposing ourselves to be, was a building popularly known as Russell
+Abbey. It was the house of the Hon. Peter Russell, and, after his
+decease, of his maiden sister, Miss Elizabeth Russell, a lady of great
+refinement, who survived her brother many years. The edifice, like most
+of the early homes of York, was of one storey only; but it exhibited in
+its design a degree of elegance and some peculiarities. To a central
+building were attached wings with gables to the south: the windows had
+each an architectural decoration or pediment over it. It was this
+feature, we believe, that was supposed to give to the place something of
+a monastic air; to entitle it even to the name of "Abbey." In front, a
+dwarf stone wall with a light wooden paling surrounded a lawn, on which
+grew tall acacias or locusts. Mr. Russell was a remote scion of the
+Bedford Russells. He apparently desired to lay the foundation of a solid
+landed estate in Upper Canada. His position as Administrator, on the
+departure of the first Governor of the Province, gave him facilities
+for the selection and acquisition of wild lands. The duality necessarily
+assumed in the wording of the Patents by which the Administrator made
+grants to himself, seems to have been regarded by some as having a touch
+of the comic in it. Hence among the early people of these parts the name
+of Peter Russell was occasionally to be heard quoted good-humouredly,
+not malignantly, as an example of "the man who would do well unto
+himself." On the death of Mr. Russell, his property passed into the
+hands of his sister, who bequeathed the whole to Dr. William Warren
+Baldwin, into whose possession also came the valuable family plate,
+elaborately embossed with the armorial bearings of the Russells. Russell
+Hill, long the residence of Admiral Augustus Baldwin, had its name from
+Mr. Russell, and in one of the elder branches of the Baldwin family,
+Russell is continued as a baptismal name. In the same family is also
+preserved an interesting portrait of Mr. Peter Russell himself, from
+which we can see that he was a gentleman of portly presence, of strongly
+marked features, of the Thomas Jefferson type. We shall have occasion
+hereafter to speak frequently of Mr. Russell.
+
+Russell Abbey became afterwards the residence of Bishop Macdonell, a
+universally-respected Scottish Roman Catholic ecclesiastic, whose
+episcopal title was at first derived from Rhesina _in partibus_, but
+afterwards from our Canadian Kingston, where his home usually was. His
+civil duties, as a member of the Legislative Council of Upper Canada,
+required his presence in York during the Parliamentary sessions. We have
+in our possession a fine mezzotint of Sir M. A. Shee's portrait of
+Bishop Macdonell. It used to be supposed by some that the occupancy of
+Russell Abbey by the Bishop caused the portion of Front Street which
+lies eastward of the Market-place, to be denominated Palace Street. But
+the name appears in plans of York of a date many years anterior to that
+occupancy.
+
+In connection with this mention of Bishop Macdonell, it may be of some
+interest to add that, in 1826, Thomas Weld, of Lulworth Castle,
+Dorsetshire, was consecrated as his coadjutor, in England, under the
+title of Bishop of Amylae. But it does not appear that he ever came out
+to Canada. (This was afterwards the well-known English Cardinal.) He had
+been a layman, and married, up to the year 1825; when, on the death of
+his wife, he took orders; and in one year he was, as just stated, made a
+Bishop.
+
+Russell Abbey may indeed have been styled the "Palace"; but it was
+probably from being the residence of one who for three years
+administered the Government; or the name "Palace Street" itself may have
+suggested the appellation. "Palace Street" was no doubt intended to
+indicate the fact that it led directly to the Government reservation at
+the end of the Town on which the Parliament houses were erected, and
+where it was supposed the "Palais du Gouvernement," the official
+residence of the representative of the Sovereign in the Province would
+eventually be. On an Official Plan of this region, of the year 1810, the
+Parliament Buildings themselves are styled "Government House."
+
+At the laying out of York, however, we find, from the plans, that the
+name given in the first instance to the Front street of the town was,
+not Palace Street, but King Street. Modern King Street was then Duke
+Street, and modern Duke Street, Duchess Street. These street names were
+intended as loyal compliments to members of the reigning family; to
+George the Third; to his son the popular Duke of York, from whom, as we
+shall learn hereafter, the town itself was named; to the Duchess of
+York, the eldest daughter of the King of Prussia. In the cross streets
+the same chivalrous devotion to the Hanoverian dynasty was exhibited.
+George street, the boundary westward of the first nucleus of York, bore
+the name of the heir-apparent, George, Prince of Wales. The next street
+eastward was honoured with the name of his next brother, Frederick, the
+Duke of York himself. And the succeeding street eastward, Caroline
+Street, had imposed upon it that of the Princess of Wales, afterwards so
+unhappily famous as George the Fourth's Queen Caroline. Whilst in
+Princes Street (for such is the correct orthography, as the old plans
+show, and not Princess Street, as is generally seen now,) the rest of
+the male members of the royal family were collectively commemorated,
+namely, the Duke of Clarence, the Duke of Kent, the Duke of Cumberland,
+the Duke of Sussex, and the Duke of Cambridge.
+
+When the Canadian town of York was first projected, the marriage of the
+Duke of York with the daughter of the King of Prussia, Frederica
+Charlotta Ulrica, had only recently been celebrated at Berlin. It was
+considered at the time an event of importance, and the ceremonies on the
+occasion are given with some minuteness in the Annual Register for 1791.
+We are there informed that "the supper was served at six tables; that
+the first was placed under a canopy of crimson velvet, and the victuals
+(as the record terms them) served on gold dishes and plates; that
+Lieutenant-General Bornstedt and Count Bruhl had the honour to carve,
+without being seated, that the other five tables, at which sat the
+generals, ministers, ambassadors, all the officers of the Court, and the
+high nobility, were served in other apartments; that supper being over,
+the assembly repaired to the White Hall, where the trumpet, timbrel, and
+other music, were playing; that the flambeau dance was then began, at
+which the ministers of state carried the torches; that the new couple
+were attended to their apartment by the reigning Queen and the Queen
+dowager; that the Duke of York wore on this day the English uniform, and
+the Princess Frederica a suit of _drap d'argent_, ornamented with
+diamonds." In Ashburton's "New and Complete History of England, from the
+first settlement of Brutus, upwards of one thousand years before Julius
+Caesar, to the year 1793," now lying before us, two full-length portraits
+of the Duke and Duchess are given.--New York and Albany, in the
+adjoining State, had their names from titles of a Duke of York in 1664,
+afterwards James II. His brother, Charles II., made him a present, by
+Letters Patent, of all the territory, from the western side of the
+Connecticut river to the east side of Delaware Bay; that is, of the
+present States of Connecticut, New York, Delaware, and New Jersey.
+
+On the green sward of the bank between Princes street and George Street,
+the annual military "Trainings" on the Fourth of June, "the old King's
+birthday," were wont to take place. At a later period the day of meeting
+was the 23rd of April, St. George's day, the fete of George IV. Military
+displays on a grand scale in and about Toronto have not been uncommon in
+modern times, exciting the enthusiasm of the multitude that usually
+assembles on such occasions. But in no way inferior in point of interest
+to the unsophisticated youthful eye, half a century ago, unaccustomed to
+anything more elaborate, were those motley musterings of the militia
+companies. The costume of the men may have been various, the fire-arms
+only partially distributed, and those that were to be had not of the
+brightest hue, nor of the most scientific make; the lines may not always
+have been perfectly straight, nor their constituents well matched in
+height; the obedience to the word of command may not have been rendered
+with the mechanical precision which we admire at reviews now, nor with
+that total suppression of dialogue in undertone in the ranks, nor with
+that absence of remark interchanged between the men and their officers
+that are customary now. Nevertheless, as a military spectacle, these
+gatherings and manoeuvres on the grassy bank here, were effective; they
+were always anticipated with pleasure and contemplated with
+satisfaction. The officers on these occasions,--some of them
+mounted--were arrayed in uniforms of antique cut; in red coats with wide
+black breast lappets and broad tail flaps; high collars, tight sleeves
+and large cuffs; on the head a black hat, the ordinary high-crowned
+civilian hat, with a cylindrical feather some eighteen inches high
+inserted at the top, not in front, but on the left side (whalebone
+surrounded with feathers from the barnyard, scarlet at the base, white
+above). Animation was added to the scene by a drum and a few fifes
+executing with liveliness "The York Quickstep," "The Reconciliation,"
+and "The British Grenadiers." And then, in addition to the local cavalry
+corps, there were the clattering scabbards, the blue jackets, and
+bear-skin helmets of Captain Button's dragoons from Markham and
+Whitchurch.
+
+Numerously, in the rank and file at these musterings--as well as among
+the officers, commissioned and non-commissioned--were to be seen men who
+had quite recently jeopardized their lives in the defence of the
+country. At the period we are speaking of, only some six or seven years
+had elapsed since an invasion of Canada from the south. "The late war,"
+for a long while, very naturally, formed a fixed point in local
+chronology, from which times and seasons were calculated; a fixed point,
+however, which, to the indifferent new-comer, and even to the
+indigenous, who, when "the late war" was in progress, were not in bodily
+existence, seemed already to belong to a remote past. An impression of
+the miseries of war, derived from the talk of those who had actually
+felt them, was very strongly stamped in the minds of the rising
+generation; an impression accompanied also at the same time with the
+uncomfortable persuasion derived from the same source, that another
+conflict was inevitable in due time. The musterings on "Training-day"
+were thus invested with interest and importance in the minds of those
+who were summoned to appear on these occasions, as also in the minds of
+the boyish looker-on, who was aware that ere long he would himself be
+required by law to turn out and take his part in the annual militia
+evolutions, and perhaps afterwards, possibly at no distant hour, to
+handle the musket or wield the sword in earnest.
+
+A little further on, in a house at the north-west corner of Frederick
+Street, a building afterwards utterly destroyed by fire, was born, in
+1804, the Hon. Robert Baldwin, son of Dr. William Warren Baldwin,
+already referred to, and Attorney-General in 1842 for Upper Canada. In
+the same building, at a later period, (and previously in an humble
+edifice, at the north-west corner of King Street and Caroline Street,
+now likewise wholly destroyed,) the foundation was laid, by
+well-directed and far-sighted ventures in commerce, of the great wealth
+(locally proverbial) of the Cawthra family, the Astors of Upper Canada,
+of whom more hereafter. It was also in the same house, prior to its
+occupation by Mr. Cawthra, senior, that the printing operations of Mr.
+William Lyon Mackenzie were carried on at the time of the destruction of
+his press by a party of young men, who considered it proper to take some
+spirited notice of the criticisms on the public acts of their fathers,
+uncles and superiors generally, that appeared every week in the columns
+of the _Colonial Advocate_; a violent act memorable in the annals of
+Western Canada, not simply as having been the means of establishing the
+fortunes of an indefatigable and powerful journalist, but more notably
+as presenting an unconscious illustration of a general law, observable
+in the early development of communities, whereby an element destined to
+elevate and regenerate is, on its first introduction, resisted, and
+sought to be crushed physically, not morally; somewhat as the white
+man's watch was dashed to pieces by the Indian, as though it had been a
+sentient thing, conspiring in some mysterious way with other things, to
+promote the ascendancy of the stranger.
+
+The youthful perpetrators of the violence referred to were not long in
+learning practically the futility of such exploits. Good old Mr. James
+Baby, on handing to his son Raymond the amount which that youth was
+required to pay as his share of the heavy damages awarded, as a matter
+of course, by the jury on the occasion, is said to have added:--"There!
+go and make one great fool of yourself again!"--a sarcastic piece of
+advice that might have been offered to each of the parties concerned.
+
+A few steps northward, on the east side of Frederick Street, was the
+first Post Office, on the premises of Mr. Allan, who was postmaster; and
+southward, where this street touches the water, was the Merchants'
+Wharf, also the property of Mr. Allan; and the Custom House, where Mr.
+Allan was the Collector. We gather also from Calendars of the day that
+Mr. Allan was likewise Inspector of Flour, Pot and Pearl Ash; and
+Inspector of Shop, Still and Tavern Duties. In an early, limited
+condition of society, a man of more than the ordinary aptitude for
+affairs is required to act in many capacities.
+
+The Merchants' Wharf was the earliest landing-place for the larger craft
+of the lake. At a later period other wharves or long wooden jetties,
+extending out into deep water, one of them named the Farmers' Wharf,
+were built westward. In the shoal water between the several wharves, for
+a long period, there was annually a dense crop of rushes or flags. The
+town or county authorities incurred considerable expense, year after
+year, in endeavouring to eradicate them--but, like the heads of the
+hydra, they were always re-appearing. In July, 1821, a "Mr. Coles'
+account for his assistants' labour in destroying rushes in front of the
+Market Square," was laid before the County magistrates, and audited,
+amounting to L13 6_s._ 3_d._ In August of the same year, the minutes of
+the County Court record that "Capt. Macaulay, Royal Engineers, offered
+to cut down the rushes in front of the town between the Merchants' Wharf
+and Cooper's Wharf, for a sum not to exceed ninety dollars, which would
+merely be the expense of the men and materials in executing the
+undertaking: his own time he would give to the public on this occasion,
+as encouragement to others to endeavour to destroy the rushes when they
+become a nuisance;" it was accordingly ordered "that ninety dollars be
+paid to Capt. Macaulay or his order, for the purpose of cutting down the
+rushes, according to his verbal undertaking to cut down the same, to be
+paid out of the Police or District funds in the hands of the Treasurer
+of the District."
+
+We have understood that Capt. Macaulay's measures for the extinction of
+the rank vegetation in the shallow waters of the harbour, proved to be
+very efficient. The instrument used was a kind of screw grapnel, which,
+let down from the side of a large scow, laid hold of the rushes at their
+root and forcibly wrenched them out of the bed of mud below. The entire
+plant was thus lifted up, and drawn by a windlass into the scow. When a
+full load of the aquatic weed was collected, it was taken out into the
+open water of the Lake, and there disposed of.
+
+Passing on our way, we soon came to the Market Square. This was a large
+open space, with wooden shambles in the middle of it, thirty-six feet
+long and twenty-four wide, running north and south.
+
+By a Proclamation in the _Gazette_ of Nov. 3, 1803, Governor Hunter
+appointed a weekly market day for the Town of York, and also a place
+where the market should be held.
+
+"Peter Hunter, Esquire, Lieutenant-Governor, &c. Whereas great prejudice
+hath arisen to the inhabitants of the Town and Township of York, and of
+other adjoining Townships, from no place or day having been set apart or
+appointed for exposing publicly for sale, cattle, sheep, poultry, and
+other provisions, goods, and merchandize, brought by merchants, farmers,
+and others, for the necessary supply of the said Town of York; and,
+whereas, great benefit and advantage might be derived to the said
+inhabitants and others, by establishing a weekly market within that
+Town, at a place and on a day certain for the purpose aforesaid;
+
+"Know all men, That I, Peter Hunter, Esquire, Lieutenant-Governor of the
+said Province, taking the premises into consideration, and willing to
+promote the interest, and advantage, and accommodation of the
+inhabitants of the Town and Township aforesaid, and of others, His
+Majesty's subjects, within the said Province, by and with the advice of
+the Executive Council thereof, have ordained, erected, established and
+appointed, and do hereby ordain, erect, establish and appoint, a Public
+Open Market, to be held on Saturday in each and every week during the
+year, within the said Town of York:--(The first market to be held
+therein on Saturday, the 5th day of November next after the date of
+these presents), on a certain piece or plot of land within that Town,
+consisting of five acres and a half, commencing at the south-east angle
+of the said plot, at the corner of Market Street and New Street, then
+north sixteen degrees, west five chains seventeen links, more or less,
+to King Street; then along King Street south seventy-four degrees west
+nine chains fifty-one links, more or less, to Church Street; then south
+sixteen degrees east six chains thirty-four links, more or less, to
+Market Street; then along Market Street north seventy-four degrees east
+two chains; then north sixty-four degrees, east along Market Street
+seven chains sixty links, more or less, to the place of beginning, for
+the purpose of exposing for sale cattle, sheep, poultry, and other
+provisions, goods and merchandize, as aforesaid. Given under my hand and
+seal at arms, at York, this twenty-sixth day of October, in the year of
+our Lord one thousand eight hundred and three, and in the forty-fourth
+year of His Majesty's reign. P. Hunter, Esquire, Lieutenant-Governor. By
+His Excellency's command, Wm. Jarvis, Secretary."
+
+In 1824, the Market Square was, by the direction of the County
+magistrates, closed in on the east, west, and south sides, "with a
+picketting and oak ribbon, the pickets at ten feet distance from each
+other, with three openings or foot-paths on each side."
+
+The digging of a public well here, in the direction of King Street, was
+an event of considerable interest in the town. Groups of school-boys
+every day scanned narrowly the progress of the undertaking; a cap of one
+or the other of them, mischievously precipitated to the depths where the
+labourers' mattocks were to be heard pecking at the shale below, may
+have impressed the execution of this public work all the more indelibly
+on the recollection of some of them. By referring to a volume of the
+_Upper Canada Gazette_, we find that this was in 1823. An unofficial
+advertisement in that periodical, dated June the 9th, 1823, calls for
+proposals to be sent in to the office of the Clerk of the Peace, "for
+the sinking a well, stoning and sinking a pump therein, in the most
+approved manner, at the Market Square of the said town (of York), for
+the convenience of the Public." It is added that persons desirous of
+contracting for the same, must give in their proposals on or before
+Tuesday, the first day of July next ensuing; and the signature, "by the
+order of the Court," is that of "S. Heward, Clerk of the Peace, H. D."
+(Home District).
+
+The tender of John Hutchison and George Hetherington was accepted. They
+offered to do the work "for the sum of L25 currency on coming to the
+rock, with the addition of seven shillings and sixpence per foot for
+boring into the rock until a sufficient supply of water can be got,
+should it be required." The work was done and the account paid July
+30th, 1823. The charge for boring eight feet two inches through the rock
+was L3 1_s._ 3_d._ The whole well and pump thus cost the County the
+modest sum of only L28 1_s._ 3_d._ The charge for flagging round the
+pump, for "logs, stone and workmanship," was L5 2_s._ 41/2_d._, paid to
+Mr. Hugh Carfrae, pathmaster.
+
+Near the public pump, auctions in the open air occasionally took place.
+A humourous chapman in that line, Mr. Patrick Handy, used often here to
+be seen and heard, disposing of his miscellaneous wares. With Mr. Handy
+was associated for a time, in this business, Mr. Patrick McGann. And
+here we once witnessed the horrid exhibition of a public whipping, in
+the case of two culprits whose offence is forgotten. A discharged
+regimental drummer, a native African, administered the lash. The sheriff
+stood by, keeping count of the stripes. The senior of the two
+unfortunates bore his punishment with stoicism, encouraging the negro to
+strike with more force. The other, a young man, endeavoured for a little
+while to imitate his companion in this respect; but soon was obliged to
+evince by fearful cries the torture endured. Similar scenes were
+elsewhere to be witnessed in Canada. In the _Montreal Herald_ of
+September 16th, 1815, we have the following item of city news, given
+without comment: "Yesterday, between the hours of 9 and 10, pursuant to
+their sentences, Andre Latulippe, Henry Leopard, and John Quin, received
+39 lashes each, in the New Market Place." The practice of whipping and
+even branding of culprits in public had begun at York in 1798. In the
+_Gazette and Oracle_ of Dec. 1st, 1798, printed at York, we have the
+note: "Last Monday William Hawkins was publicly whipped, and Joseph
+McCarthy burned in the hand, at the Market Place, pursuant to their
+sentence." The crimes are not named.
+
+In the Market Square at York, the pillory and the stocks were also from
+time to time set up. The latter were seen in use for the last time in
+1834. In 1804, a certain Elizabeth Ellis was, for "being a nuisance,"
+sentenced by Chief Justice Allcock to be imprisoned for six months, and
+"to stand in the pillory twice during the said imprisonment, on two
+different market days, opposite the Market House in the town of York,
+for the space of two hours each time." In the same year, the same
+sentence was passed on one Campbell, for using "seditious words."
+
+In 1831 the wooden shambles were removed, and replaced in 1833 by a
+collegiate-looking building of red brick, quadrangular in its
+arrangement, with arched gateway entrances on King Street and Front
+Street. This edifice filled the whole square, with the exception of
+roadways on the east and west sides. The public well was now concealed
+from view. It doubtless exists still, to be discovered and gloated over
+by the antiquarian of another century.
+
+Round the four sides of the new brick Market ran a wooden gallery, which
+served to shade the Butchers' stalls below. It was here that a fearful
+casualty occurred in 1834. A concourse of people were being addressed
+after the adjournment of a meeting on an electional question, when a
+portion of the overcrowded gallery fell, and several persons were caught
+on the sharp iron hooks of the stalls underneath, and so received fatal
+injuries. The killed and wounded on this memorable occasion were:--Son
+of Col. Fitz Gibbon, killed; Mr. Hutton, killed; Col. Fitz Gibbon,
+injured severely; Mr. Mountjoy, thigh broken; Mr. Cochrane, injured
+severely; Mr. Charles Daly, thigh broken; Mr. George Gurnett, wound in
+the head; Mr. Keating, injured internally; Mr. Fenton, injured; Master
+Gooderham, thigh broken; Dr. Lithgow, contused severely; Mr. Morrison,
+contused severely; Mr. Alderman Denison, cut on the head; Mr. Thornhill,
+thigh broken; Mr. Street, arm broken; Mr. Deese, thigh broken; another
+Mr. Deese, leg and arm broken; Mr. Sheppard, injured internally; Mr.
+Clieve, Mr. Mingle, Mr. Preston, Mr. Armstrong, Mr. Leslie (of the
+Garrison), Master Billings, Mr. Duggan, Mr. Thomas Ridout, Mr. Brock,
+Mr. Turner, Mr. Hood (since dead), severely injured, &c.
+
+The damage done to the northern end of the quadrangle during the great
+fire of 1849 led to the demolition of the whole building, and the
+erection of the St. Lawrence Hall and Market. Over windows on the second
+storey at the south east corner of the red brick structure now removed,
+there appeared, for several years, two signs, united at the angle of the
+building, each indicating by its inscription the place of "The Huron and
+Ontario Railway" office.
+
+This was while the Northern Railway of Canada was yet existing simply as
+a project.
+
+In connection with our notice of the Market, we give some collection
+which may serve to illustrate--
+
+  EARLY PRICES AT YORK.
+
+During the war it was found expedient by the civil authorities to
+interfere, in some degree, with the law of supply and demand. The
+Magistrates, in Quarter Sessions assembled, agreed, in 1814, upon the
+following prices, as in their opinion fair and equitable to be paid by
+the military authorities for provisions:--Flour, per barrel, L3 10_s._
+Wheat, per bushel, 10_s._ Pease, per bushel, 7_s._ 6_d._ Barley and Rye,
+the same. Oats, per bushel, 5_s._ Hay, per ton, L5. Straw, L3. Beef, on
+foot, per cwt. L2 5_s._; slaughtered, per lb., 71/2_d._ Pork, salted, per
+barrel, L7 10_s._; per carcass, 71/2_d._ Mutton, per lb., 9_d._ Veal,
+8_d._ Butter, 1_s._ 3_d._ Bread, per loaf of 4 lb_s._, 1_s._ 6_d._ In
+April, 1822, peace then reigning, York prices were:--Beef, per lb.,
+2_d._ _a_ 4_d._ Mutton, 4_d._ _a_ 5_d._ Veal, 4_d. a_ 5_d._ Pork, 2_d._
+_a_ 21/2_d._ Fowls, per pair, 1_s._ 3_d._ Turkeys, each, 3_s._ 9_d._
+Geese, 2_s._ 6_d._ Ducks, per pair, 1_s._ 10_d._ Cheese, per lb., 5_d._
+Butter, 71/2_d._ Eggs, per doz., 5_d._ Wheat, per bushel, 2_s._ 6_d._
+Barley, 48 lbs., 2_s._ Oats, 1_s._ Pease, 1_s._ 11/2_d._ Potatoes, per
+bushel, 1_s._ 3_d._ Turnips, 1_s._ Cabbages, per head, 2_d._ Flour, per
+cwt., 6_s._ 3_d._ Flour, per barrel, 12_s._ 6_d._ Tallow, per lb., 5_d._
+Lard, per lb., 5_d._ Hay, per ton, L2 10_s._ Pork, per barrel, L2 10_s._
+Wood, per cord, 10_s._
+
+As allied to the subject of early prices at York, we add some excerpts
+from the day-book of Mr. Abner Miles, conductor of the chief hotel of
+the place, in 1798. It would appear that the resident gentry and others
+occasionally gave and partook of little dinners at Mr. Miles', for which
+the charges are roughly minuted on some long, narrow pages of folded
+foolscap now lying before us. It will be seen from the record that the
+local "table-traits," as Dr. Doran would speak, were, as nearly as
+practicable those of the rest of the Empire at the period. At the new
+capital, however, in 1798, hosts and guests must have laboured under
+serious difficulties.
+
+In July, 1798, the following items appear against the names, conjointly
+of Messrs. Baby, Hamilton, and Commodore Grant:--Twenty-two dinners at
+Eight shillings, L8 16s. Sixteen to Coffee, L1 12s. Eight Suppers, 16s.
+Twenty-three quarts and one pint of wine, L10 11s. 6d. Eight bottles of
+porter, L2 8s. Two bottles of syrup-punch, L1 4s. One bottle of brandy
+and one bottle of rum, 18s. Altogether amounting to L26 5s. 6d. (The
+currency throughout Mr. Miles' books is that of New York, in which the
+shilling was seven pence half-penny. The total just given denoted
+between L16 and L17 of modern Canadian money. It is observable that in
+the entries of which we give specimens, whiskey, the deadly bane of
+later years, in not named.) On the 17th June, Thomas Ridout, Jonathan
+Scott, Col. Fortune, Surveyor Jones, Samuel Heron, Mr. Jarvis [the
+Secretary], Adjutant McGill, and Mr. Crawford are each charged 16s. as
+his quota of a "St. John's dinner." On the 4th of June, an entry against
+"the Chief Justice" [Elmsley], runs thus: Eighteen dinners at Eight
+shillings, L7 4s. Three bottles Madeira, L1 7s. One bottle brandy, 10s.
+Five bottles of port wine, four bottles of porter and one pint of rum
+are charged, but the value is not given. The defect is supplied in a
+later entry against the Chief Justice, of seven dinners (42s.); where
+two pints of port wine are charged 9s.; one pint of brandy, 5s.; two
+bottles port wine, 18s.; one bottle white wine, 9s.; one bottle of
+porter, 6s. On this occasion "four took coffee," at a cost of 8s.
+Elsewhere, three dinners are charged to the Chief Justice, when three
+bottles of wine were required; one pint of brandy, and two bottles of
+porter, all at the rates already quoted. A "mess dinner" is mentioned,
+for which the Chief Justice, Mr. Hallowell, and Mr. Cartwright pay 6s.
+each. One bottle of port, one of Madeira, and one of brandy were
+ordered, and the "three took coffee," as before at 2s. a head. Again, at
+a "mess dinner," of four, the names not given, two bottles of port and
+one bottle of porter were taken. A "club" appears to have met here. In
+July, 1798, a charge against the names of "Esq. Weekes," "Esq. Rogers,"
+and Col. Fortune, respectively, is "liquor in club the 11th at dinner,
+1s. 6d." On July 6th "Judge Powell" is charged for supper, 2s.; for one
+quart of wine, 9s. On the same day "Judge Powell's servant" had a "gill
+brandy, 1s. 3d. and one glass do., 8d." A few days afterwards, a
+reverend wayfarer calls at the inn; baits his beast, and modestly
+refreshes himself. The entry runs:--"Priest from River La Tranche, 3
+quarts corn and half-pint of wine. Breakfast, 2s 6d." On another day,
+Capt. Herrick has a "gill gin sling, 1s. 3d.; also immediately
+afterwards a "half-pint of gin sling, 3s." At the same time Capt. Demont
+has "gill rum sling, 1s. 3d.," and "gill rum, 1s." Capt. Fortune has
+"half-pint wine, 2s.," and "Esq. Weekes," "gill brandy, 1s. 3d." Col.
+Fortune has "gill sour punch, 2s." This sour punch is approved of by
+"Dunlap"--who at one place four times in immediate succession, and
+frequently elsewhere, is charged with "glass sour punch, 2s." Jacob
+Cozens takes "one bottle Madeira wine, 10s.;" Samuel Cozens, "one bottle
+Madeira wine, 10s., and bread and cheese, 1s.;" and Shivers Cozens,
+"bottle of wine, 10s., and bread and cheese, 1s. Conets Cozens has
+"dinner, 2s., a gill of brandy, 1s., and half a bushel of seed corn,
+7s." On the 5th of July, Josiah Phelps has placed opposite his name,
+"one glass punch, 3s.; three bowls sour punch, 9s.; gill rum, 1s.; two
+gin slings, 2s. 6d.; bowl punch, 3s.; gill rum, 1s.; two gills syrup
+punch, 4s.; supper, 2s." About the same time Corporal Wilson had "two
+mugs beer, 4s." On the 6th of July Commodore Grant had "half-pint rum,
+for medson, 2s.; and immediately after another half-pint rum, for do.,
+2s." One "Billy Whitney" figures often; his purchases one day were:
+"gill rum sling, 1s. 6d.; do., 1s. 6d.; half-pound butter, 1s. 3d."
+Capt. Hall takes "one gill punch, 2s.; glass rum, 6d., and half-gallon
+punch, 7s." He at the same time has two dollars in cash advanced to him
+by the obliging landlord, 16s.
+
+Mr. Abner Miles supplied customers with general provisions as well as
+liquors. On one occasion he sells, "White, Attorney-General," three
+pounds of butter for 7s. 6d., and six eggs for 1s. 6d. He also sells
+"President Russell" forty-nine pounds and three-fourths, of beef at 1s.
+per pound; Mr. Attorney-General White took twenty-three pounds and a
+half at the same price. That sold to "Robert Gray, Esq.," is described
+as "a choice piece," and is charged two pence extra per pound. The
+piece, however, weighed only seven pounds, and the cost was just eight
+shillings and two pence. Other things are supplied by Mr. Miles. Gideon
+Badger buys of him "one yard red spotted cassimere, 20s.; one and a-half
+dozen buttons, 3s; and a pair shears, 3s." At the same time Mr. Badger
+is credited with "one dollar, 8s." Joseph Kendrick gets "sole leather
+for pair of shoes for self, by old Mr. Ketchum, 6s." Mr. Miles moreover
+furnishes Mr. Allan with "237 feet of inch-and-half plank at 12s., 33s.;
+two rod of garden fence at 10s., 20s." We suppose the moneys received
+were recorded elsewhere generally; but on the pages before us we have
+such entries as the following: "Messrs. Hamilton, Baby and Grant settled
+up to 4th of July, after breakfast." "Dr. Gamble, at Garrison," obtained
+ten bushels of oats and is to pay therefor L4. A mem. is entered of
+"Angus McDonell, dr., Dinner sent to his tent." and "Capt. Demont, cr.
+By note of hand for L26 5s. Halifax currency, L42 York." On the same day
+the Captain indulges in "a five dollar cap, 40s.," and "one gill rum,
+1s." That some of Mr. Miles' customers required to be reminded of their
+indebtedness to him, we learn from an advertisement in the _Gazette and
+Oracle_ of August 31, 1799. It says: "The Subscriber informs all those
+indebted to him by note or book, to make payment by the 20th September
+next, or he will be under the disagreeable necessity of putting them
+into the hands of an attorney. Abner Miles, York, August 28th, 1799."
+Mr. Miles' house was a rendezvous for various purposes. In a _Gazette
+and Oracle_ of Dec 8, 1798, we read--"The gentlemen of the Town and
+Garrison are requested to meet at one o'clock, on Monday next, the 10th
+instant, at Miles' Hotel, in order to arrange the place of the York
+Assemblies for the season. York, Dec 8, 1798." In another number of the
+same paper an auction is advertised to take place at Miles' Tavern.
+
+In the _Gazette and Oracle_ of July 13th, 1799, we read the following
+advertisement: "O. Pierce and Co. have for sale: Best spirits by the
+puncheon, barrel, or ten gallons, 20s. per gal. Do. by the single
+gallon, 22s. Rum by the puncheon, barrel, or ten gallons, 18s. per gal.
+Brandy by the barrel, 20s. per gal. Port wine by the barrel, 18s. per
+gal. Do. by single gallon, 20s. per gal. Gin, by the barrel, 18s. per
+gal. Teas--Hyson, 19s. per lb.; Souchong, 14s. do.; Bohea, 8s. do.
+Sugar, best loaf, 3s. 9d. per lb. Lump, 3s. 6d. Raisins, 3s. Figs, 3s.
+Salt six dollars per barrel or 12s. per bushel. Also, a few dry goods,
+shoes, leather, hats, tobacco, snuff, &c., &c. York, July 6, 1799." These
+prices appear to be in Halifax currency.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  II.
+
+  FRONT STREET, FROM THE MARKET PLACE TO BROCK STREET.
+
+
+The corner we approach after passing the Market Square, was occupied by
+an inn with a sign-board sustained on a high post inserted at the outer
+edge of the foot-path, in country roadside fashion. This was Hamilton's,
+or the White Swan. It was here, we believe, or in an adjoining house,
+that a travelling citizen of the United States, in possession of a
+collection of stuffed birds and similar objects, endeavoured at an early
+period to establish a kind of Natural History Museum. To the collection
+here was once rashly added figures, in wax, of General Jackson and some
+other United States notabilities, all in grand costume. Several of these
+were one night abstracted from the Museum by some over-patriotic youths,
+and suspended by the neck from the limbs of one of the large trees that
+over-looked the harbour.
+
+Just beyond was the Steamboat Hotel, long known as Ulick Howard's,
+remarkable for the spirited delineation of a steam-packet of vast
+dimensions, extending the whole length of the building, just over the
+upper verandah of the hotel. In 1828, Mr. Howard is offering to let his
+hotel, in the following terms:--"Steamboat Hotel, York, U. C.--The
+proprietor of this elegant establishment, now unrivalled in this part of
+the country, being desirous of retiring from Public Business, on account
+of ill-health in his family, will let the same for a term of years to be
+agreed on, either with or without the furniture. The Establishment is
+now too well-known to require comment. N. B. Security will be required
+for the payment of the Rent, and the fulfilment of the contract in every
+respect. Apply to the subscriber on the premises. U. Howard, York, Oct
+8th, 1828."
+
+A little further on was the Ontario House, a hotel built in a style
+common then at the Falls of Niagara and in the United States. A row of
+lofty pillars, well-grown pines in fact, stripped and smoothly planed,
+reached from the ground to the eaves, and supported two tiers of
+galleries, which, running behind the columns, did not interrupt their
+vertical lines.
+
+Close by the Ontario House, Market Street from the west entered Front
+Street at an acute angle. In the gore between the two streets, a
+building sprang up, which, in conforming to its site, assumed the shape
+of a coffin. The foot of this ominous structure was the office where
+travellers booked themselves for various parts in the stages that from
+time to time started from York. It took four days to reach Niagara in
+1816. We are informed by a contemporary advertisement now before us,
+that "on the 20th of September next [1816], a stage will commence
+running between York and Niagara: it will leave York every Monday, and
+arrive at Niagara on Thursday; and leave Queenston every Friday. The
+baggage is to be considered at the risk of the owner, and the fare to be
+paid in advance." In 1824, the mails were conveyed the same distance,
+_via_ Ancaster, in three days. In a post-office advertisement for
+tenders, signed "William Allan, P. M.," we have the statement: "The
+mails are made up here [York] on the afternoon of Monday and Thursday,
+and must be delivered at Niagara on the Wednesday and Saturday
+following; and within the same period in returning." In 1835, Mr.
+William Weller was the proprietor of a line of stages between Toronto
+and Hamilton, known as the "Telegraph Line." In an advertisement before
+us, he engages to take passengers "through by daylight, on the Lake
+Road, during the winter season."
+
+Communication with England was at this period a tedious process. So late
+as 1836, Mrs. Jameson thus writes in her Journal at Toronto (i. 182):
+"It is now seven weeks since the date of the last letters from my dear
+far-distant home. The Archdeacon," she adds, "told me, by way of
+comfort, that when he came to settle in this country, there was only one
+mail-post from England in the course of a whole year, and it was called,
+as if in mockery, the Express." To this "Express" we have a reference in
+a post-office advertisement to be seen in a _Quebec Gazette_ of 1792: "A
+mail for the Upper Countries, comprehending Niagara and Detroit, will be
+closed," it says, "at this office, on Monday, the 30th inst., at 4
+o'clock in the evening, to be forwarded from Montreal by the annual
+winter Express, on Thursday, the 3rd of Feb. next." From the same paper
+we learn that on the 10th of November, the latest date from Philadelphia
+and New York was Oct. 8th: also, that a weekly conveyance had lately
+been established between Montreal and Burlington, Vermont. In the
+_Gazette_ of Jan. 13, 1808, we have the following: "For the information
+of the Public.--York, 12th Jan., 1808.--The first mail from Lower Canada
+is arrived, and letters are ready to be delivered by W. Allan,
+Acting-Deputy-Postmaster."
+
+Compare all this with advertisements in Toronto daily papers now, from
+agencies in the town, of "Through Lines" weekly, to California,
+Vancouver's, China and Japan, connecting with Lines to Australia and New
+Zealand.
+
+On the beach below the Steamboat Hotel was, at a late period, a market
+for the sale of fish. It was from this spot that Bartlett, in his
+"Canadian Scenery," made one of the sketches intended to convey to the
+English eye an impression of the town. In the foreground are groups of
+conventional, and altogether too picturesque, fishwives and squaws: in
+the distance is the junction of Hospital Street and Front Street, with
+the tapering building between. On the right are the galleries of what
+had been the Steamboat Hotel; it here bears another name.
+
+Bartlett's second sketch is from the end of a long wharf or jetty to the
+west. The large building in front, with a covered passage through it for
+vehicles, is the warehouse or freight depot of Mr. William Cooper, long
+the owner of this favourite landing place. Westwards, the pillared front
+of the Ontario house is to be seen. Both of these views already look
+quaint, and possess a value as preserving a shadow of much that no
+longer exists.
+
+Where Mr. Cooper's Wharf joined the shore there was a ship-building
+yard. We have a recollection of a launch that strangely took place here
+on a Sunday. An attempt to get the ship into the water on the preceding
+day had failed. Delay would have occasioned an awkward settling of the
+ponderous mass. We shall have occasion hereafter to speak of the early
+shipping of the harbour.
+
+The lot extending northward from the Ontario House corner to King street
+was the property of Attorney-General Macdonell, who, while in attendance
+on General Brock as Provincial aide-de-camp, was slain in the engagement
+on Queenston Heights. His death created the vacancy to which, at an
+unusually early age, succeeded Mr. John Beverley Robinson, afterwards
+the distinguished Chief Justice of Upper Canada. Mr. Macdonell's remains
+are deposited with those of his military chief under the column on
+Queenston Heights. He bequeathed the property to which our attention has
+been directed, to a youthful nephew, Mr. James Macdonell, on certain
+conditions, one of which was that he should be educated in the tenets of
+the Anglican Church, notwithstanding the Roman Catholic persuasion of
+the rest of the family.
+
+The track for wheels that here descended to the water's edge from the
+north, Church Street subsequently, was long considered a road remote
+from the business part of the town, like the road leading southward from
+Charing-cross, as shewn in Ralph Aggas' early map of London. A row of
+frame buildings on its eastern side, in the direction of King Street,
+perched high on cedar posts over excavations generally filled with
+water, remained in an unfinished state until the whole began to be out
+of the perpendicular and to become gray with the action of the weather.
+It was evidently a premature undertaking; the folly of an over-sanguine
+speculator. Yonge street beyond, where it approached the shore of the
+harbour, was unfrequented. In spring and autumn it was a notorious
+slough. In 1830, a small sum would have purchased any of the building
+lots on either side of Yonge Street, between Front Street and Market
+Street.
+
+Between Church Street and Yonge Street, now, we pass a short street
+uniting Front Street with Wellington Street. Like Salisbury, Cecil,
+Craven and other short but famous streets off the Strand, it retains the
+name of the distinguished person whose property it traversed in the
+first instance. It is called Scott Street, from Chief Justice Thomas
+Scott, whose residence and grounds were here.
+
+Mr. Scott was one of the venerable group of early personages of whom we
+shall have occasion to speak. He was a man of fine culture, and is
+spoken of affectionately by those who knew him. His stature was below
+the average. A heavy, overhanging forehead intensified the thoughtful
+expression of his countenance, which belonged to the class suggested by
+the current portraits of the United States jurist, Kent. We sometimes,
+to this day, fall in with books from his library, bearing his familiar
+autograph.
+
+Mr. Scott was the first chairman and president of the "Loyal and
+Patriotic Society of Upper Canada," organized at York in 1812. His name
+consequently appears often in the Report of that Association, printed by
+William Gray in Montreal in 1817. The objects of the Society were "to
+afford relief and aid to disabled militiamen and their families: to
+reward merit, excite emulation, and commemorate glorious exploits, by
+bestowing medals and other honorary marks of public approbation and
+distinction for extraordinary instances of personal courage and fidelity
+in defence of the Province." The preface to the Report mentions that
+"the sister-colony of Nova Scotia, excited by the barbarous
+conflagration of the town of Newark and the devastation on that
+frontier, had, by a legislative act, contributed largely to the relief
+of this Province."
+
+In an appeal to the British public, signed by Chief Justice Scott, it is
+stated that "the subscription of the town of York amounted in a few days
+to eight hundred and seventy-five pounds five shillings, Provincial
+currency, dollars at five shillings each, to be paid annually during the
+war; and that at Kingston to upwards of four hundred pounds."
+
+Medals were struck in London by order of the Loyal and Patriotic Society
+of Upper Canada; but they were never distributed. The difficulty of
+deciding who were to receive them was found to be too great. They were
+defaced and broken up in York, with such rigour that not a solitary
+specimen is known to exist. Rumours of one lurking somewhere, continue
+to this day, to tantalize local numismatists. What became of the bullion
+of which they were composed used to be one of the favourite vexed
+questions among the old people of York. Its value doubtless was added to
+the surplus that remained of the funds of the Society, which, after the
+year 1817, were devoted to benevolent objects. To the building fund of
+the York General Hospital, we believe, a considerable donation was made.
+The medal, we are told, was two and one-half inches in diameter. On the
+obverse, within a wreath of laurel, were the words "FOR MERIT." On this
+side was also the legend: "PRESENTED BY A GRATEFUL COUNTRY." On the
+reverse was the following elaborate device: A strait between two lakes:
+on the North side a beaver (emblem of peaceful industry), the ancient
+cognizance of Canada: in the background an English Lion slumbering. On
+the South side of the Strait, the American eagle planing in the air, as
+if checked from seizing the Beaver by the presence of the Lion. Legend
+on this side: "UPPER CANADA PRESERVED."
+
+Scott Street conducts to the site, on the north side of Hospital Street,
+westward of the home of Mr. James Baby, and, eastward, to that of Mr.
+Peter Macdougall, two notable citizens of York.
+
+A notice of Mr. Baby occurs in Sibbald's _Canadian Magazine_ for March,
+1833. The following is an extract: "James Baby was born at Detroit in
+1762. His family was one of the most ancient in the colony; and it was
+noble. His father had removed from Lower Canada to the neighbourhood of
+Detroit before the conquest of Quebec, where, in addition to the
+cultivation of lands, he was connected with the fur-trade, at that time,
+and for many years after, the great staple of the country. James was
+educated at the Roman Catholic Seminary of Quebec, and returned to the
+paternal roof soon after the peace of 1783. The family had ever been
+distinguished (and indeed all the higher French families) for their
+adherence to the British crown; and to this, more than to any other
+cause, are we to attribute the conduct of the Province of Quebec during
+the American War. Being a great favourite with his father, James was
+permitted to make an excursion to Europe, before engaging steadily in
+business; and after spending some time, especially in England, rejoined
+his family. * * * There was a primitive simplicity in Mr. Baby's
+character, which, added to his polished manners and benignity of
+disposition, threw a moral beauty around him which is very seldom
+beheld."
+
+In the history of the Indian chief Pontiac, who, in 1763, aimed at
+extirpating the English, the name of Mr. Baby's father repeatedly
+occurs. The Canadian _habitans_ of the neighbourhood of Detroit, being
+of French origin, were unmolested by the Indians; but a rumour had
+reached the great Ottawa chief, while the memorable siege of Detroit was
+in progress, that the Canadians had accepted a bribe from the English to
+induce them to attack the Indians. "Pontiac," we read in Parkman's
+History, p. 227, "had been an old friend of Baby; and one evening, at an
+early period of the siege, he entered his house, and, seating himself by
+the fire, looked for some time steadily at the embers. At length,
+raising his head, he said he had heard that the English had offered the
+Canadian a bushel of silver for the scalp of his friend. Baby declared
+that the story was false, and protested that he never would betray him.
+Pontiac for a moment keenly studied his features. 'My brother has
+spoken the truth,' he said, 'and I will show that I believe him.' He
+remained in the house through the evening, and, at its close, wrapped
+himself in his blanket and lay down upon a bench, where he slept in full
+confidence till morning." Note that the name Baby is to be pronounced
+Baw-bee.
+
+Mr. Macdougall was a gentleman of Scottish descent, but, like his
+compatriots in the neighbourhood of Murray Bay, so thoroughly
+Lower-Canadianized as to be imperfectly acquainted with the English
+language to the last. He was a successful merchant of the town of York,
+and filled a place in the old local conversational talk, in which he was
+sometimes spoken of as "Wholesale, Retail, Pete McDoug,"--an expression
+adopted by himself on some occasion. He is said once to have been much
+perplexed by the item "ditto" occurring in a bill of lading furnished of
+goods under way; he could not remember having given orders for any such
+article. He was a shrewd business man. An impression prevailed in
+certain quarters that his profits were now and then extravagant. While
+he was living at Niagara, some burglars from Youngstown broke into his
+warehouse; and after helping themselves to whatever they pleased, they
+left a written memorandum accounting for their not having taken with
+them certain other articles: it was "because they were marked too high."
+
+That he was accustomed to affix a somewhat arbitrary value to his
+merchandise, seems to be shown by another story that was told of him. He
+was said, one day, when trade in general was very dull, to have boasted
+that he had that very morning made L400 by a single operation. On being
+questioned, it appeared that it had been simply a sudden enlargement of
+the figure marked on all his stock to the extent of L400.
+
+One other story of him is this: On hearing a brother dealer lament that
+by a certain speculation he should, after all, make only 5 per cent., he
+expressed his surprise, adding that he himself would be satisfied with
+3, or even 2, (taking the figures 2, 3, &c., to mean 2 hundred, 3
+hundred, &c.)--We shall hear of Mr. Macdougall again in connection with
+the marine of the harbour.
+
+Of Yonge Street itself, at which we now arrive, we propose to speak at
+large hereafter. Just westward from Yonge Street was the abode,
+surrounded by pleasant grounds and trees, of Mr. Macaulay, at a later
+period Sir James Macaulay, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, a man
+beloved and honoured for his sterling excellence in every relation. A
+full-length portrait of him is preserved in Osgoode Hall. His peculiar
+profile, not discernable in that painting, is recalled by the engraving
+of Capt. Starky, which some readers will remember in _Hone's Every-Day
+Book_.
+
+Advancing a little further, we came in front of one of the earliest
+examples, in these parts, of an English-looking rustic cottage, with
+verandah and sloping lawn. This was occupied for a time by Major
+Hillier, of the 74th regiment, aide-de-camp and military secretary to
+Sir Peregrine Maitland. The well-developed native thorn-tree, to the
+north of the site of this cottage, on the property of Mr. Andrew Mercer,
+is a relic of the woods that once ornamented this locality.
+
+Next came the residence of Mr. Justice Boulton, a spacious family
+domicile of wood, painted white, situated in an extensive area, and
+placed far back from the road. The Judge was an English gentleman of
+spare Wellington physique; like many of his descendants, a lover of
+horses and a spirited rider; a man of wit, too, and humour, fond of
+listening to and narrating anecdotes of the _ben trovato_ class. The
+successor to this family home was Holland House, a structure of a
+baronial cast, round which one might expect to find the remains of a
+moat; a reproduction, in some points, as in name, of the building in the
+suburbs of London, in which was born the Judge's immediate heir, Mr. H.
+J. Boulton, successively Solicitor-General for Upper Canada, and Chief
+Justice of Newfoundland.
+
+When Holland House passed out of the hands of its original possessor, it
+became the property of Mr. Alexander Manning, an Alderman of Toronto.
+
+It was at Holland House that the Earl and Countess of Dufferin kept high
+festival during a brief sojourn in the capital of Ontario, in 1872.
+Suggested by public addresses received in infinite variety, within
+Holland House was written or thought out that remarkable cycle of
+rescripts and replies which rendered the vice-regal visit to Toronto so
+memorable,--a cycle of rescripts and replies exceedingly wide in its
+scope, but in which each requisite topic was touched with consummate
+skill, and in such a way as to show in each direction genuine human
+sympathy and heartiness of feeling, and a sincere desire to cheer and
+strengthen the endeavour after the Good, the Beautiful and the True, in
+every quarter.
+
+Whilst making his visit to Quebec, before coming to Toronto, Lord
+Dufferin, acting doubtless on a chivalrous and poetical impulse, took up
+his abode in the Citadel, notwithstanding the absence of worthy
+arrangements for his accommodation there.
+
+Will not this bold and original step on the part of Lord Dufferin lead
+hereafter to the conversion of the Fortress that crowns Cape Diamond
+into a Rheinstein for the St. Lawrence--into an appropriately designed
+castellated habitation, to be reserved as an occasional retreat,
+nobly-seated and grandly historic, for the Viceroys of Canada?
+
+We now passed the grounds and house of Chief-Justice Powell. In this
+place we shall only record our recollection of the profound sensation
+created far and wide by the loss of the Chief-Justice's daughter in the
+packet ship _Albion_, wrecked off the Head of Kinsale, on the 22nd of
+April, 1822. A voyage to the mother country at that period was still a
+serious undertaking. We copy a contemporaneous extract from the _Cork
+Southern Reporter_:--"The _Albion_, whose loss at Garrettstown Bay we
+first mentioned in our paper of Tuesday, was one of the finest class of
+ships between Liverpool and New York, and was 500 tons burden. We have
+since learned some further particulars, by which it appears that her
+loss was attended with circumstances of a peculiarly afflicting nature.
+She had lived out the tremendous gale of the entire day on Sunday, and
+Captain Williams consoled the passengers, at eight o'clock in the
+evening, with the hope of being able to reach Liverpool on the day but
+one after, which cheering expectation induced almost all of the
+passengers, particularly the females, to retire to rest. In some short
+time, however, a violent squall came on, which in a moment carried away
+the masts, and, there being no possibility of disengaging them from the
+rigging, encumbered the hull so that she became unmanageable, and
+drifted at the mercy of the waves, till the light-house of the Old Head
+was discovered, the wreck still nearing in; when the Captain told the
+sad news to the passengers, that there was no longer any hope; and, soon
+after she struck. From thenceforward all was distress and confusion. The
+vessel soon went to pieces, and, of the crew and passengers, only six of
+the former and nine of the latter were saved." The names of the
+passengers are added, as follows: "Mr. Benyon, a London gentleman; Mr.
+N. Ross, of Troy, near New York; Mr. Conyers, and his brother-in-law,
+Major Gough, 68th regiment; Mr. and Mrs. Clarke, Americans; Madame
+Gardinier and son, a boy about eight years of age; Col. Prevost; Mr.
+Dwight, of Boston; Mrs. Mary Pye, of New York; Miss Powell, daughter of
+the Honourable William Dummer Powell, Chief-Justice of Upper Canada;
+Rev. Mr. Hill, Jamaica, coming home by the way of the United States;
+Professor Fisher, of New Haven, Connecticut; Mr. Gurnee, New York; Mr.
+Proctor, New York; Mr. Dupont, and five other Frenchmen; Mrs. Mary
+Brewster; Mr. Hirst, Mr. Morrison, and Stephen Chase."
+
+The _Weekly Register_ of York, of June 13, 1822, the number that
+contains the announcement of the wreck of the _Albion_ packet, has also
+the following paragraph: "Our Attorney-General arrived in London about
+the 22nd of March, and up to the 11th of April had daily interviews of
+great length with ministers. It gives us real pleasure to announce,"--so
+continues the editorial of the _Weekly Register_--"that his mission is
+likely to be attended with the most complete success, and that our
+relations with the Lower Provinces will be put on a firm and
+advantageous footing. We have no doubt that Mr. Robinson will deserve
+the general thanks of the country." A family party from York had
+embarked in the packet of the preceding month, and were, as this
+paragraph intimates, safe in London on the 22nd of March. The disastrous
+fate of the lady above named was thus rendered the more distressing to
+friends and relatives, as she was present in New York when that packet
+sailed, but for some obscure reason, she did not desire to embark
+therein along with her more fortunate fellow townsfolk.
+
+After the house and grounds of Chief-Justice Powell came the property of
+Dr. Strachan, of whom much hereafter. In view of the probable future
+requirements of his position in a growing town and growing country, Dr.
+Strachan built, in 1818, a residence here of capacious dimensions and
+good design, with extensive and very complete appurtenances. A brother
+of the Doctor's, Mr. James Strachan, an intelligent bookseller of
+Aberdeen, visited York in 1819, soon after the first occupation of the
+new house by its owners. The two brothers, John and James, had not seen
+each other since 1799, when John, a young man just twenty-one, was
+setting out for Canada, to undertake a tutorship in a family at
+Kingston; setting out with scant money outfit, but provided with what
+was of more value, a sound constitution, a clear head, and a good strong
+understanding trained in Scottish schools and colleges, and by familiar
+intercourse with shrewd Scottish folk.
+
+As James entered the gates leading into the new mansion, and cast a
+comprehensive glance at the fine facade of the building before him and
+over its pleasant and handsome surroundings, he suddenly paused; and
+indulging in a stroke of sly humour, addressed his brother with the
+words, spoken in grave confidential undertone,--"I hope it's a' come by
+honestly, John!"
+
+On his return to Scotland, Mr. James Strachan published "A Visit to the
+Province of Upper Canada in 1819," an interesting book, now scarce and
+desired by Canadian collectors. The bulk of the information contained in
+this volume was confessedly derived from Dr. Strachan.
+
+The bricks used in the construction of the house here in 1818 were
+manufactured on the spot. One or two earlier brick buildings at York
+were composed of materials brought from Kingston or Montreal; recalling
+the parallel fact that the first bricks used for building in New York
+were imported from Holland; just as in the present day, (though now, of
+course, for a different reason,) houses are occasionally constructed at
+Quebec with white brick manufactured in England.
+
+We next arrived at a large open space, much broken up by a
+rivulet--"Russell's Creek,"--that meandered most recklessly through it.
+This piece of ground was long known as Simcoe Place, and was set apart
+in the later plan for the extension of York westward, as a Public
+Square. Overlooking this area from the north-west, at the present day,
+is one of the elms of the original forest--an unnoticeable sapling at
+the period referred to, but now a tree of stately dimensions and of very
+graceful form, resembling that of the Greek letter Psi. It will be a
+matter of regret when the necessities of the case shall render the
+removal of this relic indispensable.
+
+At the corner to the south of this conspicuous tree, was an inn long
+known as the Greenland Fishery. Its sign bore on one side, quite
+passably done, an Arctic or Greenland scene; and on the other, vessels
+and boats engaged in the capture of the whale. A travelling sailor,
+familiar with whalers, and additionally a man of some artistic taste and
+skill, paid his reckoning in labour, by executing for the landlord, Mr.
+Wright, these spirited paintings, which proved an attraction to the
+house.
+
+John Street, which passes north, by the Greenland Fishery, bears one of
+the Christian names of the first Governor of Upper Canada. Graves
+Street, on the east side of the adjoining Square, bore his second
+Christian name; but Graves Street has, in recent times, been transformed
+into Simcoe Street.
+
+When the Houses of Parliament, now to be seen stretching across Simcoe
+Place, were first built, a part of the design was a central pediment
+supported by four stone columns. This would have relieved and given
+dignity to the long front. The stone platform before the principal
+entrance was constructed with a flight of steps leading thereto; but the
+rather graceful portico which it was intended to sustain, was never
+added. The monoliths for the pillars were duly cut out at a quarry near
+Hamilton. They long remained lying there, in an unfinished state. In the
+lithographic view of the Parliament Buildings, published by J. Young,
+their architect, in 1836, the pediment of the original design is given
+as though it existed.
+
+Along the edge of the water, below the properties, spaces and objects
+which we have been engaged in noticing, once ran a shingly beach of a
+width sufficient to admit of the passage of vehicles. A succession of
+dry seasons must then have kept the waters low. In 1815, however, the
+waters of the Lake appear to have been unusually high. An almanac of
+that year, published by John Cameron, at York, offers, seriously as it
+would seem, the subjoined explanation of the phenomenon: "The comet
+which passed to the northward three years since," the writer suggests,
+"has sensibly affected our seasons: they have become colder; the snows
+fall deeper; and from lesser exhalation, and other causes, the Lakes
+rise much higher than usual."
+
+The Commissariat store-houses were situated here, just beyond the broken
+ground of Simcoe Place; long white structures of wood, with the shutters
+of the windows always closed; built on a level with the bay, yet having
+an entrance in the rear by a narrow gangway from the cliff above, on
+which, close by, was the guard-house, a small building, painted of a dun
+colour, with a roof of one slope, inclining to the south, and an arched
+stoup or verandah open to the north. Here a sentry was ever to be seen,
+pacing up and down. A light bridge over a deep water-course led up to
+the guard-house.
+
+Over other depressions or ravines, close by here, were long to be seen
+some platforms or floored areas of stout plank. These were said to be
+spaces occupied by different portions of the renowned canvas-house of
+the first Governor, a structure manufactured in London and imported.
+The convenience of its plan, and the hospitality for which it afforded
+room, were favourite topics among the early people of the country. We
+have it in Bouchette's _British North America_ a reference to this
+famous canvas house. "In the spring (_i. e._ of 1793)," that writer
+says, "the Lieutenant-Governor moved to the site of the new capital
+(York), attended by the regiment of the Queen's Rangers, and commenced
+at once the realization of his favourite project. His Excellency
+inhabited, during the summer, and through the winter, a canvas-house,
+which he imported expressly for the occasion; but, frail as was its
+substance, it was rendered exceedingly comfortable, and soon became as
+distinguished for the social and urbane hospitality of its venerable and
+gracious host, as for the peculiarity of its structure," vol. i. 80.
+After this allusion to the home Canadian life of the first Governor, the
+following remarks of de Liancourt, on the same subject, will not appear
+out of place:--"In his private life," the Duke says, "Gov. Simcoe is
+simple, plain and obliging. He inhabits [the reference now is to Newark
+or Niagara] a small, miserable wooden house, which formerly was occupied
+by the Commissaries, who resided here on account of the navigation of
+the Lake. His guard consist of four soldiers, who every morning come
+from the fort [across the river], and return thither in the evening. He
+lives in a noble and hospitable manner, without pride; his mind is
+enlightened, his character mild and obliging; he discourses with much
+good sense on all subjects; but his favourite topics are his projects,
+and war, which seem to be the objects of his leading passions. He is
+acquainted with the military history of all countries: no hillock
+catches his eye without exciting in his mind the idea of a fort which
+might be constructed on the spot; and with the construction of this fort
+he associates the plan of operations for a campaign, especially of that
+which is to lead him to Philadelphia. [Gen. Simcoe appears to have been
+strongly of the opinion that the United States were not going to be a
+permanency.] On hearing his professions of an earnest desire of peace,
+you cannot but suppose, either that his reason must hold an absolute
+sway over his passion, or that he deceives himself." _Travels_, i. 241.
+
+Other traits, which doubtless at this time gave a charm to the home-life
+of the accomplished Governor, may be gathered from a passage in the
+correspondence, at a later period, of Polwhele, the historian of
+Cornwall, who says, in a letter addressed to the General himself, dated
+Manaccan, Nov. 5th, 1803:--"I have been sorely disappointed, once or
+twice, in missing you, whilst you were inspecting Cornwall. It was not
+long after your visit at my friend Mr. Hoblyn's, but I slept also at
+Nanswhydden. Had I met you there, the _Noctes Atticae_, the _Coenae
+Deorum_, would have been renewed, if peradventure the chess-board
+intervened not; for rooks and pawns, I think, would have frightened away
+the Muses, familiar as rooks and pawns might have been to the suitors of
+Penelope." _Polwhele_, 544.
+
+The canvas-house above spoken of, had been the property of Capt. Cook
+the circumnavigator. On its being offered for sale in London, Gov.
+Simcoe, seeing its possible usefulness to himself as a moveable
+government-house purchased it.
+
+Some way to the east of the Commissariat store-houses was the site of
+the Naval Building Yard, where an unfinished ship-of-war and the
+materials collected for the construction of others, were destroyed, when
+the United States forces took possession of York in 1813.
+
+It appears that Col. Joseph Bouchette had just been pointing out to the
+Government the exposed condition of the public property here. In a note
+at p. 89 of his _British North America_ that officer remarks: "The
+defenceless situation of York, the mode of its capture, and the
+destruction of the large ship then on the stocks, were but too
+prophetically demonstrated in my report to headquarters in Lower Canada,
+on my return from a responsible mission to the capital of the Upper
+Province, in the early part of April. Indeed the communication of the
+result of my reconnoitering operations, and the intelligence of the
+successful invasion of York, and the firing of the new ship by the
+enemy, were received almost simultaneously."
+
+The Governor-in-Chief, Sir George Prevost, was blamed for having
+permitted a frigate to be laid down in an unprotected position. There
+was a "striking impropriety," as the Third Letter of _Veritas_, a
+celebrated correspondent of the Montreal _Herald_ in 1815, points out,
+"in building at York, without providing the means of security there, as
+the works of defence, projected by General Brock, (when he contemplated,
+before the war, the removal of the naval depot from Kingston to York, by
+reason of the proximity of the former to the States in water by the
+ice), were discontinued by orders from below, [from Sir George Prevost,
+that is], and never resumed. The position intended to have been
+fortified by General Brock, near York, was," _Veritas_ continues,
+"capable of being made very strong, had his plan been executed; but as
+it was not, nor any other plan of defence adopted, a ship-yard without
+protection became an allurement to the enemy, as was felt to the cost of
+the inhabitants of York."
+
+In the year 1832, the interior of the Commissariat-store, decorated with
+flags, was the scene of the first charitable bazaar held in these parts.
+It was for the relief of distress occasioned by a recent visitation of
+cholera. The enterprise appears to have been remarkably successful. We
+have a notice of it in Sibbald's _Canadian Magazine_ of January, 1833,
+in the following terms: "All the fashionable and well-disposed attended;
+the band of the gallant 79th played, at each table stood a lady; and in
+a very short time all the articles were sold to gentlemen,--who will
+keep 'as the apple of their eye' the things made and presented by such
+hands." The sum collected on the occasion, it is added, was three
+hundred and eleven pounds.
+
+Where Windsor Street now appears--with its grand iron gates at either
+end, inviting or forbidding the entrance of the stranger to the prim,
+quaint, self-contained little village of villas inside--formerly stood
+the abode of Mr. John Beikie, whose tall, upright, staidly-moving form,
+generally enveloped in a long snuff-coloured overcoat, was one of the
+_dramatis personae_ of York. He had been, at an early period, sheriff of
+the Home District; at a later time his signature was familiar to every
+eye, attached in the _Gazette_ to notices put forth by the Executive
+Council of the day, of which rather aristocratic body he was the Clerk.
+
+Passing westward, we had on the right the spacious home of Mr.
+Crookshank, a benevolent and excellent man, sometime Receiver-General of
+the Province, of whom we shall again have occasion to speak; and on the
+left, on a promontory suddenly jutting out into the harbour, "Captain
+Bonnycastle's cottage," with garden and picturesque grove attached; all
+Ordnance property in reality, and once occupied by Col. Coffin. The
+whole has now been literally eaten away by the ruthless tooth of the
+steam excavator. On the beach to the west of this promontory was a much
+frequented bathing-place. Captain Bonnycastle, just named, was
+afterwards Sir Richard, and the author of "Canada as it was, is, and may
+be," and "Canada and the Canadians in 1846."
+
+The name "Peter," attached to the street which flanks on the west the
+ancient homestead and extensive outbuildings of Mr. Crookshank, is a
+memento of the president or administrator, Peter Russell. It led
+directly up to Petersfield, Mr. Russell's park lot on Queen Street.
+
+We come here to the western boundary of the so-called New Town--the
+limit of the first important extension of York westward. The limit,
+eastward, of the New Town, was a thoroughfare known in the former day as
+Toronto Street, which was one street east of Yonge Street, represented
+now by Victoria Street. At the period when the plan was designed for
+this grand western and north-western suburb of York, Yonge Street was
+not opened southward farther than Lot [Queen] Street. The roadway there
+suddenly veered to the eastward, and then, after a short interval,
+passed down Toronto Street, a roadway a little to the west of the
+existing Victoria Street.
+
+The tradition in Boston used to be, that some of the streets there
+followed the line of accidental cow-paths formed in the olden time in
+the uncleared bush; and no doubt other old American towns, like ancient
+European towns generally, exhibit, in the direction of their
+thoroughfares, occasionally, traces of casual circumstances in the
+history of the first settlers on their respective sites. The practice at
+later periods has been to make all ways run as nearly as possible in
+right lines. In one or two "jogs" or irregularities, observable in the
+streets of the Toronto of to-day, we have memorials of early waggon
+tracks which ran where they most conveniently could. The slight
+meandering of Front Street in its course from the garrison to the site
+of the first Parliament Buildings, and of Britain Street, (an obscure
+passage between George Street and Caroline Street), may be thus
+explained; as also the fact that the southern end of the present
+Victoria Street does not connect immediately with the present Toronto
+Street. This last-mentioned irregularity is a relic of the time when the
+great road from the north, namely, Yonge Street, on reaching Queen
+Street, slanted off to the eastward across vacant lots and open ground,
+making by the nearest and most convenient route for the market and the
+heart of the town.
+
+After the laying-out in lots of the region comprehended in the first
+great expansion of York, of which we have spoken, inquiries were
+instituted by the authorities as to the improvements made by the
+holders of each. In the chart accompanying the report of Mr. Stegman,
+the surveyor appointed to make the examination, the lots are coloured
+according to the condition of each, and appended are the following
+curious particulars, which smack somewhat of the ever-memorable
+town-plot of Eden, to which Martin Chuzzlewit was induced to repair, and
+which offered a lively picture of an infant metropolis in the rough. (We
+must represent to ourselves a chequered diagram; some of the squares
+white or blank; some tinted blue; some shaded black; the whole entitled
+"Sketch of the Part of the Town of York west of Toronto
+Street.")--"Explanation: The blank lots are cleared, agreeable to the
+notice issued from His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, bearing date
+September the fourth, 1800. The lots shaded blue are chiefly cut, but
+the brush not burnt; and those marked with the letter A, the brush only
+cut. The lots shaded black, no work done. The survey made by order of
+the Surveyor-General's office, bearing date April the 23rd, 1801." A
+more precise examination appears to have been demanded. The explanations
+appended to the second plan, which has squares shaded brown, in addition
+to those coloured blue and black, are: "1st. The blank lots are cleared.
+2nd. The lots shaded black, _no work done_. 3rd. The lots shaded brown,
+_the brush cut and burnt_. 4th. The lots shaded blue, _the brush cut and
+not burnt_. N.B. The lots 1 and 2 on the north side of Newgate Street
+[the site subsequently of the dwelling-house of Jesse Ketchum, of whom
+hereafter], are mostly clear of the large timber, and some _brush cut_
+also, but _not burnt_; therefore omitted in the first report. This
+second examination done by order of the Honourable John Elmsley, Esq."
+
+The second extension of York westward included the Government Common.
+The staking out of streets here was a comparatively late event. Brock
+Street, to which we have now approached, had its name, of course, from
+the General officer slain at Queenston, and its extra width from the
+example set in the Avenue to the north, into which it merges after
+crossing Queen Street.
+
+A little to the west of Brock Street was the old military
+burying-ground, a clearing in the thick brushwood of the locality: of an
+oblong shape, its four picketed sides directed exactly towards the four
+cardinal points. The setting off of the neighbouring streets and lots at
+a different angle, caused the boundary lines of this plot to run askew
+to every other straight line in the vicinity. Over how many a now
+forgotten and even obliterated grave have the customary farewell volleys
+here been fired!--those final honours to the soldier, always so
+touching; intended doubtless, in the old barbaric way, to be an
+incentive to endurance in the sound and well; and consolatory in
+anticipation to the sick and dying.
+
+In the mould of this old cemetery, what a mingling from distant
+quarters! Hearts finally at rest here, fluttered in their last beats,
+far away, at times, to old familiar scenes "beloved in vain" long ago;
+to villages, hedgerows, lanes, fields, in green England and Ireland, in
+rugged Scotland and Wales. Many a widow, standing at an open grave here,
+holding the hand of orphan boy or girl, has "wept her soldier dead," not
+slain in the battle-field, indeed, but fallen, nevertheless, in the
+discharge of duty, before one or other of the subtle assailants that,
+even in times of peace, not unfrequently bring the career of the
+military man to a premature close. Among the remains deposited in this
+ancient burial-plot are those of a child of the first Governor of Upper
+Canada, a fact commemorated on the exterior of the mortuary chapel over
+his own grave in Devonshire, by a tablet on which are the words:
+"Katharine, born in Upper Canada, 16th Jan., 1793; died and was buried
+at York Town, in that Province, in 1794."
+
+Close to the military burial-ground was once enacted a scene which might
+have occurred at the obsequies of a Tartar chief in the days of old.
+Capt. Battersby, sent out to take command of a Provincial corps, was the
+owner of several fine horses, to which he was greatly attached. On his
+being ordered home, after the war of 1812, friends and others began to
+make offers for the purchase of the animals; but no; he would enter into
+no treaty with any one on that score. What his decision was became
+apparent the day before his departure from York. He then had his poor
+dumb favourites led out by some soldiers to the vicinity of the
+burying-ground; and there he caused each of them to be deliberately shot
+dead. He did not care to entrust to the tender mercies of strangers, in
+the future, those faithful creatures that had served him so well, and
+had borne him whithersoever he listed, so willingly and bravely. The
+carcasses were interred on the spot where the shooting had taken place.
+
+Returning now again to Brock Street, and placing ourselves at the middle
+point of its great width--immediately before us to the north, on the
+ridge which bounds the view in the distance, we discern a white object.
+This is Spadina House, from which the avenue into which Brock Street
+passes, takes its name. The word Spadina itself is an Indian term
+tastefully modified, descriptive of a sudden rise of land like that on
+which the house in the distance stands. Spadina was the residence of Dr.
+W. W. Baldwin, to whom reference has already been made. A liberal in his
+political views, he nevertheless was strongly influenced by the feudal
+feeling which was a second nature with most persons in the British
+Islands some years ago. His purpose was to establish in Canada a family,
+whose head was to be maintained in opulence by the proceeds of an
+entailed estate. There was to be forever a Baldwin of Spadina.
+
+It is singular that the first inheritor of the newly-established
+patrimony should have been the statesman whose lot it was to carry
+through the Legislature of Canada the abolition of the rights of
+primogeniture. The son grasped more readily than the father what the
+genius of the North American continent will endure, and what it will
+not.
+
+Spadina Avenue was laid out by Dr. Baldwin on a scale that would have
+satisfied the designers of St. Petersburg or Washington. Its width is
+one hundred and twenty feet. Its length from the water's edge to the
+base of Spadina Hill would be nearly three miles. Garnished on both
+sides by a double row of full grown chestnut trees, it would vie in
+magnificence, when seen from an eminence, with the Long Walk at Windsor.
+
+Eastward of Spadina House, on the same elevation of land, was Davenport,
+the picturesque and chateau-like home of Col. Wells, formerly of the
+43rd regiment, built at an early period. Col. Wells was a fine example
+of the English officer, whom we so often see retiring from the camp
+gracefully and happily into domestic life. A faithful portrait of him
+exists, in which he wears the gold medal of Badajoz. His sons, natural
+artists, and arbiters of taste, inherited, along with their aesthetic
+gifts, also lithe and handsome persons. One of them, now, like his
+father, a Lieutenant-Colonel in the army, was highly distinguished in
+the Crimea; and on revisiting Toronto after the peace with Russia, was
+publicly presented with a sword of honour. The view of the Lake and
+intervening forest, as seen from Davenport and Spadina, before the
+cultivation of the alluvial plain below, was always fine. (On his
+retirement from the army, the second Col. Wells took up his abode at
+Davenport.)
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  III.
+
+  FROM BROCK STREET TO THE OLD FRENCH FORT.
+
+
+Returning again to the front. The portion of the Common that lies
+immediately west of the foot of Brock Street was enclosed for the first
+time and ornamentally planted by Mr. Jameson. Before his removal to
+Canada, Mr. Jameson had filled a judicial position in the West Indies.
+In Canada, he was successively Attorney-General and Vice-Chancellor, the
+Chancellorship itself being vested in the Crown. The conversational
+powers of Mr. Jameson were admirable: and no slight interest attached to
+the pleasant talk of one who, in his younger days, had been the familiar
+associate of Southey, Wordsworth, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. In a
+volume of poems by Hartley Coleridge, son of the philosopher, published
+in 1833, the three sonnets addressed "To a Friend," were addressed to
+Mr. Jameson, as we are informed in a note. We give the first of these
+little poems at length:
+
+  "When we were idlers with the loitering rills,
+   The need of human love we little noted:
+   Our love was nature; and the peace that floated
+   On the white mist, and dwelt upon the hills,
+   To sweet accord subdued our wayward wills:
+   One soul was ours, one mind, one heart devoted,
+   That, wisely doating, asked not why it doated,
+   And ours the unknown joy, which knowing kills.
+   But now I find how dear thou wert to me;
+   That man is more than half of nature's treasure,
+   Of that fair Beauty which no eye can see,
+   Of that sweet music which no ear can measure;
+   And now the streams may sing for others' pleasure,
+   The hills sleep on in their eternity."
+
+The note appended, which appears only in the first edition, is as
+follows: "This sonnet, and the two following, my earliest attempts at
+that form of versification, were addressed to R. S. Jameson, Esq., on
+occasion of meeting him in London, after a separation of some years. He
+was the favourite companion of my boyhood, the active friend and sincere
+counsellor of my youth. 'Though seas between us broad ha' roll'd' since
+we 'travelled side by side' last, I trust the sight of this little
+volume will give rise to recollections that will make him ten years
+younger. He is now Judge Advocate at Dominica, and husband of Mrs.
+Jameson, authoress of the 'Diary of an Ennuyee,' 'Loves of the Poets,'
+and other agreeable productions."
+
+Mr. Jameson was a man of high culture and fine literary tastes. He was,
+moreover, an amateur artist of no ordinary skill, as extant drawings of
+his in water-colours attest. His countenance, especially in his old age,
+was of the Jeremy Bentham stamp.
+
+It was from the house on the west of Brock Street that Mrs. Jameson
+dated the letters which constitute her well-known "Winter Studies and
+Summer Rambles." That volume thus closes: "At three o'clock in the
+morning, just as the moon was setting on Lake Ontario, I arrived at the
+door of my own house in Toronto, having been absent on this wild
+expedition [to the Sault] just two months." York had then been two years
+Toronto. (For having ventured to pass down the rapids at the Sault, she
+had been formally named by the Otchipways of the locality,
+_Was-sa-je-wun-e-qua_, "Woman of the Bright Stream.")
+
+The Preface to the American edition of Mrs. Jameson's "Characteristics
+of Women" was also written here. In that Introduction we can detect a
+touch due to the "wild expedition" just spoken of. "They say," she
+observes, "that as a savage proves his heroism by displaying in grim
+array the torn scalps of his enemies, so a woman thinks she proves her
+virtue by exhibiting the mangled reputations of her friends:" a censure,
+she adds, which is just, but the propensity, she explains, is wrongly
+attributed to ill-nature and jealousy. "Ignorance," she proceeds, "is
+the main cause; ignorance of ourselves and others; and when I have heard
+any female acquaintance commenting with a spiteful or a sprightly levity
+on the delinquencies and mistakes of their sex, I have only said to
+myself, 'They know not what they do.'" "Here, then," the Preface
+referred to concludes, "I present to women a little elementary manual or
+introduction to that knowledge of woman, in which they may learn to
+understand better their own nature; to judge more justly, more gently,
+more truly of each other;
+
+  'And in the silent hour of inward thought
+  To still _suspect_, yet still _revere_ themselves
+  In lowliness of heart.'"
+
+Mrs. Jameson was unattractive in person at first sight, although, as
+could scarcely fail to be the case in one so highly endowed, her
+features, separately considered, were fine and boldly marked.
+Intellectually, she was an enchantress. Besides an originality and
+independence of judgment on most subjects, and a facility in
+generalizing and reducing thought to the form of a neat aphorism, she
+had a strong and capacious memory, richly furnished with choice things.
+Her conversation was consequently of the most fascinating kind.
+
+She sang, too, in sweet taste, with a quiet softness, without display.
+She sketched from nature with great elegance, and designed cleverly. The
+seven or eight illustrations which appear in the American edition of the
+"Characteristics," dated at Toronto, are etched by herself, and bear her
+autograph, "Anna." The same is to be observed of the illustrations in
+the English edition of her "Commonplace Book of Thoughts, Memories, and
+Fancies;" and in her larger volumes on various Art-subjects. She had
+super-eminently beautiful hands, which she always scrupulously guarded
+from contract with the outer air.
+
+Mrs. Jameson was a connoisseur in "hands," as we gather from her
+Commonplace Book, just mentioned. She there says: "There are hands of
+various character; the hand to catch, and the hand to hold; the hand to
+clasp, and the hand to grasp; the hand that has worked, or could work,
+and the hand that has never done anything but hold itself out to be
+kissed, like that of Joanna of Arragon, in Raphael's picture." Her own
+appeared to belong to the last-named class.
+
+Though the merest trifles, we may record here one or two further
+personal recollections of Mrs. Jameson; of her appreciation, for
+example, of a very obvious quotation from Horace, to be appended to a
+little sketch of her own, representing a child asleep, but in danger
+from a serpent near; and of her glad acceptance of an out-of-the-way
+scrap from the "Vanity of Arts and Sciences" of Cornelius Agrippa, which
+proved the antiquity of _charivaries_. "Do you not know that the
+intervention of a lady's hand is requisite to the finish of a young
+man's education?" was a suggestive question drawn forth by some youthful
+maladroitness. Another characteristic dictum, "Society is one vast
+masquerade of manners," is remembered, as having been probably at the
+time a new idea to ourselves in particular. The irrational
+conventionalities of society she persistently sought to counteract, by
+her words on suitable occasions, and by her example, especially in point
+of dress, which did not conform to the customs in vogue.
+
+Among the local characters relished by Mrs. Jameson in Canada was Mr.
+Justice Hagerman, who added some of the bluntness of Samuel Johnson to
+the physique of Charles James Fox. She set a high value on his talents,
+although we have heard her, at once playfully and graphically, speak of
+him as "that great mastiff, Hagerman." From Mrs. Jameson we learned that
+"Gaytay" was a sufficient approximation in English to the pronunciation
+of "Goethe." She had been intimately acquainted with the poet at Weimar.
+
+In the Kensington Museum there is a bust, exceedingly fine, of Mrs.
+Jameson, by the celebrated sculptor Gibson, executed by him, as the
+inscription speaks, "in her honour." The head and countenance are of
+course somewhat idealized; but the likeness is well retained. In the
+small Boston edition of the "Legends of the Madonna" there is an
+interesting portrait of Mrs. Jameson, giving her appearance when far
+advanced in years.
+
+Westward from the house and grounds whose associations have detained us
+so long, the space that was known as the Government Common is now
+traversed from south to north by two streets. Their names possess some
+interest, the first of them being that of the Duke of Portland, Viceroy
+of Ireland, Colonial Secretary, and three times Prime Minister in the
+reign of George the Third; the other that of Earl Bathurst, Secretary
+for the Colonies in George the Fourth's time.
+
+Eastward of Bathurst Street, in the direction of the military
+burying-ground, there was long marked out by a furrow in the sward the
+ground-plan of a church. In 1830, the military chaplain, Mr. Hudson,
+addressed to the commander of the forces a complaint "of the very great
+inconvenience to which the troops are exposed in having to march so far
+to the place of worship, particularly when the weather and roads are so
+unfavourable during a greater part of the year in this country, the
+distance from the Barracks to the Church being two miles:" adding, "In
+June last, the roads were in such a state as to prevent the Troops from
+attending Church for four successive Sundays." He then suggested "the
+propriety of erecting a chapel on the Government reserve for the
+accommodation of the Troops." The Horse Guards refused to undertake the
+erection of a chapel here, but made a donation of one thousand pounds
+towards the re-edification of St. James' Church, "on condition that
+accommodation should be permanently provided for His Majesty's Troops."
+The outline in the turf was a relic of Mr. Hudson's suggestion.
+
+The line that defined the limit of the Government Common to the north
+and east, (and west, of course, likewise), prior to its division into
+building lots, was a portion of the circumference of a great circle, "of
+a radius of a 1,000 yards, more or less," whose centre was the Fort. On
+the old plans of York, acres of this great circle are traced, with two
+interior concentric arcs, of radii respectively of eight and five
+hundred yards.
+
+We now soon arrive at the ravine of the "Garrison Creek." In the rivulet
+below, for some distance up the valley, before the clearing away of the
+woods, salmon used to be taken at certain seasons of the year. Crossing
+the stream, and ascending to the arched gateway of the fort, (we are
+speaking of it as it used to be), we pass between the strong
+iron-studded portals, which are thrown back: we pass a sentry just
+within the gate, and the guard-house on the left. At present we do not
+tarry within the enclosure of the Fort. We simply glance at the
+loopholed block-house on the one side, and the quarters of the men, the
+officers, and the commandant on the other; and we hurry across the
+gravelled area, recalling rapidly a series of spirit-stirring ordinal
+numbers--40th, 41st, 68th, 79th, 42nd, 15th, 32nd, 1st--each suggestive
+of a gallant assemblage at some time here; of a vigorous, finely
+disciplined, ready-aye-ready group, that, like the successive
+generations on the stage of human life, came and went just once, as it
+were--as the years rolled on, and the eye saw them again no more.
+
+We pass on through the western gate to the large open green space which
+lies on the farther side. This is the Garrison Reserve. It bears the
+same relation to the modern Toronto and the ancient York as the Plains
+of Abraham do to Quebec. It was here that the struggle took place, in
+the olden time, that led to the capture of the town. In both cases the
+leader of the aggressive expedition "fell victorious." But the analogy
+holds no further; as, in the case of the inferior conquest, the
+successful power did not retain permanent possession.
+
+The Wolfe's Cove--the landing-place of the invader--on the occasion
+referred to, was just within the curve of the Humber Bay, far to the
+west, where Queen Street now skirts the beach for a short distance and
+then emerges on it. The intention had been to land more to the eastward,
+but the vessels containing the hostile force were driven westward by the
+winds.
+
+The debarkation was opposed by a handful of Indians, under Major Givins.
+The Glengary Fencibles had been despatched to aid in this service, but,
+attempting to approach the spot by a back road, they lost their way. A
+tradition exists that the name of the Grenadier's Pond, a lagoon a
+little to the west, one of the ancient outlets of the waters of the
+Humber, is connected with the disastrous bewilderment of a party of the
+regular troops at this critical period. It is at the same time asserted
+that the name "Grenadier's Pond" was familiar previously. At length
+companies of the Eighth Regiment, of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment,
+and of Incorporated Militia, made their appearance on the ground, and
+disputed the progress inland of the enemy. After suffering severely,
+they retired towards the Fort. This was the existing Fort. The result is
+now matter of history, and need not be detailed. As portions of the
+cliff have fallen away from time to time along the shore here, numerous
+skeletons have been exposed to view, relics of friend and foe slain on
+the adjacent common, where, also, military ornaments and fragments of
+fire-arms, used frequently to be dug up. Some of the bones referred to,
+however, may have been remains of early French and Indian traders.
+
+The _Loyalist_ newspaper of May 9, 1829, published at York, speaks of
+the re-interment on that day of the remains of an officer killed at the
+battle of York. The article runs as follows:--"The late Capt.
+McNeil.--It will be recollected by many of the inhabitants of York that
+this officer fell while gallantly fighting at the head of his Company of
+Grenadiers of the 8th Regiment, in defence of the place, on the morning
+of the 27th of April, 1813. His remains which so eminently deserved
+rites of honourable sepulture, were from unavoidable circumstances
+consigned to earth by the hands of the enemy whom he was opposing, near
+the spot where he fell, without any of those marks of distinction which
+are paid to departed valour.
+
+"The waters of the Lake," the _Loyalist_ then proceeds to say, "having
+lately made great inroads upon the bank, and the grave being in danger
+of being washed away, it may be satisfactory to his friends to learn,
+that on these circumstances being made known to Major Winniett,
+commanding the 68th Regiment at this Post, he promptly authorized the
+necessary measures to be taken for removing the remains of Capt. McNeil,
+and placing them in the Garrison Burial Ground, which was done this day.
+A firing-party and the band attended on the occasion, and the remains
+were followed to the place of interment by the officers of the Garrison,
+and a procession of the inhabitants of the town and vicinity."
+
+The site of the original French stockade, established here in the middle
+of the last century, was nearly at the middle point between the
+landing-place of the United States force in 1813, and the existing Fort.
+West of the white cut-stone Barracks, several earthworks and grass-grown
+excavations still mark the spot. These ruins, which we often visited
+when they were much more extensive and conspicuous than they are now,
+were popularly designated "The Old French Fort."
+
+It is interesting to observe the probable process by which the
+appellation "Toronto" came to be attached to the Trading-post here. Its
+real name, as imposed by the French authorities, was Fort Rouille, from
+a French colonial minister of that name, in 1749-54. This we learn from
+a despatch of M. de Longeuil, Governor-in-Chief of Canada in 1752. And
+"Toronto," at that period, according to contemporaneous maps, denoted
+Lake Simcoe and the surrounding region. Thus in Carver's Travels through
+North America in 1766-8, in p. 172, we read, "On the north-west part of
+this lake [Ontario], and to the south of Lake Huron, is a tribe of
+Indians called the Mississagues, whose town is denominated Toronto, from
+the lake [_i. e._ Lake Simcoe] on which it lies, but they are not very
+numerous." This agrees with Lahontan's statements and map, in 1687.
+
+What Carver says of the fewness of the native inhabitants is applicable
+only to the state of things in his day. The fatal irruption of the
+Iroquois from the south had then taken place, and the whole of the Lake
+Simcoe or Toronto region had been made a desert. Before that irruption,
+the peninsula included between Notawasaga Bay, Matchedash, or Sturgeon
+Bay, the River Severn, Lake Couchichin and Lake Simcoe was a locality
+largely frequented by native tribes. It was especially the head-quarters
+of the Wyandots or Hurons. Villages, burial-grounds, and cultivated
+lands abounded in it. Unusual numbers of the red men were congregated
+there.
+
+It was in short the place of meeting, the place of concourse, the
+populous region, indicated by the Huron term Toronto.
+
+In the form Toronton, the word Toronto is given by Gabriel Sagard in his
+"Dictionnaire de la Langue Huronne," published at Paris in 1636.
+
+With Sagard it is a kind of exclamation, signifying "Il y en a
+beaucoup," and it is used in relation to men. He cites as an
+example--"He has killed a number of S. (the initial of some hostile
+tribe)." "Toronton S. ahouyo."
+
+In the Vocabulary of Huron words at the end of Lahontan's second volume,
+the term likewise appears, but with a prefix,--A-toronton,--and is
+translated "Beaucoup." Sagard gives it with the prefix O, in the phrase
+"O-toronton dacheniquoy," "J'en mange beaucoup."
+
+We are not indeed to suppose that the Hurons employed the term Toronto
+as a proper name. We know that the aborigines used for the most part no
+proper names of places, in our sense of the word, their local
+appellations being simply brief descriptions or allusion to incidents.
+But we are to suppose that the early white men took notice of the
+vocable Toronto, frequently and emphatically uttered by their red
+companions, when pointing towards the Lake Simcoe region, or when
+pressing on in canoe or on foot, to reach it.
+
+Accordingly, at length, the vocable Toronto is caught up by the white
+voyageurs, and adopted as a local proper name in the European sense:
+just as had been the case already with the word Canada. ("Kanata" was a
+word continually heard on the lips of the red men in the Lower St.
+Lawrence, as they pointed to the shore; they simply meant to
+indicate--"Yonder are our wigwams;" but the French mariners and others
+took the expression to be a geographical name for the new region which
+they were penetrating. And such it has become.)
+
+We can now also see how it came to pass that the term Toronto was
+attached to a particular spot on the shore of Lake Ontario. The mouth of
+the Humber, or rather a point on the eastern side of the indentation
+known as Humber Bay, was the landing place of hunting parties, trading
+parties, war-parties, on their way to the populous region in the
+vicinity of Lake Simcoe. Here they disembarked for the tramp to Toronto.
+This was a Toronto landing-place for wayfarers bound to the district in
+the interior where there were crowds. And gradually the starting-place
+took the name of the goal. The style and title of the terminus _ad quem_
+were usurped by the terminus _a quo_.
+
+Thus likewise it happened that the stockaded trading-post established
+near the landing on the indentation of Humber Bay came to be popularly
+known as Fort Toronto, although its actual, official name was Fort
+Rouille.
+
+In regard to the signification which by some writers has been assigned
+to the word Toronto, of "trees rising out of the water"--we think the
+interpretation has arisen from a misunderstanding of language used by
+Indian canoe-men.
+
+Indian canoe-men in coasting along the shore of Lake Ontario from the
+east or west, would, we may conceive, naturally point to "the trees
+rising out of the water," the pines and black poplars looming up from
+the Toronto island or peninsula, as a familiar land-mark by which they
+knew the spot where they were to disembark for the "populous region to
+the north." The white men mixing together in their heads the description
+of the landmark and the district where, as they were, emphatically told,
+there were crowds, made out of the expressions "trees rising out of the
+water," and "Toronto," convertible terms, which they were not.
+
+As to the idea to which Capt. Bonnycastle gave currency, by recording it
+in one of his books on Canada, that Toronto, or Tarento, was possibly
+the name of an Italian engineer concerned in the construction of the
+fort,--it is sufficient to reply that we know what the official name of
+the Fort was: it was Fort Rouille. Sorel, and Chambly, and it may be,
+other places in Canada, derived their names from officers in the French
+service. But nothing to be found in the early annals of the country
+gives any countenance to Capt. Bonnycastle's derivation. It was probably
+a mere after-dinner conversational conjecture, and it ought never to
+have been gravely propounded.
+
+We meet with Toronto under several different forms, in the French and
+English documents; but the variety has evidently arisen from the
+attempts of men of different degrees of literary capacity and
+qualification, to represent, each as he best could, a native vocable
+which had not been long reduced to writing. The same variety, and from
+the same cause, occurs in a multitude of other aboriginal terms.
+
+The person who first chanced to write down Toronto as Tarento was
+probably influenced by some previous mental familiarity with the name of
+an old Italian town; just as he who first startled Europeans by the
+announcement that one of the Iroquois nations was composed of Senecas,
+was doubtless helped to the familiar-looking term which he adopted, by a
+thought of the Roman stoic. (Pownall says Seneca is properly Sen-aga,
+"the farther people," that is in relation to the New England Indians;
+while Mohawk is Mo-aga, "the hither people." Neither of the terms was
+the name borne by the tribe. According to the French rendering, the
+Mo-agas were Agnies; the Sen-agas Tsonnontouans.)
+
+The chivalrous and daring La Salle must have rested for a moment at the
+Toronto Landing. In his second expedition to the West, in 1680, he made
+his way from Fort Frontenac to Michilimackinac by the portage from the
+mouth of what is now the Humber to Lake Huron, accompanied by a party of
+twenty-four men.
+
+In the preceding year he had penetrated to the Mississippi by the Lake
+Erie route. But then also some of his company unexpectedly found
+themselves in close proximity to Toronto. The Franciscan Friar,
+Hennepin, sent forward by La Salle from Fort Frontenac with seventeen
+men, was compelled by stress of weather, while coasting along the north
+side of Lake Ontario, to take shelter in the Humber river. It was then
+the 26th of Nov. (1678); and here he was delayed until the 5th of
+December. Hennepin speaks of the place of his detention as Taiaiagon: a
+word erroneously taken to be a local proper name. It means as we are
+assured by one formerly familiar with the native Indians, simply a
+Portage or Landing-place. So that there were numerous Taiaiagons. One is
+noted in particular, situated, the _Gazetteer_ of 1799 says, "half way
+between York and the head of the Bay of Quinte:" probably where Port
+Hope now stands. It is marked in the old French maps in that position.
+(On one of them a track is drawn from it to "Lac Taronthe;" that is to
+the chain of Lakes leading north-westerly to Lake Toronto, _i. e._ Lake
+Simcoe.) The Taiaiagon of Hennepin is stated by him to be "at the
+farther end of Lake Ontario," and "about seventy leagues from Fort
+Frontenac:" too far, of course. Again: the distance from Taiaiagon to
+the mouth of the Niagara river, is made by him to be fifteen or sixteen
+leagues; also too far, if Toronto is the site of his Taiaiagon.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  IV.
+
+  FROM THE GARRISON BACK TO THE PLACE OF BEGINNING.
+
+
+We now enter again the modern Fort; passing back through the western
+gate. On our right we have the site of the magazine which so fatally
+exploded in 1813; we learn from Gen. Sheaffe's despatch to Sir George
+Prevost, that it was "in the western battery."
+
+In close proximity to the magazine was the Government House of the day,
+an extensive rambling cluster of one-storey buildings; all "riddled" or
+shattered to pieces by the concussion, when the explosion took place.
+The ruin that thus befel the Governor's residence led, on the
+restoration of peace, to the purchase of Chief Justice Elmsley's house
+on King street, and its conversion into "Government House."
+
+From the main battery, which (including a small semi-circular bastion
+for the venerable flag-staff of the Fort) extends along the brow of the
+palisaded bank, south of the parade, the royal salutes, resounding down
+and across the lake, used to be fired on the arrival and departure of
+the Lieutenant-Governor, and at the opening and closing of the
+Legislature.
+
+From the south-eastern bastion, overlooking the ravine below, a
+twelve-pounder was discharged every day at noon. "The twelve-o'clock
+gun," when discontinued, was long missed with regret.
+
+At the time of the invasion of Canada in 1812, the garrison of York was
+manned by the 3rd regiment of York militia. We have before us a relic of
+the period, in the form of the contemporary regimental order-book of the
+Fort. An entry of the 29th of July, 1812, showing the approach of
+serious work, has an especial local interest. "In consequence of an
+order from Major-General Brock, commanding the forces, for a detachment
+of volunteers, under the command of Major Allan, to hold themselves in
+readiness to proceed in batteaux from the Head of the Lake to-morrow at
+2 o'clock, the following officers, non-commissioned officers and
+privates will hold themselves in readiness to proceed at 2 o'clock, for
+the purpose of being fitted with caps, blankets and haversacks, as well
+as to draw provisions. On their arrival at the Head of the Lake,
+regimental coats and canteens will be ready to be issued to them." The
+names are then given. "Capt. Heward, Lieut. Richardson, Lieut. Jarvis,
+Lieut. Robinson. Sergeants Knott, Humberstone, Bond, Bridgeford."
+
+In view of the test to which the citizen-soldiers were about to be
+subjected, the General, like a good officer, sought by judicious praise,
+to inspire them with self-confidence. "Major-General Brock," the
+order-book proceeds, "has desired me (Captain Stephen Heward) to
+acquaint the detachment under my command, of his high approbation of
+their orderly conduct and good discipline while under arms: that their
+exercise and marching far exceeded any that he had seen in the Province.
+And in particular he directed me to acquaint the officers how much he is
+pleased with their appearance in uniform and their perfect knowledge of
+their duty."
+
+On the 13th of August, we learn from other sources, Brock was on the
+Western Frontier with 700 soldiers, including the volunteers from York,
+and 600 Indians; and on the 16th the old flag was waving from the
+fortress of Detroit; but, on the 13th October, the brave General, though
+again a victor in the engagement, was himself a lifeless corpse on the
+slopes above Queenston; and, in April of the following year, York, as we
+have already seen, was in the hands of the enemy. Such are the ups and
+downs of war. It is mentioned that "Push on the York Volunteers!" was
+the order issuing from the lips of the General, at the moment of the
+fatal shot. From the order-book referred to, we learn that "Toronto" was
+the parole or countersign of the garrison on the 23rd July, 1812.
+
+The knoll on the east side of the Garrison Creek was covered with a
+number of buildings for the accommodation of troops, in addition to the
+barracks within the fort. Here also stood a block-house. Eastward were
+the surgeon's quarters, overhanging the bay; and further eastward
+still, were the commandant's quarters, a structure popularly known, by
+some freak of military language, as Lambeth Palace. Here for a time
+resided Major-General AEneas Shaw, afterwards the owner and occupant of
+Oak Hill.
+
+On the beach below the knoll, there continued to be, for a number of
+years, a row of cannon dismounted, duly spiked and otherwise disabled,
+memorials of the capture in 1813, when these guns were rendered useless
+by the regular troops before their retreat to Kingston. The pebbles on
+the shore about here were also plentifully mixed with loose canister
+shot, washed up by the waves, after their submersion in the bay on the
+same occasion.
+
+From the little eminence just referred to, along the edge of the cliff,
+ran a gravel walk, which led first to the Guard House over the
+Commissariat Stores, in a direct line, with the exception of a slight
+divergence occasioned by "Capt. Bonnycastle's cottage;" and then
+eastward into the town. Where ravines occurred, cut in the drift by
+water-courses into the bay, the gulf was spanned by a bridge of hewn
+logs. This walk, kept in order for many years by the military
+authorities, was the representative of the path first worn bare by the
+soft tread of the Indian. From its agreeableness, overlooking as it did,
+through its whole length the Harbour and Lake, this walk gave birth to
+the idea, which became a fixed one in the minds of the early people of
+the place, that there was to be in perpetuity, in front of the whole
+town, a pleasant promenade, on which the burghers and their families
+should take the air and disport themselves generally.
+
+The Royal Patent by which this sentimental walk is provided for and
+decreed, issued on the 14th day of July, in the year 1818, designates it
+by the interesting old name of Mall, and nominates "John Beverley
+Robinson, William Allan, George Crookshank, Duncan Cameron and Grant
+Powell, all of the town of York, Esqs., their heirs and assigns forever,
+as trustees to hold the same for the use and benefit of the
+inhabitants." Stretching from Peter Street in the west to the Reserve
+for Government Buildings in the east, of a breadth varying between four
+and five chains, following the line of Front Street on the one side, and
+the several turnings and windings of the bank on the other, the area of
+land contained in this Mall was "thirty acres, more or less, with
+allowance for the several cross streets leading from the said town to
+the water." The paucity of open squares in the early plans of York may
+be partly accounted for by this provision made for a spacious Public
+Walk.
+
+While the archaeologist must regret the many old landmarks which were
+ruthlessly shorn away in the construction of the modern Esplanade, he
+must, nevertheless, contemplate with never-ceasing admiration that great
+and laudable work. It has done for Toronto what the Thames embankment
+has effected for London. Besides vast sanitary advantages accruing, it
+has created space for the erection of a new front to the town. It has
+made room for a broad promenade some two or three miles in length, not,
+indeed, of the _far niente_ type, but with double and treble railway
+tracks abreast of itself, all open to the deep water of the harbour on
+one side, and flanked almost throughout the whole length on the other,
+by a series of warehouses, mills, factories and depots, destined to
+increase every year in importance. The sights and sounds every day,
+along this combination of roadways and its surroundings, are unlike
+anything dreamt of by the framers of the old Patent of 1818. But it
+cannot be said that the idea contained in that document has been wholly
+departed from: nay, it must be confessed that it has been grandly
+realized in a manner and on a scale adapted to the requirements of these
+latter days.
+
+For some time, Front Street, above the Esplanade, continued to be a
+raised terrace, from which pleasant views and fresh lake air could be
+obtained; and attempts were made, at several points along its southern
+verge, to establish a double row of shade trees, which should recall in
+future ages the primitive oaks and elms which overlooked the margin of
+the harbour. But soon the erection of tall buildings on the newly-made
+land below, began to shut out the view and the breezes, and to
+discourage attempts at ornamentation by the planting of trees.
+
+It is to regretted, however, that the title of Mall has not yet been
+applied to some public walk in the town. Old-world sounds like
+these--reeve, warden, provost, recorder, House of Commons, railway, (not
+_road_), dugway, mall--like the chimes in some of our towers, and the
+sung-service in some of our churches--help, in cases where the
+imagination is active, to reconcile the exile from the British Islands
+to his adopted home, and even to attach him to it. Incorporated into our
+common local speech, and so perpetuated, they may also be hereafter
+subsidiary mementoes of our descent as a people, when all connection,
+save that of history, with the ancient home of our forefathers, will
+have ceased.
+
+In 1804, there were "Lieutenants of Counties" in Upper Canada. The
+following gentlemen were, in 1804, "Lieutenants of Counties" for the
+Counties attached to their respective names. We take the list from the
+_Upper Canada Almanac_ for 1804, published at York by John Bennett. The
+office and title of County-Lieutenant do not appear to have been kept
+up: "John Macdonell, Esq., Glengary; William Fortune, Esq., Prescott;
+Archibald Macdonell, Esq., Stormont; Hon. Richard Duncan, Esq., Dundas;
+Peter Drummond, Esq., Grenville; James Breakenridge, Esq., Leeds; Hon.
+Richard Cartwright, Esq., Frontenac; Hazelton Spencer, Esq., Lenox;
+William Johnson, Esq., Addington; John Ferguson, Esq., Hastings;
+Archibald Macdonell, Esq., of Marysburg, Prince Edward; Alexander
+Chisholm, Esq., Northumberland; Robert Baldwin, Esq., Durham; Hon. David
+William Smith, Esq., York; Hon. Robert Hamilton, Esq., Lincoln; Samuel
+Ryerse, Esq., Norfolk; William Claus, Esq., Oxford; (Middlesex is
+vacant); Hon. Alexander Grant, Esq., Essex; Hon. James Baby, Esq.,
+Kent."
+
+Another old English term in use in the Crown Lands Office of Ontario, if
+not generally, is "Domesday Book." The record of grants of land from the
+beginning of the organization of Upper Canada is entitled "Domesday
+Book." It consists now of many folio volumes.
+
+The gravelled path from the Fort to the Commissariat Stores, as
+described above, in conjunction with a parallel track for wheels along
+the cliff all the way to the site of the Parliament Buildings, suggested
+in 1822 the restoration of a carriage-drive to the Island, which had
+some years previously existed. This involved the erection or rather
+re-erection of bridges over the lesser and greater Don, to enable the
+inhabitants of York to reach the long lines of lake beach, extending
+eastward to Scarborough Heights and westward to Gibraltar Point.
+
+All the old accounts of York in the topographical dictionaries of "sixty
+years since," spoke of the salubriousness of the peninsula which formed
+the harbour. Even the aborigines, it was stated, had recourse to that
+spot for sanative purposes. All this was derived from the article in D.
+W. Smith's Gazetteer, which sets forth that "the long beach or
+peninsula, which affords a most delightful ride, is considered so
+healthy by the Indians, that they resort to it whenever indisposed."
+
+So early as 1806 a bridge or float had been built over the mouth of the
+Don. In the _Gazette_ of June 18, in that year, we have the notice: "It
+is requested that no person will draw sand or pass with loaded waggons
+or carts over the new Bridge or Float at the opening of the Don River,
+as this source of communication was intended to accommodate the
+inhabitants of the town in a walk or ride to the Island. York, 13th
+June, 1806."
+
+In a MS. map of this portion of the vicinity of York, dated 1811, the
+road over the float is marked "Road from York to the Lighthouse." In
+this map, the lesser Don does not appear. A pond or inlet represents it,
+stretching in from the bay to the river. A bridge spans the inlet. There
+is a bridge also over the ravine, through which flows the rivulet by the
+Parliament Buildings.
+
+Health, however, was not the sole object of all these arrangements. A
+race-course had been laid out on the sandy neck of land connecting the
+central portion of the peninsula with the main shore. Here races were
+periodically held; and we have been assured, by an eye-witness, that
+twelve fine horses at a time had been seen by him engaged in the contest
+of speed. The hippodrome in question was not a ring, but a long straight
+level stadium, extending from the southern end of the second bridge to
+the outer margin of the lake.
+
+When invasion was threatened in 1812, all the bridges in the direction
+of the Island were taken down. An earthwork was thrown up across the
+narrow ridge separating the last long reach of the Don from the Bay; and
+in addition, a trench was cut across the same ridge. This cut, at first
+insignificant, became ultimately by a natural process the lesser Don, a
+deep and wide outlet, a convenient short-cut for skiffs and canoes from
+the Bay to the Don proper, and from the Don proper to the Bay.
+
+On the return of peace, the absence of bridges, and the existence, in
+addition, of a second formidable water-filled moat, speedily began to be
+matters of serious regret to the inhabitants of York, who found
+themselves uncomfortably cut off from easy access to the peninsula. From
+the _Gazette_ of April 15, 1822, we learn that "a public subscription
+among the inhabitants had been entered into, to defray the expense of
+erecting two bridges on the River Don, leading from this town towards
+the south, to the Peninsula." And subjoined are the leading names of
+the place, guaranteeing various sums, in all amounting to L108 5s. The
+timber was presented by Peter Robinson, Esq., M.P.P. The estimated
+expense of the undertaking was L325. The following names appear for
+various sums--fifty, twenty, ten, five and two dollars--Major Hillier,
+Rev. Dr. Strachan, Hon. J. H. Dunn, Hon. James Baby, Mr. Justice
+Boulton, John Small, Henry Boulton, Col. Coffin, Thomas Ridout, sen., W.
+Allen, Grant Powell, Samuel Ridout, J. S. Baldwin, S. Heward, James E.
+Small, Chas. Small, S. Washburn, J. B. Macaulay, G. Crookshank, A.
+Mercer, George Boulton, Thomas Taylor, Joseph Spragge, George Hamilton,
+R. E. Prentice, A. Warffe, W. B. Jarvis, B. Turquand, John Denison,
+sen., George Denison, John and George Monro, Henry Drean, Peter
+McDougall, Geo. Duggan, James Nation, Thomas Bright, W. B. Robinson, J.
+W. Gamble, William Proudfoot, Jesse Ketchum, D. Brooke, jun., R. C.
+Henderson, David Stegman, L. Fairbairn, Geo. Playter, Joseph Rogers,
+John French, W. Roe, Thomas Sullivan, John Hay, J. Biglow, John Elliot.
+
+On the strength of the sums thus promised, an engineer, Mr. E. Angell,
+began the erection of the bridge over the Greater Don. The _Gazette_
+before us reports that it was being constructed "with hewn timbers, on
+the most approved _European_ principle." (There is point in the
+italicised word: it hints the impolicy of employing United States
+engineers for such works). The paper adds that "the one bridge over the
+Great Don, consisting of five arches, is in a forward state; and the
+other, of one arch, over the Little Don, will be completed in or before
+the month of July next, when this line of road will be opened." It is
+subjoined that "subscriptions will continue to be received by A. Mercer,
+Esq., J. Dennis, York, and also by the Committee, Thomas Bright, William
+Smith and E. Angell."
+
+By the _Weekly Register_ of June 19, in the following year, it appears
+that the engineer, in commencing the bridge before the amount of its
+cost was guaranteed, had calculated without his host; and, as is usually
+the case with those who draw in advance on the proceeds of a supposed
+public enthusiam, had been brought into difficulties. We accordingly
+find that "on Friday evening last, pursuant to public notice given in
+the _Upper Canada Gazette_, a meeting of the subscribers, and other
+inhabitants of the town of York, was held at the house of Mr. Phair, in
+the Market-place, for the purpose of taking into consideration the
+circumstances in which the engineer had been placed by constructing a
+bridge, the charge of which was to be defrayed by voluntary
+subscription, over the mouth of the river Don."
+
+Resolutions were passed on the occasion, approving of Mr. Angell's
+proceedings, and calling for additional donations. A new committee was
+now appointed, consisting of H. J. Boulton, Esq., Dr. Widmer, S. Heward,
+Esq., Charles Small, Esq., and Allan McNab, Esq.--The editor of the
+_Weekly Register_ (Fothergill) thus notices the meeting: "It is
+satisfactory to find that there is at length some probability of the
+bridge over the Don in this vicinity being completed. We are,
+ourselves," the writer of the article proceeds to say, "the more anxious
+on this account, from the hope there is reason to entertain that these
+and other improvements in the neighbourhood will eventually lead to a
+draining of the great marsh at the east end of this town; for until that
+is done, it is utterly impossible that the place can be healthy at all
+seasons of the year. The public are not sufficiently impressed with the
+alarming insalubrity of such situations. We beg to refer our readers,"
+the editor of the _Register_ then observes, "to a very interesting
+letter from Dr. Priestly to Sir John Pringle in the Philosophical
+Transactions for 1777; and another from Dr. Price to Dr. Horsley in the
+same work in 1774; both on this subject, which throw considerable light
+upon it." And it is added, "We have it in contemplation to republish
+these letters in this work, as being highly interesting to many persons,
+and applicable to various situations in this country, but particularly
+to the neighbourhood of York."
+
+The desired additional subscriptions do not appear to have come in. The
+works at the mouth of the Don proper were brought to a stand-still. The
+bridge over the Lesser Don was not commenced. Thus matters remained for
+the long interval of ten years. Every inhabitant of York, able to
+indulge in the luxury of a carriage, or a saddle horse, or given to
+extensive pedestrian excursions, continued to regret the
+inaccessibleness of the peninsula. Especially among the families of the
+military, accustomed to the surroundings of sea-coast towns at home, did
+the desire exist, to be able, at will, to take a drive, or a canter, or
+a vigorous constitutional, on the sands of the peninsula, where, on the
+one hand, the bold escarpments in the distance to the eastward, on the
+other, the ocean-like horizon, and immediately in front the long rollers
+of surf tumbling in, all helped to stir recollections of (we will
+suppose) Dawlish or Torquay.
+
+In 1834, through the intervention of Sir John Colborne, and by means of
+a subsidy from the military chest, the works on both outlets of the Don
+were re-commenced. In 1835 the bridges were completed. On the 22nd of
+August in that year they were handed over by the military authorities to
+the town, now no longer York, but Toronto.
+
+Some old world formalities were observed on the occasion. The civic
+authorities approached the new structure in procession; a barricade at
+the first bridge arrested their progress. A guard stationed there also
+forbade further advance. The officer in command, Capt. Bonnycastle,
+appears, and the Mayor and Corporation are informed that the two bridges
+before them are, by the command of the Lieutenant-Governor, presented to
+them as a free gift, for the benefit of the inhabitants, that they may
+in all time to come be enabled to enjoy the salubrious air of the
+peninsula; the only stipulation being that the bridges should be free of
+toll forever to the troops, stores, and ordnance of the sovereign.
+
+The mayor, who, as eye-witnesses report, was arrayed in an official robe
+of purple velvet lined with scarlet, read the following reply: "Sir--On
+the part of His Majesty's faithful and loyal city of Toronto, I receive
+at your hands the investiture of these bridges, erected by command of
+His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, and now delivered to the
+Corporation for the benefit and accommodation of the citizens. In the
+name of the Common Council and the citizens of Toronto, I beg you to
+convey to His Excellency the grateful feelings with which this new
+instance of the bounty of our most gracious sovereign is received; and I
+take this occasion on behalf of the city to renew our assurances of
+loyalty and attachment to His Majesty's person and government, and to
+pray, through His Excellency, a continuance of royal favour towards this
+city. I have, on the part of the corporation and citizens, to request
+you to assure His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor that His
+Excellency's desire and generous exertions for the health and welfare of
+the inhabitants of this city are duly and gratefully appreciated; and I
+beg you to convey to His Excellency the best wishes of myself and my
+fellow-citizens for the health and happiness of His Excellency and
+family. Permit me, Sir, for myself and brethren, to thank you for the
+very handsome and complimentary manner in which you have carried His
+Excellency's commands into execution."
+
+"Immediately," the narrative of the ceremonial continues, "the band, who
+were stationed on the bridge, struck up the heart-stirring air, 'God
+save the King,' during the performance of which the gentlemen of the
+Corporation, followed by a large number of the inhabitants, passed
+uncovered over the bridge. Three cheers were then given respectively for
+the King, for His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, for the Mayor and
+Council of the City of Toronto, and for Capt. Bonnycastle. The
+gentlemanly and dignified manner in which both the addresses were read
+did credit to the gentlemen on whom these duties devolved; and the good
+order and good humour that prevailed among the spectators present were
+exceedingly gratifying."
+
+We take this account from the Toronto _Patriot_ of August 28th, 1835,
+wherein it is copied from the _Christian Guardian_. Mr. R. B. Sullivan,
+the official representative of the city on the occasion just described,
+was the second mayor of Toronto. He was afterwards one of the Judges of
+the Court of Common Pleas.
+
+The bridges thus ceremoniously presented and received had a short-lived
+existence. They were a few years afterwards, seriously damaged during
+the breaking up of the ice, and then carried away bodily in one of the
+spring freshets to which the Don is subject.
+
+The peninsula in front of York was once plentifully stocked with goats,
+the offspring of a small colony established by order of Governor Hunter,
+at Gibraltar Point, for the sake, for one thing, of the supposed
+salutary nature of the whey of goat's milk. These animals were dispersed
+during the war of 1812-13. Governor Hunter may have taken the idea of
+peopling the island at York with goats from what was to be seen, at an
+early day, on Goat Island, adjoining the Falls of Niagara. A multitude
+of goats ran at large there, the descendants of a few reared originally
+by one Stedman, an English soldier, who, on escaping a massacre of his
+comrades in the neighbourhood of what is now Lewiston, at the hands of
+the Iroquois, soon after the conquest of the country, fled thither, and
+led, to the end of his days, a Robinson-Crusoe-kind of life.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  V.
+
+  KING STREET, FROM JOHN STREET TO YONGE STREET.
+
+
+After our long stroll westward, we had purposed returning to the place
+of beginning by the route which constitutes the principal thoroughfare
+of the modern Toronto; but the associations connected with the primitive
+pathway on the cliff overlooking the harbour, led us insensibly back
+along the track by which we came.
+
+In order that we may execute our original design, we now transport
+ourselves at once to the point where we had intended to begin our
+descent of King Street. That point was the site of a building now wholly
+taken out of the way--the old General Hospital. Farther west on this
+line of road there was no object possessing any archaeological interest.
+
+The old Hospital was a spacious, unadorned, matter-of-fact, two-storey
+structure, of red brick, one hundred and seven feet long, and sixty-six
+feet wide. It had, by the direction of Dr. Grant Powell, as we have
+heard, the peculiarity of standing with its sides precisely east and
+west, north and south. At a subsequent period, it consequently had the
+appearance of having being jerked round bodily, the streets in the
+neighbourhood not being laid out with the same precise regard to the
+cardinal points. The building exhibited recessed galleries on the north
+and south sides, and a flattish hipped roof. The interior was
+conveniently designed.
+
+In the fever wards here, during the terrible season of 1847, frightful
+scenes of suffering and death were witnessed among the newly-arrived
+emigrants; here it was that, in ministering to them in their distress,
+so many were struck down, some all but fatally, others wholly so;
+amongst the latter several leading medical men, and the Roman Catholic
+Bishop, Power.
+
+When the Houses of Parliament, at the east end of the town, were
+destroyed by fire in 1824, the Legislature assembled for several
+sessions in the General Hospital.
+
+The neighbourhood hereabout had an open, unoccupied look in 1822. In a
+_Weekly Register_ of the 25th of April of that year, we have an account
+of the presentation of a set of colours to a militia battalion, mustered
+for the purpose on the road near the Hospital. "Tuesday, the 23rd
+instant," the _Register_ reports, "being the anniversary of St. George,
+on which it has been appointed to celebrate His Majesty's birthday,
+George IV., [instead of the 4th of June, the fete of the late King,] the
+East and West Regiments, with Capt. Button's Troop of Cavalry, which are
+attached to the North York Regiment, on the right, were formed in line
+at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, on the road in front of the
+Government House, and a Guard of Honour, consisting of 100 rank and file
+from each regiment, with officers and sergeants in proportion, under the
+command of Lieut.-Col. FitzGibbon, were formed at a short distance in
+front of the centre, as the representatives of the militia of the
+Province, in order to receive the rich and beautiful Colours which His
+Majesty has been graciously pleased to command should be prepared for
+the late incorporated Battalion, as an honourable testimony of the high
+sense which His Majesty has been pleased to entertain of the zeal and
+gallantry of the militia of Upper Canada."
+
+The _Register_ then proceeds: "At 12 o'clock, a Royal Salute was fired
+from the Garrison, and the Lieutenant-Governor with his staff having
+arrived on the ground, proceeded to review the widely-extended line;
+after which, taking his station in front of the whole, the band struck
+up the nation anthem of 'God save the King.' His Excellency then
+dismounted, and accompanied by his staff, on foot, approached the Guard
+of Honour, so near as to be distinctly heard by the men; when,
+uncovering himself, and taking one of the Colours in his hand, in the
+most dignified and graceful manner, he presented them to the proper
+officer, with the following address:--"Soldiers! I have great
+satisfaction in presenting you, as the representatives of the late
+incorporated Battalion, with these Colours--a distinguished mark of His
+Majesty's approbation. They will be to you a proud memorial of the past,
+and a rallying-point around which you will gather with alacrity and
+confidence, should your active services be required hereafter by your
+King and Country.'--His Excellency having remounted, the Guard of Honour
+marched with band playing and Colours flying, from right to left, in
+front of the whole line, and then proceeded to lodge their Colours at
+the Government House."
+
+"The day was raw and cold," it is added, "and the ground being very wet
+and uneven, the men could neither form nor march with that precision
+they would otherwise have exhibited. We were very much pleased, however,
+with the soldier-like appearance of the Guard of Honour, and we were
+particularly struck by the new uniform of the officers of the West York,
+as being particularly well-adapted for the kind of warfare incident to a
+thickly-wooded country. Even at a short distance it would be difficult
+to distinguish the gray coat or jacket from the bole of a tree. There
+was a very full attendance on the field; and it was peculiarly
+gratifying to observe so much satisfaction on all sides. The Colours,
+which are very elegant, are inscribed with the word Niagara, to
+commemorate the services rendered by the Incorporated Battalion on that
+frontier; and we doubt not that the proud distinction which attends
+these banners will always serve to excite the most animating
+recollections, whenever it shall be necessary for them to wave over the
+heads of our Canadian Heroes, actually formed in battle-array against
+the invaders of our Country. At 2 o'clock His Excellency held a Levee,
+and in the evening a splendid Ball at the Government House concluded the
+ceremonies and rejoicings of the day." The Lieut. Governor on this
+occasion was Sir Peregrine Maitland, of whom fully hereafter.
+
+The building on King Street known as "Government House" was originally
+the private residence of Chief Justice Elmsley. For many years after its
+purchase by the Government it was still styled "Elmsley House." As at
+Quebec, the correspondence of the Governor-in-Chief was dated from the
+"Chateau St. Louis," or the "Castle of St. Louis," so here, that of the
+Lieutenant-Governor of the Western Province was long dated from "Elmsley
+House." Mr. Elmsley was a brother of the celebrated classical critic and
+editor, Peter Elmsley, of Oxford. We shall have occasion frequently to
+speak of him.
+
+On the left, opposite Government House, was a very broken piece of
+ground, denominated "Russell Square;" afterwards, through the
+instrumentality of Sir John Colborne, converted into a site for an
+educational Institution. Sir John Colborne, on his arrival in Upper
+Canada, was fresh from the Governorship of Guernsey, one of the Channel
+Islands. During his administration there he had revived a decayed Public
+School, at present known as Elizabeth College. Being of opinion that the
+new country to which he had been transferred was not ripe for a
+University on the scale contemplated in a royal Charter which had been
+procured, he addressed himself to the establishment of an institution
+which should meet the immediate educational wants of the community.
+
+Inasmuch as in the School which resulted--or "Minor College" as it was
+long popularly called--we have a transcript, more or less close, of the
+institution which Sir John Colborne had been so recently engaged in
+reviving, we add two or three particulars in regard to the latter, which
+may have, with some, a certain degree of interest, by virtue of the
+accidental but evident relation existing between the two institutions.
+From a paper in Brayley's Graphic and Historical Illustrator (1834), we
+gather that Elizabeth College, Guernsey, was originally called the
+"School of Queen Elizabeth," as having been founded under Letters Patent
+from that sovereign in 1563, to be a "Grammar-school in which the youth
+of the Island (_juventus_) may be better instructed in good learning and
+virtue." The temple or church of the suppressed Order of Gray Friars
+(Friars minors or Cordeliers), with its immediate precincts, was
+assigned for its "use," together with "eighty quarters of wheat rent,"
+accruing from lands in different parts of the Island, which had been
+given to the friars for dispensations, masses, obits, &c. By the
+statutes of 1563 the school was divided into six classes; and books and
+exercises were appointed respectively for each, the scholars to be
+admitted being required "to read perfectly, and to recite an approved
+catechism of the Christian religion by heart."
+
+In all the six classes the Latin and Greek languages were the primary
+objects of instruction; but the Statutes permitted the master, at his
+discretion, "to add something of his own;" and even "to concede
+something for writing, singing, arithmetic, and a little play." For more
+than two centuries the school proved of little public utility. In 1799
+there was one pupil on the establishment. In 1816 there were no
+scholars. From that date to 1824 the number fluctuated from 15 to 29. In
+1823, Sir John Colborne appointed a committee to investigate all the
+circumstances connected with the school, and to ascertain the best mode
+of assuring its future permanent efficiency and prosperity, without
+perverting the intention of the foundress. The end of all this was a new
+building (figured in Brayley) at a cost of L14,754 2_s._ 3_d._; the
+foundation-stone being laid by Sir John in 1826. On August the 20th,
+1829, the revived institution was publicly opened, with one hundred and
+twenty pupils. "On that day," we are told, "the Bailiff and Jurats of
+the Island, with General Ross, the Lieutenant-Governor [Sir John
+Colborne was now in Canada], his staff, and the public authorities,
+headed by a procession consisting of the Principal, Vice-Principal, and
+other masters and tutors of the school (together with the scholars),
+repaired to St. Peter's Church, where prayers were read by the Dean, Dr.
+Durand, and _Te Deum_ and other anthems were sung. They then returned to
+the College, where, in the spacious Examination Hall, a crowded assembly
+were addressed respectively by the Bailiff and President-director
+[Daniel de Lisle Brock, Esq.], Colonel de Havilland, the Vice-President,
+and the Rev. G. Proctor, B.D., the new Principal, on the antiquity,
+objects, apparent prospects, and future efficiency of the institution."
+
+Under the new system the work of education was carried on by a
+Principal, Vice-Principal, a First and Second Classical Master, a
+Mathematical Master, a Master and Assistant of the Lower School, a
+Commercial Master, two French Masters and an Assistant, a Master of
+Drawing and Surveying, besides extra Masters for the German, Italian,
+and Spanish languages, and for Music, Dancing, and Fencing. The course
+of instruction for the day scholars, and those on the foundation,
+included Divinity, History, Geography, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French,
+English, Mathematics, Arithmetic, and Writing, at a charge in the Upper
+School of L3 per quarter; and in the Lower or Preparatory School, of L1
+per quarter; for Drawing and Surveying, 15_s._ per quarter. The terms
+for private scholars (including all College dues and subscriptions for
+exhibitions and prizes of medals, &c.) varied from L60 annually with the
+Principal, to L46 annually with the First Classical Teacher.
+
+The exhibitions in the revived institution were, first, one of L30 per
+annum for four years, founded by the Governor of Guernsey in 1826, to
+the best Classical scholar, a native of the Bailiwick, or son of a
+native; secondly, four for four years, of, at least, L20 per annum,
+founded by subscription in 1826, to the best scholars, severally, in
+Divinity, Classics, Mathematics, and Modern Languages; thirdly, one for
+four years, of L20 per annum, founded in 1827 by Admiral Sir James
+Saumarez, to the best Theological and Classical scholar; fourthly, one
+of L20 per annum, for four years, from 1830, to the best Classical
+scholar, given by Sir John Colborne in 1828. There were also two, from
+the Lower to the Upper School, of L6 per annum, for one year or more,
+founded by the Directors in 1829.
+
+The foregoing details will, as we have said, be of some interest,
+especially to Canadians who have received from the institution founded
+by Sir John Colborne in Russell Square an important part of their early
+training. "Whatever makes the past, the distant and the future
+predominate over the present, advances us in the dignity of thinking
+beings." So moralized Dr. Johnson amidst the ruins of Iona. On this
+principle, the points of agreement and difference between the
+educational type and antitype is this instance, will be acknowledged to
+be curious.
+
+Another link of association between Guernsey and Upper Canada exists in
+the now familiar name "Sarnia," which is the old classical name of
+Guernsey, given by Sir John Colborne to a township on the St. Clair
+river, in memory of his former government.
+
+Those who desire to trace the career of Upper Canada College _ab ovo_,
+will be thankful for the following advertisements. The first is from the
+_Loyalist_ of May 2, 1829. "Minor College. Sealed tenders for erecting a
+School House and four dwelling-houses will be received on the first
+Monday of June next. Plans, elevations and specifications may be seen
+after the 12th instant, on application to the Hon. Geo. Markland, from
+whom further information will be received. Editors throughout the
+Province are requested to insert this notice until the first Monday in
+June, and forward their accounts for the same to the office of the
+_Loyalist_, York. York, 1st May, 1829."
+
+The second advertisement is from the _Upper Canada Gazette_ of Dec. 17,
+1829. "Upper Canada College, established at York. Visitor, the
+Lieutenant-Governor for the time being. This College will open after the
+approaching Christmas Vacation, on Monday the 8th of January, 1830,
+under the conduct of the Masters appointed at Oxford by the Vice
+Chancellor and other electors, in July last. Principal, the Rev, J. H.
+Harris, D.D., late Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge. Classical
+Department: Vice Principal, The Rev. T. Phillips, D.D., of Queen's
+College, Cambridge. First Classical Master: The Rev. Charles Mathews,
+M.A., of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. Second Classical Master: The Rev. W.
+Boulton, B.A., of Queen's College, Oxford. Mathematical Department: The
+Rev. Charles Dade, M.A., Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge, and late
+Mathematical Master at Elizabeth College. French, Mr. J. P. De la Haye.
+English, Writing and Arithmetic, Mr. G. A. Barber and Mr. J. Padfield.
+Drawing Master, Mr. Drury. (Then follow terms, &c.) Signed: G. H.
+Markland, Secretary to the Board of Education. York, Upper Canada, Dec.
+2, 1829."
+
+After Russell Square on the left, came an undulating green field; near
+the middle of it was a barn of rural aspect, cased-in with upright,
+unplaned boards. The field was at one time a kind of _Campus Martius_
+for a troop of amateur cavalry, who were instructed in their evolutions
+and in the use of the broadsword, by a veteran, Capt. Midford, the
+Goodwin of the day, at York.
+
+Nothing of note presented itself until after we arrived at the roadway
+which is now known as Bay Street, with the exception, perhaps, of two
+small rectangular edifices of red brick with bright tin roofs, dropped,
+as it were, one at the south-west, the other at the north-west, angle of
+the intersection of King and York Streets. The former was the office of
+the Manager of the Clergy Reserve Lands; the latter, that of the
+Provincial Secretary and Registrar. They are noticeable simply as being
+specimens, in solid material, of a kind of minute cottage that for a
+certain period was in fashion in York and its neighbourhood; little
+square boxes, one storey in height, and without basement; looking as if,
+by the aid of a ring at the apex of the four sided roof, they might,
+with no great difficulty, be lifted up, like the hutch provided for
+Gulliver by his nurse Glumdalclitch, and carried bodily away.
+
+As we pass eastward of Bay Street, the memory comes back of Franco
+Rossi, the earliest scientific confectioner of York, who had on the
+south side, near here, a depot, ever fragrant and ambrosial. In his
+specialities he was a superior workman. From him were procured the
+fashionable bridecakes of the day; as also the _noyeau, parfait-amour_,
+and other liqueurs, set out for visitors on New Year's Day. Rossi was
+the first to import hither good objects of art: fine copies of the
+Laocoon, the Apollo Belvidere, the Perseus of Canova, with other
+classical groups and figures sculptured in Florentine alabaster, were
+disseminated by him in the community.
+
+Rossi is the Italian referred to by the author of "Cyril Thornton" in
+his "Men and Manners in America," where speaking of York, visited by him
+in 1832, he says: "In passing through the streets I was rather surprised
+to observe an _affiche_ intimating that ice-creams were to be had
+within. The weather being hot, I entered, and found the master of the
+establishment to be an Italian. I never ate better ice at
+Grange's"--some fashionable resort in London, we suppose. The outward
+signs of civilization at York must have been meagre when a chance
+visitor recorded his surprise at finding ice-creams procurable in such a
+place.
+
+Great enthusiasm, we remember, was created, far and near, by certain
+panes of plate glass with brass divisions between them, which, at a
+period a little later than Cyril Thornton's (Captain Hamilton's) visit,
+suddenly ornamented the windows of Mr. Beckett's Chemical Laboratory,
+close by Rossi's. Even Mrs. Jameson, in her book of "Winter Studies and
+Summer Rambles," referring to the shop fronts of King Street,
+pronounces, in a naive English watering-place kind of tone, "that of the
+apothecary" to be "worthy of Regent Street in its appearance."
+
+A little farther on, still on the southern side, was the first place of
+public worship of the Wesleyan Methodists. It was a long, low, wooden
+building, running north and south, and placed a little way back from the
+street. Its dimensions in the first instance, as we have been informed
+by Mr. Petch, who was engaged in its erection, were 40 by 40 feet. It
+was then enlarged to 40 by 60 feet. In the gable end towards the street
+were two doors, one for each sex. Within, the custom obtained of
+dividing the men from the women; the former sitting on the right hand of
+one entering the building; the latter on the left.
+
+This separation of the sexes in places of public worship was an oriental
+custom, still retained among Jews. It also existed, down to a recent
+date, in some English Churches. Among articles of inquiry sent down from
+a Diocesan to churchwardens, we have seen the query: "Do men and women
+sit together indifferently and promiscuously? or, as the fashion was of
+old, do men sit together on one side of the church, and women upon the
+other?" In English Churches the usage was the opposite of that indicated
+above: the north side, that is, the left on entering, was the place of
+the women; and the south, that of the men.
+
+In 1688, we have Sir George Wheler, in his "Account of the Churches of
+the Primitive Christians," speaking of this custom, which he says
+prevails also "in the Greek Church to this day:" he adds that it "seems
+not only very decent, but nowadays, since wickedness so much abounds,
+highly necessary; for the general mixture," he continues, "of men and
+women in the Latin Church is notoriously scandalous; and little less,"
+he says, "is their sitting together in the same pews in our London
+churches."
+
+The Wesleyan chapel in King Street ceased to be used in 1833. It was
+converted afterwards for a time into a "Theatre Royal."
+
+Jordan Street preserves one of the names of Mr. Jordan Post, owner of
+the whole frontage extending from Bay Street to Yonge Street. The name
+of his wife is preserved in "Melinda Street," which traverses his lot,
+or rather block, from east to west, south of King Street. Two of his
+daughters bore respectively the unusual names of Sophronia and
+Desdemona. Mr. Post was a tall New-Englander of grave address. He was,
+moreover, a clockmaker by trade, and always wore spectacles. From the
+formal cut of his apparel and hair, he was, quite erroneously, sometimes
+supposed to be of the Mennonist or Quaker persuasion.
+
+So early as 1802, Mr. Post is advertising in the York paper. In the
+_Oracle_ of Sept. 18, 1802, he announces a temporary absence from the
+town. "Jordan Post, watchmaker, requests all those who left watches with
+him to be repaired, to call at Mr. Beman's and receive them by paying
+for the repairs. He intends returning to York in a few months. Sept. 11,
+1802." In the close of the same year, he puts forth the general notice:
+"Jordan Post, Clock and Watchmaker, informs the public that he now
+carries on the above business in all its branches, at the upper end of
+Duke Street. He has a complete assortment of watch furniture. Clocks and
+watches repaired on the shortest notice, and most reasonable terms,
+together with every article in the gold and silver line. N. B.--He will
+purchase old brass. Dec 11, 1802."
+
+Besides the block described above, Mr. Post had acquired other valuable
+properties in York, as will appear by an advertisement in the _Weekly
+Register_ of Jan. 19, 1826, from which also it will be seen that he at
+one time contemplated a gift to the town of one hundred feet frontage
+and two hundred feet of depth, for the purpose of a second Public
+Market. "Town Lots for Sale. To be sold by Auction on the Premises, on
+Wednesday the first day of February next, Four Town Lots on King Street,
+west of George Street. Also, to be leased at the same time to the
+highest bidder, for twenty-one years, subject to such conditions as will
+then be produced. Six Lots on the west side of Yonge Street, and Twenty
+on Market Street. The Subscriber has reserved a Lot of Ground of One
+Hundred Feet front, by Two Hundred Feet in the rear, on George Street,
+for a Market Place, to be given for that purpose. He will likewise lease
+Ten Lots in front of said intended Market. A plan of the Lots may be
+seen and further particulars known, by application to the Subscriber.
+Jordan Post. York, Jan. 4, 1826."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  VI.
+
+  KING STREET, FROM YONGE STREET TO CHURCH STREET.
+
+
+Where Yonge Street crosses King Street, forming at the present day an
+unusually noble _carrefour_, as the French would say, or rectangular
+intersection of thoroughfares as we are obliged to word it, there was,
+for a considerable time, but one solitary house--at the north-east
+angle; a longish, one-storey, respectable wooden structure, painted
+white, with paling in front, and large willow trees: it was the home of
+Mr. Dermis, formerly superintendent of the Dock-yard at Kingston. He was
+one of the United Empire Loyalist refugees, and received a grant of land
+on the Humber, near the site of the modern village of Weston. His son,
+Mr. Joseph Dennis, owned and commanded a vessel on Lake Ontario in 1812.
+When the war with the United States broke out, he and his ship were
+attached to the Provincial Marine. His vessel was captured, and himself
+made a prisoner of war, in which condition he remained for fifteen
+months. He afterwards commanded the Princess Charlotte, an early
+steamboat on Lake Ontario.
+
+To the eastward of Mr. Dennis' house, on the same side, at an early
+period, was an obscure frame building of the most ordinary kind, whose
+existence is recorded simply for having been temporarily the District
+Grammar School, before the erection of the spacious building on the
+Grammar School lot.
+
+On the opposite side, still passing on towards the east, was the Jail.
+This was a squat unpainted wooden building, with hipped roof, concealed
+from persons passing in the street by a tall cedar stockade, such as
+those which we see surrounding a Hudson's Bay post or a military
+wood-yard. At the outer entrance hung a billet of wood suspended by a
+chain, communicating with a bell within; and occasionally Mr. Parker,
+the custodian of the place, was summoned, through its instrumentality,
+by persons not there on legitimate business. We have a recollection of a
+clever youth, an immediate descendant of the great commentator on
+British Law, and afterwards himself distinguished at the Upper Canadian
+bar, who was severely handled by Mr. Parker's son, on being caught in
+the act of pulling at this billet, with the secret intention of running
+away after the exploit.
+
+The English Criminal Code, as it was at the beginning of the century,
+having been introduced with all its enormities, public hangings were
+frequent at an early period in the new Province. A shocking scene is
+described as taking place at an execution in front of the old Jail at
+York. The condemned refuses to mount the scaffold. On this, the
+moral-suasion efforts of the sheriff amount to the ridiculous, were not
+the occasion so seriously tragic. In aid of the sheriff, the officiating
+chaplain steps more than once up the plank set from the cart to the
+scaffold, to show the facility of the act, and to induce the man to
+mount in like manner; the condemned demurs, and openly remarks on the
+obvious difference in the two cases. At last the noose is adjusted to
+the neck of the wretched culprit, where he stands. The cart is
+withdrawn, and a deliberate strangling ensues.
+
+In a certain existing account of steps taken in 1811 to remedy the
+dilapidated and comfortless condition of the Jail, we get a glimpse of
+York, commercially and otherwise, at that date. In April, 1811, the
+sheriff, Beikie, reports to the magistrates at Quarter Sessions "that
+the sills of the east cells of the Jail of the Home District are
+completely rotten; that the ceilings in the debtors' rooms are
+insufficient; and that he cannot think himself safe, should necessity
+oblige him to confine any persons in said cells or debtors' rooms."
+
+An order is given in May to make the necessary repairs; but certain
+spike-nails are wanted of a kind not to be had at the local dealers in
+hardware. The chairman is consequently directed to "apply to His
+Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, that he will be pleased to direct
+that the spike-nails be furnished from the King's stores, as there are
+not any of the description required to be purchased at York." A
+memorandum follows to the effect that on the communication of this
+necessity to His Excellency, "the Lieutenant-Governor ordered that the
+Clerk of the Peace do apply for the spike-nails officially in the name
+of the Court: which he did," the memorandum adds, "on the 8th of May,
+1811, and received an answer on the day following, that an order had
+been issued that day for 1500 spike-nails, for the repair of the Home
+District Jail: the nails," it is subjoined, "were received by carpenter
+Leach in the month of July following."
+
+Again: in December, 1811, Mr. Sheriff Beikie sets forth to the
+magistrates in Session, that "the prisoners in the cells of the Jail of
+the Home District suffer much from cold and damp, there being no method
+of communicating heat from the chimneys, nor any bedsteads to raise the
+straw from the floors, which lie nearly, if not altogether, on the
+ground." He accordingly suggests that "a small stove in the lobby of
+each range of cells, together with some rugs or blankets, will add much
+to the comfort of the unhappy persons confined." The magistrates
+authorize the supply of the required necessaries, and the order is
+marked "instant." (The month, we are to notice, was December.)
+
+At a late period, there were placed about the town a set of posts having
+relation to the Jail. They were distinguished from the ordinary rough
+posts, customary then at regular intervals along the sidewalks, by being
+of turned wood, with spherical tops, the lower part painted a pale blue:
+the upper, white. These were the "limits"--the _certi denique
+fines_--beyond which, _detenus_ for debt were not allowed to extend
+their walks.
+
+Leaving the picketted enclosure of the Prison, we soon arrived at an
+open piece of ground on the opposite (north) side of the
+street,--afterwards known as the "Court House Square." One of the many
+rivulets or water-courses that traversed the site of York passed through
+it, flowing in a deep serpentine ravine, a spot to be remembered by the
+youth of the day as affording, in the winter, facilities for skating and
+sliding, and audacious exploits on "leather ice." In this open space, a
+Jail and Court House of a pretentious character, but of poor
+architectural style, were erected in 1824. The two buildings, which were
+of two storeys, and exactly alike, were placed side by side, a few yards
+back from the road. Their gables were to the south, in which direction
+were also the chief entrances. The material was red brick. Pilasters of
+cut stone ran up the principal fronts, and up the exposed or outer
+sides of each edifice. At these sides, as also on the inner and
+unornamented sides, were lesser gables, but marked by the portion of the
+wall that rose in front of them, not to a point, but finishing square in
+two diminishing stages, and sustaining chimneys.
+
+It was intended originally that lanterns should have surmounted and
+given additional elevation to both buildings, but these were discarded,
+together with tin as the material of the roofing, with a view to cutting
+down the cost, and thereby enabling the builder to make the pilasters of
+cut stone instead of "Roman cement." John Hayden was the contractor. The
+cost, as reduced, was to be L3,800 for the two edifices.
+
+We extract from the _Canadian Review_ for July, 1824, published by H. H.
+Cunningham, Montreal, an account of the commencement of the new
+buildings: "On Saturday, the 24th instant, [April, 1824,] his Excellency
+the Lieutenant-Governor, attended by his staff, was met by the
+Honourable the Members of the Executive Council, the Judges of the Court
+of King's Bench, and the Gentlemen of the Bar, with the Magistrates and
+principal inhabitants of York, in procession, for the purpose of laying
+the foundation-stone of the new Jail and Court House about to be erected
+in this Town.--A sovereign and half-sovereign of gold, and several coins
+of silver and copper, of the present reign, together with some
+newspapers and other memorials of the present day, were deposited in a
+cavity of the stone, over which a plate of copper, bearing an
+appropriate inscription, was placed; and after his Excellency had given
+the first blow, with a hammer handed to him for the purpose, the
+ceremony concluded with several hearty cheers from all who were
+present.--If the question were of any real importance," the writer adds,
+"we might have the curiosity to inquire why the deposit was made in the
+south-east, rather than in the north-east corner of the building?"--a
+query that indicates, as we suppose, a deviation from orthodox masonic
+usage.
+
+In one of the lithographic views published in 1836 by Mr. J. Young, the
+Jail and Court House, now spoken of, are shewn. Among the objects
+inserted to give life to the scene, the artist has placed in the
+foreground a country waggon with oxen yoked to it, in primitive
+fashion.--Near the front entrance of the Jail, stood, to the terror of
+evil-doers, down to modern times, a ponderous specimen of the "parish
+stocks" of the old country, in good condition.
+
+After 1825, the open area in front of the Jail and Court House became
+the "Public Place" of the town. Crowds filled it at elections and other
+occasions of excitement. We have here witnessed several scenes
+characteristic of the times in which they occurred. We here once saw a
+public orator run away with, in the midst of his harangue. This was Mr.
+Jesse Ketchum, who was making use of a farmer's waggon as his rostrum or
+platform, when the vehicle was suddenly laid hold of, and wheeled
+rapidly down King Street, the speaker maintaining his equilibrium in the
+meanwhile with difficulty. Mr. Ketchum was one of the most benevolent
+and beneficent of men. We shall have occasion to refer to him hereafter.
+
+It was on the same occasion, we believe, that we saw Mr. W. L. McKenzie
+assailed by the missiles which mobs usually adopt. From this spot we had
+previously seen the same personage, after one of his re-elections, borne
+aloft in triumph, on a kind of pyramidal car, and wearing round his neck
+and across his breast a massive gold chain and medal (both made of
+molten sovereigns), the gift of his admirers and constituents: in the
+procession, at the same time, was a printing-press, working as it was
+conveyed along in a low sleigh, and throwing off handbills, which were
+tossed, right and left, to the accompanying crowd in the street.
+
+The existing generation of Canadians, with the lights which they now
+possess, see pretty clearly, that the agitator just named, and his
+party, were not, in the abstract, by any means so bad as they seemed:
+that, in fact, the ideas which they sought to propagate are the only
+ones practicable in the successful government of modern men.
+
+Is there a reader nowadays that sees anything very startling in the
+enunciation of the following principles?--"The control of the whole
+revenue to be in the people's representatives; the Legislative Council
+to be elective; the representation in the House of Assembly to be as
+equally proportioned to the population as possible; the Executive
+Government to incur a real responsibility; the law of primogeniture to
+be abolished; impartiality in the selection of juries to be secured; the
+Judiciary to be independent; the military to be in strict subordination
+to the civil authorities; equal rights to the several members of the
+community; every vestige of Church-and-State union to be done away; the
+lands and all the revenues of the country to be under the control of the
+country; and education to be widely, carefully and impartially
+diffused; to these may be added the choice of our own Governor."
+
+These were the political principles sought to be established in the
+Governments of Canada by the party referred to, as set forth in the
+terms just given (almost _verbatim_) in Patrick Swift's Almanac, a well
+known popular, annual _brochure_ of Mr. McKenzie's. It seems singular
+now, in the retrospect, that doctrines such as these should have created
+a ferment.
+
+But there is this to be said: it does not appear that there were, at the
+time, in the ranks of the party in power, any persons of very superior
+intellectual gifts or of a wide range of culture or historical
+knowledge: so that it was not likely that, on that side, there would be
+a ready relinquishment of political traditions, of inherited ideas,
+which their possessors had never dreamt of rationally analyzing, and
+which they deemed it all but treason to call in question.
+
+And moreover it is to be remembered that the chief propagandist of the
+doctrines of reform, although very intelligent and ready of speech, did
+not himself possess the dignity and repose of character which give
+weight to the utterances of public men. Hence, with the persons who
+really stood in need of instruction and enlightenment, his words had an
+irritating, rather than a conciliatory and convincing effect. This was a
+fault which it was not in his power to remedy. For his microscopic
+vision and restless temperament, while they fitted him to be a very
+clever local reformer, a very clever local editor, unfitted him for the
+grand _role_ of a national statesman, or heroic conductor of a
+revolution.
+
+Accordingly, although the principles advocated by him finally obtained
+the ascendancy, posterity only regards him as the Wilkes, the Cobbett,
+or the Hunt of his day, in the annals of his adopted country. In the
+interval between the outbreak or feint at outbreak in 1838, and 1850,
+the whole Canadian community made a great advance in general
+intelligence, and statesmen of a genuine quality began to appear in our
+Parliaments.
+
+Prior to the period of which we have just been speaking, a name much in
+the mouths of our early settlers was that of Robert Gourlay. What we
+have to say in respect to him, in our retrospect of the past, will
+perhaps be in place here.
+
+Nothing could be more laudable than Mr. Gourlay's intentions at the
+outset. He desired to publish a statistical account of Canada, with a
+view to the promotion of emigration. To inform himself of the actual
+condition of the young colony, he addressed a series of questions to
+persons of experience and intelligence in every township of Upper
+Canada. These questions are now lying before us; they extend to the
+number of thirty-one. There are none of them that a modern reader would
+pronounce ill-judged or irrelevant.
+
+But here again it is easy to see that personal character and temperament
+marred the usefulness of a clever man. His inordinate self-esteem and
+pugnaciousness, insufficiently controlled, speedily rendered him
+offensive, especially in a community constituted as that was in the
+midst of which he had suddenly lighted; and drove, naturally and of
+necessity, his opponents to extreme measures in self-defence, and
+himself to extreme doctrines by way of retaliation: thus he became
+overwhelmed with troubles from which the tact of a wiser man would have
+saved him. But for Gourlay, as the event proved, a latent insanity was
+an excuse.
+
+It is curious to observe that, in 1818, Gourlay, in his heat against the
+official party, whose headquarters were at York, threatened that town
+with extinction; at all events, with the obliteration of its name, and
+the transmutation thereof into that of Toronto. In a letter to the
+Niagara _Spectator_, he says:--"The tumult excited stiffens every nerve
+and redoubles the proofs of necessity for action. If the higher classes
+are against me, I shall recruit among my brother farmers, seven in eight
+of whom will support the cause of truth. If one year does not make
+Little York surrender to us, then we'll batter it for two; and should it
+still hold out, we have ammunition for a much longer siege. We shall
+raise the wind against it from Amherstburgh and Quebec--from Edinburgh,
+Dublin and London. It must be levelled to the very earth, and even its
+name be forgotten in Toronto."
+
+But to return for a moment to Mr. McKenzie. On the steps of the Court
+House, which we are to suppose ourselves now passing, we once saw him
+under circumstances that were deeply touching. Sentence of death had
+been pronounced on a young man once employed in his printing-office. He
+had been vigorously exerting himself to obtain from the Executive a
+mitigation of the extreme penalty. The day and even the hour for the
+execution had arrived; and no message of reprieve had been transmitted
+from the Lieutenant-Governor. As he came out of the Sheriff's room,
+after receiving the final announcement that there could be no further
+delay, the white collars on each side of his face were wet through and
+through with the tears that were gushing from his eyes and pouring down
+his cheeks! He was just realizing the fact that nothing further could be
+done; and in a few moments afterwards the execution actually took place.
+
+We approach comparatively late times when we speak of the cavalcade
+which passed in grand state the spot now under review, when Messrs. Dunn
+and Buchanan were returned as members for the town. In the pageant on
+that occasion there was conspicuous a train of railway carriages, drawn
+of course, by horse power, with the inscription on the sides of the
+carriages--"Do you not wish you may get it?"--the allusion being to the
+Grand Trunk, which, was then only a thing _in posse_.
+
+And still referring to processions associated in our memory with Court
+House Square, the recollection of another comes up, which once or twice
+a year used formerly to pass down King Street on a Sunday. The
+townspeople were familiar enough with the march of the troops of the
+garrison to and from Church, to the sound of military music, on Sundays.
+But on the occasions now referred to, the public eye was drawn to a
+spectacle professedly of an opposite character:--to the procession of
+the "Children of Peace," so-called.
+
+These were a local off-shoot of the Society of Friends, the followers of
+Mr. David Willson, who had his headquarters at Sharon, in Whitchurch,
+where he had built a "Temple," a large wooden structure, painted white,
+and resembling a high-piled house of cards. Periodically he deemed it
+proper to make a demonstration in town. His disciples and friends,
+dressed in their best, mounted their waggons and solemnly passed down
+Yonge Street, and then on through some frequented thoroughfare of York
+to a place previously announced, where the prophet would preach. His
+topic was usually "Public Affairs: their Total Depravity."
+
+The text of all of Willson's homilies might, in effect, be the following
+mystic sentence, extracted from the popular periodical, already
+quoted--Patrick Swift's Almanac: "The backwoodsman, while he lays the
+axe to the root of the oak in the forests of Canada, should never forget
+that a base basswood is growing in this his native land, which, if not
+speedily girdled, will throw its dark shadows over the country, and
+blast his best exertions. Look up, reader, and you will see the
+branches--the Robinson branch, the Powell branch, the Jones branch, the
+Strachan branch, the Boulton twig, &c. The farmer toils, the merchant
+toils, the labourer toils, and the Family Compact reap the fruit of
+their exertions." (Almanac for 1834.)
+
+Into all the points here suggested Mr. Willson would enter with great
+zest. When waxing warm in his discourse, he would sometimes, without
+interrupting the flow of his words, suddenly throw off his coat and
+suspend it on a nail or pin in the wall, waving about with freedom,
+during the residue of his oration, a pair of sturdy arms, arrayed, not
+indeed in the dainty lawn of a bishop, but in stout, well-bleached
+American Factory. His address was divided into sections, between which
+"hymns of his own composing" were sung by a company of females dressed
+in white, sitting on one side, accompanied by a band of musical
+instruments on the other.
+
+Considerable crowds assembled on these occasions: and once a panic arose
+as preaching was going on in the public room of Lawrence's hotel: the
+joists of the floor were heard to crack; a rush was made to the door,
+and several leaped out of the windows.--A small brick school-house on
+Berkeley Street was also a place where Willson sometimes sought to get
+the ear of the general public.--Captain Bonnycastle, in "Canada as it
+Was, Is, and May Be," i. 285, thus discourses of David Willson, in a
+strain somewhat too severe and satirical; but his words serve to show
+opinions which widely prevailed at the time he wrote: "At a short
+distance from Newmarket," the Captain says, "which is about three miles
+to the right of Yonge Street, near its termination at the Holland
+Landing, on a river of that name running into Lake Simcoe, is a
+settlement of religious enthusiasts, who have chosen the most fertile
+part of Upper Canada, the country near and for miles round Newmarket,
+for the seat of their earthly tabernacle. Here numbers of deluded people
+have placed themselves under the temporal and spiritual charge of a high
+priest, who calls himself David. His real name is David Willson. The
+Temple (as the building appropriated to the celebration of their rites
+is called,) is served by this man, who affects a primitive dress, and
+has a train of virgin-ministrants clothed in white. He travels about
+occasionally to preach at towns and villages, in a waggon, followed by
+others, covered with white tilt-cloths; but what his peculiar tenets are
+beyond that of dancing and singing, and imitating David the King, I
+really cannot tell, for it is altogether too farcical to last long: but
+Mr. David seems to understand clearly, as far as the temporal concerns
+of his infatuated followers go, that the old-fashioned signification of
+_meum_ and _tuum_ are religiously centered in his own _sanctum_. It was
+natural that such a field should produce tares in abundance."
+
+The following notice of the "Children of Peace" occurs in Patrick
+Swift's Almanac for 1834, penned, probably, with an eye to votes in the
+neighbourhood of Sharon, or Hope, as the place is here called. "This
+society," the Almanac reports, "numbers about 280 members in Hope, east
+of Newmarket. They have also stated places of preaching, at the Old
+Court House, York, on Yonge Street, and at Markham. Their principal
+speaker is David Willson, assisted by Murdoch McLeod, Samuel Hughes, and
+others. Their music, vocal and instrumental, is excellent, and their
+preachers seek no pay from the Governor out of the taxes."
+
+On week-days, Willson was often to be seen, like any other industrious
+yeoman, driving into town his own waggon, loaded with the produce of his
+farm; dressed in home-spun, as the "borel folk" of Yonge Street
+generally were: in the axis of one eye there was a slight
+divergency.--The expression "Family Compact" occurring above, borrowed
+from French and Spanish History, appears also in the General Report of
+Grievances, in 1835, where this sentence is to be read: "The whole
+system [of conducting Government without a responsible Executive] has so
+long continued virtually in the same hands, that it is little better
+than a family compact." p. 43. (In our proposed perambulation of Yonge
+Street we shall have occasion to speak again of David Willson.)
+
+After the Court House Square came the large area attached to St. James'
+Church, to the memories connected with which we shall presently devote
+some space; as also to those connected with the region to the north,
+formerly the play-ground of the District Grammar School, and afterwards
+transformed into March Street and its purlieus.
+
+At the corner on the south side of King Street, just opposite the Court
+House, was the clock-and-watch-repairing establishment of Mr. Charles
+Clinkenbroomer. To our youthful fancy, the general click and tick
+usually to be heard in an old-fashioned watchmaker's place of business,
+was in some sort expressed by the name Clinkunbroomer. But in old local
+lists we observe the orthography of this name to have been
+Klinkenbrunner, which conveys another idea. Mr. Clinkenbroomer's
+father, we believe, was attached to the army of General Wolfe, at the
+taking of Quebec.
+
+In the early annals of York numerous Teutonic names are observable.
+Among jurymen and others, at an early period, we meet with Nicholas
+Klinkenbrunner, Gerhard Kuch, John Vanzantee, Barnabas Vanderburgh,
+Lodowick Weidemann, Francis Freder, Peter Hultz, Jacob Wintersteen, John
+Shunk, Leonard Klink, and so on.
+
+So early as 1795 Liancourt speaks of a migration hither of German
+settlers from the other side of the Lake. He says a number of German
+settlers collected at Hamburg, an agent had brought out to settle on
+"Captain Williamson's Demesne" in the State of New York. After
+subsisting for some time there at the expense of Capt. Williamson, (who,
+it was stated, was really the representative of one of the Pulteneys in
+England), they decamped in a body to the north side of the Lake, and
+especially to York and its neighbourhood, at the instigation of one
+Berczy, and "gained over, if we may believe common fame," Liancourt
+says, "by the English;" gained over, rather, it is likely, by the
+prospect of acquiring freehold property for nothing, instead of holding
+under a patroon or American feudal lord.
+
+Probably it was to the accounts of Capt. Williamson's proceedings, given
+by these refugees, that a message from Gov. Simcoe to that gentleman, in
+1794, was due. Capt. Williamson, who appears to have acquired a supposed
+personal interest in a large portion of the State of New York, was
+opening settlements on the inlets on the south side of Lake Ontario,
+known as Ierondequat and Sodus Bay.
+
+"Last year," Liancourt informs us, "General Simcoe, Governor of Upper
+Canada, who considered the Forts of Niagara and Oswego, . . . as English
+property, together with the banks of Lake Ontario, sent an English
+officer to the Captain, with an injunction, not to persist in his design
+of forming the settlements." To which message, "the Captain," we are then
+told, "returned a plain and spirited answer, yet nevertheless conducted
+himself with a prudence conformable to the circumstances. All these
+difficulties, however," it is added, "are now removed by the prospect of
+the continuance of peace, and still more so by the treaty newly
+concluded." (Of Mr. Berczy, and the German Settlement proper, we shall
+discourse at large in our section on Yonge Street.)
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  VII.
+
+  KING STREET: DIGRESSION SOUTHWARDS AT CHURCH STREET: MARKET LANE.
+
+
+Across Church Street from Clinkunbroomer's were the wooden buildings
+already referred to, as having remained long in a partially finished
+state, being the result of a premature speculation. From this point we
+are induced to turn aside from our direct route for a few moments,
+attracted by a street which we see a short distance to the south,
+namely, Market Lane, or Colborne Street, as the modern phraseology is.
+
+In this passage was, in the olden time, the Masonic Hall, a wooden
+building of two storeys. To the young imagination this edifice seemed to
+possess considerable dignity, from being surmounted by a cupola; the
+first structure in York that ever enjoyed such a distinction. This
+ornamental appendage supported above the western gable, by slender
+props, (intended in fact for the reception of a bell, which, so far as
+our recollection extends, was never supplied), would appear
+insignificant enough now; but it was the first budding of the
+architectural ambition of a young town, which leads at length to
+turrets, pinnacles, spires and domes.
+
+A staircase on the outside led to the upper storey of the Masonic Hall.
+In this place were held the first meetings of the first Mechanics'
+Institute, organized under the auspices of Moses Fish, a builder of
+York, and other lovers of knowledge of the olden time. Here were
+attempted the first popular lectures. Here we remember
+hearing--certainly some forty years ago--Mr. John Fenton read a paper on
+the manufacture of steel, using diagrams in illustration: one of them
+showed the magnified edge of a well-set razor, the serrations all
+sloping in one direction, by which it might be seen, the lecturer
+remarked, that unless a man, in shaving, imparted to the instrument in
+his hand a carefully-studied movement, he was likely "to get into a
+scrape."--The lower part of the Masonic Hall was for a considerable
+while used as a school, kept successively by Mr. Stewart and Mr.
+Appleton, and afterwards by Mr. Caldicott.
+
+At the corner of Market Lane, on the north side, towards the Market, was
+Frank's Hotel, an ordinary white frame building. The first theatre of
+York was extemporized in the ball-room of this house. When fitted up for
+dramatic purposes, that apartment was approached by a stairway on the
+outside.
+
+Here companies performed, under the management, at one time, of Mr.
+Archbold; at another, of Mr. Talbot; at another, of Mr. Vaughan. The
+last-named manager, while professionally at York, lost a son by drowning
+in the Bay. We well remember the poignant distress of the father at the
+grave, and that his head was bound round on the occasion with a white
+bandage or napkin. Mrs. Talbot was a great favourite. She performed the
+part of Cora in Pizarro, and that of Little Pickle, in a comedy of that
+name, if our memory serves us.
+
+Pizarro, Barbarossa or the Siege of Algiers, Ali Baba or the Forty
+Thieves, the Lady of the Lake, the Miller and his Men, were among the
+pieces here represented. The body-guard of the Dey of Algiers, we
+remember, consisted of two men, who always came in with military
+precision just after the hero, and placed themselves in a formal manner
+at fixed distances behind him, like two sentries. They were in fact
+soldiers from the garrison, we think. All this appeared very effective.
+
+The dramatic appliances and accessories at Frank's were of the humblest
+kind. The dimensions of the stage must have been very limited: the
+ceiling of the whole room, we know, was low. As for orchestra--in those
+days, the principal instrumental artist of the town was Mr. Maxwell,
+who, well-remembered for his quiet manner, for the shade over one eye,
+in which was some defect, and for his homely skill on the violin, was
+generally to be seen and heard, often alone, but sometimes with an
+associate or two, here, as at all other entertainments of importance,
+public or private. Nevertheless, at that period, to an unsophisticated
+yet active imagination, innocent of acquaintance with more respectable
+arrangements, everything seemed charming; each scene, as the bell rang
+and the baize drew up, was invested with a magical glamour, similar in
+kind, if not equal in degree, to that which, in the days of our
+grandfathers, ere yet the modern passion for real knowledge had been
+awakened, fascinated the young Londoner at Drury Lane.
+
+And how curiously were the illusions of the mimic splendors sometimes in
+a moment broken, as if to admonish the inexperienced spectator of the
+facts of real life. In the performance of Pizarro, it will be remembered
+that an attempt is made to bribe a Spanish soldier at his post. He
+rejects and flings to the ground what is called "a wedge of massive
+gold:"--we recollect the _sound_ produced on the boards of the stage in
+Frank's by the fall of this wedge of massive gold: it instantly betrayed
+itself by this, as well as by its nimble rebound, to be, of course, a
+gilded bit of wood.
+
+And it is not alone at obscure village performances that such
+disclosures occur. At an opera in London, where all appearances were
+elaborately perfect, we recollect the accidental fall of a goblet which
+was supposed to be of heavy chased silver, and also filled with wine--a
+contretemps occasioned by the giddiness of the lad who personated a
+page: two things were at once clear: the goblet was not of metal, and
+nothing liquid was contained within it: which recalls a mishap
+associated in our memory with a visit to the Argentina at Rome some
+years ago: this was the coming off of a wheel from the chariot of a
+Roman general, at a critical moment: the descent on this occasion from
+the vehicle to the stage was a true step from the sublime to the
+ridiculous; for the audience observed the accident, and persisted in
+their laugh in spite of the heroics which the great commander proceeded
+to address, in operatic style, to his assembled army.
+
+It was in the assembly-room at Frank's, dismantled of its theatrical
+furniture, that a celebrated fancy ball was given, on the last day of
+the year 1827, conjointly by Mr. Galt, Commissioner of the Canada
+Company, and Lady Mary Willis, wife of Mr. Justice Willis. On that
+occasion the general interests of the Company were to some extent
+studied in the ornamentation of the room, its floor being decorated with
+an immense representation, in chalks or water-colour, of the arms of the
+association. The supporters of the shield were of colossal dimensions:
+two lions, rampant, bearing flags turning opposite ways: below, on the
+riband, in characters proportionably large, was the motto of the
+Company, "Non mutat genus solum." The sides and ceiling of the room,
+with the passages leading from the front door to it, were covered
+throughout with branchlets of the hemlock-spruce: nestling in the
+greenery of this perfect bower were innumerable little coloured lamps,
+each containing a floating light.
+
+Here, for once, the potent, grave and reverend signiors of York, along
+with their sons and daughters, indulged in a little insanity. Lady Mary
+Willis appeared as Mary, Queen of Scots; the Judge himself, during a
+part of the evening, was in the costume of a gay old lady, the Countess
+of Desmond, aged one hundred years; Miss Willis, the clever amateur
+equestrienne, was Folly, with cap and bells; Dr. W. W. Baldwin was a
+Roman senator; his two sons William and St. George, were the Dioscuri,
+"Fratres Helenae, lucida Sidera;" his nephew, Augustus Sullivan, was Puss
+in Boots; Dr. Grant Powell was Dr. Pangloss; Mr. Kerr, a real Otchipway
+chief, at the time a member of the Legislature, made a magnificent
+Kentucky backwoodsman, named and entitled Captain Jedediah Skinner. Mr.
+Gregg, of the Commissariat, was Othello. The Kentuckian (Kerr),
+professing to be struck with the many fine points of the Moor, as
+regarded from his point of view, persisted, throughout the evening, in
+exhibiting an inclination to purchase--an idea naturally much resented
+by Othello. Col. Givins, his son Adolphus, Raymond Baby, and others,
+were Indian chiefs of different tribes, who more than once indulged in
+the war-dance. Mr. Buchanan, son of the British Consul at New York, was
+Darnley; Mr. Thomson, of the Canada Company's office, was Rizzio; Mr. G.
+A. Barber was a wounded sailor recently from Navarino (that untoward
+event had lately taken place); his arm was in a sling; he had suffered
+in reality a mutilation of the right hand by an explosion of gunpowder,
+on the preceding 5th of November.
+
+Mr. Galt was only about three years in Canada, but this short space of
+time sufficed to enable him to lay the foundation of the Canada Company
+wisely and well, as is shewn by its duration and prosperity. The feat
+was not accomplished without some antagonism springing up between
+himself and the local governmental authorities, whom he was inclined to
+treat rather haughtily.
+
+It is a study to observe how frequently, at an early stage of Upper
+Canadian society, a mutual antipathy manifested itself between visitors
+from the transatlantic world, tourists and settlers (intending and
+actual), and the first occupants of such places of trust and emolument
+as then existed. It was a feeling that grew partly out of personal
+considerations, and partly out of difference of opinion in regard to
+public policy. A gulf thus began at an early period to open between two
+sections of the community, which widened painfully for a time in after
+years;--a fissure, which, at its first appearance, a little philosophy
+on both sides would have closed up. Men of intelligence, who had risen
+to position and acquired all their experience in a remote, diminutive
+settlement, might have been quite sure that their grasp of great
+imperial and human questions, when they arose, would be very imperfect;
+they might, therefore, rationally have rejoiced at the accession of new
+minds and additional light to help them in the day of necessity. And on
+the other hand, the fresh immigrant or casual visitor, trained to
+maturity amidst the combinations of an old society, and possessing a
+knowledge of its past, might have comprehended thoroughly the exact
+condition of thought and feeling in a community such as that which he
+was approaching, and so might have regarded its ideas with charity, and
+spoken of them in a tone conciliatory and delicate. On both sides, the
+maxim _Tout comprendre, c'est tout pardonner_ would have had a salutary
+and composing effect, "for," as the author of Realmah well says, "in
+truth, one would never be angry with anybody, if one understood him or
+her thoroughly."
+
+We regret that we cannot recover two small "paper pellets of the brain,"
+of this period, arising out of the discussions connected with the
+appointment of an outsider (Mr. Justice Willis) to the Bench of Upper
+Canada. They would have been illustrative of the times. They were in the
+shape of two advertisements, one in reply to the other, in a local
+Paper: one was the elaborate title-page of a pamphlet "shortly to
+appear," on the existing system of Jurisprudence in Upper Canada; with
+the motto "Meliora sperans;" the other was an exact counterpart of the
+first, only in reversed terms, and bearing the motto "Deteriora timens."
+
+In the early stages of all the colonies it is obviously inevitable that
+appointments _ab extra_ to public office must occasionally, and even
+frequently, be made. Local aspirants are thus subject to
+disappointments; and men of considerable ability may now and then feel
+themselves overshadowed, and imagine themselves depressed, through the
+introduction of talent transcending their own. Some manifestations of
+discontent and impatience may thus always be expected to appear. But in
+a few years this state of things comes naturally to an end. In no
+public exigency is there any longer a necessity to look to external
+sources for help. A home supply of persons "duly qualified to serve God
+in Church and State" is legitimately developed, as we see in the United
+States, among ourselves, and in all the other larger settlements from
+the British Islands.
+
+The _denouement_ of the Willis-trouble may be gathered from the
+following notice in the _Gazette_ of Thursday, July 17th, 1828, now
+lying before us: "His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor has been
+pleased to appoint, by Commission under the Great Seal, Christopher
+Alexander Hagerman, Esq., to be a Judge in the Court of King's Bench for
+this Province, in the room of the Hon. John Walpole Willis, _amoved_,
+until the King's pleasure shall be signified."
+
+Lady Mary Willis, associated with Mr. Galt in the Fancy Ball just spoken
+of, was a daughter of the Earl of Strathmore. A trial of a painful
+nature known as Willis v. Bernard in the annals of the Common Pleas,
+arising out of circumstances connected with Judge Willis's brief
+residence in Canada, took place in 1832 before the Chief Justice of
+England and a special jury, at Westminster, Mr. Sergeant Wilde acting
+for the plaintiff; Mr. Sergeant Spankie, Mr. Sergeant Storks and Mr.
+Thesiger, for the defendant: when a thousand pounds were awarded as
+damages to the plaintiff. On this occasion Mr. Galt was examined as a
+witness. Judge Willis was afterwards appointed Chief Justice of
+Demerara.
+
+In the _Canadian Literary Magazine_ for April, 1833, there is a notice
+of Mr. Galt, with a full-length pen-and-ink portrait, similar to those
+which used formerly to appear in _Fraser_. In front of the figure is a
+bust of Lord Byron; behind, on a wall, is a Map shewing the Canadian
+Lakes, with York marked conspicuously. From the accompanying memoir we
+learn that "Mr. Galt always conducted himself as a man of the strictest
+probity and honour. He was warm in his friendships, and extremely
+hospitable in his Log Priory at Guelph, and thoroughly esteemed by those
+who had an opportunity of mingling with him in close and daily intimacy.
+He was the first to adopt the plan of opening roads before making a
+settlement, instead of leaving them to be cut, as heretofore, by the
+settlers themselves--a plan which, under the irregular and patchwork
+system of settling the country then prevailing, has retarded the
+improvement of the Province more, perhaps, than any other cause."
+
+In his Autobiography Mr. Galt refers to this notice of himself in the
+_Canadian Literary Magazine_, especially in respect to an intimation
+given therein that contemporaries at York accused him of playing
+"Captain Grand" occasionally, and "looking down on the inhabitants of
+Upper Canada." He does not affect to say that it was not so; he even
+rather unamiably adds: "The fact is, I never thought about them [_i. e._,
+these inhabitants], unless to notice some ludicrous peculiarity of
+individuals."
+
+The same tone is assumed when recording the locally famous
+entertainment, given by himself and Lady Willis, as above described.
+Having received a hint that the colonelcy of a militia regiment might
+possibly be offered him, he says: "This information was unequivocally
+acceptable; and accordingly," he continues, "I resolved to change my
+recluseness into something more cordial towards the general inhabitants
+of York. I therefore directed one of the clerks [the gentleman who
+figured as Rizzio,] to whom I thought the task might be agreeable, to
+make arrangements for giving a general Fancy Ball to all my
+acquaintance, and the principal inhabitants. I could not be troubled,"
+he observes, "with the details myself, but exhorted him to make the
+invitations as numerous as possible."
+
+In extenuation of his evident moodiness of mind, it is to be observed
+that his quarters at York were very uncomfortable. "The reader is
+probably acquainted," he says in his Autobiography, "with the manner of
+living in the American hotels, but without experience he can have no
+right notion of what in those days (1827,) was the condition of the best
+tavern in York. It was a mean two-storey house; the landlord, however,
+[this was Mr. Frank,] did," he says, "all in his power to mitigate the
+afflictions with which such a domicile was quaking, to one accustomed to
+quiet."
+
+Such an impression had his unfortunate accommodation at York made on
+him, that, in another place, when endeavouring to describe Dover, in
+Kent, as a dull place, we have him venturing to employ such extravagant
+language as this: "Everybody who has been at Dover knows that it is one
+of the vilest [hypochondriacal] haunts on the face of the earth, except
+Little York in Upper Canada." We notice in Leigh Hunt's _London Journal_
+for June, 1834, some verses entitled "Friends and Boyhood," written by
+Mr. Galt, in sickness. They will not sound out of place in a paper of
+early reminiscences:
+
+  "Talk not of years! 'twas yesterday
+    We chased the hoop together,
+  And for the plover's speckled egg
+    We waded through the heather.
+
+  "The green is gay where gowans grow,
+    'Tis Saturday--oh! come,
+  Hark! hear ye not our mother's voice,
+    The earth?--she calls us home.
+
+  "Have we not found that fortune's chase
+    For glory or for treasure,
+  Unlike the rolling circle's race,
+    Was pastime, without pleasure?
+
+  "But seize your glass--another time
+    We'll think of clouded days--
+  I'll give a toast--fill up my friend!
+    Here's 'Boys and merry plays!'"
+
+But Market Lane and its memories detain us too long from King Street. We
+now return to the point where Church Street intersects that
+thoroughfare.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  VIII.
+
+  KING STREET: ST. JAMES' CHURCH.
+
+
+The first Church of St. James, at York, was a plain structure of wood,
+placed some yards back from the road. Its gables faced east and west,
+and its solitary door was at its western end, and was approached from
+Church Street. Its dimensions were 50 by 40 feet. The sides of the
+building were pierced by two rows of ordinary windows, four above and
+four below. Altogether it was, in its outward appearance, simply, as a
+contemporary American "Geographical View of the Province of Upper
+Canada," now before us, describes it, a "meeting-house for
+Episcopalians."
+
+The work just referred to, which was written by a Mr. M. Smith, before
+the war of 1812, thus depicts York: "This village," it says, "is laid
+out after the form of Philadelphia, the streets crossing each other at
+right angles; though the ground on which it stands is not suitable for
+building. This at present," the notice subjoins, "is the seat of
+Government, and the residence of a number of English gentlemen. It
+contains some fine buildings, though they stand scattering, among which
+are a Court-house, Council-house, a large brick building, in which the
+King's store for the place is kept, and a meeting-house for
+Episcopalians; one printing and other offices."
+
+The reservation of land in which the primitive St. James' Church stood,
+long remained plentifully covered with the original forest. In a
+wood-cut from a sketch taken early in the present century, prefixed to
+the "Annals of the Diocese of Toronto," the building is represented as
+being in the midst of a great grove, and stumps of various sizes are
+visible in the foreground.
+
+Up to 1803 the Anglican congregation had assembled for Divine Worship in
+the Parliament Building; and prior to the appointment of the Rev. Mr.
+Stuart, or in his absence, a layman, Mr. Cooper, afterwards the
+well-known wharfinger, used to read the service. In March, 1799, there
+was about to be a Day of General Thanksgiving. The mode proposed for its
+solemn observance at York was announced as follows in the _Gazette and
+Oracle_ of March 9: "Notice is hereby given that Prayers will be read in
+the North Government Building in this Town, on Tuesday, the 12th
+instant, being the day appointed for a General Thanksgiving throughout
+the Province to Almighty God for the late important victories over the
+enemies of Great Britain. Service to begin half after eleven o'clock."
+
+We give a contemporary account of the proceedings at an important
+meeting of the subscribers to the fund for the erection of the first St.
+James' Church at York, in 1803. It is from the _Oracle and Gazette_ of
+January 22, in that year.
+
+"At a Meeting of the subscribers to a fund for erecting a Church in the
+Town of York, holden at the Government Buildings, on Saturday the 8th
+day of January instant, the Hon. Chief Justice [Elmsley] in the Chair.
+Resolved unanimously: That each subscriber shall pay the amount of his
+subscription by three instalments: the first being one moiety in one
+month from this day; the second being a moiety of the residue in two
+months; and the remainders in three months: That Mr. William Allan and
+Mr. Duncan Cameron shall be Treasurers, and shall receive the amount of
+the said subscriptions; and that they be jointly and severally
+answerable for all moneys paid into their hands upon the receipt of
+either of them: That His Honour the Chief Justice, the Honourable P.
+Russell, the Honourable Captain McGill, the Reverend Mr. Stuart, Dr.
+Macaulay, Mr. Chewett, and the two Treasurers, be a Committee of the
+subscribers, with full power and authority to apply the moneys arising
+from subscriptions, to the purpose contemplated: Provided, nevertheless,
+that if any material difference of opinion should arise among them,
+resort shall be had to a meeting of the subscribers to decide. That the
+Church be built of stone, brick, or framed timber, as the Committee may
+judge most expedient, due regard being had to the superior advantages of
+a stone or brick building, if not counterbalanced by the additional
+expense: That eight hundred pounds of lawful money, be the extent upon
+which the Committee shall calculate their plan; but in the first
+instance, they shall not expend beyond the sum of six hundred pounds (if
+the amount of the sums subscribed and paid into the hands of the
+Treasurers, together with the moneys which may be allowed by the British
+Government, amount to so much), leaving so much of the work as can most
+conveniently be dispensed with, to be completed by the remaining two
+hundred pounds: Provided, however, that the said six hundred pounds be
+laid out in such manner that Divine Worship can be performed with
+decency in the Church: That the Committee do request the opinion of Mr.
+Berczy, respecting the probable expenses which will attend the
+undertaking, and respecting the materials to be preferred; due regard
+being had to the amount of the fund, as aforesaid; and that after
+obtaining his opinion, they do advertise their readiness to receive
+proposals conformable thereto. N.B. The propriety of receiving
+contributions in labour or materials is suggested to the Committee. A.
+MacDonell, Secretary to the Meeting."
+
+In the _Gazette and Oracle_ of June 4, 1803, D. Cameron and W. Allan are
+inviting tenders for the supply of certain materials required for
+"building a Church in this Town."
+
+"Advertisement. Wanted. A quantity of Pine Boards and Scantling, Stones
+and Lime, for building a Church in this Town. Any person inclined to
+furnish any of these articles will please to give in their proposals at
+the lowest prices, to the subscribers, to be laid before the Committee.
+D. Cameron, W. Allan. York, 1st June, 1803."
+
+It would seem that in July the determination was to build the Church of
+stone.
+
+"On Wednesday last, the 6th instant," says the _Oracle and Gazette_,
+July 9th, 1803, "a meeting of the subscribers to the fund for erecting a
+Church in this Town was held at the Government Buildings, on which
+occasion it was unanimously resolved: That the said Church should be
+built of Stone. That one hundred toises of Stone should accordingly be
+contracted for without delay. That a quantity of two-inch pine plank,
+not exceeding 6,000 feet, should also be laid in; and a reasonable
+quantity of Oak studs, and Oak plank, for the window-frames and
+sashes.--A future meeting we understand," the _Oracle_ adds, "will be
+held in the course of the season, at which, when the different Estimates
+and Proposals have been examined, and the extent which the fund will
+reach, has been ascertained, something decisive will be settled."
+
+The idea of building in stone appears to have been subsequently
+relinquished; and a Church-edifice in wood was decided on. We are
+informed that the Commandant of the Garrison, Col. Sheaffe, ordered his
+men to assist in raising the frame.
+
+In 1810, a portion of the church-plot was enclosed, at an expense of L1
+5s. for rails, of which five hundred were required for the purpose. At
+the same time the ground in front of the west-end, where was the
+entrance, was cleared of stumps, at an expense of L3 15s. In that year
+the cost for heating the building, and charges connected with the Holy
+Communion, amounted to L1 7s. 6d., Halifax currency.
+
+In 1813, Dr. Strachan succeeded Dr. Stuart as incumbent of the church;
+and in 1818 he induced the congregation to effect some alterations in
+the structure. From an advertisement in an early _Gazette_ of the year
+1818, it will be seen that the ecclesiastical ideas in the ascendant
+when the enlargement of the original building was first discussed, were
+much more in harmony with ancient English Church usages, than those
+which finally prevailed when the work was really done. With whomsoever
+originating, the design at first was to extend the building eastward,
+not southward; to have placed the Belfry at the west end, not at the
+south; the Pulpit was to have been placed on the north side of the
+Church; a South Porch was to have been erected. The advertisement
+referred to reads as follows:--"Advertisement. Plans and Estimates for
+enlarging and repairing the Church will be received by the subscribers
+before the 20th of March, on which day a decision will be made, and the
+Contractor whose proposals shall be approved of, must commence the work
+as the season will permit. The intention is: 1st. To lengthen the Church
+forty feet towards the east, with a circular end; thirty of which to
+form part of the body of the Church, and the remaining ten an Altar,
+with a small vestry-room on the one side, and a Government Pew on the
+other. 2nd. To remove the Pulpit to the north side, and to erect two
+Galleries, one opposite to it, and another on the west end. 3rd. To
+alter the Pews to suit the situation of the Pulpit, and to paint and
+number the same throughout the Church. 4th. To raise a Belfry on the
+west end, and make a handsome entrance on the south side of the Church,
+and to paint the whole building on the outside. Thomas Ridout, J. B.
+Robinson, Churchwardens. William Allan. Feb. 18, 1818."
+
+The intentions here detailed were not carried into effect. On the north
+and south sides of the old building additional space was enclosed, which
+brought the axis of the Church and its roof into a north and south
+direction. An entrance was opened at the southern end, towards King
+Street, and over the gable in this direction was built a square tower
+bearing a circular bell-turret, surmounted by a small tin-covered spire.
+The whole edifice, as thus enlarged and improved, was painted of a light
+blue colour, with the exception of the frames round the windows and
+doors, and the casings at the angles, imitating blocks of stone,
+alternately long and short, which were all painted white.
+
+The original western door was not closed up. Its use, almost
+exclusively, was now, on Sundays and other occasions of Divine Worship,
+to admit the Troops, whose benches extended along by the wall on that
+side the whole length of the church.--The upper windows on all the four
+sides were now made circular-headed. On the east side there was a
+difference. The altar-window of the original building remained, only
+transformed into a kind of triplet, the central compartment rising above
+the other two, and made circular headed. On the north and south of this
+east window were two tiers of lights, as on the western side.
+
+In the bell-turret was a bell of sufficient weight sensibly to jar the
+whole building at every one of its semi-revolutions.
+
+In the interior, a central aisle, or open passage, led from the door to
+the southern end of the church, where, on the floor, was situated a pew
+of state for the Lieutenant-Governor: small square pillars at its four
+corners sustained a flat canopy over it, immediately under the ceiling
+of the gallery; and below this distinctive tester or covering, suspended
+against the wall, were the royal arms, emblazoned on a black tablet of
+board or canvas.
+
+Half-way up the central aisle, on the right side, was an open space, in
+which were planted the pulpit, reading-desk and clerk's pew, in the old
+orthodox fashion, rising by gradations one above the other, the whole
+overshadowed by a rather handsome sounding-board, sustained partially by
+a rod from the roof. Behind this mountainous structure was the altar,
+lighted copiously by the original east window. Two narrow side-aisles,
+running parallel with the central one, gave access to corresponding rows
+of pews, each having a numeral painted on its door. Two passages, for
+the same purpose ran westward from the space in front of the pulpit. To
+the right and left of the Lieutenant-Governor's seat, and filling up
+(with the exception of two square corner pews) the rest of the northern
+end of the church, were two oblong pews; the one on the west
+appropriated to the officers of the garrison; the other, on the east, to
+the members of the Legislature.
+
+Round the north, west, and south sides of the interior, ran a gallery,
+divided, like the area below, into pews. This structure was sustained by
+a row of pillars of turned wood, and from it to the roof above rose
+another row of similar supports. The ceiling over the parts exterior to
+the gallery was divided into four shallow semi-circular vaults, which
+met at a central point. The pews everywhere were painted of a buff or
+yellowish hue, with the exception of the rims at the top, which were
+black. The pulpit and its appurtenances were white. The rims just
+referred to, at the tops of the pews, throughout the whole church,
+exhibited, at regular intervals, small gimlet-holes: in these were
+inserted annually, at Christmas-tide, small sprigs of hemlock-spruce.
+The interior, when thus dressed, wore a cheerful, refreshing look, in
+keeping with the festival commemorated.
+
+Within this interior used to assemble, periodically, the little world of
+York: occasionally, a goodly proportion of the little world of all Upper
+Canada.
+
+To limit ourselves to our own recollections: here, with great
+regularity, every Sunday, was to be seen, passing to and from the place
+of honour assigned him, Sir Peregrine Maitland,--a tall, grave officer,
+always in military undress; his countenance ever wearing a mingled
+expression of sadness and benevolence, like that which one may observe
+on the face of the predecessor of Louis Philippe, Charles the Tenth,
+whose current portrait recalls, not badly, the whole head and figure of
+this early Governor of Upper Canada.
+
+In an outline representation which we accidentally possessed, of a
+panorama of the battle of Waterloo, on exhibition in London, the 1st
+Foot Guards were conspicuously to be seen led on by "Major-General Sir
+Peregrine Maitland." It was a matter of no small curiosity to the boyish
+mind, and something that helped to rouse an interest in history
+generally, to be assured that the living personage here, every week,
+before the eye, was the commander represented in the panorama; one who
+had actually passed through the tremendous excitement of the real scene.
+
+With persons of wider knowledge, Sir Peregrine was invested with
+further associations. Besides being the royal representative in these
+parts, he was the son-in-law of Charles Gordon Lennox, fourth Duke of
+Richmond, a name that stirred chivalrous feelings in early Canadians of
+both Provinces; for the Duke had come to Canada as Governor-in-Chief,
+with a grand reputation acquired as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland; and
+great benefits were expected, and probably would have been realized from
+his administration, had it been of long continuance. But he had been
+suddenly removed by an excruciating death. Whilst on a tour of
+inspection in the Upper Province, he had been fatally attacked with
+hydrophobia, occasioned by the bite of a pet fox. The injury had been
+received at Sorel; its terrible effects were fatally experienced at a
+place near the Ottawa, since named Richmond.
+
+Some of the prestige of the deceased Duke continued to adhere to Sir
+Peregrine Maitland, for he had married the Duke's daughter, a graceful
+and elegant woman, who was always at his side, here and at Stamford
+Cottage across the Lake. She bore a name not unfamiliar in the domestic
+annals of George the Third, who once, it is said, was enamoured of a
+beautiful Lady Sarah Lennox, grandmother, as we suppose, or some other
+near relative, of the Lady Sarah here before us at York. Moreover,
+conversationalists whispered about (in confidence) something supposed to
+be unknown to the general public--that the match between Sir Peregrine
+and Lady Sarah had been effected in spite of the Duke. The report was
+that there had been an elopement; and it was naturally supposed that the
+party of the sterner sex had been the most active agent in the affair.
+
+To say the truth, however, in this instance, it was the lady who
+precipitated matters. The affair occurred at Paris, soon after the
+Waterloo campaign. The Duke's final determination against Sir
+Peregrine's proposals having been announced, the daughter suddenly
+withdrew from the father's roof, and fled to the lodgings of Sir
+Peregrine, who instantly retired to other quarters. The upshot of the
+whole thing, at once romantic and unromantic, included a marriage and a
+reconciliation; and eventually a Lieutenant-Governorship for the
+son-in-law under the Governorship-in-Chief of the father, both
+despatched together to undertake the discharge of vice-regal functions
+in a distant colony. At the time of his marriage with Lady Sarah Lennox,
+Sir Peregrine had been for some ten years a widower. On his staff here
+at York was a son by his first wife, also named Peregrine, a subaltern
+in the army.
+
+After the death of the Duke of Richmond, Sir Peregrine became
+administrator, for a time, of the general government of British North
+America. The movements of the representative of the Crown were attended
+with some state in those days. Even a passage across from York to
+Stamford, or from Stamford to York, was announced by a royal salute at
+the garrison.
+
+Of a visit to Lower Canada in 1824, when, in addition to the usual
+suite, there were in the party several young Englishmen of distinction,
+tourists at that early period, on this continent, we have the following
+notice in the _Canadian Review_ for December of that year. After
+mentioning the arrival at the Mansion House Hotel in Montreal, the
+_Review_ proceeds: "In the morning His Excellency breakfasted with Sir
+Francis Burton, at the Government House, whom he afterwards accompanied
+to Quebec in the Swiftsure steamboat. Sir Peregrine is accompanied," the
+_Review_ reports, "by Lord Arthur Lennox, Mr. Maitland, Colonels Foster,
+Lightfoot, Coffin and Talbot; with the Hon. E. G. Stanley [from 1851 to
+1869, Earl of Derby], grandson of Earl Derby, M.P. for Stockbridge, John
+E. Denison, Esq. [subsequently Speaker of the House of Commons], M.P.
+for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and James S. Wortley, Esq. [afterwards Lord
+Wharncliffe], M.P. for Bossiney in Cornwall. The three latter
+gentlemen," the magazine adds, "are now upon a tour in this country from
+England; and we are happy to learn that they have expressed themselves
+as being highly gratified with all that they have hitherto seen in
+Canada."
+
+It will be of interest to know that the name of Sir Peregrine Maitland
+is pleasantly preserved by means of Maitland Scholarships in a Grammar
+School for natives at Madras; and by a Maitland Prize in the University
+of Cambridge. The circumstances of the institution of these memorials
+are these as originally announced: "The friends of Lieutenant-General
+Sir Peregrine Maitland, K.C.B., late Commander in Chief of the Forces in
+South India, being desirous of testifying their respect and esteem for
+his character and principles, and for his disinterested zeal in the
+cause of Christian Truth in the East, have raised a fund for the
+institution of a prize in one of the Universities, and for the
+establishment of two native scholarships at Bishop Corrie's Grammar
+School at Madras; such prize and scholarships to be associated with the
+name of Sir Peregrine Maitland. In pursuance of the foregoing scheme,
+the sum of L1,000 has been given to the University of Cambridge for the
+purpose of instituting a prize to be called "Sir Peregrine Maitland's
+Prize," for an English essay on some subject connected with the
+propagation of the Gospel, through missionary exertions in India and
+other parts of the heathen world." This Prize, which is kept up by the
+interest accruing every three years, has been awarded at Cambridge
+regularly since 1845.
+
+The successor to Sir Peregrine Maitland in the Government of Upper
+Canada was another distinguished military officer, Sir John Colborne.
+With ourselves, the first impression of his form and figure is
+especially associated with the interior in which we are supposing the
+reader to be now standing. We remember his first passing up the central
+aisle of St James's Church. He had arrived early, in an unostentatious
+way; and on coming within the building he quietly inquired of the first
+person whom he saw, sitting in a seat near the door: Which was the
+Governor's pew? The gentleman addressed happened to be Mr. Bernard
+Turquand, who, quickly recognizing the inquirer, stood up and extended
+his right arm and open hand in the direction of the canopied pew over
+which was suspended the tablet bearing the Royal Arms. Sir John, and
+some of his family after him, then passed on to the place indicated.
+
+At school, in an edition of Goldsmith then in use, the name of "Major
+Colborne" in connection with the account of Sir John Moore's death at
+Corunna had already been observed; and it was with us lads a matter of
+intense interest to learn that the new Governor was the same person.
+
+The scene which was epitomized in the school-book, is given at greater
+length in Gleig's Lives of Eminent British Military Commanders. The
+following are some particulars from Colonel Anderson's narrative in that
+work: "I met the General," Colonel Anderson says, "on the evening of the
+16th, bringing in, in a blanket and sashes. He knew me immediately,
+though it was almost dark, squeezed me by the hand and said 'Anderson,
+don't leave me.' At intervals he added 'Anderson, you know that I have
+always wished to die in this way. I hope the people of England will be
+satisfied. I hope my country will do me justice. You will see my friends
+as soon as you can. Tell them everything. I have made my will, and have
+remembered my servants. Colborne has my will and all my papers.' Major
+Colborne now came into the room. He spoke most kindly to him; and then
+said to me, 'Anderson, remember you go to ----, and tell him it is my
+request, and that I expect, he will give Major Colborne a
+lieutenant-colonelcy.' He thanked the surgeons for their trouble. He
+pressed my hand close to his body, and in a few minutes died without a
+struggle."
+
+He had been struck by a cannon ball. The shot, we are told, had
+completely crushed his shoulder; the arm was hanging by a piece of skin,
+and the ribs over the heart, besides been broken, were literally
+stripped of flesh. Yet, the narrative adds, "he sat upon the field
+collected and unrepining, as if no ball had struck him, and as if he
+were placed where he was for the mere purpose of reposing for a brief
+space from the fatigue of hard riding."
+
+Sir John Colborne himself afterwards at Ciudad Rodrigo came within a
+hair's-breadth of a similar fate. His right shoulder was shattered by a
+cannon shot. The escape of the right arm from amputation on the field at
+the hands of some prompt military surgeon on that occasion, was a
+marvel. The limb was saved, though greatly disabled. The want of
+symmetry in Sir John Colborne's tall and graceful form, permanently
+occasioned by this injury, was conspicuous to the eye. We happened to be
+present in the Council Chamber at Quebec, in 1838, at the moment when
+this noble-looking soldier literally vacated the vice-regal chair, and
+installed his successor Lord Durham in it, after administering to him
+the oaths. The exchange was not for the better, in a scenic point of
+view, although the features of Lord Durham, as his well-known portrait
+shews, were very fine, suggestive of the poet or artist.
+
+Of late years a monument has been erected on Mount Wise at Plymouth, in
+honour of the illustrious military chief and pre-eminently excellent
+man, whose memory has just been recalled to us. It is a statue of
+bronze, by Adams, a little larger than life; and the likeness is
+admirably preserved. (When seen on horseback at parades or reviews
+soldiers always averred that he greatly resembled "the Duke." Dr. Henry,
+in "Trifles from my Portfolio" (ii. 111.) thus wrote of him in 1833:
+"When we first dined at Government House, we were struck by the strong
+resemblance he bore to the Duke of Wellington; and there is also," Dr.
+Henry continues, "a great similarity in mind and disposition, as well as
+in the lineaments of the face. In one particular they harmonize
+perfectly--namely, great simplicity of character, and an utter dislike
+to shew ostentation.")
+
+On the four sides of the granite pedestal of the statue on Mount Wise,
+are to be read the following inscriptions: in front: John Colborne,
+Baron Seaton. Born MDCCLXXVIII. Died MDCCCLXIII. On the right side:
+Canada. Ionian Islands. On the left side: Peninsula. Waterloo. On the
+remaining side: In memory of the distinguished career and stainless
+character of Field Marshal Lord Seaton, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.H. This
+Monument is erected by his friends and comrades.
+
+Accompanying the family of Sir John Colborne to their place in the
+Church at York was to be seen every Sunday, for some time, a
+shy-mannered, black-eyed, Italian-featured Mr. Jeune, tutor to the
+Governor's sons. This was afterwards the eminent Dr. Jeune, Master of
+Pembroke College at Oxford, a great promoter of reform in that
+University, and Bishop of Lincoln. Sir John himself was a man of
+scholarly tastes; a great student of history, and a practical modern
+European linguist.
+
+Through a casual circumstance, it is said that full praise was not
+publicly given, at the time, to the regiment commanded by Sir John
+Colborne, the 52nd, for the particular service rendered by it at the
+battle of Waterloo. By the independent direction of their leader, the
+52nd made a sudden flank movement at the crisis of the fight and
+initiated the final discomfiture of which the Guards got the sole
+praise. At the close of the day, when the Duke of Wellington was rapidly
+constructing his despatch, Colonel Colborne was inquired for by him, and
+could not, for the moment, be found. The information, evidently desired,
+was thus not to be had; and the document was completed and sent off
+without a special mention of the 52nd's deed of "derring do."
+
+During the life-time of the great Duke there was much reticence among
+the military authorities in regard to the Battle of Waterloo from the
+fact that the Duke himself did not encourage discussion on the subject.
+All was well that had ended well, appeared to have been his doctrine. He
+once checked an incipient dispute in regard to the great event of the
+18th of June between two friends, in his presence, by the command,
+half-jocose, half-earnest: "You leave the Battle of Waterloo alone!" He
+gave L60 for a private letter written by himself to a friend on the eve
+of the battle, and was heard to say, as he threw the document into the
+fire, "What a fool was I, when I wrote that!"
+
+Since the death of the Duke, an officer of the 52nd, subsequently in
+Holy Orders,--the Rev. William Leeke--has devoted two volumes to the
+history of "the 52nd or Lord Seaton's Regiment;" in which its movements
+on the field of Waterloo are fully detailed. And Colonel Chesney in his
+"Waterloo Lectures; a Study of the Campaign of 1815" has set the great
+battle in a new light, and has demolished several English and French
+traditions in relation to it, bringing out into great prominence the
+services rendered by Blucher and the Prussians.
+
+The Duke's personal sensitiveness to criticism was shewn on another
+occasion: when Colonel Gurwood suddenly died, he, through the police,
+took possession of the Colonel's papers, and especially of a Manuscript
+of Table Talk and other _ana_, designed for publication, and which, had
+it not been on the instant ruthlessly destroyed, would have been as
+interesting probably as Boswell's.
+
+On Lord Seaton's departure from Canada, he was successively Lord High
+Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, and Commander-in-Chief in Ireland.
+He then retired to his own estate in the West of England, where he had a
+beautiful seat, in the midst of the calm, rural, inland scenery of
+Devonshire, not far from Plympton, and on the slope descending southward
+from the summits of Dartmoor. The name of the house is Beechwood, from
+the numerous clean, bold, magnificent beech trees that adorn its
+grounds, and give character to the neighbourhood generally. In the
+adjoining village of Sparkwell he erected a handsome school-house and
+church.
+
+On his decease at Torquay in 1863 his remains were deposited in the
+Church at Newton Ferrers, the ancient family burying-place of the
+Yonges.
+
+Mrs. Jameson's words in her "Winter studies and Summer Rambles," express
+briefly but truly, the report which all that remember him, would give,
+of this distinguished and ever memorable Governor of Canada. "Sir John
+Colborne," she says incidentally, in the Introduction to the work just
+named, "whose mind appeared to me cast in the antique mould of
+chivalrous honour; and whom I never heard mentioned in either Province
+but with respect and veneration." Dr. Henry in "Trifles from my
+Portfolio," once before referred to, uses similar language. "I believe,"
+he says, "there never was a soldier of more perfect moral character than
+Sir John Colborne--a Bayard without gasconade, as well as _sans peur et
+sans reproche_." The title "Seaton," we may add, was taken from the name
+of an ancient seaport town of Devon, the Moridunum of the Roman period.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  IX.
+
+  KING STREET: ST. JAMES' CHURCH--(_Continued_.)
+
+
+At the southern end of the Church, in which we are supposing ourselves
+to be, opposite the Lieutenant-Governor's pew, but aloft in the gallery,
+immediately over the central entrance underneath, was the pew of Chief
+Justice Powell, a long narrow enclosure, with a high screen at its back
+to keep off the draughts from the door into the gallery, just behind.
+The whole of the inside of the pew, together with the screen by which it
+was backed, was lined with dark green baize or cloth. The Chief's own
+particular place in the pew was its central point. There, as in a focus,
+surrounded by the members of his family, he calmly sat, with his face to
+the north, his white head and intelligent features well brought out by
+the dark back-ground of the screen behind.
+
+The spectator, on looking up and recognizing the presence of the Chief
+Justice thus seated, involuntarily imagined himself, for the moment, to
+be in court. In truth, in an absent moment, the Judge himself might
+experience some confusion as to his whereabouts. For below him, on his
+right and left, he would see many of the barristers, attorneys, jurors
+and witnesses (to go no farther), who on week days were to be seen or
+heard before him in different compartments of the Court-room.
+
+Chief Justice Powell was of Welsh descent. The name is, of course, Ap
+Howell; of which "Caer Howell," "Howell's Place," the title given by the
+Chief Justice to his Park-lot at York, is a relic. His portrait exists
+in Toronto, in possession of members of his family. He was a man of
+rather less than the ordinary stature. His features were round in
+outline, unmarked by the painful lines which usually furrow the modern
+judicial visage, but wakefully intelligent. His hair was milky white.
+The head was inclined to be bald.
+
+We have before us a contemporary brochure of the Chief's, from which we
+learn his view of the ecclesiastical land question, which for so long a
+period agitated Canada. After a full historical discussion, he
+recommends the re-investment of the property in the Crown, "which," he
+says, "in its bounty, will apply the proceeds equally for the support of
+Christianity, without other distinction:" but he comes to this
+determination reluctantly, and considers the plan to be one of
+expediency only. We give the concluding paragraph of his pamphlet, for
+the sake of its ring--so characteristically that of a by-gone day and
+generation: "If the wise provision of Mr. Pitt," the writer says, "to
+preserve the Law of the Union [between England and Scotland], by
+preserving the Church of England predominant in the Colony, and touching
+upon her rights to tythes only for her own advantage, and by the same
+course as the Church itself desiderates in England (the exchange of
+tythes for the fee simple), must be abandoned to the sudden thought of a
+youthful speculator [_i. e._, Mr. Wilmot, Secretary for the Colonies,
+who had introduced a bill into the Imperial Parliament for the sale of
+the Lands to the Canada Company], let the provision of his bill cease,
+and the tythes to which the Church of England was at that time lawfully
+entitled be restored; she will enjoy these exclusively even of the Kirk
+of Scotland: but if all veneration for the wisdom of our Ancestors has
+ceased, and the time is come to prostrate the Church of England, bind
+her not up in the same wythe with her bitterest enemy; force her not to
+an exclusive association with any one of her rivals; leave the tythes
+abolished; abolish all the legal exchange for them; and restore the
+Reserves to the Crown, which, in its bounty, will apply the proceeds
+equally for the support of Christianity, without other distinction."
+
+In the body of the Church, below, sat another Chief Justice, retired
+from public life, and infirm--Mr. Scott--the immediate predecessor of
+Chief Justice Powell; a white-haired, venerable form, assisted to his
+place, a little to the south of the Governor's pew, every Sunday. We
+have already once before referred to Mr. Scott.
+
+And again: another judicial personage was here every week long to be
+seen, also crowned with the snowy honours of advanced age--Mr. Justice
+Campbell--afterwards, in succession to Chief Justice Powell, Chief
+Justice Sir William Campbell. His place was on the west side of the
+central aisle. Sir William Campbell was born so far back as 1758. He
+came out from Scotland as a soldier in a Highland regiment, and was
+taken prisoner at Yorktown when that place was surrendered by Cornwallis
+in 1781. In 1783 he settled in Nova Scotia and studied law. After
+practising as a barrister for nineteen years he was appointed
+Attorney-General for the Island of Cape Breton, from which post, after
+twelve years, he was promoted to a Judgeship in Upper Canada. This was
+in 1811. Fourteen years afterwards (in 1825), he became Chief Justice.
+
+The funeral of Sir William Campbell, in 1834, was one of unusual
+impressiveness. The Legislature was in session at the time, and attended
+in a body, with the Bar and the Judges. At the same hour, within the
+walls of the same Church, St. James', the obsequies of a member of the
+Lower House took place, namely, of Mr. Roswell Mount, representative of
+the County of Middlesex, who had chanced to die at York during the
+session.
+
+A funeral oration on the two-fold occasion was pronounced by Archdeacon
+Strachan.--Dr. Henry, author of "Trifles from my Portfolio," attended
+Sir William Campbell in his last illness. In the work just named, his
+case is thus described: "My worthy patient became very weak towards the
+end of the year," the doctor says, "his nights were restless--his
+appetite began to fail, and he could only relish tit bits. Medicine was
+tried fruitlessly, so his doctor prescribed snipes. At the point of the
+sandy peninsula opposite the barracks," Dr. Henry continues, "are a
+number of little pools and marshes, frequented by these delectable
+little birds; and here I used to cross over in my skiff and pick up the
+Chief Justice's panacea. On this delicate food the poor old gentleman
+was supported for a couple of months; but the frost set in--the snipes
+flew away, and Sir William died." (ii. 112.)
+
+Appended to the account of the funeral ceremonies, in the York _Courier_
+of the day, we notice one of those familiar paragraphs which sensational
+itemists like to construct, and which stimulate the self-complacency of
+small communities. It is headed Longevity, and then thus proceeds: "At
+the funeral of the late Sir W. Campbell, on Monday, there were twenty
+inhabitants of York, whose united ages exceed fourteen hundred and fifty
+years!"
+
+It is certain that there were to be seen moving up the aisles of the old
+wooden St. James', at York, every Sunday, a striking number of venerable
+and dignified forms. For one thing their costume helped to render them
+picturesque and interesting. The person of our immediate ancestors was
+well set off by their dress. Recall their easy, partially cut-away black
+coats and upright collars; their so-called small-clothes and buckled
+shoes; the frilled shirt-bosoms and the white cravats, not apologies for
+cravats, but real envelopes for the neck. (The comfortable, well-to-do
+Quaker of the old school still exhibits in use some of their homely
+peculiarities of garb.) And then remember the cut and arrangement of
+their hair, generally milky white, either from age or by the aid of
+powder; their smoothly-shaven cheek and chin; and the peculiar
+expression superinduced in the eye and the whole countenance, by the
+governing ideas of the period, ideas which we are wont to style
+old-fashioned, but which furnished, nevertheless, for the time being,
+very useful and definite rules of conduct.
+
+Two pictures, one, Trumbull's Signing of the Declaration of
+Independence; the other, Huntingdon's Republican Court of Washington
+(shewn in Paris in 1867), exhibit to the eye the outward and visible
+presentment of the prominent actors in the affairs of the central
+portion of the Northern Continent, a century ago. These paintings may
+help to do the same, in some degree, for us here in the north, also; any
+one of the more conspicuous figures in the congregation of the old St.
+James's, at York, might have stepped out from the canvas of one or other
+of the historic works of art just named. On occasions of state, even the
+silken bag (in the case of officials at least) was attached to the nape
+of the neck, as though, in accordance with a fashion of an earlier day
+still, the hair were yet worn long, and required gathering up in a
+receptacle provided for the purpose.
+
+It seems to-day almost like a dream that we have seen in the flesh the
+honoured patriarchs and founders of our now great community--
+
+  "Zorah, Nahor, Haran, Abram, Lot,
+  The youthful world's gray fathers in one knot;"--
+
+that our eyes really once beheld the traces on their countenances of
+their long and varied experiences, of their cares, and processes of
+thought; the traces left by the lapse of years, by times, rough and
+troublous, not merely heard of by the hearing of the ear, as existing
+across the Lakes or across the Seas, but encountered in their own
+persons, in their own land, at their own hearths; encountered and
+bravely struggled through:--that we were eye-witnesses of their
+cheerfulness and good courage after crisis upon crisis had thus passed
+over them; eye-witnesses again, too, of their earnest devotedness to the
+duties of calmer days, discharged ever honestly and well according to
+the beliefs and knowledge of the period, and without the realization, in
+many an instance, of the reach and vastness of the scheme of things
+which was being wrought out:--that with our own eyes we saw them, again
+and again, engaged within consecrated walls, in solemn acts which
+expressed, in spite of the vicissitudes which their destiny had brought
+with it, their unaffected faith in the unseen, and their living hope in
+relation to futurity.
+
+All this, we say, now seems like a dream of the night, or a mystic
+revelation of the scenes of a very distant period and in a very distant
+locality, rather than the recollections of a few short years spent on
+the spot where these pages are indited. The names, however, which we
+shall produce will have a sound of reality about them: they will be
+recognized as familiar, household words still perpetuated, or, at all
+events, still freshly remembered in the modern Toronto.
+
+From amongst the venerable heads and ancestral forms which recur to us,
+as we gaze down in imagination from the galleries of the old wooden St.
+James', of York, we will single out, in addition to those already spoken
+of, that of Mr. Ridout, sometimes Surveyor-General of the Province,
+father of a numerous progeny, and tribal head, so to speak, of more than
+one family of connections settled here, bearing the same name. He was a
+fine typical representative of the group to which our attention is
+directed. He was a perfect picture of a cheerful, benevolent-minded
+Englishman; of portly form, well advanced in years, his hair snowy-white
+naturally; his usual costume, of the antique style above described.
+
+Then there was Mr. Small, Clerk of the Crown, an Englishman of similar
+stamp. We might sketch the rest separately as they rise before the
+mind's eye; but we should probably, after all, convey an idea of each
+that would be too incomplete to be interesting or of much value. We
+therefore simply name other members of the remarkable group of reverend
+seniors that assembled habitually in the church at York. Mr. Justice
+Boulton, Colonel Smith, sometime President of the Province; Mr. Allan,
+Mr. M'Gill, Mr. Crookshank, Colonel Givins, Major Heward, Colonel Wells,
+Colonel Fitzgibbon, Mr. Dunn, Dr. Macaulay, Dr. Baldwin, Dr. Lee, Mr.
+Samuel Ridout, Mr. Chewett, Mr. McNab (Sir Allan's father); Mr. Stephen
+Jarvis, who retained to the last the ancient fashion of tying the hair
+in a queue.
+
+We might go on with several others, also founders of families that still
+largely people York and its vicinity; we might mention old Captain
+Playter, Captain Denison, Mr. Scarlett, Captain Brooke, sen., and
+others. Filial duty would urge us not to omit, in the enumeration, one
+who, though at a very early period removed by a sudden casualty, is
+vividly remembered, not only as a good and watchful father, but also as
+a venerable form harmonizing perfectly in expression and costume with
+the rest of the group which used to gather in the church at York.
+
+Of course, mingled with the ancients of the congregation, there was a
+due proportion of a younger generation. There was for example Mr. Simon
+Washburn, a bulky and prosperous barrister, afterwards Clerk of the
+Peace, who was the first, perhaps, in these parts, to carry a glass
+adroitly in the eye. There was Dr. Grant Powell, a handsome
+reproduction, on a larger scale, of his father the Chief, as his
+portrait shews; there were the Messrs. Monro, George and John; the
+Messrs. Stanton; Mr. Billings; the Messrs. Gamble, John and William; Mr.
+J. S. Baldwin, Mr. Lyons, Mr. Beikie, and others, all men of note,
+distinguishable from each other by individual traits and characteristics
+that might readily be sketched.
+
+And lastly in the interstices of the assemblage was to be seen a
+plentiful representation of generation number three; young men and lads
+of good looks, for the most part, well set-up limbs, and quick
+faculties; in some instances, of course, of fractious temperament and
+manners. As ecclesiastical associations are at the moment uppermost, we
+note an ill habit that prevailed among some of these younglings of the
+flock, of loitering long about the doors of the church for the purpose
+of watching the arrivals, and then, when the service was well advanced,
+the striplings would be seen sporadically coming in, each one imagining,
+as he passed his fingers through his hair and marched with a shew of
+manly spirit up the aisle, that he attracted a degree of attention;
+attracted, perhaps, a glance of admiration from some of the many pairs
+of eyes that rained influence from a large pew in the eastern portion of
+the north gallery, where the numerous school of Miss Purcell and Miss
+Rose held a commanding position.
+
+It would have been a singular exception to a general law, had the
+interior into which we are now gazing, and whose habitues we are now
+recalling, not been largely frequented by the feminine portion of
+society at York. Seated in their places in various directions along the
+galleries and in the body of the old wooden church, were to be regularly
+seen specimens of the venerable great-grandmammas of the old English and
+Scottish type (in one or two instances to be thought of to this day with
+a degree of awe by reason of the vigour, almost masculine, of their
+character); specimens of kindly maiden aunts; specimens of matronly
+wives and mothers, keeping watch and ward over bevies of comely
+daughters and nieces.
+
+Lady Sarah Maitland herself cannot be called a fixed member of society
+here, but having been for so long a time a resident, it seems now, in
+the retrospect, as if she had been really a development of the place.
+Her distinguished style, native to herself, had its effect on her
+contemporaries of the gentler sex in these parts. Mrs. Dunn, also, and
+Mrs. Wells, may likewise be named as special models of grace and
+elegance in person and manner. In this all-influential portion of the
+community, a tone and air that were good prevailed widely from the
+earliest period.
+
+It soon became a practice with the military, and other temporary
+sojourners attached to the Government, to select partners for life from
+the families of York. Hence it has happened that, to this day, in
+England, Ireland and Scotland, and in the Dependencies of the Empire on
+the other side of the globe, many are the households that rise up and
+call a daughter of Canada blessed as their maternal head.
+
+Local aspirants to the holy estate were thus unhappily, now and then, to
+their great disgust, baulked of their first choice. But a residue was
+always left, sufficient for the supply of the ordinary demand, and
+manifold were the interlacings of local connections; a fact in which
+there is nothing surprising and nothing to be condemned: it was from
+political considerations alone that such affinities came afterwards to
+be referred to, in some quarters, with bitterness.
+
+Occasionally, indeed, a fastidious young man, or a disappointed widower,
+would make a selection in parts remote from the home circle, quite
+unnecessarily. We recall especially to mind the sensible emotion in the
+congregation on the first advent amongst them of a fair bride from
+Montreal, the then Paris of Canada; and several lesser excitements of
+the same class, on the appearance in their midst of aerial veils and
+orange blossoms from Lobo, from New York, from distant England. Once the
+selection of a "helpmeet" from a rival religious communion, in the town
+of York itself, led to the defection from the flock of a prominent
+member; an occurrence that led also to the publication of two polemical
+pamphlets, which made a momentary stir; one of them a declamation by a
+French bishop; the other, a review of the same, by the pastor of the
+abandoned flock.
+
+The strictures on the intelligence and moral feeling of the feminine, as
+well as the masculine portion of society at York, delivered by such
+world-experienced writers as Mrs. Jameson, and such enlightened critics
+as were two or three of the later Governors' wives, may have been just
+in the abstract, to a certain extent, as from the point of view of old
+communities in England and Germany; but they were unfair as from the
+point of view of persons calmly reviewing all the circumstances of the
+case. Here again the maxim applies: _Tout comprendre, c'est tout
+pardonner_.
+
+We have said that the long pew on the west side of the Governor's seat
+was allotted to the military. In this compartment we remember often
+scanning with interest the countenance and form of a youthful and
+delicate-looking ensign, simply because he bore, hereditarily, a name
+and title all complete, distinguished in the annals of science two
+centuries ago--the Hon. Robert Boyle: he was one of the aides-de-camp of
+Sir Peregrine Maitland. Here, also, was to be seen, for a time, a Major
+Browne, a brother of the formerly popular poetess, Mrs. Hemans. Here,
+too, sat a Zachary Mudge, another hereditary name complete,
+distinguished in the scientific annals of Devonshire. He was an officer
+of Artillery, and one of Sir John Colborne's aides-de-camp; for some
+unexplained reason he committed suicide at York, and his remains were
+deposited in the old military burying-ground. In this pew familiar forms
+were also--Major Powell, Capt. Grubbe, Major Hillier, Capt. Blois, Capt,
+Phillpotts, brother of the Bishop.
+
+The compartment on the east side of the Governor's pew, was as we have
+said, appointed for the use of the members of the Legislature, when in
+session. Here at certain periods, generally in mid-winter, were to be
+observed all the political notabilities of the day; for at the period we
+are glancing at, non-conformists as well as conformists were to be seen
+assisting, now and again, at public worship in St. James' Church.
+
+In their places here the outward presentments of Col. Nichol (killed by
+driving over the precipice at Queenston), of Mr. Homer (a Benjamin
+Franklin style of countenance), of Dr. Lefferty, of Hamnet Pinhey, of
+Mahlon Burwell, of Absalom Shade, of other owners of old Canadian names,
+are well remembered. The spare, slender figure of Mr. Speaker Sherwood,
+afterwards a judge of the King's Bench, was noticeable. Mr. Chisholm, of
+Oakville, used facetiously to object to the clause in the Litany where
+"heresy and schism" are deprecated, it so happening that the last term
+was usually, by a Scotticism, read "Chisholm." Up to the Parliamentary
+pew we have seen Mr. William Lyon McKenzie himself hurriedly make his
+way, with an air of great animation, and take his seat, to the visible,
+but, of course, repressed disconcertment of several honourable members,
+and others.
+
+Altogether, it was a very complete little world, this assemblage within
+the walls of the old wooden church at York. There were present, so to
+speak, king, lords, and commons; gentle and simple in due proportion,
+with their wives and little ones; judges, magistrates and gentry;
+representatives of governmental departments, with their employes;
+legislators, merchants, tradespeople, handicraftsmen; soldiers and
+sailors; a great variety of class and character.
+
+All seemed to be in harmony, real or conventional, here; whatever feuds,
+family or political, actually subsisted, no very marked symptoms thereof
+could be discerned in this place. But the history of all was known, or
+supposed to be known, to each. The relationship of each to each was
+known, and how it was brought about. It was known to all how every
+little scar, every trivial mutilation or disfigurement, which chanced to
+be visible on the visage or limb of any one, was acquired, in the
+performance of what boyish freak, in the execution of what practical
+jest, in the excitement of what convivial or other occasion.
+
+Here and there sat one who, in obedience to the social code of the day,
+had been "out," for the satisfaction, as the term was, of himself or
+another, perhaps a quondam friend--satisfaction obtained (let the age be
+responsible for the terms we use), in more than one instance, at the
+cost of human life.
+
+(Pewholders in St. James' Church from its commencement to about 1818,
+were President Russell: Mr. Justice Cochrane: Mr. Justice Boulton:
+Solicitor General Gray: Receiver General Selby: Christopher Robinson:
+George Crookshank: William Chewett: J. B. Robinson: Alexander Wood:
+William Willcocks: John Beikie: Alexander Macdonell: Chief Justice
+Elmsley: Chief Justice Osgoode: Chief Justice Scott: Chief Justice
+Powell: Attorney General Firth: Secretary Jarvis: General Shaw: Col.
+Smith: D'Arcy Boulton: William Allan: Duncan Cameron: John Small: Thomas
+Ridout: William Stanton: Stephen Heward: Donald McLean: Stephen Jarvis:
+Capt. McGill: Col. Givins: Dr. Maccaulay: Dr. Gamble: Dr. Baldwin: Dr.
+Lee: Mr. St. George: Mr. Denison: Mr. Playter: Mr. Brooke: Mr. Cawthra:
+Mr. Scadding: Mr. Ketchum: Mr. Cooper: Mr. Ross: Mr. Jordan: Mr.
+Kendrick: Mr. Hunt: Mr. Higgins: Mr. Anderson: Mr. Murchison: Mr.
+Bright: Mr. O'Keefe: Mr. Caleb Humphrey.--The Churchwardens for 1807-8
+were: D'Arcy Boulton and William Allan. For 1809: William Allan and
+Thomas Ridout. For 1810: William Allan and Stephen Jarvis. For 1812:
+Duncan Cameron and Alexander Legge.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  X.
+
+  KING STREET: ST. JAMES' CHURCH--(_Continued._)
+
+
+It is beginning, perhaps, to be thought preposterous that we have not as
+yet said anything of the occupants of the pulpit and desk, in our
+account of this church interior. We are just about to supply the
+deficiency.
+
+Here was to be seen and heard, at his periodical visits, Charles James
+Stewart, the second Bishop of Quebec, a man of saintly character and
+presence; long a missionary in the Eastern Townships of Lower Canada,
+before his appointment to the Episcopate. The contour of his head and
+countenance, as well as something of his manner even, may be gathered
+from a remark of the late Dr. Primrose, of Toronto, who, while a
+stranger, had happened to drop in at the old wooden church when Bishop
+Stewart was preaching: "I just thought," the doctor said, "it was the
+old King in the pulpit!" _i. e._, George III.
+
+Here Dr. Okill Stewart, formerly rector of this church, but subsequently
+of St. George's, Kingston, used occasionally, when visiting York, to
+officiate--a very tall, benevolent, and fine featured ecclesiastic, with
+a curious delivery, characterized by unexpected elevations and
+depressions of the voice irrespective of the matter, accompanied by long
+closings of the eyes, and then a sudden re-opening of the same. Whenever
+this preacher ascended the pulpit, one member of the congregation, Mr.
+George Duggan, who had had, it was understood, some trivial disagreement
+with the doctor during his incumbency in former years, was always
+expected, by on-lookers, to rise and walk out. And this he accordingly
+always did. The movement seemed a regular part of the programme of the
+day, and never occasioned any sensation.
+
+Here the Rev. Joseph Hudson officiated now and then, a military
+chaplain, appointed at a comparatively late period to this post; a
+clergyman greatly beloved by the people of the town generally, both as a
+preacher and as a man. He was the first officiating minister we ever saw
+wearing the academical hood over the ordinary vestment.
+
+Here, during the sittings of Parliament, of which he was chaplain, Mr.
+Addison, of Niagara, was sometimes to be heard. The Library of this
+scholarly divine of the old school was presented by him _en bloc_ to St.
+Mark's Church, Niagara, of which he was incumbent. It remained for some
+years at "Lake View," the private residence of Mr. Addison; but during
+the incumbency of Dr. McMurray, it has been removed to the rectory-house
+at Niagara, where it is to continue, in accordance with the first
+rector's will, for the use of the incumbent for the time being.
+
+It is a remarkable collection, as exhibiting the line of reading of a
+thoughtful and intelligent man of the last century: many treatises and
+tracts of contemporary, but now defunct interest, not elsewhere to be
+met with, probably, in Canada, are therein preserved. The volumes, for
+the most part, retain their serviceable bindings of old pane-sided calf;
+but some of them, unfortunately, bear marks of the havoc made by damp
+and vermin before their transfer to their present secure place of
+shelter. Mr. Addison used to walk to and from Church in his canonicals
+in the old-fashioned way, recalling the Johnsonian period, when clergy
+very generally wore the cassock and gown in the streets.
+
+Another chaplain to the Legislative Assembly was Mr. William Macaulay, a
+preacher always listened to with a peculiar attention, whenever he was
+to be heard in the pulpit here. Mr. Macaulay was a member of the
+Macaulay family settled at Kingston. He had been sent to Oxford, where
+he pursued his studies without troubling himself about a degree. While
+there he acquired the friendship of several men afterwards famous,
+especially of Whately, sometime Archbishop of Dublin, with whom a
+correspondence was maintained.
+
+Mr. Macaulay's striking and always deeply-thoughtful manner was set off
+to advantage by the fine intellectual contour of his face and head,
+which were not unlike those to be seen in the portrait of Maltby,
+Bishop of Durham, usually prefixed to Morell's Thesaurus.
+
+One more chaplain of the House may be named, frequently heard and seen
+in this church--Dr. Thomas Phillips--another divine, well read, of a
+type that has now disappeared. His personal appearance was very clerical
+in the old-fashioned sense. His countenance was of the class represented
+by that of the late Sir Henry Ellis, as finely figured, not long since,
+in the _Illustrated News_. He was one of the last wearers of hair-powder
+in these parts. In reading the Creed he always endeavoured to conform to
+the old English custom of turning towards the east; but to do this in
+the desk of the old church was difficult.
+
+Dr. Phillips was formerly of Whitchurch, in Herefordshire. He died in
+1849, aged 68, at Weston, on the Humber, where he founded and organized
+the parish of St. Philip. His body was borne to to its last
+resting-place by old pupils. We once had in our possession a pamphlet
+entitled "The Canadian Remembrancer, a Loyal Sermon, preached on St.
+George's Day, April 23, 1826, at the Episcopal Church (York), by the
+Rev. T. Phillips, D.D., Head Master of the Grammar School. Printed at
+the _Gazette_ Office."
+
+There remains to be noticed the "pastor and master" of the whole
+assemblage customably gathered together in St. James' Church--Dr. John
+Strachan. On this spot, in successive edifices, each following the other
+in rapid succession, and each surpassing the other in dignity and
+propriety of architectural style, he, for more than half a century, was
+the principal figure.
+
+The story of his career is well known, from his departure from Scotland,
+a poor but spirited youth, in 1799, to his decease in 1867, as first
+Bishop of Toronto, with its several intermediate stages of activity and
+promotion. His outward aspect and form are also familiar, from the
+numerous portraits of him that are everywhere to be seen. In stature
+slightly under the medium height, with countenance and head of the type
+of Milton's in middle age, without eloquence, without any extraordinary
+degree of originality of mind, he held together here a large
+congregation, consisting of heterogeneous elements, by the strength and
+moral force of his personal character. Qualities, innate to himself,
+decisiveness of intellect, firmness, a quick insight into things and
+men, with a certain fertility of resource, conspired to win for him the
+position which he filled, and enabled him to retain it with ease; to
+sustain, with a graceful and unassuming dignity, all the augmentations
+which naturally accumulated round it, as the community, of which he was
+so vital a part, grew and widened and rose to a higher and higher level,
+on the swelling tide of the general civilization of the continent.
+
+In all his public ministrations he was to be seen officiating without
+affectation in manner or style. A stickler in ritual would have declared
+him indifferent to minutiae. He wore the white vesture of his office with
+an air of negligence, and his doctor's robe without any special
+attention to its artistic adjustment upon his person. A technical
+precisian in modern popular theology would pronounce him out now and
+then in his doctrine. What he seemed especially to drive at was not
+dogmatic accuracy so much as a well-regulated life, in childhood, youth
+and manhood. The good sense of the matter delivered--and it was never
+destitute of that quality--was solely relied on for the results to be
+produced: the topics of modern controversy never came up in his
+discourse: at the period to which we refer they were in most quarters
+dormant, their re-awakening deferred until the close of a thirty years'
+peace, but then destined to set mankind by the ears when now relieved
+from the turmoil of physical and material war, but roused to great
+intellectual activity.
+
+Many a man that dropped in during the time of public worship, inclined
+from prejudice to be captious, inclined even to be merry over certain
+national peculiarities of utterance and diction, which to a stranger,
+for a time, made the matter delivered not easy to be understood, went
+out with quite a different sentiment in regard to the preacher and his
+words.
+
+In the early days of Canada, a man of capacity was called upon, as we
+have seen in other instances, to play many parts. It required tact to
+play them all satisfactorily. In the case of Dr. Strachan--the voice
+that to-day would be heard in the pulpit, offering counsel and advice as
+to the application of sacred principles to life and conduct, in the
+presence of all the civil functionaries of the country, from Sir
+Peregrine Maitland to Mr. Chief Constable Higgins; from Chief Justice
+Powell to the usher of his court, Mr. Thomas Phipps; from Mr. Speaker
+Sherwood or McLean to Peter Shaver, Peter Perry, and the other popular
+representatives of the Commons in Parliament;--the voice that to-day
+would be heard in the desk leading liturgically the devotions of the
+same mixed multitude--to-morrow was to be heard by portions, large or
+small, of the same audience, amidst very different surroundings, in
+other quarters; by some of them, for example, at the Executive Council
+Board, giving a lucid judgment on a point of governmental policy, or in
+the Chamber of the Legislative Assembly, delivering a studied oration on
+a matter touching the interests and well-being of the whole population
+of the country, or reading an elaborate original report on the same or
+some cognate question, to be put forth as the judgment of a committee:
+or elsewhere, the same voice might be heard at a meeting for patriotic
+purposes; at the meeting of a Hospital, Educational, or other important
+secular Trust; at an emergency meeting, when sudden action was needed on
+the part of the charitable and benevolent.
+
+Without fail, that voice would be heard by a large portion of the
+juniors of the flock on the following day, amidst the busy commotion of
+School, apportioning tasks, correcting errors, deciding appeals,
+regulating discipline; at one time formally instructing, at another
+jocosely chaffing, the sons and nephews of nearly all the well-to-do
+people, gentle and simple, of York and Upper Canada.
+
+To have done all this without awkwardness shews the possession of much
+prudence and tact. To have had all this go on for some decades without
+any blame that was intended to be taken in very serious earnest; nay,
+winning in the process applause and gratitude on the right hand and on
+the left--this argues the existence of something very sterling in the
+man.
+
+Nor let us local moderns, whose lot it is to be part and parcel of a
+society no longer rudimentary, venture to condemn one who while
+especially appointed to be a conspicuous minister of religion, did not
+decline the functions, diverse and multiform, which an infant society,
+discerning the qualities inherent in him, and lacking instruments for
+its uses, summoned him to undertake. Let no modern caviller, we say, do
+this, unless he is prepared to avow the opinion that to be a minister of
+religion, a man must, of necessity, be only partially-developed in mind
+and spirit, incapable, as a matter of course, of offering an opinion of
+value on subjects of general human interest.
+
+The long possession of unchallenged authority within the immediate area
+of his ecclesiastical labours, rendered Dr. Strachan for some time
+opposed to the projects that began, as the years rolled on, to be mooted
+for additional churches in the town of York. He could not readily be
+induced to think otherwise than as the Duke of Wellington thought in
+regard to Reform in the representation, or as ex-Chancellor Eldon
+thought in regard to greater promptitude in Chancery decisions, that
+there was no positive need of change.
+
+"Would you break up the congregation?" was the sharp rejoinder to the
+early propounders of schemes for Church-extension in York. But as years
+passed over, and the imperious pressure of events and circumstances was
+felt, this reluctance gave way. The beautiful cathedral mother-church,
+into which, under his own eye, and through his own individual energy,
+the humble wooden edifice of 1803 at length, by various gradations,
+developed, forms now a fitting mausoleum for his mortal remains--a
+stately monument to one who was here in his day the human main-spring of
+so many vitally-important and far-reaching movements.
+
+Other memorials in his honour have been projected and thought of. One of
+them we record for its boldness and originality and fitness, although we
+have no expectation that the aesthetic feeling of the community will soon
+lead to the practical adoption of the idea thrown out. The suggestion
+has been this: that in honour of the deceased Bishop, there should be
+erected, in some public place, in Toronto, an exact copy of Michael
+Angelo's Moses, to be executed at Rome for the purpose, and shipped
+hither. The conception of such a form of monument is due to the Rev. W.
+Macaulay, of Picton. We need not say what dignity would be given to the
+whole of Toronto by the possession of such a memorial object within its
+precincts as this, and how great, in all future time, would be the
+effect, morally and educationally, when the symbolism of the art-object
+was discovered and understood. Its huge bulk, its boldly-chiselled and
+only partially-finished limbs and drapery, raised aloft on a plain
+pedestal of some Laurentian rock, would represent, not ill, the man whom
+it would commemorate--the character, roughly-outlined and incomplete in
+parts, but, when taken as a whole, very impressive and even grand, which
+looms up before us, whichever way we look, in our local Past.
+
+One of the things that ennoble the old cities of continental Europe and
+give them their own peculiar charm, is the existence of such objects in
+their streets and squares, at once works of art for the general eye, and
+memorials of departed worth and greatness. With what interest, for
+example, does the visitor gaze on the statue of Gutenberg at Mayence;
+and at Marseilles on that of the good Bishop Belzunce!--of whom we read,
+that he was at once "the founder of a college, and a magistrate,
+almoner, physician and priest to his people." The space in front of the
+west porch of the cathedral of St. James would be an appropriate site
+for such a noble memorial-object as that which Mr. Macaulay
+suggests--just at the spot where was the entrance, the one sole humble
+portal, of the structure of wood out of which the existing pile has
+grown.
+
+Our notice of the assembly usually to be seen within the walls of the
+primitive St. James', would not be complete, were we to omit all mention
+of Mr. John Fenton, who for some time officiated therein as parish
+clerk. During the palmy days of parish clerks in the British Islands,
+such functionaries, deemed at the time, locally, as indispensable as the
+parish minister himself, were a very peculiar class of men. He was a
+rarity amongst them, who could repeat in a rational tone and manner the
+responses delegated to him by the congregation. This arose from the
+circumstance that he was usually an all but illiterate village rustic,
+or narrow-minded small-townsman, brought into a prominence felt on all
+sides to be awkward.
+
+Mr. Fenton's peculiarities, on the contrary, arose from his
+intelligence, his acquirements, and his independence of character. He
+was a rather small shrewd-featured person, at a glance not deficient in
+self-esteem. He was a proficient in modern popular science, a ready
+talker and lecturer. Being only a proxy, his rendering of the official
+responses in church was marked perhaps by a little too much
+individuality, but it could not be said that it was destitute of a
+certain rhetorical propriety of emphasis and intonation. Though not
+gifted, in his own person, with much melody of voice, his acquisitions
+included some knowledge of music. In those days congregational psalmody
+was at a low ebb, and the small choirs that offered themselves
+fluctuated, and now and then vanished wholly. Not unfrequently, Mr.
+Fenton, after giving out the portion of Brady and Tate, which it pleased
+him to select, would execute the whole of it as a solo, to some
+accustomed air, with graceful variations of his own. All this would be
+done with great coolness and apparent self-satisfaction.
+
+While the discourse was going on in the Pulpit above him, it was his
+way, often, to lean himself resignedly back in a corner of his pew and
+throw a white cambric handkerchief over his head and face. It
+illustrates the spirit of the day to add, that Mr. Fenton's employment
+as official mouth-piece to the congregation of the English Church, did
+not stand in the way of his making himself useful, at the same time, as
+a class-leader among the Wesleyan Methodists.
+
+The temperament and general style of this gentleman did not fail of
+course to produce irritation of mind in some quarters. The _Colonial
+Advocate_ one morning averred its belief that Mr. Fenton had, on the
+preceding Sunday, glanced at itself and its patrons in giving out and
+singing (probably as a solo) the Twelfth Psalm: "Help, Lord, for good
+and godly men do perish and decay; and faith and truth from worldly men
+are parted clean away; whoso doth with his neighbour talk, his talk is
+all but vain; for every man bethinketh now to flatter, lie and feign!"
+Mr. Fenton afterwards removed to the United States, where he obtained
+Holy Orders in the Episcopal Church. His son was a clever and ingenious
+youth. We remember a capital model in wood of "Caesar's Bridge over the
+Rhine," constructed by him from a copper-plate engraving in an old
+edition of the Commentaries used by him in the Grammar School at York.
+
+The predecessor of Mr. Fenton in the clerk's desk was Mr.
+Hetherington--a functionary of the old-country village stamp. His habit
+was, after giving out a psalm, to play the air on a bassoon; and then to
+accompany with fantasias on the same instrument such vocalists as felt
+inclined to take part in the singing. This was the day of small things
+in respect of ecclesiastical music at York. A choir from time to time
+had been formed. Once, we have understood, two rival choirs were heard
+on trial in the Church; one of them strong in instrumental resources,
+having the aid of a bass-viol, clarionet and bassoon; the other more
+dependent on its vocal excellencies. The instrumental choir triumphantly
+prevailed, as we are assured: and in 1819 an allowance of L20 was made
+to Mr. Hetherington for giving instruction in church music. One of the
+principal encouragers of the vocalist-party was Dr. Burnside. But all
+expedients for doing what was, in reality, the work of the congregation
+itself were unreliable; and the clerk or choir-master too often found
+himself a solitary performer. Mr. Hetherington's bassoon, however, may
+be regarded as the harbinger and foreshadow of the magnificent organ
+presented in after-times to the congregation of the "Second Temple" of
+St. James', by Mr. Dunn--a costly and fine-toned instrument (presided
+over, for a short time, by the eminent Dr. Hodges, subsequently of
+Trinity Church, New York), but destined to be destroyed by fire,
+together with the whole church, after only two years of existence, in
+1839.
+
+In the conflagration of 1839 another loss occurred, not so much to be
+regretted; we refer to the destruction of a very large triplet window of
+stained glass over the altar of the church, containing three life-size
+figures by Mr. Craig, a local "historical and ornamental painter," not
+well skilled in the ecclesiastical style. As home-productions, however,
+these objects were tenderly eyed; but Mrs. Jameson in her work on Canada
+cruelly denounced them as being "in a vile tawdry taste."--Conceive, in
+the presence of these three Craigs, the critical authoress of the
+"History of Sacred and Legendary art," accustomed, in the sublime
+cathedrals of Europe, to
+
+  "See the great windows like the jewell'd gates
+   Of Paradise, burning with harmless fire."
+
+Mr. Dunn, named above as donor of an organ to the second St. James', had
+provided the previous wooden church with Communion Plate. In the
+_Loyalist_ of March 1, 1828, we read: "The undersigned acknowledges the
+receipt of L112 18 5 from the Hon. John Henry Dunn, being the price of a
+superb set of Communion Plate presented by him to St. James' Church at
+this place. J. B. Macaulay, Church Warden, York, 23rd Feb., 1828."
+
+Before leaving St. James' Church and its precincts, it may be well to
+give some account of the steps taken in 1818, for the enlargement of the
+original building. This we are enabled to do, having before us an all
+but contemporary narrative. It will be seen that great adroitness was
+employed in making the scheme acceptable, and that pains were shrewdly
+taken to prevent a burdensome sense of self-sacrifice on the part of the
+congregation. At the same time a pleasant instance of voluntary
+liberality is recorded. "A very respectable church was built at York in
+the Home District, many years ago"--the narrative referred to, in the
+_Christian Recorder_ for 1819, p. 214, proceeds to state--"which at that
+time accommodated the inhabitants; but for some years past, it has been
+found too small, and several attempts were made to enlarge and repair
+it. At length, in April 1818, in a meeting of the whole congregation, it
+was resolved to enlarge the church, and a committee was appointed to
+suggest the most expeditious and economical method of doing it. The
+committee reported that a subscription in the way of loan, to be repaid
+when the seats were sold, was the most promising method. No subscription
+to be taken under twenty-five pounds, payable in four instalments."
+
+"Two gentlemen," the narrative continues, "were selected to carry the
+subscription paper round; and in three hours from twelve to thirteen
+hundred pounds were subscribed. Almost all the respectable gentlemen
+gave in loan Fifty Pounds; and the Hon. Justice Boulton, and George
+Crookshank, Esq., contributed L100 each, to accomplish so good an
+object. The church was enlarged, a steeple erected, and the whole
+building with its galleries, handsomely finished. In January last
+(1819)," our authority proceeds to say, "when everything was completed,
+the pews were sold at a year's credit, and brought more money than the
+repairs and enlargement cost. Therefore," it is triumphantly added, "the
+inhabitants at York erect a very handsome church at a very little
+expense to themselves, for every one may have his subscription money
+returned, or it may go towards payment of a pew; and, what is more, the
+persons who subscribed for the first church count the amount of their
+subscription as part of the price of their new pews. This fair
+arrangement has been eminently successful; and gave great satisfaction."
+
+The special instance of graceful voluntary liberality above referred to
+is then subjoined in these terms: "George Crookshank, Esq.,
+notwithstanding the greatness of his subscription, and the pains which
+he took in getting the church well finished, has presented the clergyman
+with cushions for the pulpit and reading desk, covered with the richest
+and finest damask; and likewise cloth for the communion-table." "This
+pious liberality," the writer remarks, "cannot be too much commended; it
+tells us that the benevolent zeal of ancient times is not entirely done
+away. The congregation were so much pleased," it is further recorded,
+"that a vote of thanks was unanimously offered to Mr. Crookshank for his
+munificent present." (The pulpit, sounding-board, and desk had been a
+gift of Governor Gore to the original church, and had cost the sum of
+one hundred dollars.)
+
+When the necessity arose in 1830 for replacing the church thus enlarged
+and improved, by an entirely new edifice of more respectable dimensions,
+the same cool, secular ingenuity was again displayed in the scheme
+proposed; and it was resolved by the congregation (among other things)
+"that the pew-holders of the present church, if they demanded the same,
+be credited one-third of the price of the pews that they purchased in
+the new church, not exceeding in number those which they possessed in
+the old church; that no person be entitled to the privilege granted by
+the last resolution who shall not have paid up the whole purchase money
+of his pew in the old church; that the present church remain as it is,
+till the new one is finished; that after the new church is completed,
+the materials of the present one be sold to the highest bidder, and the
+proceeds of the same be applied to the liquidation of any debt that may
+be contracted in erecting the new church, or furnishing the same; that
+the upset price of pews in the new church be twenty-five pounds
+currency;" and so on.
+
+The stone edifice then erected (measuring within about 100 by 75 feet),
+but never completed in so far as related to its tower, was destroyed by
+fire in 1839. Fire, in truth, may be said to be, sooner or later, the
+"natural death" of public buildings in our climate, where, for so many
+months in every year, the maintenance within them of a powerful
+artificial heat is indispensable.
+
+Ten years after the re-edification of the St. James' burnt in 1839, its
+fate was again to be totally destroyed. But now fire was communicated to
+it from an external source--from a general conflagration raging at the
+time in the part of the town lying to the eastward. On this occasion was
+destroyed in the belfry of the tower, a Public Clock, presented to the
+inhabitants of Toronto, by Mr. Draper, on his ceasing to be one of their
+representatives in Parliament.
+
+In the later annals of St. James' Church, the year 1873 is memorable.
+
+Several very important details in Mr. Cumberland's noble design for the
+building had long remained unrealized. The tower and spire were absent:
+as also the fine porches on the east, west, and south sides, the turrets
+at the angles, and the pinnacles and finials of the buttresses.
+Meanwhile the several parts of the structure where these appendages
+were, in due time, to be added, were left in a condition to shew to the
+public the mind and intention of the architect.
+
+In 1872, by the voluntary munificence of several members of the
+congregation, a fund for the completion of the edifice in accordance
+with Mr. Cumberland's plans was initiated, to which generous donations
+were immediately added; and in 1873 the edifice, of whose humble
+"protoplasm" in 1803 we have sought, in a preceding section, to preserve
+the memory, was finally brought to a state of perfection.
+
+By the completion of St. James' Church, a noble aspect has been given to
+the general view of Toronto. Especially has King Street been enriched,
+the ranges of buildings on its northern side, as seen from east or west,
+culminating centrically now in an elevated architectural object of
+striking beauty and grandeur, worthy alike of the comely, cheerful,
+interesting thoroughfare which it overlooks, and of the era when the
+finial crowning its apex was at length set in its place.
+
+Worthy of special commemorative record are those whose thoughtful
+liberality originated the fund by means of which St. James' Church was
+completed. The Dean, the Very Rev. H. J. Grasett, gave the handsome sum
+of Five thousand dollars. Mr. John Worthington, Four thousand dollars.
+Mr. C. Gzowski, Two thousand dollars. Mr. J. Gillespie, One thousand
+dollars. Mr. E. H. Rutherford, One thousand dollars. Mr. W. Cawthra, One
+thousand dollars. Mr. Gooderham and Mr. Worts, conjointly, One thousand
+dollars. Miss Gordon, the daughter of a former ever-generous member of
+the congregation, the Hon. J. Gordon, One thousand dollars. Sums, in
+endless variety, from Eight Hundred dollars downwards, were in a like
+good spirit offered on the occasion by other members of the
+congregation, according to their means. An association of young men
+connected with the congregation undertook and effected the erection of
+the Southern Porch.
+
+Let it be added, likewise, that in 1866, the sum of Fourteen thousand
+nine hundred and forty-five dollars was expended in the purchase of a
+peal of bells, and in providing a chamber for its reception in the
+tower--a free gift to the whole community greatly surpassing in money's
+worth the sum above named: for have not the chimes, with all
+old-countrymen at least, within the range of their sound, the effect of
+an instantaneous translation to the other side of the Atlantic? Close
+the eyes, and at once the spirit is far, far away, hearkening, now in
+the calm of a summer's evening, now between the fitful wind-gusts of a
+boisterous winter's morn, to music in exactly the same key, with exactly
+the same series of cadences, given out from tree-embosomed tower in some
+ancient market-town or village, familiar to the listener in every turn
+and nook, in days bygone.
+
+And further, let it be added, that in 1870, to do honour to the memory
+of the then recently deceased Bishop Strachan, the congregation of St.
+James "beautified" the chancel of their church at a cost of Seven
+thousand five hundred dollars, surrounding the spacious apse with an
+arcade of finely carved oak, adding seats for the canons, a decanal
+stall, a bishop's throne, a pulpit and desk, all in the same style and
+material, elaborately carved, with a life-like bust in white marble of
+the departed prelate, by Fraser of Montreal, in a niche constructed for
+its reception in the western wall of the chancel, with a slab of dark
+stone below bearing the following inscription in gilded letters:--
+
+    "NEAR THIS SPOT REST THE MORTAL REMAINS OF JOHN STRACHAN, FIRST
+    BISHOP OF TORONTO, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE NOVEMBER THE 1ST,
+    1867, IN THE NINETIETH YEAR OF HIS AGE AND THE TWENTY-NINTH OF
+    HIS EPISCOPATE. HIS CONSPICUOUS LABOURS, FORESIGHT, AND
+    CONSTANCY IN THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH AND COMMONWEALTH, AS AN
+    EDUCATOR, AS A MINISTER OF RELIGION, AS A STATESMAN, FORM AN
+    IMPORTANT PORTION OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF WESTERN CANADA. DURING
+    THIRTY-FIVE YEARS HE WAS RECTOR OF THIS CHURCH AND PARISH. IN
+    REMEMBRANCE OF HIM, THE CONGREGATION HAVE BEAUTIFIED THE CHANCEL
+    AND ERECTED THIS MEMORIAL. EASTER, 1870."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XI.
+
+  KING STREET: DIGRESSION NORTHWARD AT CHURCH STREET: THE OLD DISTRICT
+  GRAMMAR SCHOOL.
+
+
+Immediately north of the church plot, and separated from it by an
+allowance for a street, was a large field, almost square, containing six
+acres. In a plan of the date 1819, and signed "T. Ridout,
+Surveyor-General," this piece of ground is entitled "College Square."
+(In the same plan the church reservation is marked "Church Square;" and
+the block to the west, "Square for Court House and Jail.") The fact that
+the Jail was to be erected there accounts for the name "Newgate Street,"
+formerly borne by what is now Adelaide Street.
+
+In the early days, when the destined future was but faintly realized,
+"College Square" was probably expected to become in time, and to
+continue for ever, an ornamental piece of ground round an educational
+institution. The situation, in the outskirts of York, would be deemed
+convenient and airy.
+
+For many years this six-acre field was the play-ground of the District
+Grammar School. Through the middle of it, from north to south, passed a
+shallow "swale," where water collected after rains; and where in winter
+small frozen ponds afforded not bad sliding-places. In this moist
+region, numerous crayfish were to be found in summer. Their whereabouts
+was always indicated by small clay chimneys of a circular form, built by
+the curious little nipping creatures themselves, over holes for the
+admission of air.
+
+In different places in this large area were remains of huge pine-stumps,
+underneath the long roots of which it was an amusement to dig and form
+cellars or imaginary treasure-vaults and powder-magazines. About these
+relics of the forest still grew remains of the ordinary vegetation of
+such situations in the woods; especially an abundance of the
+sorrel-plant, the taste of which will be remembered, as being quite
+relishable. In other places were wide depressions showing where large
+trees had once stood. Here were no bad places, when the whim so was, to
+lie flat on the back and note the clouds in the blue vault over head;
+watch the swallows and house-martins when they came in spring; and
+listen to their quiet prattle with each other as they darted to and fro;
+sights and sounds still every year, at the proper season, to be seen and
+heard in the same neighbourhood, yielding to those who have an eye or
+ear for such matters a pleasure ever new; sights and sounds to this day
+annually resulting from the cheery movements and voices of the direct
+descendants, doubtless, of the identical specimens that flitted hither
+and thither over the play-ground of yore.
+
+White clover, with other herbage that commonly appears spontaneously in
+clearings, carpeted the whole of the six acres, with the exception of
+the places worn bare, where favourable spots had been found for the
+different games of ball in vogue--amongst which, however, cricket was
+not then in these parts included--except, perhaps, under a form most
+infantile and rudimentary. After falls of moist snow in winter, gigantic
+balls used here to be formed, gathering as they were rolled along, until
+by reason of their size and weight they could be urged forward no
+further: and snow castles on a large scale were laboriously built;
+destined to be defended or captured with immense displays of gallantry.
+Preparatory to such contest, piles of ammunition would be stored away
+within these structures. It was prohibited, indeed, in the articles to
+be observed in operations of attack and defence, to construct missiles
+of very wet snow; to dip a missile in melted snow-water prior to use; to
+subject a missile after a saturation of this kind, to the action of a
+night's frost; to secrete within the substance of a missile any foreign
+matter; yet, nevertheless, occasionally such acts were not refrained
+from; and wounds and bruises of an extra serious character, inflicted by
+hands that could not always be identified, caused loud and just
+complaints. Portions of the solid and extensive walls of the
+extemporized snow-fortresses were often conspicuous in the play-ground
+long after a thaw had removed the wintry look from the rest of the
+scene.
+
+The Building into which the usual denizens of the six-acre play-ground
+were constrained, during certain portions of each day, to withdraw
+themselves, was situated at a point 114 feet from its western, and 104
+from its southern boundary. It was a large frame structure, about
+fifty-five long, and forty wide; of two storeys; each of a respectable
+altitude. The gables faced east and west. On each side of the edifice
+were two rows of ordinary sash windows, five above, and five below. At
+the east end were four windows, two above, two below. At the west end
+were five windows and the entrance-door. The whole exterior of the
+building was painted of a bluish hue, with the exception of the window
+and door frames, which were white. Within, on the first floor, after the
+lobby, was a large square apartment. About three yards from each of its
+angles, a plain timber prop or post helped to sustain the ceiling. At
+about four feet from the floor, each of these quasi-pillars began to be
+chamfered off at its four angles. Filling up the south-east corner of
+the room was a small platform approached on three sides by a couple of
+steps. This sustained a solitary desk about eight feet long, its lower
+part cased over in front with thin deal boards, so as to shut off from
+view the nether extremities of whosoever might be sitting at it.
+
+On the general level of the floor below, along the whole length of the
+southern and northern sides of the chamber, were narrow desks set close
+against the wall, with benches arranged at their outer side. At right
+angles to these, and consequently running out, on each side into the
+apartment, stood a series of shorter desks, with double slopes, and
+benches placed on either side. Through the whole length of the room from
+west to east, between the ends of the two sets of cross benches, a wide
+space remained vacant. Every object and surface within this interior,
+were of the tawny hue which unpainted pine gradually assumes. Many were
+the gashes that had furtively been made in the ledges of the desks and
+on the exterior angles of the benches; many the ducts cut in the slopes
+of the desks for spilt ink or other fluid; many the small cell with
+sliding lid, for the incarceration of fly or spider; many the initials
+and dates carved here, and on other convenient surfaces, on the wainscot
+and the four posts.
+
+On the benches and at the desks enumerated and described, on either
+side, were ordinarily to be seen the figures and groups which usually
+fill up a school interior, all busily engaged in one or other of the
+many matters customary in the training and informing the minds of boys.
+Here, at one time, was to be heard, on every side, the mingled but
+subdued sound of voices conning or repeating tasks, answering and
+putting questions; at another time, the commotion arising out of a
+transposition of classes, or the breaking up of the whole assembly into
+a fresh set of classes; at another time, a hushed stillness preparatory
+to some expected allocution, or consequent on some rebuke or admonition.
+It was manifest, at a glance, that the whole scene was under the spell
+of a skilled disciplinarian.
+
+Here, again, the presiding genius of the place was Dr. Strachan. From a
+boy he had been in the successful discharge of the duties of a
+schoolmaster. At the early age of sixteen we find that he was in charge
+of a school at Carmyllie, with the grown-up sons of the neighbouring
+farmers, and of some of the neighbouring clergy, well under control. At
+that period he was still keeping his terms and attending lectures,
+during the winter months, at King's College, Aberdeen. Two years
+afterwards he obtained a slightly better appointment of the same kind at
+Denino, still pursuing his academical studies, gathering, as is evident
+from his own memoranda, a considerable knowledge of men and things, and
+forming friendships that proved life-long. Of his stay at Denino he
+says, in 1800: "The two years which I spent at Denino were, perhaps, as
+happy as any in my life; much more than any time since." "At Denino,"
+the same early document states, "I learned to think for myself. Dr.
+Brown [the parish-minister of the place, afterwards professor at
+Glasgow,] corrected many of my false notions. Thomas Duncan [afterwards
+a professor at St. Andrew's] taught me to use my reason and to employ
+the small share of penetration I possess in distinguishing truth from
+error. I began to extend my thoughts to abstract and general ideas; and
+to summon the author to the bar of my reason. I learned to discriminate
+between hypotheses and facts, and to separate the ebullitions of fancy
+from the deductions of reason. It is not to be supposed that I could or
+can do these things perfectly; but I began to apply my powers: my skill
+is still increasing."
+
+Then for two years more, and up to the moment of his bold determination
+to make trial of his fortunes in the new world beyond the seas, he is in
+charge of the parish-school of Kettle. We have before us a list of his
+school there, March the 22nd, 1798. The names amount to eighty-two.
+After each, certain initials are placed denoting disposition and
+capability, and the direction of any particular talent. Among these
+names are to be read that of D. Wilkie, afterwards the artist, and that
+of J. Barclay, afterwards the naval commander here on Lake Erie. We
+believe that Thomas Campbell, author of the Pleasures of Hope, was also
+for a time under his care.
+
+In the history of Dr. Strachan's educational labours in Canada, the
+school at York presents fewer points of interest than that at Cornwall,
+which is rendered illustrious by having had enrolled on its books so
+many names familiar in the annals of Upper Canada. Among the forty-two
+subscribers to an address accompanying a piece of Plate in 1833, there
+are Robinsons, and Macaulays, and McDonells, and McLeans, and Joneses,
+and Stantons, and Bethunes; a Jarvis, a Chewett, a Boulton, a
+Vankoughnet, a Smith of Kingston, an Anderson; with some others now less
+known.--So illustrative is that address of the skill and earnest care of
+the instructor on the one hand, and of the value set upon his efforts by
+his scholars, on the other, after the lapse of many years, that we are
+induced to give here a short extract from it.
+
+"Our young minds," the signers of the address in 1833 say, referring to
+their school-days in Cornwall--"our young minds received there an
+impression which has scarcely become fainter from time, of the deep and
+sincere interest which you took, not only in our advancement in learning
+and science, but in all that concerned our happiness or could affect our
+future prospects in life." To which Dr. Strachan replies by saying,
+among many other excellent things--"It has ever been my conviction that
+our scholars should be considered for the time our children; and that as
+parents we should study their peculiar dispositions, if we really wish
+to improve them; for if we feel not something of the tender relation of
+parents towards them, we cannot expect to be successful in their
+education. It was on this principle I attempted to proceed: strict
+justice tempered with parental kindness; and the present joyful meeting
+evinces its triumph: it treats the sentiments and feelings of scholars
+with proper consideration; and while it gives the heart and affections
+full freedom to shew themselves in filial gratitude on the one side, and
+fatherly affection, on the other, it proves that unsparing labour
+accompanied with continual anxiety for the learner's progress never
+fails to ensure success and to produce a friendship between master and
+scholar which time can never dissolve."
+
+Notwithstanding the greater glory of the school at Cornwall, (of which
+institution we may say, in passing, there is an engraving in the
+board-room of the Toronto Mechanics' Institute,) the lists of the school
+at York always presented a strong array of the old, well-known and even
+distinguished, Upper Canadian names. This will be seen by a perusal of
+the following document, which will also give an idea of the variety of
+matters to which attention was given in the school. The numerous family
+names which will at once be recognized, will require no comment.--The
+intervals between the calling up of each separate class for examination
+appear to have been very plentifully filled up with recitations and
+debates.
+
+"Order of examination of the Home District Grammar School [at York].
+Wednesday, 11th August, 1819. First Day. The Latin and Greek Classes.
+Euclid and Trigonometry. Thursday, 12th August. Second day. To commence
+at 10 o'clock. Prologue, by Robert Baldwin.--Reading Class.--George
+Strachan, _The Excellence of the Bible_. Thomas Ridout, _The Man of
+Ross_. James McDonell, _Liberty and Slavery_. St. George Baldwin, _The
+Sword_. William McMurray, _Soliloquy on Sleep_. Arithmetic Class--James
+Smith, _The Sporting Clergyman_. William Boulton, jun., _The Poets New
+Year's Gift_. Richard Oates, _Ode to Apollo_. Orville Cassell, _The
+Rose_. Book-keeping.--William Myers, _My Mother_. Francis Heward, _My
+Father_. George Dawson, _Lapland_.--First Grammar Class.--Second Grammar
+Class.--_Debate on the Slave Trade_. For the Abolition: Francis Ridout,
+John Fitzgerald, William Allan, George Boulton, Henry Heward, William
+Baldwin, John Ridout, John Doyle, James Strachan. Against the Abolition:
+Abraham Nelles, James Baby, James Doyle, Charles Heward, Allan McDonell,
+James Myers, Charles Ridout, William Boulton, Walker Smith.--First
+Geography Class.--Second Geography Class. James Dawson, _The Boy that
+told Lies_. James Bigelow, _The Vagrant_. Thomas Glassco, _The Parish
+Workhouse_. Edward Glennon, _The Apothecary_.--Natural History.--Debate
+by the Young Boys: _Sir William Strickland_, Charles Heward. _Lord
+Morpeth_, John Owens. _Lord Hervey_, John Ridout. _Mr. Plomer_, Raymond
+Baby. _Sir William Yonge_, John Fitzgerald. _Sir William Windham_, John
+Boulton. _Mr. Henry Pelham_, Henry Heward. _Mr. Bernard_, George
+Strachan. _Mr. Noel_, William Baldwin. _Mr. Shippen_, James Baby. _Sir
+Robert Walpole_, S. Givins and J. Doyle. _Mr. Horace Walpole_, James
+Myers. _Mr. Pulteney_, Charles Baby.--Civil History.--William Boulton,
+_The Patriot_. Francis Ridout, _The Grave of Sir John Moore_. Saltern
+Givins, _Great Britain_. John Boulton, _Eulogy on Mr. Pitt_. Warren
+Claus, _The Indian Warrior_. Charles Heward, _The Soldier's Dream_.
+William Boulton, _The Heroes of Waterloo_.--Catechism.--_Debate on the
+College at Calcutta_. Speakers: _Mr. Canning_, Robert Baldwin. _Sir
+Francis Baring_, John Doyle. _Mr. Wainwright_, Mark Burnham. _Mr.
+Thornton_, John Knott. _Sir D. Scott_, William Boulton. _Lord Eldon_,
+Warren Claus. _Sir S. Lawrence_, Allan Macaulay. _Lord Hawkesbury_,
+Abraham Nelles. _Lord Bathurst_, James McGill Strachan, _Sir Thomas
+Metcalf_, Walker Smith. _Lord Teignmouth_, Horace Ridout.--Religious
+Questions and Lectures.--James McGill Strachan, Anniversary of the York
+and Montreal Colleges anticipated for 1st January, 1822. Epilogue, by
+Horace Ridout."
+
+In the prologue pronounced by "Robert Baldwin," the administration of
+Hastings in India is eulogized:
+
+  "Her powerful Viceroy, Hastings, leads the way
+  For radiant Truth to gain imperial sway;
+  The arts and sciences, for ages lost,
+  Roused at his call, revisit Brahma's coast."
+
+Sir William Jones is also thus apostrophized, in connection with his
+"Asiatic Researches":
+
+  "Thy comprehensive genius soon explored
+  The learning vast which former times had stored."
+
+The Marquis of Wellesley is alluded to, and the college founded by him
+at Calcutta:
+
+  "At his command the splendid structures rise:
+  Around the Brahmins stand in vast surprise."
+
+The founding of a Seat of Learning in Calcutta suggests the necessity of
+a similar institution in Canada. A good beginning, it is said, had been
+here made in the way of lesser institutions: the prologue then proceeds:
+
+  "Yet much remains for some aspiring son,
+  Whose liberal soul from that, desires renown,
+  Which gains for Wellesley a lasting crown;
+  Some general structures in these wilds to rear,
+  Where every art and science may appear."
+
+Sir Peregrine Maitland, who probably was present, is told that he might
+in this manner immortalize his name:
+
+  "O Maitland blest! this proud distinction woos
+  Thy quick acceptance, back'd by every muse;
+  Those feelings, too, which joyful fancy knew
+  When learning's gems first opened to thy view,
+  Bid you to thousands smooth the thorny road,
+  Which leads to glorious Science's bright abode."
+
+"The Anniversary of York and Montreal Colleges anticipated" is a kind of
+Pindaric Ode to Gratitude: especially it is therein set forth that
+offerings of thankfulness are due to benevolent souls in Britain:
+
+  "For often there in pensive mood
+  They ponder deeply on the good
+  They may on Canada bestow--
+  And College Halls appear, and streams of learning flow!"
+
+The "Epilogue" to the day's performances is a humorous dissertation in
+doggrel verse on United States innovations in the English Language: a
+pupil of the school is supposed to complain of the conduct of the
+master:
+
+  "Between ourselves, and just to speak my mind,
+  In English Grammar, Master's much behind:
+  I speak the honest truth--I hate to dash--
+  He bounds our task by Murray, Lowth and Ashe.
+  I told him once that Abercrombie, moved
+  By genius deep had Murray's plan improved.
+  He frowned upon me, turning up his nose,
+  And said the man had ta'en a maddening dose.
+  Once in my theme I put the word _progress_--
+  He sentenced twenty lines, without redress;
+  Again for 'measure' I transcribed 'endeavour'--
+  And all the live-long day I lost his favour." &c, &c.
+
+At the examination of the District School on August 7th, 1816, a similar
+programme was provided.
+
+John Claus spoke the prologue on this occasion, and the following boys
+had parts assigned them in the proceedings. The names of some of them
+appear in the account for 1819, just given: John Skeldon, George
+Skeldon, Henry Mosley, John Doyle, Charles Heward, James Myers, John
+Ridout, Charles Ridout, John FitzGerald, John Mosley, Saltern Givins,
+James Sheehan, Henry Heward, Allan McDonell, William Allan, John
+Boulton, William Myers, James Bigelow, William Baldwin, St. George
+Baldwin, K. de Koven, John Knott, James Givins, Horace Ridout, William
+Lancaster, James Strachan, David McNab, John Harraway, Robert Baldwin,
+Henry Nelles, Warren Shaw, David Shaw, Daniel Murray.
+
+In 1816, Governor Gore was at the head of affairs. He is advised, in the
+Prologue spoken by John Claus, to distinguish himself by attention to
+the educational interests of the country: (The collocation of names at
+the end will excite a smile.)--
+
+  "O think what honour pure shall bless thy name
+  Beyond the fleeting voice of vulgar fame!
+  When kings and haughty victors cease to raise
+  The secret murmur and the venal praise,
+  Perhaps that name, when Europe's glories fade,
+  Shall often charm this Academic shade,
+  And bards exclaim on rough Ontario's shore,
+  We found a Wellesley and Jones in Gore!"
+
+We have ourselves a good personal recollection of the system of the
+school at York, and of the interest which it succeeded in awakening in
+the subjects taught. The custom of mutual questioning in classes, under
+the eye of the master, was well adapted to induce real research, and to
+impress facts on the mind when discovered.
+
+In the higher classes each lad in turn was required to furnish a set of
+questions to be put by himself to his class-fellows, on a given subject,
+with the understanding that he should be ready to set the answerer right
+should he prove wrong. And again: any lad who should be deemed competent
+was permitted to challenge another, or several others, to read or recite
+select rhetorical pieces: a memorandum of the challenge was recorded:
+and, at the time appointed, the contest came off, the class or the
+school deciding the superiority in each case, subject to the criticism
+or disallowance of the master.
+
+It will be seen from the matters embraced in the programme given above,
+that the object aimed at was a speedy and real preparation for actual
+life. The master, in this instance, was disembarrassed of the traditions
+which, at the period referred to, often rendered the education of a
+young man a cumbersome, unintelligent and tedious thing. The
+circumstances of his own youth had evidently led him to free himself
+from routine. He himself was an example, in addition to many another
+Scottish-trained man of eminence that might be named, of the early age
+at which a youth of good parts and sincere, enlightened purpose, may be
+prepared for the duties of actual life, when not caught in the
+constrictor-coils of custom, which, under the old English
+Public-School-system of sixty years since, used sometimes to torture
+parent and son for such a long series of years.
+
+Dr. Strachan's methods of instruction were productive, for others, of
+the results realized in his own case. His distinguished Cornwall pupils,
+were all, we believe, usefully and successfully engaged in the real work
+of life in very early manhood. "The time allowed in a new country like
+this," he said to his pupils at Cornwall in 1807, "is scarcely
+sufficient to sow the most necessary seed; very great progress is not
+therefore to be expected: if the principles are properly engrafted we
+have done well."
+
+In the same address his own mode of proceeding is thus dwelt upon: "In
+conducting your education, one of my principal objects has always been
+to fit you for discharging with credit the duties of any office to which
+you may hereafter be called. To accomplish this, it was necessary for
+you to be accustomed frequently to depend upon, and think for
+yourselves: accordingly I have always encouraged this disposition, which
+when preserved within due bounds, is one of the greatest benefits that
+can possibly be acquired. To enable you to think with advantage, I not
+only regulated your tasks in such a manner as to exercise your judgment,
+but extended your views beyond the meagre routine of study usually
+adopted in schools; for, in my opinion, several branches of science may
+be taught with advantage at a much earlier age than is generally
+supposed. We made a mystery of nothing: on the contrary, we entered
+minutely into every particular, and patiently explained by what
+progressive steps certain results were obtained. It has ever been my
+custom, before sending a class to their seats, to ask myself whether
+they had learned anything; and I was always exceedingly mortified if I
+had not the agreeable conviction that they had made some improvement.
+Let none of you, however, suppose that what you have learned here is
+sufficient; on the contrary, you are to remember that we have laid only
+the foundation. The superstructure must be laid by yourselves."
+
+Here is an account of his method of teaching Arithmetic, taken from the
+introduction to a little work on the subject, published by himself in
+1809: "I divide my pupils," he says, "into separate classes, according
+to their progress. Each class has one or more sums to produce every day,
+neatly wrought upon their slates: the work is carefully examined; after
+which I command every figure to be blotted out, and the sums to be
+wrought under my eye. The one whom I happen to pitch upon first, gives,
+with an audible voice, the rules and reasons for every step; and as he
+proceeds the rest silently work along with him, figure for figure, but
+ready to correct him if he blunder, that they may get his place. As soon
+as this one is finished, the work is again blotted out, and another
+called upon to work the question aloud as before, while the rest again
+proceed along with him in silence, and so on round the whole class. By
+this method the principles are fixed in the mind; and he must be a very
+dull boy indeed who does not understand every question thoroughly before
+he leaves it. This method of teaching Arithmetic possesses this
+important advantage, that it may be pursued without interrupting the
+pupil's progress in any other useful study. The same method of teaching
+Algebra has been used with equal success. Such a plan is certainly very
+laborious, but it will be found successful; and he that is anxious to
+spare labour ought not to be a public Teacher. When boys remain long
+enough, it has been my custom to teach them the theory, and give them a
+number of curious questions in Geography, Natural Philosophy and
+Astronomy, a specimen of which may be seen in the questions placed
+before the Appendix."
+
+The youths to be dealt with in early Canadian schools were not all of
+the meek, submissive species. With some of them occasionally a sharp
+regimen was necessary; and it was adopted without hesitation. On this
+point, the address just quoted, thus speaks: "One of the greatest
+advantages you have derived from your education here, arises from the
+strictness of our discipline. Those of you who have not already
+perceived how much your tranquillity depends upon the proper regulation
+of the temper, will soon be made sensible of it as you advance in years.
+You will find people who have never known what it is to be in habitual
+subjection to precept and just authority, breaking forth into violence
+and outrage on the most frivolous occasions. The passions of such
+persons, when once roused, soon become ungovernable; and that impatience
+of restraint, which they have been allowed to indulge, embitters the
+greatest portion of their lives. Accustomed to despise the barriers
+erected by reason, they rush forward to indulgence, without regarding
+the consequences. Hence arises much of that wretchedness and disorder to
+be met with in society. Now the discipline necessary to correct the
+impetuosity of the passions is often found nowhere but in well-regulated
+schools: for though it should be the first care of parents, they are too
+apt to be blinded by affection, and grant liberties to their children
+which reason disapproves. . . . . . That discipline therefore, which you
+have sometimes thought irksome will henceforth present itself in a very
+different light. It will appear the teacher of a habit of the greatest
+consequence in the regulation of your future conduct; and you will value
+it as the promoter of that decent and steady command of temper so very
+essential to happiness, and so useful in our intercourse with mankind."
+
+These remarks on discipline will be the more appreciated, when it is
+recollected that during the time of the early settlements in this
+country, the sons of even the most respectable families were brought
+into contact with semi-barbarous characters. A sporting ramble through
+the woods, a fishing excursion on the waters, could not be undertaken
+without communications with Indians and half-breeds and bad specimens of
+the French _voyageur_. It was from such sources that a certain idea was
+derived which, as we remember, was in great vogue among the more
+fractious of the lads at the school at York. The proposition circulated
+about, whenever anything went counter to their notions, alway was "to
+run away to the Nor'-west." What that process really involved, or where
+the "Nor'-west" precisely was, were things vaguely realized. A sort of
+savage "land of Cockaigne," a region of perfect freedom among the
+Indians, was imagined; and to reach it Lakes Huron and Superior were to
+be traversed.
+
+At Cornwall the temptation was in another direction: there, the idea was
+to escape to the eastward: to reach Montreal or Quebec, and get on board
+of an ocean-going ship, either a man-of-war or merchantman. The flight
+of several lads with such intentions was on one occasion intercepted by
+the unlooked-for appearance of the head-master by the side of the
+stage-coach as it was just about to start for Montreal in the dusk of
+the early morning, with the young truants in or upon it.
+
+As to the modes of discipline:--In the school at York--for minor
+indiscretions a variety of remedies prevailed. Now and then a lad would
+be seen standing at one of the posts above mentioned, with his jacket
+turned inside out: or he might be seen there in a kneeling posture for a
+certain number of minutes; or standing with the arm extended holding a
+book. An "ally" or apple brought out inopportunely into view, during the
+hours of work, might entail the exhibition, article by article, slowly
+and reluctantly, of all the contents of a pocket. Once we remember, the
+furtive but too audible twang of a jewsharp was followed by its owner's
+being obliged to mount on the top of a desk and perform there an air on
+the offending instrument for the benefit of the whole school.
+
+Occasionally the censors (senior boys appointed to help in keeping
+order) were sent to cut rods on Mr. McGill's property adjoining the
+play-ground on the north; but the dire implements were not often called
+into requisition: it would only be when some case of unusual obstinacy
+presented itself, or when some wanton cruelty, or some act or word
+exhibiting an unmistakable taint of incipient immorality, was proven.
+
+Once a year, before the breaking-up at midsummer, a "feast" was allowed
+in the school-room at York--a kind of pic-nic to which all that could,
+contributed in kind--pastry, and other dainties, as well as more
+substantial viands, of which all partook. It was sometimes a rather
+riotous affair.
+
+At the south-east corner of the six-acre play-ground, about half-an-acre
+had been abstracted, as it were, and enclosed: here a public school had
+been built and put in operation: it was known as the Central School, and
+was what would now be called a Common School, conducted on the "Bell and
+Lancaster" principle. Large numbers frequented it.
+
+Between the lads attending the Central School, and the boys of the
+Grammar School, difficulties of course arose: and on many occasions
+feats of arms, accompanied with considerable risk to life and limb, were
+performed on both sides, with sticks and stones. Youngsters, ambitious
+of a character of extra daring, had thus an opportunity of
+distinguishing themselves in the eyes of their less courageous
+companions. The same would-be heroes had many stories to tell of the
+perils to which they were exposed in their way to and from school. Those
+of them who came from the western part of the town, had, according to
+their own shewing, mortal enemies in the men of Ketchum's tannery, with
+whom it was necessary occasionally to have an encounter. While those
+who lived to the east of the school, narrated, in response, the attacks
+experienced or delivered by themselves, in passing Shaw's or Hugill's
+brewery.
+
+Mr. Spragge, the master of the Central School, had enjoyed the superior
+advantage of a regular training in England as an instructor of the
+young. Though not in Holy Orders, his air and costume were those of the
+dignified clergyman. Of the Central School, the words of Shenstone,
+spoken of a kindred establishment, became, in one point at all events,
+true to the letter:--
+
+  "E'en now sagacious foresight points to shew
+     A little bench of bishops here,--
+   And there, a chancellor in embryo,
+     Or bard sublime."
+
+A son of Mr. Spragge's became, in 1870, the Chancellor of Ontario, or
+Western Canada, after rising with distinction through the several grades
+of the legal profession, and filling previously also the post of
+Vice-Chancellor. Mr. John Godfrey Spragge, who attained to this
+eminence, and his brothers, Joseph and William, were likewise pupils in
+their maturer years, in the adjoining more imposing Royal Grammar or
+Home District School.
+
+Mr. Spragge's predecessor at the Central School was Mr. Appleton,
+mentioned in a preceding section; and Mr. Appleton's assistant for a
+time, was Mr. John Fenton.
+
+Across the road from the play-ground at York, on the south side,
+eastward of the church-plot, there was a row of dilapidated wooden
+buildings, inhabited for the most part by a thriftless and noisy set of
+people. This group of houses was known in the school as "Irish-town;"
+and "to raise Irish-town," meant to direct a snowball or other light
+missive over the play-ground fence, in that direction. Such act was not
+unfrequently followed by an invasion of the Field from the insulted
+quarter. Some wide chinks, established in one place here between the
+boards, which ran lengthwise, enabled any one so inclined, to get over
+the fence readily. We once saw two men, who had quarrelled in one of the
+buildings of Irish-town, adjourn from over the road to the play-ground,
+accompanied by a few approving friends, and there, after stripping to
+the skin, have a regular fight with fists: after some rounds, a number
+of men and women interfered and induced the combatants to return to the
+house whence they had issued forth for the settlement of their dispute.
+
+The Parliamentary Debates, of which mention has more than once been made
+in connection with the District School, took place, on ordinary
+occasions, in the central part of the school-room; where benches used to
+be set out opposite to each other, for the temporary accommodation of
+the speakers. These exercises consisted simply of a memoriter
+repetition, with some action, of speeches, slightly abridged, which had
+actually been delivered in a real debate on the floor of the House of
+Commons. But they served to familiarize Canadian lads with the names and
+characters of the great statesmen of England, and with what was to be
+said on both sides of several important public questions; they also
+probably awakened in many a young spirit an ambition, afterwards
+gratified, of being distinguished as a legislator in earnest.
+
+On public days the Debates were held up-stairs on a platform at the east
+end of a long room with a partially vaulted ceiling, on the south side
+of the building. On this platform the public recitations also took
+place; and here on some of the anniversaries a drama by Milman or Hannah
+Moore was enacted. Here we ourselves took part in one of the hymns or
+choruses of the "Martyr of Antioch."
+
+(Other reminiscences of Dr. Strachan, the District Grammar School, and
+Toronto generally, are embodied in "The First Bishop of Toronto, a
+Review and a Study," a small work published by the writer in 1868.)
+
+The immediate successor of Dr. Strachan in the school was Mr. Samuel
+Armour, a graduate of Glasgow, whose profile resembled that of Cicero,
+as shewn in some engravings. Being fond of sporting, his excitement was
+great when the flocks of wild pigeons were passing over the town, and
+the report of fire-arms in all directions was to be heard. During the
+hours of school his attention, on these occasions, would be much drawn
+off from the class-subjects.
+
+In those days there was not a plentiful supply in the town of every book
+wanted in the school. The only copy that could be procured of a
+"Eutropius," which we ourselves on a particular occasion required, was
+one with an English translation at the end. The book was bought, Mr.
+Armour stipulating that the English portion of the volume should be sewn
+up; in fact, he himself stitched the leaves together.--In Mr. Armour's
+time there was, for some reason now forgotten, a barring-out. A pile of
+heavy wood (sticks of cordwood whole used then to be thrust into the
+great school-room stove) was built against the door within; and the
+master had to effect, and did effect, an entrance into his school
+through a window on the north side. Mr. Armour became afterwards a
+clergyman of the English Church, and officiated for many years in the
+township of Cavan.
+
+The master who succeeded Mr. Armour was Dr. Phillips, who came out from
+England to take charge of the school. He had been previously master of a
+school at Whitchurch, in Herefordshire. His degree was from Cambridge,
+where he graduated as a B. A. of Queen's in the year 1805. He was a
+venerable-looking man--the very ideal, outwardly, of an English country
+parson of an old type--a figure in the general scene, that would have
+been taken note of congenially by Fuller or Antony a Wood. The costume
+in which he always appeared (shovel-hat included), was that usually
+assumed by the senior clergy some years ago. He also wore powder in the
+hair except when in mourning. According to the standards of the day, Dr.
+Phillips was an accomplished scholar, and a good reader and writer of
+English. He introduced into the school at York the English public-school
+traditions of the strictest type. His text books were those published
+and used at Eton, as Eton then was. The Eton Latin Grammar, without note
+or comment, displaced" Ruddiman's Rudiments"--the book to which we had
+previously been accustomed, and which really did give hints of something
+rational underlying what we learnt out of it. Even the Eton Greek
+Grammar, in its purely mediaeval untranslated state, made its appearance:
+it was through the medium of that very uninviting manual that we
+obtained our earliest acquaintance with the first elements of the Greek
+tongue. Our "Palaephatus" and other Extracts in the _Graeca Minora_ were
+translated by us, not into English, but into Latin, in which language
+all the notes and elucidations of difficulties in that book were given.
+Very many of the Greek "genitives absolute," we remember, were to be
+rendered by _quum_, with a subjunctive pluperfect--an enormous mystery
+to us at the time. Our Lexicon was _Schrevelius_, as yet un-Englished.
+For the Greek Testament we had "Dawson," a vocabulary couched in the
+Latin tongue, notwithstanding the author's name. The chevaux-de-frise
+set up across the pathways to knowledge were numerous and most
+forbidding. The Latin translation, line for line, at the end of Clarke's
+Homer, as also the _Ordo_ in the Delphin classics, were held to be
+mischievous aids, but the help was slight that could be derived from
+them, as the Latin language itself was not yet grasped.
+
+For whatever of the anomalous we moderns may observe in all this, let
+the good old traditional school-system of England be responsible--not
+the accomplished and benevolent man who transplanted the system, pure
+and simple, to Canadian ground. For ourselves: in one point of view, we
+deem it a piece of singular good fortune to have been subjected for a
+time to this sort of drill; for it has enabled us to enter with more
+intelligence into the discussions on English education that have marked
+the era in which we live. Without this morsel of experience we should
+have known only by vague report what it was the reviewers and essayists
+of England were aiming their fulminations against.
+
+Our early recollections in this regard, we treasure up now among our
+mental curiosities, with thankfulness: just as we treasure up our
+memories of the few years which, in the days of our youth, we had an
+opportunity of passing in the old father-land, while yet mail coaches
+and guards and genuine coachmen were extant there; while yet the
+time-honoured watchman was to be heard patrolling the streets at night
+and calling the hours. Deprived of this personal experience, how tamely
+would have read "School-days at Rugby," for example, or "The Scouring of
+the White Horse," and many another healthy classic in recent English
+literature--to say nothing of "The Sketch Book," and earlier pieces,
+which involve numerous allusions to these now vanished entities!
+
+Moreover, we found that our boyish initiation in the Eton formularies,
+however little they may have contributed to the intellectual furniture
+of the mind at an early period, had the effect of putting us _en
+rapport_, in one relation at all events, with a large class in the old
+country. We found that the stock quotations and scraps of Latin employed
+to give an air of learning to discourse, "to point a moral and adorn a
+tale," among the country-clergy of England and among members of
+Parliament of the ante-Reform-bill period, were mostly relics of
+school-boy lore derived from Eton books. Fragments of the _As in
+praesenti_, of the _Propria quae maribus_; shreds from the Syntax, as _Vir
+bonus est quis_, _Ingenuas didicisse_, and a score more, were instantly
+recognized, and constituted a kind of talismanic mode of communication,
+making the quoter and the hearer, to some extent, akin.
+
+Furthermore; in regard to our honoured and beloved master, Dr. Phillips
+himself; there is this advantage to be named as enjoyed by those whose
+lot it was, in this new region, to pass a portion of their impressible
+youth in the society of such a character: it furnished them with a
+visible concrete illustration of much that otherwise would have been a
+vague abstraction in the pictures of English society set before the
+fancy in the _Spectator_, for instance, or Boswell's _Johnson_, and
+other standard literary productions of a century ago. As it is, we doubt
+not that the experience of many of our Canadian coevals corresponds with
+our own. Whenever we read of the good Vicar of Wakefield, or of any
+similar personage; when in the biography of some distinguished man, a
+kind-hearted old clerical tutor comes upon the scene, or one moulded to
+be a college-fellow, or one that had actually been a college-fellow,
+carrying about with him, when down in the country the tastes and ideas
+of the academic cloister--it is the figure of Dr. Phillips that rises
+before the mental vision. And without doubt he was no bad embodiment of
+the class of English character just alluded to.--He was thoroughly
+English in his predilections and tone; and he unconsciously left on our
+plastic selves traces of his own temperament and style.
+
+It was from Dr. Phillips we received our first impressions of Cambridge
+life; of its outer form, at all events; of its traditions and customs;
+of the Acts and Opponencies in its Schools, and other quaint
+formalities, still in use in our own undergraduate day, but now
+abolished: from him we first heard of Trumpington, and St. Mary's, and
+the Gogmagogs; of Lady Margaret and the cloisters at Queen's; of the
+wooden bridge and Erasmus' walk in the gardens of that college; and of
+many another storied object and spot, afterwards very familiar.
+
+A manuscript Journal of a Johnsonian cast kept by Dr. Phillips, when a
+youth, during a tour of his on foot in Wales, lent to us for perusal,
+marks an era in our early experience, awakening in us, as it did, our
+first inklings of travel. The excursion described was a trifling one in
+itself--only from Whitchurch, in Herefordshire, across the Severn into
+Wales--but to the unsophisticated fancy of a boy it was invested with a
+peculiar charm; and it led, we think, in our own case, to many an
+ambitious ramble, in after years, among cities and men.--In the time of
+Dr. Phillips there was put up, by subscription, across the whole of the
+western end of the school-house, over the door, a rough lean-to, of
+considerable dimensions. A large covered space was thus provided for
+purposes of recreation in bad weather. This room is memorable as being
+associated with our first acquaintance with the term "Gymnasium:" that
+was the title which we were directed to give it.--There is extant, we
+believe, a good portrait in oil of Dr. Phillips.
+
+It was stated above that Cricket was not known in the playground of the
+District Grammar School, except possibly under the mildest of forms.
+Nevertheless, one, afterwards greatly distinguished in the local annals
+of Cricket, was long a master in the School.
+
+Mr. George Antony Barber accompanied Dr. Phillips to York in 1825, as
+his principal assistant, and continued to be associated with him in that
+capacity. Nearly half a century later than 1826, when Cricket had now
+become a social institution throughout Western Canada, Mr. Barber, who
+had been among the first to give enthusiastic encouragement to the manly
+English game, was the highest living local authority on the subject, and
+still an occasional participator in the sport.
+
+We here close our notice of the Old Blue School at York. In many a
+brain, from time to time, the mention of its name has exercised a spell
+like that of Wendell Holmes's _Mare Rubrum_; as potent as that was, to
+summon up memories and shapes from the Red Sea of the Past--
+
+  "Where clad in burning robes are laid
+    Life's blossomed joys untimely shed,
+  And where those cherish'd forms are laid
+    We miss awhile, and call them dead."
+
+The building itself has been shifted bodily from its original position
+to the south-east corner of Stanley and Jarvis Street. It, the centre of
+so many associations, is degraded now into being a depot for "General
+Stock;" in other words, a receptacle for Rags and Old Iron.
+
+The six acres of play-ground are thickly built over. A thoroughfare of
+ill-repute traverses it from west to east. This street was at first
+called March Street; and under that appellation acquired an evil report.
+It was hoped that a nobler designation would perhaps elevate the
+character of the place, as the name "Milton Street" had helped to do for
+the ignoble Grub Street in London. But the purlieus of the neighbourhood
+continue, unhappily, to be the Alsatia of the town. The filling up of
+the old breezy field with dwellings, for the most part of a wretched
+class, has driven "the schoolmaster" away from the region. His return
+to the locality, in some good missionary sense, is much to be wished;
+and after a time, will probably be an accomplished fact.
+
+[Since these lines were written, the old District Grammar School
+building has wholly vanished. It will be consolatory to know that,
+escaping destruction by fire, it was deliberately dismantled and taken
+to pieces; and, at once, walls of substantial brick overspread the whole
+of the space which it had occupied.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XII.
+
+  KING STREET FROM CHURCH STREET TO GEORGE STREET.
+
+
+We were arrested in our progress on King Street by St. James' Church.
+Its associations, and those of the District Grammar School and its
+play-ground to the north, have detained us long. We now return to the
+point reached when our recollections compelled us to digress.
+
+Before proceeding, however, we must record the fact that the break in
+the line of building on the north side of the street here, was the means
+of checking the tide of fire which was rolling irresistibly westward, in
+the great conflagration of 1849. The energies of the local fire-brigade
+of the day had never been so taxed as they were on that memorable
+occasion, Aid from steam-power was then undreamt-of. Simultaneous
+outbursts of flame from numerous widely-separated spots had utterly
+disheartened every one, and had caused a general abandonment of effort
+to quell the conflagration. Then it was that the open space about St.
+James' Church saved much of the town from destruction.
+
+To the west, the whole sky was, as it were, a vast canopy of meteors
+streaming from the east. The church itself was consumed, but the flames
+advanced no further. A burning shingle was seen to become entangled in
+the luffer-boards of the belfry, and slowly to ignite the woodwork
+there: from a very minute start at that point, a stream of fire soon
+began to rise--soon began to twine itself about the upper stages of the
+tower, and to climb nimbly up the steep slope of the spire, from the
+summit of which it then shot aloft into the air, speedily enveloping and
+overtopping the golden cross that was there.
+
+At the same time the flames made their way downwards within the tower,
+till the internal timbers of the roofing over the main body of the
+building were reached. There, in the natural order of things, the fire
+readily spread; and the whole interior of the church, in the course of
+an hour, was transformed, before the eyes of a bewildered multitude
+looking powerlessly on, first into a vast "burning fiery furnace," and
+then, as the roof collapsed and fell, into a confused chaos of raging
+flame.
+
+The heavy gilt cross at the apex of the spire came down with a crash,
+and planted itself in the pavement of the principal entrance below,
+where the steps, as well as the inner-walls of the base of the tower,
+were bespattered far and wide with the molten metal of the great bell.
+
+While the work of destruction was going fiercely and irrepressibly on,
+the Public Clock in the belfry, Mr. Draper's gift to the town, was heard
+to strike the hour as usual, and the quarters thrice--exercising its
+functions and having its appointed say, amidst the sympathies, not loud
+but deep, of those who watched its doom; bearing its testimony, like a
+martyr at the stake, in calm and unimpassioned strain, up to the very
+moment of time when the deadly element touched its vitals.
+
+Opposite the southern portal of St. James' Church was to be seen, at a
+very early period, the conspicuous trade-sign of a well-known furrier of
+York, Mr. Joseph Rogers. It was the figure of an Indian Trapper holding
+a gun, and accompanied by a dog, all depicted in their proper colours on
+a high, upright tablet set over the doorway of the store below. Besides
+being an appropriate symbol of the business carried on, it was always an
+interesting reminder of the time, then not so very remote, when all of
+York, or Toronto, and its commerce that existed, was the old French
+trading-post on the common to the west, and a few native hunters of the
+woods congregating with their packs of "beaver" once or twice a-year
+about the entrance to its picketted enclosure. Other rather early
+dealers in furs in York were Mr. Jared Stocking and Mr. John Bastedo.
+
+In the _Gazette_ for April 25, 1822, we notice a somewhat pretentious
+advertisement, headed "Muskrats," which announces that the highest
+market price will be given in cash for "good seasonable muskrat skins
+and other furs at the store of Robert Coleman, Esquire, Market Place,
+York."
+
+Mr. Rogers' descendants continue to occupy the identical site on King
+Street indicated above, and the Indian Trapper, renovated, is still to
+be seen--a pleasant instance of Canadian persistence and stability.
+
+In Great Britain and Europe generally, the thoroughfares of ancient
+towns had, as we know, character and variety given them by the
+trade-symbols displayed up and down their misty vistas. Charles the
+First gave, by letters patent, express permission to the citizens of
+London "to expose and hang in and over the streets, and ways, and alleys
+of the said city and suburbs of the same, signs and posts of signs,
+affixed to their houses and shops, for the better finding out such
+citizens' dwellings, shops, arts, and occupations, without impediment,
+molestation or interruption of his heirs or successors." And the
+practice was in vogue long before the time of Charles. It preceded the
+custom of distinguishing houses by numbers. At periods when the
+population generally were unable to read, such rude appeals to the eye
+had, of course, their use. But as education spread, and architecture of
+a modern style came to be preferred, this mode of indicating "arts and
+occupations" grew out of fashion.
+
+Of late, however, the pressure of competition in business has been
+driving men back again upon the customs of by-gone illiterate
+generations. For the purpose of establishing a distinct individuality in
+the public mind the most capricious freaks are played. The streets of
+the modern Toronto exhibit, we believe, two leonine specimens of
+auro-ligneous zoology, between which the sex is announced to constitute
+the difference. The lack of such clear distinction between a pair of
+glittering symbols of this genus and species, in our Canadian London,
+was the occasion of much grave consideration in 1867, on the part of the
+highest authority in our Court of Chancery. Although in that _cause
+celebre_, after a careful physiognomical study by means of photographs
+transmitted, it was allowed that there _were_ points of difference
+between the two specimens in question, as, for example, that "one looked
+older than the other;" that "one, from the sorrowful expression of its
+countenance, seemed more resigned to its position than the other"--still
+the decree was issued for the removal of one of them from the
+scene--very properly the later-carved of the two.
+
+Of the ordinary trade-signs that were to be seen along the thoroughfare
+of King Street no particular notice need be taken. The Pestle and
+Mortar, the Pole twined round with the black strap, the Crowned Boot,
+the Tea-chest, the Axe, the Broad-axe, the Saw, (mill, cross-cut and
+circular), the colossal Fowling-piece, the Cooking-stove, the Plough,
+the Golden Fleece, the Anvil and Sledge-Hammer, the magnified
+Horse-Shoe, each told its own story, as indicating indispensable wares
+or occupations.
+
+Passing eastward from the painted effigy of the Indian Trapper, we soon
+came in front of the Market Place, which, so long as only a low wooden
+building occupied its centre, had an open, airy appearance. We have
+already dwelt upon some of the occurrences, and associations connected
+with this spot.
+
+On King street, about here, the ordinary trade and traffic of the place
+came, after a few years, to be concentrated. Here business and bustle
+were every day, more or less, created by the usual wants of the
+inhabitants, and by the wants of the country farmers whose waggons in
+summer, and sleighs in winter, thronged in from the north, east and
+west. And hereabout at one moment or another, every lawful day, would be
+surely seen, coming and going, the oddities and street-characters of the
+town and neighbourhood. Having devoted some space to the leading and
+prominent personages of our drama, it will be only proper to bestow a
+few words on the subordinates, the Calibans and Gobbos, the Nyms and
+Touchstones, of the piece.
+
+From the various nationalities and races of which the community was a
+mixture, these were drawn. There was James O'Hara, for example, a poor
+humourous Irishman, a perfect representative of his class in costume,
+style and manner, employed as bellman at auctions, and so on. When the
+town was visited by the Papyrotomia--travelling cutters-out of
+likenesses in black paper (some years ago such things created a
+sensation),--a full-length of O'Hara was suspended at the entrance to
+the rooms, recognized at once by every eye, even without the aid of the
+"Shoot easy" inscribed on a label issuing from the mouth. (In the
+_Loyalist_ of Nov. 24, 1827, we have O'Hara's death noted. "Died on
+Friday the 16th instant, James O'Hara, long an inhabitant of this Town,
+and formerly a soldier in His Majesty's service.")--There was Jock
+Murray, the Scotch carter; and after him, William Pettit, the English
+one; and the carter who drove the horse with the "spring-halt;" (every
+school-lad in the place was familiar with the peculiar twitch upwards of
+the near hind leg in the gait of this nag.)
+
+The negro population was small. Every individual of colour was
+recognizable at sight. Black Joe and Whistling Jack were two
+notabilities; both of them negroes of African birth. In military bands a
+negro drummer or cymbal-player was formerly often to be seen. The two
+men just named, after obtaining discharge from a regiment here, gained
+an honest livelihood by chance employment about the town. Joe, a
+well-formed, well-trained figure, was to be seen, still arrayed in some
+old cast-off shell-jacket, acting as porter, or engaged about horses;
+once already we have had a glimpse of him in the capacity of sheriff's
+assistant, administering the lash to wretched culprits in the Market
+Place. The other, besides playing other parts, officiated occasionally
+as a sweep; but his most memorable accomplishment was a melodious and
+powerful style of whistling musical airs, and a faculty for imitating
+the bag-pipes to perfection.--For the romantic sound of the name, the
+tall, comely negress, Amy Pompadour, should also be mentioned in the
+record. But she was of servile descent: at the time at which we write
+slavery was only just dying out in Upper Canada, as we shall have
+occasion to note hereafter more at large.
+
+Then came the "Jack of Clubs." Lord Thurlow, we are told, once enabled a
+stranger to single out in a crowd Dunning, afterwards Lord Ashburton, by
+telling him to take notice of the first man he saw bearing a strong
+resemblance to the "Jack of Clubs." In the present case it was a worthy
+trader in provisions who had acquired among his fellow-townsmen a
+sobriquet from a supposed likeness to that sturdy court-card figure. He
+was a short, burly Englishman, whose place of business was just opposite
+the entrance to the Market. So absolutely did the epithet attach itself
+to him, that late-comers to the place failed to learn his real name: all
+which was good-humouredly borne for a time; but at last the distinction
+became burdensome and irritating, and Mr. Stafford removed in disgust to
+New York.
+
+A well-known character often to be seen about here, too, was an
+unfortunate English farmer of the name of Cowper, of disordered
+intellect, whose peculiarity was a desire to station himself in the
+middle of the roadway, and from that vantage-ground to harangue any
+crowd that might gather, incoherently, but always with a great show of
+sly drollery and mirthfulness.
+
+On occasions of militia funeral processions, observant lads and others
+were always on the look-out for a certain prosperous cordwainer of the
+town of York, Mr. Wilson, who was sure then to be seen marching in the
+ranks, with musket reversed, and displaying with great precision and
+solemnity the extra-upright carriage and genuine toe-pointed step of the
+soldier of the days of George the Second. He had been for sixteen years
+in the 41st regiment, and ten years and forty-four days in the 103rd;
+and it was with pride and gusto that he exhibited the high proficiency
+to which he had in other days attained. The slow pace required by the
+Dead March gave the on-looker time to study the antique style of
+military movement thus exemplified.
+
+It was at a comparatively late period that Sir John Smythe and Spencer
+Lydstone, poets, were notabilities in the streets; the latter, Mr.
+Lydstone, recognizable from afar by a scarlet vest, brought out, ever
+and anon, a printed broadside, filled with eulogiums or satires on the
+inhabitants of the town, regulated by fees or refusals received. The
+former, Sir John Smythe, found in the public papers a place for his
+productions, which by their syntactical irregularities and freedom from
+marks of punctuation, proved their author (as a reviewer of the day once
+observed) to be a man _supra grammaticam_, and one possessed of a genius
+above commas. But his great hobby was a railway to the Pacific, in
+connection with which he brought out a lithographed map: its peculiarity
+was a straight black line conspicuously drawn across the continent from
+Fort William to the mouth of the Columbia river.
+
+In a tract of his on the subject of this railway he provides, in the
+case of war with the United States, for steam communication between
+London in England and China and the East Indies, by "a branch to run on
+the north side of the township of Cavan and on the south side of Balsam
+Lake." "I propose this," he says, "to run in the rear of Lake Huron and
+in the rear of Lake Superior, twenty miles in the interior of the
+country of the Lake aforesaid; to unite with the railroad from Lake
+Superior to Winnipeg, at the south-west main trading-post of the
+North-West Company." The document is signed "Sir John Smythe, Baronet
+and Royal Engineer, Canadian Poet, LL.D., and Moral Philosopher."
+
+The concourse of traffickers and idlers in the open space before the old
+Market Place were free of tongue; they sometimes talked, in no subdued
+tone, of their fellow-townsfolk of all ranks. In a small community every
+one was more or less acquainted with every one, with his dealings and
+appurtenances, with his man-servant and maid-servant, his horse, his
+dog, his waggon, cart or barrow.
+
+Those of the primitive residentiaries, to whom the commonalty had taken
+kindly, were honoured in ordinary speech with their militia-titles of
+Colonel, Major, Captain, or the civilian prefix of Mister, Honourable
+Mister, Squire or Judge, as the case might be; whilst others, not held
+to have achieved any special claims to deference, were named, even in
+mature years, by their plain, baptismal names, John, Andrew, Duncan,
+George, and so on.
+
+And then, there was a third marking-off of a few, against whom, for some
+vague reason or another, there had grown up in the popular mind a
+certain degree of prejudice. These, by a curtailment or national
+corruption of their proper prenomen, would be ordinarily styled Sandy
+this, Jock that. In some instances the epithet "old" would irreverently
+precede, and persons of considerable eminence might be heard spoken of
+as old Tom so-and-so, old Sam such-a-one.
+
+And similarly in respect to the sons and nephews of these worthy
+gentlemen. Had the community never been replenished from outside
+sources, few of them would, to the latest moment of their lives, have
+ever been distinguished except by the plain John, Stephen, Allan,
+Christopher, and so on, of their infancy, or by the Bill, Harry, Alec,
+Mac, Dolph, Dick, or Bob, acquired in the nursery or school.
+
+But enough has been said, for the present at least, on the humors and
+ways of our secondary characters, as exemplified in the crowd
+customarily gathered in front of the old Market at York. We shall now
+proceed on our prescribed route.
+
+The lane leading northward from the north-west corner of Market Square
+used to be known as Stuart's Lane, from the Rev. George Okill Stuart,
+once owner of property here. On its west side was a well-known inn, the
+Farmers' Arms, kept by Mr. Bloor, who, on retiring from business, took
+up his abode at Yorkville, where it has curiously happened that his name
+has been attached to a fashionable street, the thoroughfare formerly
+known as the Concession Line.
+
+The street running north from the north-east angle of Market Square, now
+known as Nelson Street, was originally New Street, a name which was
+commemorative of the growth of York westward. The terminal street of the
+town on the west, prior to the opening of this New Street, had been
+George Street. The name of "New Street" should never have been changed,
+even for the heroic one of Nelson. As the years rolled on, it would have
+become a quaint misnomer, involving a tale, like the name of "New
+College" at Oxford--a College about five hundred years old.
+
+At a point about half-way between New Street and George Street, King
+Street was, in 1849, the scene of an election _fracas_ which, in distant
+quarters, damaged for a time the good name of the town. While passing in
+front of the Coleraine House, an inn on the north side of the street,
+and a rendezvous of the unsuccessful party, some persons walking in
+procession, in addition to indulging in the usual harmless groans, flung
+a missile into the house, when a shot, fired from one of the windows,
+killed a man in the concourse below.
+
+Owing to the happy settlement of numerous irritating public questions,
+elections are conducted now, in our towns and throughout our Provinces,
+in a calm and rational temper for the most part. Only two relics of evil
+and ignorant days remain amongst us, stirring bad blood twice a year, on
+anniversaries consecrated, or otherwise, to the object. A
+generous-hearted nation, transplanted as they have been almost _en
+masse_ to a new continent, where prosperity, wealth and honours have
+everywhere been their portion, would shew more wisdom in the repudiation
+than they do in the recognition and studied conservation, of these
+hateful heirlooms of their race.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XIII.
+
+  KING STREET--DIGRESSION INTO DUKE STREET.
+
+
+On passing George Street, as we intimated a moment ago, we enter the
+parallelogram which constituted the original town-plot. Its boundaries
+were George Street, Duchess Street, Ontario Street (with the lane south
+of it), and Palace Street. From this, its old core, York spread westward
+and northward, extending at length in those directions respectively
+(under the name of Toronto) to the Asylum and Yorkville; while eastward
+its developments--though here less solid and less shapely--were finally
+bounded by the windings of the Don. Were Toronto an old town on the
+European Continent, George Street, Duchess Street, Ontario Street and
+Palace Street, would probably now be boulevards, showing the space once
+occupied by stout stone walls. The parallelogram just defined represents
+"the City" in modern London, or "la Cite" in modern Paris--the original
+nucleus round which gradually clustered the dwellings of later
+generations.
+
+Before, however, we enter upon what may be styled King Street proper, it
+will be convenient to make a momentary digression northwards into Duke
+Street, anciently a quiet, retired thoroughfare, skirted on the right
+and left by the premises and grounds and houses of several most
+respectable inhabitants. At the north-west angle of the intersection of
+this street with George Street was the home of Mr. Washburn; but this
+was comparatively a recent erection. Its site previously had been the
+brickyard of Henry Hale, a builder and contractor, who put up the wooden
+structure, possessing some architectural pretensions, on the south-east
+angle of the same intersection, diagonally across; occupied in the
+second instance by Mr. Moore, of the Commissariat; then by Dr. Lee, and
+afterwards by Mr. J. Murchison.
+
+(The last named was for a long time the Stultz of York, supplying all
+those of its citizens, young and old, who desired to make an attractive
+or intensely respectable appearance, with vestments in fine broadcloth.)
+
+A little to the north, on the left side of George Street, was the famous
+Ladies' School of Mrs. Goodman, presided over subsequently by Miss
+Purcell and Miss Rose. This had been previously the homestead of Mr.
+Stephen Jarvis, of whom again immediately.--Two or three of these
+familiar names appear in an advertisement relating to land in this
+neighbourhood, in the _Gazette_ of March 23rd, 1826.--"For Sale: Three
+lots or parcels of land in the town of York, the property of Mrs.
+Goodman, being part of the premises on which Miss Purcell now resides,
+and formerly owned by Col. Jarvis. The lots are each fifty feet in width
+and one hundred and thirty in depth, and front on the street running
+from King Street to Mr. Jarvis's Park lot. If not disposed of by private
+sale, they will be put up at auction on the first day of May next.
+Application to be made to Miss Purcell, or at the Office of the _U. C.
+Gazette_. York, March 10, 1826."
+
+Advancing on Duke Street eastward a little way, we came, on the left, to
+the abode of Chief Justice Sir William Campbell, of whom before Sir
+William erected here in 1822 a mansion of brick, in good style. It was
+subsequently, for many years, the hospitable home of the Hon. James
+Gordon, formerly of Amherstburgh.
+
+Then on the right, one square beyond, at the south-easterly corner where
+Caroline Street intersects, we reached the house of Mr. Secretary
+Jarvis, a man of great note in his day, whose name is familiar to all
+who have occasion to examine the archives of Upper Canada in the
+administrations of Governors Simcoe, Hunter and Gore. A fine portrait of
+him exists, but, as we have been informed, it has been transmitted to
+relatives in England. Mr. Stephen Jarvis, above named, was long the
+Registrar of Upper Canada. His hand-writing is well-known to all holders
+of early deeds. He and the Secretary were first cousins; of the same
+stock as the well-known Bishop Jarvis of Connecticut, and the Church
+Historian, Dr. Samuel Farmer Jarvis. Both were officers in incorporated
+Colonial regiments before the independence of the United States; and
+both came to Canada as United Empire Loyalists. Mr. Stephen Jarvis was
+the founder of the leading Canadian family to which the first Sheriff
+Jarvis belonged. Mr. Samuel Peters Jarvis, from whom "Jarvis Street" has
+its name, was the son of Mr. Secretary Jarvis.
+
+On the left, one square beyond the abode of Mr. Secretary Jarvis, came
+the premises and home of Mr. Surveyor General Ridout, the latter a
+structure still to be seen in its primitive outlines, a good specimen of
+the old type of early Upper Canadian family residence of a superior
+class; combining the qualities of solidity and durability with those of
+snugness and comfort in the rigours of winter and the heats of summer.
+In the rear of Mr. Ridout's house was for some time a family
+burial-plot; but, like several similar private enclosures in the
+neighbourhood of the town, it became disused after the establishment of
+regular cemeteries.
+
+Nearly opposite Mr. Ridout's, in one of the usual long, low Upper
+Canadian one-storey dwellings, shaded by lofty Lombardy poplars, was the
+home of the McIntoshes, who are to be commemorated hereafter in
+connection with the Marine of York: and here, at a later period, lived
+for a long time Mr. Andrew Warffe and his brother John. Mr. Andrew
+Warffe was a well-known employe in the office of the Inspector General,
+Mr. Baby, and a lieutenant in the Incorporated Militia.
+
+By one of the vicissitudes common in the history of family residences
+everywhere, Mr. Secretary Jarvis's house, which we just now passed,
+became afterwards the place of business of a memorable cutler and
+gunsmith, named Isaac Columbus. During the war of 1812, Mr. Columbus was
+employed as armourer to the Militia, and had a forge near the garrison.
+Many of the swords used by the Militia officers were actually
+manufactured by him. He was a native of France; a liberal-hearted man,
+ever ready to contribute to charitable objects; and a clever artizan.
+Whether required to "jump" the worn and battered axe of a backwoodsman,
+to manufacture the skate-irons and rudder of an ice-boat, to put in
+order a surveyor's theodolite, or to replace for the young geometrician
+or draughtsman an instrument lost out of his case, he was equally _au
+fait_. On occasion he could even supply an elderly lady or gentleman
+with a set of false teeth, and insert them.
+
+In our boyhood we had occasion to get many little matters attended to at
+Mr. Columbus's. Once on leaving word that a certain article must be
+ready by a particular hour, we remember being informed that "must" was
+only for the King of France. His political absolutism would have
+satisfied Louis XIV. himself. He positively refused to have anything to
+do with the "liberals" of York, expressly on the ground that, in his
+opinion, the modern ideas of government "hindered the King from acting
+as a good father to the people."
+
+An expression of his, "first quality, blue!" used on a particular
+occasion in reference to an extra finish to be given to some steel-work
+for an extra price, passed into a proverb among us boys at school, and
+was extensively applied by us to persons and things of which we desired
+to predicate a high degree of excellence.
+
+Over Columbus's workshop, at the corner of Caroline Street, we are
+pretty sure his name appeared as here given; and so it was always
+called. But we observe in some lists of early names in York, that it is
+given as "Isaac Collumbes." It is curious to note that the great
+discoverer's name is a latinization of Colon, Coulon, Colombe,
+descendant each of _columba_, dove, of which _columbus_ is the masculine
+form.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XIV.
+
+  KING STREET--FROM GEORGE STREET TO CAROLINE STREET.
+
+
+We now retrace our steps to King Street, at its intersection with George
+Street; and here our eye immediately lights on an object connected with
+the early history of Education in York.
+
+Attached to the east side of the house at the south-east angle of the
+intersection is a low building, wholly of stone, resembling a small
+root-house. Its structure is concealed from view now by a coating of
+clapboards. This was the first school-house possessing a public
+character in York.
+
+It was where Dr. Stuart taught, afterwards Archdeacon of Kingston. The
+building was on his property, which became afterwards that of Mr. George
+Duggan, once before referred to. (In connection with St. James' Church,
+it should have been recorded that Mr. Duggan was the donor and planter
+of the row of Lombardy poplars which formerly stood in front of that
+edifice, and which figured conspicuously in the old engravings of King
+Street. He was an Irishman of strong opinions. He once stood for the
+town against Mr. Attorney-General Robinson, but without success. When
+the exigencies of later times required the uprooting of the poplar
+trees, now become overgrown, he warmly resented the removal and it was
+at the risk of grievous bodily harm that the Church-warden of the day,
+Mr. T. D. Harris, carried into effect the resolution of the Vestry.)
+
+Dr. Stuart's was the Home District School. From a contemporary record,
+now before us, we learn that it opened on June the first, 1807, and that
+the first names entered on its books were those of John Ridout, William
+A. Hamilton, Thomas G. Hamilton, George H. Detlor, George S. Boulton,
+Robert Stanton, William Stanton, Angus McDonell, Alexander Hamilton,
+Wilson Hamilton, Robert Ross, Allan McNab. To this list, from time to
+time, were added many other old Toronto or Upper Canadian names: as, for
+example, the following: John Moore, Charles Ruggles, Edward Hartney,
+Charles Boulton, Alexander Chewett, Donald McDonell, James Edward Small,
+Charles Small, John Hayes, George and William Jarvis, William Bowkett,
+Peter McDonell, Philemon Squires, James McIntosh, Bernard, Henry and
+Marshall Glennon, Richard Brooke, Daniel Brooke, Charles Reade, William
+Robinson, Gilbert Hamilton, Henry Ernst, John Gray, Robert Gray, William
+Cawthra, William Smith, Harvey Woodruff, Robert Anderson, Benjamin
+Anderson, James Givins, Thomas Playter, William Pilkington. The French
+names Belcour, Hammeil and Marian occur. (There were bakers or
+confectioners of these names in York at an early period.)
+
+From the same record it appears that female pupils were not excluded
+from the primitive Home District School. On the roll are names which
+surviving contemporaries would recognize as belonging to the _beau
+monde_ of Upper Canada, distinguished and admired in later years.
+
+A building-lot, eighty-six feet in front and one hundred and seventeen
+in depth, next to the site of the school, is offered for sale in the
+_Gazette_ of the 18th of March, 1822; and in the advertisement it is
+stated to be "one of the most eligible lots in the Town of York, and
+situated in King Street, in the centre of the Town."
+
+To the left, just across from this choice position, was, in 1833, Wragg
+& Co.'s establishment, where such matter-of-fact articles as the
+following could be procured: "Bending and unbending nails, as usual;
+wrought nails and spikes of all sizes [a change since 1810]: ox-traces
+and cable chains; tin; double and single sheet iron: sheet brass and
+copper; bar, hoop, bolt and rod iron of all sizes; shear, blister and
+cast steel; with every other article in the heavy line, together with a
+very complete assortment of shelf goods, cordage, oakum, tar, pitch, and
+rosin: also a few patent machines for shelling corn." (A much earlier
+resort for such merchandize was Mr. Peter Paterson's, on the west side
+of the Market Square.)
+
+Of a date somewhat subsequent to that of Messrs. Wragg's advertisement,
+was the depot of Mr. Harris for similar substantial wares. This was
+situated on the north side of King Street, westward of the point at
+which we are now pausing. It long resisted the great conflagration of
+1849, towering up amidst the flames like a black, isolated crag in a
+tempestuous sea; but at length it succumbed. Having been rendered, as it
+was supposed, fire-proof externally, no attempt was made to remove the
+contents of the building.
+
+To the east of Messrs. Wragg's place of business, on the same side, and
+dating back to an early period, was the dwelling house and mart of Mr.
+Mosley, the principal auctioneer and appraiser of York, a well-known and
+excellent man. He had suffered the severe calamity of a partial
+deprivation of the lower limbs by frost-bite; but he contrived to move
+about with great activity in a room or on the side-walk by means of two
+light chairs, shifting himself adroitly from the one to the other. When
+required to go to a distance or to church, (where he was ever punctually
+to be seen in his place), he was lifted by his son or sons into and out
+of a wagonette, together with the chairs.
+
+On the same (north) side was the place where the Messrs. Lesslie,
+enterprising and successful merchants from Dundee, dealt at once in two
+remunerative articles--books and drugs. The left side of the store was
+devoted to the latter; the right to the former. Their first
+head-quarters in York had been further up the street; but a move had
+been made to the eastward, to be, as things were then, nearer the heart
+of the town.
+
+This firm had houses carrying on the same combined businesses in
+Kingston and Dundas. There exists a bronze medal or token, of good
+design, sought after by collectors, bearing the legend, "E. Lesslie and
+Sons, Toronto and Dundas, 1822." The date has been perplexing, as the
+town was not named Toronto in 1822. The intention simply was to indicate
+the year of the founding of the firm in the two towns; the first of
+which assumed the name of Toronto at the period the medal was really
+struck, viz., 1834. On the obverse it bears a figure of Justice with
+scales and sword: on the reverse, a plough with the mottoes, "Prosperity
+to Canada," "La Prudence et la Candeur."--A smaller Token of the same
+firm is extant, on which "Kingston" is inserted between "Toronto" and
+"Dundas."
+
+Nearly opposite was the store of Mr. Monro. Regarding our King Street as
+the Broadway of York, Mr. Monro was for a long time its Stewart. But the
+points about his premises that linger now in our recollection the most,
+are a tasteful flower-garden on its west side, and a trellised verandah
+in that direction, with canaries in a cage, usually singing therein. Mr.
+Monro was Mayor of Toronto in 1840. He also represented in Parliament
+the South Riding of York, in the Session of 1844-5.
+
+At the north-west corner, a little further on, resided Mr. Alexander
+Wood, whose name appears often in the Report of the Loyal and Patriotic
+Society of 1812, to which reference before has been made, and of which
+he was the Secretary. A brother of his, at first in copartnership with
+Mr. Allan, and at a later period, independently, had made money, at
+York, by business. On the decease of his brother, Mr. Alexander Wood
+came out to attend to the property left. He continued on the same spot,
+until after the war of 1812, the commercial operations which had been so
+prosperously begun, and then retired.
+
+At the time to which our recollections are just now transporting us, the
+windows of the part of the house that had been the store were always
+seen with the shutters closed. Mr. Wood was a bachelor; and it was no
+uncosy sight, towards the close of the shortening autumnal days, before
+the remaining front shutters of the house were drawn in for the evening,
+to catch a glimpse, in passing, of the interior of his comfortable
+quarters, lighted up by the blazing logs on the hearth, the table
+standing duly spread close by, and the solitary himself ruminating in
+his chair before the fire, waiting for candles and dinner to be brought
+in.
+
+On sunny mornings in winter he was often to be seen pacing the sidewalk
+in front of his premises for exercise, arrayed in a long blue over-coat,
+with his right hand thrust for warmth into the cuff of his left sleeve,
+and his left hand into that of his right. He afterwards returned to
+Scotland, where, at Stonehaven, not far from Aberdeen, he had family
+estates known as Woodcot and Woodburnden. He died without executing a
+will; and it was some time before the rightful heir to his property in
+Scotland and here was determined. It had been his intention, we believe,
+to return to Canada.--The streets which run eastward from Yonge Street,
+north of Carleton Street, named respectively "Wood" and "Alexander,"
+pass across land that belonged to Mr. Wood.
+
+Many are the shadowy forms that rise before us, as we proceed on our
+way; phantom-revisitings from the misty Past; the shapes and faces of
+enterprising and painstaking men, of whose fortunes King Street
+hereabout was the cradle. But it is not necessary in these reminiscences
+to enumerate all who, on the right hand and on the left, along the now
+comparatively deserted portions of the great thoroughfare, amassed
+wealth in the olden time by commerce and other honourable
+pursuits,--laying the foundation, in several instances, of opulent
+families.
+
+Quetton St. George, however, must not be omitted, builder of the solid
+and enduring house on the corner opposite to Mr. Wood's; a structure
+that, for its size and air of respectability; for its material, brick,
+when as yet all the surrounding habitations were of wood; for its tinned
+roof, its graceful porch, its careful and neat finish generally, was,
+for a long time, one of the York lions.
+
+Mr. Quetton St. George was a French royalist officer, and a chevalier of
+the order of St. Louis. With many other French gentlemen, he emigrated
+to Canada at the era of the Revolution. He was of the class of the
+noblesse, as all officers were required to be; which class, just before
+the Revolution, included, it is said, 90,000 persons, all exempt from
+the ordinary taxes of the country.
+
+The surname of St. George was assumed by M. Quetton to commemorate the
+fact that he had first set foot on English ground on St. George's day.
+On proceeding to Canada, he, in conjunction with Jean Louis, Vicomte de
+Chalus, and other distinguished _emigres_, acquired a large estate in
+wild lands in the rough region north of York, known as the "Oak Ridges."
+
+Finding it difficult, however, to turn such property speedily to
+account, he had recourse to trade with the Indians and remote
+inhabitants. Numerous stations, with this object in view, were
+established by him in different parts of the country, before his final
+settlement in York. One of these posts was at Orillia, on Lake
+Couchiching; and in the Niagara _Herald_ of August the 7th, 1802, we
+meet with the following advertisement:--"New Store at the House of the
+French General, between Niagara and Queenston. Messrs. Quetton St.
+George and Co., acquaint the public that they have lately arrived from
+New York with a general assortment of Dry Goods and Groceries, which
+will be sold at the lowest price for ready money, for from the
+uncertainty of their residing any time in these parts they cannot open
+accounts with any person. Will also be found at the same store a
+general assortment of tools for all mechanics. They have likewise
+well-made Trunks; also empty Barrels. Niagara, July 23."
+
+The copartnership implied was with M. de Farcy. The French General
+referred to was the Comte de Puisaye, of whom in full hereafter. The
+house spoken of still exists, beautifully situated at a point on the
+Niagara River, where the carriage-road between Queenston and the town of
+Niagara approaches the very brink of the lofty bank, whose precipitous
+side is even yet richly clothed with fine forest trees, and where the
+noble stream below, closed in towards the south by the heights above
+Lewiston and Queenston, possesses all the features of a picturesque
+inland lake.
+
+Attached to the house in question is a curious old fire-proof structure
+of brick, quaintly buttressed with stone: the walls are of a thickness
+of three or four feet; and the interior is beautifully vaulted and
+divided into two compartments, having no communication with each other:
+and above the whole is a long loft of wood, approached by steps on the
+outside. The property here belonged for a time in later years to
+Shickluna, the shipbuilder of St. Catharines, who happily did not
+disturb the interesting relic just described. The house itself was in
+some respects modernized by him; but, with its steep roof and three
+dormer windows, it still retains much of its primitive character.
+
+In 1805 we find Mr. St. George removed to York. The copartnership with
+M. de Farcy is now dissolved. In successive numbers of the _Gazette and
+Oracle_, issued in that and the following year, he advertises at great
+length. But on the 20th of September, 1806, he abruptly announces that
+he is not going to advertise any more: he now once for all, begs the
+public to examine his former advertisements, where they will find, he
+says, an account of the supply which he brings from New York every
+spring, a similar assortment to which he intends always to have on hand:
+and N. B., he adds: Nearly the same assortment may be found at Mr.
+Boiton's, at Kingston, and at Mr. Boucherville's, at Amherstburgh, "who
+transact business for Mr. St. George."
+
+  IMPORTS AT YORK IN 1805.
+
+As we have, in the advertisements referred to, a rather minute record of
+articles and things procurable and held likely to be wanted by the
+founders of society in these parts, we will give, for the reader's
+entertainment, a selection from several of them, adhering for the most
+part to the order in which the goods are therein named.
+
+From time to time it is announced by Mr. St. George that there have
+"just arrived from New York":--Ribbons, cotton goods, silk tassels,
+gown-trimmings, cotton binding, wire trimmings, silk belting, fans,
+beaded buttons, block tin, glove ties, cotton bed-line, bed-lace,
+rollo-bands, ostrich feathers, silk lace, black veil lace, thread do.,
+laces and edging, fine black veils, white do., fine silk mitts,
+love-handkerchiefs, Barcelona do., silk do., black crape, black mode,
+black Belong, blue, white and yellow do., striped silk for gowns,
+Chambray muslins, printed dimity, split-straw bonnets, Leghorn do.,
+imperial chip do., best London Ladies' beaver bonnets, cotton wire,
+Rutland gauze, band boxes, cambrics, calicoes, Irish linens,
+callimancoes, plain muslins, laced muslins, blue, black and yellow
+nankeens, jeans, fustians, long silk gloves, velvet ribbons, Russia
+sheetings, India satins, silk and cotton umbrellas, parasols, white
+cottons, bombazetts, black and white silk stockings, damask table
+cloths, napkins, cotton, striped nankeens, bandana handkerchiefs,
+catgut, Ticklenburg, brown holland, Creas a la Morlaix, Italian
+lutestring, beaver caps for children.
+
+Then we have: Hyson tea, Hyson Chaulon in small chests, young Hyson,
+green, Souchong and Bohea, loaf, East India and Muscovado sugars,
+mustard, essence of mustard, pills of mustard, capers, lemon-juice,
+soap, Windsor do., indigo, mace, nutmegs, cinnamon, cassia, cloves,
+pimento, pepper, best box raisins, prunes, coffee, Spanish and American
+"segars," Cayenne pepper in bottles, pearl barley, castor oil, British
+oil, pickled oysters.
+
+Furthermore, china-ware is to be had in small boxes and in sets; also,
+Suwarrow boots, bootees, and an assortment of men's, women's and
+children's shoes, japanned quart mugs, do. tumblers, tipped flutes,
+violin bows, brass wire, sickles, iron candlesticks, shoe-makers'
+hammers, knives, pincers, pegging awls and tacks, awl-blades,
+shoe-brushes, copper tea-kettles, snaffle-bits, leather shot belts, horn
+powder flasks, ivory, horn and crooked combs, mathematical instruments,
+knives and forks, suspenders, fish-hooks, sleeve-links, sportsmen's
+knives, lockets, earrings, gold topaz, do., gold watch-chains, gold
+seals, gold brooches, cut gold rings, plain do., pearl do., silver
+thimbles, do. teaspoons, shell sleeve buttons, silver watches, beads. In
+stationery there was to be had paste-board, foolscap paper, second do.,
+letter paper, black and red ink powder and wafers.
+
+There was also the following supply of Literature:--Telemachus, Volney's
+Views, Public Characters, Dr. Whitman's Egypt, Evelina, Cecilia, Lady's
+Library, Ready Reckoner, Looking Glass, Franklin's Fair Sex, Camilla,
+Don Raphael, Night Thoughts, Winter Evenings, Voltaire's Life, Joseph
+Andrews, Walker's Geography, Bonaparte and the French People, Voltaire's
+Tales, Fisher's Companion, Modern Literature, Eccentric Biography, Naval
+do., Martial do., Fun, Criminal Records, Entick's Dictionary, Gordon's
+America, Thompson's Family Physician, Sheridan's Dictionary, Johnson's
+do., Wilson's Egypt, Denon's Travels, Travels of Cyrus, Stephani de
+Bourbon, Alexis, Pocket Library, Every Man's Physician, Citizen of the
+World, Taplin's Farriery, Farmer's Boy, Romance of the Forest,
+Grandison, Campbell's Narrative, Paul and Virginia, Adelaide de Sincere,
+Emelini, Monk, Abbess, Evening Amusement, Children of the Abbey, Tom
+Jones, Vicar of Wakefield, Sterne's Journey, Abelard and Eloisa, Ormond,
+Caroline, Mercutio, Julia and Baron, Minstrel, H. Villars, De Valcourt,
+J. Smith, Charlotte Temple, Theodore Chypon, What has Been, Elegant
+Extracts in Prose and Verse, J. and J. Jessamy, Chinese Tales, New
+Gazetteer, Smollett's Works, Cabinet of Knowledge, Devil on Sticks,
+Arabian Tales, Goldsmith's Essays, Bragg's Cookery, Tooke's Pantheon,
+Boyle's Voyage, Roderick Random, Jonathan Wild, Louisa Solomon's Guide
+to Health, Spelling-books, Bibles and Primers.
+
+Our extracts have extended to a great length: but the animated picture
+of Upper Canadian life at a primitive era, which such an enumeration of
+items, in some sort affords, must be our apology.
+
+In the _Gazette_ of July 4, 1807, Mr. St. George complains of a
+protested bill; but consoles himself with a quotation--
+
+  Celui qui met un frein a la fureur des flots,
+  Sait aussi des mechants arreter des complots.
+
+Rendered rich in money and lands by his extemporized mercantile
+operations, Mr. St. George returned to his native France soon after the
+restoration of Louis XVIII., and passed the rest of his days partly in
+Paris and partly on estates in the neighbourhood of Montpellier. During
+his stay in Canada he formed a close friendship with the Baldwins of
+York; and on his departure, the house on King Street, which has given
+rise to these reminiscences of him, together with the valuable
+commercial interests connected with it, passed into the hands of a
+junior member of that family, Mr. John Spread Baldwin, who himself, on
+the same spot, subsequently laid the foundation of an ample fortune.
+
+(It is a phenomenon not uninteresting to the retrospective mind, to
+observe, in 1869, after the lapse of half a century, the name of Quetton
+St. George reappearing in the field of Canadian Commerce.)
+
+Advancing now on our way eastward, we soon came in front of the abode of
+Dr. Burnside, a New-England medical man of tall figure, upright
+carriage, and bluff, benevolent countenance, an early promoter of the
+Mechanics'-Institute movement, and an encourager of church-music, vocal
+and instrumental. Dying without a family dependent on him, he bequeathed
+his property partly to Charities in the town, and partly to the
+University of Trinity College, where two scholarships perpetuate his
+memory.
+
+Just opposite was the residence of the venerable Mrs. Gamble, widow of
+Dr. Gamble, formerly a surgeon attached to the Queen's Rangers. This
+lady died in 1859, in her 92nd year, leaving living descendants to the
+number of two hundred and four. To the west of this house was a
+well-remembered little parterre, always at the proper season gay with
+flowers.
+
+At the next corner, on the north side, a house now totally demolished,
+was the original home of the millionaire Cawthra family, already once
+alluded to. In the _Gazette and Oracle_ of June 21, 1806, Mr. Cawthra,
+senior, thus advertises:--"J. Cawthra wishes to inform the inhabitants
+of York and the adjacent country, that he has opened an Apothecary Store
+in the house of A. Cameron, opposite Stoyell's Tavern in York, where the
+Public can be supplied with most articles in that line. He has on hand
+also, a quantity of Men's, Women's, and Children's shoes and Men's hats.
+Also for a few days will be sold the following articles, Table Knives
+and Forks, Scissors, Silver Watches, Maps and Prints, Profiles, some
+Linen, and a few Bed-Ticks, Teas, Tobacco, a few casks of fourth proof
+Cognac Brandy, and a small quantity of Lime Juice, and about twenty
+thousand Whitechapel Needles. York, June 14, 1806." And again, on the
+27th of the following November, he informs the inhabitants of York and
+the neighbouring country that he had just arrived from New York with a
+general assortment of "apothecary articles;" and that the public can be
+supplied with everything in that line genuine: also patent medicines:
+he likewise intimates that he has brought a general assortment of Dry
+Goods, consisting of "broad cloths, duffils, flannels, swansdown,
+corduroys, printed calicoes, ginghams, cambrick muslins, shirting,
+muslin, men and women's stockings, silk handkerchiefs, bandana shawls,
+pulicat and pocket handkerchiefs, calimancoes, dimity and check; also a
+large assortment of men's, women's, and children's shoes, hardware,
+coffee, tea and chocolate, lump and loaf sugar, tobacco, &c., with many
+other articles: which he is determined to sell on very low terms at his
+store opposite Stoyell's tavern." York, Nov. 27, 1806. (The Stoyell's
+Tavern here named, had previously been the Inn of Mr. Abner Miles.)
+
+Immediately across, at the corner on the south side, was a depot,
+insignificant enough, no doubt, to the indifferent passer-by, but
+invested with much importance in the eyes of many of the early
+infantiles of York. Its windows exhibited, in addition to a scattering
+of white clay pipes, and papers of pins suspended open against the panes
+for the public inspection, a display of circular discs of gingerbread,
+some with plain, some with scalloped edge; also hearts, fishes, little
+prancing ponies, parrots and dogs of the same tawny-hued material; also
+endwise in tumblers and other glass vessels, numerous lengths or stems
+of prepared saccharine matter, brittle in substance, white-looking, but
+streaked and slightly penetrated with some rich crimson pigment;
+likewise on plates and oval dishes, a collection of quadrangular viscous
+lumps, buff-coloured and clammy, each showing at its ends the bold
+gashing cut of a stout knife which must have been used in dividing a
+rope, as it were, of the tenacious substance into inch-sections or
+parts.
+
+In the wrapping paper about all articles purchased here, there was
+always a soupcon of the homely odors of boiled sugar and peppermint. The
+tariff of the various comestibles just enumerated was well known; it was
+precisely for each severally, one half-penny. The mistress of this
+establishment bore the Scottish name of Lumsden--a name familiar to us
+lads in another way also, being constantly seen by us on the title-pages
+of school-books, many of which, at the time referred to, were imported
+from Glasgow, from the publishing-house of Lumsden and Son.
+
+A little way down the street which crosses here, was Major Heward's
+house, long Clerk of the Peace for the Home District, of whom we had
+occasion to speak before. Several of his sons, while pursuing their
+legal and other studies, became also "mighty hunters;" distinguished, we
+mean, as enthusiastic sportsmen. Many were the exploits reported of
+them, in this line.
+
+We give here an extract from Mr. McGrath's lively work, published in
+1833, entitled "Authentic letters from Upper Canada, with an Account of
+Canadian Field Sports." "Ireland," he says, "is, in many places,
+remarkable for excellent cock-shooting, which I have myself experienced
+in the most favourable situations: not, however, to be compared with
+this country, where the numbers are truly wonderful. Were I to mention,"
+Mr. McGrath continues, "what I have seen in this respect, or heard from
+others, it might bring my graver statements into disrepute."
+
+"As a specimen of the sport," he says, "I will merely give a fact or two
+of, not unusual success; bearing, however, no proportion to the quantity
+of game. I have known Mr. Charles Heward, of York," he proceeds to
+state, "to have shot in one day thirty brace at Chippewa, close to the
+Falls of Niagara--and I myself," Mr. McGrath continues, "who am far from
+being a first-rate shot, have frequently brought home from twelve to
+fourteen brace, my brothers performing their part with equal success."
+
+But the younger Messrs. Heward had a field for the exercise of their
+sportsman skill nearer home than Chippewa. The Island, just across the
+Bay, where the black-heart plover were said always to arrive on a
+particular day, the 23rd of May, every year, and the marshes about
+Ashbridge's bay and York harbour itself, all abounded with wild fowl.
+Here, loons of a magnificent size used to be seen and heard; and vast
+flocks of wild geese, passing and re-passing, high in air, in their
+periodical migrations. The wild swan, too, was an occasional frequenter
+of the ponds of the Island.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XV.
+
+  KING STREET, FROM CAROLINE STREET TO BERKELEY STREET.
+
+
+Returning again to King Street: At the corner of Caroline Street,
+diagonally across from the Cawthra homestead, was the abode, when
+ashore, of Captain Oates, commander of the _Duke of Richmond_ sloop, the
+fashionable packet plying between Niagara and York.
+
+Mr. Oates was nearly connected with the family of President Russell, but
+curiously obtained no share in the broad acres which were, in the early
+day, so plentifully distributed to all comers. By being unluckily out of
+the way, too, at a critical moment, subsequently, he missed a bequest at
+the hands of the sole inheritor of the possessions of his relative.
+
+Capt. Oates was a man of dignified bearing, of more than the ordinary
+height. He had seen service on the ocean as master and owner of a
+merchantman. His portrait, which is still preserved in Toronto, somewhat
+resembles that of George IV.
+
+A spot passed, a few moments since, on King Street, is associated with a
+story in which the _Richmond_ sloop comes up. It happened that the
+nuptials of a neighbouring merchant had lately taken place. Some youths,
+employed in an adjoining warehouse or law-office, took it into their
+heads that a _feu de joie_ should be fired on the occasion. To carry out
+the idea they proceeded, under cover of the night, to the _Richmond_
+sloop, where she lay frozen in by the Frederick Street wharf, and
+removed from her deck, without asking leave, a small piece of ordnance
+with which she was provided. They convey it with some difficulty,
+carriage and all, up into King Street, and place it in front of the
+bridegroom's house; run it back, as we have understood, even into the
+recess underneath the double steps of the porch: when duly ensconced
+there, as within the port of a man-of-war, they contrived to fire it
+off, decamping, however, immediately after the exploit, and leaving
+behind them the source of the deafening explosion.
+
+On the morrow the cannon is missed from the sloop (she was being
+prepared for the spring navigation): on instituting an inquiry, Capt.
+Oates is mysteriously informed the lost article is, by some means, up
+somewhere on the premises of Mr. J. S. Baldwin, the gentleman who had
+been honoured with the salute, and that if he desired to recover his
+property he must despatch some men thither to fetch it. (We shall have
+occasion to refer hereafter to the _Richmond_, when we come to speak of
+the early Marine of York Harbour.)
+
+Passing on our way eastward we came immediately, on the north side, to
+one of the principal hotels of York, a long, white, two-storey wooden
+building. It was called the Mansion House--an appropriate name for an
+inn, when we understand "Mansion" in its proper, but somewhat forgotten
+sense, as indicating a temporary abode, a place which a man occupies and
+then relinquishes to a successor. The landlord here for a considerable
+time was Mr. De Forest, an American who, in some way or other, had been
+deprived of his ears. The defect, however, was hardly perceptible, so
+nicely managed was the hair. On the ridge of the Mansion House roof was
+to be seen for a number of years a large and beautiful model of a
+completely-equipped sailing vessel.
+
+We then arrived at the north-west angle of King and Princes streets,
+where a second public well (we have already commemorated the first,) was
+sunk, and provided with a pump in 1824--for all which the sum of L36
+17_s._ 6_d._ was paid to John James on the 19th of August in that year.
+In the advertisements and contracts connected with this now obliterated
+public convenience, Princes Street is correctly printed and written as
+it here meets the eye, and not "Princess Street," as the recent
+corruption is.
+
+Let not the record of our early water-works be disdained. Those of the
+metropolis of the Empire were once on a humble scale. Thus Master John
+Stow, in his _Survey of London, Anno 1598_, recordeth that "at the
+meeting of the corners of the Old Jurie, Milke Street, Lad Lane,
+Aldermanburie, there was of old time a fair well with two buckets; of
+late years," he somewhat pathetically adds, "converted to a pump."
+
+Just across eastward from the pump was one of the first buildings put up
+on King Street: it was erected by Mr. Smith, who was the first to take
+up a building lot, after the laying-out of the town-plot.
+
+On the opposite side, a few steps further on, was Jordan's--the
+far-famed "York Hotel"--at a certain period, the hotel _par excellence_
+of the place, than which no better could be found at the time in all
+Upper Canada. The whole edifice has now utterly disappeared. Its
+foundations giving way, it for a while seemed to be sinking into the
+earth, and then it partially threatened to topple over into the street.
+It was of antique style when compared with the Mansion House. It was
+only a storey-and-a-half high. Along its roof was a row of dormer
+windows. (Specimens of this style of hotel may still be seen in the
+country-towns of Lower Canada.)
+
+When looking in later times at the doorways and windows of the older
+buildings intended for public and domestic purposes, as also at the
+dimensions of rooms and the proximity of the ceilings to the floors, we
+might be led for a moment to imagine that the generation of settlers
+passed away must have been of smaller bulk and stature than their
+descendants. But points especially studied in the construction of early
+Canadian houses, in both Provinces, were warmth and comfort in the long
+winters. Sanitary principles were not much thought of, and happily did
+not require to be much thought of, when most persons passed more of
+their time in the pure outer air than they do now.
+
+Jordan's York Hotel answered every purpose very well. Members of
+Parliament and other visitors considered themselves in luxurious
+quarters when housed there. Probably in no instance have the public
+dinners or fashionable assemblies of a later era gone off with more
+_eclat_, or given more satisfaction to the persons concerned in them,
+than did those which from time to time, in every season, took place in
+what would now be considered the very diminutive ball-room and
+dining-hall of Jordan's.
+
+In the ball-room here, before the completion of the brick building which
+replaced the Legislative Halls destroyed by the Americans in 1813, the
+Parliament of Upper Canada sat for one session.
+
+In the rear of Jordan's, detached from the rest of the buildings, there
+long stood a solid circular structure of brick, of considerable height
+and diameter, dome-shaped without and vaulted within, somewhat
+resembling the furnace into which Robert, the huntsman, is being
+thrust, in Retzsch's illustration of Fridolin. This was the public oven
+of Paul Marian, a native Frenchman who had a bakery here before the
+surrounding premises were converted into a hotel by Mr. Jordan. In the
+_Gazette_ of May 19, 1804, Paul Marian informs his friends and the
+public "that he will supply them with bread at their dwellings, at the
+rate of nine loaves for a dollar, on paying ready money."
+
+About the same period, another Frenchman, Francois Belcour, is
+exercising the same craft in York. In _Gazettes_ of 1803, he announces
+that he is prepared "to supply the ladies and gentlemen who may be
+pleased to favor him with their custom, with bread, cakes, buns, etc.
+And that for the convenience of small families, he will make his bread
+of different sizes, viz., loaves of two, three, and four pounds' weight,
+and will deliver the same at the houses, if required." He adds that
+"families who may wish to have beef, etc., baked, will please send it to
+the bake-house." In 1804, he offers to bake "at the rate of pound for
+pound; that is to say he will return one pound of Bread for every pound
+of Flour which may be sent to him for the purpose of being baked into
+bread."
+
+After the abandonment of Jordan's as a hotel, Paul Marian's oven,
+repaired and somewhat extended, again did good service. In it was baked
+a goodly proportion of the supplies of bread furnished in 1838-9, to the
+troops, and incorporated militia at Toronto, by Mr. Jackes and Mr.
+Reynolds.
+
+As the sidewalks of King Street were apt to partake, in bad weather, of
+the impassableness of the streets generally at such a time, an early
+effort was made to have some of them paved. Some yards of foot-path,
+accordingly, about Jordan's, and here and there elsewhere, were covered
+with flat flagstones from the lake-beach, of very irregular shapes and
+of no great size: the effect produced was that of a very coarse, and
+soon a very uneven mosaic.
+
+At Quebec, in the neighborhood of the Court House, there is retained
+some pavement of the kind now described: and in the early lithograph of
+Court House Square, at York, a long stretch of sidewalk is given in the
+foreground, seamed over curiously, like the surface of an old Cyclopean
+or Pelasgic wall.
+
+On April the 26th, 1823, it was ordered by the magistrates at Quarter
+Sessions that "L100 from the Town and Police Fund, together with
+one-fourth of the Statute Labour within the Town, be appropriated to
+flagging the sidewalks of King Street, commencing from the corner of
+Church Street and proceeding east to the limits of the Town, and that
+both sides of the street do proceed at the same time." One hundred
+pounds would not go very far in such an undertaking. We do not think the
+sidewalks of the primitive King Street were ever paved throughout their
+whole length with stone.
+
+After Jordan's came Dr. Widmer's surgery, associated with many a pain
+and ache in the minds of the early people of York, and scene of the
+performance upon their persons of many a delicate, and daring, and
+successful remedial experiment. Nearly opposite was property
+appertaining to Dr. Stoyell, an immigrant, non-practising medical man
+from the United States, with Republican proclivities as it used to be
+thought, who, previous to his purchasing here, conducted, as has been
+already implied, an inn at Mrs. Lumsden's corner. (The house on the
+other side of Ontario Street, westward, was Hayes' Boarding House,
+noticeable simply as being in session-time, like Jordan's, the temporary
+abode of many Members of Parliament.)
+
+After Dr. Widmer's, towards the termination of King Street, on the south
+side, was Mr. Small's, originally one of the usual low-looking domiciles
+of the country, with central portion and two gable wings, somewhat after
+the fashion of many an old country manor-house in England.
+
+The material of Mr. Small's dwelling was hewn timber. It was one of the
+earliest domestic erections in York. When re-constructed at a subsequent
+period, Mr. Charles Small preserved, in the enlarged and elevated
+building, now known as Berkeley House, the shape and even a portion of
+the inner substance of the original structure.
+
+We have before us a curious plan (undated but old) of the piece of
+ground originally occupied and enclosed by Mr. Small, as a yard and
+garden round his primitive homestead: occupied and enclosed, as it would
+seem, before any building lots were set off by authority on the
+Government reserve or common here. The plan referred to is entitled "A
+sketch showing the land occupied by John Small, Esq., upon the Reserve
+appropriated for the Government House at York by His Excellency Lt. Gov.
+Simcoe." An irregular oblong, coloured red, is bounded on the north side
+by King Street, and is lettered within--"Mr. Small's Improvements."
+Round the irregular piece thus shewn, lines are drawn enclosing
+additional space, and bringing the whole into the shape of a
+parallelogram: the parts outside the irregularly shaped red portion, are
+colored yellow: and on the yellow, the memorandum appears--"This added
+would make an Acre." The block thus brought into shapely form is about
+one-half of the piece of ground that at present appertains to Berkeley
+House.
+
+The plan before us also incidentally shows where the Town of York was
+supposed to terminate:--an inscription--"Front Line of the Town"--runs
+along the following route: up what is now the lane through Dr. Widmer's
+property: and then, at a right angle eastward along what is now the
+north boundary of King Street opposite the block which it was necessary
+to get into shape round Mr. Small's first "Improvements." King Street
+proper, in this plan, terminates at "Ontario Street:" from the eastern
+limit of Ontario Street, the continuation of the highway is marked "Road
+to Quebec,"--with an arrow shewing the direction in which the traveller
+must keep his horse's head, if he would reach that ancient city.--The
+arrow at the end of the inscription just given points slightly upwards,
+indicating the fact that the said "Road to Quebec" trends slightly to
+the north after leaving Mr. Small's clearing.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XVI.
+
+  FROM BERKELEY STREET TO THE BRIDGE AND ACROSS IT.
+
+
+We now propose to pass rapidly down "the road to Quebec" as far as the
+Bridge. First we cross, in the hollow, Goodwin's creek, the stream which
+enters the Bay by the cut-stone Jail. Lieutenant Givins (afterwards
+Colonel Givins), on the occasion of his first visit to Toronto in 1793,
+forced his way in a canoe with a friend up several of the meanderings of
+this stream, under the impression that he was exploring the Don. He had
+heard that a river leading to the North-West entered the Bay of Toronto,
+somewhere near its head; and he mistook the lesser for the greater
+stream: thus on a small scale performing the exploit accomplished by
+several of the explorers of the North American coast, who, under the
+firm persuasion that a water highway to Japan and China existed
+somewhere across this continent, lighted upon Baffin's Bay, Davis
+Strait, the Hudson River, and the St. Lawrence itself, in the course of
+their investigations.
+
+On the knoll to the right, after crossing Goodwin's creek, was Isaac
+Pilkington's lowly abode, a little group of white buildings in a grove
+of pines and acacias.
+
+Parliament Street, which enters near here from the north, is a memorial
+of the olden time, when, as we have seen, the Parliament Buildings of
+Upper Canada were situated in this neighbourhood. In an early section of
+these Recollections we observed that what is now called Berkeley Street
+was originally Parliament Street, a name which, like that borne by a
+well-known thoroughfare in Westminster, for a similar reason, indicated
+the fact that it led down to the Houses of Parliament.
+
+The road that at present bears the name of Parliament Street shews the
+direction of the track through the primitive woods opened by Governor
+Simcoe to his summer house on the Don, called Castle-Frank, of which
+fully, in its place hereafter.
+
+Looking up Parliament Street we are reminded that a few yards westward
+from where Duke Street enters it, lived at an early period Mr. Richard
+Coates, an estimable and ingenious man, whose name is associated in our
+memory with the early dawn of the fine arts in York. Mr. Coates, in a
+self-taught way, executed, not unsuccessfully, portraits in oil of some
+of our ancient worthies. Among things of a general or historical
+character, he painted also for David Willson, the founder of the
+"Children of Peace," the symbolical decorations of the interior of the
+Temple at Sharon. He cultivated music likewise, vocal and instrumental;
+he built an organ of some pretensions, in his own house, on which he
+performed; he built another for David Willson at Sharon. Mr. Coates
+constructed, besides, in the yard of his house, an elegantly-finished
+little pleasure yacht, of about nine tons burden.
+
+This passing reference to infant Art in York recalls again the name of
+Mr. John Craig, who has before been mentioned in our account of the
+interior of one of the many successive St. Jameses. Although Mr. Craig
+did not himself profess to go beyond his sphere as a decorative and
+heraldic painter, the spirit that animated him really tended to foster
+in the community a taste for art in a wider sense.
+
+Mr. Charles Daly, also, as a skilful teacher of drawing in water-colours
+and introducer of superior specimens, did much to encourage art at an
+early date. In 1834 we find Mr. Daly promoting an exhibition of
+Paintings by the "York Artists and Amateur Association," and acting as
+"Honorary Secretary," when the Exhibition for the year took place. Mr.
+James Hamilton, a teller in the bank, produced, too, some noticeable
+landscapes in oil.
+
+As an auxiliary in the cause, and one regardful of the wants of artists
+at an early period, we name, likewise, Mr. Alexander Hamilton; who, in
+addition to supplying materials in the form of pigments and prepared
+colours, contributed to the tasteful setting off of the productions of
+pencil and brush, by furnishing them with frames artistically carved and
+gilt.
+
+Out of the small beginnings and rudiments of Art at York, one artist of
+a genuine stamp was, in the lapse of a few years, developed--Mr. Paul
+Kane; who, after studying in the schools of Europe, returned to Canada
+and made the illustration of Indian character and life his specialty. By
+talent exhibited in this class of pictorial delineation, he acquired a
+distinguished reputation throughout the North American continent; and by
+his volume of beautifully illustrated travels, published in London, and
+entitled "Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America,"
+he obtained for himself a recognized place in the literature of British
+Art.
+
+In the hollow, a short distance westward of Mr. Coates's, was one of the
+first buildings of any size ever erected in these parts wholly of stone.
+It was put up by Mr. Hutchinson. It was a large square family house of
+three storeys. It still exists, but its material is hidden under a
+coating of stucco. Another building, wholly of stone, was Mr. Hunter's
+house, on the west side of Church Street. A portion of Hugill's Brewery
+likewise exhibited walls of the same solid, English-looking substance.
+We now resume our route.
+
+We immediately approach another road entering from the north, which
+again draws us aside. This opening led up to the only Roman Catholic
+church in York, an edifice of red-brick, substantially built. Mr. Ewart
+was the contractor. The material of the north and south walls was worked
+into a kind of tesselated pattern, which was considered something very
+extraordinary. The spire was originally surmounted by a large and
+spirited effigy of the bird that admonished St. Peter, and not by a
+cross. It was not a flat, moveable weathercock, but a fixed, solid
+figure, covered with tin.
+
+In this building officiated for some time an ecclesiastic named O'Grady.
+Mingling with a crowd, in the over-curious spirit of boyhood, we here,
+at funerals and on other occasions, first witnessed the ceremonial forms
+observed by Roman Catholics in their worship; and once we remember being
+startled at receiving, by design or accident, from an overcharged
+_aspergillum_ in the hands of a zealous ministrant of some grade passing
+down the aisle, a copious splash of holy water in the eye.
+
+Functionaries of this denomination are generally remarkable for their
+quiet discharge of duty and for their apparent submissiveness to
+authority. They sometimes pass and repass for years before the
+indifferent gaze of multitudes holding another creed, without exciting
+any curiosity even as to their personal names. But Mr. O'Grady was an
+exception to the general run of his order. He acquired a distinctive
+reputation among outsiders. He was understood to be an unruly presbyter;
+and through his instrumentality, letters of his bishop, evidently never
+intended to meet the public eye, got into general circulation. He was
+required to give an account of himself, subsequently, at the feet of the
+"Supreme Pontiff."
+
+Power Street, the name now applied to the road which led up to the Roman
+Catholic church, preserves the name of the Bishop of this communion, who
+sacrificed his life in attending to the sick emigrants in 1847.
+
+The road to the south, a few steps further on, led to the wind-mill
+built by Mr. Worts, senior, in 1832. In the possession of Messrs.
+Gooderham & Worts are three interesting pictures, in oil, which from
+time to time have been exhibited. They are intended to illustrate the
+gradual progress in extent and importance of the mills and manufactures
+at the site of the wind-mill. The first shows the original structure--a
+circular tower of red brick, with the usual sweeps attached to a
+hemispherical revolving top; in the distance town and harbour are seen.
+The second shows the wind-mill dismantled, but surrounded by extensive
+buildings of brick and wood, sheltering now elaborate machinery driven
+by steam power. The third represents a third stage in the march of
+enterprise and prosperity. In this picture gigantic structures of
+massive, dark-coloured stone tower up before the eye, vying in colossal
+proportions and ponderous strength with the works of the castle-builders
+of the feudal times. Accompanying these interesting landscape views, all
+of them by Forbes, a local artist of note, a group of life-size
+portraits in oil, has occasionally been seen at Art Exhibitions in
+Toronto--Mr. Gooderham, senior, and his Seven Sons--all of them
+well-developed, sensible-looking, substantial men, manifestly capable of
+undertaking and executing whatever practical work the exigencies of a
+young and vigorous community may require to be done.
+
+Whenever we have chanced to obtain a glimpse of this striking group
+(especially the miniature photographic reproduction of it on one card),
+a picture of Tancred of Hauteville and his Twelve Sons, "all of them
+brave and fair," once familiar as an illustration appended to that
+hero's story, has always recurred to us; and we have thought how
+thankfully should we regard the grounds on which the modern Colonial
+patriarch comforts himself in view of a numerous family springing up
+around him, as contrasted with the reasons on account of which the
+enterprising Chieftain of old congratulated himself on the same
+spectacle. The latter beheld in his ring of stalwart sons so many
+warriors; so much good solid stuff to be freely offered at the shrine of
+his own glory, or the glory of his feudal lord, whenever the occasion
+should arise. The former, in the young men and maidens, peopling his
+house, sees so many additional hands adapted to aid in a bloodless
+conquest of a huge continent; so much more power evolved, and all of it
+in due time sure to be wanted, exactly suited to assist in pushing
+forward one stage further the civilizing, humanizing, beautifying,
+processes already, in a variety of directions, initiated.
+
+  "Peace hath her victories,
+   No less renowned than war;"
+
+and it is to the victories of peace chiefly that the colonial father
+expects his children to contribute.
+
+When the families of Mr. Gooderham and Mr. Worts crossed the Atlantic,
+on the occasion of their emigration from England, the party, all in one
+vessel, comprised, as we are informed, so many as fifty-four persons
+more or less connected by blood or marriage.
+
+We have been told by Mr. James Beaty that when out duck shooting, now
+nearly forty years since, he was surprised by falling in with Mr. Worts,
+senior, rambling apparently without purpose in the bush at the mouth of
+the Little Don: all the surrounding locality was then in a state of
+nature, and frequented only by the sportsman or trapper. On entering
+into conversation with Mr. Worts, Mr. Beaty found that he was there
+prospecting for an object; that, in fact, somewhere near the spot where
+they were standing, he thought of putting up a wind-mill! The project at
+the time seemed sufficiently Quixotic. But posterity beholds the large
+practical outcome of the idea then brooding in Mr. Worts's brain. In
+their day of small things the pioneers of new settlements may take
+courage from this instance of progress in one generation, from the rough
+to the most advanced condition. For a century to come, there will be
+bits of this continent as unpromising, at the first glance, as the mouth
+of the Little Don, forty years ago, yet as capable of being reclaimed by
+the energy and ingenuity of man, and being put to divinely-intended and
+legitimate uses.--Returning now from the wind-mill, once more to the
+"road to Quebec," in common language, the Kingston road, we passed, at
+the corner, the abode of one of the many early settlers in these parts
+who bore German names--the tenement of Peter Ernst, or Ernest as the
+appellation afterwards became.
+
+From these Collections and Recollections matters of comparatively so
+recent a date as 1849 have for the most part been excluded. We make an
+exception in passing the Church which gives name to Trinity Street, for
+the sake of recording an inscription on one of its interior walls. It
+reads as follows:--"To the Memory of the Reverend William Honywood
+Ripley, B.A., of University College, Oxford, First Incumbent of this
+Church, son of the Rev. Thomas Hyde Ripley, Rector of Tockenham, and
+Vicar of Wootton Bassett in the County of Wilts, England. After devoting
+himself during the six years of his ministry, freely, without money and
+without price, to the advancement of the spiritual and temporal welfare
+of this congregation and neighbourhood, and to the great increase
+amongst them of the knowledge of Christ and His Church, he fell asleep
+in Jesus on Monday the 22nd of October, 1849, aged 34 years. He filled
+at the same time the office of Honorary Secretary to the Church Society
+of the Diocese of Toronto, and was Second Classical Master of Upper
+Canada College. This Tablet is erected by the Parishioners of this
+Church as a tribute of heartfelt respect and affection. Remember them
+that have the rule over you, who have spoken unto you the Word of God:
+whose faith follow, considering the end of their conversation."
+
+Canadian society in all its strata has been more or less leavened from
+England. One of the modes by which the process has been carried on is
+revealed in the inscription just given. In 1849, while this quarter of
+Toronto was being taken up and built over, the influence of the
+clergyman commemorated was singularly marked within it. Mr. Ripley, in
+his boyhood, had been trained under Dr. Arnold, at Rugby; and his father
+had been at an early period, a private tutor to the Earl of Durham who
+came out to Canada in 1838 as High Commissioner. As to the material
+fabric of Trinity Church--its erection was chiefly due to the exertions
+of Mr. Alexander Dixon, an alderman of Toronto.
+
+The brick School-house attached to Trinity Church bears the inscription:
+"Erected by Enoch Turner, 1848." Mr. Turner was a benevolent Englishman
+who prospered in this immediate locality as a brewer, and died in 1866.
+Besides handsome bequests to near relations, Mr. Turner left by will,
+to Trinity College, Toronto, L2,000; to Trinity Church, L500; to St.
+Paul's L250; to St. Peter's L250.
+
+Just opposite on the left was where Angell lived, the architect of the
+abortive bridges over the mouths of the Don. We obtain from the York
+_Observer_ of December 11, 1820, some earlier information in regard to
+Mr. Angell. It is in the form of a "Card" thus headed: "York Land Price
+Current Office, King Street." It then proceeds--"In consequence of the
+Increase of the population of the Town of York, and many applications
+for family accommodation upon the arrival of strangers desirous of
+becoming settlers, the Subscriber intends to add to the practice of his
+Office the business of a _House Surveyor_ and _Architect_, to lay out
+Building Estate, draw Ground plans, _Sections_ and _Elevations_, to
+_order_, and upon the most approved _European_ and _English_ customs.
+Also to make _estimates_ and provide contracts with _proper securities_
+to prevent impostures, for the performance of the same. E. Angell.
+N.B.--Land proprietors having estate to dispose of, and persons
+requiring any branch of the above profession to be done, will meet with
+the most respectful attention on application by letter, or at this
+office. York, Oct. 2, [1820]."
+
+The expression, "York Land Price Current Office," above used is
+explained by the fact that Mr. Angell commenced at this early date the
+publication of a monthly "Land Price Current List of Estates on Sale in
+Upper Canada, to be circulated in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales."
+
+Near Mr. Angell, on the same side, lived also Mr. Cummins, the manager
+of the _Upper Canada Gazette_ printing office; and, at a later period,
+Mr. Watson, another well-known master-printer of York, who lost his life
+during the great fire of 1849, in endeavouring to save a favourite press
+from destruction, in the third storey of a building at the corner of
+King and Nelson streets, a position occupied subsequently by the
+Caxton-press of Mr. Hill.
+
+On some of the fences along here, we remember seeing in 1827-8, an
+inscription written up in chalk or white paint, memorable to ourselves
+personally, as being the occasion of our first taking serious notice of
+one of the political questions that were locally stirring the people of
+Upper Canada. The words inscribed were--No Aliens! Like the Liberty,
+Equality, Fraternity, which we ourselves also subsequently saw painted
+on the walls of Paris; these words were intended at once to express and
+to rouse public feeling; only in the present instance, as we suppose
+now, the inscription emanated from the oligarchical rather than the
+popular side. The spirit of it probably was "Down with Aliens,"--and not
+"Away with the odious distinction of Aliens!"
+
+A dispute had arisen between the Upper and the Lower House as to the
+legal terms in which full civil rights should be conferred on a
+considerable portion of the inhabitants of the country. After the
+acknowledgment of independence in 1783, emigrants from the United States
+to the British Provinces came in no longer as British subjects, but as
+foreigners. Many such emigrants had acquired property and exercised the
+franchise without taking upon themselves, formally, the obligations of
+British subjects. After the war of 1812, the law in regard to this
+matter began to be distinctly remembered. The desire then was to check
+an undue immigration from the southern side of the great lakes; but the
+effect of the revival of the law was to throw doubt on the land titles
+of many inhabitants of long standing; doubt on their claim to vote and
+to fill any civil office.
+
+The consent of the Crown was freely given to legislate on the subject:
+and in 1825-6 the Parliament resolved to settle the question. But a
+dispute arose between the Lower and Upper House. The Legislative Council
+sent down a Bill which was so amended in terms by the House of Assembly
+that the former body declared it then to be "at variance with the laws
+and established policy of Great Britain, as well as of the United
+States; and therefore if passed into a law by this Legislature, would
+afford no relief to many of those persons who were born in the United
+States, and who have come into and settled in this Province." The Upper
+House party set down as disloyal all that expressed themselves satisfied
+with the Lower House amendments. It was from the Upper House party, we
+think, that the cry of "No Aliens!" had proceeded.
+
+The Alien measure had been precipitated by the cases of Barnabas Bidwell
+and of his son Marshall, of whom the former, after being elected, and
+taking his seat as member for Lennox and Addington, had been expelled
+the House, on the ground of his being an alien; and the latter had met
+with difficulties at the outset of his political career, from the same
+objection against him. In the case of the former, however, his alien
+character was not the only thing to his disadvantage.
+
+It was in connection with the expulsion of Barnabas Bidwell that Dr.
+Strachan gave to a member of the Lower House, when hesitating as to the
+legality of such a step, the remarkable piece of advice, "Turn him out,
+turn him out! Never mind the law!"--a _dictum_ that passed into an adage
+locally, quoted usually in the Aberdeen dialect.
+
+Barnabas Bidwell is thus commemorated in Mackenzie's Almanac for 1834:
+"July 27, 1833: Barnabas Bidwell, Esq., Kingston, died, aged 69 years
+and 11 months. He was a sincere friend of the rights of the people;
+possessed of extraordinary powers of mind and memory, and spent many
+years of his life in doing all the good he could to his
+fellow-creatures, and promoting the interests of society."
+
+Irritating political questions have now, for the most part, been
+disposed of in Canada. We have entered into the rest, in this respect,
+secured for us by our predecessors. The very fences which, some forty
+years ago, were muttering "No Aliens!" we saw, during the time of a late
+general election, exhibiting in conspicuous painted characters, the
+following exhortation: "To the Electors of the Dominion--Put in Powell's
+Pump"--a humorous advertisement, of course, of a particular contrivance
+for raising water from the depths. We think it a sign of general peace
+and content, when the populace are expected to enjoy a little jest of
+this sort.
+
+A small compact house, with a pleasant flower garden in front, on the
+left, a little way on, was occupied for a while by Mr. Joshua Beard, at
+the time Deputy Sheriff, but afterwards well known as owner of extensive
+iron works in the town.
+
+We then came opposite to the abode, on the same side, of Mr. Charles
+Fothergill, some time King's Printer for Upper Canada. He was a man of
+wide views and great intelligence, fond of science, and an experienced
+naturalist. Several folio volumes of closely written manuscript, on the
+birds and animals generally of of this continent, by him, must exist
+somewhere at this moment. They were transmitted to friends in England,
+as we have understood.
+
+We remember seeing in a work by Bewick a horned owl of this country,
+beautifully figured, which, as stated in the context, had been drawn
+from a stuffed specimen supplied by Mr. Fothergill. He himself was a
+skilful delineator of the living creatures that so much interested him.
+
+In 1832 Mr. Fothergill sat in Parliament as member for Northumberland,
+and for expressing some independent opinions in that capacity, he was
+deprived of the office of King's Printer. He originated the law which
+established Agricultural Societies in Upper Canada.
+
+In 1836, he appears to have been visited in Pickering by Dr. Thomas
+Rolph, when making notes for his "Statistical Account of Upper Canada."
+"The Township of Pickering," Dr. Rolph says, "is well settled and
+contains some fine land, and well watered. Mr. Fothergill," he
+continues, "has an extensive and most valuable museum of natural
+curiosities at his residence in this township, which he has collected
+with great industry and the most refined taste. He is a person of
+superior acquirements, and ardently devoted to the pursuit of natural
+philosophy." P. 189.
+
+It was Mr. Fothergill's misfortune to have lived too early in Upper
+Canada. Many plans of his in the interests of literature and science
+came to nothing for the want of a sufficient body of seconders. In
+conjunction with Dr. Dunlop and Dr. Rees, it was the intention of Mr.
+Fothergill to establish at York a Museum of Natural and Civil History,
+with a Botanical and Zoological Garden attached; and a grant of land on
+the Government Reserve between the Garrison and Farr's Brewery was
+actually secured as a site for the buildings and grounds of the proposed
+institution.
+
+A prospectus now before us sets forth in detail a very comprehensive
+scheme for this Museum or Lyceum, which embraced also a picture gallery,
+"for subjects connected with Science and Portraits of individuals," and
+did not omit "Indian antiquities, arms, dresses, utensils, and whatever
+might illustrate and make permanent all that we can know of the
+Aborigines of this great Continent, a people who are rapidly passing
+away and becoming as though they had never been."
+
+For several years Mr. Fothergill published "The York Almanac and Royal
+Calendar," which gradually became a volume of between four and five
+hundred duodecimo pages, filled with practical and official information
+on the subject of Canada and the other British American Colonies. This
+work is still often resorted to for information.
+
+Hanging in his study we remember noticing a large engraved map of
+"Cabotia." It was a delineation of the British Possessions in North
+America--the present Dominion of Canada in fact. It had been his
+purpose in 1823 to publish a "Canadian Annual Register;" but this he
+never accomplished. While printing the _Upper Canada Gazette_, he edited
+in conjunction with that periodical and on the same sheet, the "Weekly
+Register," bearing the motto, "Our endeavour will be to stamp the very
+body of the time--its its form and pressure: we shall extenuate nothing,
+nor shall we set down aught in malice." From this publication may be
+gathered much of the current history of the period. In it are given many
+curious scientific excerpts from his Common Place Book. At a later
+period, he published, at Toronto, a weekly paper in quarto shape, named
+the "Palladium."
+
+Among the non-official advertisements in the _Upper Canada Gazette_, in
+the year 1823, we observe one signed "Charles Fothergill," offering a
+reward "even to the full value of the volumes," for the recovery of
+missing portions of several English standard works which had belonged
+formerly, the advertisement stated, to the "Toronto Library," broken up
+"by the Americans at the taking of York." It was suggested that probably
+the missing books were still scattered about, up and down, in the town.
+It is odd to see the name of "Toronto" cropping out in 1823, in
+connection with a library. (In a much earlier York paper we notice the
+"Toronto Coffee House" advertised.)
+
+Mr. Fothergill belonged to the distinguished Quaker family of that name
+in Yorkshire. A rather good idea of his character of countenance may be
+derived from the portrait of Dr. Arnold, prefixed to Stanley's Memoir.
+An oil painting of him exists in the possession of some of his
+descendants.
+
+We observe in Leigh Hunt's _London Journal_, i. 172, a reference to
+"Fothergill's Essay on the Philosophy, Study and Use of Natural
+History;" and we have been assured that it is our Canadian Fothergill
+who was its author. We give a pathetic extract from a specimen of the
+production, in the work just referred to: "Never shall I forget," says
+the essayist, "the remembrance of a little incident which many will deem
+trifling and unimportant, but which has been peculiarly interesting to
+my heart, as giving origin to sentiments and rules of action which have
+since been very dear to me."
+
+"Besides a singular elegance of form and beauty of plumage," continues
+the enthusiastic naturalist, "the eye of the common lapwing is
+peculiarly soft and expressive; it is large, black, and full of lustre,
+rolling, as it seems to do, in liquid gems of dew. I had shot a bird of
+this beautiful species; but, on taking it up, I found it was not dead. I
+had wounded its breast; and some big drops of blood stained the pure
+whiteness of its feathers. As I held the hapless bird in my hand,
+hundreds of its companions hovered round my head, uttering continued
+shrieks of distress, and, by their plaintive cries, appeared to bemoan
+the fate of one to whom they were connected by ties of the most tender
+and interesting nature; whilst the poor wounded bird continually moaned,
+with a kind of inward wailing note, expressive of the keenest anguish;
+and, ever and anon, it raised its drooping head, and turning towards the
+wound in its breast, touched it with its bill, and then looked up in my
+face, with an expression that I have no wish to forget, for it had power
+to touch my heart whilst yet a boy, when a thousand dry precepts in the
+academical closet would have been of no avail."
+
+The length of this extract will be pardoned for the sake of its
+deterrent drift in respect to the wanton maiming and massacre of our
+feathered fellow-creatures by the firearms of sportsmen and missiles of
+thoughtless children.
+
+Eastward from the house where we have been pausing, the road took a
+slight sweep to the south and then came back to its former course
+towards the Don bridge, descending in the meantime into the valley of a
+creek or watercourse, and ascending again from it on the other side.
+Hereabout, to the left, standing on a picturesque knoll and surrounded
+by the natural woods of the region, was a good sized two-storey
+dwelling; this was the abode of Mr. David MacNab, sergeant-at-arms to
+the House of Assembly, as his father had been before him. With him
+resided several accomplished, kind-hearted sisters, all of handsome and
+even stately presence; one of them the belle of the day in society at
+York.
+
+Here were the quarters of the Chief MacNab, whenever he came up to York
+from his Canadian home on the Ottawa. It was not alone when present at
+church that this remarkable gentleman attracted the public gaze; but
+also, when surrounded or followed by a group of his fair kinsfolk of
+York, he marched with dignified steps along through the whole length of
+King Street, and down or up the Kingston road to and from the MacNab
+homestead here in the woods near the Don.
+
+In his visits to the capital, the Chief always wore a modified highland
+costume, which well set off his stalwart, upright form: the blue bonnet
+and feather, and richly embossed dirk, always rendered him conspicuous,
+as well as the tartan of brilliant hues depending from his shoulder
+after obliquely swathing his capacious chest; a bright scarlet vest with
+massive silver buttons, and dress coat always jauntily thrown back,
+added to the picturesqueness of the figure.
+
+It was always evident at a glance that the Chief set a high value on
+himself.--"May the MacNab of MacNabs have the pleasure of taking wine
+with Lady Sarah Maitland?" suddenly heard above the buzz of
+conversation, pronounced in a very deep and measured tone, by his manly
+voice, made mute for a time, on one occasion, the dinner-table at
+Government House. So the gossip ran. Another story of the same class,
+but less likely, we should think, to be true, was, that seating himself,
+without uncovering, in the Court-room one day, a messenger was sent to
+him by the Chief Justice, Sir William Campbell, on the Bench, requiring
+the removal of his cap; when the answer returned, as he instantly rose
+and left the building, was, that "the MacNab of MacNabs doffs his bonnet
+to no man!"
+
+At his home on the Chats the Emigrant Laird did his best to transplant
+the traditions and customs of by-gone days in the Highlands, but he
+found practical Canada an unfriendly soil for romance and sentiment.
+Bouchette, in his _British Dominions_, i. 82, thus refers to the
+Canadian abode of the Chief and to the settlement formed by the clan
+MacNab. "High up [the Ottawa]," he says, "on the bold and abrupt shore
+of the broad and picturesque Lake of the Chats, the Highland Chief
+MacNab has selected a romantic residence, Kinnell Lodge, which he has
+succeeded, through the most unshaken perseverance, in rendering
+exceedingly comfortable. His unexampled exertions in forming and
+fostering the settlement of the township, of which he may be considered
+the founder and the leader, have not been attended with all the success
+that was desirable, or which he anticipated."
+
+Bouchette then appends a note wherein we can see how readily his own
+demonstrative Gallic nature sympathized with the kindred Celtic spirit
+of the Highlander. "The characteristic hospitality that distinguished
+our reception by the gallant Chief," he says, "when, in 1828, we were
+returning down the Ottawa, after having explored its rapids and lakes,
+as far up as Grand Calumet, we cannot pass over in silence. To voyageurs
+in the remote wilds of Canada," he continues, "necessarily strangers
+for the time to the sweets of civilization, the unexpected comforts of a
+well-furnished board, and the cordiality of a Highland welcome, are
+blessings that fall upon the soul like dew upon the flower. 'The sun was
+just resigning to the moon the empire of the skies,' when we took our
+leave of the noble chieftain," he adds, "to descend the formidable
+rapids of the Chats. As we glided from the foot of the bold bank, the
+gay plaid and cap of the noble Gael were seen waving on the proud
+eminence, and the shrill notes of the piper filled the air with their
+wild cadences. They died away as we approached the head of the rapids.
+Our caps were flourished, and the flags (for our canoe was gaily
+decorated with them) waved in adieu, and we entered the vortex of the
+swift and whirling stream."
+
+In 1836, Rolph, in his "Statistical Account of Upper Canada," p. 146,
+also speaks of the site of Kinnell Lodge as "greatly resembling in its
+bold, sombre and majestic aspect, the wildest and most romantic scenery"
+of Scotland. "This distinguished Chieftain," the writer then informs us,
+"has received permission to raise a militia corps of 800 Highlanders, a
+class of British subjects always distinguished for their devoted and
+chivalrous attachment to the laws and institutions of their noble
+progenitors, and who would prove a rampart of living bodies in defence
+of British supremacy whenever and wherever assailed."
+
+The reference in Dean Ramsay's interesting "Reminiscences of Scottish
+life and Character," to "the last Laird of MacNab," is perhaps to the
+father of the gentleman familiar to us here in York, and who filled so
+large a space in the recollections of visitors to the Upper Ottawa. "The
+last Laird of MacNab before the clan finally broke up and emigrated to
+Canada was," says the Dean in the work just named, "a well-known
+character in the country; and, being poor, used to ride about on a most
+wretched horse, which gave occasion to many jibes at his expense. The
+Laird," this writer continues, "was in the constant habit of riding up
+from the country to attend the Musselburgh races [near Edinburgh]." A
+young wit, by way of playing him off on the race course, asked him in a
+contemptuous tone, "Is that the same horse you had last year,
+Laird?"--"Na," said the Laird, brandishing his whip in the
+interrogator's face in so emphatic a manner as to preclude further
+questioning, "Na! but it's the same _whup_!" (p. 216, 9th ed.)
+
+We do not doubt but that the MacNabs have ever been a spirited race.
+Their representatives here have always been such; and like their kinsmen
+in the old home, too, they have had, during their brief history in
+Canada, their share of the hereditary vicissitudes. We owe to a
+Sheriff's advertisement in the _Upper Canada Gazette or American Oracle_
+of the 14th of April, 1798, published at Niagara, some biographical
+particulars and a minute description of the person of the Mr. MacNab who
+was afterwards, as we have already stated, Usher of the Black Rod to the
+House of Assembly and father of his successor, Mr. David MacNab, in the
+same post; father also of the Allan MacNab, whose history forms part of
+that of Upper Canada.
+
+In 1798, imprisonment for debt was the rigorously enforced law of the
+land. The prominent MacNab of that date had, it would appear, become
+obnoxious to the law on the score of indebtedness: but finding the
+restraint imposed irksome, he had relieved himself of it without asking
+leave. The hue and cry for his re-capture proceeded as follows: "Two
+hundred dollars reward! Home District, Upper Canada, Newark, April 2,
+1798. Broke the gaol of this District on the night of the 1st instant,
+[the 1st of April, be it observed,] Allan MacNab, a confined debtor. He
+is a reduced lieutenant of horse," proceeds the Sheriff, "on the
+half-pay list of the late corps of Queen's Rangers; aged 38 years or
+thereabouts; five feet three inches high; fair complexion; light hair;
+red beard; much marked with the small-pox; the middle finger of one of
+his hands remarkable for an overgrown nail; round shouldered; stoops a
+little in walking; and although a native of the Highlands of Scotland,
+affects much in speaking the Irish dialect. Whoever will apprehend, &c.,
+&c., shall receive the above reward, with all reasonable expenses."
+
+The escape of the prisoner on the first of April was probably felt by
+the Sheriff to be a practical joke played off on himself personally. We
+think we detect personal spleen in the terms of the advertisement: in
+the minuteness of the description of Mr. MacNab's physique, which never
+claimed to be that of an Adonis; in the biographical particulars, which,
+however interesting they chance to prove to later generations, were
+somewhat out of place on such an occasion: as also in a postscript
+calling on "the printers within His Majesty's Governments in America,
+and those of the United States to give circulation in their respective
+papers to the above advertisement," &c.
+
+It was a limited exchequer that created embarrassment in the early
+history--and, for that matter, in much of the later history as well--of
+Mr. MacNab's distinguished son, afterwards the baronet Sir Allan; and no
+one could relate with more graphic and humorous effect his troubles from
+this source, than he was occasionally in the habit of doing.
+
+When observing his well-known handsome form and ever-benignant
+countenance, about the streets of York, we lads at school were wont, we
+remember, generally to conjecture that his ramblings were limited to
+certain bounds. He himself used to dwell with an amount of complacency
+on the skill acquired in carpentry during these intervals of involuntary
+leisure, and on the practical results to himself from that skill, not
+only in the way of pastime, but in the form of hard cash for personal
+necessities. Many were the panelled doors and Venetian shutters in York
+which, by his account, were the work of his hands.
+
+Once he was on the point of becoming a professional actor. Giving
+assistance now and then as an anonymous performer to Mr. Archbold, a
+respectable Manager here, he evinced such marked talent on the boards,
+that he was seriously advised to adopt the stage as his avocation and
+employment. The Theatre of Canadian public affairs, however, was to be
+the real scene of his achievements. Particulars are here unnecessary.
+Successively sailor and soldier (and in both capacities engaged in
+perilous service); a lawyer, a legislator in both Houses; Speaker twice
+in the Popular Assembly; once Prime Minister; knighted for gallantry,
+and appointed an Aide-de-camp to the Queen; dignified with a baronetcy;
+by the marriage of a daughter with the son of a nobleman, made the
+possible progenitor of English peers--the career of Allan MacNab cannot
+fail to arrest the attention of the future investigator of Canadian
+history.
+
+With our local traditions in relation to the grandiose chieftain above
+described, one or two stories are in circulation, in which his young
+kinsman Allan amusingly figures. Alive to pleasantry--as so many of our
+early worthies in these parts were--he undertook, it is said, for a
+small wager, to prove the absolute nudity of the knees, &c., of his
+feudal lord when at a ball in full costume: (the allegation,
+mischievously made, had been that the Chief was protected from the
+weather by invisible drawers.) The mode of demonstration adopted was a
+sudden cry from the ingenuous youth addressed to the Chief, to the
+effect that he observed a spider, or some such object running up his
+leg!--a cry instantly followed by a smart slap with the hand, with the
+presumed intention of checking the onward course of the noxious thing.
+The loud crack occasioned by the blow left no room for doubt as to the
+fact of nudity; but the dignified Laird was somewhat disconcerted by the
+over zeal of his young retainer.
+
+Again, at Kingston, the ever-conscious Chief having written himself down
+in the visitors' book at the hotel as The MacNab, his juvenile relative,
+coming in immediately after and seeing the curt inscription, instantly
+entered his protest against the monopoly apparently implied, by writing
+_himself_ down, just underneath, in conspicuous characters, as The Other
+MacNab--the genius of his coming fortunes doubtless inspiring the merry
+deed.--He held for a time a commission in the 68th, and accompanied that
+regiment to York in 1827. Riding along King Street one day soon after
+his arrival in the town, he observed Mr. Washburn, the lawyer, taking a
+furtive survey of him through his eyeglass. The proceeding is at once
+reciprocated by the conversion of a stirrup into an imaginary lens of
+large diameter, lifted by the strap and waggishly applied to the eye.
+Mr. Washburn had, we believe, pressed matters against the young officer
+rather sharply in the courts, a year or two previously. A few years
+later, when member for Wentworth, he contrived, while conversing with
+the Speaker, Mr. McLean, in the refreshment-room of the Parliament
+House, to slip into one of that gentleman's coat pockets the leg-bone of
+a turkey. After the lapse of a few minutes, Mr. MacNab, as chairman of a
+committee of the whole House, is solemnly seated at the Table, and Mr.
+Speaker, in his capacity as a member, is being interrogated by him on
+some point connected with the special business of the committee. At this
+particular moment, it happens that Mr. Speaker, feeling for his
+handkerchief, discovers in his pocket the extraordinary foreign object
+which had been lodged there. Guessing in an instant the author of the
+trick, he extricates the bone and quick as thought, shies it at the head
+of the occupant of the Chair. The House is, of course, amazed; and Mr.
+MacNab, in the gravest manner, directs the Clerk to make a note of the
+act.--We have understood that the house occupied by Mr. Fothergill
+(where we paused a short time since) was originally built by Allan
+MacNab, junior, but never dwelt in by him.
+
+We now arrived at the Don bridge. The valley of the Don, at the place
+where the Kingston Road crosses it, was spanned in 1824 by a long wooden
+viaduct raised about twenty-five feet above the marsh below. This
+structure consisted of a series of ten trestles, or frames of hewn
+timber supporting a roadway of plank, which had lasted since 1809. A
+similar structure spanned the Humber and its marshes on the west side of
+York. Both of these bridges about the year 1824 had become very much
+decayed; and occasionally both were rendered impassable at the same
+time, by the falling in of worn-out and broken planks. The York papers
+would then make themselves merry on the well-defended condition of the
+town in a military point of view, approach to it from the east and west
+being effectually barred.
+
+Prior to the erection of the bridge on the Kingston Road, the Don was
+crossed near the same spot by means of a scow, worked by the assistance
+of a rope stretched across the stream. In 1810, we observe that the
+Humber was also crossed by means of a ferry. In that year the
+inhabitants of Etobicoke complained to the magistrates in session at
+York of the excessive toll demanded there; and it was agreed that for
+the future the following should be the charges:--For each foot
+passenger, 21/2d.; for every hog, 1d.; for every sheep, the same; for
+horned cattle, 21/2d. each, for every horse and rider, 5d.; for every
+carriage drawn by two horses, 1s. 3d. (which included the driver); for
+every carriage with one horse, 1s. It is presumed that the same tolls
+were exacted at the ferry over the Don, while in operation.
+
+In 1824 not only was the Don bridge in bad repair, but, as we learn from
+a petition addressed by the magistrates to Sir Peregrine Maitland in
+that year, the bridge over the Rouge in Pickering, also, is said to be,
+"from its decayed state, almost impassable, and if not remedied," the
+document goes on to state, "the communication between this town (York)
+and the eastern parts of the Province, as well as with Lower Canada by
+land, will be entirely obstructed."
+
+At length the present earthwork across the marsh at the Don was thrown
+up, and the river itself spanned by a long wooden tube, put together on
+a suspension principle, roofed over and closed in on the sides, with the
+exception of oblong apertures for light. It resembled in some degree the
+bridges to be seen over the Reuss at Lucerne and elsewhere in
+Switzerland, though not decorated with paintings in the interior, as
+they are. Stone piers built on piles sustained it at either end. All was
+done under the superintendence of a United States contractor, named
+Lewis. It was at him that the _italics_ in Mr. Angell's advertisement
+glanced. The inuendo was that, for engineering purposes, there was no
+necessity for calling in the aid of outsiders.
+
+From a kind of small Friar-Bacon's study, occupied in former years by
+ourselves, situated on a bold point some distance northwards, up the
+valley, we remember watching the pile-driver at work in preparing the
+foundation of the two stone piers of the Don bridge: from where we sat
+at our books we could see the heavy mallet descend; and then, after a
+considerable interval, we would hear the sharp stroke on the end of the
+piece of timber which was being driven down. From the same elevated
+position also, previously, we used to see the teams crossing the high
+frame-work over the marsh on their way to and from Town, and hear the
+distant clatter of the horses' feet on the loosely-laid planks.
+
+The tubular structure which succeeded the trestle-work bridge did not
+retain its position very long. The pier at its western extremity was
+undermined by the water during a spring freshet, and gave way. The
+bridge, of course, fell down into the swirling tide below, and was
+carried bodily away, looking like a second Ark as it floated along
+towards the mouth of the river, where at length it stranded and became a
+wreck.
+
+On the breaking up of the ice every spring the Don, as is well known,
+becomes a mighty rushing river, stretching across from hill to hill.
+Ordinarily, it occupies but a small portion of its proper valley,
+meandering along, like an English tide-stream when the tide is out. The
+bridge carried away on this occasion was notable so long as it stood,
+for retaining visible marks of an attempt to set fire to it during the
+troubles of 1837.
+
+The next appliance for crossing the river was another tubular frame of
+timber, longer than the former one; but it was never provided with a
+roof, and never closed in at the sides. Up to the time that it began to
+show signs of decay, and to require cribs to be built underneath it in
+the middle of the stream, it had an unfinished, disreputable look. It
+acquired a tragic interest in 1859, from being the scene of the murder,
+by drowning, of a young Irishman named Hogan, a barrister, and, at the
+same time, a member of the Parliament of Canada.
+
+When crossing the high trestlework which preceded the present
+earth-bank, the traveller, on looking down into the marsh below, on the
+south side, could see the remains of a still earlier structure, a
+causeway formed of unhewn logs laid side by side in the usual manner,
+but decayed, and for the most part submerged in water, resembling, as
+seen from above, some of the lately-discovered substructions in the
+lakes of Switzerland. This was probably the first road by which wheeled
+vehicles ever crossed the valley of the Don here. On the protruding ends
+of some of the logs of this causeway would be always seen basking, on a
+warm summer's day, many fresh-water turtles; amongst which, as also
+amongst the black snakes, which were likewise always to be seen coiled
+up in numbers here, and among the shoals of sunfish in the surrounding
+pools, a great commotion would take place when the jar was felt of a
+waggon passing over on the framework above.
+
+The rest of the marsh, with the exception of the space occupied by the
+ancient corduroy causeway, was one thicket of wild willow, alder, and
+other aquatic shrubbery, among which was conspicuous the _spiraea_, known
+among boys as "seven-bark" or "nine-bark" and prized by them for the
+beautiful hue of its rind, which, when rubbed, becomes a bright scarlet.
+
+Here also the blue iris grew plentifully, and reeds, frequented by the
+marsh hen; and the bulrush, with its long cat-tails, sheathed in
+chestnut-coloured felt, and pointing upwards like toy sky-rockets ready
+to be shot off. (These cat-tails, when dry and stripped, expand into
+large, white, downy spheres of fluff, and actually are as inflammable as
+gunpowder, going off with a mighty flash at the least touch of fire.)
+
+The view from the old trestlework bridge, both up and down the stream,
+was very picturesque, especially when the forest, which clothed the
+banks of the ravine on the right and left, wore the tints of autumn.
+Northward, while many fine elms would be seen towering up from the land
+on a level with the river, the bold hills above them and beyond were
+covered with lofty pines. Southward, in the distance, was a great
+stretch of marsh, with the blue lake along the horizon. In the summer
+this marsh was one vast jungle of tall flags and reeds, where would be
+found the conical huts of the muskrat, and where would be heard at
+certain seasons the peculiar _gulp_ of the bittern; in winter, when
+crisp and dry, here was material for a magnificent pyrotechnical
+display, which usually, once a year, came off, affording at night to
+the people of the town a spectacle not to be contemned.
+
+Through a portion of this marsh on the eastern side of the river, Mr.
+Justice Boulton, at a very early period, cut, at a great expense, an
+open channel in front of some property of his: it was expected, we
+believe, that the matted vegetation on the outer side of this cutting
+would float away and leave clear water, when thus disengaged; but no
+such result ensued: the channel, however, has continued open, and is
+known as the "Boulton ditch." It forms a communication for skiffs
+between the Don and Ashbridge's Bay.
+
+At the west end of the bridge, just across what is now the gore between
+Queen Street and King Street, there used to be the remains of a military
+breastwork thrown up in the war of 1812. At the east end of the bridge,
+on the south side of the road, there still stands a lowly edifice of
+hewn logs, erected before the close of the last century, by the writer's
+father, who was the first owner and occupant of the land on both sides
+of the Kingston road at this point. The roadway down to the original
+crossing-place over the river in the days of the Ferry, and the time of
+the first corduroy bridge, swerving as it did considerably to the south
+from the direct line of the Kingston road, must have been in fact a
+trespass on his lot on the south side of the road: and we find that so
+noteworthy an object was the solitary house, just above the bridge, in
+1799, that the bridge itself, in popular parlance, was designated by its
+owner's name. Thus in the _Upper Canada Gazette_ for March 9, 1799, we
+read that at a Town Meeting Benjamin Morley was appointed overseer of
+highways and fence-viewer for the section of road "from Scadding's
+bridge to Scarborough." In 1800 Mr. Ashbridge is appointed to the same
+office, and the section of highway placed under his charge is on this
+occasion named "the Bay Road from Scadding's bridge to Scarborough."
+
+This Mr. Ashbridge is the early settler from whom Ashbridge's Bay was so
+called. His farm lay along the lower portion of that sheet of water.
+Next to him, westward, was the property of Mr. Hastings, whose Christian
+name was Warren. Years ago, when first beginning to read Burke, we
+remember wondering why the name of "the great proconsul" of Hindustan
+looked so familiar to the eye: when we recollected that in our childhood
+we used frequently to see here along the old Kingston road the name
+Warren Hastings appended in conspicuous characters, to placards posted
+up, advertising a "Lost Cow," or some other homely animal, gone
+astray.--Adjoining Mr. Hasting's farm, still moving west, was that of
+Mr. Mills, with whose name in our mind is associated the name of "Hannah
+Mills," an unmarried member of his household, who was the Sister of
+Charity of the neighbourhood, ever ready in times of sickness and
+bereavement to render, for days and nights together, kindly, sympathetic
+and consolatory aid.
+
+We transcribe the full list of the appointments at the Town Meeting of
+1799, for the sake of the old locally familiar names therein embodied;
+and also as showing the curious and almost incredible fact that in the
+language of the people, York at that early period, 1799, was beginning
+to be entitled "the City of York!"
+
+"Persons elected at the Town Meeting held at the City of York on the 4th
+day of March, 1799, pursuant to an Act of Parliament of the Province,
+entitled an Act to provide for the nomination and appointment of Parish
+and Town Officers within this Province. Clerk of the Town and
+Township,--Mr. Edward Hayward. Assessors,--(including also the Townships
+of Markham and Vaughan) Mr. George Playter and Mr. Thomas Stoyles.
+Collector,--Mr. Archibald Cameron. Overseers of the Highways and Roads,
+and Fence-viewers,--Benjamin Morley, from Scadding's Bridge to
+Scarborough; James Playter, from the Bay Road to the Mills; Abraham
+Devans, circle of the Humber; Paul Wilcot, from Big-Creek to No. 25,
+inclusive, on Yonge Street, and half Big-Creek Bridge; Daniel Dehart,
+from Big-Creek to No. 1 inclusive, on Yonge Street, and half Big-Creek
+Bridge. Mr. McDougal and Mr. Clarke for the district of the city of
+York. Pound Keepers: Circle of the Don, Parshall Terry, junr.; Circle of
+the Humber, Benjamin Davis; Circle of Yonge Street, No. 1 to 25, James
+Everson; Circle of the City, etc., James Nash. Townwardens, Mr.
+Archibald Thompson and Mr. Samuel Heron. Other officers, elected
+pursuant to the 12th clause of the said Act: Pathmasters and
+Fence-viewers, Yonge Street, in Markham and Vaughan, Mr. Stilwell
+Wilson, lots 26 to 40, Yonge Street; Mr. John H. Hudrux, 41 to 51, Yonge
+Street, John Lyons, lots 26 to 35. John Stulz, Pathmaster and
+Fence-viewer in the German Settlement of Markham. David Thompson, do.
+for Scarborough."
+
+It is then added:--"N. B.--Conformably to the resolutions of the
+inhabitants, no hogs to run at large above three months old, and lawful
+fences to be five feet and a half high. Nicholas Klingenbrumer,
+constable, presiding." Furthermore, the information is given that "the
+following are Constables appointed by the Justices: John Rock, Daniel
+Tiers and John Matchefosky, for the city, etc. Levi Devans for the
+District of the Humber, Thomas Hill from No. 1 to 25, Yonge Street;
+Balser Munshaw, for Vaughan and first Concession of Markham; ----
+Squantz for the German settlement of Markham. By order of the
+Magistrates: D. W. Smith." Also notice is given that "Such of the above
+officers as have not yet taken the oath, are warned hereby to do so
+without loss of time. The constables are to take notice that although
+for their own ease they are selected from particular districts, they are
+liable to serve process generally in the county."
+
+When, in 1799, staid inhabitants were found seriously dignifying the
+group of buildings then to be seen on the borders of the bay, with the
+magnificent appellation of the "City of York," it is no wonder that at a
+later period indignation is frequently expressed at the ignominious
+epithet of "Little," which persons in the United States were fond of
+prefixing to the name of the place. Thus for example, in the _Weekly
+Register_ so late as June, 1822, we have the editor speaking thus in a
+notice to a correspondent: "Our friends on the banks of the Ohio, 45
+miles below Pittsburg, will perceive," the editor remarks, "that
+notwithstanding he has made us pay postage [and postage in those days
+was heavy], we have not been unmindful of his request. We shall always
+be ready at the call of charity when not misapplied; and we hope the
+family in question will be successful in their object.--There is one
+hint, however," the editor goes on to say, "we wish to give Mr. W.
+Patton, P. M.; which is, although there may be many "_Little_" Yorks in
+the United States, we know of no place called "_Little York_" in Canada;
+and beg that he will bear this _little_ circumstance in his recollection
+when he again addresses us."
+
+Gourlay also, as we have seen, when he wished to speak cuttingly of the
+authorities at York, used the same epithet. In gubernatorial
+proclamations, the phrase modestly employed is--"Our Town of York."
+
+A short distance east from the bridge a road turned northward, known as
+the "Mill road." This communication was open in 1799. It led originally
+to the Mills of Parshall Terry, of whose accidental drowning in the Don
+there is a notice in the _Gazette_ of July 23, 1808. In 1800, Parshall
+Terry is "Overseer of Ways from the Bay Road to the Mills." In 1802 the
+language is "from the Bay Road to the Don Mills," and in that year, Mr.
+John Playter is elected to the office held in the preceding year by
+Parshall Terry. (In regard to Mr. John Playter:--The solitary house
+which overlooked the original Don Bridge and Ferry was occupied by him
+during the absence of its builder and owner in England; and here, Mr.
+Emanuel Playter, his eldest son, was born.)
+
+In 1821, and down to 1849, the Mill road was regarded chiefly as an
+approach to the multifarious works, flour-mills, saw-mills,
+fulling-mills, carding-mills, paper-mills and breweries, founded near
+the site of Parshall Terry's Mills, by the Helliwells, a vigorous and
+substantial Yorkshire family, whose heads first settled and commenced
+operations on the brink of Niagara Falls, on the Canadian side, in 1818,
+but then in 1821 transferred themselves to the upper valley of the Don,
+where that river becomes a shallow, rapid stream, and where the
+surroundings are, on a small scale, quite Alpine in character--a
+secluded spot at the time, in the rudest state of nature, a favourite
+haunt of wolves, bears and deer; a spot presenting difficulties
+peculiarly formidable for the new settler to grapple with, from the
+loftiness and steepness of the hills and the kind of timber growing
+thereabout, massive pines for the most part. Associated with the
+Helliwells in their various enterprises, and allied to them by
+copartnerships and intermarriage, were the Skinners and Eastwoods, all
+shrewd and persevering folk of the Midland and North-country English
+stock.--It was Mr. Eastwood who gave the name of Todmorden to the
+village overlooking the mills. Todmorden, partly in Yorkshire, and
+partly in Lancashire, was the old home of the Helliwells.
+
+Farther up the river, on the hills to the right, were the Sinclairs,
+very early settlers from New England; and beyond, descending again into
+the vale, the Taylors and Leas, substantial and enterprising emigrants
+from England.
+
+Hereabout were the "Forks of the Don," where the west branch of that
+stream, seen at York Mills, enters. The hills in this neighbourhood are
+lofty and precipitous, and the pines that clothed them were of a
+remarkably fine growth. The tedious circuit which teams were obliged to
+make in order to get into the town from these regions by the Don bridge
+has since been, to some extent, obviated by the erection of two
+additional bridges at points higher up the stream, north of the Kingston
+road.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XVII.
+
+  THE VALLEY OF THE DON.
+
+  _I.--From the Bridge on the Kingston Road to Tyler's._
+
+
+Retracing our steps; placing ourselves again on the bridge, and, turning
+northwards, we see on the right, near by, a field or rough space, which
+has undergone excavation, looking as though the brick-maker or potter
+had been at work on it: and we may observe that large quantity of the
+displaced material has been spread out over a portion of the marshy
+tract enclosed here by a bend of the river westward. What we see is a
+relic of an effort made long ago, by Mr. Washburn, a barrister of York,
+to whom reference has been made before, to bring this piece of land into
+cultivation. In its natural state the property was all but useless, from
+the steepness of the hill-side on the one hand, and from the ever wet
+condition of the central portion of the flat below on the other. By
+grading down the hill and filling in the marsh, and establishing a
+gentle slope from the margin of the stream to the level of the top of
+the bank on the right, it was easy to see that a large piece of solid
+land in an eligible position might be secured. The undertaking, however,
+was abandoned before the work was finished, the expense probably being
+found heavy, and the prospect of a return for the outlay remote.
+
+At a later period Mr. O'Neill, with greater success and completeness,
+cut down the steep ridges of the bank at Don Mount, a short distance up,
+and filled in the marsh below. These experiments show how the valley of
+the Don, along the eastern outskirts of the town, will ultimately be
+turned to account, when the necessities of the population demand the
+outlay. At present such improvements are discouraged by the length of
+time required to cover large surfaces of new clay with vegetable mould.
+But in future years it will be for mills and factories, and not for
+suburban and villa purposes, that the parts referred to will be held
+valuable.
+
+These marshes along the sides of the Don, from the point where its
+current ceases to be perceptible, appear to be remains of the river as
+it was at an epoch long ago. The rim or levee that now, on the right and
+left, confines and defines the meanderings of the stream in the midst of
+the marshes, has been formed by the alluvial matter deposited in the
+annual overflowings. The bed of the stream has probably in the same
+manner been by degrees slightly raised. The solid tow-path, as it were,
+thus created on each side of the river-channel, affords at present a
+great convenience to the angler and fowler. It forms, moreover, as shown
+by the experiments above alluded to, a capital breastwork, towards which
+the engineer may advance, when cutting down the adjoining hills, and
+disposing of their material on the drowned land below.
+
+Once more imagining ourselves on the bridge, and looking obliquely to
+the north-west, we may still discern close by some remains of the short,
+shallow, winding ravine, by which in winter the sleighs used to ascend
+from the level of the river, and regain, through a grove of pines and
+hemlocks, the high road into the town. As soon as the steady cold set
+in, every year, the long reaches and grand sweeps of the river Don
+became peculiarly interesting. Firmly frozen over everywhere, and coated
+with a good depth of snow, bordered on each side by a high shrubbery of
+wild willow, alder, wych-hazel, dog-wood, tree-cranberry and other
+specimens of the lesser brushwood of the forest, plentifully overspread
+and interwoven in numerous places with the vine of wild grape, the whole
+had the appearance of a fine, clear, level English coach-road or
+highway, bounded throughout its winding course by a luxuriant hedge,
+seen as such English roads and their surroundings were wont to be, all
+snow-clad, at Christmas-tide, from the top of the fast mail to Exeter,
+for example, in the old coaching days.
+
+Down the river, thus conveniently paved over, every day came a cavalcade
+of strong sleighs, heavily laden, some with cordwood, some with sawn
+lumber, some with hay, a whole stack of which at once, sometimes, would
+seem to be on the move.
+
+After a light fall of snow in the night, the surface of the frozen
+stream would be marked all over with foot-prints innumerable of animals,
+small and great, that had been early out a-foraging: tracks of
+field-mice, minks and martens, of land-rats, water-rats and muskrats; of
+the wild-cat sometimes, and of the fox; and sometimes of the wolf. Up
+this valley we have heard at night the howling of the wolf; and in the
+snow of the meadows that skirt the stream, we have seen the
+blood-stained spots where sheep had been worried and killed by that
+ravenous animal.
+
+In one or two places where the bends of the river touched the inner high
+bank, and where diggings had abortively been made with a view to the
+erection of a factory of some kind, beautiful frozen gushes of water
+from springs in the hill-side were every winter to be seen, looking, at
+a distance, like small motionless Niagaras. At one sheltered spot, we
+remember, where a tannery was begun but never finished, solid ice was
+sometimes to be found far on in the summer.
+
+In the spring and summer, a pull up the Don, while yet its banks were in
+their primeval state was something to be enjoyed. After passing certain
+potasheries and distilleries that at an early period were erected a
+short distance northward of the bridge, the meadow land at the base of
+the hills began to widen out; and numerous elm trees, very lofty, with
+gracefully-drooping branches, made their appearance, with other very
+handsome trees, as the lime or basswood, and the sycamore or
+button-wood.--At a very early period, we have been assured that brigades
+of North-west Company boats, _en route_ to Lake Huron, used to make
+their way up the Don as far as the "Forks," by one of which they then
+passed westward towards the track now known as Yonge-street: they there
+were taken ashore and carried on trucks to the Holland river. The help
+gained by utilizing this piece of water-way must have been slight, when
+the difficulties to be overcome high up the stream were taken into
+account. We have conversed with an early inhabitant who, at a more
+recent period, had seen the North-west Company's boats drawn on trucks
+by oxen up the line of modern Yonge-street, but, in his day, starting,
+mounted in this manner, from the edge of the bay. In both cases they
+were shifted across from the Lake into the harbour at the
+"Carrying-place"--the narrow neck or isthmus a little to the west of the
+mouth of the Don proper, where the lake has now made a passage.
+
+We add one more of the spectacles which, in the olden time, gave
+animation to the scene before us. Along the winding stream, where in
+winter the sleighs were to be seen coming down, every summer at night
+would be observed a succession of moving lights, each repeated in the
+dark water below. These were the iron cressets, filled with unctuous
+pine knots all ablaze, suspended from short poles at the bows of the
+fishermen's skiffs, out in quest of salmon and such other large fish as
+might be deemed worth a thrust of the long-handled, sharply-barbed
+trident used in such operations. Before the establishment of mills and
+factories, many hundreds of salmon were annually taken in the Don, as in
+all the other streams emptying into Lake Ontario. We have ourselves been
+out on a night-fishing excursion on the Don, when in the course of an
+hour some twenty heavy salmon were speared; and we have a distinct
+recollection of the conspicuous appearance of the great fish, as seen by
+the aid of the blazing "jack" at the bow, nozzling about at the bottom
+of the stream.
+
+  _2.--From Tyler's to the Big Bend._
+
+Not far from the spot where, at present, the Don-street bridge crosses
+the river, on the west side and to the north, lived for a long time a
+hermit-squatter, named Joseph Tyler, an old New Jersey man, of
+picturesque aspect. With his rather fine, sharp, shrewd features, set
+off by an abundance of white hair and beard, he was the counterpart of
+an Italian artist's stock-model. The mystery attendant on his choice of
+a life of complete solitude, his careful reserve, his perfect
+self-reliance in regard to domestic matters, and, at the same time, the
+evident wisdom of his contrivances and ways, and the propriety and
+sagacity of his few words, all helped to render him a good specimen in
+actual life of a secular anchorite. He had been in fact a soldier in the
+United States army, in the war of Independence, and was in the receipt
+of a pension from the other side of the lakes. He was familiar, he
+alleged, with the personal appearance of Washington.
+
+His abode on the Don was an excavation in the side of the steep hill, a
+little way above the level of the river-bank. The flue of his winter
+fire-place was a tubular channel, bored up through the clay of the
+hill-side. His sleeping-place or berth was exactly like one of the
+receptacles for human remains in the Roman catacombs, an oblong recess,
+likewise carved in the dry material of the hill. To the south of his
+cave he cultivated a large garden, and raised among other things, the
+white sweet edible Indian corn, a novelty here at the time; and very
+excellent tobacco. He moreover manufactured pitch and tar, in a little
+kiln or pit dug for the purpose close by his house.
+
+He built for himself a magnificent canoe, locally famous. It consisted
+of two large pine logs, each about forty feet long, well shaped and
+deftly hollowed out, fastened together by cross dove-tail pieces let in
+at regular distances along the interior of its bottom. While in process
+of construction in the pine woods through which the "Mill road" passes,
+on the high bank eastward of the river, it was a wonderment to all the
+inquisitive youth of the neighbourhood, and was accordingly often
+visited and inspected by them.
+
+In this craft he used to pole himself down the windings of the stream,
+all the way round into the bay, and on to the landing-place at the foot
+of Caroline-street, bringing with him the produce of his garden, and
+neat stacks of pine knots, ready split for the fishermen's lightjacks.
+He would also on occasion undertake the office of ferryman. On being
+hailed for the purpose, he would put across the river persons anxious to
+make a short cut into the town from the eastward. Just opposite his den
+there was for a time a rude causeway over the marsh.
+
+At the season of the year when the roads through the woods were
+impracticable, Tyler's famous canoe was employed by the Messrs.
+Helliwell for conveying into town, from a point high up the stream, the
+beer manufactured at their Breweries on the Don. We are informed by Mr.
+William Helliwell, of the Highland Creek, that twenty-two barrels at a
+time could be placed in it, in two rows of eleven each, laid lengthwise
+side by side, still leaving room for Tyler and an assistant to navigate
+the boat.
+
+The large piece of meadow land on the east side of the river, above
+Tyler's abode, enclosed by a curve which the stream makes towards the
+west, has a certain interest attached to it from the fact that therein
+was reproduced, for the first time in these parts, that peculiarly
+pleasant English scene, a hop-garden. Under the care of Mr. James Case,
+familiar with the hop in Sussex, this graceful and useful plant was here
+for several seasons to be seen passing through the successive stages of
+its scientific cultivation; in early spring sprouting from the surface
+of the rich black vegetable mould; then trained gradually over, and at
+length clothing richly the poles or groups of poles set at regular
+distances throughout the enclosure; overtopping these supports; by and
+by loading them heavily with a plentiful crop of swaying clusters; and
+then finally, when in a sufficiently mature state, prostrated, props and
+all, upon the ground, and stripped of their fragrant burden, the real
+object of all the pains taken.--From this field many valuable pockets of
+hops were gathered; and the quality of the plant was pronounced to be
+good. Mr. Case afterwards engaged extensively in the same occupation in
+the neighbourhood of Newmarket.
+
+About the dry, sandy table-land that overlooked the river on each side
+in this neighbourhood, the burrows of the fox, often with little
+families within, were plentifully to be met with. The marmot too,
+popularly known as the woodchuck, was to be seen on sunny days sitting
+up upon its haunches at holes in the hill-side. We could at this moment
+point out the ancient home of a particular animal of this species, whose
+ways we used to note with some curiosity.--Here were to be found racoons
+also; but these, like the numerous squirrels, black, red, flying and
+striped, were visible only towards the decline of summer, when the maize
+and the nuts began to ripen. At that period also, bears, he-bears and
+she-bears, accompanied by their cubs, were not unfamiliar objects,
+wherever the blackberry and raspberry grew. In the forest, moreover,
+hereabout, a rustle in the underbrush, and something white seen dancing
+up and down in the distance like the plume of a mounted knight, might at
+any moment indicate that a group of deer had caught sight of one of the
+dreaded human race, and, with tails uplifted, had bounded incontinently
+away.
+
+Pines of a great height and thickness crowded the tops of these hills.
+The paths of hurricanes could be traced over extensive tracts by the
+fallen trunks of trees of this species, their huge bulks lying one over
+the other in a titanic confusion worthy of a sketch by Dore in
+illustration of Dante; their heads all in one direction, their upturned
+roots, vast mats of woody ramifications and earth, presented sometimes a
+perpendicular wall of a great height. Occasionally one of these upright
+masses, originating in the habit of the pine to send out a wide-spread
+but shallow rootage, would unexpectedly fall back into its original
+place, when, in the clearing of the land, the bole of the tree to which
+it appertained came to be gashed through. In this case it would
+sometimes happen that a considerable portion of the trunk would appear
+again in a perpendicular position. As its top would of course show that
+human hands had been at work there, the question would be propounded to
+the new comer as to how the axe could have reached to such a height. The
+suppositions usually encouraged in him were, either that the snow must
+have been wonderfully deep when that particular tree was felled, or else
+that some one of the very early settlers must have been a man of
+exceptional stature.
+
+Among the lofty pines, here and there, one more exposed than the rest
+would be seen, with a piece of the thickness of a strong fence-rail
+stripped out of its side, from its extreme apex to its very root,
+spirally, like the groove of a rifle-bore. It in this manner showed that
+at some moment it had been the swift conductor down into the earth of
+the contents of a passing electric cloud. One tree of the pine species,
+we remember, that had been severed in the midst by lightning, so
+suddenly, that the upper half had descended with perfect
+perpendicularity and such force that it planted itself upright in the
+earth by the side of the trunk from which it had been smitten.
+
+Nor may we omit from our remembered phenomena of the pine forests
+hereabout, the bee-trees. Now and then a huge pine would fall, or be
+intentionally cut down, which would exhibit in cavernous recesses at a
+great distance from what had been its root end, the accumulated combs
+of, it might be, a half century; those of them that were of recent
+construction, filled with honey.
+
+A solitary survivor of the forest of towering pines which, at the period
+to which we are adverting, covered the hills on both sides of the Don
+was long to be seen towards the northern limit of the Moss Park
+property. In the columns of a local paper this particular tree was thus
+gracefully commemorated:--
+
+  Oh! tell to me, thou old pine tree,
+    Oh! tell to me thy tale,
+  For long hast thou the thunder braved,
+    And long withstood the gale;
+  The last of all thy hardy race,
+    Thy tale now tell to me,
+  For sure I am, it must be strange,
+    Thou lonely forest tree.
+
+  Yes, strange it is, this bending trunk,
+    So withered now and grey,
+  Stood once among the forest trees
+    Which long have passed away:
+  They fell in strength and beauty,
+    Nor have they left a trace,
+  Save my old trunk and withered limbs
+    To show their former place.
+
+  Countless and lofty once we stood;
+    Beneath our ample shade
+  His forest home of boughs and bark
+    The hardy red man made.
+  Child of the forest, here he roamed,
+    Nor spoke nor thought of fear,
+  As he trapped the beaver in his dam,
+    And chased the bounding deer.
+
+  No gallant ship with spreading sail
+    Then ploughed those waters blue,
+  Nor craft had old Ontario then,
+    But the Indians' birch canoe;
+  No path was through the forest,
+    Save that the red man trod;
+  Here, by your home, was his dwelling place,
+    And the temple of his God.
+
+  Now where the busy city stands,
+    Hard by that graceful spire,
+  The proud Ojibeway smoked his pipe
+    Beside his camping fire.
+  And there, where those marts of commerce are
+    Extending east and west,
+  Amid the rushes in the marsh
+    The wild fowl had its nest.
+
+  But the pale face came, our ranks were thinn'd,
+    And the loftiest were brought low,
+  And the forest faded far and wide,
+    Beneath his sturdy blow;
+  And the steamer on the quiet lake,
+    Then ploughed its way of foam,
+  And the red man fled from the scene of strife
+    To find a wilder home.
+
+  And many who in childhood's days
+    Around my trunk have played,
+  Are resting like the Indian now
+    Beneath the cedar's shade;
+  And I, like one bereft of friends,
+    With winter whitened o'er,
+  But wait the hour that I must fall,
+    As others fell before.
+
+  And still what changes wait thee,
+    When at no distant day,
+  The ships of far off nations,
+    Shall anchor in your bay;
+  When one vast chain of railroad,
+    Stretching from shore to shore,
+  Shall bear the wealth of India,
+    And land it at your door.
+
+A short distance above the hop ground of which we have spoken, the Don
+passed immediately underneath a high sandy bluff. Where, after a long
+reach in its downward course, it first impinged against the steep cliff,
+it was very deep. Here was the only point in its route, so far as we
+recall, where the epithet was applicable which Milton gives to its
+English namesake, when he speaks of--
+
+  "Utmost Tweed, or Ouse, or _gulphy_ Don."
+
+This very noticeable portion of the river was known as the "Big Bend."
+(We may observe here that in retaining its English name, the Don has
+lost the appellation assigned to it by the French, if they ever
+distinguished it by a name. The Grand River, on the contrary, has
+retained its French name, notwithstanding its English official
+designation, which was the Ouse. The Rouge, too, has kept its French
+name. It was the Nen. The Indians styled this, or a neighbouring stream,
+Katabokokonk, "The River of Easy Entrance." The Thames, however, has
+wholly dropped its French title, LaTranche. We may subjoin that the
+Humber was anciently called by some, St John's River, from a trader
+named St. John; and by some, as we have already learnt, Toronto River.
+In Lahontan's map it is marked Tanaouate. No interpretation is
+given.--Augustus Jones, the early surveyor of whom we shall have
+occasion frequently to speak, notes in one of his letters that the
+Indian name for the Don was Wonscoteonach, "Back burnt grounds;" that
+is, the river coming down from the back burnt country, meaning probably
+the so-called Poplar Plains to the north, liable to be swept by casual
+fires in the woods. The term is simply descriptive, and not, in the
+modern sense, a proper name.)
+
+Towards the summit of the high bluff just mentioned, the holes made by
+the sand-martins were numerous. Hereabout we have met with the snapping
+turtle. This creature has not the power of withdrawing itself wholly
+within a shell. A part of its protection consists in the loud
+threatening snap of its strong horny jaws, armed in front with a
+beak-like hook bent downwards. What the creature lays hold of, it will
+not let go. Let it grasp the end of a stout stick, and the sportsman may
+sling it over his shoulder, and so carry it home with him. When allowed
+to reach its natural term of life, it probably attains a very great age.
+We remember a specimen captured near the spot at which we are pausing,
+which, from its vast size, and the rough, lichen-covered condition of
+its shell, must have been extremely old. We also once found near here a
+numerous deposit of this animal's eggs; all white and spherical, of the
+diameter of about an inch, and covered with a tough parchment-like skin.
+
+The ordinary lesser tortoises of the marsh were of course plentiful
+along the Don: their young frequently to be met with creeping about,
+were curious and ever-interesting little objects. Snakes too there were
+about here, of several kinds: one, often very large and
+dangerous-looking, the copper-head, of a greenish brown colour, and
+covered with oblong and rather loose scales. The striped garter-snake of
+all sizes, was very common. Though reported to be harmless, it always
+indulged, when interfered with, in the menacing action and savage
+attempts to strike, of the most venomous of its genus.--Then there was
+the beautiful grass-green snake; and in large numbers, the black
+water-snake. In the rank herbage along the river's edge, the terrified
+piping of a pursued frog was often heard.
+
+It recurs to us, as we write, that once, on the banks of the Humber, we
+saw a bird actually in the grasp of a large garter-snake--just held by
+the foot. As the little creature fluttered violently in the air, the
+head of the reptile was swayed rapidly to and fro. All the small birds
+in the vicinity had gathered together in a state of noisy excitement;
+and many spirited dashes were make by several of them at the common foe.
+No great injury having been as yet inflicted, we were enabled to effect
+a happy rescue.
+
+From the high sandy cliff, to which our attention has been drawn, it was
+possible to look down into the waters of the river; and on a sunny day,
+it afforded no small amusement to watch the habits, not only of the
+creatures just named, but of the fish also, visible below in the stream;
+the simple sunfish, for example, swimming about in shoals (or _schools_,
+as the term used to be); and the pike, crafty as a fox, lurking in
+solitude, ready to dart on his unwary prey with the swiftness and
+precision of an arrow shot from the bow.
+
+  _3.--From the Big Bend to Castle Frank Brook._
+
+Above the "Big Bend," on the west side, was "Rock Point." At the water's
+edge hereabout was a slight outcrop of shaly rock, where crayfish were
+numerous, and black bass. The adjoining marshy land was covered with a
+dense thicket, in which wild gooseberry bushes and wild black-currant
+bushes were noticeable. The flats along here were a favourite haunt of
+woodcock at the proper season of the year: the peculiar succession of
+little twitters uttered by them when descending from their flight, and
+the very different deep-toned note, the signal of their having alighted,
+were both very familiar sounds in the dusk of the evening.
+
+A little further on was "the Island." The channel between it and the
+"mainland" on the north side, was completely choked up with logs and
+large branches, brought down by the freshets. It was itself surrounded
+by a high fringe or hedge of the usual brush that lined the river-side
+all along, matted together and clambered over, almost everywhere by the
+wild grape-vine. In the waters at its northern end, wild rice grew
+plentifully, and the beautiful sweet-scented white water-lily or lotus.
+
+This minute bit of insulated land possessed, to the boyish fancy, great
+capabilities. Within its convenient circuit, what phantasies and dreams
+might not be realized? A Juan Fernandez, a Barataria, a New
+Atlantis.--At the present moment we find that what was once our charmed
+isle has now become _terra firma_, wholly amalgamated with the mainland.
+Silt has hidden from view the tangled lodgments of the floods. A carpet
+of pleasant herbage has overspread the silt. The border-strip of
+shrubbery and grape-vine, which so delightfully walled it round, has
+been improved, root and branch, out of being.
+
+Near the Island, on the left side, a rivulet, of which more immediately,
+pouring down through a deep, narrow ravine, entered the Don. On the
+right, just at this point, the objectionable marshes began to disappear,
+and the whole bottom of the vale was early converted into handsome
+meadows. Scattered about were grand elm and butternut, fine basswood and
+buttonwood trees, with small groves of the Canadian willow, which
+pleasantly resembles, in habit, the olive tree of the south of Europe.
+Along the flats, remains of Indian encampments were often met with;
+tusks of bears and other animals; with fragments of coarse pottery,
+streaked or furrowed rudely over, for ornament. And all along the
+valley, calcareous masses, richly impregnated with iron, were found,
+detached, from time to time, as was supposed, from certain places in the
+hill-sides.
+
+At the long-ago epoch when the land went up, the waters came down with a
+concentrated rush from several directions into the valley just here,
+from some accidental cause, carving out in their course, in the enormous
+deposit of the drift, a number of deep and rapidly descending channels,
+converging all upon this point. The drainage of a large extent of
+acreage to the eastward, also at that period, found here for a time its
+way into the Don, as may be seen by a neighbouring gorge, and the deep
+and wide, but now _dry_ water-course leading to it, known, where the
+"Mill road" crosses it, as the "Big Hollow."
+
+Bare and desolate, at that remote era, must have been the appearance of
+these earth-banks and ridges and flats, as also those in the vicinity of
+all our rivers: for many a long year they must have resembled the
+surroundings of some great tidal river, to which the sea, after ebbing,
+had failed to return.
+
+One result of the ancient down-rush of waters, just about here, was that
+on both sides of the river there were to be observed several striking
+specimens of that long, thin, narrow kind of hill which is popularly
+known as a "hog's back." One on the east side afforded, along its ridge,
+a convenient ascent from the meadows to the table-land above, where
+fine views up and down the vale were obtainable, somewhat Swiss in
+character, including in the distance the lake, to the south. Overhanging
+the pathway, about half-way up, a group of white-birch trees is
+remembered by the token that, on their stems, a number of young men and
+maidens of the neighbourhood had, in sentimental mood, after the manner
+of the Corydons and Amaryllises of classic times, incised their names.
+
+The west side of the river, as well as the east, of which we have been
+more especially speaking, presented here also a collection of convergent
+"hog's backs" and deeply channelled water-courses. One of the latter
+still conducted down a living stream to the Don. This was the rivulet
+already noticed as entering just above the Island. It bore the graceful
+name of "Castle Frank Brook."
+
+  _4.--Castle Frank._
+
+Castle Frank was a rustic chateau or summer-house, built by Governor
+Simcoe in the midst of the woods, on the brow of a steep and lofty bank,
+which overlooks the vale of the Don, a short distance to the north of
+where we have been lingering. The construction of this edifice was a
+mere _divertissement_ while engaged in the grand work of planting in a
+field literally and entirely new, the institutions of civilization.
+
+All the way from the site of the town of York to the front of this
+building, a narrow carriage-road and convenient bridle-path had been cut
+out by the soldiers, and carefully graded. Remains of this ancient
+engineering achievement are still to be traced along the base of the
+hill below the Necropolis and elsewhere. The brook--Castle Frank
+Brook--a little way from where it enters the Don, was spanned by a
+wooden bridge. Advantage being taken of a narrow ridge, that opportunely
+had its commencing point close by on the north side, the roadway here
+began the ascent of the adjoining height. It then ran slantingly up the
+hill-side, along a cutting which is still to be seen. The table-land at
+the summit was finally gained by utilizing another narrow ridge. It then
+proceeded along the level at the top for some distance through a forest
+of lofty pines, until the chateau itself was reached.
+
+The cleared space where the building stood was not many yards across. On
+each side of it, the ground precipitously descended, on the one hand to
+the Don, on the other to the bottom of the ravine where flowed the
+brook. Notwithstanding the elevation of the position, the view was
+circumscribed, hill-side and table-land being alike covered with trees
+of the finest growth.
+
+Castle Frank itself was an edifice of considerable dimensions, of an
+oblong shape; its walls were composed of a number of rather small,
+carefully hewn logs, of short lengths. The whole wore the hue which
+unpainted timber, exposed to the weather, speedily assumes. At the gable
+end, in the direction of the roadway from the nascent capital, was the
+principal entrance, over which a rather imposing portico was formed by
+the projection of the whole roof, supported by four upright columns,
+reaching the whole height of the building, and consisting of the stems
+of four good-sized, well-matched pines, with their deeply-chapped,
+corrugated bark unremoved. The doors and shutters to the windows were
+all of double thickness, made of stout plank, running up and down on one
+side, and crosswise on the other, and thickly studded over with the
+heads of stout nails. From the middle of the building rose a solitary,
+massive chimney-stack.
+
+We can picture to ourselves the cavalcade that was wont, from time to
+time, to be seen in the summers and autumns of 1794-'5-'6, wending its
+way leisurely to the romantically situated chateau of Castle Frank,
+along the reaches and windings, the descents and ascents of the forest
+road, expressly cut out through the primitive woods as a means of access
+to it.
+
+First, mounted on a willing and well-favoured horse, as we will suppose,
+there would be General Simcoe himself--a soldierly personage, in the
+full vigour of life, advanced but little beyond his fortieth year, of
+thoughtful and stern, yet benevolent aspect--as shewn by the medallion
+in marble on his monument in the cathedral at Exeter--revolving ever in
+his mind schemes for the development and defence of the new Society
+which he was engaged in founding; a man "just, active, enlightened,
+brave, frank," as the French Duke de Liancourt described him in 1795;
+"possessing the confidence of the country, of the troops, and of all
+those who were joined with him in the administration of public affairs."
+"No hillock catches his eye," the same observant writer remarks,
+"without exciting in his mind the idea of a fort which might be
+constructed on the spot, associating with the construction of this fort
+the plan of operations for a campaign; especially of that which should
+lead him to Philadelphia, _i. e._, to recover, by force of arms, to the
+allegiance of England, the Colonies recently revolted."
+
+By the side of the soldier and statesman Governor, also on horseback,
+would be his gifted consort, small in person, "handsome and amiable," as
+the French Duke again speaks, "fulfilling," as he continues to say, "all
+the duties of the mother and wife with the most scrupulous exactness;
+carrying the latter so far," DeLiancourt observes, "as to be of great
+assistance to her husband by her talent for drawing, the practice of
+which, in relation to maps and plans, enabled her to be extremely useful
+to the Governor," while her skill and facility and taste in a wider
+application of that talent were attested, the French traveller might
+have added, by numerous sketch-books and portfolios of views of Canadian
+scenery in its primitive condition, taken by her hand, to be treasured
+up carefully and reverently by her immediate descendants, but
+unfortunately not accessible generally to Canadian students.
+
+This memorable lady--memorable for her eminent Christian goodness, as
+well as for her artistic skill and taste, and superior intellectual
+endowments--survived to the late period of 1850. Her maiden name is
+preserved among us by the designation borne by two of our townships,
+East and West "Gwillim"-bury. Her father, at the time one of the
+aides-de-camp to General Wolfe, was killed at the taking of Quebec.
+
+Conspicuous in the group would likewise be a young daughter and son, the
+latter about five years of age and bearing the name of Francis. The
+chateau of which we have just given an account was theoretically the
+private property of this child, and took its name from him, although the
+appellation, by accident as we suppose, is identical, in sound at all
+events, with that of a certain "Castel-franc" near Rochelle, which
+figures in the history of the Huguenots.
+
+The Iroquois at Niagara had given the Governor a title, expressive of
+hospitality--Deyonynhokrawen, "One whose door is always open." They had,
+moreover, in Council declared his son a chief, and had named him Tioga;
+or Deyoken, "Between the Two Objects;" and to humour them in return, as
+Liancourt informs us, the child was occasionally attired in Indian
+costume. For most men it is well that the future is veiled from them. It
+happened eventually that a warrior's fate befell the young chieftain
+Tioga. The little spirited lad who had been seen at one time moving
+about before the assembled Iroquois at Niagara, under a certain
+restraint probably, from the unwonted garb of embroidered deerskin, in
+which, on such occasions, he would be arrayed; and at another time
+clambering up and down the steep hill-sides at Castle Frank, with the
+restless energy of a free English boy, was at last, after the lapse of
+some seventeen years, seen a mangled corpse, one in that ghastly pile of
+"English dead," which, in 1812, closed up the breach at Badajoz.
+
+Riding with the Governor, out to his rustic lodge, would be seen also
+his attached secretary, Major Littlehales, and one or other of his
+faithful aides-de-camp, Lieutenant Talbot or Lieutenant Givins; with men
+in attendance in the dark green undress of the famous Queen's Rangers,
+with a sumpter pony or two, bearing packages and baskets filled with a
+day's provender for the whole party. A few dogs also, a black
+Newfoundland, a pointer, a setter, white and tan, hieing buoyantly about
+on the right and left, would give animation to the cavalcade as it
+passed sedately on its way--
+
+  "Through the green-glooming twilight of the grove."
+
+It will be of interest to add here, the inscription on General Simcoe's
+monument in Exeter Cathedral:--"Sacred to the memory of John Graves
+Simcoe, Lieutenant-General in the army, and Colonel of the 22nd Regiment
+of Foot, who died on the 25th day of October, 1806, aged 54. In whose
+life and character the virtues of the hero, the patriot and the
+Christian were so eminently conspicuous, that it may justly be said, he
+served his king and his country with a zeal exceeded only by his piety
+towards God." Above this inscription is a medallion portrait. On the
+right and left are figures of an Indian and a soldier of the Queen's
+Rangers. The remains of the General are not deposited in Exeter
+Cathedral, but under a mortuary chapel on the estate of his family
+elsewhere.
+
+Our cavalcade to Castle Frank, as sketched above, was once challenged on
+the supposed ground that in 1794 there were no horses in Western
+Canada.--Horses were no doubt at that date scarce in the region named;
+but some were procurable for the use of the Governor and his suite. In a
+"Journal to Detroit from Niagara, in 1793, by Major Littlehales,"
+printed for the first time in the _Canadian Literary Magazine_, for May,
+1833, we have it mentioned that, on the return of an exploring party,
+they were met at the end of the plains, near the Salt Lake Creek, by
+Indians, "bringing horses for the Governor and his suite." The French
+_habitans_ about Sandwich and Detroit were in possession of horses in
+1793, as well as their fellow countrymen in Lower Canada.
+
+After the departure of General Simcoe from Canada, Castle Frank was
+occasionally made the scene of an excursion or pic-nic by President
+Russell and his family; and a ball was now and then given there, for
+which the appliances as well as the guests were conveyed in boats up the
+Don. At one time it was temporarily occupied by Captain John Denison, of
+whom hereafter. About the year 1829, the building, shut up and
+tenantless at the time, was destroyed by fire, the mischievous handiwork
+of persons engaged in salmon-fishing in the Don. A depression in the dry
+sand just beyond the fence which bounds the Cemetery of St. James,
+northward, shews to this day the exact site of Castle Frank. The
+quantity of iron that was gathered out from this depression after the
+fire, was, as we remember, something extraordinary, all the window
+shutters and doors having been, as we have said, made of double planks,
+fastened together with an immense number of stout nails, whose heads
+thickly studded the surface of each in regular order.
+
+The immediate surroundings of the spot where Castle Frank stood,
+fortunately continue almost in their original natural state. Although
+the site of the building itself is outside the bounds of the Cemetery of
+St. James, a large portion of the lot which at first formed the domain
+of the chateau, now forms a part of that spacious and picturesque
+enclosure. The deep glen on the west, immediately below where the house
+was built, and through which flows (and by the listener may be
+pleasantly _heard_ to flow) the brook that bears its name, is to this
+day a scene of rare sylvan beauty. The pedestrian from the town, by a
+half-hour's easy walk, can here place himself in the midst of a forest
+solitude; and from what he sees he can form an idea of the whole
+surrounding region, as it was when York was first laid out. Here he can
+find in abundance, to this day, specimens, gigantic and minute, of the
+vegetation of the ancient woods. Here at the proper seasons he can still
+hear the blue jay; the flute notes of the solitary wood-thrush, and at
+night, specially when the moon is shining bright, the whip-poor-will,
+hurriedly and in a high key, syllabling forth its own name.
+
+  _5.--On to the Ford and the Mills._
+
+We now resume our ramble up the valley of the Don. Northward of the
+gorge, where Castle Frank Brook entered, and where so many other
+deep-cut ravines converge upon the present channel of the stream, the
+scenery becomes really good.
+
+We pass along through natural meadows, bordered on both sides by fine
+hills, which recede by a succession of slight plateaux, the uppermost of
+them clothed with lofty pines and oaks: on the slope nearest to "the
+flats" on the east, grew, along with the choke-cherry and may-flower,
+numbers of the wild apple or crab, beautiful objects when in full bloom.
+Hereabout also was to be found the prickly ash, a rather uncommon and
+graceful shrub. (The long-continued precipitous bank on the west side of
+the Don completely covered with forest, with, at last, the roof of the
+rustic chateau appearing above, must have recalled, in some slight
+degree, the Sharpham woods and Sharpham to the mind of anyone who had
+ever chanced to sail up the Dart so far as that most beautiful spot.)
+
+Immediately beyond the Castle Frank woods, where now is the property
+known as Drumsnab, came the estate of Captain George Playter, and
+directly across on the opposite side of the river, that of his son
+Captain John Playter, both immigrants from Pennsylvania. When the town
+of York was in the occupancy of the Americans in 1813, many of the
+archives of the young province of Upper Canada were conveyed for safe
+keeping to the houses of these gentlemen. But boats, with men and
+officers from the invading force, found their way up the windings of the
+Don; and such papers and documents as could be found were carried away.
+
+Just below Drumsnab, on the west side of the stream, and set down, as it
+were, in the midst of the valley, was, and is, a singular isolated mound
+of the shape of a glass shade over a French clock, known in the
+neighbourhood as the "Sugar Loaf." It was completely clothed over with
+moderate sized trees. When the whole valley of the Don was filled with a
+brimming river reaching to the summit of its now secondary banks, the
+top of the "Sugar Loaf," which is nearly on a level with the summit of
+the adjacent hills, must have appeared above the face of the water as an
+island speck.
+
+This picturesque and curious mound is noticed by Sir James Alexander, in
+the account which he gives of the neighbourhood of Toronto in his
+"L'Acadie, or Seven Years' Explorations in British America":--"The most
+picturesque spot near Toronto," says Sir James, "and within four miles
+of it, is Drumsnab, the residence of Mr. Cayley. The mansion is roomy
+and of one storey, with a broad verandah. It is seated among fields and
+woods, on the edge of a slope; at the bottom winds a river; opposite is
+a most singular conical hill, like an immense Indian tumulus for the
+dead; in the distance, through a vista cut judiciously through the
+forest, are seen the dark blue waters of Lake Ontario. The walls of the
+principal room are covered with scenes from Faust, drawn in fresco, with
+a bold and masterly hand, by the proprietor."--(Vol. 1. p. 230.)
+
+In the shadow thrown eastward by the "Sugar Loaf," there was a "Ford" in
+the Don, a favourite bathing-place for boys, with a clean gravelly
+bottom, and a current somewhat swift. That Ford was just in the line of
+an allowance for a concession road; which from the precipitous character
+of the hills on both sides, has been of late years closed by Act of
+Parliament, on the ground of its supposed impracticability for ever,--a
+proceeding to be regretted; as the highway which would traverse the Don
+valley at the Ford would be a continuation of Bloor street in a right
+line; and would form a convenient means of communication between Chester
+and Yorkville.
+
+In the meadow on the left, just above the Ford, a little meandering
+brook, abounding in trout, entered the Don. Hereabouts also was, for a
+long while, a rustic bridge over the main river, formed by trees felled
+across the stream.
+
+Proceeding on our way we now in a short time approached the great colony
+of the Helliwells, which has already been described. The mills and
+manufactories established here by that enterprising family constituted
+quite a conspicuous village. A visit to this cluster of buildings, in
+1827, is described by Mr. W. L. Mackenzie, in his "Sketches of Canada,"
+published in London, by Effingham Wilson, in 1833. At page 270 of that
+work, the writer says: "About three miles out of town, in the bottom of
+a deep ravine, watered by the river Don, and bounded also by beautiful
+and verdant flats, are situated the York Paper Mills, distillery and
+grist-mill of Messrs. Eastwood & Co.; also Mr. Shepard's axe-grinding
+machinery; and Messrs. Helliwell's large and extensive Brewery. I went
+out to view these improvements a few days ago, and returned much
+gratified with witnessing the paper-manufacture in active operation--as
+also the bold and pleasant scenery on the banks of the Don. The river
+might be made navigable with small expense up to the brewery; and if the
+surrounding lands were laid out in five-acre lots all the way to town,
+they would sell to great advantage."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XVIII.
+
+  QUEEN STREET, FROM THE DON BRIDGE TO CAROLINE STREET.
+
+
+We return once more to the Don Bridge; and from that point commence a
+journey westward along the thoroughfare now known as Queen Street, but
+which at the period at present occupying our attention, was
+non-existent. The region through which we at first pass was long known
+as the Park. It was a portion of Government property not divided into
+lots and sold, until recent times.
+
+Originally a great space extending from the first Parliament houses,
+bounded southward and eastward by the water of the Bay and Don, and
+northward by the Castle Frank lot, was set apart as a "Reserve for
+Government Buildings," to be, it may be, according to the idea of the
+day, a small domain of woods and forest in connection with them; or else
+to be converted in the course of time into a source of ways and means
+for their erection and maintenance. The latter appears to have been the
+view taken of this property in 1811. We have seen a plan of that date,
+signed "T. Ridout, S. G.," shewing this reserve divided into a number of
+moderate sized lots, each marked with "the estimated yearly rent, in
+dollars, as reported by the Deputy Surveyor [Samuel S. Wilmot]." The
+survey is therein stated to have been made "by order of His Excellency
+Francis Gore, Esq., Lieutenant-Governor."
+
+The number of the lots is eighty-three. None of them bear a larger
+amount than twenty dollars. Some of them consisting of minute bits of
+marsh, were expected to yield not more than one dollar. The revenue from
+the whole if realised would have been eleven hundred and thirty-three
+dollars. In this plan, what is now Queen street is duly laid down, in
+direct continuation of the Kingston Road westward, without regard to the
+engineering difficulties presented by ravines; but it is entitled in
+large letters, "Dundas Street." On its north side lie forty-six, and on
+its south, thirty-seven of the small lots into which the whole reserve
+is divided The scheme was never carried into effect.
+
+The Park, as we remember it, was a tract of land in a state of nature,
+densely covered, towards the north, with massive pines; and towards the
+south, with a thick secondary growth of the same forest tree. Through
+these woods ran a devious and rather obscure track, originating in the
+bridle-road cut out, before the close of the preceding century, to
+Castle Frank; one branch led off from it to the Playter-estate, passing
+down and up two very steep and difficult precipices; and another,
+trending to the west and north, conducted the wayfarer to a point on
+Yonge Street about where Yorkville is now to be seen.
+
+To the youthful imagination, the Park, thus clothed with veritable
+forest--
+
+  The nodding horror of whose shady brows
+  Awed the forlorn and wandering passenger--
+
+and traversed by irregular, ill-defined and very solitary paths, leading
+to widely-separated localities, seemed a vast and rather mysterious
+region, the place which immediately flashed on the mind, whenever in
+poem or fairy tale, a wild or wold or wilderness was named. As time
+rolled on, too, it actually became the haunt and hiding-place of lawless
+characters.
+
+After passing, on our left, the burial-plot attached to the first Roman
+Catholic Church of York, and arriving where Parliament Street, at the
+present day, intersects, we reached the limit, in that direction, of the
+"Reserve for Government Buildings." Stretching from the point indicated,
+there was on the right side of the way, a range of "park lots,"
+extending some two miles to the west, all bounded on the south by what
+at the present time is Queen Street, but which, from being the great
+thoroughfare along the front of this very range, was long known as "Lot
+Street." (In the plan above spoken of, it is marked, as already stated,
+"Dundas Street," it being a section of the great military way, bearing
+that name, projected by the first Governor of Upper Canada to traverse
+the whole province from west to east, as we shall have occasion
+hereafter to narrate.)
+
+In the early plan of this part of York, the names of the first locatees
+of the range of park-lots are given. On the first or easternmost lot we
+read that of John Small. On the next, that of J. White.
+
+In this collocation of names there is something touching, when we recall
+an event in which the first owners of these two contiguous lots were
+tragically concerned. Friends, and associates in the Public Service, the
+one as Clerk of the Crown, the other as Attorney-General for Upper
+Canada, from 1792-1800, their dream, doubtless, was to pass the evening
+of their days in pleasant suburban villas placed here side by side in
+the outskirts of the young capital. But there arose between them a
+difficulty, trivial enough probably at the beginning, but which,
+according to the barbaric conventionality of the hour, could only be
+finally settled by a "meeting," as the phrase was, in the field, where
+chance was to decide between them, for life or death, as between two
+armies--two armies reduced to the absurdity of each consisting of one
+man. The encounter took place in a pleasant grove at the back of the
+Parliament Building, immediately to the east of it, between what is now
+King Street and the water's edge. Mr. White was mortally wounded and
+soon expired. At his own request his remains were deposited in his
+garden on the park-lot, beneath a summer-house to which he had been
+accustomed to retire for purposes of study.
+
+The _Oracle_ of Saturday, January 4, 1800, records the duel in the
+following words:--"Yesterday morning a duel was fought back of the
+Government Buildings by John White, Esq., his Majesty's
+Attorney-General, and John Small, Esq., Clerk of the Executive Council,
+wherein the former received a wound above the right hip, which it is
+feared will prove mortal." In the issue of the following Saturday,
+January 11th, the announcement appears:--"It is with much regret that we
+express to the public, the death of John White, Esq." It is added: "His
+remains were on Tuesday evening interred in a small octagon building,
+erected on the rear of his Park lot." "The procession," the _Oracle_
+observes, "was solemn and pensive; and shewed that though death, 'all
+eloquent,' had seized upon him as his victim, yet it could not take from
+the public mind the lively sense of his virtues. _Vivit post funera
+virtus._"
+
+The _Constellation_ at Niagara, of the date January 11th, 1800, also
+records the event, and enjoying a greater liberty of expression than the
+Government organ at York, indulges in some just and sensible remarks on
+the irrational practice of duelling in general, and on the sadness of
+the special case which had just occurred. We give the _Constellation_
+article:
+
+"Died at York, on the 3rd instant, John White, Esq., Attorney-General of
+this Province. His death was occasioned by a wound he received in a duel
+fought the day before with John Small, Esq., Clerk of the Executive
+Council, by whom he was challenged. We have not been able to obtain the
+particulars of the cause of the dispute; but be the origin what it may,
+we have to lament the toleration and prevalency of a custom falsely
+deemed honourable, or the criterion of true courage, innocency or guilt,
+a custom to gratify the passion of revenge in a single person, to the
+privation of the country and a family, of an ornament of society, and
+support: an outrage on humanity that is too often procured by the meanly
+malicious, who have preferment in office or friendship in view, without
+merit to gain it, and stupidly lacquey from family to family, or from
+person to person, some wonderful suspicion, the suggestions of a soft
+head and evil heart; and it is truly unfortunate for Society that the
+evil they bring on others should pass by their heads to light on those
+the world could illy spare. We are unwilling to attribute to either the
+Attorney-General or Mr. Small any improprieties of their own, or to say
+on whom the blame lies; but of this we feel assured, that an explanation
+might easily have been brought about by persons near to them, and a
+valuable life preserved to us. The loss is great; as a professional
+gentleman, the Attorney-General was eminent, as a friend, sincere; and
+in whatever relation he stood was highly esteemed; an honest and upright
+man, a friend to the poor; and dies universally lamented and we here
+cannot refuse to mention, at the particular request of some who have
+experienced his goodness, that he has refused taking fees, and
+discharged suits at law, by recommending to the parties, and assisting
+them with friendly advice, to an amicable adjustment of their
+differences: and this is the man whom we have lost!"
+
+For his share in the duel Mr. Small was, on the 20th January, 1800,
+indicted and tried before Judge Allcock and a jury, of which Mr. Wm.
+Jarvis was the foreman. The verdict rendered was "Not Guilty." The
+seconds were--Mr. Sheriff Macdonell for Mr. Small, and the Baron DeHoen
+for Mr. White.
+
+(In 1871, as some labourers were digging out sand, for building
+purposes, they came upon the grave of Attorney-General White. The
+remains were carefully removed under the inspection of Mr. Clarke
+Gamble, and deposited in St. James' Cemetery.)
+
+Mr. White's park-lot became afterwards the property of Mr. Samuel
+Ridout, sometime Sheriff of the County, of whom we have had occasion to
+speak already. A portion of it was subsequently owned and built on by
+Mr. Edward McMahon, an Irish gentleman, long well known and greatly
+respected as Chief Clerk in the Attorney General's office. Mr. McMahon's
+name was, for a time, preserved in that of a street which here enters
+Queen Street from the North.
+
+Sherborne Street, which at present divides the White park-lot from Moss
+Park commemorates happily the name of the old Dorsetshire home of the
+main stem of the Canadian Ridouts. The original stock of this family
+still flourishes in the very ancient and most interesting town of
+Sherborne, famous as having been in the Saxon days the see of a bishop;
+and possessing still a spacious and beautiful minster, familiarly known
+to architects as a fine study.
+
+Like some other English names, transplanted to the American continent,
+that of this Dorsetshire family has assumed here a pronunciation
+slightly different from that given to it by its ancient owners. What in
+Canada is Ri-dout, at Sherborne and its neighbourhood, is Rid-out.
+
+On the park-lot which constituted the Moss-Park Estate, the name of D.
+W. Smith appears in the original plan. Mr. D. W. Smith was acting
+Surveyor-General in 1794. He was the author of "A Short Topographical
+Description of His Majesty's Province of Upper Canada in North America,
+to which is annexed a Provincial Gazetteer:"--a work of considerable
+antiquarian interest now, preserving as it does, the early names,
+native, French and English, of many places now known by different
+appellations. A second edition was published in London in 1813, and was
+designed to accompany the new map published in that year by W. Faden,
+Geographer to the King and Prince Regent. The original work was compiled
+at the desire of Governor Simcoe, to illustrate an earlier map of Upper
+Canada.
+
+We have spoken already in our progress through Front Street, of the
+subsequent possessor of Mr. Smith's lot, Col. Allan. The residence at
+Moss Park was built by him in comparatively recent times. The homestead
+previously had been, as we have already seen, at the foot of Frederick
+Street, on the south-east corner. To the articles of capitulation on the
+27th April, 1813, surrendering the town of York to Dearborn and
+Chauncey, the commanders of the United States force, the name of Col.
+Allan, at the time Major Allan, is appended, following that of
+Lieut.-Col. Chewett.
+
+Besides the many capacities in which Col. Allan did good service to the
+community, as detailed during our survey of Front Street, he was also,
+in 1801, Returning Officer on the occasion of a public election. In the
+_Oracle_ of the 20th of June, 1801, we have an advertisement signed by
+him as Returning Officer for the "County of Durham, the East Riding of
+the County of York, and the County of Simcoe"--which territories
+conjointly are to elect one member. Mr. Allan announces that he will be
+in attendance "on Thursday, the 2nd day of July next, at 10 o'clock in
+the forenoon, at the Hustings under the Colonnade of the Government
+Buildings in the Town of York--and proceed to the election of one Knight
+to represent the said county, riding and county in the House of
+Assembly, whereof all freeholders of the said county, riding and county,
+are to take notice and attend accordingly."
+
+The writ, issuing from "His Excellency, Peter Hunter, Esq.," directs the
+returning officer "to cause one Knight, girt with a sword, the most fit
+and discreet, to be freely and indifferently chosen to represent the
+aforesaid county, riding and county, in Assembly, by those who shall be
+present on the day of election."
+
+Two candidates presented themselves, Mr. A. Macdonell and Mr. J. Small.
+Mr. Macdonell was duly elected, "there appearing for him," we are
+briefly informed in a subsequent number of the _Oracle_, "112
+unquestionable votes; and for J. Small, Esq. 32: majority, 80."
+
+In 1804 there was another election, when the candidates were Mr. A.
+Macdonell again, Mr. D. W. Smith, of whom above, and Mr. Weekes. The
+address of the last-named gentleman is in the _Oracle_ of May 24th. It
+is addressed to the Free and Independent Electors of the East Riding of
+York. He says: "I stand unconnected with any party, unsupported by any
+influence, and unambitious of any patronage, other than the suffrages of
+those who consider the impartial enjoyment of their rights, and the
+free exercise of their privileges as objects not only worthy of the
+vigilance of the legislator, but also essential to their political
+security and to their local prosperity. The opportunity of addressing
+myself to men who may be inclined to think with freedom, and to act with
+independency, is to me truly desirable; and the receiving of the
+countenance and support of those characters, must ever bear in my mind
+impressions more than gratifying."
+
+"It will not accord with my sentiments," the address proceeds to say,
+"to express myself in the usual terms of zeal and fidelity of an
+election candidate; inasmuch as that the principle of previous
+assurances has frequently, in the exercise of the functions of a
+representative, have been either forgotten or occasionally abandoned;
+but I hope it will not be considered vaunting in me to assert that that
+zeal and the fidelity which have manifested themselves in the discharge
+of my duty to my clients, will not be abated in supporting a more
+important trust--the cause of the public!"
+
+In the _Oracle_ of April 7th is an address put forth by friends on the
+part of Mr. D. W. Smith, who is at the moment absent. It is "to the free
+and independent electors of the County of Durham, the East Riding of the
+County of York, and the County of Simcoe." It runs as follows: "The
+friends of the Hon. D. W. Smith beg leave to offer that gentleman to
+represent you in the ensuing Parliament. His honour, integrity and
+ability, and the essential services which, in different capacities, he
+hath rendered to the Province, are so well known and felt that his
+friends consider the mentioning of his name only to be the most powerful
+solicitation which they can use on the present occasion, to obtain for
+him your favour and suffrage." To this address the following paragraph
+is added on May the 5th: "The friends of Mr. Smith consider it as their
+duty further to intimate, that from late accounts received from him in
+England, it was his determination to set out from that country so as to
+arrive here early in the summer of this present year."
+
+On the 2nd of May Mr. Macdonell's address came out. He speaks like a
+practised orator, accustomed to the outside as well as the interior of
+the House. He delivers himself in the following vigorous style:--
+
+"To the Worthy Inhabitants of the East Riding of the County of York, and
+Counties of Durham and Simcoe: Friends and Fellow Subjects. In
+addressing you by appellations unusual, I believe, on similar
+occasions, no affectation of singularity has dictated the innovation: my
+terms flow from a more dignified principle, a purer source of ideas,
+from a sentiment of liberal and extensive affection, which embraces and
+contemplates not only such of you as by law are qualified to vote, but
+also such as a contracted and short-sighted policy has restrained from
+the immediate enjoyment of that privilege. Your interests, inseparably
+the same, and alike dear and interesting to me, have always been equally
+my care; and your good-will shall indiscriminately be gratifying,
+whether accompanied with the ability of advancing my present pursuit, or
+confined to the wishes of my succeeding in it.
+
+"The anxious anticipation of events, which has engaged so many persons
+unto such early struggles to supplant me, forces me also to anticipate
+the dissolution of parliament, in declaring my disposition to continue
+(if supported by my friends at the next general election) in that
+situation which I have now the honour of filling in parliament; a
+situation, which the majority of suffrages which placed me in it,
+justifies the honest pride of supposing, was not obtained without merit,
+and inspires the natural confidence of presuming, will not be lost
+without a fault.
+
+"I stoop with reluctance, gentlemen, to animadvert upon some puny
+fabrications calculated to mislead your judgment, and alienate your
+favour. It has been said that I am canvassing for a seat elsewhere. No!
+gentlemen: the satisfaction, the pride, of representing that division of
+this Province, which, comprehending the capital, is consequently the
+political head, is to me, too captivating an object of political
+ambition to suffer the view of it to be intercepted in my imagination
+for a moment, by the prospect of any inferior representation. Be
+assured, therefore, gentlemen, that I shall not forsake my present post,
+until you or life shall have forsaken me.
+
+"Another calumny of a darker hue has been fabricated. I have been
+represented as inimical to the provincial statute which restrains many
+worthy persons migrating into this Province from voting at elections,
+under a residence of seven years. A more insidious, a more bare-faced
+falsehood, never issued from the lips of malice; for during every
+session of my sitting in parliament, I have been the warmest, and
+loudest advocate for repealing that statute and for rendering taxation
+and representation reciprocal.
+
+"I shall notice a third expedient, in attempting which, detraction (by
+resorting to an imposture so gross as to carry its own refutation upon
+the very face of it) has effectually avowed its own impotency:--It has
+been whispered that I have endeavoured to increase the general rate of
+assessments within the Home District. Wretched misrepresentation! I
+should have been my own enemy indeed, if I had lent myself to such a
+measure. On the contrary; my maxim has been, and shall ever continue to
+be, that so much of the public burden as possible should be shifted from
+the shoulders of the industrious farmers and mechanics, upon those of
+the more opulent classes of the community; persons with large salaries
+and lucrative employments: the shallow artifice of these exploded lies
+suggests this natural reflection, that slander could find no real
+foundation to build upon, when reduced to the necessity of rearing its
+fabrics upon visions.
+
+"To conclude, gentlemen, I have no interests separate from yours, no
+country but that which we inhabit in common. In all situations, under
+all circumstances, I have been the friend of the people and the votary
+of their rights. I have never changed with the times, nor shifted sides
+with the occasion; and you may therefore reasonably confide that I shall
+always be, gentlemen, your most devoted and most attached servant, A.
+Macdonell, York, 2nd May, 1804."
+
+An attempt had also been made to induce Mr. R. Henderson to become a
+candidate at this election. He explained the reason why he declined to
+come forward, in the following card:--"The subscriber thinks it a duty
+incumbent on him thus publicly to notify his friends who wished him to
+stand as a candidate at the ensuing election for York and its adjacent
+counties; that he declines standing, having special business that causes
+his absence at the time of the election. He hopes that his friends will
+be pleased to accept of his grateful acknowledgments for the honour they
+wished to confer on him. But as there are several candidates who solicit
+the suffrages of the Public, they cannot be at a loss. He leaves you,
+gentlemen, to the freedom of your own will. He has only to observe that
+were he present on the day of election, he would give his vote to the
+Honourable David William Smith. I am, Gentlemen, your obedient and
+obliged servant, R. Henderson, York, 26th May, 1804."
+
+Mr. Henderson's occupation was afterwards that of a local army
+contractor, &c., as may be gathered from an advertisement which is to
+be observed in the _Oracle_ of September 6, 1806:--"Notice. The
+subscriber having got the contract for supplying His Majesty's troops at
+the garrison with fresh beef, takes the liberty of informing the public
+that he has engaged a person to superintend the butchering business, and
+that good fresh beef may be had three times a week. Fresh pork and
+mutton will be always ready on a day's notice; poultry, &c. Those
+gentlemen who may be pleased to become customers, may rely on being well
+served, and regularly supplied. If constant customers, &c., a note of
+the weight will be sent along with the article. Families becoming
+constant customers, will please to send a book by their servant, to have
+it entered, to prevent any mistakes. The business will commence on
+Monday, the 1st of September next. R. Henderson, York, Aug. 28, 1806."
+
+The grazing ground of Mr. Henderson's fat cattle was extensive. In the
+same paper we have a notice bearing his signature, announcing that "the
+subscriber has a considerable number of fat cattle running at large
+between the town and the Humber. They are all branded on the horns with
+R. H." The notice continues: "If any of said cattle should be offered
+for sale to butchers or others, it is hoped no one will purchase them,
+as they may suppose them to be stolen. A number of fat cattle is still
+wanted, for which cash will be paid."
+
+The result of the election at York in 1804 is announced in the _Oracle_
+of June 16. As was probably to be expected, Mr. Macdonell was the man
+returned. Thus runs the paragraph: "On Monday last the 11th instant, the
+election of a Knight to represent the counties of Durham and Simcoe and
+the East Riding of the County of York, took place at the Government
+Buildings in this town. At the close of the poll, Angus Macdonell was
+declared to be duly elected to represent the said counties and riding.
+We have not yet been able to collect any further returns," the Editor
+adds, "but as soon as practicable they will be laid before the public."
+
+On the 4th of the following August, accordingly, the following complete
+list was given of members returned at the election of 1804. Alexander
+Macdonell and W. B. Wilkinson, Esqrs., Glengarry and Prescott. Robert
+Isaac D. Grey, Esq., Stormont and Russell. John Chrysler, Dundas. Samuel
+Sherwood, Esq., Grenville. Peter Howard, Esq., Leeds. Allan McLean,
+Esq., Frontenac. Thomas Dorland, Esq., Lennox and Addington. Ebenezer
+Washburn, Esq., Prince Edward. David McGregor Rogers, Esq., Hastings and
+Northumberland. Angus Macdonell, Esq., Durham, Simcoe and East Riding of
+York. Solomon Hill and Robert Nelles, Esqrs., West Riding of York, First
+Lincoln, and Haldimand. Isaac Swayzey and Ralph Clench, Esqs., 2nd, 3rd
+and 4th Ridings of Lincoln. Benaiah Mallory, Esq., Norfolk, Oxford and
+Middlesex. John McGregor, Esq., Kent. Matthew Elliott and David Cowan,
+Esqrs., Essex.
+
+The Mr. Weekes who, as we have seen, was an unsuccessful candidate for a
+seat in parliament in 1804 was nevertheless a member of the House in
+1806, representing the constituencies to which he had previously offered
+himself. In 1806 he was killed in a duel with Mr. Dickson at Niagara,
+another victim to the peculiar social code of the day, which obliged
+gentlemen on certain occasions of difference to fire pistols at each
+other. In the _Oracle_ of the 11th of October, 1806, we read the
+announcement: "Died on Friday, the 10th instant, at night, in
+consequence of a wound received that morning in a duel, William Weekes,
+Esq., Barrister-at-law, and a Member of the House of Assembly for the
+counties of York, Durham and Simcoe." In the next issue of the paper,
+dated October 25, 1806, we have a second record of the event in the
+following terms, with a eulogy on Mr. Weekes' character: "It is with
+sentiments of the deepest regret that we announce to the public the
+death of William Weekes, Esq., Barrister-at-law in this Province; not
+only from the melancholy circumstances attendant on his untimely death,
+but also from a view of the many virtues this Province is deprived of by
+that death. In him the orphan has lost a father, the widow a friend, the
+injured a protector, society a pleasing and safe companion, and the Bar
+one of its ablest advocates. Mr. Weekes was honest without the show of
+ostentation. Wealth and splendour held no lure for him; nor could any
+pecuniary motives induce him to swerve in the smallest degree from that
+which he conceived to be strictly honourable. His last moments were
+marked with that fortitude which was the characteristic of his life,
+convinced of the purity of which, he met death with pleasure.
+
+"His funeral was delayed longer than could have been wished, a form of
+law being necessary previous to that ceremony. He was interred on
+Tuesday, the fourteenth. His funeral," it is added, "was attended by a
+respectable assemblage of people, from the house of John MacKay, Esq.,
+in the following order:--mourners, John MacKay, Esq.; three Members of
+the House of Assembly, of which he was a member: viz., Ralph Clench, J.
+Swayzey, Robert Nelles; Dr. West, Surgeon of the American Garrison, Dr.
+Thomas, 41st Regt., Dr. Muirhead, Niagara; the Gentlemen of the Bar; the
+Magistrates of the place; and a numerous concourse of people from town
+and country."
+
+This duel, as we have been informed, was fought on the United States
+side of the river, near the French Fort.
+
+Mr. Weekes, we believe, was an unmarried man. He was fond of solitary
+rambles in the woods in search of game. Once he was so long missing that
+foul play was suspected; and some human remains having been found under
+a heap of logs on the property of Peter Ernest, Peter Ernest was
+arrested; and just as the evidence was all going strongly against him,
+Mr. Weekes appeared on the scene alive and well.
+
+One more of these inhuman and unchristian encounters, with fatal result,
+memorable in the early annals of York, we shall have occasion to speak
+of hereafter when, in our intended progress up Yonge Street, we pass the
+spot where the tragedy was enacted.
+
+Mr. Weekes was greatly regretted by his constituents. "Overwhelmed with
+grief," they say in their address dated the 20th September, 1806, to the
+gentleman whom they desire to succeed him, "at the unexpected death of
+our late able and upright Representative; we, freeholders of these
+Counties of York, Durham and Simcoe, feel that we have neglected our
+interests in the season of sorrow. Now awake, it is to you we turn;
+notwithstanding the great portion of consolation which we draw from the
+dawning of our impartial and energetic administration. (The allusion is
+to Gov. Gore.)
+
+"Fully persuaded that the great object of your heart is the advancement
+of public prosperity, the observance of the laws, and the practice of
+religion and morality, we hasten with assurances of our warmest support,
+to invite you from your retreat to represent us in Parliament. Permit
+us, however, to impress upon you, that as subjects of a generous and
+beloved King; as a part of that great nation which has for so long a
+time stood the bulwark of Europe, and is now the solitary and
+inaccessible asylum of liberty; as the children of Englishmen, guarded,
+protected and restrained by English laws; in fine, as members of their
+community, as fathers and sons, we are induced to place this confidence
+in your virtue, from the firm hope that, equally insensible to the
+impulse of popular feeling and the impulse of power, you will pursue
+what is right. This has been the body of your decisions; may it be the
+spirit of your counsels! (Signed by fifty-two persons, residing in the
+Town and Township of York.)" The names not given.
+
+These words were addressed to Mr. Justice Thorpe. His reply was couched
+in the following terms: "Gentlemen: With pleasure I accede to your
+desire. If you make me your representative I will faithfully discharge
+my duty. Your confidence is not misplaced. May the first moment of
+dereliction be the last of my existence. Your late worthy representative
+I lament from my heart. In private he was a warm friend; at the Bar an
+able advocate, and in Parliament a firm patriot. It is but just to draw
+consolation from our Governor, when the first act of his administration
+granted to those in the U. E. list and their children, what your late
+most valuable member so strenuously laboured to obtain. Surely from this
+we have every reason to expect that the liberal interests of our beloved
+sovereign, whose chief glory is to reign triumphantly enthroned on the
+hearts of a free people, will be fulfilled, honouring those who give and
+those who receive, enriching the Province and strengthening the Empire.
+Let us cherish this hope in the blossom; may it not be blasted in the
+ripening." A postscript is subjoined: "P. S. If influence, threat,
+coercion or oppression should be attempted to be exercised over any
+individual, for the purpose of controlling the freedom of election, let
+me be informed.--R. T."
+
+In 1806 Judges were not ineligible to the Upper Canadian Parliament. Mr.
+Justice Thorpe and Governor Gore did not agree. He was consequently
+removed from office. Some years later, when both gentlemen were living
+in England as private persons, Mr. Thorpe brought an action for libel
+against Mr. Gore, and obtained a favourable verdict.
+
+We now proceed on our prescribed course. So late as 1833, Walton, in his
+"York Commercial Directory, Street Guide, and Register," when naming the
+residents on Lot Street, as he still designates Queen Street, makes a
+note on arriving at two park lots to the westward of the spot where we
+have been pausing, to the effect, that "here this street is intercepted
+by the grounds of Capt. McGill, S. P. Jarvis, Esq., and Hon. W. Allan;
+past here it is open to the Roman Catholic Church, and intended to be
+carried through to the Don Bridge."
+
+The process of levelling up, now become so common in Toronto, has
+effectually disposed of the difficulty temporarily presented by the
+ravine or ancient water-course, yet partially to be seen either in front
+of or upon the park lots occupied by the old inhabitants just named; and
+Queen Street, at the present hour, is an uninterrupted thoroughfare in a
+right line, and almost on a level the whole way, from the Don in the
+east to the Lunatic Asylum in the west, and beyond, on to the gracefully
+curving margin of Humber Bay.--(The unfrequented and rather tortuous
+Britain Street is a relic of the deviation occasioned by the ravine,
+although the actual route followed in making the detour of old was
+Duchess Street.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XIX.
+
+  QUEEN STREET--DIGRESSION AT CAROLINE STREET--HISTORY OF THE EARLY PRESS.
+
+
+A little to the south of Britain Street, between it and Duchess Street,
+near the spot where Caroline Street, slightly diverging from the right
+line, passes northward to Queen Street, there stood in the early day a
+long, low wooden structure, memorable to ourselves, as being, in our
+school-boy days, the Government Printing Office. Here the _Upper Canada
+Gazette_ was issued, by "R. C. Horne, Printer to the King's Most
+Excellent Majesty."
+
+We shall have occasion hereafter to notice among our early inhabitants
+some curious instances of change of profession. In the present case, His
+Majesty's Printer was in reality an Army Surgeon, once attached to the
+Glengary Light Infantry. And again, afterwards, the same gentleman was
+for many years the Chief Teller in the Bank of Upper Canada. An incident
+in the troubles of 1837 was "the burning of Dr. Horne's house," by a
+party of the malcontents who were making a show of assault upon the
+town. The site of this building, a conspicuous square two-storey frame
+family residence, was close to the toll-bar on Yonge Street, in what is
+now Yorkville. On that occasion, we are informed, Dr. Horne "berated the
+Lieutenant-Governor for treating with avowed rebels, and insisted that
+they were not in sufficient force to give any ground of alarm."
+
+The _Upper Canada Gazette_ was the first newspaper published in Upper
+Canada. Its first number appeared at Newark or Niagara, on Thursday,
+the 18th of April, 1793. As it was apparently expected to combine with a
+record of the acts of the new government some account of events
+happening on the continent at large, it was made to bear the double
+title of _Upper Canada Gazette, or American Oracle_. Louis Roy was its
+first printer, a skilled artizan engaged probably from Lower Canada,
+where printing had been introduced about thirty years previously, soon
+after the English occupation of the country.
+
+Louis Roy's name appears on the face of No. 1, Vol. I. The type is of
+the shape used in contemporaneous printing, and the execution is very
+good. The size of the sheet, which retained the folio form, was 15 by 91/2
+inches. The quality of the paper was rather coarse, but stout and
+durable.
+
+The address to the public in the first number is as follows:--"The
+Editor of this paper respectfully informs the public that the flattering
+prospect which he has of an extensive sale for his new undertaking has
+enabled him to augment the size originally proposed from a Demy Quarto
+to a Folio.
+
+"The encouragement he has met will call forth every exertion he is
+master of, so as to render the paper useful, entertaining and
+instructive. He will be very happy in being favoured with such
+communications as may contribute to the information of the public, from
+those who shall be disposed to assist him, and in particular shall be
+highly flattered in becoming the vehicle of intelligence in this growing
+Province of whatever may tend to its internal benefit and common
+advantage. In order to preserve the veracity of his paper, which will be
+the first object of his attention, it will be requisite that all
+transactions of a domestic nature, such as deaths, marriages, &c., be
+communicated under real signatures.
+
+"The price of this _Gazette_ will be three dollars per annum. All
+advertisements inserted in it, and not exceeding twelve lines, will pay
+4s. Quebec currency; and for every additional line a proportionable
+price. Orders for letter-press printing will be executed with neatness,
+despatch and attention, and on the most reasonable terms."
+
+An advertisement in the first number informs the public that a Brewery
+is about to be established under the sanction of the
+Lieutenant-Governor. "Notice is hereby given, that there will be a
+Brewery erected here this summer under the sanction of His Excellency
+the Lieutenant-Governor, and encouraged by some of the principal
+gentlemen of this place; and whosoever will sow barley and cultivate
+their land so that it will produce grain of a good quality, they may be
+certain of a market in the fall at one dollar a bushel on delivery. W.
+Huet, Niagara, 18th April, 1793."
+
+The number dated Niagara, May 2, 1793, "hath" the following
+advertisement:--"Sampson Jutes begs leave to inform all persons who
+propose to build houses, &c., in the course of this summer, that he hath
+laths, planks and scantlings of all kinds to sell on reasonable terms.
+Any person may be supplied with any of the above articles on the
+shortest notice. Applications to be made to him at his mill near Mr.
+Peter Secord's."
+
+In the Number for May 30, 1793, we have ten guineas reward offered for
+the recovery of a Government grindstone:--"Ten Guineas Reward is offered
+to any person that will make discovery and prosecute to conviction, the
+Thief or Thieves that have stolen a Grindstone from the King's Wharf at
+Navy Hall, between the 30th of April and the 6th instant. John McGill,
+Com. of Stores, &c., &c., for the Province of Upper Canada. Queenstown,
+16th May, 1793."
+
+The Anniversary of the King's Birth-day was celebrated at Niagara in
+1793, in the following manner:--"Niagara, June 6. On Tuesday last, being
+the Anniversary of His Majesty's birthday, His Excellency the
+Lieutenant-Governor had a Levee at Navy Hall. At one o'clock the troops
+in garrison and at Queenston fired three volleys; the field-pieces above
+Navy Hall, under the direction of the Royal Artillery, and the guns of
+the Garrison, fired a Royal Salute. His Majesty's schooner, the
+Onondago, at anchor in the river, likewise fired a Royal Salute. In the
+evening His Excellency gave a Ball and elegant Supper at the Council
+Chamber, which was most numerously attended."
+
+In the second volume (1794) of the _Gazette and Oracle_, Louis Roy's
+name disappears. G. Tiffany becomes the printer. In 1798 it has assumed
+the Quarto form, and is dated "West Niagara," a name Newark was
+beginning to acquire.
+
+No _Gazette_ is issued April 29th, 1798. An apology for the omission
+constitutes the whole of the editorial of the Number for May 5. It says:
+"The Printer having been called to York last week upon business, is
+humbly tendered to his readers as an apology for the _Gazette's_ not
+appearing."
+
+In 1799, the _Gazette_ being about to be removed across permanently to
+York, the new capital, whither also all the government offices were
+departing, Messrs. S. and G. Tiffany decide on starting a newspaper on
+their own account for Niagara. It is called the "_Canada
+Constellation_," and its terms are four dollars per annum. It is
+announced to appear weekly "opposite the Lion tavern." The date of the
+first number is July 20. In the introductory address to the public, the
+Messrs. Tiffany make use of the following rather involved language:--"It
+is a truth long acknowledged that no men hold situations more
+influential of the minds and conduct of men than do printers: political
+printers are sucked from, nursed and directed by the press: and when
+they are just, the community is in unity and prosperity; but when
+vicious, every evil ensues; and it is lamentable that many printers,
+either vile remiss in, or ignorant of, their duty, produce the latter or
+no effect; and to which of these classes we belong, time will unfold."
+
+The public means of maintaining a regular correspondence with the outer
+world being insufficient, the enterprising spirit of the Messrs. Tiffany
+led them to think of establishing a postal system of their own. In the
+_Constellation_ for August 23, we have the announcement: "The printers
+of the _Constellation_ are desirous of establishing a post on the road
+from their office to Ancaster and the Grand River, as well as another to
+Fort Erie; and for this purpose they propose to hire men to perform the
+routes as soon as the subscriptions will allow of the expense. In order
+to establish the business, the printers on their part will subscribe
+generously, and to put the design into execution, but little remains for
+the people to do."
+
+We can detect in the _Constellation_ a natural local feeling against the
+upstart town of York, which had now drawn away almost every thing from
+the old Newark. Thus in the number for November the 14th, 1799, a
+communication from York, signed _Amicus_, is admitted, written plainly
+by one who was no great lover of the place. It affords a glimpse of the
+state of its thoroughfares, and of the habits of some of its
+inhabitants. _Amicus_ proposes a "_Stump Act_" for York; _i. e._, a
+compulsory eradication of the stumps in the streets: so that "the people
+of York in the space of a few months may" as he speaks. "relapse into
+intoxication with impunity; and stagger home at any hour of the night
+without encountering the dreadful apprehension of broken necks."
+
+The same animus gives colour to remarks on some legal verbiage recently
+employed at York. Under the heading "Interesting Discovery" we read: "It
+has been lately found at York that in England laws are made; and that a
+law made in England is the law of England, and is enforced by another
+law; that many laws are made in Lower Canada and follow up, that is,
+follow after, or in other words are made since, other laws; and that
+these laws may be repealed. It is seldom," continues the writer in the
+_Constellation_, "that so few as one discovery slips into existence at
+one birth. Genius is sterile, and justly said to be like a breeding cat,
+as is verified in York, where by some unaccountable fortuity of events
+all genius centres; at the same time with the above, its twin kitten
+came forth, that an atheist does not believe as a Christian."
+
+In another number we have some chaffing about the use of the word
+_capital_. In an address on the arrival of Governor Hunter, the
+expression, "We, the inhabitants of the Capital," had occurred. "This
+fretted my pate," the critic pretends to complain. "What can this be?
+Surely it is some great place in a great country was my conclusion; but
+where the capital is, was a little beyond my geographical acquaintance.
+I had recourse to the books" he continues: "all the gazettes and
+magazines from the year One I carefully turned over, and not one case
+among all the addresses they contained afforded me any instruction: 'We,
+the inhabitants of the cities of London and Westminster, of Edinburgh,
+Dublin, Paris, &c.,' only proved to me that neither of these is the
+Capital. But as these are only _little_ towns in young countries, and
+cannot be so forward as to take upon themselves the pompous title of
+_capital_, it must be in America." He then professes to have consulted
+the _Encyclopaedia Eboretica_, or, "A Vindication in support of the great
+Utility of New Words," lately printed in Upper Canada, and to have
+discovered therein that the Capital in question "was, in plain English,
+York." He concludes, therefore, that whenever in future the expression
+"We, the inhabitants of the Capital" is met with, it is to be translated
+into the vernacular tongue, "We, the inhabitants of York, assembled at
+McDougall's, &c."
+
+There is mention made above of a Stump Act. We have been assured that
+such a regulation was, at an early day, in force at York, as a deterrent
+from drunkenness. Capt. Peeke, who burnt lime at Duffin's Creek, and
+shipped it to York in his own vessel, before the close of the last
+century, was occasionally inconvenienced by the working of the Stump
+Act. His men whom he had brought up with him to assist in navigating his
+boat would be found, just when especially wanted by himself, laboriously
+engaged in the extraction of a great pine-root in one or other of the
+public thoroughfares of the town, under sentence of the magistrate, for
+having been found, on the preceding day, intoxicated in the streets.
+
+The _Constellation_ newspaper does not appear to have succeeded. Early
+in 1801 a new paper comes out, entitled the _Herald_. In it, it is
+announced that the _Constellation_, "after existing one year, expired
+some months since of starvation, its publishers departing too much from
+its constitution (advance pay)." The printer is now Silvester Tiffany,
+the senior proprietor of the _Constellation_. It is very well printed
+with good type; but on blue wrapping paper. In little more than two
+years, viz., on the 4th June, 1802, it announced that the publication of
+the _Herald_ is suspended; that it will appear only "on particular
+occasions;" but Mr. Tiffany hopes it "will by and by receive a revival."
+Other early papers published at the town of Niagara were the _Gleaner_,
+by Mr. Heron; the _Reporter_; the _Spectator_. The _Mail_ was
+established so late as 1845. Its publication ceased in 1870, when its
+editor, Mr. Kirby, was appointed to the collectorship of the Port of
+Niagara. Down to 1870 Mr. Tiffany's "imposing stone," used in the
+printing of the _Constellation_, did duty in the office of the _Mail_.
+
+In 1800, the _Upper Canada Gazette or American Oracle_ is issued at
+York, weekly, from the office of William Waters and T. G. Simons. In the
+number for Saturday, May the 17th, in that year, we read that on the
+Thursday evening previous, "His Excellency Peter Hunter, Esq.,
+Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province, arrived in
+our harbour on board the Toronto; and on Friday morning, about nine
+o'clock, landed at the Garrison, where he is at present to reside."
+
+We are thus enabled to add two items to the table of dates usually
+given, shewing the introduction of Printing at different points on this
+Continent: viz., the dates 1793 and 1800 for Niagara and York
+respectively. The table will now stand as follows:--
+
+1639, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Stephen Day and Samuel Green; 1674,
+Boston, John Foster; 1684, Philadelphia, Wm. Bradford; 1693, New York,
+Wm. Bradford (removed from Philadelphia); 1730, Charleston, Eleazer
+Phillips; 1730, Bridgetown, Barbadoes, David Harry and Samuel Keimer;
+1751, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Bartholomew Green, jun., and John Bushell;
+1764, Quebec, Wm. Brown and Thos. H. Gilmore; 1771, Albany, Alex. and
+Jas. Robertson; 1775, Montreal, Chas. Berger and Fleury Mesplet; 1784,
+St. George's, Bermuda, J. Stockdale; 1793, Newark (Niagara), Louis Roy;
+1795, Cincinnati, S. Freeman; 1800, York (Toronto), Wm. Waters and T. G.
+Simons.
+
+As at York and Niagara, the first printers in most of the places named
+were publishers of newspapers.
+
+It may be added that a press was in operation in the City of Mexico in
+1569; and in the City of Lima in 1621. The original of all the many
+Colonial Government _Gazettes_ was the famous royal or exclusively court
+news sheet, published first at Oxford, in November, 1665, entitled the
+_Oxford Gazette_, and in the following year, at London, and entitled
+then and ever afterwards to this day, the _London Gazette_.
+
+In 1801, J. Bennett succeeds Messrs. Waters and Simons, and becomes the
+printer and publisher of the _Gazette or Oracle_. In that year the
+printing-office is removed to "the house of Mr. A. Cameron, King
+Street," and it is added, "subscriptions will be received there and at
+the Toronto Coffee House, York." From March 21st in this year, and
+onward for six weeks, the paper appears printed on blue sheets of the
+kind of material that used formerly to be seen on the outsides of
+pamphlets and magazines and Government "Blue-books." The stock of white
+paper has plainly run out, and no fresh supply can be had before the
+opening of the navigation. The _Herald_, at Niagara, of the same period,
+appeared, as we have already noticed, in the like guise.
+
+On Saturday, December 20th, 1801, is this statement, the whole of the
+editorial matter: "It is much to be lamented that communication between
+Niagara and this town is so irregular and unfrequent: opportunities now
+do not often occur of receiving the American papers from our
+correspondents; and thereby prevents us for the present from laying
+before our readers the state of politics in Europe." In the number for
+June 13th, the editorial "leader" reads as follows:--"The _Oracle_,
+York, Saturday, June 13th. Last Monday was a day of universal rejoicing
+in this town, occasioned by the arrival of the news of the splendid
+victory gained by Lord Nelson over the Danes in Copenhagen Roads on the
+2nd of April last: in the morning the great guns at the Garrison were
+fired: at night there was a general illumination, and bonfires blazed in
+almost every direction." The writer indulges in no further comments.
+
+It would have been gratifying to posterity had the printers of the
+_Gazette and Oracle_ endeavoured to furnish a connected record of "the
+short and simple annals" of their own immediate neighbourhood. But these
+unfortunately were deemed undeserving of much notice. We have
+announcements of meetings, and projects, and subscriptions for
+particular purposes, unfollowed by any account of what was subsequently
+said, done and effected; and when a local incident is mentioned, the
+detail is generally very meagre.
+
+An advertisement in the number for the 27th August, 1801, reminds us
+that in the early history of Canada it was imagined that a great source
+of wealth to the inhabitants of the country in all future time would be
+the ginseng that was found growing naturally in the swamps. The market
+for ginseng was principally China, where it was worth its weight in
+silver. The word is said to be Chinese for "all-heal." In 1801 we find
+that Mr. Jacob Herchmer, of York, was speculating in ginseng. In his
+advertisement in the _Gazette and Oracle_ he "begs leave to inform the
+inhabitants of York and its vicinity that he will purchase any quantity
+of ginseng between this and the first of November next, and that he will
+give two shillings, New York currency, per pound well dried, and one
+shilling for green."
+
+At one period, it will be remembered, the cultivation of hemp was
+expected to be the mainstay of the country's prosperity. In the Upper
+Canada Almanac for 1804, among the public officers we have set down as
+"Commissioners appointed for the distribution of Hemp Seed (gratis) to
+the Farmers of the Provinces, the Hon. John McGill, the Hon. David W.
+Smith, and Thomas Scott, Esquires."
+
+The whole of the editorial matter of the _Gazette and Oracle_ on the 2nd
+of January, 1802, is the following: "The _Oracle_, York, Saturday,
+January 2, 1802. The Printer presents his congratulary compliments to
+his customers on the New Year." Note that the dignified title of Editor
+was yet but sparingly assumed. That term is used once by Tiffany at
+Newark, in the second volume. After the death of Governor Hunter, in
+September, 1805, J. Bennett writes himself down "Printer to the King's
+Most Excellent Majesty." Previously the colophon of the publication had
+been: "York, printed by John Bennett, by the authority of His Excellency
+Peter Hunter, Esq., Lieut.-Governor."
+
+Happening to have at hand a bill of Bennett's against the Government we
+give it here. The modern reader will be able to form from this specimen
+an idea of the extent of the Government requirements in 1805 in regard
+to printing and the cost thereof. We give also the various attestations
+appended to the account:--
+
+      York, Upper Canada, 24th June, 1805.
+
+  The Government of Upper Canada,
+
+    To John Bennett, Government Printer.
+
+  Jan.  11. 300 copies Still Licenses, 1/2 sheet foolscap, pica type        0 16 6
+
+  March 30. Printing 20 copies of an Act for altering the time of issuing
+              Licenses for keeping of a House of Public Entertainment,
+              1/4 sheet demy, pica type                                     0  3 4
+
+  April  5. Inserting a Notice to persons taking out Shop, Still or
+              Tavern Licenses, 6 weeks in the _Gazette_, equal to 41/2
+              advertisements                                              1 16 0
+
+  April 16. 1,000 copies of Proclamation, warning persons that possess
+              and occupy Lands in this Province, without due
+              titles having been obtained for such Lands, forthwith
+              to quit and remove from the same, 1/2 sheet demy,
+              double pica type                                            4 18 4
+
+  April 22. 100 copies of an Act to afford relief to persons entitled to
+              claim Land in this Province as heirs or devisees of the
+              nominees of the Crown, one sheet demy, pica type            3  6 3
+
+            Printing Marginal notes to do                                 0  5 0
+
+  May   14. Printing 1,500 copies of the Acts of the First Session of
+              the Fourth Parliament, three sheets demy, pica type        45  0 0
+
+            Marginal Notes to do., at 5s. per sheet                       0 15 0
+
+            Folding, Stitching and Covering in Blue Paper, at 1d.         6  5 0
+                                                                        --------
+                                Halifax currency                        L63  5 9
+
+    Amounting to sixty-three pounds five shillings and nine-pence
+    Halifax currency. Errors excepted.
+      (Signed) John Bennett.
+
+    John Bennett, of the Town of York, in the Home District, maketh
+    oath and saith, that the foregoing account amounting to
+    sixty-three pounds five shillings and ninepence Halifax
+    currency, is just and true in all its particulars to the best of
+    his knowledge and belief.
+      (Signed) John Bennett.
+
+    Sworn before me at York, this 20th day of July, 1805.
+      (Signed) Wm. Dummer Powell, J.
+
+    Audited and approved in Council 6th August 1805.
+      (Signed) Peter Russell,
+        _Presiding Councillor_.
+
+    (_Examined_)
+      (Signed) John McGill,
+          _Inspector Genl. P. P. Accts._
+        [A true copy.]
+            John McGill,
+              Inspector Gen. P. P. Accts.
+
+Bennett published "The Upper Canada Almanac," containing with the matter
+usually found in such productions the Civil and Military Lists and the
+Duties, Imperial and Provincial. This work was admirably printed in fine
+Elzevir type, and in aspect, as well as arrangement, was an exact copy
+of the almanacs of the day published in London.
+
+A rival Calendar continued to be issued at Niagara entitled "Tiffany's
+Upper Canada Almanac." This was a roughly-printed little tract, and
+contained popular matter in addition to the official lists. It gave in a
+separate and very conspicuous column in each month "the moon's place" on
+each day in respect to a distinct portion of the human body with
+prognostications accordingly. And in the "Advertisement to the reader"
+it was set forth, that "in the calculation of the weather the most
+unwearied pains have been taken; and the calculator prays, for his
+honour's sake, that he may have not failed in the least point; but as
+all calculation may sometimes fail in small matters," the writer
+continues, "no wonder is it that in this, the most important, should be
+at times erroneous. And when this shall unfortunately have been the case
+with the Upper Canada Almanac, let careful observers throw over the
+error the excess of that charity of which their generous souls are
+composed, and the all-importance of the subject requires; let them
+remember that the task, in all the variety and changes of climates and
+seasons, is arduous beyond that of reforming a vicious world, and not
+less than that of making a middle-sized new one."
+
+In the number of the _Oracle_ for September 28th, 1805, which is in
+mourning, we have the following notice of the character of Governor
+Hunter, who had deceased on the 23rd of the preceding August at
+Quebec:--"As an officer his character was high and unsullied; and at
+this present moment his death may be considered a great public loss. As
+Lieut.-Governor of Upper Canada, his loss will be severely felt; for by
+his unremitting attention and exertions he has, in the course of a very
+few years, brought that infant colony to an unparalleled state of
+prosperity." An account is then given of the procession at the funeral.
+The 49th and 6th Regiments were present; also Lieut.-Col. Brock,
+Commanding. At the grave one round was fired slowly and distinctly by
+eleven field pieces, followed by one round of small arms, by regiments;
+then a second round of artillery, followed in like manner by the small
+arms; and, lastly, a third round of artillery, and a third round of
+small arms. The mourners were, the Hon. Thomas Dunn, President of the
+Province (Lower Canada). Col. Bowes, Major Curry, Hon. Mr. Craigie, Col.
+Green, Major Robe, Capt. Gomm and Mr. William Green.
+
+In 1813, during the war with the United States, Cameron is the printer
+of the official paper, which now for a time assumed the title of _The
+York Gazette_. Mr. John Cameron also published "The Upper Canada
+Almanac," from which we have already had occasion to quote, but it put
+in no claim to an official character. It did not contain the Civil
+Lists, but, as stated in the title page, "some Chinese sayings and
+Elegant Aphorisms." It bore as a motto the following lines:--
+
+  "Ye who would mend these wicked times
+     And morals of the age,
+   Come buy a book half full of rhymes,
+     At three-pence York per page.
+   It would be money well outlaid,
+     So plenty money is;
+   Paper for paper is fair trade:
+     So said "Poor Richard Quiz."
+
+Among the aphorisms given is this one: "Issuers of paper-change, are
+entitled to thanks from the public for the great accommodation such
+change affords. They might render the accommodation more extensive were
+they to emit a proportionate number of half-penny bills." At one place
+the query is put, "When will the beard be worn, and man allowed to
+appear with it in native dignity? And if so, how long before it will
+become fashionable to have it greased and powdered?" In the almanac for
+1815, towards the end, the following paragraph appears:--"York
+supernatural prices current: Turnips 1 dollar per bushel; Potatoes,
+long, at 2 ditto; Salt 20 ditto; Butter per lb. 1 ditto; Indifferent
+bread 1 shilling N. Y. cy. per lb.; Conscience, a contraband article."
+
+In Bennett's time the Government press was, as we have seen, set up in
+Mr. Cameron's house on King Street. But at the period of the war in 1812
+Mr. Cameron's printing office was in a building which still exists,
+viz., the house on Bay Street associated with the name of Mr. Andrew
+Mercer. During the occupation of York by the United States force, the
+press was broken up and the type dispersed. Mr. Mercer once exhibited to
+ourselves a portion of the press which on that occasion was made
+useless. For a short period Mr. Mercer himself had charge of the
+publication of the _York Gazette_.
+
+In 1817 Dr. Horne became the editor and publisher. On coming into his
+hands the paper resumed the name of _Upper Canada Gazette_, but the old
+secondary title of _American Oracle_ was dropped. To the official
+portion of the paper there was, nevertheless, still appended abstracts
+of news from the United States and Europe, summaries of the proceedings
+in the Parliaments of Upper and Lower Canada, and much well-selected
+miscellaneous matter. The shape continued to be that of a small folio,
+and the terms were four dollars per annum in advance; and if sent by
+mail, four dollars and a half.
+
+In 1821 Mr. Charles Fothergill (of whom we have already spoken) became
+the Editor and Publisher of the _Gazette_. Mr. Fothergill revived the
+practice of having a secondary title, which was now _The Weekly
+Register_; a singular choice, by the way, that being very nearly the
+name of Cobbett's celebrated democratic publication in London. After Mr.
+Fothergill came Mr. Robert Stanton, who changed the name of the private
+portion of the _Gazette_ sheet, styling it "_The U. E. Loyalist_."
+
+In 1820 Mr. John Carey had established the _Observer_ at York. The
+_Gazette_ of May 11, 1820, contains the announcement of his design; and
+he therein speaks of himself as "the person who gave the Debates"
+recently in another paper. To have the debates in Parliament reported
+with any fulness was then a novelty. The _Observer_ was a folio of
+rustic, unkempt aspect, the paper and typography and matter being all
+somewhat inferior. It gave in its adherence to the government of the
+day, generally: at a later period it wavered. Mr. Carey was a tall,
+portly personage who, from his bearing and costume might readily have
+been mistaken for a non-conformist minister of local importance. The
+_Observer_ existed down to about the year 1830. Between the _Weekly
+Register_ and the _Observer_ the usual journalistic feud sprung up,
+which so often renders rival village newspapers ridiculous. With the
+_Register_ a favourite sobriquet for the _Observer_ is "Mother C----y."
+Once a correspondent is permitted to style it "The Political Weathercock
+and Slang Gazetteer." Mr. Carey ended his days in Springfield on the
+River Credit, where he possessed property.
+
+The _Canadian Freeman_, established in 1825 by Mr. Francis Collins was a
+sheet remarkable for the neatness of its arrangement and execution, and
+also for the talent exhibited in its editorials. The type was evidently
+new and carefully handled. Mr. Collins was his own principal compositor.
+He is said to have transferred to type many of his editorials without
+the intervention of pen and paper, composing directly from copy mentally
+furnished. Mr. Collins was a man of pronounced Celtic features, roughish
+in outline, and plentifully garnished with hair of a sandy or reddish
+hue.
+
+Notwithstanding the colourless character of the motto at the head of its
+columns "Est natura hominum novitatis avida"--"Human nature is fond of
+news," the _Freeman_ was a strong party paper. The hard measure dealt
+out to him in 1828 at the hands of the legal authorities, according to
+the prevailing spirit of the day, with the revenge that he was moved to
+take--and to take successfully--we shall not here detail. Mr. Collins
+died of cholera in the year 1834. We have understood that he was once
+employed in the office of the _Gazette_; and that when Dr. Horne
+resigned, he was an applicant for the position of Government Printer.
+
+The _Canadian Freeman_ joined for a time in the general opposition
+clamour against Dr. Strachan,--against the influence, real or supposed,
+exercised by him over successive lieutenant-governors. But on
+discovering the good-humoured way in which its fulminations were
+received by their object, the _Freeman_ dropped its strictures. It
+happened that Mr. Collins had a brother in business in the town with
+whom Dr. Strachan had dealings. This brother on some occasion thought it
+becoming to make some faint apology for the _Freeman's_ diatribes. "O
+don't let them trouble you," the Doctor replied, "they do not trouble
+me; but by the way, tell your brother," he laughingly continued, "I
+shall claim a share in the proceeds." This, when reported to the Editor,
+was considered a good joke, and the diatribes ceased; a proceeding that
+was tantamount to Peter Pindar's confession, when some one charged him
+with being too hard on the King: "I confess there exists a difference
+between the King and me," said Peter; "the King has been a good subject
+to me; and I have been a bad subject to his Majesty."--During Mr.
+Collins' imprisonment in 1828 for the application of the afterwards
+famous expression "native malignity" to the Attorney-General of the day,
+the _Freeman_ still continued to appear weekly, the editorials, set up
+in type in the manner spoken of above, being supplied to the office from
+his room in the jail.
+
+In the early stages of society in Upper Canada the Government
+authorities appear not only to have possessed but to have exercised the
+power of handling political writers pretty sharply. In the Kingston
+_Chronicle_ of December 10th, 1820, we have recorded the sentence
+pronounced on Barnabas Ferguson, Editor of the Niagara _Spectator_, for
+"a libel on the Government." Mr. Ferguson was condemned to be imprisoned
+eighteen months; to stand in the pillory once during his confinement; to
+pay a fine of L50, and remain in prison till paid; and on his liberation
+to find security for seven years, himself in L500, and two sureties in
+L250 each. No comment is made by the _Chronicle_ on the sentence, and
+the libel is not described.
+
+The local government took its cue in this matter from its superiors of
+the day in the old country. What Sir Henry Lytton Bulwer says in his
+sketch of the life of Cobbett helps to explain the action of the early
+Upper Canada authorities in respect to the press. "Let us not forget,"
+says the writer just named, "the blind and uncalculating intolerance
+with which the law struggled against opinion from 1809 to 1822. Writers
+during this period were transported, imprisoned, and fined, without
+limit or conscience; and just when government became more gentle to
+legitimate newspapers, it engaged in a new conflict with unstamped ones.
+No less than 500 venders of these were imprisoned within six years. The
+contest was one of life and death."
+
+So early as 1807 there was an "opposition" paper--the _Upper Canada
+Guardian_. Willcocks, the editor, had been Sheriff of the Home District,
+and had lost his office for giving a vote contrary to the policy of the
+lieutenant-governor for the time being. He was returned as a member of
+parliament; and after having been imprisoned for breach of privilege, he
+was returned again, and continued to lead the reforming party. The name
+of Mr. Cameron, the publisher of the _Gazette_ at York was, by some
+means, mixed up with that of Mr. Willcocks, in connection with the
+_Upper Canada Guardian_ in 1807, and he found it expedient to publish
+in the _Gazette_ of June 20, the following notice: "To the
+Public--Having seen the Prospectus of a paper generally circulated at
+Niagara, intended to be printed in Upper Canada, entitled the _Upper
+Canada Guardian or Freeman's Journal_, executed in the United States of
+America, without my knowledge or consent, wherein my name appears as
+being a party concerned; I therefore think it necessary to undeceive my
+friends and the inhabitants of Upper Canada, and to assure them that I
+have no connection with, nor is it my most distant wish or intention in
+any wise to be connected with the printing or publication of said paper.
+John Bennett."--When the war of 1812 broke out the _Guardian_ came to an
+end; its editor at first loyally bore arms on the Canadian side, but at
+length deserted to the enemy, taking with him some of the Canadian
+Militia. He was afterwards killed at the siege of Fort Erie.
+
+The newspaper which occupies the largest space in the early annals of
+the press at York is the _Colonial Advocate_. Issuing first at Queenston
+in May, 1824, it was removed in the following November to York. Its
+shape varied from time to time: now it was a folio: now a quarto. On all
+its pages the matter was densely packed; but printed in a very mixed
+manner: it abounded with sentences in italics, in small capitals, in
+large capitals; with names distinguished in like decided manner: with
+paragraphs made conspicuous by rows of index hands, and other
+typographical symbols at top, bottom and sides. It was editorial, not in
+any one particular column, but throughout; and the opinions delivered
+were expressed for the most part in the first person.
+
+The _Weekly Register_ fell foul of the _Advocate_ at once. It appears
+that the new audacious nondescript periodical, though at the time it
+bore on its face the name of Queenston, was nevertheless for convenience
+sake printed at Lewiston on the New York side of the river. Hence it was
+denounced by the _Weekly Register_ in language that now astonishes us,
+as a United States production; and as in the United States interest.
+"This paper of motley, unconnected, shake-bag periods" cried the Editor
+of the _Weekly Register_, "this unblushing, brazen-faced _Advocate_,
+affects to be a Queenston and Upper Canadian paper; whereas it is to all
+intents and purposes, and radically, a Lewiston and genu-wine Yankee
+paper. How can this man of truth, this pure and holy reformer and
+regenerator of the unhappy and prostrate Canada reconcile such barefaced
+and impudent deception?"
+
+Nothing could more promote the success of the _Colonial Advocate_ than a
+welcome like this. To account for the _Register's_ extraordinary warmth,
+it is to be said that the _Advocate_ in its first number had happened to
+quote a passage from an address of its Editor to the electors of the
+County of Durham, which seemed in some degree to compromise him as a
+servant of the Government. Mr. Fothergill had ventured to say "I know
+some of the deep and latent causes why this fine country has so long
+languished in a state of comparative stupor and inactivity, while our
+more enterprising neighbours are laughing us to scorn. All I desire is
+an opportunity of attempting the cure of some of the evils we labour
+under." This was interpreted in the _Advocate_ to mean a censure upon
+the Executive. But the _Register_ replied that these words simply
+expressed the belief that the evils complained of were remediable only
+by the action of the House of Assembly, on the well-known axiom "that
+all law is for the people, and from the people; and when efficient, must
+be remedied or rectified by the people; and that therefore Mr.
+Fothergill was desirous of assisting in the great work."
+
+The end in fact was that the Editor of the _Register_, after his return
+to parliament for the County of Durham, did not long retain the post of
+King's Printer. After several independent votes in the House he was
+dismissed by Sir Peregrine Maitland in 1826, after which date the
+awkwardness of uniting with a Government Gazette a general newspaper
+whose editor, as a member of the House of Assembly, might claim the
+privilege of acting with His Majesty's opposition, came to an end. In
+1826 we have Mr. Fothergill in his place in the House supporting a
+motion for remuneration to the publisher of the _Advocate_, on the
+ground that the wide and even gratuitous circulation of that paper
+throughout Canada and among members of the British House of Commons,
+"would help to draw attention in the proper quarter to the country."
+
+Here is an account of McKenzie's method in the collection of matter for
+his various publications, the curious multifariousness of which matter
+used to astonish while it amused. The description is by Mr. Kent, editor
+of a religious journal, entitled _The Church_, published at Cobourg in
+1838. Lord Clarendon's style has been exactly caught, it will be
+observed: "Possessed of a taste for general and discursive reading,"
+says Mr. Kent, "he (McK.) made even his very pleasures contribute to the
+serious business of his life, and, year after year, accumulated a mass
+of materials, which he pressed into his service at some fitting
+opportunity. Whenever anything transpired that at all reflected on a
+political opponent, or whenever, in his reading, he met with a passage
+that favoured his views, he not only turned it to a present purpose, but
+laid it by, to bring it forward at some future period, long after it
+might have been supposed to be buried in oblivion."
+
+The Editor of the _Advocate_, after his flight from Canada in 1837,
+published for a short time at New York a paper named _McKenzie's
+Gazette_, which afterwards was removed to Rochester: its term of
+existence there was also brief. In the number for June, 1839, we have
+the following intelligence contributed by a correspondent at Toronto: a
+certain animus in relation to the military in Canada, and in relation to
+the existing Banks of the country, is apparent. "Toronto, May 24th: The
+93rd Regiment is still in quarters here. The men 660 strong, all
+Scotchmen, enlisted in the range of country from Aberdeen to Ayrshire: a
+highland regiment without highlanders: few or none of Englishmen or
+Irishmen among them. They are a fine-looking body of men: I never saw a
+finer. I wished to go into the garrison, but was not permitted to do so.
+Few of the townspeople have that privilege. ---- has made the fullest
+enquiries, and tells me that a majority of the men would be glad to get
+away if they could: they would willingly leave the service and the
+country. He says they are well-informed, civil and well-behaved, and
+that for such time as England may be compelled to retain possession of
+the Canadas by military force, against the wishes of the settled
+population he would like to have this regiment remain in Toronto. ----
+tells me that a few _soups_ have been kept at Queenston during the
+winter, because if they desert it is no matter: the regulars are all at
+Drummondville, near the Falls, and a couple of hundred blacks at
+Chippewa watching them. The Ferry below the Falls is guarded by old men
+whose term of service is nearly out, and who look for a pension. It is
+the same at Malden, and in Lower Canada. The regiments Lord Durham
+brought were fine fellows, the flower of the English army.
+
+"The Banks here tax the people heavily, but they are so stupid they
+don't see it. All the specie goes into the Banks. I am told that the
+Upper Canada Bank had at one time L300,000 in England in Commissariat
+bills of Exchange: their notes in circulation are a million and a
+quarter of paper dollars, for all of which they draw interest from the
+people, although not obliged to keep six cents in their money-till to
+redeem them. All the troops were paid in the depreciated paper of these
+fraudulent bankrupt concerns, the directors of which deserve the
+Penitentiary: the contracts of the Commissariat are paid in the same
+paper as a 10 per cent. shave: and the troops up at Brantford were also
+paid in Bank notes which the Bank did not pretend to redeem; and it
+would have offended Sir George [Arthur], who has a share in such
+speculations (as he had when in VanDieman's Land), had any one asked the
+dollars. Sir Allan McNab, who has risen from poverty to be president _de
+facto_, solicitor, directors and company of the Gore Bank, ever since
+its creation, is said to be terribly embarrassed for want of money. He
+is not the alpha and omega of the Bank now. He has quarrelled with his
+brother villains. The money paid to Canada from England to uphold troops
+to coerce the people helps the Banks."
+
+In the same number of the _Gazette_ published at Rochester we have an
+extract from a production by Robert Gourlay himself, who in his old age
+paid a final visit of inspection to Canada. In allusion to a portion of
+Gourlay's famous work published in 1822, the extract is headed in
+_McKenzie's Gazette_ "Robert Gourlay's 'Last Sketch' of Upper Canada."
+It is dated at Toronto, May 25th. Having just presented one gloomy view,
+we will venture to lower the reader's spirits a particle more, by giving
+another. Let allowance be made for the morbid mental condition of the
+writer: the contrast offered by the Canada of to-day will afterwards
+proportionably exhilarate.
+
+"What did Upper Canada gain," Gourlay asks, "by my banishment; and what
+good is now to be seen in it? Cast an eye over the length and breadth of
+the land" he cries, "from Malden to Point Fortune, and from the Falls to
+Lake Simcoe: then say if a single public work is creditable, or a single
+institution as it should be. The Rideau Canal!--what is it but a
+monument of England's folly and waste; which can never return a farthing
+of interest; or for a single day stay the conquest of the province. The
+Welland Canal!--Has it not been from beginning till now a mere struggle
+of misery and mismanagement; and from now onward, promising to become a
+putrid ditch. The only railway, of ten miles; with half completed; and
+half which cannot be completed for want of funds! The macadamised roads,
+all in mud; only causing an increase of wear and tear. The province
+deeply in debt; confidence uprooted; and banks beleaguered!
+
+"Schools and Colleges, what are they?--Few yet _painted_, though
+lectures on natural philosophy are now abundant. The Cobourg seminary
+outstaring all that is sanctimonious: so airy and lank that learning
+cannot take root in it. A college at Sandwich built before the war, but
+now a pig stye; and one at Toronto indicated only by an approach. The
+edifices of the Church!--how few worthy of the Divine presence--how many
+unfinished--how many fallen to decay. The Church itself, wholly
+militant: Episcopalians maintaining what can never be established;
+Presbyterians more sour than ever, contending for rights where they have
+none whatever: Methodists so disunited that they cannot even join in a
+respectable groan; and Catholic priests wandering about in poverty
+because their scattered and starving flocks yield not sufficient wool
+for the shears. One institution only have I seen praiseworthy and
+progressing--The Penitentiary; but that is a concentrated essence,
+seeing the whole province is one: and which of you, resident
+land-holders, having sense or regard for your family would remain in it
+a day, could you sell your property and be off?"
+
+Some popular Almanacs of a remarkable character also emanated from
+McKenzie's press. Whilst in the United States he put forth the _Caroline
+Almanac_, a designation intended to keep alive the memory of the cutting
+out of the _Caroline_ steamer from Fort Schlosser in 1837, and her
+precipitation over the Falls of Niagara, an act sought to be held up as
+a great outrage on the part of the Canadian authorities. In the Canadian
+Almanacs, published by him, intended for circulation especially among
+the country population, the object kept in view was the same as that so
+industriously aimed at by the _Advocate_ itself, viz., the exposure of
+the shortcomings and vices of the government of the day. At the same
+time a large amount of practically useful matter and information was
+supplied.
+
+The earlier almanac was entitled "Poor Richard, or the Yorkshire
+Almanac," and the compiler professed to be one "Patrick Swift, late of
+Belfast, in the Kingdom of Ireland, Esq., F.R.I., Grand-nephew of the
+celebrated Doctor Jonathan Swift, Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin, etc.,
+etc., etc." This same personage was a contributor also of many pungent
+and humorous things in prose and verse in the columns of the _Advocate_
+itself. In 1834 the Almanac assumed the following title: "A new Almanac
+for the Canadian True Blues; with which is incorporated The
+Constitutional Reformer's Text Book, for the Millenial and Prophetic
+Year of the Grand General Election for Upper Canada, and total and
+everlasting Downfall of Toryism in the British Empire, 1834." It was
+still supposed to be edited by Patrick Swift, Esq., who is now dubbed
+M.P.P., and Professor of Astrology, York.
+
+In the extract given above from what was styled Gourlay's "Last Sketch"
+of Upper Canada, the query and rejoinder, "Schools and Colleges, where
+are they? Few yet _painted_, though lectures on Natural Philosophy are
+now abundant"--will not be understood, without remark. The allusion is
+to an advertisement in the _Upper Canada Gazette_ of Feb. 5, 1818, which
+Gourlay at the time of its appearance thought proper to animadvert upon
+and satirize in the Niagara _Spectator_. It ran as follows: "Natural
+Philosophy.--The subscriber intends to deliver a course of Popular
+Lectures on Natural Philosophy, to commence on Tuesday, the 17th inst.,
+at 7 o'clock p.m., should a number of auditors come forward to form a
+class. Tickets of admission for the Course (price Two Guineas) may be
+had of William Allan, Esq., Dr. Horne, or at the School House. The
+surplus, if any, after defraying the current expenses, to be laid out in
+painting the District School. John Strachan, York, 3rd Feb., 1818."
+
+As was to be expected, Dr. Strachan was a standing subject of invective
+in all the publications of Gourlay, as well as subsequently in all those
+of McKenzie. Collins, Editor of the _Freeman_, became, as we have seen,
+reticent in relation to him; but, more or less, a fusilade was
+maintained upon him in McKenzie's periodicals, as long as they issued.
+
+In McKenzie's opposition to Dr. Strachan there was possibly a certain
+degree of national animus springing from the contemplation of a Scottish
+compatriot who, after rising to position in the young colony, was
+disposed, from temperament, to bear himself cavalierly towards all who
+did not agree with him in opinion. In addition, we have been told that
+at an early period in an interview between the two parties, Dr. Strachan
+once chanced to express himself with considerable heat to McKenzie, and
+proceeded to the length of showing him the door. The latter had called,
+as our information runs, to deprecate prejudice in regard to a
+brother-in-law of his, Mr. Baxter, who was a candidate for some post
+under the Educational Board, of which Dr. S. was chairman; when great
+offence was taken at the idea being for a moment entertained that a
+personal motive would in the slightest degree bias him when in the
+execution of public duty.
+
+At a late period in the history of both the now memorable
+Scoto-Canadians, we happened ourselves to be present at a scene in the
+course of which the two were brought curiously face to face with each
+other, once more, for a few moments. It will be remembered that after
+the subsidence of the political troubles and the union of Upper and
+Lower Canada, McKenzie came back and was returned member of Parliament
+for Haldimand. While he was in the occupancy of this post, it came to
+pass that Dr. Strachan, now Bishop of Toronto, had occasion to present a
+petition to the united House on the subject of the Clergy Reserves. To
+give greater weight and solemnity to the act he decided to attend in
+person at the bar of the House, at the head of his clergy, all in
+canonicals. McKenzie seeing the procession approaching, hurried into the
+House and took his seat; and contrived at the moment the Bishop and his
+retinue reached the bar to have possession of the floor. Affecting to
+put a question to the Speaker, before the Order of the Day was proceeded
+with, he launched out with great volubility and in excited strain on the
+interruptions to which the House was exposed in its deliberations; he
+then quickly came round to an attack in particular on prelates and
+clergy for their meddling and turbulence, infesting, as he averred, the
+lobbies of the Legislature when they should be employed on higher
+matters, filling with tumultuous mobs the halls and passages of the
+House, thronging (with an indignant glance in that direction) the very
+space below the bar set apart for the accommodation of peaceably
+disposed spectators.
+
+The House had only just assembled, and had not had time to settle down
+into perfect quiet: members were still dropping in, and it was a mystery
+to many, for a time, what could, at such an early stage of the day's
+proceedings, have excited the ire of the member for Haldimand. The
+courteous speaker, Mr. Sicotte, was plainly taken aback at the sudden
+outburst of patriotic fervour; and, not being as familiar with the Upper
+Canadian past as many old Upper Canadians present were, he could not
+enter into the pleasantry of the thing; for, after all, it was
+humourously and not maliciously intended; the orator in possession of
+the floor had his old antagonist at a momentary disadvantage, and he
+chose to compel him while standing there conspicuously at the bar to
+listen for a while to a stream of _Colonial Advocate_ in the purest
+vein.
+
+After speaking against time, with an immense show of heat for a
+considerable while--a thing at which he was an adept--the scene was
+brought to a close by a general hubbub of impatience at the outrageous
+irrelevancy of the harangue, arising throughout the House, and obliging
+the orator to take his seat. The petition of the Bishop was then in due
+form received, and he, with his numerous retinue of robed clergy,
+withdrew.
+
+We now proceed with our memoranda of the early press. When Fothergill
+was deprived of his office of King's Printer in 1825, he published for a
+time a quarto paper of his own, entitled the _Palladium_, composed of
+scientific, literary and general matter. Mr. Robert Stanton, King's
+Printer after Fothergill, issued on his own account for a few years, a
+newspaper called _The U. E. Loyalist_, the name, as we have seen, borne
+by the portion of the _Gazette_ devoted to general intelligence while
+Mr. Stanton was King's Printer. The _U. E. Loyalist_ was a quarto sheet,
+well printed, with an engraved ornamental heading resembling that which
+surmounted the New York _Albion_. The _Loyalist_ was conservative, as
+also was a local contemporary after 1831, the _Courier_, edited and
+printed by Mr. George Gurnett, subsequently Clerk of the Peace, and
+Police Magistrate for the City of Toronto. The _Christian Guardian_, a
+local religious paper which still survives, began in 1828. The _Patriot_
+appeared at York in 1833: it had previously been issued at Kingston; its
+whole title was "_The Patriot and Farmer's Monitor_," with the motto,
+"Common Sense," below. It was of the folio form, and its Editor, Mr.
+Thos. Dalton, was a writer of much force, liveliness and originality.
+The _Loyalist_, _Courier_ and _Patriot_ were antagonists politically of
+the _Advocate_ while the latter flourished; but all three laboured under
+the disadvantage of fighting on the side whose star was everywhere on
+the decline.
+
+Notwithstanding its conservatism, however, it was in the _Courier_ that
+the memorable revolutionary sentiments appeared, so frequently quoted
+afterwards in the _Advocate_ publications: "the minds of the
+well-affected begin to be unhinged; they already begin to cast about in
+their mind's eye for some new state of political existence, which shall
+effectually put the colony without the pale of British connection;"
+words written under the irritation occasioned by the dismissal of the
+Attorney and Solicitor-General for Upper Canada in 1833.
+
+For a short time prior to 1837, McKenzie's paper assumed the name of
+_The Constitution_. A faithful portrait of McKenzie will be seen at the
+beginning of the first volume of his "Life and Times," by Mr. Charles
+Lindsey, a work which will be carefully and profitably studied by future
+investigators in the field of Upper Canadian history. Excellent
+portraits of Mr. Gurnett and of Mr. Dalton are likewise extant in
+Toronto.
+
+Soon after 1838, the _Examiner_ newspaper acquired great influence at
+York. It was established and edited by Mr. Hincks. Mr. Hincks had
+emigrated to Canada with the intention of engaging in commerce; and in
+Walton's _York Directory_, 1833-34, we read for No. 21, west side of
+Yonge Street, "Hincks, Francis, Wholesale Warehouse." But Mr. Hincks'
+attention was drawn to the political condition of Canada, especially to
+its Finance. The accident of living in immediate proximity to a family
+that had already for a number of years been taking a warm and active
+interest in public affairs, may have contributed to this. In the
+Directory, just named, the Number after 21 on the west side of Yonge
+Street, is 23, and the occupants are "Baldwin, Doctor W. Warren;
+Baldwin, Robert, Esq., Attorney, &c., Baldwin and Sullivan's Attorney's
+Office, and Dr. Baldwin's Surrogate Office round the corner, in King
+Street, 1951/2." It was not unnatural that the next door neighbour of Dr.
+Baldwin's family, their tenant, moreover, and attached friend, should
+catch a degree of inspiration from them. The subsequent remarkable
+career of Mr. Hincks, afterwards so widely known as Sir Francis Hincks,
+has become a part of the general history of the country.
+
+About the period of the Union of Upper and Lower Canada, a local
+tri-weekly named _The Morning Star and Transcript_ was printed and
+published by Mr. W. J. Coates, who also issued occasionally, at a later
+date, the _Canadian Punch_, containing clever political cartoons in the
+style of the London _Punch_.
+
+We have spoken once, we believe, of the _Canadian Freeman's_ motto,
+"_Est natura hominum novitatis avida_;" and of the _Patriot's_, just
+above, "_Common Sense_." Fothergill's "_Weekly Register_" was headed by
+a brief cento from Shakespeare: "Our endeavour will be to stamp the very
+body of the time--its form and pressure--: we shall extenuate nothing,
+nor shall we set down aught in malice."
+
+Other early Canadian newspaper mottoes which pleased the boyish fancy
+years ago, and which may still be pleasantly read on the face of the
+same long-lived and yet flourishing publications, were the "_Mores et
+studia et populos et praelia dicam_," of the Quebec _Mercury_, and the
+"_Animos novitate tenebo_" of the Montreal _Herald_. The _Mercury_ and
+_Herald_ likewise retain to this day their respective early devices: the
+former, Hermes, all proper, as the Heralds would say, descending from
+the sky, with the motto from Virgil, _Mores et studia et populos et
+praelia dicam_: the latter the Genius of Fame, bearing in one hand the
+British crown, and sounding as she speeds through the air her trump,
+from which issues the above-cited motto. Over the editorial column the
+device is repeated, with the difference that the floating Genius here
+adds the authority for her quotation--Ovid, _a la_ Dr. Pangloss.
+Underneath the floating figure are many minute roses and shamrocks; but
+towering up to the right and left with a significant predominance, for
+the special gratification of Montrealers of the olden time, the thistle
+of Scotland.
+
+Besides these primitive mottoes and emblematic headings, the _Mercury_
+and _Herald_ likewise retain, each of them, to this day a certain
+pleasant individuality of aspect in regard to type, form and
+arrangement, by which they are each instantly to be recognized. This
+adherence of periodicals to their original physiognomy is very
+interesting, and in fact advantageous, inspiring in readers a certain
+tenderness of regard. Does not the cover of _Blackwood_, for example,
+even the poor United States copy of it, sometimes awaken in the chaos of
+a public reading-room table, a sense of affection, like a friend seen in
+the midst of a promiscuous crowd? The English Reviews too, as circulated
+among us from the United States, are conveniently recognized by their
+respective colours, although the English form of each has been, for
+cheapness' sake, departed from. The _Montreal Gazette_ likewise
+survives, preserving its ancient look in many respects, and its high
+character for dignity of style and ability.
+
+In glancing back at the supply of intelligence and literature provided
+at an early day for the Canadian community, it repeatedly occurs to us
+to name, as we have done, the _Albion_ newspaper of New York. From this
+journal it was that almost every one in our Upper Canadian York who had
+the least taste for reading, derived the principal portion of his or her
+acquaintance with the outside world of letters, as well as the minuter
+details of prominent political events. As its name implies, the _Albion_
+was intended to meet the requirements of a large number of persons of
+English birth and of English descent, whose lot is cast on this
+continent, but who nevertheless cannot discharge from their hearts their
+natural love for England, their natural pride in her unequalled
+civilization. "_Caelum non animum mutant qui trans mare currunt_," was
+its gracefully-chosen and appropriate motto.
+
+Half a century ago, the boon of a judicious literary journal like the
+_Albion_ was to dwellers in Canada a very precious one. The Quarterlies
+were not then reprinted as now; nor were periodicals like the
+Philadelphia _Eclectic_ or the Boston _Living Age_ readily procurable.
+Without the weekly visit of the _Albion_, months upon months would have
+passed without any adequate knowledge being enjoyed of the current
+products of the literary world. For the sake of its extracted reviews,
+tales and poetry the New York _Albion_ was in some cases, as we well
+remember, loaned about to friends and read like a much sought after book
+in a modern circulating library. And happily its contents were always
+sterling, and worth the perusal. It was a part of our own boyish
+experience to become acquainted for the first time with a portion of
+Keble's _Christian Year_, in the columns of that paper.
+
+The _Albion_ was founded in 1822 by Dr. John Charlton Fisher, who
+afterwards became a distinguished Editor at Quebec. To him Dr. Bartlett
+succeeded. The New York _Albion_ still flourishes under Mr. Cornwallis,
+retaining its high character for the superior excellence of its matter,
+retaining also many traits of its ancient outward aspect, in the style
+of its type, in the distribution of its matter. It has also retained its
+old motto. Its familiar vignette heading of oak branches round the
+English rose, the thistle of Scotland, and the shamrock, has been
+thinned out, and otherwise slightly modified; but it remains a fine
+artistic composition, well executed.
+
+There was another journal from New York much esteemed at York for the
+real respectability of its character, the _New York Spectator_. It was
+read for the sake of its commercial and general information, rather
+than for its literary news. To the minds of the young the Greek
+revolution had a singular fascination. We remember once entertaining the
+audacious idea of constructing a history of the struggle in Greece, of
+which the authorities would, in great measure, have been copious
+cuttings from the _New York Spectator_ columns. One advantage of the
+embryo design certainly was a familiarity acquired with the map of
+Hellas within and without the Peloponnesus. Navarino, Modon, Coron,
+Tripolitza, Mistra, Missolonghi, with the incidents that had made each
+temporarily famous, were rendered as familiar to the mind's eye as
+Sparta, Athens, Thebes, Thermopylae, and the events connected with each
+respectively, of an era two thousand years previously, afterwards from
+other circumstances became. Colocotroni, Mavrocordato, Miaulis,
+Bozzaris, were heroes to the imagination as fully as Miltiades,
+Alcibiades, Pericles, and Nicias, afterwards became.
+
+Partly in consequence of the eagerness with which the columns of the
+_New York Spectator_ used to be ransacked with a view to the composition
+of the proposed historical work, we remember the peculiar interest with
+which we regarded the editor of that periodical at a later period, on
+falling in with him, casually, at the Falls of Niagara. Mr. Hall was
+then well advanced in years; and from a very brief interview, the
+impression received was, that he was the beau ideal of a veteran editor
+of the highest type; for a man, almost omniscient; unslumberingly
+observant; sympathetic, in some way, with every passing occurrence and
+every remark; tenacious of the past; grasping the present on all sides,
+with readiness, genial interest and completeness. In aspect, and even to
+some extent in costume, Mr. Hall might have been taken for an English
+bishop of the early part of the Victorian era.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XX.
+
+  QUEEN STREET, FROM GEORGE STREET TO YONGE STREET.--MEMORIES OF THE OLD
+  COURT HOUSE.
+
+
+When we pass George Street we are in front of the park-lot originally
+selected by Mr. Secretary Jarvis. It is now divided from south to north
+by Jarvis street, a thoroughfare opened up through the property in the
+time of Mr. Samuel Peters Jarvis, the Secretary's son. Among the
+pleasant villas that now line this street on both sides, there is one
+which still is the home of a Jarvis, the Sheriff of the County.
+
+Besides filling the conspicuous post indicated by his title, Mr.
+Secretary Jarvis was also the first Grand Master of the Masons in Upper
+Canada. The archives of the first Masonic Lodges of York possess much
+interest. Through the permission of Mr. Alfio de Grassi who has now the
+custody of them, we are enabled to give the following extracts from a
+letter of Mr. Secretary Jarvis, bearing the early date of March 28th,
+1792:--"I am in possession of my sign manual from his Majesty," Mr.
+Jarvis writes on the day just named, from Pimlico, to his relative
+Munson Jarvis, at St. John, New Brunswick, "constituting me Secretary
+and Registrar of the Province of Upper Canada, with power of appointing
+my Deputies, and in every other respect a very full warrant. I am also"
+he continues, "very much flattered to be enabled to inform you that the
+Grand Lodge of England have within these very few days appointed Prince
+Edward, who is now in Canada, Grand Master of Ancient Masons in Lower
+Canada; and William Jarvis, Secretary and Registrar of Upper Canada,
+Grand Master of Ancient Masons in that Province. However trivial it may
+appear to you who are not a Mason, yet I assure you that it is one of
+the most honourable appointments that they could have conferred. The
+Duke of Athol is the Grand Master of Ancient Masons in England. Lord
+Dorchester with his private Secretary, and the Secretary of the
+Province, called on us yesterday," Mr. Jarvis proceeds to say, "and
+found us in the utmost confusion, with half a dozen porters in the house
+packing up. However his Lordship would come in, and sat down in a small
+room which was reserved from the general bustle. He then took Mr. Peters
+home with him to dine: hence we conclude a favourable omen in regard to
+his consecration, which we hope is not far distant. Mrs. Jarvis," the
+Secretary informs his relative, "leaves England in great spirits. I am
+ordered my passage on board the transport with the Regiment, and to do
+duty without pay for the passage only. This letter," he adds, "gets to
+Halifax by favour of an intimate friend of Mr. Peters, Governor
+Wentworth, who goes out to take possession of his Government. The ship
+that I am allotted to is the _Henneker_, Captain Winter, a transport
+with the Queen's Rangers on board."
+
+The Prince Edward spoken of was afterwards Duke of Kent and father of
+the present Queen. Lord Dorchester was the Governor-General of the
+Province of Quebec before its division into Upper and Lower Canada. Mr.
+Peters was _in posse_ the Bishop of the new Province about to be
+organized. It was a part of the original scheme, as shewn by the papers
+of the first Governor of Upper Canada, that there should be an episcopal
+see in Upper Canada, as there already was at Quebec in the lower
+province. But this was not carried into effect until 1839, nearly half a
+century later.
+
+When Jarvis Street was opened up through the Secretary's park-lot, the
+family residence of his son Mr. Samuel Peters Jarvis, a handsome
+structure of the early brick era of York, in the line of the proposed
+thoroughfare, was taken down. Its interior fittings of solid black
+walnut were bought by Captain Carthew and transferred by him without
+much alteration to a house which he put up on part of the Deer-park
+property on Yonge Street.
+
+A large fragment of the offices attached to Mr. Jarvis's house was
+utilized and absorbed in a private residence on the west side of Jarvis
+Street, and the gravel drive to the door is yet to be traced in the less
+luxuriant vegetation of certain portions of the adjoining flower
+gardens. Mr. Secretary Jarvis died in 1818. He is described by those who
+remember him, as possessing a handsome, portly presence. Col. Jarvis,
+the first military commandant in Manitoba, is a grandson of the
+Secretary.
+
+Of Mr. McGill, first owner of the next park-lot, and of his personal
+aspect, we have had occasion to speak in connection with the interior of
+St. James' Church. Situated in fields at the southern extremity of a
+stretch of forest, the comfortable and pleasantly-situated residence
+erected by him for many years seemed a place of abode quite remote from
+the town. It was still to be seen in 1870 in the heart of McGill Square,
+and was long occupied by Mr. McCutcheon, a brother of the inheritor of
+the bulk of Mr. McGill's property, who in accordance with his uncle's
+will, and by authority of an Act of Parliament, assumed the name of
+McGill, and became subsequently well known throughout Canada as the Hon.
+Peter McGill.
+
+(The founder of McGill College in Montreal was of a different family.
+The late Capt. James McGill Strachan derived his name from the
+marriage-connection of his father with the latter.)
+
+In the _Gazette and Oracle_ of Nov. 13th, 1803, we observe Mr. McGill,
+of York, advertising as "agent for purchases" for pork and beef to be
+supplied to the troops stationed "at Kingston, York, Fort George, Fort
+Chippewa, Fort Erie, and Amherstburg." In 1818 he is Receiver-General,
+and Auditor-General of land patents. He had formerly been an officer in
+the Queen's Rangers, and his name repeatedly occurs in "Simcoe's
+History" of the operations of that corps during the war of the American
+Revolution.
+
+From that work we learn that in 1779 he, with the commander himself of
+the corps, then Lieut.-Col. Simcoe, fell into the hands of the
+revolutionary authorities, and was treated with great harshness in the
+common jail of Burlington, New Jersey; and when a plan was devised for
+the Colonel's escape, Mr. McGill volunteered, in order to further its
+success, to personate his commanding officer in bed, and to take the
+consequences, while the latter was to make his way out.
+
+The whole project was frustrated by the breaking of a false key in the
+lock of a door which would have admitted the confined soldiers to a room
+where "carbines and ammunition" were stored away. Lieut.-Col. Simcoe, it
+is added in the history just named, afterwards offered Mr. McGill an
+annuity, or to make him Quartermaster of Cavalry; the latter, we are
+told, he accepted of, as his grandfather had been an officer in King
+William's army; and "no man," Col. Simcoe himself notes, "ever executed
+the office with greater integrity, courage and conduct."
+
+The southern portion of Mr. McGill's park-lot has, in the course of
+modern events, come to be assigned to religious uses. McGill Square,
+which contained the old homestead and its surroundings, and which was at
+one period intended, as its name indicates, to be an open public square,
+was secured in 1870 by the Wesleyan Methodist body and made the site of
+its principal place of worship and of various establishments connected
+therewith.
+
+Immediately north, on the same property, the Roman Catholics had
+previously built their principal place of worship and numerous
+appurtenances, attracted possibly to the spot by the expectation that
+McGill Square would continue for ever an open ornamental piece of
+ground.
+
+A little farther to the north a cross-street, leading from Yonge Street
+eastward, bears the name of McGill. An intervening cross-street
+preserves the name of Mr. Crookshank, who was Mr. McGill's
+brother-in-law.
+
+The name that appears on the original survey of York and its suburbs as
+first occupant of the park-lot westward of Mr. McGill's, is that of Mr.
+George Playter. This is the Captain Playter, senior, of whom we have
+already spoken in our excursion up the valley of the Don. We have named
+him also among the forms of a past age whom we ourselves remember often
+seeing in the congregation assembled of old in the wooden St. James'.
+
+Mr. Playter was an Englishman by birth, but had passed many of his early
+years in Philadelphia, where for a time he attached himself to the
+Society of Friends, having selected as a wife a member of that body. But
+on the breaking out of the troubles that led to the independence of the
+United States, his patriotic attachment to old far-off England compelled
+him, in spite of the peaceful theories of the denomination to which he
+had united himself, promptly to join the Royalist forces.
+
+He used to give a somewhat humorous account of his sudden return to the
+military creed of ordinary mundane men. "Lie there, Quaker!" cried he to
+his cutaway, buttonless, formal coat, as he stripped it off and flung it
+down, for the purpose of donning the soldier's habiliments. But some of
+the Quaker observances were never relinquished in his family. We well
+remember, in the old homestead on the Don, and afterwards at his
+residence on Caroline Street, a silent mental thanksgiving before meals,
+that always took place after every one had taken his seat at the table;
+a brief pause was made, and all bent for a moment slightly forwards. The
+act was solemn and impressive.
+
+Old Mr. Playter was a man of sprightly and humorous temperament, and his
+society was accordingly much enjoyed by those who knew him. A precise
+attention to his dress and person rendered him an excellent type in
+which to study the costume and style of the ordinary unofficial citizen
+of a past generation. Colonel M. F. Whitehead, of Port Hope, in a letter
+kindly expressive of his interest in these reminiscences of York,
+incidentally furnished a little sketch that will not be out of place
+here. "My visits to York, after I was articled to Mr. Ward, in 1819,"
+Colonel Whitehead says, "were frequent. I usually lodged at old Mr.
+Playter's, Mrs. Ward's father. [This was when he was still living at the
+homestead on the Don.] The old gentleman often walked into town with me,
+by Castle Frank; his three-cornered hat, silver knee-buckles, broad-toed
+shoes and large buckles, were always carefully arranged."--To the
+equipments, so well described by Colonel Whitehead, we add from our own
+boyish recollection of Sunday sights, white stockings and a gold-headed
+cane of a length unusual now.
+
+According to a common custom prevalent at an early time, Mr. Playter set
+apart on his estate on the Don a family burial-plot, where his own
+remains and those of several members of his family and their descendants
+were deposited. Mr. George Playter, son of Captain George Playter, was
+some time Deputy Sheriff of the Home District; and Mr. Eli Playter,
+another son, represented for some sessions in the Provincial Parliament
+the North Riding of York. A daughter, who died unmarried in 1832, Miss
+Hannah Playter, "Aunt Hannah," as she was styled in the family, is
+pleasantly remembered as well for the genuine kindness of her character,
+as also for the persistency with which, like her father, she carried
+forward into a new and changed generation, and retained to the last, the
+costume and manners of the reign of King George the Third.
+
+Immediately in front of the extreme westerly portion of the park lot
+which we are now passing, and on the south side of the present Queen
+Street in that direction, was situated an early Court House of York,
+associated in the memories of most of the early people with their first
+acquaintance with forensic pleadings and law proceedings.
+
+This building was a notable object in its day. In an old plan of the
+town we observe it conspicuously delineated in the locality
+mentioned--the _other_ public buildings of the place, viz., the
+Commissariat Stores, the Government House, the Council Chamber (at the
+present north-west corner of York and Wellington Streets), the District
+School, St. James's Church, and the Parliament House (by the Little
+Don), being marked in the same distinguished manner. It was a plain
+two-storey frame building, erected in the first instance as an ordinary
+place of abode by Mr. Montgomery, father of the Montgomerys, once of the
+neighbourhood of Eglinton, on Yonge Street. It stood in a space defined
+by the present line of Yonge Street on the west, by nearly the present
+line of Victoria Street on the east, by Queen Street on the north and by
+Richmond Street on the south. Though situated nearer Queen Street than
+Richmond Street, it faced the latter, and was approached from the
+latter.--It was Mr. Montgomery who obtained by legal process the opening
+of Queen Street in the rear of his property. In consequence of the
+ravine of which we have had occasion so often to speak, the allowance
+for this street as laid down in the first plans of York had been closed
+up by authority from Yonge Street to Caroline Street.
+
+It was seriously proposed in 1800 to close up Queen Street to the
+westward also from Yonge Street "so far as the Common," that is, the
+Garrison Reserve, on the ground that such street was wholly unnecessary,
+there being in that direction already one highway into the town, namely,
+Richmond Street, situated only ten rods to the south. In 1800 the
+southern termination of Yonge Street was where we are now passing, at
+the corner of Montgomery's lot. At this point the farmers' waggons from
+the north turned off to the eastward, proceeding as far as Toronto
+Street, down which they wended their way to Richmond Street, and so on
+to Church Street and King Street, finally reaching the Market Place.
+
+Of the opening of Yonge Street through a range of building lots which in
+1800 blocked the way from Queen Street southwards, we shall speak
+hereafter in the excursion which we propose to make through Yonge Street
+from south to north, the moment we have finished recording our
+collections and recollections in relation to Queen Street.
+
+  _Memories of the Old Court House._
+
+In the old Court House, situated as we have described, we received our
+first boyish impressions of the solemnities and forms observed in Courts
+of Law. In paying a visit of curiosity subsequently to the singular
+series of Law Courts which are to be found ranged along one side of
+Westminster Hall in London--each one of them in succession entered
+through the heavy folds of lofty mysterious-looking curtains, each one
+of them crowded with earnest pleaders and anxious suitors, each one of
+them provided with a judge elevated in solitary majesty on high, each
+one of them seeming to the passing stranger more like a scene in a drama
+than a prosaic reality--we could not but revert in memory to the old
+upper chamber at York where the remote shadows of such things were for
+the first time encountered.
+
+It was startling to remember of a sudden that our early Upper Canadian
+Judges, our early Upper Canadian Barristers, came fresh from these
+Westminster Hall Courts! What a contrast must have been presented to
+these men in the rude wilds to which they found themselves transported.
+Riding the Circuit in the Home, Midland, Eastern and Western Districts
+at the beginning of the present century was no trivial undertaking.
+Accommodation for man and horse was for the most part scant and
+comfortless. Locomotion by land and water was perilous and slow, and
+racking to the frame. The apartments procurable for the purposes of the
+Court were of the humblest kind.
+
+Our pioneer jurisconsults in their several degrees, however, like our
+pioneers generally, unofficial as well as official, did their duty. They
+quietly initiated in the country, customs of gravity and order which
+have now become traditional; and we see the result in the decent dignity
+which surrounds, at the present day, the administration of justice in
+Canada in the Courts of every grade.
+
+Prior to the occupation of Mr. Montgomery's house as the Court House at
+York, the Court of King's Bench held its sessions in a portion of the
+Government Buildings at the east end of the town, destroyed in the war
+of 1813. On June 25, 1812, the Sheriff, John Beikie, advertises in the
+_Gazette_ that "a Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace for the
+Home District will be holden at the Government Buildings in the town of
+York on Tuesday, the fourteenth day of July now next ensuing, at the
+hour of ten o'clock in the forenoon, of which all Justices of the
+Peace, Coroners, Gaolers, High Constables, Constables and Bailiffs are
+desired to take notice, and that they be then and there present with
+their Rolls, Records, and other Memoranda to do and perform those things
+which by reason of their respective offices shall be to be done."
+
+It is with the Court Room in the Government Buildings that the Judge,
+Sheriff and Crown Counsel were familiar, who were engulfed in Lake
+Ontario in 1805. The story of the total loss of the government schooner
+Speedy, Captain Thomas Paxton, is widely known. In that ill-fated vessel
+suddenly went down in a gale in the dead of night, along with its
+commander and crew, Judge Cochrane, Solicitor-General Gray, Mr. Angus
+McDonell, Sheriff of York, Mr. Fishe, the High Bailiff, an Indian
+prisoner about to be tried at Presqu'Isle for murder, two interpreters,
+Cowan and Ruggles, several witnesses, and Mr. Herchmer, a merchant of
+York; in all thirty-nine persons, of whom no trace was ever afterwards
+discovered.
+
+The weather was threatening, the season of the year stormy (7th
+October), and the schooner was suspected not to be sea-worthy. But the
+orders of the Governor, General Peter Hunter, were peremptory. Mr.
+Weekes, of whom we have heard before, escaped the fate that befel so
+many connected with his profession, by deciding to make the journey to
+Presqu'Isle on horseback. (For the seat in the House rendered vacant by
+the sudden removal of Mr. McDonell, Mr. Weekes was the successful
+candidate.)
+
+The name of the Indian who was on his way to be tried was Ogetonicut.
+His brother, Whistling Duck, had been killed by a white man, and he took
+his revenge on John Sharp, another white man. The deed was done at Ball
+Point on Lake Scugog, where John Sharp was in charge of a trading-post
+for furs belonging to the Messrs. Farewell. The Governor had promised,
+so it was alleged, that the slayer of Whistling Duck should be punished.
+But a twelvemonth had elapsed and nothing had been done. The whole
+tribe, the Muskrat branch of the Chippewas, with their Chief
+Wabbekisheco at their head, came up in canoes to York on this occasion,
+starting from the mouth of Annis's creek, near Port Oshawa, and
+encamping at Gibraltar Point on the peninsula in front of York. A guard
+of soldiers went over to assist in the arrest of Ogetonicut, who, it
+appears, had arrived with the rest. The Chief Wabbekisheco, took the
+culprit by the shoulder and delivered him up. He was lodged in the jail
+at York.
+
+During the summer it was proved by means of a survey that the spot where
+Sharp had been killed was within the District of Newcastle. It was held
+necessary, therefore, that the trial should take place in that District.
+Sellick's, at the Carrying Place, was to have been the scene of the
+investigation, and thither the _Speedy_ was bound when she foundered.
+Mr. Justice Cochrane was a most estimable character personally, and a
+man of distinguished ability. He was only in his 28th year, and had been
+Chief Justice of Prince Edward Island before his arrival in Upper
+Canada. He was a native of Halifax, in Nova Scotia, but had studied law
+in Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the Bar in England.
+
+In the old Court House, near which we are now passing, were assigned to
+convicted culprits, with unflinching severity and in a no inconsiderable
+number of instances, all the penalties enjoined in the criminal code of
+the day--the lash, the pillory, the stocks, the gallows. We have
+conversed with an old inhabitant of Toronto, who had not only here heard
+the penalty of branding ordered by the Judge, but had actually seen it
+in open court inflicted, the iron being heated in the great wood-stove
+that warmed the room, and the culprit made to stretch out his hand and
+have burnt thereon the initial letter of the offence committed.
+
+Here cases came up repeatedly, arising out of the system of slavery
+which at the beginning was received in Canada, apparently as an
+inevitable part and parcel of the social arrangements of a colony on
+this continent.
+
+On the first of March, 1811, we have it on the record, "William Jarvis,
+of the Town of York, Esq. (this is the Secretary again), informed the
+Court that a negro boy and girl, his slaves, had the evening before been
+committed to prison for having stolen gold and silver out of his desk in
+his dwelling-house, and escaped from their said master; and prayed that
+the Court would order that the said prisoners, with one Coachly, a free
+negro, also committed to prison on suspicion of having advised and aided
+the said boy and girl in eloping with their master's property."
+Thereupon it was "Ordered,--That the said negro boy, named Henry,
+commonly called Prince, be re-committed to prison, and there safely kept
+till delivered according to law, and that the girl do return to her said
+master; and Coachly be discharged."
+
+At the date just mentioned Slavery was being gradually extinguished by
+an Act of the Provincial Legislature of Upper Canada, passed at Newark
+in 1793, which forbade the further introduction of slaves, and ordered
+that all slave children born after the 9th of July in that year should
+be free on attaining the age of twenty-five.
+
+Most gentlemen, from the Administrator of the Government downwards,
+possessed some slaves. Peter Russell, in 1806, was anxious to dispose of
+two of his, and thus advertised in the _Gazette and Oracle_, mentioning
+his prices:--"To be sold: a Black Woman named Peggy, aged forty years,
+and a Black Boy, her son, named Jupiter, aged about fifteen years, both
+of them the property of the subscriber. The woman is a tolerable cook
+and washerwoman, and perfectly understands making soap and candles. The
+boy is tall and strong for his age, and has been employed in the country
+business, but brought up principally as a house servant. They are each
+of them servants for life. The price of the woman is one hundred and
+fifty dollars. For the boy two hundred dollars, payable in three years,
+with interest from the day of sale, and to be secured by bond, &c. But
+one-fourth less will be taken for ready money. York, Feb. 19th, 1806.
+Peter Russell."
+
+According to our ideas at the present moment, such an advertisement as
+this is shocking enough. But we must judge the words and deeds of men by
+the spirit of the age in which they lived and moved.
+
+Similar notices were common a century since in the English newspapers.
+It is in fact asserted that at that period there were probably more
+slaves in England than in Virginia. In the London _Public Advertiser_,
+of March 28th, 1769, we have, for example, the following: "To be sold, a
+Black Girl, the property of J. B----, eleven years of age, who is
+extremely handy, works at her needle tolerably, and speaks English
+perfectly well; is of an excellent temper, and willing disposition.
+Enquire of Mr. Owen, at the Angel Inn, behind St. Clement's Church, in
+the Strand." And again, in the Edinburgh _Evening Courant_ of April
+18th, 1768, we have, "A Black Boy to sell. To be sold a Black Boy with
+long hair, stout made and well limbed; is good tempered; can dress hair,
+and take care of a horse indifferently. He has been in Britain near
+three years. Any person that inclines to purchase him may have him for
+L40. He belongs to Captain Abercrombie, at Brighton. This advertisement
+not to be repeated."
+
+The poet sings--
+
+  "Slaves cannot breathe in England: if their lungs
+   Receive our air, that moment they are free;
+   They touch our country and their shackles fall."
+
+But this was not true until Lord Mansfield, in 1772, uttered his famous
+judgment in the case of James Somerset, a slave brought over by a Mr.
+Stewart from Jamaica. Cowper's lines are in reality a versification of a
+portion of Lord Mansfield's words. A plea had been set up that
+villeinage had never been abolished by law in England; _ergo_, the
+possession of slaves was not illegal. But Lord Mansfield ruled:
+"Villeinage has ceased in England, and it cannot be revived. The air of
+England," he said, " has long been too pure for a slave, and every man
+is free who breathes it. Every man who comes into England," Lord
+Mansfield continued, "is entitled to the protection of English law,
+whatever oppression he may heretofore have suffered, and whatever may be
+the colour of his skin: _Quamvis ille niger, quamvis tu candidus esses._
+Let the negro be discharged." But this is a digression.
+
+Peter Russell's Peggy had been giving him uneasiness a few years
+previous to the advertisement copied above. She had been absenting
+herself without leave. Of this we are apprised in an advertisement dated
+York, September 2nd, 1803. It runs as follows: "The subscriber's black
+servant Peggy, not having his permission to absent herself from his
+service, the public are hereby cautioned from employing or harbouring
+her without the owner's leave. Whoever will do so after this notice may
+expect to be treated as the law directs. Peter Russell."
+
+In the papers published at Niagara advertisements similar to those just
+given are to be seen. In the Niagara _Herald_ of January 2nd, 1802, we
+have, "For sale: A negro man slave, 18 years of age, stout and healthy;
+has had the small pox and is capable of service either in the house or
+out-doors. The terms will be made easy to the purchaser, and cash or new
+lands received in payment. Enquire of the printer." And again in the
+_Herald_ of January 18th: "For sale: the negro man and woman, the
+property of Mrs. Widow Clement. They have been bred to the business of a
+farm; will be sold on highly advantageous terms for cash or lands. Apply
+to Mrs. Clement."
+
+Cash and lands were plainly beginning to be regarded as less precarious
+property than human chattels. In 1797 purchasers, however, were still
+advertising. In the _Gazette and Oracle_ of October 11th, in that year,
+we read; "Wanted to purchase, a negro girl from seven to twelve years of
+age, of good disposition. For fuller particulars apply to the
+subscribers, W. and J. Crooks, West Niagara, Oct. 4th." At York, in
+1800, the _Gazette_ announces as "to be sold"--"A healthy strong negro
+woman, about thirty years of age; understands cooking, laundry and the
+taking care of poultry. N.B.--She can dress ladies' hair. Enquire of the
+Printers. York, Dec 20, 1800."
+
+In respect to the following notice some explanation is needed. We
+presume the "Indian slave" spoken of must have been only part Indian.
+The detention of a native as a slave, if legal, would have been
+difficult. Mr. Charles Field, of Niagara, on the 28th of August, 1802,
+gave notice in the _Herald_: "All persons are forbidden harbouring,
+employing, or concealing my Indian slave Sal, as I am determined to
+prosecute any offender to the extremity of the law; and persons who may
+suffer her to remain in or upon their premises for the space of
+half-an-hour, without my written consent, will be taken as offending,
+and dealt with accordingly."
+
+In the early volumes of the _Quebec Gazette_ these slave advertisements
+are common. A rough wood-cut of a black figure running frequently
+precedes them. It appropriately illustrates the following one: "Run away
+from the subscriber on Tuesday, the 25th ult., a negro man, named
+Drummond, near six feet high, walks heavily; had on when he went away a
+dark coloured cloth coat and leather breeches. Whoever takes up and
+secures the said negro, so that his master may have him again, shall
+have Four Dollars reward, and all reasonable charges paid by John
+McCord. Speaks very bad English and next to no French." Another reads
+thus: "To be sold, a healthy Negro Boy, about fifteen years of age, well
+qualified to wait on a gentleman as a Body Servant. For further
+particulars inquire of the Printers."
+
+Mr. Sol.-General Gray, lost in the _Speedy_, manumitted by his will,
+dated August 27th, 1803, and discharged from the state of slavery in
+which, as that document speaks, "she now is," his "faithful black woman
+servant, Dorinda," and gave her and her children their freedom; and that
+they might not want, directed that L1200 should be invested and the
+interest applied to their maintenance. To his black servants, Simon and
+John Baker, he gave, besides their freedom, 200 acres of land each, and
+pecuniary legacies. The Simon here named went down with his master in
+the _Speedy_; but John long survived. He used to state that his mother
+Dorinda, was a native of Guinea, and to describe Governor Hunter as a
+rough old warrior, who carried snuff in an outside pocket, whence he
+took it in handfuls, to the great disfigurement of his ruffled
+shirt-bosoms. His death was announced in the public papers by telegram
+from Cornwall, Ontario, bearing date January 17, 1871. "A coloured man,"
+it said, "named John Baker, who attained his 105th year on the 25th
+ult., died here to-day. He came here as a chattel of the late Colonel
+Gray, in 1792, having seen service in the Revolutionary war.
+Subsequently he served throughout the war of 1812. He was wounded at
+Lundy's Lane, and has drawn a pension for fifty-seven years." Mr. Gray,
+it may be added, was a native of our Canadian town of Cornwall. His
+place of abode in York was in what is now Wellington Street, on the lot
+immediately to the west of the old "Council Chamber" (subsequently the
+residence of Chief Justice Draper.)
+
+We ourselves, we remember, used to gaze, in former days, with some
+curiosity at the pure negress, Amy Pompadour, here in York, knowing that
+she had once been legally made a present of by Miss Elizabeth Russell to
+Mrs. Captain Denison.
+
+But enough of the subject of Canadian slavery, to which we have been
+inadvertently led.
+
+The old Court House, when abandoned by the law authorities for the new
+buildings on King Street, was afterwards occasionally employed for
+religious purposes. By an advertisement in the _Advocate_, in March,
+1834, we learn that the adherents of David Willson, of Whitchurch,
+sometimes made use of it. It is there announced that "the Children of
+Peace will hold Worship in the Old Court House of York, on Sunday, the
+16th instant, at Eleven and Three." Subsequently it became for a time
+the House of Industry or Poor House of the town.
+
+Besides the legal cases tried and the judgments pronounced within the
+homely walls of the Old Court House, interest would attach to the
+curious scenes--could they be recovered and described--which there
+occurred, arising sometimes from the primitive rusticity of juries, and
+sometimes from their imperfect mastery of the English language, many of
+them being, as the German settlers of Markham and Vaughan were
+indiscriminately called, Dutchmen. Peter Ernest, appearing in court with
+the verdict of a jury of which he was foreman, began to preface the same
+with a number of peculiar German-English expressions which moved Chief
+Justice Powell to cut him short by the remark that he would have to
+commit him if he swore:--when Ernest observed that the perplexities
+through which he and the jury had been endeavouring to find their way,
+were enough to make better men than they were express themselves in an
+unusual way.--The verdict, pure and simple, was demanded. Ernest then
+announced that the verdict which he had to deliver was, that half of the
+jury were for "guilty" and half for "not guilty." That is, the Judge
+observed, you would have the prisoner half-hanged, or the half of him
+hanged. To which Peter replied, that would be as his Lordship
+pleased.--It was a case of homicide. Being sent back, they agreed to
+acquit.
+
+Odd passages, too, between pertinacious counsel and nettled judges
+sometimes occurred, as when Mr. H. J. Boulton, fresh from the Inner
+Temple, sat down at the peremptory order of the Chief Justice, but
+added, "I will sit down, my Lord, but I shall instantly stand up again."
+
+Chief Justice Powell, when on the Bench, had a humorous way
+occasionally, of indicating by a kind of quiet by-play, by a gentle
+shake of the head, a series of little nods, or movements of the eye or
+eyebrow, his estimate of an outre hypothesis or an ad captandum
+argument. This was now and then disconcerting to advocates anxious to
+figure, for the moment, in the eyes of a simple-minded jury, as oracles
+of extra authority.
+
+Nights, likewise, there would be to be described, passed by juries in
+the diminutive jury-room, either through perplexity fairly arising out
+of the evidence, or through the dogged obstinacy of an individual.
+
+Once, as we have heard from a sufferer on the occasion, Colonel Duggan
+was the means of keeping a jury locked up for a night here, he being the
+sole dissentient on a particular point. That night, however, was
+converted into one of memorable festivity, our informant said, a
+tolerable supply of provisions and comforts having been conveyed in
+through the window, sent for from the homes of those of the jury who
+were residents of York. The recusant Colonel was refused a moment's rest
+throughout the live-long night. During twelve long hours pranks and
+sounds were indulged in that would have puzzled a foreigner taking
+notes of Canadian Court House usages.
+
+When 10 o'clock a.m. of the next day arrived, and the Court
+re-assembled, Colonel Duggan suddenly and obligingly effected the
+release of himself and his tormentors by consenting to make the
+necessary modification in his opinion.
+
+Of one characteristic scene we have a record in the books of the Court
+itself. On the 12th of January, 1813, as a duly impanelled jury were
+retiring to their room to consider of their verdict, a remark was
+addressed to one of their number, namely, Samuel Jackson, by a certain
+Simeon Morton, who had been a witness for the defence: the remark, as
+the record notes, was in these words, to wit, "Mind your eye!" to which
+the said Jackson replied "Never fear!" The Crier of the Court, John
+Bazell, duly made affidavit of this illicit transaction. Accordingly, on
+the appearance in court of the jury, for the purpose of rendering their
+verdict, Mr. Baldwin, attorney for the prosecution, moved that the said
+Jackson be taken into custody: and the Judge gave order "that Samuel
+Jackson do immediately enter into recognizances, himself in L50, and two
+sureties in L25 each, for his appearance on the Saturday following at
+the Office of the Clerk of the Peace, which," as the record somewhat
+inelegantly adds, "he done." He duly appeared on the Saturday indicated,
+and, pleading ignorance, was discharged.
+
+In the Court House in 1822 was tried a curious case in respect of a
+horse claimed by two parties, Major Heward, of York, and General
+Wadsworth, commandant of the United States Garrison at Fort Niagara.
+Major Heward had reared a sorrel colt on his farm east of the Don; and
+when it was three years old it was stolen. Nothing came of the offer of
+reward for its recovery until a twelvemonth after the theft, when a
+young horse was brought by a stranger to Major Heward, at York, and
+instantly recognized by him as his lost property. Some of the major's
+neighbours likewise had no doubt of the identity of the animal, which,
+moreover, when taken to the farm entered of his own accord the stable,
+and the stall, the missing colt used to occupy, and, when let out into
+the adjoining pasture, greeted in a friendly way a former mate, and ran
+to drink at the customary watering place. Shortly after, two citizens of
+the United States, Kelsey and Bond, make their appearance at York and
+claim the horse which they find on Major Heward's farm, as the property
+of General Wadsworth, commandant at Fort Niagara. Kelsey swore that he
+had reared the animal; that he had docked him with his own hands when
+only a few hours old; and that he had sold him about a year ago to
+General Wadsworth. Bond also swore positively that this was the horse
+which Kelsey had reared, and that he himself had broken him in, prior to
+the sale to General Wadsworth. It was alleged by these persons that a
+man named Docksteader had stolen the horse from General Wadsworth at
+Fort Niagara and had conveyed him across to the Canadian side.
+
+In consequence of the positive evidence of these two men the jury gave
+their verdict in favour of General Wadsworth's claim, with damages to
+the amount of L50. It was nevertheless generally held that Kelsey and
+Bond's minute narrative of the colt's early history was a fiction; and
+that Docksteader, the man who transferred the animal from the United
+States side of the river to Canadian soil, had also had something to do
+with the transfer of the same animal from Canada to the United States a
+twelvemonth previously.
+
+The subject of this story survived to the year 1851, and was recognized
+and known among all old inhabitants as "Major Heward's famous horse
+Toby."
+
+Within the Court House on Richmond Street took place in 1818 the
+celebrated trial of a number of prisoners brought down from the Red
+River Settlement on charges of "high treason, murder, robbery, and
+conspiracy," as preferred against them by Lord Selkirk, the founder of
+the Settlement. When our neighbourhood was itself in fact nothing more
+than a collection of small isolated clearings, rough-hewn out of the
+wild, "the Selkirk Settlement" and the "North West" were household terms
+among us for remote regions in a condition of infinite savagery, in
+comparison with which we, as we prided ourselves, were denizens of a
+paradise of high refinement and civilization. Now that the Red River
+district has attained the dignity of a province and become a member of
+our Canadian Confederation, the trial referred to, arising out of the
+very birth-throes of Manitoba, has acquired a fresh interest.
+
+The Earl of Selkirk, the fifth of that title, was a nobleman of
+enlightened and cultivated mind. He was the author of several literary
+productions esteemed in their day; amongst them, of a treatise on
+Emigration, which is spoken of by contemporaries as an exhaustive,
+standard work on the subject. For practically testing his theories,
+however, Lord Selkirk appears to have desired a field exclusively his
+own. Instead of directing his fellow-countrymen to one or other of the
+numerous prosperous settlements already in process of formation at
+easily accessible and very eligible spots along the St. Lawrence and the
+Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron, he induced a considerable body of them to
+find their way to a point in the far interior of our northern continent,
+where civilization had as yet made no sensible inroad; to a locality so
+situated that if a colony could contrive to subsist there, it must
+apparently of necessity remain for a very long period dismally isolated.
+In 1803, Bishop Macdonell asked him, what could have induced a man of
+his high rank and great fortune, possessing the esteem and confidence of
+the Government and of every public man in Britain, to embark in an
+enterprise so romantic; and the reply given was, that, in his opinion,
+the situation of Great Britain, and indeed of all Europe, was at that
+moment so very critical and eventful, that a man would like to have a
+more solid footing to stand upon, than anything that Europe could offer.
+The tract of land secured by Lord Selkirk for emigration purposes was a
+part of the territory held by the Hudson's Bay Company, and was
+approached from Europe not so readily by the St. Lawrence route as by
+Hudson's Strait and Hudson's Bay. The site of the actual settlement was
+half-a-mile north of the confluence of the Assiniboine and Red Rivers,
+streams that unitedly flow northward into Lake Winnipeg, which
+communicates directly at its northern extremity with Nelson River, whose
+outlet is at Port Nelson or Fort York on Hudson's Bay. The population of
+the Settlement in the beginning of 1813 was 100. Mr. Miles Macdonell,
+formerly a captain in the Queen's Rangers, appointed by the Hudson's Bay
+Company first Governor of the District of Assiniboia, was made by the
+Earl of Selkirk superintendent of affairs at Kildonan. The rising
+village was called Kildonan, from the name of the parish in the county
+of Sutherland whence the majority of the settlers had emigrated.
+
+The Montreal North West Company of Fur Traders was a rival of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. Whilst the latter traded for the most part in the
+regions watered by the rivers flowing into Hudson's Bay, the former
+claimed for their operations the area drained by the streams running
+into Lake Superior.
+
+The North West Company of Montreal looked with no kindly eye on the
+settlement of Kildonan. An agricultural colony, in close proximity to
+their hunting grounds, seemed a dangerous innovation, tending to injure
+the local fur trade. Accordingly it was resolved to break up the infant
+colony. The Indians were told that they would assuredly be made "poor
+and miserable" by the new-comers if they were allowed to proceed with
+their improvements; because these would cause the buffalo to disappear.
+The colonists themselves were informed of the better prospects open to
+them in the Canadian settlements and were promised pecuniary help if
+they would decide to move. At the same time, the peril to which they
+were exposed from the alleged ill-will of the Indians was enlarged upon.
+Moreover, attacks with fire-arms were made on the houses of the
+colonists, and acts of pillage committed. The result was that in 1815,
+the inhabitants of Kildonan dispersed, proceeding, some of them, in the
+direction of Canada, and some of them northwards, purposing to make
+their way to Port Nelson, and to find, if possible, a conveyance thence
+back to the shores of old Scotland. Those, however, who took the
+northern route proceeded only as far as the northern end of Lake
+Winnipeg, establishing themselves for a time at Jack River House. They
+were then induced to return to their former settlement, by Mr. Colin
+Robertson, an agent of the Hudson's Bay Company, who assured them that a
+number of Highlanders were coming, via Hudson's Bay, to take up land at
+Kildonan. This proved to be the fact; and, in 1816, the revived colony
+consisted of more than 200 persons. On annoyance being offered to the
+settlement by the North West Company's agent, Mr. Duncan Cameron, who
+occupied a post called Fort Gibraltar, about half a mile off, Mr. Colin
+Robertson, with the aid of his Highlandmen, seized that establishment,
+and recovered two field-pieces and thirty stand of arms that had been
+taken from Kildonan the preceding year. Cameron himself was also made a
+prisoner. (Miles Macdonell, Governor of Assiniboia, had been captured by
+the said Cameron in the preceding year, and sent to Montreal.) A strong
+feeling was aroused among the half-breeds, far and near, who were in the
+interest of the North West Company. In the spring of 1816, Mr. Semple,
+the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, appeared in person at the Red
+River, having been apprized of the growing troubles. During an angry
+conference on the 18th of June, with a band of seventy men, headed by
+Cuthbert, Grant, Lacerte, Fraser, Hoole, and Thomas McKay, half-breed
+employes of the North West Company, he was violently assaulted; and in
+the melee he was killed, together with five of his officers and sixteen
+of his people. Out of these events sprang the memorable trials that took
+place in the York Court House in 1818.
+
+The Earl of Selkirk being desirous of witnessing the progress made by
+his emigrants at Red River, paid a visit to this continent in the autumn
+of 1815. On arriving at New York he heard of the dispersion at Kildonan,
+and the destruction of property there. He proceeded at once to Montreal
+and York to consult with the authorities. The news next reached him that
+his colony had been re-established, at least partially. He immediately
+despatched a trusty messenger, one Lagimoniere, with assurances that he
+himself would speedily be with them, bringing proper means of
+protection. But Lagimoniere was waylaid and never reached his
+destination.
+
+It happened, about this time, in consequence of the peace just
+established with the United States, that the De Meuron, Watteville and
+Glengarry Fencible Regiments were disbanded in the country. About eighty
+men of the De Meuron, with four of the late officers, twenty of the
+Watteville, and a few of the Glengarry, with one of their officers,
+agreed to accompany Lord Selkirk to the Red River. On reaching the
+Sault, the tidings met the party of the second dispersion of the colony,
+and of the slaughter of Governor Semple and his officers. The whole band
+at once pushed on to Fort William, where were assembled many of the
+partners of the North West Company, with Mr. McGillivray, their
+principal Agent. Here were also some of the persons who had been made
+prisoners at Kildonan.
+
+Armed simply with a commission of a Justice of the Peace, Lord Selkirk
+then and there, at his encampment opposite Fort William across the
+Kaministigoia, issued his warrant for the arrest of Mr. McGillivray.
+
+It is duly served and Mr. McGillivray submits. Two partners who came
+over with him as bail are also instantly arrested. The prisoners had
+been previously liberated and information was procured from them.
+
+Warrants were then issued for the arrest of the remainder of the
+partners, who were found in the Fort. Some resistance was now offered.
+The gate of the Fort was partially closed by force; but a party of
+twenty-five men instantly rushed up from the boats and cleared the way
+into the Fort. At the signal of a bugle-call more men came over from
+the encampment, and their approach put an end to the struggle. The
+arrests were then completed, and the remaining partners were marched
+down to the boats. "At the time this resistance to the warrant was
+attempted there were," our authority informs us, "about 200 Canadians,
+_i. e._, French, in the employment of the Company, in and about the
+Fort, together with 60 or 70 Iroquois Indians, also in the Company's
+service."
+
+The Earl of Selkirk was plainly a man not to be trifled with; a chief
+who, in the olden time, would have been equal to the roughest emergency.
+
+The prisoners brought down from Fort William, and after the lapse of
+nearly two years placed at the Bar in the Old Court House of York, were
+arraigned as follows: "Paul Brown and F. F. Boucher, for the murder of
+Robert Semple, Esq., on the 18th of June, 1816; John Siveright,
+Alexander McKenzie, Hugh McGillis, John McDonald, John McLaughlin and
+Simon Fraser, as accessories to the same crime; Cooper and Bennerman,
+for taking, on the third of April, 1815, with force and arms, eight
+pieces of cannon and one howitzer, the property of the Right Hon.
+Thomas, Earl of Selkirk, from his dwelling house, and putting in bodily
+fear of their lives certain persons found therein." The cannons were
+further described as being two of them brass field-pieces, two of them
+brass swivels, four of them iron swivels.--In each case the verdict was
+"not guilty."
+
+The Judges were Chief Justice Powell, Mr. Justice Campbell, Mr. Justice
+Boulton, and Associate Justice W. Allan, Esq. The counsel for the Crown
+were Mr. Attorney-General Robinson and Mr. Solicitor-General Boulton.
+The counsel for the prisoners were Samuel Sherwood, Livius P. Sherwood,
+and W. W. Baldwin, Esq.
+
+The juries in the three trials were not quite identical. Those that
+served on one or other of them are as follows:--George Bond, Joseph
+Harrison, Wm. Harrison, Joseph Shepperd, Peter Lawrence, Joshua Leach,
+John McDougall, jun., Wm. Moore, Alexander Montgomery, Peter Whitney,
+Jonathan Hale, Michael Whitmore, Harbour Stimpson, John Wilson, John
+Hough, Richard Herring.
+
+The Earl of Selkirk was not present at the trials. He had proceeded to
+New York, on his way to Great Britain. He probably anticipated the
+verdicts that were rendered. The North-West Company influence in Upper
+and Lower Canada was very strong.
+
+At a subsequent Court of Oyer and Terminer held at York, a true bill
+against the Earl and nineteen others was found by the Grand Jury, for
+"conspiracy to ruin the trade of the North-West Company." Mr. Wm. Smith,
+Under-Sheriff of the Western District, obtained a verdict of L500
+damages for having been seized and confined by the said Earl when
+endeavouring to serve a warrant on him in Fort William; and Daniel
+McKenzie, a retired partner of the North-West Company, obtained a
+verdict of L1,500 damages for alleged false imprisonment by the Earl in
+the same Fort.--Two years later, namely, in 1820, Lord Selkirk died at
+Pau, in the South of France.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XXI.
+
+  QUEEN STREET--FROM YONGE STREET TO COLLEGE AVENUE.--DIGRESSION SOUTHWARD
+  AT BAY STREET; OSGOODE HALL; DIGRESSION NORTHWARD AT THE AVENUE.
+
+
+Leaving now the site of our ancient Court House, the spot at which we
+arrive in our tour is one of very peculiar interest. It is the
+intersection at right angles of the two great military ways carved out
+through the primitive forest of Western Canada by order of its first
+Governor. Dundas Street and Yonge Street were laid down in the first MS.
+maps of the country as highways destined to traverse the land in all
+future time, as nearly as practicable in right lines, the one from east
+to west, the other from south to north. They were denominated "streets,"
+because their idea was taken from the famous ancient ways, still in
+several instances called "streets," which the Romans, when masters of
+primitive Britain, constructed for military purposes. To this day it is
+no unpleasant occupation for the visitor who has leisure, to track out
+the lines of these ancient roads across England. We ourselves once made
+a pilgrimage expressly for the purpose of viewing the intersection of
+Iknield Street and Watling Street, in the centre of Dunstable, and from
+our actual knowledge of what Canada was when its Yonge Street and Dundas
+Street were first hewn out, we realized all the more vividly the
+condition of central England when the Roman road-makers first began
+their work there.
+
+Dundas Street has its name from the Right Hon. Henry Dundas, Secretary
+of State for the Colonies in 1794. In that year Governor Simcoe wrote as
+follows to Mr. Dundas:--"Dundas Street, the road proposed from
+Burlington Bay to the River Thames, half of which is completed, will
+connect by an internal communication the Detroit and settlements at
+Niagara. It is intended," he says, "to be extended northerly to York by
+the troops, and in process of time by the respective settlers to
+Kingston and Montreal." In another despatch to the same statesman he
+says:--"I have directed the surveyor, early in the next spring to
+ascertain the precise distance of the several routes which I have done
+myself the honour of detailing to you, and hope to complete the Military
+Street or Road the ensuing autumn." In a MS. map of about the same date
+Dundas Street is laid down from Detroit to the Pointe au Bodet, the
+terminus on the St. Lawrence of the old boundary line between Upper and
+Lower Canada. From the Rouge River it is sketched as running somewhat
+further back than the line of the present Kingston Road; and after
+leaving Kingston it is drawn as though it was expected to follow the
+water-shed between the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence. A road is sketched,
+running from the Pointe au Bodet to the Ottawa, and this Road is struck
+at an acute angle by Dundas Street.
+
+A manuscript note appears on the map, "The Dundas Street is laid out
+from Oxford to the Bay of Quinte; it is nearly finished from Oxford to
+Burlington Bay."
+
+In 1799 the _Constellation_, a paper published at Niagara, informs its
+readers, under the date of Friday, August 2nd, in that year, that "the
+wilderness from York to the Bay of Quinte is 120 miles; a road of this
+distance through it," it then says, "is contracted out by Government to
+Mr. Danforth, to be cut and completed by the first of July next; and
+which, when completed, will open a communication round the Lake by land
+from this town [Niagara] with the Bay, Kingston, &c. Hitherto," the
+_Constellation_ continues, "in the season of winter our intercourse with
+that part of the province has been almost totally interrupted. Mr.
+Danforth has already made forty miles of excellent road," the editor
+encourages his patrons by observing, "and procured men to the number
+sufficient for doing the whole extent by the setting in of winter. It
+would be desirable also," Mr. Tiffany suggests, "were a little labour
+expended in bridging the streams between Burlington Bay and York; indeed
+the whole country," it is sweepingly declared, "affords room for
+amendment in this respect."
+
+It is plain from this extract that if the men of the present generation
+would have a just conception of what was the condition of the region
+round Lake Ontario seventy years ago, they must pay a visit to the head
+of Lake Superior and perform the journey by the Dawson road and the rest
+of the newly-opened route from Fort William to Winnipeg.
+
+The _Gazette_ of December 14, 1799, was able to speak approvingly of the
+road to the eastward. "The road from this town (York) to the Midland
+District is," it says, "completed as far as the Township of Hope, about
+sixty miles, so that sleighs, waggons, &c., may travel it with safety.
+The report which has been made to the Government by the gentlemen
+appointed to inspect the work is," the _Gazette_ then proceeds to say,
+"highly favourable to Mr. Danforth, the undertaker; and less
+imperfections could not be pointed out in so extensive a work. The
+remaining part," it is added, "will be accomplished by the first of July
+next." The road to which these various extracts refer, is still known as
+the Danforth Road. It runs somewhat to the north of the present Kingston
+Road, entering it by the town line at the "Four Mile Tree."
+
+Yonge Street, which we purpose duly to perambulate hereafter, has its
+name from Sir George Yonge, a member of the Imperial Government in the
+reign of George III. He was of a distinguished Devonshire family, and a
+personal friend of Governor Simcoe's.
+
+The first grantee of the park-lot which we next pass in our progress
+westward was Dr. Macaulay, an army surgeon attached successively to the
+33rd Regiment and the famous Queen's Rangers. His sons, Sir James
+Macaulay, first Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and Colonel John
+Simcoe Macaulay, a distinguished officer of Engineers, are well
+remembered. Those who have personal recollections of Dr. Macaulay speak
+of him in terms of great respect. The southern portion of this property
+was at an early period laid out in streets and small lots. The
+collection of houses that here began to spring up was known as Macaulay
+Town, and was long considered as bearing the relation to York that
+Yorkville does to Toronto now. So late as 1833 Walton, in his Street
+Guide and Register, speaks of Macaulay Town as extending from Yonge
+Street to Osgoode Hall.
+
+James Street retains the Christian name of Dr. Macaulay. Teraulay Street
+led up to the site of his residence, Teraulay Cottage, which after
+having been moved from its original position in connection with the
+laying out of Trinity Square off Yonge Street, was destroyed by fire in
+1848. The northern portion of Macaulay Town was bounded by Macaulay
+Lane, described by Walton as "fronting the fields." This is Louisa
+Street.
+
+Of the memorable possessor of the property on the south side of Queen
+Street, opposite Macaulay Town, Mr. Jesse Ketchum, we shall have
+occasion to speak hereafter, when we pass his place of abode in our
+proposed journey through Yonge Street. The existing Free Kirk place of
+worship, known as Knox Church, stands on land given by Mr. Ketchum, and
+on a site previously occupied by a long oblong red brick chapel which
+looked towards what is now Richmond Street, and in which a son-in-law of
+his, Mr. Harris, officiated to a congregation of United Synod
+Presbyterians. The donor was probably unconscious of the remarkable
+excellence of this particular position as a site for a conspicuous
+architectural object. The spire that towers up from this now central
+spot is seen with peculiarly good effect as one approaches Toronto by
+the thoroughfare of Queen Street whether from the east or from the west.
+
+  _Digression Southward at Bay Street._
+
+Old inhabitants say that Bay Street, where we are now arrived, was at
+the first in fact "Bear Street," and that it was popularly so called
+from a noted chase given to a bear out of the adjoining wood on the
+north, which, to escape from its pursuers, made for the water along this
+route. Mr. Justice Boulton's two horses, Bonaparte and Jefferson, were
+once seen, we are told, to attack a monster of this species that
+intruded on their pasture on the Grange property a little to the west.
+They are described as plunging at the animal with their fore feet. In
+1809, a straggler from the forest of the same species was killed in
+George Street by Lieut. Fawcett, of the 100th regiment, who cleft the
+creature's head open with his sword. This Lieut. Fawcett was afterwards
+Lieut.-Col. of the 100th, and was severely wounded in the war of 1812.
+
+Bay street, as we pass it, recalls one of the early breweries of York.
+We have already in another place briefly spoken of Shaw's and Hugill's.
+At the second north-west corner southward, beer of good repute in the
+town and neighbourhood was manufactured by Mr. John Doel up to 1847,
+when his brewery was accidentally burnt. Mr. Doel's name is associated
+with the early post-office traditions of York. For a number of years he
+undertook and faithfully accomplished the delivery with his own hands of
+all the correspondence of the place that was in those days thus
+distributed. His presence at a door in the olden time was often a matter
+of considerable interest.
+
+In the local commotions of 1837, Mr. Doel ventured in an humble way to
+give aid and comfort to the promoters of what proved to be a small
+revolution. We cannot at this hour affirm that there was anything to his
+discredit in this. He acted, no doubt, in accordance with certain honest
+instincts. Men of his class and stamp, shrewd in their ideas and sturdy
+against encroachments, civil and religious, abound in old Somersetshire
+where he first drew breath. His supposed presumption in having opinions
+on public questions induced the satirists of the non-progressive side to
+mention him occasionally in their philippics and pasquinades. His name
+has thus become associated in the narrative of Upper Canadian affairs
+with those of the actual chiefs of the party of reform. In 1827, Robert
+Randal, M.P., was despatched to London as a delegate on the part of the
+so-called "Aliens" or unnaturalized British subjects of United States
+origin. A series of burlesque nominations, supposed to be suggested by
+Randal to the Colonial Secretary, appeared at this time, emanating of
+course from the friends of the officials of the day. We give the
+document. It will be seen that Mr. Doel is set down in it for the
+Postmaster-Generalship. The other persons mentioned will be all readily
+recalled.
+
+"Nominations to be dictated by the Constitutional Meeting, on Saturday
+next, in the petition for the redress of grievances to be forwarded to
+London by Ambassador Randal. Barnabas Bidwell--President of Upper
+Canada--with an extra annual allowance for a jaunt, for the benefit of
+his health, to his native State of Massachusetts. W. W. Baldwin--Chief
+Justice and Surgeon-General to the Militia Forces--with 1,000,000 acres
+of land for past services, he and his family having been most shamefully
+treated in having grants of land withheld from them heretofore. John
+Rolph--Attorney-General, and Paymaster-General to the Militia--with
+500,000 acres of land for his former accounts as District Paymaster,
+faithfully rendered. Marshall S. Bidwell--Solicitor-General--with an
+annual allowance of as much as he may be pleased to ask for, rendering
+no account--for the purpose of 'encouraging emigration from the United
+States,' and a contingent account if he shall find it convenient to
+accompany the President to Massachusetts. The Puisne Judges--to be
+chosen by ballot in the Market Square, on the 4th of July in each and
+every year, subject to the approval of W. W. B., the Chief Justice.
+Their salaries to be settled when going out of office. Jesse Ketchum,
+Jos. Sheppard, Dr. Stoyell, and A. Burnside--Executive and Legislative
+Councillors. Joint Secretaries--William Lyon McKenzie and Francis
+Collins, with all the printing. John Carey--Assistant Secretary, with as
+much of the printing as the Joint Secretaries may be pleased to allow
+him. Moses Fish--Inspector of Public Buildings and Fortifications. J. S.
+Baldwin--Contractor-General to the Province, with a monopoly of the
+trade. T. D. Morrison--Surveyor-General and Inspector of Hospitals.
+Little Doel--Postmaster-General. Peter Perry--Chancellor of the
+Exchequer and Receiver-General. The above persons being thus amply
+provided for, their friends, alias their stepping stones," the document
+just quoted proceeds to state, "may shift for themselves; an
+opportunity, however, will be offered them for 'doing a little business'
+by disposing of all other public offices to the lowest bidder, from whom
+neither talent nor security will be required for the performance of
+their duties. Tenders received at Russell Square, Front Street, York.
+The Magistracy, being of no consequence, is to be left for after
+consideration. The Militia, at the particular request of Paul Peterson,
+[M.P. for Prince Edward,] to be done away altogether; and the roads to
+take care of themselves. The Welland Canal to be stopped immediately,
+and Colonel By to be recalled from the Rideau Canal. N.B. Any
+suggestions for further _improvements_ will be thankfully received at
+Russell Square, as above."--(The humour of all this can of course be
+only locally understood.)
+
+Mr. Doel arrived in York in 1818, occupying a month in the journey from
+Philadelphia to Oswego, and a week in that from Oswego to Niagara, being
+obliged from stress of weather to put in at Sodus Bay. At Niagara he
+waited three days for a passage to York. He and his venerable helpmeet
+were surviving in 1870, at the ages respectively, of 80 and 82.--Not
+without reason, as the event proved, they lived for many years in a
+state of apprehension in regard to the stability of the lofty spire of a
+place of worship close to their residence. In 1862, that spire actually
+fell, eastward as it happened, and not westward, doing considerable
+damage. Mr. Doel died in 1871.
+
+By the name of the short street passing from Adelaide Street to Richmond
+Street, a few chains to the west of Mr. Doel's corner, we are reminded
+of Harvey Shepard, a famous worker in iron of the former time, whose
+imprint on axe, broad axe or adze, was a guarantee to the practical
+backwoodsman of its temper and serviceable quality. Harvey Shepard's axe
+factory was on the west side of this short street. Before his
+establishment here he worked in a smithy of the customary village type,
+on King Street, on the property of Jordan Post. Like Jordan Post
+himself, Harvey Shepard was of the old fashioned New England mould,
+elongated and wiry. After a brief suspension of business, a placard hung
+up in the country inns characteristically announced to his friends and
+the public that he had resumed his former occupation and that he would,
+"by the aid of Divine Providence," undertake to turn out as good axes as
+any that he had ever made; which acknowledgement of the source of his
+skill is commendable surely, if unusual. So also, there is no one who
+will refuse to applaud an epigrammatic observation of his, when
+responding to an appeal of charity. "Though dealing usually in iron
+only, I keep," he said, "a little stock of silver and gold for such a
+call as this." The factory on Shepard Street was afterwards worked by
+Mr. J. Armstrong, and subsequently by Mr. Thomas Champion, formerly of
+Sheffield, who, in 1838, advertised that he had "a large stock of
+Champion's warranted cast steel axes, made at the factory originally
+built by the late Harvey Shepard, and afterwards occupied by John
+Armstrong. As Shepard's and Armstrong's axes have been decidedly
+preferred before any others in the Province," the advertisement
+continues, "it is only necessary to state that Champion's are made by
+the same workmen, and from the very best material, to ensure for them
+the same continued preference."--We now return from our digression
+southward at Bay Street.
+
+Chief Justice Elmsley was the first possessor of the hundred acres
+westward of the Macaulay lot. He effected, however, a certain exchange
+with Dr. Macaulay. Preferring land that lay higher, he gave the southern
+half of his lot for the northern half of his neighbour's, the latter at
+the same time discerning, as is probable, the prospective greater value
+of a long frontage on one of the highways into the town. Of Mr. Elmsley,
+we have had occasion to speak in our perambulation of King Street in
+connection with Government House, which in its primitive state was his
+family residence; and in our progress through Yonge Street hereafter we
+shall again have to refer to him. In 1802 he was promoted from a Puisne
+Judgeship in Upper Canada to the Chief Justiceship of Lower Canada.
+
+The park-lot which follows was originally secured by one who has
+singularly vanished out of the early traditions of York--the Rev. T.
+Raddish. His name is inscribed on this property in the first plan, and
+also on part of what is now the south-east portion of the
+Government-house grounds. He emigrated to these parts under the express
+auspices of the first Lieutenant-Governor, and was expected by him to
+take a position of influence in the young colony of Upper Canada. But,
+habituated to the amenities and conveniencies of an old community, he
+speedily discovered either that an entirely new society was not suited
+to him or that he himself did not dovetail well into it. He appears to
+have remained in the country only just long enough to acquire for
+himself and heirs the fee simple of a good many acres of its virgin
+soil. In 1826 the southern portion of Mr. Raddish's park-lot became the
+property of Sir John Robinson, at the time Attorney General.--The site
+of Osgoode Hall, six acres, was, as we have been assured, the generous
+gift of Sir John Robinson to the Law Society, and the name which the
+building bears was his suggestion.
+
+  _Osgoode Hall_.
+
+The east wing of the existing edifice was the original Osgoode Hall,
+erected under the eye of Dr. W. W. Baldwin, at the time Treasurer of the
+Society. It was a plain square matter-of-fact brick building two storeys
+and a half in height. In 1844-46 a corresponding structure was erected
+to the west, and the two were united by a building between, surmounted
+by a low dome. In 1857-60 the whole edifice underwent a renovation; the
+dome was removed; a very handsome facade of cut stone was put up; the
+inner area, all constructed of Caen stone, reminding one of the interior
+of a Genoese or Roman Palace, was added, with the Court Rooms, Library
+and other appurtenances, on a scale of dignity and in a style of
+architectural beauty surpassed only by the new Law Courts in London. The
+pediment of each wing, sustained aloft on fluted Ionic columns, seen on
+a fine day against the pure azure of a northern sky, is something
+enjoyable.
+
+Great expense has been lavished by the Benchers on this Canadian _Palais
+de Justice_; but the effect of such a pile, kept in its every nook and
+corner and in all its surroundings in scrupulous order, is invaluable,
+tending to refine and elevate each successive generation of our young
+candidates for the legal profession, and helping to inspire amongst them
+a salutary esprit de corps.
+
+The Library, too, here to be seen, noble in its dimensions and aspect,
+must, even independently of its contents, tend to create a love of legal
+study and research.
+
+The Law Society of Osgoode Hall was incorporated in 1822. The Seal bears
+a Pillar on which is a beaver holding a Scroll inscribed Magna Charta.
+To the right and left are figures of Justice and Strength (Hercules.)
+
+An incident associated in modern times with Osgoode Hall is the
+Entertainment given there to the Prince of Wales during his visit to
+Canada in 1860, on which occasion, at night, all the architectural lines
+of the exterior of the building were brilliantly marked out by rows of
+minute gas-jets.
+
+Here, too, were held the impressive funeral obsequies of Sir John
+Robinson, the distinguished Chief Justice of Upper Canada, in 1862. In
+the Library is a large painting of him in oil, in which his finely cut
+Reginald Heber features are well delineated. Sayer Street, passing
+northward on the east side of Osgoode Hall, was so named by Chief
+Justice Robinson, in honour of his mother. In 1870 the name was changed,
+probably without reflection and certainly without any sufficient cause.
+
+The series of paintings begun in Osgoode Hall, conservative to future
+ages of the outward presentment of our Chief Justices, Chancellors and
+Judges, is very interesting. All of them, we believe, are by Berthon, of
+Toronto. No portrait of Chief Justice Osgoode, however, is at present
+here to be seen. The engraving contained in this volume is from an
+original in the possession of Capt. J. K. Simcoe, R. N., of Wolford, in
+the County of Devon.
+
+After filling the office of Chief Justice in Upper Canada, Mr. Osgoode
+was removed to the same high position in Lower Canada. He resigned in
+1801 and returned to England. Among the deaths in the _Canadian Review_
+of July, 1824, his is recorded in the following terms:--"At his Chambers
+in the Albany, London, on the 17th of February last, Wm. Osgoode, Esq.,
+formerly Chief Justice of Canada, aged 70. By the death of this
+gentleman," it is added, "his pension of L800 sterling paid by this
+Province now ceases." It is said of him, "no person admitted to his
+intimacy ever failed to conceive for him that esteem which his conduct
+and conversation always tended to augment." Garneau, in his History of
+Canada, iii., 117, without giving his authority, says that he was an
+illegitimate son of George III. Similar tattle has been rife from time
+to time in relation to other personages in Canada.
+
+A popular designation of Osgoode Hall long in vogue was "Lawyers' Hall:"
+
+  "Farewell, Toronto, of great glory,
+   Of valour, too, in modern story;
+   Farewell to Courts, to Lawyers' Hall,
+   The Justice seats, both great and small:
+   Farewell Attorneys, Special Pleaders,
+   Equity Draftsmen, and their Readers.
+   Canadian Laws, and Suits, to song
+   Of future Bard, henceforth belong."
+
+Thus closed a curious production in rhyme entitled _Curiae Canadenses_,
+published anonymously in 1843, but written by Mr. John Rumsey, an
+English barrister, sometime domiciled here. In one place is described
+the migration of the Court of Chancery back from Kingston, whither it
+was for a brief interval removed, when Upper and Lower Canada were
+re-united. The minstrel says:
+
+  "Dreary and sad was Frontenac:
+   Thy duke ne'er made a clearer sack,
+   Than when the edict to be gone
+   Issued from the Vice-regal Throne.
+   _Exeunt omnes_ helter skelter
+   To Little York again for shelter:
+   Little no longer: York the New
+   Of imports such can boast but few:
+   A goodly freight, without all brag,
+   When comes 'mongst others, Master Spragge.
+   And skilful Turner, versed in pleading,
+   The Kingston exiles gently leading."
+
+To the last three lines the following note is appended:--
+
+    "J. G. Spragge, Esq., the present very highly esteemed and
+    respected Master of the Court of Chancery; R. T. Turner, Esq., a
+    skilful Equity Draftsman and Solicitor in Chancery. See
+    _Journals of House of Assembly, 1841_."
+
+The notes to _Curiae Canadenses_ teem with interesting matter relating to
+the laws, courts, terms, districts and early history, legal and general,
+of Lower as well as Upper Canada. A copious table of contents renders
+the volume quite valuable for reference. The author must have been an
+experienced compiler, analyst and legal index maker. In the text of the
+work, Christopher Anstey's poetical "Pleader's Guide" is taken as a
+model. As a motto to the portion of his poem that treats of Upper Canada
+he places the line of Virgil, "_Gensque virum truncis et duro robore
+nata_," which may be a compliment or not. The title in full of Mr.
+Rumsey's brochure, which consists of only 127 octavo pages, is as
+follows:--"Curiae Canadenses; or, The Canadian Law Courts: being a Poem,
+describing the several Courts of Law and Equity which have been erected
+from time to time in the Canadas; with copious notes, explanatory and
+historical, and an Appendix of much useful Matter. Itur in antiquam
+sylvam, stabula alta ferarum; Procumbunt piceae, sonat icta securibus
+ilex, Fraxineaeque trabes: cuneis et fissile robur Scinditur: advolvunt
+ingentes montibus ornos.--_Virgil._ By Plinius Secundus. Toronto: H. and
+W. Rowsell, King Street, 1843." The typography and paper are admirable.
+The _Curiae_, in a jacket of fair calf, should be given a place on the
+shelves of our Canadian law libraries.
+
+We pause for a moment at York Street, opposite the east wing of Osgoode
+Hall.
+
+It rather puzzles one to conceive why York Street received its name. If
+a commemoration of the Duke of York of sixty years since was designed,
+the name of the whole town was that sufficiently already. Frederick
+Street, besides, recorded his specific Christian name, and Duke Street
+his rank and title. Although interesting now as a memento of a name
+borne of old by Toronto, York Street, when Toronto was York, might well
+have been otherwise designated, it seeming somewhat irrational for any
+particular thoroughfare in a town to be distinguished by the name of
+that town.--A certain poverty of invention in regard to street names has
+in other instances been evinced amongst us. Victoria Street, for
+example, was for a time called Upper George Street, to distinguish it
+from George Street proper, so named from George, Prince of Wales, the
+notable Prince Regent. It is curious that no other name but George
+should have been suggested for the second street; especially, too, as
+that street might have been so fittingly named Toronto Street, as being
+situated within a few feet of the line of the original thoroughfare of
+that name which figures so largely in the early descriptions of
+York.--If in "York Street" a compliment had been intended to Charles
+Yorke, Secretary at War in 1802, the orthography would have been "Yorke
+Street."
+
+After all, however, the name "York Street" may have arisen from the
+circumstance that, at an early period, this was for teams on their way
+to York, the beaten track, suddenly turning off here to the south out of
+Dundas or Lot Street, the line of road which, if followed, would have
+taken the traveller to Kingston.
+
+The street on the west of the grounds of Osgoode Hall is now known as
+University Street. By the donor to the public of the land occupied by
+the street, it was designated Park Lane--not without due consideration,
+as is likely. In London there is a famous and very distinguished Park
+Lane. It leads from Oxford Street to Piccadilly, and skirts the whole of
+the east side of Hyde Park. The position of what was our Park Lane is
+somewhat analogous, it being open along its whole length on the left to
+the plantations of an ornamental piece of ground. Unmeddled with, our
+Park Lane would have suggested from time to time in the mind of the
+ruminating wayfarer pleasant thoughts of a noble and interesting part of
+the great home metropolis. The change to University Street was
+altogether uncalled for. It ignored the adjoining "College Avenue," the
+name of which showed that a generally-recognized "University Street"
+existed already: it gave, moreover, a name which is pretentious, the
+roadway indicated being comparatively narrow.
+
+Of the street on the east side of the grounds of Osgoode Hall we have
+already spoken. But in connection with the question of changes in street
+names, we must here again refer to it. In this case the name "Sayer" has
+been made to give place to "Chestnut." "Elm Street," which intersects
+this street to the north, probably in some vague way suggested a tree
+name. "Elm Street," however, had a reason for its existence. Many
+persons still remember a solitary Elm, a relic of the forest, which was
+long conspicuous just where Elm Street enters Yonge Street. And there is
+a fitness likewise in the names of Pine Street and Sumach Street, in the
+east; these streets, passing through a region where pines and sumachs
+once abounded. But the modern Chestnut Street has nothing about it in
+the past or present associated with chestnut trees of any kind. The
+name "Sayer" should have been respected.
+
+It is unfortunate when persons, apparently without serious retrospective
+thought, have a momentary chance to make changes in local names.
+Chancery might well be invoked to undo in some instances what has been
+done, and to prohibit like inconsiderate proceedings in the future.
+Equity would surely say that a citizen's private right should be
+sustained, so long as it worked no harm to the community; and that
+perplexity in the registration and description of property should not
+needlessly be created.
+
+Although we shall forestall ourselves a little, we may here notice one
+more alteration in a street-name near Osgoode Hall. William Street,
+immediately west of the Avenue leading to the University, has in recent
+times been changed to Simcoe Street. It is true, William Street was
+nearly in a line with the street previously known as Simcoe Street;
+nevertheless, starting as it conspicuously did somewhat to the west of
+that line, it was a street sufficiently distinct to be entitled to
+retain an independent name. Here again, an item of local history has
+been obliterated. William Street was a record on the soil of the first
+name of an early Chief Justice of Upper Canada, who projected the street
+and gave the land. Dummer Street, the next street westward, bears his
+second name.
+
+Of "Powell," his third name we have already spoken elsewhere, and shall
+again almost immediately have to speak.
+
+When it shall be proposed to alter the name of Dummer Street, with the
+hope, perhaps, of improving the fame of the locality along with its
+name, let the case of March Street be recalled. In the case of March
+Street, the rose, notwithstanding a change of name, retained its
+perfume: and the Colonial Minister of the day, Lord Stanley, received
+but a sorry compliment when his name was made to displace that of the
+Earl of March. (It was from this second title of the Duke of Richmond
+that March Street had its name.)--It is probable that the Dummer Street
+of to-day, like the March Street of yesterday, would, under another
+name, continue much what it is. In all such quarters, it is not a change
+of name that is of any avail: but the presence of the schoolmaster and
+home-missionary, backed up by landlords and builders, studious of the
+public health and morals, as well as of private interests.
+
+  _Digression Northward at the College Avenue._
+
+The fine vista of the College Avenue, opposite to which we have now
+arrived, always recalls to our recollection a certain bright spring
+morning, when on reaching school a whole holiday was unexpectedly
+announced; and when, as a mode of filling up a portion of the
+unlooked-for vacant time, it was agreed between two or three young lads
+to pay a visit to the place on Lot Street where, as the report had
+spread amongst us, they were beginning to make visible preparations for
+the commencement of the University of King's College. The minds of
+growing lads in the neighbourhood of York at that period had very vague
+ideas of what a University really was. It was a place where studies were
+carried on, but how or under what conditions, there was of necessity
+little conception. Curiosity, however, was naturally excited by the talk
+on the lips of every one that a University was one day to be established
+at York; and now suddenly we learned that actual beginnings were to be
+seen of the much-talked-of institution. On the morning of the fine
+spring day referred to, we accordingly undertook an exploration.
+
+On arriving at the spot to which we had been directed, we found that a
+long strip of land running in a straight line northwards had been marked
+out, after the manner of a newly-opened side line or concession road in
+the woods. We found a number of men actually at work with axes and
+mattocks; yokes of oxen, too, were straining at strong ploughs, which
+forced a way in amongst the roots and small stumps of the natural
+brushwood, and, here and there, underneath a rough mat of tangled grass,
+bringing to light, now black vegetable mould, now dry clay, now loose
+red sand. Longitudinally, up the middle of the space marked off, several
+bold furrows were cut, those on the right inclining to the left, and
+those on the left inclining to the right, as is the wont in primitive
+turnpiking.
+
+One novelty we discovered, viz., that on each side along a portion of
+the newly-cleared ground, young saplings had been planted at regular
+intervals; these, we were told, were horse-chestnuts, procured from the
+United States expressly for the purpose of forming a double row of trees
+here. In the neighbourhood of York the horse-chestnut was then a rarity.
+
+Everywhere throughout the North American continent, as in the numerous
+newly-opened areas of the British Empire elsewhere on the globe's
+surface, instances, of course, abound of wonderful progress made in a
+brief interval of time. For ourselves, we seem sometimes as if we were
+moving among the unrealities of a dream when we deliberately review the
+steps in the march of physical and social improvement, which, within a
+fractional portion only of a retrospect not very extended, can be
+recalled, in the region where our own lot has been cast, and, in
+particular, in the neighbourhood where we are at this moment pausing.
+
+The grand mediaeval-looking structure of University College in the
+grounds at the head of the Avenue, continues to this day to be a
+surprise somewhat bewildering to the eye and mind, whenever it breaks
+upon our view. It looks so completely a thing of the old world and of an
+age long past away. To think that one has walked over its site before
+one stone was laid upon another thereon, seems almost like a mental
+hallucination.
+
+A certain quietness of aspect and absence of overstrain after
+architectural effect give the massive pile an air of great genuineness.
+The irregular grouping of its many parts appears the undesigned result
+of accretion growing out of the necessities of successive years. The
+whole looks in its place, and as if it had long occupied it. The
+material of its walls, left for the most part superficially in the
+rough, has the appearance of being weather-worn. An impression of age,
+too, is given by the smooth finish of the surrounding grounds and
+spacious drives by which, on several sides, the building is approached,
+as also by the goodly size of the well-grown oaks and other trees
+through whose outstretched branches it is usually first caught sight of,
+from across the picturesque ravine.
+
+Of the still virgin condition of the surrounding soil, however, we have
+some unmistakeable evidence in the ponderous granitic boulders every
+here and there heaving up their grey backs above the natural greensward,
+undisturbed since the day when they dropped suddenly down from the
+dissolving ice-rafts that could no longer endure their weight.
+
+Seen at a little distance, as from Yonge Street for example, the square
+central tower of the University, with the cone-capped turret at its
+north-east angle, rising above a pleasant horizon of trees, and outlined
+against an afternoon sky, is something thoroughly English, recalling
+Rugby or Warwick. On a nearer approach, this same tower, combined with
+the portal below, bears a certain resemblance to the gateway of the
+Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds, as figured in Palgrave's "Anglo-Saxons;" and
+the elaborate and exquisite work about the recessed circular-headed
+entrance enables one to realize with some degree of certainty how the
+enriched front of that and other noble mediaeval structures, seen by us
+now corroded and mutilated, looked when fresh from the hands that so
+cunningly carved them.
+
+In the two gigantic blind-worms, likewise, stretched in terrorem on the
+sloping parapets of the steps leading to the door, benumbed, not dead;
+giving in their extremities, still faint evidence of life, we have a
+sermon in stone, which the brethren of a masonic guild of Wykeham's day
+would readily have expounded. As we enter a house devoted to learning
+and study, is it not fitting that the eye should be greeted with a
+symbol of the paralyzing power of Science over Ignorance and
+Superstition?
+
+Moreover, sounds that come at stated intervals from that central tower,
+make another link of sympathy with the old mother-land. Every night at
+nine, "swinging slow with solemn roar," the great bell of the University
+is agreeably suggestive of Christ Church, Oxford, St. Mary's, Cambridge,
+and other places beyond the sea, which to the present hour give back an
+echo of the ancient Curfew.
+
+And if to this day the University building, in its exterior aspect and
+accidents, is startling to those who knew its site when as yet in a
+state of nature, its interior also, when traversed and explored, tends
+in the same persons to produce a degree of confusion as between things
+new and old; as between Canada and elsewhere. Within its walls are to be
+seen appliances and conveniences and luxuries for the behoof and use of
+teacher and student, unknown a few years since in many an ancient seat
+of learning.
+
+In a library of Old World aspect and arrangement, is a collection rich
+in the Greek and Latin Classics, in Epigraphy and Archaeology, beyond
+anything of the kind in any other collection on this continent, and
+beyond what is to be met with in those departments in many a separate
+College within the precincts of the ancient Universities--a pre-eminence
+due to the tastes and special studies of the first president and other
+early professors of the Canadian Institution.
+
+Strange, it is, yet true that hither, as to a recognized source of
+certain aid in identification and decipherment, are duly transmitted, by
+cast, rubbing and photograph, the "finds" that from time to time create
+such excitement and delight among epigraphists, and ethnologists, and
+other minute historical investigators in the British Islands and
+elsewhere.
+
+There used to be preserved in the Old Hospital a model in cork and
+card-board, of the great educational establishment to which, in the
+first instance, the Avenue was expected to form an approach. It was very
+curious. Had it been really followed, a large portion of the park
+provided for the reception of the University would have been covered
+with buildings. A multitude of edifices, isolated and varying in
+magnitude, were scattered about, with gardens and ornamental grounds
+interspersed. These were halls of science, lecture-rooms, laboratories,
+residences for president, vice-president, professors, officials and
+servants of every grade. On the widely extended premises occupied by the
+proposed institution, a population was apparently expected to be found
+that would, of itself, have almost sufficed to justify representation in
+Parliament--a privilege the college was actually by its charter to
+enjoy. We should have had in fact realized before our eyes, on a
+considerable scale, a part of the dreams of Plato and More, a fragment
+of Atlantis and Utopia.
+
+When the moment arrived, however, for calling into visible being the
+long contemplated seat of learning, it was found expedient to abandon
+the elaborate model which had been constructed. Mr. Young, a local
+architect, was directed to devise new plans. His ideas appear to have
+been wholly modern. Notwithstanding the tenor of the Royal Charter,
+which suggested the precedents of the old universities of "our United
+Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland," wherever it should be practicable
+to follow them, the architecture and arrangements customary in those
+places were ignored. Girard College, Philadelphia, seems to have
+inspired the new designs. However, only a minute fragment of one of the
+buildings of the new plan was destined ever to exist.
+
+The formal commencement of the abortive work took place on the 23rd of
+April, 1842--a day indelibly impressed on the memory of those who
+participated in the proceedings. It was one of the sunniest and
+brightest of days. In the year just named it happened that so early as
+St. George's day the leaves of the horse-chestnut were bursting their
+glossy sheaths, and vegetation generally was in a very advanced stage.
+A procession, such as had never before been seen in these parts, slowly
+defiled up the Avenue to the spot where the corner-stone of the proposed
+University was to be laid.
+
+A highly wrought contemporary description of the scene is given in a
+note in _Curiae Canadenses_: "The vast procession opened its ranks, and
+his Excellency the Chancellor, with the President, the Lord Bishop of
+Toronto, on his right, and the Senior Visitor, the Chief Justice, on his
+left, proceeded on foot through the College Avenue to the University
+grounds. The countless array moved forward to the sound of military
+music. The sun shone out with cloudless meridian splendour; one blaze of
+banners flushed upon the admiring eye.--The Governor's rich
+Lord-Lieutenant's dress, the Bishop's sacerdotal robes, the Judicial
+Ermine of the Chief Justice, the splendid Convocation robes of Dr.
+McCaul, the gorgeous uniforms of the suite, the accoutrements of the
+numerous Firemen, the national badges worn by the Office-bearers of the
+different Societies, and what on such a day (St. George's) must not be
+omitted, the Red Crosses on the breasts of England's congregated sons,
+the grave habiliments of the Clergy and Lawyers, and the glancing lances
+and waving plumes of the First Incorporated Dragoons, all formed one
+moving picture of civic pomp, one glorious spectacle which can never be
+remembered but with satisfaction by those who had the good fortune to
+witness it. The following stanza from a Latin Ode," the note goes on to
+say, "recited by Master Draper, son of the late Attorney-General, after
+the ceremony, expresses in beautifully classical language the proud
+occasion of all this joy and splendid pageantry:--
+
+  "Io! triumphe! flos Canadensium!
+   Est alma nobis mater; aemula
+   Britanniae haec sit nostra terra,--
+   Terra diu domibus negata!"
+
+Another contemporary account adds: "As the procession drew nearer to the
+site where the stone was to be laid, the 43rd Regiment lined the way,
+with soldiers bearing arms, and placed on either side, at equal
+intervals. The 93rd Regiment was not on duty here, but in every
+direction the gallant Highlanders were scattered through the crowd, and
+added by their national garb and nodding plumes to the varied beauty of
+the animated scene. When the site was reached," this account says, "a
+new feature was added to the interest of the ceremony. Close to the
+spot, the north-east corner, where the foundation was to be deposited, a
+temporary building had been erected for the Chancellor, and there,
+accompanied by the officers of the University and his suite, he took his
+stand. Fronting this was a kind of amphitheatre of seats, constructed
+for the occasion, tier rising above tier, densely filled with ladies,
+who thus commanded a view of the whole ceremony. Between this
+amphitheatre and the place where the Chancellor stood, the procession
+ranged itself."
+
+The Chancellor above spoken of was the Governor General of the day, Sir
+Charles Bagot, a man of noble bearing and genial, pleasant aspect. He
+entered with all the more spirit into the ceremonies described, from
+being himself a graduate of one of the old universities. Memories of
+far-off Oxford and Christ Church would be sure to be roused amidst the
+proceedings that rendered the 23rd of April, 1842, so memorable amongst
+us. A brother of Sir Charles' was at the time Bishop of Oxford. In his
+suite, as one of his Secretaries, was Captain Henry Bagot, of the Royal
+Navy, his own son. Preceding him in the procession, bearing a large
+gilded mace, was an "Esquire Bedell," like the Chancellor himself, a
+Christ Church man, Mr. William Cayley, subsequently a member of the
+Canadian Government.
+
+Although breaking ground for the University building had been long
+delayed, the commencement now made proved to be premature. The edifice
+begun was never completed, as we have already intimated; and even in its
+imperfect, fragmentary condition, it was not fated to be for any great
+length of time a scene of learned labours. In 1856 its fortune was to be
+converted into a Female Department for the over-crowded Provincial
+Lunatic Asylum.
+
+The educational system inaugurated in the new building in 1843 was, as
+the plate enclosed in the foundation-stone finely expressed it,
+"praestantissimum ad exemplar Britannicarum Universitatum." But the
+"exemplar" was not, in practice, found to be, as a whole, adapted to the
+genius of the Western Canadian people.
+
+The revision of the University scheme with a view to the necessities of
+Western Canada, was signalized by the erection in 1857 of a new building
+on an entirely different site, and a migration to it bodily, of
+president, professors and students, without departing however from the
+bounds of the spacious park originally provided for the institution; and
+it is remarkable that, while deviating, educationally and otherwise, in
+some points, from the pattern of the ancient universities, as they were
+in 1842, a nearer approach, architecturally, was made to the mediaeval
+English College than any that had been thought of before. Mr.
+Cumberland, the designer of the really fine and most appropriate
+building in which the University at length found a resting place, was,
+as is evident, a man after the heart of Wykeham and Wayneflete.
+
+The story of our University is a part of the history of Upper Canada.
+From the first foundation of the colony the idea of some such seat of
+learning entered into the scheme of its organization. In 1791, before he
+had yet left England for the unbroken wilderness in which his Government
+was to be set up, we have General Simcoe speaking to Sir Joseph Banks,
+the President of the Royal Society, of "a college of a higher class," as
+desirable in the community which he was about to create. "A college of a
+higher class," he says, "would be eminently useful, and would give a
+tone of principles and of manners that would be of infinite support to
+Government." In the same letter he remarks to Sir Joseph, "My friend the
+Marquis of Buckingham has suggested that Government might allow me a sum
+of money to be laid out for a Public Library, to be composed of such
+books as might be useful in the colony. He instanced the Encyclopaedia,
+extracts from which might occasionally be published in the newspapers.
+It is possible," he adds, "private donations might be obtained, and that
+it would become an object of Royal munificence."
+
+It was naturally long before the community of Upper Canada was ripe for
+a college of the character contemplated; but provision for its ultimate
+existence and sustenance was made, almost from the beginning, in the
+assignment to that object of a fixed and liberal portion of the public
+lands of the country.
+
+In 1819-20, Gourlay spoke of the unpreparedness of Upper Canada as yet
+for a seat of learning of a high grade. Meanwhile, as a temporary
+expedient, he suggested a romantic scheme. "It has been proposed," he
+says, "to have a college in Upper Canada; and no doubt in time colleges
+will grow up there. At present, and for a considerable period to come,
+any effort to found a college would prove abortive. There could neither
+be got masters nor scholars to ensure a tolerable commencement for ten
+years to come; and a feeble beginning might beget a feeble race of
+teachers and pupils. In the United States," he continued, "academies
+and colleges, though fast improving, are yet but raw; and greatly
+inferior to those in Britain, generally speaking. Twenty-five lads sent
+annually at public charge from Upper Canada to British Universities,
+would draw after them many more. The youths themselves, generally, would
+become desirous of making a voyage in quest of learning.--Crossing the
+ocean on such an errand would elevate their ideas, and stir them up to
+extraordinary exertions. They would become finished preachers, lawyers,
+physicians, merchants; and, returning to their native country, would
+repay in wisdom what was expended in goodness and liberality. What more
+especially invites the adoption of such a scheme is the amiable and
+affectionate connection which it would tend to establish between Canada
+and Britain. But it will not do at present to follow out the idea."
+
+Gourlay's prediction that "in time colleges will grow up there" has been
+speedily verified. The town especially, of which in its infant state he
+spoke in such terms of contempt, has been so prolific of colleges that
+it is now become a kind of Salamanca for the country at large; a place
+of resort for students from all parts. It is well probably for Canada
+that the scheme of drafting a batch of young students periodically to
+the old country, was not adopted. Canada would thereby possibly, on the
+one hand, have lost the services of some of the cleverest of her sons,
+who, on obtaining academic distinction would have preferred to remain in
+the mother country, entering on one or other of the public careers to
+which academic distinction there opens the ready path; and, on the other
+hand, she should, in many an instance, it is to be feared, have received
+back her sons just unfitted, in temper and habit, for life under
+matter-of-fact colonial conditions.
+
+In the original planting of the Avenue, up whose fine vista we have been
+gazing, the mistake was committed of imitating nature too closely.
+Numerous trees and shrubs of different kinds and habits were mingled
+together as they are usually to be seen in a wild primitive wood; and
+thus the growth and fair development of all were hindered. The
+horse-chestnuts alone should have been relied on to give character to
+the Avenue; and of these there should have been on each side a double
+row, with a promenade for pedestrians underneath, after the manner of
+the great walks in the public parks of the old towns of Europe.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XXII.
+
+  QUEEN STREET--FROM THE COLLEGE AVENUE TO BROCK STREET AND SPADINA
+  AVENUE.
+
+
+Pursuing our way now westward from the Avenue leading to the University,
+we pass the Powell park-lot, on which was, up to recent times, the
+family vault of the Powells, descendants of the Chief Justice. The whole
+property was named by the fancy of the first possessor, Caer-Howell,
+Castle Howell, in allusion to the mythic Hoel, to whom all ap-Hoels
+trace their origin. Dummer Street, which opens northward a little
+further on, retains, as we have said, the second baptismal name of Chief
+Justice Powell.
+
+Beverley House and its surroundings, on the side opposite Caer Howell
+estate, recall one whose name and memory must repeatedly recur in every
+narrative of our later Canadian history, Sir John Robinson.--This was
+the residence temporarily of Poulett Thomson, afterwards Lord Sydenham,
+while present in Toronto as Governor-General of the Canadas in 1839-40.
+A kitchen on a large scale which he caused to be built on the premises
+of Beverley House, is supposed to have been an auxiliary, indirectly, in
+getting the Union measure through the Upper Canada Parliament. In a
+letter to a friend, written at Montreal in 1840, he gives a sketch of
+his every-day life: it describes equally well the daily distribution of
+his time here in Toronto. "Work in my room," he says, "till three
+o'clock; a ride with my aide-de-camp till five; work again till dinner;
+at dinner till nine; and work again till early next morning. This is my
+daily routine. My dinners last till ten, when I have company, which is
+about three times a week; except one night in the week, when I receive
+about 150 people."
+
+His policy was, as we know, very successful. Of the state of things at
+Toronto, and in Upper Canada generally, after the Union measure had been
+pushed through, he writes to a friend thus: "I have prorogued my
+Parliament," he says, "and I send you my Speech. Never was such
+unanimity! When the Speaker read it in the Commons, after the
+prorogation, they gave me three cheers, in which even the ultras united.
+In fact, as the matter stands now, the Province is in a state of peace
+and harmony which, three months ago, I thought was utterly hopeless."
+
+In a private letter of the following year (1841), he alludes to his
+influence in these terms: "I am in the midst," he says, "of the bustle
+attending the opening of the Session, and have, besides, a ministerial
+'crisis' on my hands. The latter I shall get through triumphantly,
+unless my _wand_, as they call it here, has lost all power over the
+members, which I do not believe to be the case." This was written at
+Kingston, where, it will be remembered, the seat of Government was
+established for a short time after the union of Upper and Lower Canada.
+
+Through Poulett Thomson, Toronto for a few months and to the extent of
+one-half, was the seat of a modern feudal barony. On being elevated to
+the peerage, the Governor-General, who had carried the Union, was
+created Baron Sydenham of Sydenham in Kent and Toronto in Canada.
+
+At one time it was expected that Toronto would be the capital of the
+United Province, but its liege lord pronounced it to be "too far and out
+of the way;" though at the same time he gives it as his opinion that
+"Kingston or Bytown would do." Thus in 1840, and in July, 1841, he
+writes: "I have every reason to be satisfied with having selected this
+place (Kingston) as the new Capital. There is no situation in the
+Province so well adapted for the seat of Government from its central
+position; and certainly we are as near England as we should be anywhere
+else in the whole of Canada. My last letters reached me," he says, "in
+fifteen days from London! So much for steam and railways." Being in very
+delicate health, it had been Lord Sydenham's intention to return to
+England in September, 1841. On the 5th of June he writes at Kingston to
+a friend: "I long for September, beyond which I will not stay if they
+were to make me Duke of Canada and Prince of Regiopolis, as this place
+is called." But he was never more to see England. On the 4th of the
+September in which he had hoped to leave Canada, he suffered a fracture
+of the right leg and other injury by a fall from his horse. He never
+rallied from the shock. His age was only 42.
+
+The Park lot which follows that occupied by Chief Justice Powell was
+selected by Solicitor-General Gray, of whom fully already. It afterwards
+became the property of Mr. D'Arcy Boulton, eldest son of Mr. Justice
+Boulton, and was known as the Grange estate. The house which bears the
+name of the "Grange," was built at the beginning of the brick era of
+York, and is a favourable specimen of the edifices of that period.
+(Beverley House, just noted, was, it may be added, also built by Mr.
+D'Arcy Boulton.)
+
+The Grange-gate, now thrust far back by the progress of improvement, was
+long a familiar landmark on the line of Lot-street. It was just within
+this gate that the fight already recorded took place between Mr. Justice
+Boulton's horses, _Bonaparte_ and _Jefferson_, and the bears. A
+memorandum of Mr. G. S. Jarvis, of Cornwall, in our possession, affirms
+that Mr. Justice Boulton drove a phaeton of some pretensions, and that
+his horses, _Bonaparte_ and _Jefferson_, were the crack pair of the day
+at York. As to some other equipages he says: "The Lieut. Governor's
+carriage was considered a splendid affair, but some of the Toronto cabs
+would now throw it into the shade. The carriage of Chief Justice Powell,
+he adds, was a rough sort of omnibus, and would compare with the jail
+van used now." (We remember Bishop Strachan's account of a carriage sent
+up for his own use from Albany or New York; it was constructed on the
+model of the ordinary oval stage coach, with a kind of hemispherical
+top.)
+
+To our former notes of Mr. Justice Boulton, we add, that he was the
+author of a work in quarto published in London in 1806, entitled a
+"Sketch of the Province of Upper Canada."
+
+John Street, passing south just here, is, as was noted previously, a
+memorial, so far as its name is concerned, of the first Lieutenant
+Governor of Upper Canada. On the plan of the "new town," as the first
+expansion westward, of York, was termed,--while this street is marked
+"John," the next parallel thoroughfare eastward is named "Graves," and
+the open square included between the two, southward on Front Street, is
+"Simcoe-place." The three names of the founder of York were thus
+commemorated. The expression "Simcoe-place" has fallen into disuse. It
+indicated, of course, the site of the present Parliament Buildings of
+the Province of Ontario. Graves Street has become Simcoe Street, a
+name, as we have seen, recently extended to the thoroughfare northward,
+with which it is nearly in a right line, viz., William Street, which
+previously recorded, as we have said, the first Christian name of Chief
+Justice Powell. The name "John Street" has escaped change. The name
+sounds trivial enough; but it has an interest.
+
+In the minds of the present generation, with John Street will be
+specially associated the memorable landing of the Prince of Wales at
+Toronto in 1860. At the foot of John Street, for that occasion, there
+was built a vast semi-colosseum of wood, opening out upon the waters of
+the Bay; a pile whose capacious concavity was densely filled again and
+again, during the Prince's visit, with the inhabitants of the town and
+the population of the surrounding country. And on the brow of the bank,
+immediately above the so-called amphitheatre, and exactly in the line of
+John Street, was erected a finely designed triumphal arch, recalling
+those of Septimus Severus and Titus.
+
+This architectural object, while it stood, gave a peculiarly fine finish
+to the vista, looking southward along John Street. The usually
+monotonous water-view presented by the bay and lake, and even the
+common-place straight line of the Island, seen through the frame-work of
+three lofty vaulted passages, acquired for the moment a genuine
+picturesqueness. An ephemeral monument; but as long as it stood its
+effect was delightfully classic and beautiful. The whole group--the arch
+and the huge amphitheatre below, furnished around its upper rim at equal
+intervals with tall masts, each bearing a graceful gonfalon, and each
+helping to sustain on high a luxuriant festoon of evergreen which
+alternately drooped and rose again round the whole structure and along
+the two sides of the grand roadway up to the arch--all seen under a sky
+of pure azure, and bathed in cheery sunlight, surrounded too and
+thronged with a pleased multitude--constituted a spectacle not likely to
+be forgotten.
+
+Turning down John Street a few chains, the curious observer may see on
+his left a particle of the old area of York retaining several of its
+original natural features. In the portion of the Macdonell-block not yet
+divided into building-slips we have a fragment of one of the many
+shallow ravines which meandered capriciously, every here and there,
+across the broad site of the intended town. To the passer-by it now
+presents a refreshing bit of bowery meadow, out of which towers up one
+of the grand elm-trees of the country, with stem of great height and
+girth, and head of very graceful form, whose healthy and undecayed limbs
+and long trailing branchlets, clearly show that the human regard which
+has led to the preservation hitherto of this solitary survivor of the
+forest has not been thrown away. This elm and the surrounding grove are
+still favourite stations or resting-places for our migratory birds.
+Here, for one place, in the spring, are sure to be heard the first notes
+of the robin.
+
+At the south-west angle of the Macdonell block still stands in a good
+state of preservation the mansion put up by the Hon. Alexander
+Macdonell. We have from time to time spoken of the brick era of York.
+Mr. Macdonell's imposing old homestead may be described as belonging to
+an immediately preceding era--the age of framed timber and
+weather-board, which followed the primitive or hewn-log period. It is a
+building of two full storeys, each of considerable elevation. A central
+portico with columns of the whole height of the house, gives it an air
+of dignity.
+
+Mr. Macdonell was one more in that large group of military men who
+served in the American Revolutionary war, under Col. Simcoe, and who
+were attracted to Upper Canada by the prospects held out by that officer
+when appointed Governor of the new colony. Mr. Macdonell was the first
+Sheriff of the Home District. He represented in successive parliaments
+the Highland constituency of Glengary, and was chosen Speaker of the
+House. He was afterwards summoned to the Upper House. He was a friend
+and correspondent of the Earl of Selkirk, and was desired by that
+zealous emigrational theorist to undertake the superintendence of the
+settlement at Kildonan on the Red River. Though he declined this task,
+he undertook the management of one of the other Highland settlements
+included in the Earl of Selkirk's scheme, namely, that of Baldoon, on
+Lake St. Clair; Mr. Douglas undertaking the care of that established at
+Moulton, at the mouth of the Grand River.
+
+Mr. Macdonell, in person rather tall and thin, of thoughtful aspect, and
+in manner quiet and reserved, is one of the company of our early
+worthies whom we personally well remember. An interesting portrait of
+him exists in the possession of his descendants: it presents him with
+his hair in powder, and otherwise in the costume of "sixty years since."
+He died in 1842, "amid the regrets of a community who," to adopt the
+language of a contemporary obituary, "loved him for the mild excellence
+of his domestic and private character, no less than they esteemed him as
+a public man."
+
+Mr. Miles Macdonell, the first Governor of Assiniboia, under the
+auspices of the Hudson's Bay Company, and Alexander Macdonell, the chief
+representative in 1816 of the rival and even hostile Company of the
+North-West Traders of Montreal, were both near relations of Mr.
+Macdonell of York, as also was the barrister, lost in the _Speedy_, and
+the well-known R. C. Bishop Macdonell of Kingston. Col. Macdonell, slain
+at Queenston, with General Brock, and whose remains are deposited
+beneath the column there, was his brother. His son, Mr. Allan Macdonell,
+has on several occasions stood forward as the friend and spirited
+advocate of the Indian Tribes, especially of the Lake Superior region,
+on occasions when their interests, as native lords of the soil, seemed
+in danger of being overlooked by the Government of the day.
+
+On Richmond Street a little to the west of the Macdonell block, was the
+town residence of Col. Smith, some time President of the Province of
+Upper Canada. He was also allied to the family of Mr. Macdonell. Col.
+Smith's original homestead was on the Lake Shore to the west, in the
+neighbourhood of the river Etobicoke. Gourlay in his "Statistical
+Account of Upper Canada," has chanced to speak of it. "I shall describe
+the residence and neighbourhood of the President of Upper Canada from
+remembrance," he says, "journeying past it on my way to York from the
+westward, by what is called the Lake Road through Etobicoke. For many
+miles," he says, "not a house had appeared, when I came to that of
+Colonel Smith, lonely and desolate. It had once been genteel and
+comfortable; but was now going to decay. A vista had been opened through
+the woods towards Lake Ontario; but the riotous and dangling undergrowth
+seemed threatening to retake possession from the Colonel of all that had
+once been cleared, which was of narrow compass. How could a solitary
+half-pay officer help himself," candidly asks Gourlay, "settled down
+upon a block of land, whose very extent barred out the assistance and
+convenience of neighbours? Not a living thing was to be seen around. How
+different might it be, thought I, were a hundred industrious families
+compactly settled here out of the redundant population of England!"
+
+"The road was miserable," he continues; "a little way beyond the
+President's house it was lost on a bank of loose gravel flung up between
+the contending waters of the lake and the Etobicoke stream." He here
+went astray. "It was my anxious wish," he says, "to get through the
+woods before dusk; but the light was nearly gone before the gravel bank
+was cleared. There seemed but one path, which took to the left. It led
+me astray: I was lost: and there was nothing for it but to let my little
+horse take his own way. Abundant time was afforded for reflection on the
+wretched state of property flung away on half-pay officers. Here was the
+head man of the Province, 'born to blush unseen,' without even a
+tolerable bridle-way between him and the capital city, after more than
+twenty years' possession of his domain. The very gravel-bed which caused
+me such turmoil might have made a turnpike, but what can be done by a
+single hand? The President could do little with the axe or wheelbarrow
+himself; and half-pay could employ but few labourers at 3s. 6d. per day
+with victuals and drink." He recovers the road at length, and then
+concludes: "after many a weary twist and turn I found myself," he says,
+"on the banks of the Humber, where there was a house and a boat."
+
+Col. Smith did something, in his day, to improve the breed of horses in
+Upper Canada. He expended considerable sums of money in the importation
+of choice animals of that species from the United States.
+
+The house which led us to this notice of President Smith is, as we have
+said, situated on Richmond Street. On Adelaide Street, immediately south
+of this house, and also a little west of the Macdonell block, was a
+residence of mark, erected at an early period by Mr. Hugh Heward, and
+memorable as having been the abode for a time of the Naval Commissioner
+or Commodore, Joseph Bouchette, who first took the soundings and
+constructed a map of the harbour of York. His portrait is to be seen
+prefixed to his well-known "British Dominions in North America." The
+same house was also once occupied by Dr. Stuart, afterwards Archdeacon
+of Kingston; and at a later period by Mrs. Caldwell, widow of Dr.
+Caldwell, connected with the Naval establishment at Penetanguishene. Her
+sons John and Leslie, two tall, sociable youths, now both deceased, were
+our classmates at school. We observe in the _Oracle_ of Saturday, May
+28, 1803, a notice of Mr. Hugh Heward's death in the following terms:
+"Died lately at Niagara, on his way to Detroit, after a lingering
+illness, Mr. Hugh Heward, formerly clerk in the Lieutenant-Governor's
+office, and a respectable inhabitant of this town (York)."
+
+Just beyond was the abode of Lieut. Col. Foster, long Adjutant General
+of Militia; an officer of the antique Wellington school, of a fine type,
+portly in figure, authoritative in air and voice; in spirit and heart
+warm and frank. His son Colley, also, we here name as a congenial and
+attached schoolboy friend, likewise now deceased, after a brief but not
+undistinguished career at the Bar.
+
+A few yards further on was the home of Mr. John Ross, whose almost
+prescriptive right it gradually became, whenever a death occurred in one
+of the old families, to undertake the funeral obsequies. Few were there
+of the ancient inhabitants who had not found themselves at one time or
+another, wending their way, on a sad errand, to Mr. Ross's doorstep. On
+his sombre and very unpretending premises were put together the
+perishable shells in which the mortal remains of a large proportion of
+the primitive householders of York and their families are now reverting
+to their original dust. Almost up to the moment of his own summons to
+depart hence, he continued to ply his customary business, being favoured
+with an old age unusually green and vigorous, like "the ferryman austere
+and stern," Charon; to whom also the "inculta canities" of a plentiful
+supply of hair and beard, along with a certain staidness, taciturnity
+and rural homeliness of manner and attire, further suggested a
+resemblance. Many things thus combine to render Mr. John Ross not the
+least notable of our local dramatis personae. He was led, as we have
+understood, to the particular business which was his usual avocation, by
+the accident of having been desired, whilst out on active service as a
+militiaman in 1812, to take charge of the body of Gen. Brock, when that
+officer was killed on Queenston Heights.
+
+While in this quarter we should pause too for a moment before the former
+abode of Mr. Robert Stanton, sometime King's Printer for Upper Canada,
+as noted already; afterwards editor of the _Loyalist_; and subsequently
+Collector of Customs at York:--a structure of the secondary brick
+period, and situated on Peter Street, but commanding the view eastward
+along the whole length of Richmond Street. Mr. Stanton's father was an
+officer in the Navy, who between the years 1771 and 1786 saw much active
+service in the East and West Indies, in the Mediterranean, at the siege
+of Gibraltar under General Elliott, and on the American coast during
+the Revolutionary war. From 1786 to 1828 he was in the public service in
+several military and civil capacities in Lower and Upper Canada. In 1806
+he was for one thing, we find, issuer of Marriage Licences at York. From
+memoranda of his while acting in this capacity we make some extracts.
+The unceremoniousness of the record in the majority of cases, is
+refreshing. The names are all familiar ones in Toronto. The parties set
+down as about to pledge their troth, either to other, had not in every
+instance, in 1872, passed off the scene.
+
+1806, Nov. 26, Stephen Heward to Mary Robinson. Same date, Ely Playter
+to Sophia Beaman. Dec. 11, same year, Geo. T. Denison to C. B.
+Lippincott. 1807, Feb. 3, Jordan Post to M. Woodruffe. July 13, Hiram
+Kendrick to Hester Vanderburg. Dec. 28, Jarvis Ashley to Dorothy
+McDougal. 1808, Jan. 13, D'Arcy Boulton, Jun., to Sally Ann Robinson.
+March 17, James Finch to M. Reynolds. April 9, David Wilson to Susannah
+Stone. May 2, John Langstaff to Lucy Miles. May 30, John Murchison to
+Frances Hunt. August 8, John Powell, Esq., to Miss Isabella Shaw. Sept.
+12, Hugh Heward to Eliza Muir. 1809, April 14, Nicholas Hagarman to
+Polly Fletcher. May 18, William Cornwall to Rhoda Terry. June 19, John
+Ashbridge to Sarah Mercer. June 21, Jonathan Ashbridge to Hannah Barton.
+July 15, Orin Hale to Hannah Barrett. Aug. 5, Henry Drean to Jane
+Brooke. Dec. 14, John Thompson to Ann Smith. 1810, March 8, Andrew
+Thomson to Sarah Smith. March 30, Isaac Pilkington to Sarah McBride.
+June 2, Thomas Bright to Jane Hunter. July 3, John Scarlett to Mary
+Thomson. Sept. 10, William Smith to Eleanor Thomson. June 22, William B.
+Sheldon to Jane Johnson. July 30, Robert Hamilton, gent., to Miss Maria
+Lavinia Jarvis. 1811, Sept. 20, George Duggan to Mary Jackson.
+
+In one or two instances we are enabled to give the formal announcement
+in the _Gazette and Oracle_ of the marriage for which the licence issued
+by Mr. Stanton was so curtly recorded. In the paper of Jan. 27, 1808, we
+have: "Married, on the 13th instant, by the Rev. G. O. Stuart, D'Arcy
+Boulton, jun., Esq., barrister, to Miss Sarah Robinson, second daughter
+of the late C. Robinson, Esq., of York."
+
+And in the number for August 13, in the same year we read: "Married by
+the Rev. G. O. Stuart, on Monday the 8th instant, John Powell, Esq., to
+Miss Shaw, daughter of the Hon. AEneas Shaw, of this place (York)." To
+this announcement the editor, as we suppose, volunteers the observation:
+"This matrimonial connexion of the amiable parties we think replete
+with, and we wish it productive of, the most perfect human happiness."
+
+A complimentary epithet to the bride is not unusual in early Canadian
+marriage notices. In the _Gazette and Oracle_ of Dec. 29, 1798, we have
+a wedding in the Playter family recorded thus: "Married last Monday, Mr.
+James Playter to the agreeable Miss Hannah Miles, daughter of Mr. Abner
+Miles of this town." In the same paper for Feb. 24, 1798, is the
+announcement: "Married in this town (Niagara), by the Rev. Mr. Burke,
+Captain Miles Macdonell of the Royal Canadian Volunteers, to the amiable
+Miss Katey Macdonell." (This union was of brief duration. In the
+_Constellation_ of Sept 6, 1799, we observe: "Died lately at Kingston,
+Mrs. Macdonell, of this town (Niagara), the amiable consort of Captain
+Miles Macdonell of the Canadian Volunteers.")
+
+Again: in the _Gazette and Oracle_ for Saturday Oct, 26, 1799: "Married,
+last Monday, by the Rev. Mr. Addison, Colonel Smith, of the Queen's
+Rangers, to the most agreeable and accomplished Miss Mary Clarke." (This
+was the Col. Smith who subsequently was for a time President of Upper
+Canada.)
+
+In the _Constellation_ of Nov. 23, 1799, in addition to the
+complimentary epithet, a poetical stanza is subjoined: thus: "Married at
+the seat of the Hon. Mr. Hamilton, at Queenston, on Sunday last, Mr.
+Thomas Dickson, merchant, to the amiable Mrs. Taylor, daughter of
+Captain Wilkinson, commanding, Fort Erie.
+
+  For thee, best treasure of a husband's heart;
+    Whose bliss it is that thou for life art so;
+  That thy fond bosom bears a faithful part
+    In every casual change his breast may know."
+
+But occasionally the announcement is almost as terse as one of Mr.
+Stanton's entries. Thus in the _Constellation_ of Dec. 28, 1799, Mr.
+Hatt's marriage to Miss Cooly appears with great brevity: "Married at
+Ancaster, Mr. Richard Hatt to Miss Polly Cooly."
+
+A magistrate officiates sometimes, and his name is given accordingly. In
+the _Gazette and Oracle_ of March 2, 1799, we have: "Married on Tuesday
+last, by William Willcocks, Esq., Sergeant Mealy, of the Queen's
+Rangers, to Miss M. Wright, of this town."
+
+(Somewhat in the strain of the complimentary marriage notices are the
+following: "We announce with much pleasure an acquisition to society in
+this place by the arrival of Prideaux Selby, Esq., and Miss
+Selby.--_Gazette_, Dec. 9, 1807. The York Assembly which commenced on
+Thursday the 17th instant, was honoured by the attendance of His
+Excellency and Mrs. Gore. It was not numerous. We understand that Mrs.
+Firth, the amiable Lady of the Attorney General, lately arrived, was a
+distinguished figure."--_Gazette_, Dec. 23, 1807.)
+
+The family of Mr. Stanton, senior, was large. It was augmented by twins
+on five several occasions. Not far from Mr. Stanton's house, a lesser
+edifice of brick of comparatively late date on the north side of
+Richmond Street, immediately opposite the premises associated just now
+with the memory of President Smith, may be noted as having been built
+and occupied by the distinguished Admiral Vansittart, and the first
+example in this region of a cottage furnished with light, tasteful
+verandahs in the modern style.
+
+We now return from our digression into Richmond and Adelaide Streets,
+and again proceed on our way westward.
+
+The grantee of the park-lot which followed Solicitor-General Gray's, was
+the famous Hon. Peter Russell, of whom we have had occasion again and
+again to speak. A portion of the property was brought under cultivation
+at an early period, and a substantial farm-house put up thereon--a
+building which in 1872 was still in existence. The name attached to this
+house and clearing was Petersfield.
+
+Human depredators prowled about a solitary place like this. At their
+hands in 1803, Mr. Russell suffered a serious loss, as we learn from an
+advertisement which about midsummer in that year appeared in several
+successive numbers of the _Oracle_. It ran as follows: "Five Guineas
+Reward. Stolen on the 12th or 13th instant from Mr. Russell's farm, near
+this town, a Turkey Hen, with her brood of six half-grown young ones.
+Whoever will give such information and evidence as may lead to the
+discovery of the Thieves shall receive from the subscriber the above
+reward upon conviction of any of the delinquents. Peter Russell, York,
+Aug. 15th, 1803." Another advertisement has been mentioned to us,
+issuing from the same sufferer, announcing the theft of a Plough from
+the same farm.
+
+Similar larcenies were elsewhere committed. In the _Gazette_ of June 12,
+1802, we read: "Forty dollars reward.--Mr. Justice Allcock offers a
+reward of forty dollars to any one who will give information of the
+person or persons who stole and carried away from his farm near the
+Garrison a number of iron teeth from two harrows. The same reward will
+also be given to any one who will give such information as will convict
+any person or persons of having bought such iron teeth, or any part of
+them, knowing the same to be stolen. If more than one was concerned, the
+same reward will be given to any accomplice upon his giving such
+information as will convict the other party or parties concerned with
+him, and every endeavour used to obtain a pardon. Note. It has been
+ascertained that two blacksmiths in the town did, about the time these
+teeth were stolen, purchase harrow-teeth from a soldier, since deserted,
+and that another soldier was in company when such teeth were offered for
+sale. 28th May, 1802."
+
+Again, in the same paper we have:--"Twenty dollars reward will be paid
+by the subscriber to any person who will discover the man who is so
+depraved and lost to every sense of social duty, as to cut with an axe
+or knife, the withes which bound some of the fence round the late Chief
+Justice's Farm on Yonge Street, and to throw down the said Fence.
+Independent of the above inducement, it is the duty of every good member
+of society to endeavour to find out who the character is that can be
+guilty of such an infamous act, in order that he may be brought to
+justice. Robert J. D. Gray, York, June 28th, 1803."
+
+Occasionally notices of a reverse order appear. A homely article picked
+up on the Common was judged to be of sufficient importance to its owner
+to induce the finder to advertise as follows in the _Oracle_ of
+Saturday, Aug. 14th, 1802:--"Found lately near the Garrison, a Cow-bell.
+Whoever has lost the same, may have it again by applying to the Printer
+hereof, on paying the expense of this advertisement, and proving
+property. York, Aug. 7, 1802."
+
+Again, in the _Oracle_ of Feb. 25, 1804:--"Found on Saturday last, the
+11th instant, a Bar of Iron. The owner may have it again, by applying to
+the Printer hereof. York, Feb. 8th." And again: "Found on Friday, the
+5th instant, two silk handkerchiefs. The owner can have them again by
+applying to the Printer, and paying the expense of this advertisement.
+York, Oct. 12th, 1804." In October, 1806, an iron pot was picked up:
+"Found, on Sunday last, the 12th instant, on the beach opposite Messrs.
+Ashbridge's, an Iron Pot capable of containing about two pails full.
+Whoever may own the above-mentioned Pot, may have it again by proving
+property, and paying charges, on application to Samuel Lewis or to the
+Printer hereof. York, Oct. 16th, 1806."
+
+A barrel of flour was found on the beach near the Garrison in 1802, and
+was thus advertised: "The Public are hereby informed that there has been
+a barrel of flour left on the beach near the Garrison by persons
+unknown. Whoever will produce a just claim to the same may have it, by
+applying to the Garrison Sergeant-Major, and paying the expense of the
+present advertisement. J. Petto, G. S. Major, York, March 22, 1802."
+
+Once more: in the _Gazette_ of Dec. 3, 1803: "On the 26th ult. the
+subscriber found one-half of a fat Hog on the Humber Plains, which he
+supposes to be fraudulently killed, and the other half taken away. The
+part which he found he carried home and dressed, and requests the owner
+to call, pay expenses, and take it away. John Clark, Humber Mills, Dec.
+2, 1803."
+
+Peter Russell's name became locally a household synonym for a _helluo
+agrorum_, and not without some show of reason, as the following list in
+successive numbers of the _Gazette and Oracle_ of 1803 would seem to
+indicate. Of the lands enumerated he styles himself, at the close of the
+advertisement, the proprietor. We have no desire, however, to perpetuate
+the popular impression, that all the said properties had been patented
+by himself to himself. This, of course, could not have been done. He
+simply chose, as he was at liberty to do, after acquiring what he and
+his family were entitled to legally, in the shape of grants, to invest
+his means in lands, which in every direction were to be had for a mere
+song.
+
+The document spoken of reads thus: "To be sold.--The Front Town Lot,
+with an excellent dwelling-house and a kitchen recently built thereon,
+in which Mr. John Denison now lives, in the Town of York, with a very
+commodious water-lot adjoining, and possession given to the purchaser
+immediately. The Lots Nos. 5, 6, and 7 in the 2nd, and lots No. 6 and 7
+in the 3d concession of West Flamboro' township, containing 1,000 acres,
+on which there are some very good mill seats; the lots No. 4 and 5, in
+the 1st concession of East Flamboro' with their broken fronts,
+containing, according to the Patent, 600 acres more or less; the lots
+No. 1, 3 and 4 in the 2nd, and lots No. 2 and 3 in the 3rd concession of
+Beverley, containing 1,000 acres; the lots No. 16 in the 2nd and and 3rd
+concession of the township of York containing 400 acres; the lots 32
+and 33 with their broken fronts, in the 1st, and lots No. 31 and 32 in
+the 2nd concession of Whitby, containing 800 acres; the lots 22 and 24
+in the 11th, lot 23 in the 12th, and No. 24 in the 13th and 14th
+concessions of Townsend, containing a 1,000 acres; the lots No. 12, 13
+and 14 in the 1st and 2nd concession of Charlotteville, immediately
+behind the Town plot, containing 1,200 acres; the lots Nos. 16 and 17 in
+the 1st concession of Delaware township, on the river Thames (La
+Tranche) containing 800 acres; the lots Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, and 7 in the
+10th; No. 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 in the 11th, and Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 7 in the
+12th concession of Dereham, containing 3,000 acres, with mill-seats
+thereon; and also the lots Nos. 22, 24, 25, 26, and 28 in the 1st, Nos.
+22, 23, 25, 27 and 28 in the 3rd, Nos. 22, 24, 25, 26 and 28 in the
+11th, and Nos. 22, 24, 25, 26 and 28 in the 12th concession of Norwich,
+containing 600 acres, with mill-seats thereon. The terms are either
+cash, or good bills of exchange on London, Montreal and Quebec, for the
+whole of such purchase, in which case a proportionably less price will
+be expected, or the same for one moiety of each purchase, and bonds
+properly secured for principal and interest, until paid, for the other.
+The prices may be known by application to the proprietor at York. Peter
+Russell."
+
+Clearly, an idea of the prospective value of property in Canada had
+dawned upon the mind of Mr. Russell in the year 1803; and he aimed to
+create for himself speedily a handsome fortune. His plans, however, in
+the long run, came to little, as in another connexion, we have heard
+already.
+
+Survivors of the primitive era in Upper Canada have been heard sometimes
+to express, (like Lord Clive, after his dealings with the rajahs,) their
+surprise that they did not provide for themselves more largely than they
+did, when the broad acres of their adopted country were to be had to any
+extent, almost for the asking. But this reflection should console them;
+in few instances are the descendants of the early very large
+land-holders much better off at the present hour than probably they
+would have been, had their fathers continued landless.
+
+Mr. Russell died at York on the 30th of September, 1808. His obituary
+appears in the _Gazette and Oracle_ of the following day. "Departed this
+life on Friday, the 30th ultimo, the Hon. Peter Russell, Esquire,
+formerly President of the Government of the Province, late Receiver
+General, and Member of the Executive and Legislative Councils: a
+gentleman who whilst living was honoured, and sincerely esteemed; and of
+whose regular and amiable conduct, the Public will long retain a
+favoured and grateful remembrance."
+
+Of the funeral, which took place on the 4th of October, we have a brief
+account in the paper of Oct. 8, 1808. It says: "The remains of the late
+Hon. Peter Russell were interred on Wednesday the 4th instant with the
+greatest decorum and respect. The obsequies of this accomplished
+gentleman were followed to the grave by His Excellency the Lieut.
+Governor (Gore) as Chief Mourner; with the principal gentlemen of the
+town and neighbourhood; and they were feelingly accompanied by all
+ranks, evincing a reverential awe for the Divine dispensation. An
+appropriate funeral sermon was preached by the Rev. Okill Stuart. The
+Garrison, commanded by Major Fuller, performed with becoming dignity the
+military honours of this respected veteran, who was a Captain in the
+Army on half-pay." The editor then adds: "deeply impressed with an
+ardent esteem for his manly character, and the irreparable loss
+occasioned by his death, we were not among those who felt the least at
+this last tribute of respect to his memory and remains." (The Major
+Fuller, above named, was the father of the Rev. Thomas Brock Fuller, in
+1873 Archdeacon of Niagara.)
+
+As we have elsewhere said, Mr. Russell's estate passed to his unmarried
+sister, Miss Elizabeth Russell, who, at her own decease, devised the
+whole of it to Dr. W. W. Baldwin and his family. The Irish family to
+which Mr. Russell belonged was originally a transplanted branch of the
+Aston-Abbotts subdivision of the great English family of the same name;
+and a connexion, through intermarriages, had long subsisted between
+these Russells and the Baldwins of the County of Cork. Russell Hill in
+the neighbourhood of Toronto, is so called from a Russell Hill in
+Ireland, which has its name from the Russells of the County of
+Cork.--During the Revolutionary war, Mr. Russell had been Secretary to
+Sir Henry Clinton, Commander-in-chief of the Army in North America from
+1778 to 1782.
+
+At the beginning of Peter Russell's advertisement of properties, it will
+have been observed that he offered for sale "an excellent dwelling-house
+in the town of York," described as being in the occupation of Mr. John
+Denison. The building referred to, situate, as it is further mentioned,
+on a "front town lot, with a very convenient water-lot adjoining," was
+the "ornamental cottage" noted in our journey along Front Street, as
+having been once inhabited by Major Hillier, of the 74th. On its site
+was afterwards built Dr. Baldwin's town residence, which subsequently
+became first a Military Hospital, and then the head office of the
+Toronto and Nipissing Railroad.
+
+But Petersfield was also associated with the history of Mr. Denison, who
+was the progenitor of the now numerous Canadian family of that name.
+Through an intimacy with Mr. Russell, springing out of several years'
+campaigning together in the American Revolutionary war, Mr. Denison was
+induced by that gentleman, when about to leave England in an official
+capacity in company with General Simcoe, to emigrate with his family to
+Upper Canada in 1792. He first settled at Kingston, but, in 1796,
+removed to York, where, by the authority of Mr. Russell, he temporarily
+occupied Castle Frank on the Don. He then, as we have seen, occupied
+"the excellent dwelling-house" put up "on a front lot" in the town of
+York by Mr. Russell himself; and afterwards, he was again accommodated
+by his friend with quarters in the newly-erected homestead of
+Petersfield.
+
+We have evidence that in 1805 a portion of Petersfield was under
+cultivation, and that under Mr. Denison's care it produced fine crops of
+a valuable vegetable. Under date of York, 20th December, 1805, in a
+contemporary _Oracle_, we have the following advertisement: "Potatoes:
+To be sold at Mr. Russell's Farm at Petersfield, by Mr. John Denison, in
+any quantities not less than ten bushels, at Four Shillings, York
+Currency, the bushel, if delivered at the purchaser's house, or Three
+Shillings the bushel, if taken by them from the Farm."
+
+And again, in the _Gazette_ of March 4, 1807: "Blue Nose Potatoes. To be
+sold at Mr. Russell's Farm near York. The price three shillings, York
+currency, the bushel, if taken away by the purchasers, or they will be
+delivered anywhere within the precincts of the Town, at Four Shillings,
+in any quantity not less than ten bushels. Application to be made to Mr.
+John Denison, on the premises, to whom the above prices are to be paid
+on delivery. Feb. 14, 1807."
+
+Our own personal recollection of Mr. Denison is associated with
+Petersfield, the homely cosiness of whose interior, often seen during
+its occupancy by him, lighted up by a rousing hospitable fire of great
+logs, piled high in one of the usual capacious and lofty fire-places of
+the time, made an indelible impression on the boyish fancy. The
+venerable Mrs. Sophia Denison, too, Mr. Denison's better half, was in
+like manner associated in our memory with the cheery interior of the
+ancient Petersfield farm-house--a fine old English matron and mother, of
+the antique, strongly-marked, vigorous, sterling type. She was one of
+the Taylors, of Essex; among whom, at home and abroad, ability and
+talent, and traits of a higher and more sacred character, are curiously
+hereditary. We shall have occasion, further on, to speak of the
+immediate descendants of these early occupants of Petersfield.
+
+On the south side of the expansion of Queen Street, in front of
+Petersfield, and a little beyond Peter Street (which, as we have
+previously noticed, had its name from Peter Russell) was the abode of
+Mr. Dunn, long Receiver-General of Upper Canada. It was (and is) a
+retired family house, almost hidden from the general view by a grove of
+ornamental trees. A quiet-looking gate led into a straight drive up to
+the house, out of Queen Street. Of Mr. Dunn we have already discoursed,
+and of Mrs. Dunn, one of the graceful lady-chiefs in the high life of
+York in the olden time. In the house at which we now pause was born
+their famous son, Alexander Roberts Dunn, in 1833; who not only had the
+honour of sharing in the charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava in
+1856, now so renowned in history and song, but who, of all the six
+hundred there, won the highest meed of glory.
+
+Six feet three inches in stature, a most powerful and most skilful
+swordsman, and a stranger to fear, Lieut. Dunn, instead of consulting
+his own safety in the midst of that frightful and untoward melee,
+deliberately interposed for the protection of his comrades in arms. Old
+troopers of the Eleventh Hussars long told with kindling eyes how the
+young lieutenant seeing Sergeant Bentley of his own regiment attacked
+from behind by two or three Russian lancers, rushed upon them
+single-handed, and cut them down; how he saved the life of Sergeant
+Bond; how Private Levett owed his safety to the same friendly arm, when
+assailed by Russian Hussars. Kinglake, the historian of the Crimean war,
+records that the Victoria Cross placed at the disposal of the Eleventh
+Hussars was unanimously awarded by them to Lieut. Dunn; the only cavalry
+officer who obtained the distinction.
+
+To the enthusiasm inspired by his brilliant reputation was mainly due
+the speedy formation in Canada of the Hundredth Regiment, the Prince of
+Wales' Royal Canadian Regiment, in 1857. Of this regiment, chiefly
+raised through his instrumentality, Mr. Dunn was gazetted the first
+major; and on the retirement of the Baron de Rottenburg from its
+command, he succeeded as its Lieutenant Colonel.
+
+In 1864 he was gazetted full Colonel: at the time he had barely
+completed his twenty-seventh year. Impatient of inactivity, he caused
+himself to be transferred to a command in India, where he speedily
+attracted the notice of General Napier, afterwards Lord Napier of
+Magdala; and he accompanied that officer in the expedition against King
+Theodore of Abyssinia. While halting at Senafe in that country, he was
+accidently killed by the sudden explosion of his rifle while out
+shooting deer. The sequel can best be given, as well as an impression of
+the feelings of his immediate associates on the deplorable occasion, by
+quoting the touching words of a letter addressed at the time to a near
+relative of Colonel Dunn, by a brother officer:
+
+"In no regiment," says this friend, "was ever a commanding officer so
+missed as the one we have just so unhappily lost: such a courteous,
+thorough gentleman in word and deed, so thoughtful for others, so
+perfect a soldier, so confidence-inspiring a leader. Every soldier in
+the regiment misses Colonel Dunn; he was a friend, and felt to be such,
+to every one of them. The regiment will never have so universally
+esteemed a commander again. We all feel that. For myself I feel that I
+have lost a brother who can never be replaced. I can scarcely yet
+realize that the dear fellow is really dead, and as I pass his tent
+every morning I involuntarily turn my head, expecting to hear his usual
+kind salutation, and to see the dear, handsome face that has never
+looked at me but with kindness. I breakfasted with him on the morning of
+the 25th, and he looked so well as he started off with our surgeon for a
+day's shooting. Little did I think that I had looked on his dear old
+face for the last time in life. . . . I cannot describe to you what a
+shock the sad news was to every one, both in my regiment and indeed in
+every one in the camp. Our dear Colonel was so well known, and so
+universally liked and respected.
+
+"Next day, Sunday, the 26th of January, he was buried about 4 o'clock
+p.m.. I went to look at the dear old fellow, before his coffin was
+closed, and his poor face, though looking so cold, was yet so handsome,
+and the expression of it, so peaceful and happy. I cut off some of his
+hair, which lately he wore very short, a lock of which I now send you,
+keeping one for myself, as the most valuable souvenir I could have of
+one I loved very dearly. And I knelt down to give his cold forehead a
+long farewell kiss. He was buried in uniform, as he had often expressed
+a wish to me to that effect. Every officer in the camp attended his
+funeral, and, of course, the whole of his own regiment, in which there
+was not a single dry eye, as all stood round the grave of their lost
+commander. He has been buried in a piece of ground near where our camp
+now stands, at the foot of a small hill covered with shrubbery and many
+wild flowers. We have had railings put round the grave, and a stone is
+to be placed there with the inscription: In memory of A. R. Dunn, V.C.,
+Col. 33rd Regiment, who died at Senafe on 25th January, 1868, aged 34
+years and 7 months."
+
+Thus in remote Abyssinia rest the mortal remains of one who in the happy
+unconsciousness of childhood, sported here in grounds and groves which
+we are now passing on Queen Street. In numerous other regions of the
+earth, once seemingly as unlikely to be their respective final
+resting-places, repose the remains of Canadian youth, who have died in
+the public service of England. We are sharing in the fortune and history
+of the mother country, and like her, or rather like the ubiquitous Roman
+citizen of old, we may even already ask "_Quae caret ora cruore
+nostro?_"--sadly as individuals, perhaps, but proudly as a people.
+
+The occupant of Mr. Dunn's house at a later period was Chief Justice
+McLean, who died here in 1865. He was born at St. Andrews, near
+Cornwall, in 1791. At the battle of Queenston, he served as Lieutenant
+in Capt. Cameron's No. 1 Flank Company of York Militia, and received a
+severe wound in the early part of the engagement. He was afterwards for
+some time Speaker of the House. An admirable full-length painting of
+Chief Justice McLean exists at Osgoode Hall.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XXIII.
+
+  QUEEN STREET, FROM BROCK STREET AND SPADINA AVENUE TO THE HUMBER.
+
+
+Immediately after the grounds and property of Mr. Dunn, on the same
+side, and across the very broad Brock Street, which is an opening of
+modern date, was to be seen until recently, a modest dwelling-place of
+wood, somewhat peculiar in expression, square, and rather tall for its
+depth and width, of dingy hue; its roof four-sided; below, a number of
+lean-to's and irregular extensions clustering round; in front, low
+shrubbery, a circular drive, and a wide, open-barred gate. This was the
+home of one who has acquired a distinguished place in our local annals,
+military and civil--Colonel James Fitzgibbon.
+
+A memorable exploit of his, in the war with the United States in 1813,
+was the capture of a force of 450 infantry, 50 cavalry and two guns,
+when in command himself, at the moment, of only forty-eight men. He had
+been put in charge of a depot of stores, at the Beaver Dams, between
+Queenston and Thorold. Colonel Boerstler, of the invading army, was
+despatched from Fort George, at Niagara, with orders to take this depot.
+Fitzgibbon was apprized of his approach. Reconnoitring, and discovering
+that Boerstler had been somewhat disconcerted, on his march, by a
+straggling fire from the woods, kept up by a few militiamen and about
+thirty Indians under Captain Kerr, he conceived the bold idea of dashing
+out and demanding a surrender of the enemy! Accordingly, spreading his
+little force judiciously, he suddenly presented himself, waving a white
+pocket-handkerchief. He was an officer, he hurriedly announced, in
+command of a detachment: his superior officer, with a large force, was
+in the rear; and the Indians were unmanageable. (Some extemporized
+war-whoops were to be heard at the moment in the distance.)
+
+The suggestion of a capitulation was listened to by Colonel Boerstler as
+a dictate of humanity. The truth was, Major DeHaren, of the Canadian
+force, to whom, in the neighbourhood of what is now St. Catharines, a
+message had been sent, was momentarily expected, with 200 men. To gain
+time, Fitzgibbon made it a matter of importance that the terms of the
+surrender should be reduced to writing. Scarcely was the document
+completed when DeHaren arrived. Had there been the least further delay
+on his part, how to dispose of the prisoners would have been a
+perplexing question.
+
+Lieutenant Fitzgibbon was now soon Captain Fitzgibbon. He had previously
+been a private in the 19th and 61st Regiments, having enlisted in
+Ireland at the age of seventeen. On the day of his enrolment, he was
+promoted to the rank of sergeant; and a very few years later he was a
+sergeant-major. He saw active service in Holland and Denmark. His title
+of Colonel was derived from his rank in our Canadian Militia.
+
+His tall muscular figure, ever in buoyant motion; his grey,
+good-humoured vivacious eye, beaming out from underneath a bushy,
+light-coloured eyebrow; the cheery ring of his voice, and its animated
+utterances, were familiar to everyone. In the midst of a gathering of
+the young, whether in the school-room or on the play-ground, his
+presence was always warmly hailed. They at once recognized in him a
+genuine sympathizer with themselves in their ways and wants; and he had
+ever ready for them words of hope and encouragement.
+
+Our own last personal recollection of Colonel Fitzgibbon is connected
+with a visit which we chanced to pay him at his quarters in Windsor
+Castle, where, in his old age, through the interest of Lord Seaton, he
+had been appointed one of the Military Knights. Though most romantically
+ensconced and very comfortably lodged, within the walls of the noblest
+of all the royal residences of Europe, his heart, we found, was far
+away, ever recurring to the scenes of old activities. Where the light
+streamed in through what seemed properly an embrasure for cannon,
+pierced through a wall several yards in thickness, we saw a pile of
+Canadian newspapers. To pore over these was his favourite occupation.
+
+After chatting with him in his room, we went with him to attend Divine
+Service in the magnificent Chapel of St. George, close by. We then
+strolled together round the ramparts of the Castle, enjoying the
+incomparable views. Since the time of William IV. the habit of the
+Military Knights is that of an officer of high rank in full dress,
+cocked hat and feather included. As our venerable friend passed the
+several sentries placed at intervals about the Castle, arms were duly
+presented; an attention which each time elicited from the Colonel the
+words, rapidly interposed in the midst of a stream of earnest talk, and
+accompanied by deprecatory gestures of the hand, "Never mind _me_, boy!
+never mind _me_!"
+
+Colonel Fitzgibbon took the fancy of Mrs. Jameson when in Canada. She
+devotes several pages of her "Winter Studies" to the story of his life.
+She gives some account of his marriage. The moment he received his
+captaincy, she tells us, "he surprised General Sheaffe, his commanding
+officer, by asking for a leave of absence, although the war was still at
+its height. In explanation, he said he wished to have his nuptials
+celebrated, so that if a fatal disaster happened to himself, his bride
+might enjoy the pension of a captain's widow. The desired leave was
+granted, and after riding some 150 miles and accomplishing his purpose,
+he was back in an incredibly short space of time at head-quarters again.
+No fatal disaster occurred, and he lived," Mrs. Jameson adds "to be the
+father of four brave sons and one gentle daughter."
+
+The name of Colonel Fitzgibbon recalls the recollection of his sister,
+Mrs. Washburne, remarkable of old, in York, for dash and spirit on
+horseback, spite of extra _embonpoint_; for a distinguished dignity of
+bearing, combined with a marked Hibernian heartiness and gaiety of
+manner. As to the "four brave sons and one gentle daughter," all have
+now passed away: one of the former met with a painful death from the
+giving way of a crowded gallery at a political meeting in the Market
+Square, as previously narrated. All four lads were favourites with their
+associates, and partook of their father's temperament.
+
+Of Spadina Avenue, which we crossed in our approach to Col. Fitzgibbon's
+old home, and of Spadina house, visible in the far distance at the head
+of the Avenue, we have already spoken in our Collections and
+Recollections, connected with Front Street.
+
+In passing we make an addition to what was then narrated. The career of
+Dr. Baldwin, the projector of the Avenue, and the builder of Spadina, is
+now a part of Upper Canadian history. It presents a curious instance of
+that versatility which we have had occasion to notice in so many of the
+men who have been eminent in this country. A medical graduate of
+Edinburgh, and in that capacity, commencing life in Ireland--on settling
+in Canada, he began the study of Law and became a leading member of the
+Bar.
+
+On his arrival at York, from the first Canadian home of his father on
+Baldwin's Creek in the township of Clarke, Dr. Baldwin's purpose was to
+turn to account for a time his own educational acquirements, by
+undertaking the office of a teacher of youth. In several successive
+numbers of the _Gazette and Oracle_ of 1802-3 we read the following
+advertisement: "Dr. Baldwin understanding that some of the gentlemen of
+this Town have expressed some anxiety for the establishment of a
+Classical School, begs leave to inform them and the public that he
+intends on Monday the first day of January next, to open a School in
+which he will instruct Twelve Boys in Writing, Reading, and Classics and
+Arithmetic. The terms are, for each boy, eight guineas per annum, to be
+paid quarterly or half-yearly; one guinea entrance and one cord of wood
+to be supplied by each of the boys on opening the School. _N.B._--Mr.
+Baldwin will meet his pupils at Mr. Willcocks' house on Duke Street.
+York, December 18th, 1802." Of the results of this enterprise we have
+not at hand any record.
+
+The Russell bequest augmented in no slight degree the previous
+possessions of Dr. Baldwin. In the magnificent dimensions assigned to
+the thoroughfare opened up by him in the neighbourhood of Petersfield,
+we have probably a visible expression of the large-handed generosity
+which a pleasant windfall is apt to inspire. Spadina Avenue is 160 feet
+wide throughout its mile-and-a-half length; and the part of Queen Street
+that bounds the front of the Petersfield park-lot, is made suddenly to
+expand to the width of 90 feet. Maria Street also, a short street here,
+is of extra width. The portion of York, now Toronto, laid out by Dr.
+Baldwin on a fraction of the land opportunely inherited, will, when
+solidly built over, rival Washington or St. Petersburg in grandeur of
+ground-plan and design.
+
+The career of Dr. Rolph, another of our early Upper Canadian
+notabilities, resembles in some respects, that of Dr. Baldwin. Before
+emigrating from Gloucestershire, he began life as a medical man. On
+arriving in Canada he transferred himself to the Bar. In this case,
+however, after the attainment of eminence in the newly adopted
+profession, there was a return to the original pursuit, with the
+acquisition in that also, of a splendid reputation. Both acquired the
+local style of Honourable: Dr. Rolph by having been a member of the
+Hincks-ministry from 1851 to 1854; Dr. Baldwin by being summoned, six
+months before his decease, to the Legislative Council of United Canada,
+while his son was Attorney-General.
+
+Mr. William Willcocks, allied by marriage to Dr. Baldwin's family,
+selected the park-lot at which we arrive after crossing Spadina Avenue.
+A lake in the Oak Ridges (Lake Willcocks) has its name from the same
+early inhabitant. In 1802 he was Judge of the Home District Court. He is
+to be distinguished from the ultra-Reformer, Sheriff Willcocks, of Judge
+Thorpe's day, whose name was Joseph; and from Charles Willcocks, who in
+1818 was proposing, through the columns of the _Upper Canada Gazette_,
+to publish, by subscription, a history of his own life. The
+advertisement was as follows (what finally came of it, we are not able
+to state):--"The subscriber proposes to publish, by subscription, a
+History of his Life. The subscription to be One Dollar, to be paid by
+each subscriber; one-half in advance; the other half on the delivery of
+the Book. The money to be paid to his agent, Mr. Thomas Deary, who will
+give receipts and deliver the Books. Charles Willcocks, late Lieutenant,
+City of Cork Militia. York, March, 17th, 1818."
+
+This Mr. Charles Willcocks once fancied he had grounds for challenging
+his name-sake, Joseph, to mortal combat, according to the barbaric
+notions of the time. But at the hour named for the meeting, Joseph did
+not appear on the ground. Charles waited a reasonable time. He then
+chipped off a square inch or so of the bark of a neighbouring tree, and,
+stationing himself at duelling distance, discharged his pistol at the
+mark which he had made. As the ball buried itself in the spot at which
+aim had been taken, he loudly bewailed his old friend's reluctance to
+face him. "Oh, Joe, Joe!" he passionately cried, "if you had only been
+here!"
+
+Although Joseph escaped this time, he was not so fortunate afterwards.
+He fell, as we have already noted in connexion with the Early Press,
+"foremost fighting" in the ranks of the invaders of Upper Canada in
+1814. The incident is briefly mentioned in the Montreal _Herald_ of the
+15th of October, in that year, in the following terms: "It is officially
+announced by General Ripley (on the American side, that is), that the
+traitor Willcocks was killed in the sortie from Fort Erie on the 4th
+ult., greatly lamented by his general and the army." Undertaking with
+impetuosity a crusade against the governmental ideas which were locally
+in the ascendant, and encountering the resistance customary in such
+cases, he cut the knot of his discontent by joining the Republican force
+when it made its appearance.
+
+The Willcocks park-lot, or a portion of it, was afterwards possessed by
+Mr. Billings, a well-remembered Commissariat officer, long stationed at
+York. He built the house subsequently known as Englefield, which, later,
+was the home of Colonel Loring, who, at the time of the taking of York,
+in 1813, had his horse killed under him; and here he died. Mr. Billings
+and Colonel Loring both had sons, of whom we make brief mention as
+having been in the olden times among our own school-boy associates, but
+who now, like so many more personal contemporaries, already noted, are,
+after brief careers, deceased. An announcement in the Montreal _Herald_
+of February 4th, 1815, admits us to a domestic scene in the household of
+Colonel, at the time Captain, Loring. (The Treaty of Peace with the
+United States was signed at Ghent, on the 24th of December, 1814. Its
+effect was being pleasantly realized in Canada, in January, 1815). "At
+Prescott," the _Herald_ reports, "on Thursday, 26th January, the lady of
+Capt. Loring, Aide-de-Camp and Private Secretary to His Honor
+Lieut.-Gen. Drummond, was safely delivered of a daughter." The _Herald_
+then adds: "The happy father had returned from a state of captivity with
+the enemy, but a few hours previous to the joyful event." Capt. Loring
+had been taken prisoner in the battle of Lundy's Lane, in the preceding
+July.
+
+The first occupant of the next lot (No. 16) westward, was Mr. Baby, of
+whom we have spoken in former sections. Opposite was the house of
+Bernard Turquand, an Englishman of note, for many years first clerk in
+the Receiver-General's department. He was an early promoter of amateur
+boating among us, a recreation with which possibly he had become
+familiar at Malta, where he was long a resident. Just beyond on the same
+side, was the dwelling-place of Major Winniett,--a long, low, one-storey
+bungalow, of a neutral tint in colour, its roof spreading out,
+verandah-wise, on both sides.
+
+After the name of Mr. Baby, on the early plan of the park-lots, comes
+the name of Mr. Grant--"the Hon. Alexander Grant." During the
+interregnum between the death of Governor Hunter and the arrival of
+Governor Gore, Mr. Grant, as senior member of the Executive Council, was
+President of Upper Canada. The Parliament that sat during his brief
+administration, appropriated L800 to the purchase of instruments for
+illustrating the principles of Natural Philosophy, "to be deposited in
+the hands of a person employed in the Education of Youth;" from the
+debris of which collection, preserved in a mutilated condition in one of
+the rooms of the Home District School building, we ourselves, like
+others probably of our contemporaries, obtained our very earliest
+inkling of the existence and significance of scientific apparatus.
+
+In his speech at the close of the session of 1806, President Grant
+alluded to this action of Parliament in the following terms: "The
+encouragement which you have given for procuring the means necessary for
+communicating useful and ornamental knowledge to the rising generation,
+meets with my approbation, and, I have no doubt, will produce the most
+salutary effects." Mr. Grant was also known as Commodore Grant, having
+had, at one time, command of the Naval Force on the Lakes.
+
+After Mr. Grant's name appears that of "E. B. Littlehales." This is the
+Major Littlehales with whom those who familiarize themselves with the
+earliest records of Upper Canada become so well acquainted. He was the
+writer, for example, of the interesting journal of an Exploring
+Excursion from Niagara to Detroit in 1793, to be seen in print in the
+_Canadian Literary Magazine_ of May, 1834; an expedition undertaken, as
+the document itself sets forth, by the Lieut.-Governor, accompanied by
+Captain Fitzgerald, Lieutenant Smith of the 5th Regiment, and
+Lieutenants Talbot, Grey and Givins, and Major Littlehales, starting
+from Niagara on the 4th of February, arriving at Detroit on the 18th, by
+a route which was 270 miles in length. The return began on the 23rd, and
+was completed on the 10th of the following month.
+
+It was in this expedition that the site of London, on the Thames, was
+first examined, and judged to be "a situation eminently calculated for
+the metropolis of all Canada." "Among other essentials," says Major
+Littlehales, "it possesses the following advantages: command of
+territory--internal situation--central position, facility of water
+communication up and down the Thames into Lakes St. Clair, Erie, Huron,
+and Superior,--navigable for boats to near its source, and for small
+craft probably to the Moravian settlement,--to the southward by a
+small portage to the waters flowing into Lake Huron--to the south-east
+by a carrying-place into Lake Ontario and the River St. Lawrence; the
+soil luxuriantly fertile,--the land rich and capable of being easily
+cleared, and soon put into a state of agriculture,--a pinery upon an
+adjacent high knoll, and other timber on the heights, well calculated
+for the erection of public buildings,--a climate not inferior to any
+part of Canada."
+
+The intention of the Governor, at one time, was that the future capital
+should be named Georgina, in compliment to George III. Had that
+intention been adhered to, posterity would have been saved some
+confusion. To this hour, the name of our Canadian London gives trouble
+in the post-office and elsewhere. Georgina was a name not inaptly
+conceived, suggested doubtless by the title "Augusta," borne by so many
+places of old, as, for example, by London itself, the Veritable, in
+honour of the Augustus, the Emperor of the day. We might perhaps have
+rather expected Georgiana, on the analogy of Aureliana (Orleans), from
+Aurelius, or Georgia, after Julia, a frequent local appellation from the
+imperial Julius.--Already, had Georgius, temp. Geo. II., yielded Georgia
+as the name of a province, and later, temp. Geo. III., the same royal
+name had been associated with the style and title of a new planet, the
+Georgium Sidus, suggested probably by the Julium Sidus of Horace. We
+presume, also, that the large subdivision of Lake Huron, known as the
+Georgian Bay, had for its name a like loyal origin. (The name Georgina,
+is preserved in that of a now flourishing township on Lake Simcoe.)
+
+An incident not recorded in Major Littlehales' Journal was the order of
+a grand parade (of ten men), and a formal discharge of musketry, issued
+in jocose mood by the Governor to Lieut. Givins; which was duly executed
+as a ceremony of inauguration for the new capital.
+
+The capture of a porcupine, however, somewhere near the site of the
+proposed metropolis is noted by the Major. In the narrative the name of
+Lieut. Givins comes up. "The young Indians who had chased a herd of deer
+in company with Lieut. Givins," he says, "returned unsuccessful, but
+brought with them a large porcupine: which was very seasonable," he
+remarks, "as our provisions were nearly exhausted. This animal," he
+observes, "afforded us a good repast, and tasted like a pig." The
+Newfoundland dog, he adds, attempted to bite the porcupine, but soon got
+his mouth filled with the barbed quills, which gave him exquisite pain.
+An Indian undertook to extract them, he then says, and with much
+perseverance plucked them out, one by one, and carefully applied a root
+or decoction, which speedily healed the wound.
+
+From Major Littlehales' Journal it appears that it was the practice of
+the party to wind up each day's proceedings by singing "God save the
+King." Thus on the 28th Feb., before arriving at the site of London, we
+have it recorded: "At six we stopped at an old Mississagua hut, upon the
+south side of the Thames. After taking some refreshment of salt pork and
+venison, well-cooked by Lieutenant Smith, who superintended that
+department, we, as usual, sang God save the King, and went to rest."
+
+The Duke de Liancourt, in his _Travels in North America_, speaks of
+Major Littlehales in the following pleasant terms: "Before I close the
+article of Niagara," he says, "I must make particular mention of the
+civility shewn us by Major Littlehales, adjutant and first secretary to
+the Governor, a well-bred, mild and amiable man, who has the charge of
+the whole correspondence of government, and acquits himself with
+peculiar ability and application. Major Littlehales," the Duke says,
+"appeared to possess the confidence of the country. This is not
+unfrequently the case with men in place and power; but his worth,
+politeness, prudence, and judgment, give this officer peculiar claims to
+the confidence and respect which he universally enjoys."
+
+In the _Oracle_ of Feb. 24, 1798, a report of the death of this officer
+is contradicted. "We have the pleasure of declaring the account received
+in December last of the death of Col. Littlehales premature. Letters
+have been recently received from him dated in England." He had probably
+returned home with Gen. Simcoe. In the same paper a flying rumour is
+noticed, to the effect "that His Excellency Governor Simcoe is appointed
+Governor General of the Canadas."
+
+Major Littlehales afterwards attained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel,
+and was created a baronet in 1802. In 1801 he was appointed
+under-Secretary for Ireland; and he held this office for nineteen years.
+
+Major Littlehales' park-lot became subsequently the property of Capt.
+John Denison, and from him descended to his heir Col. George Taylor
+Denison, from whom the street now passing from south to north has its
+name, Denison Avenue. This thoroughfare was, in the first instance, the
+drive up to the homestead of the estate, Bellevue, a large white
+cheery-looking abode, lying far back but pleasantly visible from Lot
+Street through a long vista of overhanging trees.--From the old Bellevue
+have spread populous colonies at Dovercourt, Rusholme and elsewhere,
+marked, like their progenitor, with vigour of character, and evincing in
+a succession of instances strong aptitude for military affairs. Col.
+Denison's grandson, G. T. Denison _tertius_, is the author of a work on
+"Modern Cavalry, its Organisation, Armament and Employment in War,"
+which has taken a recognized place in English strategetical literature.
+
+In accordance with an early Canadian practice, Capt. John Dennison set
+apart on his property a plot of ground as a receptacle for the mortal
+remains of himself and his descendants. He selected for this purpose a
+picturesque spot on land possessed by him on the Humber river, entailing
+at the same time the surrounding estate. In 1853,--although at that date
+an Act of Parliament had cancelled entails,--his heir, Col. G. T.
+Denison, _primus_, perpetually connected the land referred to, together
+with the burial plot, with his family and descendants, by converting it
+into an endowment for an ecclesiastical living, to be always in the gift
+of the legal representative of his name. This is the projected rectory
+of St. John's on the Humber. In 1857, a son of Col. Denison's, Robert
+Britton Denison, erected at his own cost, in immediate proximity to the
+old Bellevue homestead, the church of St. Stephen, and took steps to
+make it in perpetuity a recognized ecclesiastical benefice.
+
+The boundary of Major Littlehales' lot westward was near what is now
+Bathurst Street. In front of this lot, on the south side of Lot street,
+and stretching far to the west, was the Government Common, of which we
+have previously spoken, on which was traced out, at first ideally, and
+at length in reality, the arc of a circle of 1,000 yards radius, having
+the Garrison as its centre. Southward of the concave side of this arc no
+buildings were for a long time permitted to be erected. This gave rise
+to a curiously-shaped enclosure, northward of St. Andrew's Market-house,
+wide towards the east, but vanishing off to nothing on the west, at the
+point where Lot Street formed a tangent with the military circle.
+
+Of Portland Street and Bathurst Street we have already spoken in our
+survey of Front Street. Immediately opposite Portland Street was the
+abode, at the latter period of his life, of Dr. Lee, to whom we have
+referred in our accounts of Front and George Streets. Glancing northward
+as we pass Bathurst Street, which, by the way, north of Lot Street, was
+long known as Crookshank's Lane, we are reminded again of Mr. Murchison,
+whom we have likewise briefly commemorated elsewhere. The substantial
+abode to which he retired after acquiring a good competency, and where
+in 1870 he died, is to be seen on the east side of Bathurst Street.
+
+The names which appear in the early plans of York and its suburbs, as
+the first possessors of the park lots westward of Major Littlehales',
+are, in order of succession, respectively, Col. David Shank, Capt.
+Macdonell, Capt. S. Smith, Capt. AE. Shaw, Capt. Bouchette. We then
+arrive at the line of the present Dundas road, where it passes at right
+angles north from the line of Queen Street. This thoroughfare is not
+laid down in the plans. Then follow the names of David Burns, William
+Chewitt and Alexander MacNab (conjointly), Thomas Ridout and William
+Allan (conjointly), and Angus Macdonell. We then reach a road duly
+marked, leading straight down to the French Fort, Fort Rouille, commonly
+known as Fort Toronto. Across this road westward, only one lot is laid
+off, and on it is the name of Benjamin Hallowell.
+
+Most of the names first enumerated are very familiar to those whose
+recollections embrace the period to which our attention is now being
+directed. Many of them have occurred again and again in these papers.
+
+In regard to Col. David Shank, the first occupant of the park lot
+westward of Major Littlehales', we must content ourselves with some
+brief "Collections." In the Simcoe correspondence, preserved at Ottawa,
+there is an interesting mention of him, associated, as it appropriately
+happens, with his neighbour-locatees to the east and west here on Lot
+Street. In a private letter to the "Secretary at War," Sir George Yonge,
+from Governor Simcoe, dated Jan. 17th, 1792, announcing his arrival at
+Montreal, _en route_ for his new Government, still far up "the most
+august of rivers," Capt. Shank is spoken of as being on his way to the
+same destination in command of a portion of the Queen's Rangers, in
+company with Capt. Smith.
+
+There is noted in the same document, it will be observed, a gallant
+achievement of Capt. Shaw's, who, the Governor reports, had just
+successfully marched with his division of the same regiment all the way
+from New Brunswick to Montreal, in the depth of winter, on snow-shoes.
+"It is with infinite pleasure," writes Governor Simcoe to Sir George
+Yonge, "that I received your letter of the 1st of April by Capt.
+Littlehales. On the 13th of June," he continues, "that officer overtook
+me on the St. Lawrence, as I was on my passage in batteaux up the most
+august of rivers. It has given me great satisfaction," the Governor
+says, "that the Queen's Rangers have arrived so early. Capt. Shaw, who
+crossed in the depth of winter on snow-shoes from New Brunswick, is now
+at Kingston with the troops of the two first ships; and Captains Shank
+and Smith, with the remainder, are, I trust, at no great distance from
+this place,--as the wind has served for the last 36 hours, and I hope
+with sufficient force to enable them to pass the Rapids of the
+Richelieu, where they have been detained some days." Governor Simcoe
+himself, as we learn from this correspondence, had landed at Quebec on
+the 11th of November preceding (1791), in the "Triton," Capt. Murray,
+"after a blustering passage."
+
+In addition to the lot immediately after Major Littlehales', Col. Shank
+also possessed another in this range, just beyond, viz., No. 21.
+
+The Capt. Macdonell, whose name appears on the lot that follows Col.
+Shank's first lot, was the aide-de-camp of Gen. Brock, who fell, with
+that General, at Queenston Heights. Capt. Macdonell's lot was afterwards
+the property of Mr. Crookshank, from whom what is now Bathurst Street
+North had, as we have remarked, for a time the name of Crookshank's
+Lane.
+
+Capt. S. Smith, whose name follows those of Capt. Macdonell and Col.
+Shank, was afterwards President Smith, of whom already. The park lot
+selected by him was subsequently the property of Mr. Duncan Cameron, a
+member of the Legislative Council, freshly remembered. At an early
+period, the whole was known by the graceful appellation of Gore Vale.
+Gore was in honour of the Governor of that name. Vale denoted the ravine
+which indented a portion of the lot through whose meadow-land meandered
+a pleasant little stream. The southern half of this lot now forms the
+site and grounds of the University of Trinity College. Its brooklet will
+hereafter be famous in scholastic song. It will be regarded as the
+Cephissus of a Canadian Academus, the Cherwell of an infant Christ
+Church. The elmy dale which gives such agreeable variety to the park of
+Trinity College, and which renders so charming the views from the
+Provost's Lodge, is irrigated by it. (The cupola and tower of the
+principal entrance to Trinity College will pleasantly, in however humble
+a degree, recall to the minds of Oxford-men, the Tom Gate of Christ
+Church.)--After the decease of Mr. Cameron, Gore Vale was long occupied
+by his excellent and benevolent sister, Miss Janet Cameron.
+
+On the steep mound which overhangs the Gore Vale brook, on its eastern
+side, just where it is crossed by Queen Street, was, at an early period,
+a Blockhouse commanding the western approach to York. On the old plans
+this military work is shown, as also a path leading to it across the
+Common from the Garrison, trodden often probably by the relief party of
+the guard that would be stationed there in anxious times.
+
+In the valley of this stream a little farther to the west, on the
+opposite side of Queen Street, was a Brewery of local repute: it was a
+long, low-lying dingy-looking building of hewn logs; on the side towards
+the street a railed gangway led from the road to a door in its upper
+storey. Conspicuous on the hill above the valley on the western side was
+the house, also of hewn logs, but cased over with clap-boards, of Mr.
+Farr, the proprietor of the brewery, a north-of-England man in aspect,
+as well as in staidness and shrewdness of character. His spare form and
+slightly crippled gait were everywhere familiarly recognized. Greatly
+respected, he was still surviving in 1872. His chief assistant in the
+old brewery bore the name of Bow-beer. (At Canterbury, we remember, many
+years ago, when the abbey of St. Augustine there, now a famous
+Missionary College, was a Brewery, on the beautiful turretted gateway,
+wherein were the coolers, the inscription "Beer, Brewer," was
+conspicuous; the name of the brewer in occupation of the grand monastic
+ruin being Beer, a common name, sometimes given as Bere; but which in
+reality is Bear.)
+
+The stream which is here crossed by Queen Street is the same that
+afterwards flows below the easternmost bastion of the Fort. A portion of
+the broken ground between Farr's and the Garrison was once designated by
+the local Government--so far as an order in Council has force--and
+permanently set apart, as a site for a Museum and Institute of Natural
+History and Philosophy, with Botanical and Zoological Gardens attached.
+The project, originated by Dr. Dunlop, Dr. Rees and Mr. Fothergill, and
+patronized by successive Lieutenant-Governors, was probably too bold in
+its conception, and too advanced to be justly appreciated and earnestly
+taken up by a sufficient number of the contemporary public forty years
+ago. It consequently fell to the ground. It is to be regretted that, at
+all events, the land, for which an order in Council stands recorded, was
+not secured in perpetuity as a source of revenue for the promotion of
+science. In the Canadian Institute we have the kind of Association which
+was designed by Drs. Dunlop and Rees and Mr. Fothergill, but minus the
+revenue which the ground-rent of two or three building lots in a
+flourishing city would conveniently supply.
+
+Capt. AEneas Shaw, the original locatee of the park-lot next westward of
+Colonel Shank's second lot, was afterwards well known in Upper Canada as
+Major General Shaw. Like so many of our early men of note he was a
+Scotchman; a Shaw of Tordorach in Strathnairn. Possessed of great vigour
+and decision, his adopted country availed itself of his services in a
+civil as well as a military capacity, making him a member of the
+legislative and executive councils. The name by which his house and
+estate at this point were known, was Oakhill. The primitive domicile
+still exists and in 1871 was still occupied by one of his many
+descendants, Capt. Alex. Shaw.--It was at Oakhill that the Duke of Kent
+was lodged during his visit to York in his second tour in Upper Canada.
+The Duke arrived at Halifax on the 12th of September, 1799, after a
+passage from England of forty-three days, "on board of the Arethusa."
+
+Of Col. Joseph Bouchette, whose name is read on the following allotment,
+we have had occasion already to speak. He was one of the many French
+Canadians of eminence who, in the early days, were distinguished for
+their chivalrous attachment to the cause and service of England. The
+successor of Col. Bouchette in the proprietorship of the park lot at
+which we have arrived, was Col. Givins.--He, as we have already seen,
+was one of the companions of Gov. Simcoe in the first exploration of
+Upper Canada. Before obtaining a commission in the army, he had been as
+a youth employed in the North-West, and had acquired a familiar
+acquaintance with the Otchibway and Huron dialects. This acquisition
+rendered his services of especial value to the Government in its
+dealings with the native tribes, among whom also the mettle and ardor
+and energy of his own natural character gave him a powerful influence.
+At the express desire of Governor Simcoe he studied and mastered the
+dialects of the Six Nations, as well as those of the Otchibways and
+their Mississaga allies.--We ourselves remember seeing a considerable
+body of Indian chiefs kept in order and good humour mainly through the
+tact exercised by Col. Givins. This was at a Council held in the garden
+at Government House some forty years since, and presided over by the
+then Lieutenant-Governor, Sir John Colborne.
+
+Col. Givins was Superintendent of Indian Affairs down to the year 1842.
+In 1828 his name was connected with an incident that locally made a
+noise for a time. A committee of the House of Assembly, desiring to have
+his evidence and that of Col. Coffin, Adjutant General of Militia, in
+relation to a trespass by one Forsyth on Government property at the
+Falls of Niagara, commanded their presence at a certain day and hour. On
+referring to Sir Peregrine Maitland, the Lieutenant-Governor at the
+time, and also Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, permission to obey the
+mandate of the House was refused. Col. Givins and Col. Coffin were then
+arrested by the Sergeant-at-arms, after forcible entry effected at their
+respective domiciles, and were kept confined in the common gaol until
+the close of the session.
+
+The following is Col. Coffin's letter to Major Hillier, private
+secretary to the Governor, on the occasion: "York, March 22nd, 1828.
+Sir,--I beg leave to request that you will state to the Lieutenant
+Governor that in obedience to the communication I received through you,
+that His Excellency could not give me permission to attend a Committee
+of the House of Assembly for the reason therein stated, that I did not
+attend the said Committee, and that in consequence thereof, I have been
+committed this evening to the common gaol of the Home District, by order
+of the House of Assembly. I have therefore to pray that His Excellency
+will be pleased to direct that I may have the advice and assistance of
+the Crown Officers, to enable me take such steps as I may be instructed
+on the occasion. I have the honour, &c., N. Coffin, Adjt. Gen. of
+Militia."
+
+No redress was to be had. The Executive Council reported in regard to
+this letter that upon mature consideration they could not advise that
+the Government should interfere to give any direction to the Crown
+Officers, as therein solicited. Sir Peregrine Maitland was removed from
+the Government in the same year. Sir George Murray, who in that year
+succeeded Mr. Huskisson as Colonial Secretary, severely censured him for
+the line of action adopted in relation to the Forsyth grievance.
+
+Colonels Givins and Coffin afterwards brought an action against the
+Speaker of the House for false imprisonment, but they did not recover:
+for the legality of the imprisonment, that is the right of the House to
+convict for what they had adjudged a contempt, was confirmed by the
+Court of King's Bench, by a solemn judgment rendered in another cause
+then pending, which involved the same question.
+
+Although its hundred-acre domain is being rapidly narrowed and
+circumscribed by the encroachments of modern improvement, the old family
+abode of Col. Givins still stands, wearing at this day a look of
+peculiar calm and tranquillity, screened from the outer world by a dark
+grove of second-growth pine, and overshadowed by a number of acacias of
+unusual height and girth.
+
+Governor Gore and his lady, Mrs. Arabella Gore, were constant visitors
+at Pine Grove, as this house was named; and here to this day is
+preserved a very fine portrait, in oil, of that Governor. It will
+satisfy the ideal likely to be fashioned in the mind by the current
+traditions of this particular ruler of Upper Canada. In contour of
+countenance and in costume he is plainly of the type of the English
+country squire of a former day. He looks good humoured and shrewd;
+sturdy and self-willed; and fond of good cheer.
+
+The cavalier style adopted by Gov. Gore towards the local parliament was
+one of the seeds of trouble at a later date in the history of Upper
+Canada. "He would dismiss the rascals at once." Such was his
+determination on their coming to a vote adverse to his notions; and,
+scarcely like a Cromwell, but rather like a Louis XIV., though still
+not, as in the case of that monarch, with a riding-whip in his hand, but
+nevertheless, in the undress of the moment, he proceeded to carry out
+his hasty resolve.
+
+The entry of the incident in the Journals of the House is as follows:
+"On Monday, 7th April, at 11 o'clock a.m., before the minutes of the
+former day were read, and without any previous notice, the Commons, to
+the great surprise of all the members, were summoned to the bar of the
+Legislative Council, when his Excellency having assented, in his
+Majesty's name, to several bills, and reserved for his Majesty's
+pleasure the Bank bill, and another, to enable creditors to sue joint
+debtors separately, put an end to the session by the following
+speech:--'Honourable Gentlemen of the Legislative Council, and Gentlemen
+of the House of Assembly,--The session of the provincial legislature
+having been protracted by an unusual interruption of business at its
+commencement, your longer absence from your respective avocations must
+be too great a sacrifice for the objects which remain to occupy your
+attention. I have therefore come to close the session and permit you to
+return to your homes. In accepting, in the name of his Majesty, the
+supply for defraying the deficiency of the funds which have hitherto
+served to meet the charges of the administration of justice and support
+of the civil government of this province, I have great satisfaction in
+acknowledging the readiness manifested to meet this exigence.'"
+
+Upper Canadian society was, indeed, in an infant state; but the growing
+intelligence of many of its constituents, especially in the non-official
+ranks, rendered it unwise in rulers to push the feudal or paternal
+theory of government too far. The names of the majority in the
+particular division of the Lower House which brought on the sudden
+prorogation just described are the following:--McDonell, McMartin,
+Cameron, Jones, Howard, Casey, Robinson, Nellis, Secord, Nichol,
+Burwell, McCormack, Cornwall. Of the minority: Van Koughnet, Crystler,
+Fraser, Cotter, McNab, Swayze, and Clench.
+
+Six weeks after, Governor Gore was on his way to England, not recalled,
+as it would seem, but purposing to give an account of himself in his own
+person. He never returned. He is understood to have had a powerful
+friend at Court in the person of the Marquis of Camden.
+
+One of the "districts" of Upper Canada was called after Governor Gore.
+It was set off, during his regime, from the Home and Niagara districts.
+But of late years county names have rendered the old district names
+unfamiliar. In 1837, "the men of Gore" was a phrase invested with
+stirring associations.
+
+The town of Belleville received its name from Gov. Gore. In early
+newspapers and other documents the word appears as Bellville, without
+the central _e_, which gives it now such a fine French look. And this,
+it is said, is the true orthography. "Bell," we are told, was the
+Governor's familiar abbreviation of his wife's name, Arabella: and the
+compound was suggested by the Governor jocosely, as a name for the new
+village: but it was set down in earnest, and has continued, the sound at
+least, to this day. This off-hand assignment of a local name may remind
+some persons that Flos, Tay and Tiny, which are names of three now
+populous townships in the Penetanguishene region, are a commemoration of
+three of Lady Sarah Maitland's lap-dogs. Changes of names in such cases
+as these are not unjustifiable.
+
+In fact, the Executive Council itself, at the period of which we are
+speaking, had occasionally found it proper to change local names which
+had been frivolously given. In the _Upper Canada Gazette_ of March 11th,
+1822, we have several such alterations. It would seem that some one
+having access to the map or plan of a newly surveyed region, had
+inscribed across the parallelograms betokening townships, a fragment of
+a well-known Latin sentence, "_jus et norma_," placing each separate
+word in a separate compartment. In this way Upper Canada had for a time
+a township of "Jus," and more wonderful still, a township of "Et." In
+the number of the _Gazette_ of the date given above these names are
+formally changed to Barrie and Palmerston respectively. In the same
+advertisement, "Norma," which might have passed, is made "Clarendon."
+
+Other impertinent appellations are also at the same time changed. The
+township of "Yea" is ordered to be hereafter the township of "Burleigh,"
+with a humorous allusion to the famous nod, probably. The township of
+"No" is to be the township of Grimsthorpe; and the township of "Aye,"
+the township of Anglesea.--The name "Et" may recall the street known as
+"Of" alley, on the south side of the Strand, in London, which "Of" is a
+portion of the name and title "George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham,"
+distributed severally among a cluster of streets in that locality.
+
+Gov. Gore was so fortunate as to be away from his Province during the
+whole of the war in 1812-13-14. He obtained leave of absence to visit
+England in 1811, and returned to his post in 1815, the Presidents, Isaac
+Brock, Roger Hale Sheaffe, and Gordon Drummond, Esquires, reigning in
+the interim.
+
+Under date of York U. C., Sept., 30, 1815, we read the following
+particulars in the _Gazette_ of the day:--"Arrived on Monday last the
+25th instant, His Excellency Francis Gore, Esq., Lieutenant-Governor of
+the Province of Upper Canada, to reassume the reins of government. His
+Excellency was received with a cordial welcome and the honours due to
+his rank; and was saluted by his M. S. Montreal, and Garrison."
+
+We are also informed that "On Wednesday the 27th instant, he was waited
+on by a deputation, and presented with the following address: To His
+Excellency, Francis Gore, Esq., Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of
+Upper Canada, &c., &c., &c. We, the Judges, Magistrates and principal
+Inhabitants of the Town of York, in approaching your Excellency to
+express our great satisfaction at beholding you once more among us, feel
+that we have still greater reason to congratulate ourselves on this
+happy event. Our experience of your past firm and liberal
+administration, by which the prosperity of the Province has been so
+essentially promoted, teaches us to anticipate the greater benefit from
+its resumption; and this pleasing anticipation is confirmed by our
+knowledge of that paternal solicitude which induced you while in England
+to bring, upon all proper occasions, the interests of the Colony under
+the favourable attention of His Majesty's Government; a solicitude which
+calls forth in our hearts the most grateful emotions. We rejoice that
+the blessings of peace are to be dispensed by one who is so well
+acquainted with the wants and feelings of the Colony; and we flatter
+ourselves that York, recovering from a state of war, (during which she
+has been twice in the power of the enemy), will not only forget her
+disasters, but rise to greater prosperity under your Excellency's
+auspicious administration. York, September 27th, 1815. Thos. Scott,
+C.J., W. Dummer Powell, John Strachan, D.D., John McGill, John Beikie,
+M.P., Grant Powell J.P., W. Chewett, J.P., J. G. Chewett, W. Lee, Sam.
+Smith, W. Claus, Benjamin Gale, D. Cameron, D. Boulton, jun., George
+Ridout, And. Mercer, Thomas Ridout, J.P., W. Jarvis, Sec. and Reg., S.
+Jarvis, J.P., John Small, J.P., W. Allan, J.P., J. Givins, E. MacMahon,
+J. Scarlett, S. Heward, Thos. Hamilton, C. Baynes, John Dennis, P. K.
+Hartney, Jno. Cameron, E. W. McBride, Jordan Post, jun., Levi Bigelow,
+John Hays, T. R. Johnson, Lardner Bostwick, John Burke, John Jordan, W.
+Smith, sen., W. Smith, jun., J. Cawthra, John Smith, Alex. Legge, Jordan
+Post, sen., Andrew O'Keefe, S. A. Lumsden, John Murchison, Thomas Deary,
+Ezek. Benson, A. NcNabb, Edward Wright, John Evans, W. Lawrence, Thos.
+Duggan, George Duggan, Benjamin Cozens, Philip Klinger, and Sheriff
+Ridout. To which His Excellency was pleased to make the following
+answer: Gentlemen: After so long an absence from this place it is
+particularly gratifying to find the same sentiments of cordiality to
+me, and of approbation of my conduct, which I experienced during my
+former residence in this Province. It is but doing me justice to say
+that, while in Europe, I paid every attention in my power to promote
+your prosperity; and such, you may be assured, shall be my future
+endeavour when residing amongst you; earnestly hoping that, under the
+fostering care of our Parent State, and under that security which Peace
+alone can bestow, this Colony will speedily become a valuable, though
+distant part of the British Empire. York, 27th September, 1815."
+
+On the 7th of the following month, it is announced that "His Royal
+Highness, the Prince Regent acting in the name and on the behalf of His
+Majesty, has been pleased to appoint Thomas Fraser, Esquire, of
+Prescott, Neil McLean, Esquire, of Cornwall, Thomas Clark, Esquire, of
+Queenston, and William Dickson, Esquire, of Niagara, to be members of
+the Legislative Council; Samuel Smith, Esquire, of Etobicoke, to be a
+member of the Executive Council, and Doctor John Strachan, to be an
+Honorary Member of the same Council."
+
+By one of the acts passed during the administration of Gov. Gore, the
+foundation was laid of a parliamentary library, to replace the one
+destroyed or dispersed during the occupation of York in 1813. In the
+session of 1816, the sum of L800 was voted for the purchase of books for
+the use of the Legislative Council and House of Assembly.
+
+The sum of L800 for such a purpose contrasts poorly, however, with the
+L3,000 recommended in the same session, to be granted to Gov. Gore
+himself, for the purchase of "Plate." The joint address of both Houses
+to the Prince Regent, on this subject, was couched in the following
+terms: "To his Royal Highness, George, Prince of Wales, Prince Regent of
+the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, &c., &c., &c.: May it
+please your Royal Highness: We, his Majesty's most dutiful and loyal
+subjects, the Legislative Council and House of Assembly of the Province
+of Upper Canada, in Provincial Parliament assembled, impressed with a
+lively sense of the firm, upright, and liberal administration of Francis
+Gore, Esq., Lieutenant-Governor of this Province, as well as of his
+unceasing attention to the individual and general interests of the
+Colony during his absence, have unanimously passed a bill to appropriate
+the sum of three thousand pounds, to enable him to purchase a service
+of plate, commemorative of our gratitude. Apprized that this spontaneous
+gift cannot receive the sanction of our beloved Sovereign in the
+ordinary mode, by the acceptance of the Lieutenant-Governor in his name
+and behalf; we, the Legislative Council and Assembly of the Province of
+Upper Canada, humbly beg leave to approach your Royal Highness with an
+earnest prayer that you will approve this demonstration of our
+gratitude, and graciously be pleased to sanction, in His Majesty's name,
+the grant of the Legislature, in behalf of the inhabitants of Upper
+Canada. Wm. Dummer Powell, Speaker, Legislative Council Chambers, 26th
+March, 1816. Allan Maclean, Speaker, Commons House of Assembly, 25th
+March, 1816."
+
+To which, as we are next informed, his Excellency replied: "Gentlemen: I
+shall transmit your address to His Majesty's Ministers, in order that
+their expression of your approbation of my past administration may be
+laid at the feet of His Royal Highness, the Prince Regent. Government
+House, York, 26th March, 1816." The Bill which suggested this allowance
+was popularly spoken of as the "Spoon-bill." The House that passed the
+measure was the same that, a few weeks later, was so abruptly dismissed.
+
+The name on the allotment following that occupied successively by Col.
+Bouchette and Col. Givins, is "David Burns." Mr. Burns, who had been a
+Navy surgeon, was the first Clerk of the Crown for Upper Canada, and one
+of the "Masters in Chancery." He died in 1806. In the _Gazette and
+Oracle_ of Saturday, Feb. 15th, in that year, we have verses to the
+memory of the late David Burns, Esq. We make the following extract,
+which is suggestive:--
+
+  "Say, power of Truth, so great, so unconfined,
+   And solve the doubt which so distracts my mind--
+   Why Strength to Weakness is so near allied?
+   Perhaps 'tis given to humble human pride.
+   At times perchance frail Nature held the sway,
+   Yet dimm'd not it the intellectual ray:
+   Reason and Truth triumphant held their course,
+   And list'ning hearers felt conviction's force:
+   No precept mangled, text misunderstood,
+   He thought and acted but for public good:
+   His reasoning pure, his mind all manly light,
+   Made day of that which else appear'd as night.
+   In him instruction aim'd at this great end--
+   Our fates to soften and our lives amend.
+   Yet he was man, and man's the child of woe:
+   Who seeks perfection, seeks not here below."
+
+From the paper of September, 1806, it appears that numerous books were
+missing out of the library of the deceased gentleman. His administrator,
+Alexander Burns, advertises: "The following books, with many others,
+being lent by the deceased, it is particularly entreated that they may
+be immediately returned:--Plutarch's Lives, 1st volume; Voltaire's
+Works, 11th do., in French, half-bound; Titi Livii, Latin, 1st do.;
+Guthrie's History of Scotland, 1st and 2nd do.; Rollin's Ancient
+History, 1st do.; Pope's Works, 5th do.; Swift's Works, 5th and 8th do.,
+half-bound; Moliere's, 6th do., French."
+
+Of Col. W. Chewett, whose name appears next, we have made mention more
+than once. His name, like that of his son, J. G. Chewett, is very
+familiar to those who have to examine the plans and charts connected
+with early Upper Canadian history. Both were long distinguished
+_attaches_ of the Surveyor-General's department. In 1802, Col. W.
+Chewett was Registrar of the Home District.
+
+Alexander Macnab, whose name occurs next in succession, was afterwards
+Capt. Macnab, who fell at Waterloo, the only instance, as is supposed,
+of a Canadian slain on that occasion. In 1868, his nephew, the Rev. Dr.
+Macnab, of Bowmanville, was presented by the Duke of Cambridge in person
+with the Waterloo medal due to the family of Capt. Macnab.
+
+Alexander Macnab was also the first patentee of the plot of ground
+whereon stands the house on Bay Street noted, in our account of the
+early press, as being the place of publication of the _Upper Canada
+Gazette_ at the time of the taking of York, and subsequently owned and
+occupied by Mr. Andrew Mercer up to the time of his decease in 1871.
+
+Of Messrs. Ridout and Allan, whose names are inscribed conjointly on the
+following park lot, we have already spoken; and Angus Macdonell, who
+took up the next lot, was the barrister who perished, along with the
+whole court, in the _Speedy_.
+
+The name that appears on the westernmost lot of the range along which we
+have been passing is that of Benjamin Hallowell. He was a near
+connection of Chief Justice Elmsley's, and father of the Admiral, Sir
+Benjamin Hallowell, K.C.B. We observe the notice of Mr. Hallowell's
+death in the _Gazette and Oracle_ of the day, in the following
+terms:--"Died, on Thursday last (March 28th, 1799), Benjamin Hallowell,
+Esq., in the 75th year of his age. The funeral will be on Tuesday next,
+and will proceed from the house of the Chief Justice to the Garrison
+Burying Ground at one o'clock precisely. The attendance of his friends
+is requested."
+
+Associated at a later period with the memories of this locality is the
+name of Col. Walter O'Hara.--In 1808 an immense enthusiasm sprang up in
+England in behalf of the Spaniards, who were beginning to rise in
+spirited style against the domination of Napoleon and his family. Walter
+Savage Landor, for one, the distinguished scholar, philosopher and poet,
+determined to assist them in person as a volunteer. In a letter to
+Southey, in August, 1808, he says: "At Brighton, I preached a crusade to
+two auditors: _i. e._, a crusade against the French in Spain:
+Inclination," he continues, "was not wanting, and in a few minutes
+everything was fixed." The two auditors, we are afterwards told, were
+both Irishmen, an O'Hara and a Fitzgerald. Landor did not himself remain
+long in Spain, although long enough to expend, out of his own resources,
+a very large sum of money; but his companions continued to do good
+service in the Peninsula, in a military capacity, to the close of the
+war.
+
+In a subsequent communication to Southey, Landor speaks of a letter just
+received from his friend O'Hara. "This morning," he says, "I had a
+letter from Portugal, from a sensible man and excellent officer, Walter
+O'Hara. The officers do not appear," he continues, "to entertain very
+sanguine hopes of success. We have lost a vast number of brave men, and
+the French have gained a vast number, and fight as well as under the
+republic."
+
+The Walter O'Hara whom we here have Landor speaking of as "a sensible
+man and excellent officer" is the Col. O'Hara at whose homestead, on a
+portion of the Hallowell park-lot, we have arrived, and whose name is
+one of our household words. Colonel O'Hara built on this spot in 1831,
+at which date the surrounding region was in a state of nature. The area
+cleared for the reception of the still existing spacious residence, with
+its lawn, garden and orchards, remained for a number of years an oasis
+in the midst of a grand forest. A brief memorandum which we are enabled
+to give from his own pen of the Peninsular portion of his military
+career, will be here in place, and will be deemed of interest.
+
+"I joined," he says, "the Peninsular army in the year 1811, having
+obtained leave of absence from my British Regiment quartered at
+Canterbury, for the purpose of volunteering into the Portuguese army,
+then commanded by Lord Beresford. I remained in that force until the end
+of the war, and witnessed all the varieties of service during that
+interesting period, during which time I was twice wounded, and once fell
+into the hands of a brave and generous enemy."
+
+From 1831 Col. O'Hara held the post of Adjutant-General in Upper Canada.
+His contemporaries will always think of him as a chivalrous,
+high-spirited, warm-hearted gentleman; and in our annals hereafter he
+will be named among the friends of Canadian progress, at a period when
+enlightened ideas in regard to government and social life, derived from
+a wide intercourse with man in large and ancient communities, were,
+amongst us, considerably misunderstood.
+
+After passing the long range of suburban properties on which we have
+been annotating, the continuation, in a right line westward, of Lot
+Street, used to be known as the Lake Shore Road. This Lake Shore Road,
+after passing the dugway, or steep descent to the sands that form the
+margin of the Lake, first skirted the graceful curve of Humber Bay, and
+then followed the irregular line of the shore all the way to the head of
+the Lake. It was a mere track, representing, doubtless, a trail trodden
+by the aborigines from time immemorial.
+
+So late as 1813 all that could be said of the region traversed by the
+Lake Shore Road was the following, which we read in the "Topographical
+Description of Upper Canada," issued in London in that year, under the
+authority of Governor Gore:--"Further to the westward (_i. e._ of the
+river Humber)," we are told, "the Etobicoke, the Credit, and two other
+rivers, with a great many smaller streams, join the main waters of the
+Lake; they all abound in fish, particularly salmon......the Credit is
+the most noted; here is a small house of entertainment for passengers.
+The tract between the Etobicoke and the head of the Lake," the
+Topographical Description then goes on to say, "is frequented only by
+wandering tribes of Mississaguas."
+
+"At the head of Lake Ontario," we are then told, "there is a smaller
+Lake, within a long beach, of about five miles, from whence there is an
+outlet to Lake Ontario, over which there is a bridge. At the south end
+of the beach," it is added, "is the King's Head, a good inn, erected for
+the accommodation of travellers, by order of his Excellency
+Major-General Simcoe, the Lieutenant-Governor. It is beautifully
+situated at a small portage which leads from the head of a natural canal
+connecting Burlington Bay with Lake Ontario, and is a good landmark.
+Burlington Bay," it is then rather boldly asserted, "is perhaps as
+beautiful and romantic a situation as any in interior America,
+particularly if we include with it a marshy lake which falls into it,
+and a noble promontory that divides them. This lake is called Coote's
+Paradise, and abounds with game." (Coote's Paradise had its name from
+Capt. Coote, of the 8th, a keen sportsman.)
+
+As to "the wandering tribes of Mississaguas," who in 1813 were still the
+only noticeable human beings west of the Etobicoke, they were in fact a
+portion of the great Otchibway nation. From time to time, previous and
+subsequent to 1813, and for pecuniary considerations of various amounts
+they surrendered to the local Government their nominal right over the
+regions which they still occupied in a scattered way. In 1792 they
+surrendered 3,000,000 acres, commencing four miles west of Mississagua
+point, at the mouth of the river Niagara for the sum of L1,180 7s. 4d.
+On the 8th of August, 1797, they surrendered 3,450 acres in Burlington
+Bay for the sum of L65 2s. 6d. On the 6th September, 1806, 85,000 acres,
+commencing on the east bank of the Etobicoke river, brought them L1,000
+5s. On the 28th of October, 1818, "the Mississagua tract Home District,"
+consisting of 648,000 acres, went for the respectable sum of L8,500. On
+the 8th of February, 1820, 2,000 acres, east of the Credit reserve,
+brought in L50.
+
+All circumstances at the respective dates considered, the values
+received for the tracts surrendered as thus duly enumerated may, by
+possibility, have been reasonable. Lord Carteret, it is stated, proposed
+to sell all New Jersey for L5,000, 150 years ago. But there remains one
+transfer from Mississaga to White ownership to be noticed, for which the
+equivalent, sometimes alleged to have been accepted, excites surprise.
+On the 1st of August, 1805, a Report of the Indian Department informs
+us, the "Toronto Purchase" was made, comprising 250,880 acres, and
+stretching eastward to the Scarboro' Heights; and the consideration
+accepted therefor was the sum of ten shillings. Two dollars for the site
+of Toronto and its suburbs, with an area extending eastward to Scarboro'
+heights. The explanation, however, is this, which we gather from a
+manuscript volume of certified copies of early Indian treaties,
+furnished by William L. Baby, Esq., of Sandwich. The Toronto purchase
+was really effected in 1787, by Sir John Johnson, at the Bay of Quinte
+Carrying-place; and "divers good and valuable considerations," not
+specified, were received by the Mississagas on the occasion. But the
+document testifying to the transfer was imperfect. The deed of August 1,
+1805, was simply confirmatory, and the sum named as the consideration
+was merely nominal.
+
+On the early map from which we have been taking the names of the first
+locatees of the range of park-lots extending along Queen Street from
+Parliament Street to Humber Bay, we observe the easternmost limit of the
+"Toronto Purchase" conspicuously marked by a curved line drawn
+northwards from the water's edge near the commencement of the spit of
+land which used to fence off Ashbridge's Bay and Toronto Harbour from
+the lake.
+
+In 1804, the Lake Shore Road stood in need of repairs, and in some
+places even of "opening" and "clearing out." In the _Gazette and Oracle_
+of Aug. 4th, in that year, we have an advertisement for "Proposals from
+any person or persons disposed to contract for the opening and repairing
+the Road and building Bridges between the Town of York and the Head of
+Burlington Bay." "Such proposals," the advertisement goes on to say,
+"must state what prices the Party desirous of undertaking the aforesaid
+work will engage to finish and complete the same, and must consist of
+the following particulars: At what price per mile such person will open
+and clear out such part of the road leading from Lot Street, adjoining
+the Town of York (beginning at Peter Street) to the mouth of the Humber,
+of the width of 33 feet, as shall not be found to stand in need of any
+causeway. With the price also per rod at which such party will engage to
+open, clear out, and causeway such other part of the same road as shall
+require to be causewayed, and the last-mentioned price to include as
+well the opening and clearing out, as the causewaying such Road. The
+causewaying to be 18 feet wide; as also the price at which any person
+will engage to build Bridges upon the said Road of the width of 18 feet.
+
+"And the same Commissioners will also receive proposals from any person
+or persons willing to engage to cut down three Hills at the following
+places viz:--One at the Sixteen Mile Creek, another between Sixteen and
+Twelve Mile Creek, and the third at the Twelve Mile Creek. And also for
+repairing, in a good and substantial manner, the Bridge at the outlet of
+Burlington Bay. All the before-mentioned work to be completed, in a good
+and substantial manner, on or before the last day of October next, and,
+when completed, the Money contracted to be given shall be paid by the
+Receiver General." This advertisement is issued by William Allan and
+Duncan Cameron, of York; James Ruggles and William Graham, of Yonge
+Street; and William Applegarth, of Flamboro' East, Commissioners for
+executing Statute passed in Session of present year.
+
+We now return to that point on Queen Street where, instead of continuing
+on westward by the Lake Shore Road, the traveller of a later era turned
+abruptly towards the north in order to pass into Dundas Street proper,
+the great highway projected, as we have observed, by the first organizer
+of Upper Canada and marked on the earliest manuscript maps of the
+Province, but not made practicable for human traffic until comparatively
+recent times.
+
+From an advertisement in the _Gazette and Oracle_ of August, 1806, we
+learn that Dundas Street was not, in that year, yet hewn out through the
+woods about the Credit. "Notice is hereby given," thus runs the
+advertisement referred to, "that the Commissioners of the Highways of
+the Home District will be ready on Saturday, the 23rd day of the present
+month of August, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, at the Government
+Buildings in the town of York, to receive proposals and to treat with
+any person or persons who will contend to open and make the road called
+Dundas Street, leading through the Indian Reserve on the River Credit;
+and also to erect a Bridge over the said River at or near where the said
+Road passes. Also to bridge and causeway (in aid to the Statute Labour)
+such other parts of such Road passing through the Home District, when
+such works are necessary, and for the performance of which the said
+Statute Labour is not sufficient. Thomas Ridout, Clerk of the Peace,
+Home District. York, 6th August, 1806."
+
+The early line of communication with the Head of the Lake was by the
+Lake Shore Road. The cross thoroughfare between the park lots of Mr.
+Bouchette or Col. Givins and Mr. David Burns, was opened up by Col. G.
+T. Denison, senior, with the assistance of some of the embodied militia.
+
+The work of opening the road here, as well as further on through the
+forest, was at first undertaken by a detachment of the regulars under
+the direction of an officer of the Royal Engineers. The plan adopted, we
+are told, was first to fell each tree by very laboriously severing it
+from its base close to the ground, and then to smooth off the upper
+surface of the root or stump with an adze. As this process was
+necessarily slow, and after all not likely to result in a permanently
+good road, the proposal of Colonel, then Lieutenant, Denison, to set his
+militia-men to eradicate the trees bodily, was accepted--an operation
+with which they were all more or less familiar on their farms and in
+their new clearings. A fine broad open track, ready, when the day for
+such further improvements should arrive, for the reception of plank or
+macadam, was soon constructed.
+
+Immediately at the turn northwards, out of the line of Lot Street, on
+the east side, was Sandford's Inn, a watering place for teams on their
+way into York, provided accordingly with a conspicuous pump and great
+trough, a long section of a huge pine-tree dug out like a canoe. Near
+by, a little to the east, was another notable inn, an early rival, as we
+suppose, of Sandford's: this was the Blue Bell. A sign to that effect,
+at the top of a strong and lofty pole in front of its door, swung to and
+fro within a frame.
+
+Just opposite, on the Garrison Common, there were for a long while low
+log buildings belonging to the Indian department. One of them contained
+a forge in charge of Mr. Higgins, armourer to the Department. Here the
+Indians could get, when necessary, their fishing-spears, axes, knives
+and tomahawks, and other implements of iron, sharpened and put in order.
+One of these buildings was afterwards used as a school for the
+surrounding neighbourhood.
+
+Immediately across from Sandford's, on the park lot originally occupied
+by Mr. Burns, was a house, shaded with great willow-trees, and
+surrounded by a flower-garden and lawn, the abode for many years of the
+venerable widow of Captain John Denison, who long survived her husband.
+Of her we have already once spoken in connection with Petersfield. She
+was, as we have intimated, a sterling old English gentlewoman of a type
+now vanishing, as we imagine. The house was afterwards long in the
+occupation of her son-in-law, Mr. John Fennings Taylor, a gentleman
+well-known to Canadian M.P.'s during a long series of years, having been
+attached as Chief Clerk and Master in Chancery first to the Legislative
+Council of United Canada and then to the Senate of the Dominion.
+
+To the right and left, as we passed north, was a wet swamp, filled with
+cedars of all shapes and sizes, and strewn plentifully with granitic
+boulders: a strip of land held in light esteem by the passers-by, in the
+early day, as seeming to be irreclaimable for agricultural purposes.
+
+But how admirably reclaimable in reality the acres hereabout were for
+the choicest human purposes, was afterwards seen, when, for example, the
+house and grounds known as Foxley Grove, came to be established. By the
+outlay of some money and the exercise of some discrimination, a portion
+of this same cedar swamp was rapidly converted into pleasure ground,
+with labyrinths of full-grown shrubbery ready-prepared by nature's hand.
+Mr. James Bealey Harrison, who thus transformed the wild into a garden
+and plaisaunce, will be long remembered for his skill and taste in the
+culture of flowers and esculents choice and rare: as well as for his
+eminence as a lawyer and jurist.
+
+He was a graduate of Cambridge; and before his emigration to Canada, had
+attained distinction at the English bar. He was the author of a work
+well known to the legal profession in Great Britain and here, entitled
+"An Analytical Digest of all the Reported Cases determined in the House
+of Lords, the several Courts of the Courts of the Common Law in Banc and
+Nisi Prius, and the Court of Bankruptcy, from Michaelmas Term, 1756, to
+Easter Term, 1843; including also the Crown Cases Referred: in Four
+Volumes." During the regime of Sir George Arthur, Mr. Harrison was
+Secretary of the Province and a member of the Executive Council; and at
+a later period he was Judge of the County and Surrogate Courts. The
+memory of Judge Harrison as an English Gentleman, genial, frank and
+straightforward, is cherished among his surviving contemporaries.
+
+On turning westward into Dundas Street proper, we were soon in the midst
+of a magnificent pine forest, which remained long undisturbed. The whole
+width of the allowance for road was here for a number of miles
+completely cleared. The highway thus well-defined was seen bordered on
+the right and left with a series of towering columns, the outermost
+ranges of an innumerable multitude of similar tall shafts set at various
+distances from each other, and circumscribing the view in an irregular
+manner on both sides, all helping to bear up aloft a matted awning of
+deep-green, through which, here and there, glimpses of azure could be
+caught, looking bright and cheery. The yellow pine predominated, a tree
+remarkable for the straightness and tallness of its stems, and for the
+height at which its branches begins.
+
+No fence on either hand intervened between the road and the forest; the
+rider at his pleasure, could rein his horse aside at any point and take
+a canter in amongst the columns, the underwood being very slight.
+Everywhere, at the proper season, the ground was sprinkled with wild
+flowers--with the wild lupin and the wild columbine; and everywhere, at
+all times, the air was more or less fragrant with resinous exhalations.
+
+In the heart of the forest, midway between York and the bridge over the
+Humber, was another famous resting place for teams--the Peacock
+Tavern--a perfect specimen of a respectable wayside hostelry of the
+olden time, with very spacious driving-houses and other appropriate
+outbuildings on an extensive scale.
+
+Not far from the Peacock a beaten track branched off westerly, which
+soon led the equestrian into the midst of beautiful oak woods, the trees
+constituting it of no great magnitude, but as is often the case on sandy
+plains, of a gnarled, contorted aspect, each presenting a good study for
+the sketcher. This track also conducted to the Humber, descending to the
+valley of that stream where its waters, now become shallow but rapid,
+passed over sheets of shale. Here the surroundings of the bridle-road
+and foot-path were likewise picturesque, exhibiting rock plentifully
+amidst and beneath the foliage and herbage.
+
+Here in the vale of the Humber stood a large Swiss-like structure of
+hewn logs, with two tiers of balcony on each of its sides. This was the
+house of Mr. John Scarlett. It was subsequently destroyed by fire. Near
+by were mills and factories also belonging to Mr. Scarlett. He was well
+connected in England; a man of enlightened views and fine personal
+presence. He loved horses and was much at home in the saddle. A shrewd
+observer when out among his fellow men, at his own fireside he was a
+diligent student of books.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XXIV.
+
+  YONGE STREET--FROM THE BAY TO YORKVILLE.
+
+
+The tourist of the present day, who, on one of our great lake-steamers,
+enters the harbour of Toronto, observes, as he is borne swiftly along,
+an interesting succession of street vistas, opening at intervals inland,
+each one of them somewhat resembling a scene on the stage. He obtains a
+glimpse for a moment of a thoroughfare gently ascending in a right line
+northward, with appropriate groups of men and vehicles, reduced prettily
+to lilliputian size by distance.
+
+Of all the openings thus transiently disclosed, the one towards which
+the boat at length shapes its course, with the clear intention of
+thereabout disburdening itself of its multifarious load, is quickly seen
+to be of preeminent importance. Thronged at the point where it descends
+to the water's edge with steamers and other craft, great and small,
+lined on the right and left up to the far vanishing-point with handsome
+buildings, its pavements and central roadway everywhere astir with life,
+its appearance is agreeably exciting and even impressive. It looks to
+be, what in fact it is, the outlet of a great highway leading into the
+interior of a busy, populous country. The railway station seen on the
+right, heaving up its huge semicircular metal back above the subjacent
+buildings, and flanking the very sidewalk with its fine front and lofty
+ever-open portals, might be imagined a porter's lodge proportioned to
+the dignity of the avenue whose entrance it seems planted there to
+guard.
+
+We propose to pass, as rapidly as we may, up the remarkable street at
+the foot of which our tourist steps ashore. It will not be a part of our
+plan to enlarge on its condition as we see it at the present time,
+except here and there as in contrast with some circumstance of the past.
+We intend simply to take note, as we ramble on, of such recollections as
+may spring up at particular points, suggested by objects or localities
+encountered, and to recall at least the names, if not in every instance,
+characteristic traits and words and acts, of some of the worthies of a
+byegone generation, to whose toil and endurance the present occupants of
+the region which we shall traverse are so profoundly indebted.
+
+Where Yonge Street opened on the harbour, the observer some forty years
+ago would only have seen, on the east side, the garden, orchard and
+pleasure grounds of Chief Justice Scott, with his residence situated
+therein, afterwards the abode of Mr. Justice Sherwood; and on the west
+side the garden, orchard, pleasure-grounds and house of Mr. Justice
+Macaulay, afterwards Chief Justice Sir James Macaulay, and the
+approaches to these premises were, in both cases, not from Yonge Street
+but from Front Street, or from Market Street in the rear.
+
+The principal landing place for the town was for a series of years, as
+we have elsewhere stated, at the southern extremity of Church Street:
+and then previously, for another series of years, further to the east,
+at the southern extremity of Frederick Street. The country and local
+traffic found its way to these points, not by Yonge Street, south of
+King Street, but by other routes which have been already specified and
+described.
+
+Teams and solitary horses, led or ridden, seen passing into Yonge
+Street, south of King Street, either out of King Street or out of Front
+Street, would most likely be on their way to the forge of old Mr. Philip
+Klinger, a German, whose name we used to think had in it a kind of anvil
+ring. His smithy, on the east side, just south of Market Street, now
+Wellington Street, was almost the only attraction and occasion of resort
+to Yonge Street, south of King Street. His successor here was Mr. Calvin
+Davis, whose name became as familiar a sound to the ears of the early
+townsfolk of York as Mr. Klinger's had been.
+
+It seems in the retrospect but a very short time since Yonge Street
+south of King Street, now so solidly and even splendidly built up, was
+an obscure allowance for road, visited seldom by any one, and for a long
+while particularly difficult to traverse during and just after the rainy
+seasons.
+
+Few persons in the olden time at which we are glancing ever dreamed
+that the intersection of Yonge Street and King Street was to be the
+heart of the town. Yet here in one generation we have the Carfax of
+Toronto, as some of our forefathers would have called it--the
+Quatrevoies or Grand Four-cross-way, where the golden milestone might be
+planted whence to measure distances in each direction.
+
+What are the local mutations that are to follow? Will the needs of the
+population and the exigencies of business ever make of the intersection
+of Brock Street and Queen Street what the intersection of Yonge and King
+Streets is now?
+
+In the meantime, those who recall the very commonplace look which this
+particular spot, viz.: the intersection of King Street and Yonge Street,
+long wore, when as yet only recently reclaimed from nature, cannot but
+experience a degree of mental amazement whenever now they pause for a
+moment on one of the crossings and look around.
+
+A more perfect and well-proportioned rectangular meeting of four great
+streets is seldom to be seen. Take the view at this point, north, south,
+west, or east, almost at any hour and at any season of the year, and it
+is striking.
+
+It is striking in the freshness and coolness and comparative quiet of
+early morning, when few are astir.
+
+It is striking in the brightness and glow of noon, when the sons and
+daughters of honest toil are trooping in haste to their mid-day meal.
+
+A few hours later, again, it is striking when the phaetons,
+pony-carriages, and fancy equipages generally, are out, and loungers of
+each sex are leisurely promenading, or here and there placidly engaged
+in the inspection and occasional selection of "personal requisites,"--of
+some one or other of the variegated tissues or artificial adjuncts
+demanded by the modes of the period,--while the westering sun is now
+flooding the principal thoroughfare with a misty splendour, and on the
+walls, along on either side, weird shadows slanting and elongated, are
+being cast.
+
+Then, later still, the views here are by no means ordinary ones, when
+the vehicles have for the most part withdrawn, and the passengers are
+once more few in number, and the lamps are lighted, and the gas is
+flaming in the windows.
+
+Even in the closed up sedate aspect of all places of business on a
+Sunday or public holiday, statutable or otherwise, these four streets,
+by some happy charm, are fair to see and cheery. But when drest for a
+festive gala occasion, when gay with banners and festoons, in honour of
+a royal birthday, a royal marriage, the visit of a prince, the
+announcement of a victory, they shew to special advantage.
+
+So, also, they furnish no inharmonious framework or setting, when
+processions and bands of music are going by, or bodies of military,
+horse or foot, or pageants such as those that in modern times accompany
+a great menagerie in its progress through the country--elephants in
+oriental trappings, teams of camels clad in similar guise, cavaliers in
+glittering mediaeval armour, gorgeous cars and vans.
+
+And again, in winter, peculiarly fine pictures, characteristic of the
+season, are presented here when, after a plentiful fall of snow, the
+sleighs are on the move without number and in infinite variety; or when,
+on the contrary, each long white vista, east, west, north, and south,
+glistening, perhaps, under a clear December moon, is a scene almost
+wholly of still life--scarcely a man or beast abroad, so keen is the
+motionless air, the mercury having shrunk down some way below the
+zero-line of Fahrenheit.
+
+But we must proceed. From the Lake to the Landing is a long journey.
+
+In the course of our perambulations we have already noticed some
+instances in the town of long persistency in one place of business or
+residence. Such evidences of staidness and substantiality are common
+enough in the old world, but are of necessity somewhat rare amid the
+chances, changes, and exchanges of young communities on this continent.
+An additional instance we have to note here, at the intersection of King
+Street and Yonge Street. At its north-east angle, where, as in a former
+section we have observed, stood the sole building in this quarter, the
+house of Mr. John Dennis, for forty years at least has been seen with
+little alteration of external aspect, the Birmingham, Sheffield and
+Wolverhampton warehouse of the brothers Mr. Joseph Ridout and Mr.
+Percival Ridout. A little way to the north, too, on the east side, the
+name of Piper has been for an equal length of time associated
+uninterruptedly with a particular business; but here, though outward
+appearances have remained to some extent the same, death has wrought
+changes.
+
+Near by, also, we see foundries still in operation where Messrs. W. B.
+Sheldon, F. R. Dutcher, W. A. Dutcher, Samuel Andrus, J. Vannorman and
+B. Vannorman, names familiar to all old inhabitants, were among the
+foremost in that kind of useful enterprise in York. Their advertisement,
+as showing the condition of one branch of the iron manufacture in York
+in 1832, will be of interest. Some of the articles enumerated have
+become old-fashioned. "They respectfully inform their friends and the
+public that they have lately made large additions to their
+establishments. They have enlarged their Furnace so as to enable them to
+make Castings of any size or weight used in this province, and erected
+Lathes for turning and finishing the same. They have also erected a
+Steam Engine of ten horse power, of their own manufacture, for
+propelling their machinery, which is now in complete operation, and they
+are prepared to build Steam Engines of any size, either high or low
+pressure. Having a number of experienced engineers employed, whose
+capability cannot be doubted, they hope to share the patronage of a
+generous public. They always keep constantly on hand and for sale,
+either by wholesale or retail, Bark Mills, Cooking, Franklin, Plate and
+Box Stoves, also, a general assortment of Hollow Ware, consisting of
+Kettles, from one to one hundred and twenty gallons; Bake-Ovens,
+Bake-Basins, Belly-Pots, High Pans, Tea Kettles, Wash-Kettles, Portable
+Furnaces, &c. Also are constantly manufacturing Mill-Gearing of all
+kinds; Sleigh Shoes, 50, 56, 30, 28, 15, 14, and 7 pound Weights, Clock
+and Sash Weights, Cranes, Andirons, Cart and Waggon Boxes, Clothiers'
+Plates, Plough Castings, and Ploughs of all kinds."
+
+In 1832 Mr. Charles Perry was also the proprietor of foundries in York,
+and we have him advertising in the local paper that "he is about adding
+to his establishment the manufacture of Printing Presses, and that he
+will be able in a few weeks to produce Iron Printing Presses combining
+the latest improvements."
+
+We move on now towards Newgate Street, first noticing that nearly
+opposite to the Messrs. Sheldon and Dutcher's foundry were the spirit
+vaults of Mr. Michael Kane, father of Paul Kane, the artist of whom we
+have spoken previously. At the corner of Newgate Street or Adelaide
+Street, on the left, and stretching along the southern side of that
+Street, the famous tannery-yard of Mr. Jesse Ketchum was to be seen,
+with high stacks of hemlock-bark piled up on the Yonge Street side. On
+the North side of Newgate Street, at the angle opposite, was his
+residence, a large white building in the American style, with a square
+turret, bearing a railing, rising out of the ridge of the roof. Before
+pavements of any kind were introduced in York, the sidewalks hereabout
+were rendered clean and comfortable by a thick coating of tan-bark.
+
+Mr. Ketchum emigrated hither from Buffalo at an early period. In the
+_Gazette_ of June 11, 1803, we have the death of his father mentioned.
+"On Wednesday last (8th June), departed this life, Mr. Joseph Ketchum,
+aged 85. His remains," it is added, "were interred the following day."
+In 1806 we find Jesse Ketchum named at the annual "town meeting," one of
+the overseers of highways and fence viewers. His section was from "No. 1
+to half the Big Creek Bridge (Hogg's Hollow) on Yonge Street." Mr.
+William Marsh, jun., then took up the oversight from half the Big Creek
+Bridge to No. 17. In the first instance Mr. Ketchum came over to look
+after the affairs of an elder brother, deceased, who had settled here
+and founded the tannery works. He then continued to be a householder of
+York until about 1845, when he returned to Buffalo, his original home,
+where he still retained valuable possessions. He was familiarly known in
+Buffalo in later years as "Father Ketchum," and was distinguished for
+the lively practical interest which he took in schools for the young,
+and for the largeness of his annual contributions to such institutions.
+Two brothers, Henry and Zebulun, were also early inhabitants of Buffalo.
+
+Mr. Ketchum's York property extended to Lot Street. Hospital Street
+(Richmond Street) passed through it, and he himself projected and opened
+Temperance Street. To the facility with which he supplied building sites
+for moral and religious uses it is due that at this day the
+quadrilateral between Queen Street and Adelaide Street, Yonge Street and
+Bay Street, is a sort of miniature Mount Athos, a district curiously
+crowded with places of worship. He gave in Yorkville also sites for a
+school-house and Temperance Hall, and, besides, two acres for a
+Children's Park. The Bible and Tract Society likewise obtained its House
+on Yonge Street on easy terms from Mr. Ketchum, on the condition that
+the Society should annually distribute in the Public Schools the amount
+of the ground rent in the form of books--a condition that continues to
+be punctually fulfilled. The ground-rent of an adjoining tenement was
+also secured to the Society by Mr. Ketchum, to be distributed in Sunday
+Schools in a similar way. Thus by his generous gifts and arrangements in
+Buffalo, and in our own town and neighbourhood, his name has become
+permanently enrolled in the list of public benefactors in two cities.
+Among the subscriptions to a "Common School" in York in 1820, a novelty
+at the period, we observe his name down for one hundred dollars.
+Subscriptions for that amount to any object were not frequent in York in
+1820. (Among the contributors to the same school we observe Jordan
+Post's name down for L17 6s. 3d.; Philip Klinger's for L2 10s.; Lardner
+Bostwick's for L2 10s.)
+
+Mr. Ketchum died in Buffalo in 1867. He was a man of quiet, shrewd,
+homely appearance and manners, and of the average stature. His brother
+Seneca was also a character well known in these parts for his natural
+benevolence, and likewise for his desire to offer counsel to the young
+on every occasion. We have a distinct recollection of being, along with
+several young friends, the objects of a well intended didactic lecture
+from Seneca Ketchum, who, as we were amusing ourselves on the ice,
+approached us on horseback.
+
+It seems singular to us, in the present day, that those who laid out the
+region called the "New Town," that is, the land westward of the original
+town plot of York, did not apparently expect the great northern road
+known as Yonge Street ever to extend directly to the water's edge. In
+the plans of 1800, Yonge Street stops short at Lot Street, _i. e._,
+Queen Street. A range of lots blocks the way immediately to the south.
+The traffic from the north was expected to pass down into the town by a
+thoroughfare called Toronto Street, three chains and seven links to the
+east of the line of Yonge Street. Mr. Ketchum's lot, and all the similar
+lots southward, were bounded on the east by this street.
+
+The advisability of pushing Yonge Street through to its natural terminus
+must have early struck the owners of the properties that formed the
+obstruction. We accordingly find Yonge Street in due time "produced" to
+the Bay. Toronto Street was then shut up and the proprietors of the land
+through which the northern road now ran received in exchange for the
+space usurped, proportionate pieces of the old Toronto Street. In 1818,
+deeds for these fragments, executed in conformity with the ninth section
+of an Act of the local Parliament, passed in the fiftieth year of George
+III., were given to Jesse Ketchum, William Bowkett, mariner, son of
+William Bowkett, and others, by the surveyors of highways, James Miles
+for the Home District, and William Richardson Caldwell for the County of
+York, respectively.
+
+The street which supplied the passage-way southward previously afforded
+by Toronto Street, and which now formed the easterly boundary of the
+easterly portions of the lots cut in two by Yonge Street, was, as we
+have had occasion already to state in another place, called Upper George
+Street, and afterwards Victoria Street.
+
+(The line of the now-vanished Toronto Street is, for purposes of
+reference, marked with fine lines on the map of Toronto by the Messrs.
+H. J. and J. O. Browne.)
+
+What the condition of some of the lots to which we have been just
+referring was in 1801, we gather from a surveyor's report of that date,
+which we have already quoted (p. 64), in another connection. We are now
+enabled to add the exact terms of the order issued to the surveyor, Mr.
+Stegman, on the occasion: "Surveyor General's Office, 19th Dec., 1800
+Mr. John Stegman: Sir,--All persons claiming to hold land in the town of
+York, having been required to cut and burn all the brush and underwood
+on the said lots, and to fall all the trees which are standing thereon,
+you will be pleased to report to me, without delay, the number of the
+particular lots on which it has not been done. D. W. Smith, Acting
+Surveyor General."
+
+The continuation of the great northern highway in a continuous right
+line to the Bay, from its point of issue on Lot Street, _i. e._, Queen
+Street, was the circumstance that eventually created for Yonge Street,
+regarded as a street in the usual sense, the peculiar renown which it
+popularly has for extraordinary length. A story is told of a tourist,
+newly arrived at York, wishing to utilize a stroll before breakfast, by
+making out as he went along the whereabouts of a gentleman to whom he
+had a letter. Passing down the hall of his hotel, he asks in a casual
+way of the book-keeper--"Can you tell me where Mr. So-and-so lives?
+(leisurely producing the note from his breast-pocket wallet). It is
+somewhere along Yonge Street here in your town." "Oh yes," was the
+reply, when the address had been glanced at--"Mr. So-and-so lives on
+Yonge Street, about twenty-five miles up!" We have heard also of a
+serious demur on the part of a Quebec naval and military inspector, at
+two agents for purchases being stationed on one street at York. However
+surprised, he was nevertheless satisfied when he learned that their
+posts were thirty miles apart.
+
+Let us now direct our attention to Yonge Street north of Queen Street.
+
+For some years previous to the opening of Yonge Street from Lot Street
+to the Bay, the portion of the great highway to the north, between Lot
+Street and the road which is now the southern boundary of Yorkville, was
+in an almost impracticable condition. The route was recognized, but no
+grading or causewaying had been done on it. In the popular mind, indeed,
+practically, the point where Yonge Street began as a travelled road to
+the north, was at Yorkville, as we should now speak.
+
+The track followed by the farmers coming into town from the north veered
+off at Yorkville to the eastward, and passed down in a hap-hazard kind
+of way over the sandy pineland in that direction, and finally entered
+the town by the route later known as Parliament Street.
+
+In 1800 the expediency was seen of making the direct northern approach
+to York more available. In the _Gazette_ of Dec. 20th, 1800, we have an
+account of a public meeting held on the subject. It will be observed
+that Yonge Street, between Queen Street and Yorkville, as moderns would
+phrase it, is spoken of therein, for the moment, not as Yonge Street,
+but as "the road to Yonge Street." "On Thursday last, about noon," the
+_Gazette_ reports, "a number of the principal inhabitants of this town
+met together in one of the Government Buildings, to consider the best
+means of opening the road to Yonge Street, and enabling the farmers
+there to bring their provisions to market with more ease than is
+practicable at present." The account then proceeds: "The Hon.
+Chief-Justice Elmsley was called to the chair. He briefly stated the
+purpose of the meeting, and added that a subscription-list had been
+lately opened by which something more than two hundred dollars in money
+and labour had been promised, and that other sums were to be expected
+from several respectable inhabitants who were well-wishers to the
+undertaking, but had not as yet contributed towards it. These sums, he
+feared, however, would not be equal to the purpose, which hardly could
+be accomplished for less than between five and six hundred dollars. Many
+of the subscribers were desirous that what was already subscribed should
+be immediately applied as far as it would go, and that other resources
+should be looked for."
+
+A paper was produced and read containing a proposal from Mr. Eliphalet
+Hale to open and make the road, or so much of it as might be required,
+at the rate of twelve dollars per acre for clearing it where no
+causeway was wanted, four rods wide, and cutting the stumps in the two
+middle rods close to the ground; and seven shillings and sixpence,
+provincial currency, per rod, for making a causeway eighteen feet wide
+where a causeway might be wanted. Mr. Hale undertook to find security
+for the due performance of the work by the first of February following
+(1801). The subscribers present were unanimously of opinion that the
+subscription should be immediately applied as far as it would go. Mr.
+Hale's proposition was accepted, and a committee consisting of Mr.
+Secretary Jarvis, Mr. William Allan, and Mr. James Playter, was
+appointed to superintend the carrying of it into execution. Additional
+subscriptions would be received by Messrs. Allan and Wood.
+
+At the same meeting a curious project was mooted, and a resolution in
+its favour adopted, for the permanent shutting up of a portion of Lot
+Street, and selling the land, the proceeds to be applied to the
+improvement of Yonge Street. There was no need of that portion of Lot
+Street, it was argued, there being already convenient access to the town
+in that direction by a way a few yards to the south. We gather from this
+that Hospital Street (Richmond Street) was the usual beaten track into
+the town from the west.
+
+"It had been suggested," says the report of the meeting, "that
+considerable aid might be obtained by shutting up the street which now
+forms the northern boundary of the town between Toronto Street and the
+Common, and disposing of the land occupied by it. This street, it was
+conceived, was altogether superfluous," the report continues, "as
+another street equally convenient in every respect runs parallel to it
+at the distance of about ten rods; but it could not be shut up and
+disposed of by any authority less than that of the Legislature." A
+petition to the Legislature embodying the above ideas was to lie for
+signature at Mr. McDougall's Hotel.
+
+The proposed document may have been duly presented, but the Legislature
+certainly never closed up Lot Street. Owners of park lots westward of
+Yonge Street may have had their objections. The change suggested would
+have compelled them to buy not only the land occupied by Lot Street, but
+also the land immediately to the south of their respective lots;
+otherwise they would have had no frontage in that direction.
+
+In the _Gazette_ of March 14, 1801, we have a further account of the
+improvement on Yonge Street. We are informed that "at a meeting of the
+subscribers to the opening of Yonge Street held at the Government
+Buildings on Monday last, the 9th instant, pursuant to public notice,
+William Jarvis, Esq., in the chair, the following gentlemen were
+appointed as a committee to oversee and inspect the work, one member of
+which to attend in person daily by rotation: James Macaulay, Esq., M.D.,
+William Weekes, Esq., A. Wood, Esq., William Allan, Esq., Mr. John
+Cameron, Mr. Simon McNab. After the meeting," we are then told, "the
+committee went in a body, accompanied by the Hon. J. Elmsley, to view
+that part of the street which Mr. Hale, the undertaker, had in part
+opened. After ascertaining the alterations and improvements necessary to
+be made, and providing for the immediate building of a bridge over the
+creek between the second and third mile-posts, the Committee adjourned."
+All this is signed "S. McNab, Secretary to the Committee. York, 9th
+March, 1801."
+
+A list of subscribers then follows, with the sums given. Hon. J.
+Elmsley, 80 dollars; Hon. Peter Russell, 20; Hon. J. McGill, 16; Hon. D.
+W. Smith, 10; John Small, Esq., 20; R. J. D. Gray, Esq., 20; William
+Jarvis, Esq., 10; William Willcocks, Esq., 15; D. Burns, Esq., 20; Wm.
+Weekes, Esq., 15; James Macaulay, Esq., 20; Alexander Macdonell, Esq.,
+the work of one yoke of oxen for four days; Alexander Wood, Esq., 10;
+Mr. John Cameron, 15; Mr. D. Cameron, 10; Mr. Jacob Herchmer, 5; Mr.
+Simon McNab, 5; Mr. P. Mealy, 5; Mr. Elisha Beaman, 10; Thomas Ridout,
+Esq., 4; Mr. T. G. Simons, 4; Mr. W. Waters, 5; Mr. Robert Young, 10;
+Mr. Daniel Tiers, 5; Mr. John Edgell, 5; Mr. George Cutter, 10; Mr.
+James Playter, 6; Mr. Joseph McMurtrie, 5; Mr. William Bowkett, 6; Mr.
+John Horton, 4; Mr. John Kerr, 2. Total, 392 dollars.
+
+The money collected was, we may suppose, satisfactorily laid out by Mr.
+Hale, but it did not suffice for the completion of the contemplated
+work. From the _Gazette_ of Feb. 20 in the following year (1802), we
+learn that a second subscription was started for the purpose of
+completing the communication with the travelled part of Yonge Street to
+the north.
+
+In the _Gazette_ just named we have the following, under date of York,
+Saturday, Feb. 20, 1802: "We whose names are hereunto subscribed,
+contemplating the advantage which must arise from the rendering of
+Yonge Street accessible and convenient to the public, and having before
+us a proposal for completing that part of the said street between the
+Town of York and lot No. 1, do hereby respectively agree to pay the sums
+annexed to our names towards the carrying of the said proposal into
+effect; cherishing at the same time the hope that every liberal
+character will give his support to a work which has for its design the
+improvement of the country, as well as the convenience of the public:
+*the Chief Justice, 100 dollars; *Receiver-General, 20; *Robt. J. D.
+Gray, 20 (and two acres of land when the road is completed); John
+Cameron 40; *James Macaulay, 20; *Alexander Wood, 20; *William Weekes,
+20; John McGill, 16; Wilson, Humphreys and Campbell, 15; D. W. Smith,
+10; Thomas Scott, 10; *Wm. Jarvis, 10; *John Small, 10; *David Burns,
+10; *Wm. Allan, 10; Alexander McDonell, 10; Wm. Smith, 10; Robert
+Henderson, 10; *Simon McNab, 8; John McDougall, 8; D. Cozens, 8; Thomas
+Ward, 8; *Elisha Beaman, 6; Joseph Hunt, 6; Eli Playter, 6; John
+Bennett, 6; *George Cutter, 6; James Norris, 51/4; Wm. B. Peters, 5; John
+Leach, 5; John Titus, 5; Wm. Cooper, 5; *Wm. Hunter, 5; J. B. Cozens, 5;
+*Daniel Tiers, 5; Thomas Forfar, 5; Samuel Nash, 5; Paul Marian, 3;
+Thomas Smith, 3; John McBeth, 3." It is subjoined that "subscriptions
+will be received by Mr. S. McNab, Secretary, and advertised weekly in
+the _Gazette_. Those marked thus (*) have paid a former subscription."
+
+In the _Gazette_ of March 6, 1802, an editorial is devoted to the
+subject of the improvement of Yonge Street. It runs as follows: "It
+affords us much pleasure to state to our readers that the necessary
+repair of Yonge Street is likely to be soon effected, as the work, we
+understand, has been undertaken with the assurance of entering upon and
+completing it without delay; and by every one who reflects upon the
+present sufferings of our industrious community on resorting to a
+market, it cannot but prove highly satisfactory to observe a work of
+such convenience and utility speedily accomplished. That the measure of
+its future benefits must be extreme indeed, we may reasonably expect;
+but whilst we look forward with flattering expectations of those
+benefits we cannot but appreciate the immediate advantage which is
+afforded to us, in being relieved from the application of the statute
+labour to circuitous by-paths and occasional roads, and in being enabled
+to apply the same to the improvement of the streets, and the nearer and
+more direct approaches to the Town."
+
+The irregular track branching off eastward at Yorkville was an example
+of these "circuitous by-paths and occasional roads." Editorials were
+rare in the _Gazettes_ of the period. Had there been more of them,
+subsequent investigators would have been better able than they are now,
+to produce pictures of the olden time. Chief Justice Elmsley was
+probably the inspirer of the article just given.
+
+The work appears to have been duly proceeded with. In the following
+June, we have an advertisement calling a meeting of the committee
+entrusted with its superintendence. In the _Gazette_ of June 12, 1802,
+we read: "The committee for inspecting the repair of Yonge Street
+requests that the subscribers will meet on the repaired part of the said
+street at 5 o'clock on Monday evening, to take into consideration how
+far the moneys subscribed by them have been beneficially expended. S.
+McNab, Secretary to Committee. York, 10th June, 1802."
+
+In 1807, as we gather from the _Gazette_ of Nov. 11, in that year, an
+effort was made to improve the road at the Blue Hill. A present of Fifty
+Dollars from the Lieutenant Governor (Gore) to the object is
+acknowledged in the paper named. "A number of public-spirited persons"
+the _Gazette_ says, "collected on last Saturday to cut down the Hill at
+Frank's Creek. (We shall see hereafter that the rivulet here was thus
+known, as being the stream that flowed through the Castle Frank lot.)
+The Lieutenant-Governor, when informed of it, despatched a person with a
+present of Fifty Dollars to assist in improving the Yonge Street road."
+It is then added by "John Van Zante, pathmaster, for himself and the
+public,"--"To his Excellency for his liberal donation, and to the
+gentlemen who contributed, we return our warmest thanks."
+
+These early efforts of our predecessors to render practicable the great
+northern approach to the town, are deserving of respectful remembrance.
+
+The death of Eliphalet Hale, named above, is thus noted in the _Gazette_
+of Sept. 19, 1807:--"Died on the evening of the 17th instant, after a
+short illness, Mr. Eliphalet Hale, High Constable of the Home District,
+an old and respectable inhabitant of this town. From the regular
+discharge of his official duties" the _Gazette_ subjoins, "he may be
+considered as a public loss."
+
+The nature of the soil at many points between Lot Street and the modern
+Yorkville was such as to render the construction of a road that should
+be comfortably available at all seasons of the year no easy task. Down
+to the time when macadam was at length applied, some twenty-eight years
+after Mr. Hale's operations, this approach to the town was notorious for
+its badness every spring and autumn. At one period an experiment was
+tried of a wooden tramway for a short distance at the worst part, on
+which the loaded waggons were expected to keep and so be saved from
+sinking hopelessly in the direful sloughs. Mr. Sheriff Jarvis was the
+chief promoter of this improvement, which answered its purpose for a
+time, and Mr. Rowland Burr was its suggester. But we must not forestall
+ourselves.
+
+We return to the point where Lot Street, or Queen Street, intersects the
+thoroughfare to whose farthest bourne we are about to be travellers.
+
+After passing Mr. Jesse Ketchum's property, which had been divided into
+two parts by the pushing of Yonge Street southward to its natural
+termination, we arrived at another striking rectangular meeting of
+thoroughfares. Lot Street having happily escaped extinction westward and
+eastward, there was created at this spot a four-cross-way possessed of
+an especial historic interest, being the conspicuous intersection of the
+two great military roads of Upper Canada, projected and explored in
+person by its first organiser. Four extensive reaches, two of Dundas
+Street (identical, of course, with Lot or Queen Street), and two of
+Yonge Street, can here be contemplated from one and the same standpoint.
+In the course of time the views up and down the four long vistas here
+commanded will probably rival those to be seen at the present moment
+where King Street crosses Yonge Street. When lined along all its sides
+with handsome buildings, the superior elevation above the level of the
+Lake of the more northerly quadrivium, will be in its favour.
+
+Perhaps it will here not be out of order to state that Yonge Street was
+so named in honour of Sir George Yonge, Secretary of War in 1791, and
+M.P. for Honiton, in the county of Devon, from 1763 to 1796. The first
+exploration which led to the establishment of this communication with
+the north, was made in 1793. On the early MS. map mentioned before in
+these papers, the route taken by Governor Simcoe on the memorable
+occasion, in going and returning is shewn. Explanatory of the red dotted
+lines which indicate it, the following note is appended. It reveals the
+Governor's clear perception of the commercial and military importance
+of the projected road: "Lieut.-Gov. Simcoe's route on foot and in canoes
+to explore a way which might afford communication for the Fur-traders to
+the Great Portage, without passing Detroit in case that place were given
+up to the United States. The march was attended with some difficulties,
+but was quite satisfactory: an excellent harbour at Penetanguishene:
+returned to York, 1793."
+
+(On the same map, the tracks are given of four other similar excursions,
+with the following accounts appended respectively:--1. Lieut.-Gov.
+Simcoe's route on foot from Niagara to Detroit and back again in five
+weeks; returned to Niagara March 8th, 1793. 2. Lieut.-Gov. Simcoe's
+route from York to the Thames; down that river in canoes to Detroit;
+from thence to the Miamis, to build the fort Lord Dorchester ordered to
+be built: left York March 1794; returned by Lake Erie and Niagara to
+York, May 5th, 1794. 3. Lieut.-Gov. Simcoe's track from York to Kingston
+in an open boat, Dec. 5th, 1794. 4. Lieut.-Gov. Simcoe's route from
+Niagara to Long Point on Lake Erie, on foot and in boats: returned down
+the Ouse [Grand River]: from thence crossed a portage of five miles to
+Welland River, and so to Fort Chippawa, September, 1795.)
+
+The old chroniclers of England speak in high praise of a primeval but
+somewhat mythic king of Britain, named Belin:
+
+  "Belin well held his honour,
+   And wisely was good governour."
+
+says Peter de Langtoft, and his translator, Robert de Brunn; and they
+assign, among the reasons why he merited such mention at their hands,
+the following:
+
+  "His land Britaine he yode throughout,
+   And ilk county beheld about;
+   Beheld the woods, water and fen.
+   No passage was maked for men,
+   No highe street thorough countrie,
+   Ne to borough ne citie.
+   Thorough mooris, hills and valleys
+   He made brigs and causeways,
+   Highe street for common passage,
+   Brigs over water did he stage."
+
+This notice of the old chroniclers' pioneer king of Britain has again
+and again recurred to us as we have had occasion to narrate the
+energetic doings of the first ruler of Upper Canada, here and
+previously. What Britain was when Belin and his Celts were at work,
+Canada was in the days of our immediate fathers--a trackless wild. That
+we see our country such as it is to-day, approaching in many respects
+the beauty and agricultural finish of Britain itself, is due to the
+intrepid men who faced without blenching the trials and perils
+inevitable in a first attack on the savage fastnesses of nature.
+
+A succinct but good account is given of the origin of Yonge Street in
+Mr. Surveyor General D. W. Smith's Gazetteer of 1799. The advantages
+expected to accrue from the new highway are clearly set forth; and
+though the anticipations expressed have not been fulfilled precisely in
+the manner supposed, we see how comprehensive and really well-laid were
+the plans of the first organizer of Upper Canada.
+
+"Yonge Street," the early Gazetteer says, "is the direct communication
+from York to Lake Simcoe, opened during the administration of his
+Excellency Major-General Lieut.-Governor Simcoe, who, having visited
+Lake Huron by Lake aux Claies (formerly also Ouentaronk, or Sinion, and
+now named Lake Simcoe), and discovered the harbour of Penetanguishene
+(now Gloucester) to be fit for shipping, resolved on improving the
+communication from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron, by this short route,
+thereby avoiding the circuitous passage of Lake Erie. This street has
+been opened in a direct line, and the road made by the troops of his
+Excellency's corps. It is thirty miles from York to Holland's river, at
+the Pine Fort called Gwillimbury, where the road ends; from thence you
+descend into Lake Simcoe, and, having passed it, there are two passages
+into Lake Huron; the one by the river Severn, which conveys the waters
+of Lake Simcoe into Gloucester Bay; the other by a small portage, the
+continuation of Yonge Street, to a small lake, which also runs into
+Gloucester Bay. This communication affords many advantages; merchandize
+from Montreal to Michilimackinac may be sent this way at ten or fifteen
+pounds less expense per ton, than by the route of the Grand or Ottawa
+River; and the merchandize from New York to be sent up the North and
+Mohawk Rivers for the north-west trade, finding its way into Lake
+Ontario at Oswego (Fort Ontario), the advantage will certainly be felt
+of transporting goods from Oswego to York, and from thence across Yonge
+Street, and down the waters of Lake Simcoe into Lake Huron, in
+preference to sending it by Lake Erie."
+
+We now again endeavour to effect a start on our pilgrimage of
+retrospection up the long route, from the establishment of which so many
+public advantages were predicted in 1799.
+
+The objects that came to be familiar to the eye at the entrance to Yonge
+Street from Lot Street were, after the lapse of some years, on the west
+side, a large square white edifice known as the Sun Tavern, Elliott's;
+and on the east side, the buildings constituting Good's Foundry.
+
+The open land to the north of Elliott's was the place generally occupied
+by the travelling menageries and circuses when such exhibitions began to
+visit the town.
+
+The foundry, after supplying the country for a series of years with
+ploughs, stoves and other necessary articles of heavy hardware, is
+memorable as having been the first in Upper Canada to turn out real
+railway locomotives. When novelties, these highly finished ponderous
+machines, seen slowly and very laboriously urged through the streets
+from the foundry to their destination, were startling phenomena. We have
+in the _Canadian Journal_ (vol. ii. p. 76), an account of the first
+engine manufactured by Mr. Good at the Toronto Locomotive Works, with a
+lithographic illustration. "We have much pleasure," the editor of the
+_Canadian Journal_ says "in presenting our readers with a drawing of the
+first locomotive engine constructed in Canada, and indeed, we believe,
+in any British Colony. The 'Toronto' is certainly no beauty, nor is she
+distinguished for any peculiarity in the construction, but she affords a
+very striking illustration of our progress in the mechanical arts, and
+of the growing wants of the country. The 'Toronto' was built at the
+Toronto Locomotive Works, which were established by Mr. Good, in
+October, 1852. The order for the 'Toronto' was received in February,
+1853, for the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railroad. The engine was
+completed on the 16th of April, and put on the track the 26th of the
+same month. Her dimensions are as follows: cylinder 16 inches diameter,
+stroke 22 inches, driving wheel 5 feet 6 inches in diameter, length of
+internal fire box 4 feet 6 inches, weight of engine 25 tons, number of
+tubes 150, diameter of tubes 2 inches."
+
+With property a little to the north on the east side, the name of
+McIntosh was early associated, and--Canadian persistency again--is still
+associated. Of Captains John, Robert and Charles McIntosh, we shall have
+occasion to speak in our paper on the early Marine of York harbour. It
+was opposite the residence of Captain John McIntosh that the small riot
+took place, which signalized the return home of William Lyon Mackenzie,
+in 1849, after the civil tumults of 1837. Mr. Mackenzie was at the time
+the guest of Captain McIntosh, who was related to him through a marriage
+connexion.
+
+Albert Street, which enters Yonge Street opposite the McIntosh property,
+was in 1833 still known as Macaulay Lane, and was described by Walton as
+"fronting the Fields." From this point a long stretch of fine
+forest-land extended to Yorkville. On the left side it was the property
+partly of Dr. Macaulay and partly of Chief Justice Elmsley. The fields
+which Macaulay Lane fronted were the improvements around Dr. Macaulay's
+abode. The white entrance gate to his house was near where now a street
+leads into Trinity Square. Wykham Lodge, the residence of Sir James
+Macaulay after the removal from Front Street, and Elmsley Villa, the
+residence of Captain J. S. Macaulay, (Government House in Lord Elgin's
+day, and subsequently Knox College,) were late erections on portions of
+these spacious suburban estates.
+
+The first Dr. Macaulay and Chief Justice Elmsley selected two adjoining
+park lots, both of them fronting, of course, on Lot Street. They then
+effected an exchange of properties with each other. Dividing these two
+lots transversely into equal portions, the Chief Justice chose the upper
+or northern halves, and Dr. Macaulay the lower or southern. Dr. Macaulay
+thus acquired a large frontage on Lot Street, and the Chief Justice a
+like advantage on Yonge Street. Captain Macaulay acquired his interest
+in the southern portion of the Elmsley halves by marriage with a
+daughter of the Chief Justice. The northern portion of these halves
+descended to the heir of the Chief Justice, Capt. John Elmsley, who
+having become a convert to the Church of Rome, gave facilities for the
+establishment of St. Basil's college and other Roman Catholic
+Institutions on his estate. Of Chief Justice Elmsley and his son we have
+previously spoken.
+
+Dr. Macaulay's clearing on the north side of Macaulay lane was, in
+relation to the first town plot of York, long considered a locality
+particularly remote; a spot to be discovered by strangers not without
+difficulty. In attempting to reach it we have distinct accounts of
+persons bewildered and lost for long hours in the intervening marshes
+and woods. Mr. Justice Boulton, travelling from Prescott in his own
+vehicle, and bound for Dr. Macaulay's domicile, was dissuaded, on
+reaching Mr. Small's house at the eastern extremity of York, from
+attempting to push on to his destination, although it was by no means
+late, on account of the inconveniences and perils to be encountered; and
+half of the following day was taken up in accomplishing the residue of
+the journey.
+
+Dr. Macaulay's cottage might still have been existent and in good order;
+but while it was being removed bodily by Mr. Alexander Hamilton, from
+its original site to a position on the entrance to Trinity Square, a few
+yards to the eastward, it was burnt, either accidentally or by the act
+of an incendiary. Mr. Hamilton, who was intending to convert the
+building into a home for himself and his family, gave the name of
+Teraulay Cottage--the name by which the destroyed building had been
+known--to the house which he put up in its stead.
+
+A quarter of a century sufficed to transform Dr. Macaulay's garden and
+grounds into a well-peopled city district. The "fields," of which Walton
+spoke, have undergone the change which St. George's Fields and other
+similar spaces have undergone in London:
+
+  St. George's Fields are fields no more;
+    The trowel supersedes the plough;
+  Huge inundated swamps of yore
+    Are changed to civic villas now.
+  The builder's plank, the mason's hod,
+    Wide and more wide extending still,
+  Usurp the violated sod.
+
+The area which Dr. Macaulay's homestead immediately occupied now
+constitutes Trinity Square--a little bay by the side of a great stream
+of busy human traffic, ever ebbing and flowing, not without rumble and
+other resonances; a quiet close, resembling, it is pleasant to think,
+one of the Inns of Court in London, so tranquil despite the turmoil of
+Fleet Street adjoining.
+
+Trinity Square is now completely surrounded with buildings; nevertheless
+an aspiring attic therein, in which many of these collections and
+recollections have been reduced to shape, has the advantage of
+commanding to this day a view still showing within its range some of the
+primitive features of the site of York. To the north an extended portion
+of the rising land above Yorkville is pleasantly visible, looking in the
+distance as it anciently looked, albeit beheld now with spires
+intervening, and ornamental turrets of public buildings, and lofty
+factory flues: while to the south, seen also between chimney stacks and
+steeples and long solid architectural ranges, a glimpse of Lake Ontario
+itself is procurable--a glimpse especially precious so long as it is to
+be had, for not only recalling, as it does, the olden time when "the
+Lake" was an element in so much of the talk of the early settlers--its
+sound, its aspect, its condition being matters of hourly observation to
+them--but also suggesting the thought of the far-off outer ocean
+stream--the silver moat that guards the fatherland, and that forms the
+horizon in so many of its landscapes.
+
+To the far-off Atlantic, and to the misty isles beyond--the true _Insulae
+Fortunatoe_--we need not name them--the glittering slip which we are
+still permitted to see yonder, is the highway--the route by which the
+fathers came--the route by which their sons from time to time return to
+make dutiful visits to hearthstones and shrines never to be thought of
+or named without affection and reverence.--Of that other ideal
+ocean-stream, too, and of that other ideal home, of which the poet
+speaks, our peep of Ontario may likewise, to the thoughtful, be an
+allegory, by the help of which
+
+  In a season of calm weather,
+  Though inland far we be,
+  Our souls have sight of that immortal sea
+  Which brought us hither;
+  Can in a moment travel thither--
+  And see the children sport upon the shore,
+  And hear the mighty waters rolling evermore!
+
+The Church with the twin turrets, now seen in the middle space of
+Trinity Square, was a gift of benevolence to Western Canada in 1846 from
+two ladies, sisters. The personal character of Bishop Strachan was the
+attraction that drew the boon to Toronto. Through the hands of Bishop
+Longley of Ripon, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, a sum of L5,000
+sterling was transmitted by the donors to Bishop Strachan for the
+purpose of founding a church, two stipulations being that it should be
+forever, like the ancient churches of England, free to all for worship,
+and that it should bear the name of The Holy Trinity. The sum sent built
+the Church and created a small endowment. Soon after the completion of
+the edifice, Scoresby, the celebrated Arctic navigator, author of "An
+Account of the Arctic Regions, with a History and Description of the
+Northern Whale Fishery," preached and otherwise officiated within its
+walls. Therein, too, at a later period was heard the voice of Selwyn,
+Bishop of Lichfield, but previously the eminent Missionary Bishop of New
+Zealand. Here also, while the Cathedral of St. James was rebuilding,
+after its second destruction by fire in 1849, Lord Elgin was a constant
+devout participant in Christian rites, an historical association
+connected with the building, made worthy of preservation by the very
+remarkable public services of the Earl afterwards in China and
+India.--We recall at this moment the _empressement_ with which an
+obscure little chapel was pointed out to us in the small hamlet of
+Tregear in Cornwall, on account of the fact that John Wesley had once
+preached there. Well then: it may be that with some hereafter, it will
+be a matter of curiosity and interest to know that several men of
+world-wide note, did, in their day, while sojourning in this region,
+"pay their vows" in the particular "Lord's House" to which we now have
+occasion to refer.
+
+In the grove which surrounded Sir James Macaulay's residence, Wykham
+Lodge, we had down to recent years a fragment of the fine forest which
+lined Yonge Street, almost continuously from Lot Street to Yorkville,
+some forty years since. The ruthless uprooting of the eastern border of
+this beautiful sylvan relic of the past, for building purposes, was
+painful to witness, however quickly the presence of rows of useful
+structures reconciled us to the change. The trees which cluster round
+the great school building in the rear of these improvements will long,
+as we hope, survive to give an idea of what was the primeval aspect of
+the whole of the neighbourhood.
+
+The land on the opposite side, a little to the north of the point at
+which we have arrived, viz., Carleton Street--long remaining in an
+uncultivated condition, was a portion of the estate of Alexander Wood,
+of whom we have already spoken. His family and baptismal names are
+preserved, as we have before noted, in "Wood" Street and "Alexander"
+Street.
+
+The streets which we passed southward of Wood Street, Carleton, Gerrard,
+Shuter, with Gould Street in the immediate vicinity, had their names
+from personal friends of Mr. McGill, the first owner, as we have seen,
+of this tract. They are names mostly associated with the early annals of
+Montreal, and seem rather inapposite here.
+
+Northward, a little beyond where Grosvenor Street leads into what was
+Elmsley Villa, and is now Knox College, was a solitary green field with
+a screen of lofty trees on three of its sides. In its midst was a Dutch
+barn, or hay-barrack, with movable top. The sward on the northern side
+of the building was ever eyed by the passer-by with a degree of awe. It
+was the exact spot where a fatal duel had been fought.
+
+We have seen in repeated instances that the so-called code of honour was
+in force at York from the era of its foundation. "Without it,"
+Mandeville had said, "there would be no living in a populous nation. It
+is the tie of society; and although we are beholden to our frailties for
+the chief ingredient of it, there has been no virtue, at least that I am
+acquainted with, which has proved half so instrumental to the civilizing
+of mankind, who, in great societies, would soon degenerate into cruel
+villains and treacherous slaves, were honour to be removed from among
+them." Mandeville's sophistical dictum was blindly accepted, and trifles
+light as air gave rise to the conventional hostile meeting. The merest
+accident at a dance, a look, a jest, a few words of unconsidered talk,
+of youthful chaff, were every now and then sufficient to force persons
+who previously, perhaps, had been bosom friends, companions from
+childhood, along with others sometimes, in no wise concerned in the
+quarrel at first, to put on an unnatural show of thirst for each other's
+blood. The victim of the social usage of the day, in the case now
+referred to, was a youthful son of Surveyor-General Ridout.
+
+Some years after the event, the public attention was drawn afresh to it.
+The surviving principal in the affair, Mr. Samuel Jarvis, underwent a
+trial at the time and was acquitted. But the seconds were not arraigned.
+It happened in 1828, eleven years after the incident (the duel took
+place July 12, 1817), that Francis Collins, editor of the _Canadian
+Freeman_, a paper of which we have before spoken, was imprisoned and
+fined for libel. As an act of retaliation on at least some of those who
+had promoted the prosecution, which ended in his being thus sentenced,
+he set himself to work to bring the seconds into court. He succeeded.
+One of them, Mr. Henry John Boulton, was now Solicitor-General, and the
+other, Mr. James E. Small, an eminent member of the Bar. All the
+particulars of the fatal encounter, were once more gone over in the
+evidence. But the jury did not convict.
+
+Modern society, here and elsewhere, is to be congratulated on the change
+which has come over its ideas in regard to duelling. Apart from the
+considerations dictated by morals and religion, common sense, as we
+suppose, has had its effect in checking the practice. York, in its
+infancy, was no better and no worse in this respect than other places.
+It took its cue in this as in some other matters, from very high
+quarters. The Duke of York, from whom York derived its name, had himself
+narrowly escaped a bullet from the pistol of Colonel Lennox: "it passed
+so near to the ear as to discommode the side-curl," the report said; but
+our Duke's action, or rather inaction, on the occasion helped perhaps to
+impress on the public mind the irrationality of duelling: he did not
+return the fire. "He came out," he said, "to give Colonel Lennox
+satisfaction, and did not mean to fire at him; if Colonel Lennox was not
+satisfied, he might fire again."
+
+Just to the north of the scene of the fatal duel, which has led to this
+digression, was the portion of Yonge Street where a wooden tramway was
+once laid down for a short distance; an experiment interesting to be
+remembered now, as an early foreshadowing of the existing convenient
+street railway, if not of the great Northern Railway itself.
+Subterranean springs and quicksands hereabout rendered the primitive
+roadmaker's occupation no easy one; and previous to the application of
+macadam, the tramway, while it lasted, was a boon to the farmers after
+heavy rains.
+
+Mr. Durand's modest cottage and bowery grounds, near here, recall at the
+present day, an early praiseworthy effort of its owner to establish a
+local periodical devoted to Literature and Natural History, in
+conjunction with an advocacy of the cause of Temperance. A diligent
+attention to his profession as a lawyer did not hinder the editor of the
+_Literary Gem_ from giving some of his leisure time to the observation
+and study of Nature. We accordingly have in the columns of that
+periodical numerous notes of the fauna and flora of the surrounding
+neighbourhood, which for their appreciativeness, simplicity, and
+minuteness, remind us of the pleasant pages of White's "Natural History
+of Selborne." The _Gem_ appeared in 1851-2, and had an extensive
+circulation. It was illustrated with good wood-cuts, and its motto was
+"Humanity, Temperance, Progress." The place of its publication was
+indicated by a square label suspended on one side of the front entrance
+of a small white office still to be seen adjoining the cottage which we
+are now passing.
+
+The father of Mr. Durand was an Englishman of Huguenot descent, who
+emigrated hither from Abergavenny at a very early period. Having been
+previously engaged in the East India mercantile service, he undertook
+the importation of East India produce. After reaching Quebec and
+Montreal in safety, his first consignments, embarked in batteaux, were
+swallowed up bodily in the rapids of the St. Lawrence. He nevertheless
+afterwards prospered in his enterprise, and acquired property. Nearly
+the whole of the eastern moiety of the present city of Hamilton was
+originally his. He represented the united counties of Wentworth and
+Halton in several parliaments up to 1822. A political journal, entitled
+_The Bee_, moderate and reasonable in tone, was, up to 1812, edited and
+published by him in the Niagara District. Mr. Durand, senior, died in
+1833, at Hamilton, where he filled the post of County Registrar. His
+eldest son, Mr. James Durand, when, in 1817, member for Halton, enjoyed
+the distinction of being expelled from the House of Assembly. A
+Parliament had just expired. He offered some strictures on its
+proceedings, in an address to his late constituents. The new House,
+which embraced many persons who had been members of the previous
+Parliament, was persuaded to vote the Address to the electors of Halton
+a libel, to exclude its author from the House, and to commit him to
+prison. His instant re-election by the county of Halton was of course
+secured. We observe from the evidence of Mr. James Durand before the
+celebrated Grievance Committee of 1835, that he was an early advocate of
+a number of the changes which have since been carried into effect. This
+Mr. Durand died in 1872 at Kingston, where he was Registrar for the
+County of Frontenac.
+
+We have been enabled to present these facts, through the kindness of Mr.
+Charles Durand, who, in a valuable communication, further informs us
+that besides being among the earliest to engage in mercantile
+enterprises in Upper Canada, his father had also in 1805, a large
+interest in the extensive flour mills in Chippawa, known as the
+Bridgewater Mills: mills burnt by the retreating American army in 1812,
+at which period Mr. Durand, senior, was in the command of one of the
+flank companies of Militia, composed of the first settlers in the
+neighbourhood of the modern Hamilton: moreover he was the first who ever
+imported foxhounds into Upper Canada, a pack of which animals he caused
+to be sent out to him from England, being fond of the hunter's sport.
+With these he hunted near Long Point, on Lake Erie, in 1805, over a
+region teeming at the time with deer, bears, wolves and wild turkeys.
+Mr. Peter Des Jardins, from whom the Dundas Canal has its name, was, in
+1805, a clerk in the employment of Mr. Durand. (Omitted elsewhere, we
+insert here a passing notice of Mr. J. M. Cawdell, another
+well-remembered local pioneer of literature. He published for a short
+time a magazine of light reading, entitled the _Rose harp_, the bulk of
+which consisted of graceful compositions in verse and prose by himself.
+Mr. Cawdell had been an officer in the army. Through the friendship of
+Mr. Justice Macaulay (afterwards Sir James), he was appointed librarian
+and secretary to the Law Society of Osgoode Hall. He died in 1842.)
+
+Proceeding now onward a few yards, we arrived, in former times, at what
+was popularly called the Sandhill--a moderate rise, showing where, in
+by-gone ages, the lake began to shoal. An object of interest in the
+woods here, at the top of the rise, on the west side, was the "Indian's
+Grave," made noticeable to the traveller by a little civilized railing
+surrounding it.
+
+The story connected therewith was this: When the United States forces
+were landing in 1813, near the Humber Bay, with the intention of
+attacking the Fort and taking York, one of Major Givins' Indians,
+concealed himself in a tree, and from that position fired into the boats
+with fatal effect repeatedly. He was soon discovered, and speedily shot.
+The body was afterwards found, and deposited with respect in a little
+grave here on the crest of the Sandhill, where an ancient Indian burying
+ground had existed, though long abandoned. It would seem that by some
+means, the scalp of this poor Indian was packed up with the trophies of
+the capture of York, conveyed by Lieut. Dudley to Washington. From being
+found in company with the Speaker's Mace on that occasion, the foolish
+story arose of its having been discovered over the Speaker's chair in
+the Parliament building that was destroyed.
+
+"With the exception," says Ingersoll, in his History of the War of
+1812-14, "of the English general's musical snuff-box, which was an
+object of much interest to some of our officers, and a scalp which Major
+Forsyth found suspended over the Speaker's chair, we gained but barren
+honour by the capture of York, of which no permanent possession was
+taken."
+
+Auchinleck, in his History of the same war, very reasonably observes,
+that "from the expertness of the backwoodsmen in scalping (of which he
+gives two or three instances), it is not at all unlikely that the scalp
+in question was that of an unfortunate Indian who was shot while in a
+tree by the Americans, in their advance on the town." It was rejected
+with disgust by the authorities at Washington, Ingersoll informs us, and
+was not allowed to decorate the walls of the War Office there. Colonel
+W. F. Coffin, in his "1812: The War and its Moral," asserts that a
+peruke or scratch-wig, found in the Parliament House, was mistaken for a
+scalp.
+
+Building requirements have at the present day occasioned the almost
+complete obliteration of the Sandhill. Innumerable loads of the loose
+silex of which it was composed have been removed. The bones of the
+Indian brave, and of his forefathers, have been carried away. In a
+triturated condition, they mingle now, perhaps, in the mortar of many a
+wall in the vicinity.
+
+  A noble race! but they are gone,
+    With their old forests wide and deep,
+  And we have built our houses on
+    Fields where their generations sleep.
+  Their fountains slake our thirst at noon,
+    Upon their fields our harvest waves,
+  Our lovers woo beneath their moon--
+    Then let us spare at least their graves!
+
+Vain, however, was the poet's appeal. Even the prosaic proclamations of
+the civil power had but temporary effect. We quote one of them of the
+date of Dec. 14th, 1797, having for its object the protection of the
+fishing places and burying grounds of the Mississaga Indians:
+
+"Proclamation. Upper Canada. Whereas, many heavy and grievous complaints
+have of late been made by the Mississaga Indians, of depredations
+committed by some of his Majesty's subjects and others upon their
+fisheries and burial places, and of other annoyances suffered by them by
+uncivil treatment, in violation of the friendship existing between his
+Majesty and the Mississaga Indians, as well as in violation of decency
+and good order: Be it known, therefore, that if any complaint shall
+hereafter be made of injuries done to the fisheries and to the burial
+places of the said Indians, or either of them, and the persons can be
+ascertained who misbehaved himself or themselves in manner aforesaid,
+such person or persons shall be proceeded against with the utmost
+severity, and a proper example made of any herein offending. Given under
+my hand and seal of arms, at York, this fourteenth day of December, in
+the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven, and in
+the thirty-eighth year of his Majesty's reign. Peter Russell, President,
+administering the government. By his Honour's command, Alex. Burns,
+Secretary."
+
+As to the particular ancient burial-plot on the Sandhill north of York,
+however, it may perhaps be conjectured that prior to 1813 the
+Mississagas had transferred to other resting places the bulk of the
+relics which had been deposited there.
+
+Off to the eastward of the sandy rise which we are ascending, was one of
+the early public nursery gardens of York, Mr. Frank's. Further to the
+North on the same side was another, Mr. Adams'. Mr. Adams was a tall,
+oval-faced, fair-complexioned Scotchman. An establishment of the same
+kind at York more primitive still, was that of Mr. Bond, of whom we
+shall have occasion to speak by and by.
+
+Kearsny House, Mr. Proudfoot's, the grounds of which occupy the site of
+Frank's nursery garden, is a comparatively modern erection, dating from
+about 1845; an architectural object regarded with no kindly glance by
+the final holders of shares in the Bank of Upper Canada--an institution
+which in the infancy of the country had a mission and fulfilled it, but
+which grievously betrayed those of the second generation who, relying on
+its traditionary sterling repute, continued to trust it. With Kearsny
+House, too, is associated the recollection, not only of the president,
+so long identified with the Bank of Upper Canada, but of the financier,
+Mr. Cassells, who, as a kind of _deus ex machina_, engaged at an annual
+salary of ten thousand dollars, was expected to retrieve the fortunes of
+the institution, but in vain, although for a series of years after being
+pronounced moribund it continued to yield a handsome addition to the
+income of a number of persons.
+
+Mr. Alexander Murray, subsequently of Yorkville, and a merchant of the
+olden time at York, occupied the residence which preceded Kearsny House,
+on the Frank property. One desires, in passing, to offer a tribute to
+the memory of a man of such genuine worth as was Mr. Murray, although
+the singular unobtrusiveness which characterized him when living seems
+almost to forbid the act.
+
+The residue of the Sandhill rise that is still to be discerned westward
+of Yonge Street has its winsome name, Clover Hill, from the designation
+borne by the home of Captain Elmsley, son of the Chief Justice, situate
+here. The house still stands, overshadowed by some fine oaks, relics of
+the natural wood. The rustic cottage lodge, with diamond lattice
+windows, at the gate leading in to the original Clover Hill, was on the
+street a little further on. At the time of his decease, Captain Elmsley
+had taken up his abode in a building apart from the principal residence
+of the Clover Hill estate; a building to which he had pleasantly given
+the name of Barnstable, as being in fact a portion of the outbuildings
+of the homestead turned into a modest dwelling.
+
+Barnstable was subsequently occupied by Mr. Maurice Scollard, a veteran
+attache of the Bank of Upper Canada, of Irish birth, remembered by all
+frequenters of that institution, and by others for numerous estimable
+traits of character, but especially for a gift of genuine quiet humour
+and wit, which at a touch was ever unfailingly ready to manifest itself
+in word or act, in some unexpected, amusing, genial way. Persons
+transacting business at the India House in London, when Charles Lamb was
+a book-keeper there, must have had the solemn routine of the place now
+and then curiously varied by a dry "aside" from the direction of his
+desk. Just so the habitues of the old Bank, when absorbed in a knotty
+question of finance, affecting themselves individually, or the
+institution, would oftentimes find themselves startled from their
+propriety by a droll view of the case, gravely suggested by a venerable
+personage sure to be somewhere near at hand busily engaged over a huge
+ledger.
+
+They who in the mere fraction of a lifetime have seen in so many places
+the desert blossom as the rose, can with a degree of certainty, realize
+in their imagination what the whole country will one day be, even
+portions of it which to the new comer seem at the first glance very
+unpromising. Our Sandhill here, which but as yesterday we beheld in its
+primeval condition, with no trace of human labour upon it except a few
+square yards cleared round a solitary Indian grave, to-day we see
+crowned along its crest for many a rood eastward and westward with
+comfortable villas and graceful pleasure-grounds. The history of this
+spot may serve to encourage all who at any time or anywhere are called
+in the way of duty to be the first to attack and rough-hew a forest-wild
+for the benefit of another generation.
+
+If need were to stay the mind of a newly-arrived immigrant friend
+wavering as to whether or not he should venture permanently to cast in
+his lot with us, we should be inclined to direct his regards, for one
+thing, to the gardens of an amateur, on the southern slope of the rise,
+at which we are pausing, where choice fruits and flowers are year after
+year produced equal to those grown in Kent or Devon; we should be
+inclined to direct his regards, likewise, to the amateur cultivator
+himself of those fruits and flowers, Mr. Phipps--a typical Englishman
+after a residentership in York and Toronto of half a century.
+
+But we must push on.--To the north of our Sandhill, a short distance, on
+the east side, was a sylvan halting place for weary teams, known as the
+Gardeners' Arms. It was an unpretending rural wayside inn, furnished
+with troughs and pump. The house lay a little way back from the road.
+Its sign exhibited an heraldic arrangement of horticultural implements.
+Another rural inn, with homely name, might have been noted, while we
+were nearer Lot Street: the Green Bush Tavern. But this was a name
+transferred from another spot, far to the north on Yonge Street, when
+the landlord, Mr. Abrahams, moved into town. In the original locality,
+the sign was a painted pine-tree or spruce of formal shape--not the
+ivy-bush, the sign referred to by the ancient proverb when it said,
+"Wine needeth it not"--"Vino vendibili non opus est suspensa hedera."
+
+On the right, beyond the Gardeners' Arms, appeared in this region at an
+early date, at a considerable distance from each other, two or perhaps
+three flat, single-storey square cottages, clapboarded and painted
+white, with flat four-sided roofs, door in the centre and one window on
+either side: little wooden boxes set down on the surface of the soil
+apparently, and capable, as it might seem, of being readily lifted up
+and transported to any other locality. They were the first of such
+structures in the outskirts of York, and were speedily copied and
+repeated in various directions, being thought models of neatness and
+convenience.
+
+Opposite the quarter where these little square hutches were to be seen,
+there are to be found at the present day, the vineyards of Mr. Bevan; to
+be found, we say, for they are concealed from the view of the transient
+passenger by intervening buildings. Here again we have a scene
+presenting a telling contrast to the same spot and its surroundings
+within the memory of living men: a considerable area covered with a
+labyrinth of trellis work, all overspread with hardy grapes in great
+variety and steadily productive. To this sight likewise we should
+introduce our timid, hesitating new comer, as also to the originator of
+the spectacle--Mr. Bevan, who after a forty years' sojourn in the
+vicinity of York and Toronto, continues as genuinely English in spirit
+and tone now as when he first left the quay of his native Bristol for
+his venture westward. While engaged largely in the manufacture of
+various articles of wooden ware, Mr. Bevan adopted as a recreation the
+cultivation of the grape, and the making of a good and wholesome wine.
+It is known in commerce and to physicians, who recommend it to invalids
+for its real purity, as Clintona.
+
+Just before reaching the first concession-road, where Yorkville now
+begins, a family residence of an ornamental suburban character, put up
+on the left by Mr. Lardner Bostwick, was the first of that class of
+building in the neighbourhood. His descendants still occupy it. Mr.
+Bostwick was an early property owner in York. The now important square
+acre at the south-east angle of the intersection of King Street and
+Yonge Street, regarded probably when selected, as a mere site for a
+house and garden in the outskirts of the town, was his. The price paid
+for it was L100. Its value in 1873 may be L100,000.
+
+The house of comparatively modern date, seen next after Mr. Bostwick, is
+associated with the memory of Mr. de Blaquiere, who occupied it before
+building for himself the tasteful residence--The Pines--not far off,
+where he died; now the abode of Mr. John Heward.
+
+Mr. de Blaquiere was the youngest son of the first Lord de Blaquiere, of
+Ardkill, in Ireland. He emigrated in 1837, and was subsequently
+appointed to a seat in the Legislative Council of Upper Canada. In his
+youth he had seen active service as a midshipman. He was present at the
+battle of Camperdown in the Bounty, commanded by Captain Bligh. He was
+also in the Fleet at the Nore during the mutiny. He died suddenly here
+in his new house in 1860, aged 76. His fine character and prepossessing
+outward physique are freshly remembered.
+
+Thus again and again have we to content ourselves with the interest that
+attaches, not to the birth-places of men of note, as would be the case
+in older towns, but to their death-places. Who of those that have been
+born in the numerous domiciles which we pass are finally to be ranked as
+men of note, and as creators consequently of a sentimental interest in
+their respective birth-places, remains to be seen. In our portion of
+Canada there has been time for the application of the requisite test in
+only a very few instances.
+
+The First Concession Road-line derived its modern name of Bloor Street
+from a former resident on its southern side, eastward of Yonge Street.
+Mr. Bloor, as we have previously narrated, was for many years the
+landlord of the Farmers' Arms, near the market place of York, an inn
+conveniently situated for the accommodation of the agricultural public.
+On retiring from this occupation with a good competency, he established
+a Brewery on an extensive scale in the ravine north of the first
+concession road. In conjunction with Mr. Sheriff Jarvis, he entered
+successfully into a speculation on land, projecting and laying out the
+village of Yorkville, which narrowly escaped being Bloorville. That name
+was proposed: as also was Rosedale, after the Sheriff's homestead; and
+likewise "Cumberland," from the county of some of the surrounding
+inhabitants. The monosyllable "Blore" would have sufficed, without
+having recourse to a hackeyned suffix. That is the name of a spot in
+Staffordshire, famous for a great engagement in the wars between the
+Houses of Lancaster and York. But Yorkville was at last decided on, an
+appellation preservative in part of the name just discarded in 1834 by
+Toronto.
+
+Mr. Bloor was an Englishman, respected by every one. That his name
+should have become permanently attached to the Northern Boulevard of the
+City of Toronto, a favourite thoroughfare, several miles in extent, is a
+curious fact which may be compared with the case of Pimlico, the famous
+west-end quarter of London. Pimlico has its name, it is said, from Mr.
+Benjamin Pimlico, for many years the popular landlord of a hotel in the
+neighbourhood. Bloor Street was for a time known as St. Paul's road:
+also as the Sydenham road.
+
+While crossing the First Concession Line, now in our northward journey,
+the moment comes back to us when on glancing along the vista to the
+eastward, formed by the road in that direction, we first noticed a
+church-spire on the right-hand or southern side. We had passed that way
+a day or two before, and we were sure no such object was to be seen
+there then; and yet, unmistakeably now, there rose up before the eye a
+rather graceful tower and spire, of considerable altitude, complete from
+base to apex, and coloured white.
+
+The fact was: Mr. J. G. Howard, a well-known local architect, had
+ingeniously constructed a tower of wood in a horizontal, or nearly
+horizontal, position in the ground close by, somewhat as a shipbuilder
+puts together "the mast of some vast ammiral," and then, after attending
+to the external finish of, at least, the higher portion of it, even to a
+coating of lime wash, had, in the space of a few hours, by means of
+convenient machinery raised it on end, and secured it, permanently, in a
+vertical position.
+
+We gather some further particulars of the achievement from a
+contemporary account. The Yorkville spire was raised on the 4th of
+August, 1841. It was 85 feet high, composed of four entire trees or
+pieces of timber, each of that length, bound together pyramidically,
+tapering from ten feet base to one foot at top, and made to receive a
+turned ball and weather-cock. The base was sunk in the ground until the
+apex was raised ten feet from the ground; and about thirty feet of the
+upper part of the spire was completed, coloured and painted before the
+raising. The operation of raising commenced about two o'clock p.m., and
+about eight in the evening, the spire and vane were seen erect, and
+appeared to those unacquainted with what was going on, to have risen
+amongst the trees, as if by magic. The work was performed by Mr. John
+Richey; the framing by Mr. Wetherell, and the raising was superintended
+by Mr. Joseph Hill.
+
+The plan adopted was this: three gin-poles, as they are called, were
+erected in the form of a triangle; each of them was well braced, and
+tackles were rove at their tops: the tackles were hooked to strong
+straps about fifty feet up the spire, with nine men to each tackle, and
+four men to steady the end with following poles. It was raised in about
+four hours from the commencement of the straining of the tackles, and
+had a very beautiful appearance while rising. The whole operation, we
+have been told, was conducted as nearly as possible in silence, the
+architect himself regulating by signs the action of the groups at the
+gin-poles, being himself governed by the plumb-line suspended in a high
+frame before him.
+
+  "No workman steel, no ponderous axes rung;
+   Like some tall palm, the noiseless fabric sprung."
+
+Perhaps Fontana's exploit of setting on end the obelisk in front of St.
+Peter's, in Rome, suggested the possibility of causing a tower and spire
+complete to be suddenly seen rising above the roof of the Yorkville St.
+Paul's. On an humble scale we have Fontana's arrangements reproduced.
+While in the men at the gin-poles worked in obedience to signs, we have
+the old Egyptians over again--a very small detachment of them indeed--as
+seen in the old sculptures on the banks of the Nile.
+
+The original St. Paul's before it acquired in this singular manner the
+dignified appurtenance of a steeple, was a long, low, barn-like, wooden
+building. Mr. Howard otherwise improved it, enlarging it by the addition
+of an aisle on the west side. When some twenty years later, viz., in
+1861, the new stone church was erected, the old wooden structure was
+removed bodily to the west side of Yonge Street, together with the
+tower, curtailed, however, of its spire.
+
+We have been informed that the four fine stems, each eighty-five feet
+long, which formed the interior frame of the tower and spire of 1841,
+were a present from Mr. Allan, of Moss Park; and that the Rev. Charles
+Matthews, occasionally officiating in St. Paul's, gave one hundred
+pounds in cash towards the expense of the ornamental addition now made
+to the edifice.
+
+The history of another of Mr. Howard's erections on Yonge Street, which
+we are perambulating, illustrates the rapid advance and expansion of
+architectural ideas amongst us. In the case now referred to it was no
+shell of timber and deal-boards that was taken down, but a very handsome
+solid edifice of cut-stone, which might have endured for centuries. The
+Bank of British North America, built by Mr. Howard, at the corner of
+Yonge Street and Wellington Street in 1843, was deliberately taken down,
+block by block, in 1871, and made to give place to a structure which
+should be on a par in magnificence and altitude with the buildings put
+up in Toronto by the other Banks. Mr. Howard's building, at the time of
+its erection, was justly regarded as a credit to the town. Its design
+was preferred by the directors in London to those sent in by several
+architects there. Over the principal entrance were the Royal Arms,
+exceedingly well carved in stone on a grand scale, and wholly disengaged
+from the wall; and conspicuous over the parapet above was the great
+scallop-shell, emblem of the gold-digger's occupation, introduced by Sir
+John Soane, in the architecture of the Bank of England. (The Royal Arms
+of the old building have been deemed worthy of a place over the entrance
+to the new Bank.)
+
+The Cemetery, the gates and keeper's lodge of which, after crossing the
+concession road and advancing on our way northward, we used to see on
+the left, was popularly known as "The Potter's Field"--"a place to bury
+strangers in." Its official style was "The York General or Strangers'
+Burying Ground." In practice it was the Bunhill Fields of York--the
+receptacle of the remains of those whose friends declined the use of the
+St. James's churchyard and other early burial-plots.
+
+Walton's Directory for 1833, gives the following information, which we
+transfer hither, as well for the slight degree of quaintness which the
+narrative has acquired, as also on account of the familiar names which
+it contains. "This institution," Walton says, "owes its origin to Mr.
+Carfrae, junior. It comprises six acres of ground, and has a neat
+sexton's house built close by the gate. The name of the sexton is John
+Wolstencroft, who keeps a registry of every person buried therein.
+Persons of all creeds and persons of no creed, are allowed burial in
+this cemetery: fees to the sexton, 5s. It was instituted in the fall of
+1825, and incorporated by Act of Parliament, 30th January, 1826. It is
+managed by five trustees, who are chosen for life; and in case of the
+death of any of them, a public meeting of the inhabitants is called,
+when they elect a successor or successors in their place. The present
+trustees (1833) are Thomas Carfrae, jun., Thomas D. Morrison, Peter
+Paterson, John Ewart, Thomas Helliwell."
+
+(Mr. Carfrae was for some years the collector of Customs of the Port of
+York. The other trustees named were respectively the medical man,
+iron-merchant, builder, and brewer, so well known in the neighbourhood.)
+
+A remote sequestered piece of ground in 1825, the Potter's Field in 1845
+was more or less surrounded by buildings, and regarded as an impediment
+in the way of public improvement. Interments were accordingly
+prohibited. To some extent it has been cleared of human remains, and in
+due time will be built over. Its successor and representative is the
+Toronto Necropolis, the trustees of which are empowered, after the lapse
+of twenty-one years, to sell the old burying-ground.
+
+Proceeding on, we were immediately opposite the Red Lion Tavern,
+anciently Tiers', subsequently Price's, on the east side; a large and
+very notable halting-place for loaded teams after the tremendous
+struggle involved in the traverse of the Blue Hill ravine, of which
+presently.
+
+In old European lands, in times by-gone, the cell of a hermit, a
+monastery, a castle, became often the nucleus of a village or town. With
+us on the American continent, a convenient watering or baiting place in
+the forest for the wearied horses of a farmer's waggon or a stage-coach
+is the less romantic _punctum saliens_ for a similar issue. Thus
+Tiers's, at which we have paused, may be regarded as the germ of the
+flourishing incorporation of Yorkville. Many a now solitary way-station
+on our railroads will probably in like manner hereafter prove a centre
+round which will be seen a cluster of human habitations.
+
+We discover from a contemporary _Gazette_ that so early as 1808,
+previous, perhaps, to the establishment of the Red Lion on Yonge Street,
+Mr. Tiers had conducted a public house in the Town of York. In the
+_Gazette_ of June 13, 1808, we have the following announcement. It has
+an English ring; "Beefsteak and Beer House.--The subscriber informs his
+friends and the public that he has opened a house of entertainment next
+door to Mr. Hunt's, where his friends will be served with victualing in
+good order, on the shortest notice, and at a cheap rate. He will furnish
+the best strong beer at 8d. New York currency per gallon if drank in his
+house, and 2s. 6d. New York currency taken out. As he intends to keep a
+constant supply of racked beer, with a view not to injure the health of
+his customers, and for which he will have to pay cash, the very small
+profits at which he offers to sell, will put it out of his power to give
+credit, and he hopes none will be asked. N.B. He will immediately have
+entertainment for man and horse. Daniel Tiers. York, 12th January,
+1808."
+
+The singular _Hotel de Ville_ which in modern times distinguishes
+Yorkville, has a Flemish look. It might have strayed hither from Ghent.
+Nevertheless, as seen from numerous points of view, it cannot be
+characterized as picturesque, or in harmony with its surroundings.--The
+shield of arms sculptured in stone and set in the wall above the
+circular window in the front gable, presents the following charges
+arranged quarterly: a Beer-barrel, with an S below; a Brick-mould, with
+an A below; an Anvil, with a W below; and a Jackplane, with a D below.
+In the centre, in a shield of pretence, is a Sheep's head, with an H
+below. These symbols commemorate the first five Councillors or Aldermen
+of Yorkville at the time of its incorporation in 1853, and their trades
+or callings; the initials being those respectively of the surnames of
+Mr. John Severn, Mr. Thomas Atkinson, Mr. James Wallis, Mr. James
+Dobson, and Mr. Peter Hutty. Over the whole, as a crest, is the Canadian
+Beaver.
+
+The road which enters from the west, a little way on, calls up memories
+of Russel-hill, Davenport and Spadina, each of them locally historic. We
+have already spoken of them in our journey along Front Street and Queen
+Street, when, in crossing Brock Street, Spadina-house in the distance
+caught the eye. It is a peculiarity of this old bye-road that, instead
+of going straight, as most of our highways monotonously do, it meanders
+a little, unfolding a number of pretty suburban scenes. The public
+school, on the land given to Yorkville by Mr. Ketchum, is visible up
+this road.
+
+In this direction were the earliest public ice-houses established in our
+region, in rude buildings of slab, thickly thatched over with pine
+branches. Spring-water ice, gathered from the neighbouring mill-ponds,
+began to be stored here in quantities by an enterprising man of African
+descent, Mr. Richards, five-and-thirty years ago.
+
+On the east side of Yonge Street, near the northern toll-gate, stood Dr.
+R. C. Horne's house, the lurid flames arising from which somewhat
+alarmed the town in 1837, when the malcontents of the north were
+reported to be approaching with hostile intent. Of Dr. Horne we have
+already spoken, in connexion with the early press of York.
+
+Were the tall and very beautiful spire which in the present day is to be
+seen where the Davenport Road enters Yonge Street, the appendage of an
+ecclesiastical edifice of the mediaeval period--as the architecture
+implies--it would indicate, in all probability, the presence of a Church
+of St. Giles. St. AEgidius or Giles presided, it was imagined, over the
+entrances to cities and towns. Consequently, fancy will always have it,
+whenever we pass the interesting pile standing so conspicuously by a
+public gate, or where for a long while there was a public gate, leading
+into the town, that here we behold the St. Giles' of Toronto.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XXV.
+
+  YONGE STREET, FROM YORKVILLE TO HOGG'S HOLLOW.
+
+
+Of long standing is the group of buildings on the right after passing
+the Davenport Road. It is the Brewery and malting-house of Mr. Severn,
+settled here since 1835. The main building over-looks a ravine which, as
+seen by the passer-by on Yonge Street, retains to this day in its
+eastern recess a great deal of natural beauty, although the stream below
+attracted manufacturers at an early period to its borders at numerous
+points. There is a picturesque irregularity about the outlines of Mr.
+Severn's brewery. The projecting galleries round the domestic portion of
+the building pleasantly indicate that the adjacent scenery is not
+unappreciated: nay, possibly enjoyed on many a tranquil autumn evening.
+
+Further on, a block-house of two storeys, both of them rectangular, but
+the upper turned half round on the lower, built in consequence of the
+troubles of 1837, and supposed to command the great highway from the
+north, overhung a high bank on the right. (Another of the like build was
+placed at the eastern extremity of the First Concession Road. It was
+curious to observe how rapidly these two relics acquired the character
+and even the look, gray and dilapidated, of age. With many, they dated
+at least from the war of 1812.)
+
+A considerable stretch of striking landscape here skirts our route on
+the right. Rosedale-house, the old extra-mural home, still existent and
+conspicuous, of Mr. Stephen Jarvis, Registrar of the Province in the
+olden time, afterwards of his son the Sheriff, of both of whom we have
+had occasion to speak repeatedly, was always noticeable for the
+romantic character of its situation; on the crest of a precipitous bank
+overlooking deep winding ravines. Set down here while yet the forest was
+but little encroached on, access to it was of course for a long time,
+difficult and laborious.
+
+The memorable fancy-ball given here at a comparatively late period, but
+during the Sheriff's lifetime, recurs as we go by. On that occasion, in
+the dusk of evening, and again probably in the gray dawn of morning, an
+irregular procession thronged the highway of Yonge Street and toiled up
+and down the steep approaches to Rosedale-house--a procession consisting
+of the simulated shapes and forms that usually revisit the glimpses of
+the moon at masquerades,--knights, crusaders, Plantagenet, Tudor and
+Stuart princes, queens and heroines; all mixed up with an incongruous
+ancient and modern canaille, a Tom of Bedlam, a Nicholas Bottom "with
+amiable cheeks and fair large ears," an Ariel, a Paul Pry, a Pickwick,
+&c., &c., not pacing on with some veri-similitude on foot or respectably
+mounted on horse, ass, or mule, but borne along most prosaically on
+wheels or in sleighs.
+
+This pageant, though only a momentary social relaxation, a transient but
+still not unutilitarian freak of fashion, accomplished well and cleverly
+in the midst of a scene literally a savage wild only a few years
+previously, may be noted as one of the many outcomes of precocity
+characterizing society in the colonies of England.
+
+In a burlesque drama to be seen in the columns of a contemporary paper
+(the _Colonist_, of 1839) we have an allusion to this memorable
+entertainment. The news is supposed to have just arrived of the union of
+the Canadas, to the dismay, as it is pretended, of the official party,
+among whom there will henceforth be no more cakes and ale. A messenger,
+Thomas, speaks:
+
+          List, oh, list--the Queen hath sent
+    A message to her Lords and trusty Commons--
+            All--What message sent she?
+          Thomas.--Oh the dreadful news!
+  That both the Canadas in one be joined.--(_faints._)
+
+Sheriff William then speaks:
+
+  Farewell ye masquerades, ye sparkling routs:
+  Now routed out, no more shall routs be ours;
+  No gilded chariots now shall roll along;
+  No sleighs that sweep across our icy path,--
+  Sleighs! no: this news that slays our warmest hopes,
+  Ends pageantry, and pride and masquerades.
+
+The characters in the dramatic _jeu d'esprit_, from which these lines
+are taken, are the principal personages of the defeated party, under
+thinly disguised names, Mr. Justice Clearhead, Mr. John Scott, William
+Welland, Judge Brock, Christopher, Samuel, Sheriff William, as above,
+and Thomas, &c. Rosedale is a name of pleasant sound. We are reminded
+thereby of another of the same genus, but of more recent application in
+these parts--Hazeldean--the pretty title given by Chief Justice Draper
+to his rural cottage, which overhangs and looks down upon the same
+ravine as Rosedale, but on the opposite side. (A residence of the Earl
+of Shaftesbury in Kew-foot Lane near Richmond, on the Thames is called
+Rosedale House, and is associated with the memory of the poet Thomson,
+who is said to have written his _Castle of Indolence_ there.)
+
+The perils and horrors encountered every spring and autumn by travellers
+and others in their ascent and descent of the precipitous sides of the
+Rosedale ravine, at the point where the primitive Yonge Street crossed
+it, were a local proverb and by-word: perils and horrors ranking for
+enormity with those associated with the passage of the Rouge, the
+Credit, the Sixteen, and a long list of other deeply ploughed
+watercourses intersected of necessity by the two great highways of Upper
+Canada.
+
+The ascent and descent of the gorge were here spoken of collectively as
+the "Blue Hill." Certain strata of a bluish clay had been remarked at
+the summit on both sides. The waggon-track passed down and up by two
+long wearisome and difficult slopes cut in the soil of the steep sides
+of the lofty banks. After the autumnal rains and during the thaws at the
+close of winter, the condition of the route here was indescribably bad.
+At the period referred to, however, the same thing, for many a year, was
+to be said of every rood of Yonge Street throughout its thirty miles of
+length.
+
+Nor was Yonge Street singular in this respect. All our roads were
+equally bad at certain seasons every year. We fear we conveyed an
+impression unfavourable to emigration many years ago, when walking with
+two or three young English friends across some flat clayey fields
+between Cambridge and the Gogmagogs. It chanced that the driftways for
+the farmers' carts--the holls as they are locally called, if we remember
+rightly--at the sides of the ploughed land were mire from end to end.
+Under the impulse of the moment, pleased in fact with a reminder of home
+far-distant, we exclaimed, "Here are Canadian roads!" The comparison
+was altogether too graphic; and our companions could never afterwards
+be got to entertain satisfactory notions of Canadian civilization.
+
+But English roads were not much better a century ago. We made a note
+once of John Moody's account of Lady Townley's journey with her
+coach-and-four and large household to London, from the veritable
+old-country York, in Sir John Vanbrugh's comedy of the Provoked Husband,
+so perfect a parallel did it furnish to the traveller's experience here
+on Yonge Street on his way from the Canadian York to the Landing in
+stage-coach or farmer's waggon in the olden time.
+
+"Some impish trick or other," said John Moody, "plagued us all the day
+long. Crack goes one thing: bounce goes another: Woa, says Roger--then
+sowse! we are all set fast in a slough. Whaw, cries Miss: scream go the
+maids: and bawl just as tho' they were stuck: and so, mercy on us! this
+was the trade from morning to night."
+
+The mode of extricating a vehicle from a slough or mudhole when once in,
+may be gathered from a passage in McTaggart's "Three Years in Canada,"
+ii., 205. The time referred to is 1829: "There are few roads," McTaggart
+says, "and these are generally excessively bad, and full of mudholes in
+which if a carriage fall, there is great trouble to get it out again.
+The mail coaches or waggons are often in this predicament, when the
+passengers instantly jump off, and having stripped rails off the fence,
+they lift it up by sheer force. Coming up brows they sometimes get in;
+the horses are then taken out, and yoked to the stern instead of the
+front; and it is drawn out backwards."
+
+The country between York and Lake Huron was, as we have already seen,
+first explored by Governor Simcoe in person, in 1793. It was also
+immediately surveyed, and in some measure occupied; and so early as
+1794, we read in a _Gazette_ the following notice: "Surveyor-General's
+Office, Upper Canada, 15th July, 1794. Notice is hereby given that all
+persons who have obtained assignments for land on Dundas Street, leading
+from the head of Burlington Bay to the upper forks of the River Thames,
+and on Yonge Street leading from York to Lake Simcoe, that unless a
+dwelling-house shall be built on every lot under certificate of
+location, and the same occupied within one year from the date of their
+respective assignments, such lots will be forfeited on the said Roads.
+D. W. Smith, Acting Surveyor General."
+
+All the conditions required to be fulfilled by the first settlers were
+these: "They must within the term of two years, clear fit for
+cultivation and fence, ten acres of the lot obtained; build a house 16
+by 20 feet of logs or frame, with a shingle roof; also cut down all the
+timber in front of and the whole width of the lot (which is 20 chains,
+133 feet wide), 33 feet of which must be cleared smooth and left for
+half of the public road." To issue injunctions for the performance of
+such work was easy. To do such work, or to get such work effectually
+done, was, under the circumstances of the times, difficult. Hence Yonge
+Street continued for some years after 1794 to be little more than a
+rambling forest wheel-track through the woods.
+
+In 1794, as we have before heard, Mr. William Berczy, brought over from
+the Pulteney Settlement, on the south side of Lake Ontario, sixty German
+families, and conducted them to the township of Markham, north-east of
+York, where lands had been assigned them. In effecting this first
+lodgement of a considerable body of colonists in a region entirely new,
+Mr. Berczy necessarily cut out by the aid of his party, and such other
+help as he could obtain, some kind of track through the forest, along
+the line of Yonge Street. He had already once before successfully
+accomplished a similar work. He had, we are told, hewn out a waggon road
+for emigrants through trackless woods all the way from Philadelphia to
+the Genesee country, where the Pulteney Settlement was.
+
+In 1795, Mr. Augustus Jones, a Deputy Provincial Surveyor, who figures
+largely in the earliest annals of Upper Canada, was directed by the
+Lieutenant Governor to survey and open in a more effective manner the
+route which Mr. Berczy and his emigrants had travelled. A detachment of
+the Queen's Rangers was at the same time ordered to assist.
+
+On the 24th December, 1795, Mr. Jones writes to D. W. Smith, Acting
+Surveyor General:--"His Excellency was pleased to direct me, previous to
+my surveying the township of York, to proceed on Yonge Street, to survey
+and open a cart-road from the harbour at York to Lake Simcoe, which I am
+now busy at (_i. e._ I am busily engaged in the preparations for this
+work.) Mr. Pearse is to be with me in a few days' time with a detachment
+of about thirty of the Queen's Rangers, who are to assist in opening the
+said road."
+
+Then in his Note-book and Journal for the new year 1796, he records the
+commencement of the survey, thus:--"Monday, 4th (January, 1796). Survey
+of Yonge Street. Begun at a Post near the Lake, York Harbour, on Bank,
+between Nos. 20 and 21, the course being Mile No. 1, N. 16 degrees W.,
+eighty chains, from Black Oak Tree to Maple Tree on the right side,
+along the said Yonge Street: at eighteen chains, fifty links, small
+creek; at twenty-eight chains, small creek; course the same at
+thirty-two eighty: here First Concession. At, N. 35 W. to 40-50, At
+39-50 swamp and creek, 10 links across, runs to the right: then N. 2 E.,
+to 43 chains in the line. At 60-25, small creek runs to right; swampy to
+73; N. 29 W. to 77, swamp on right. Then N. to 80 on line. Timber
+chiefly white and black oak to 60, and in many places windfalls thereon:
+maple, elm, beech, and a few oaks, black ash; loose soil. Mile No. 2 do.
+80 chains; rising Pine Ridge to 9 on top," &c., and so on day by day,
+until Tuesday, February 16th, when the party reached the Landing.
+
+For Mile No. 33 we have the entry. "Course do. (N. 9 W.) 80 chains;
+descended; at 10 chains, small creek; cross aforesaid small creek; at
+30, several cedars to 35-50; at 33, creek about 30 links across, runs to
+left; at 80 chains, hemlock tree on the right bank small creek; hemlock,
+pine, a few oak; broken soil. At Mile 34, do., 53 chains to Pine tree
+marked at Landing; timber, yellow and white Pines; sandy soil; slight
+winds from the north; cloudy, cold weather."
+
+The survey and opening of the Street from York bay to the Landing thus
+occupied forty-three days (January 4, to February 16). Three days
+sufficed for the return of the party to the place of beginning. The
+memoranda of these three days, and the following one, when Mr. Jones
+presented himself before the Governor, in the Garrison at York, run
+thus: "Wednesday, 17th, returned back to a small Lake at the
+twenty-first mile tree; pleasant weather, light winds from the west.
+Thursday, 18th, came down to five mile tree from York; pleasant weather.
+Friday, 19th, came to the town of York; busy entering some of my field
+notes; weather as before. Saturday, 20th, went to Garrison, York, and
+waited on His Excellency the Governor, and informed him that Yonge
+Street is opened from York to the Pine Fort Landing, Lake Simcoe. As
+there is no provision to be had at the place," Mr. Jones proceeds, "His
+Excellency was pleased to say that I must return to Newark, and report
+to the Surveyor General, and return with him in April next, when the
+Executive will sit, and that my attendance would be wanted. Pleasant
+weather, light winds from the west."
+
+The entry on the following Monday is this: "The hands busy at repairing
+(caulking) the boat to return to Burlington Bay, and thence to Newark;
+light winds from south, a few clouds. Tuesday, 23rd, high winds from the
+south-west hinder going on the Lake. Wednesday, 24th, high winds from
+the south drove a great quantity of ice into the harbour; obliged me to
+leave the boat and set out by land; went to the Etobicoke. Thursday,
+25th, came along the Lake to the 16 mile creek; winds left from south,
+thaw. Friday, 26th, came down to my house, Long Beach; calm, thaw," &c.
+
+Then on Tuesday, the 1st of March, 1796, the entry is: "Came down to
+12-mile creek; lame in my feet; high winds from N. W., frosty night.
+Wednesday, 2nd, came down to Newark; some snow, calm, frosty weather.
+Thursday, 3rd, busy entering some field notes; some snow, calm weather.
+Friday, 4th, busy protracting Yonge Street; cold weather, high winds
+from N. W." Finally, on Monday, 7th March (1796), we have the entry:
+"Busy copying of Yonge Street; high winds from the north, cold, snow
+fell last night about six inches."
+
+Some romance attaches to the history of Mr. Augustus Jones. We have his
+marriage mentioned in a _Gazette_ of 1798, in the following terms: "May
+21, Married, at the Grand River, about three weeks since, A. Jones,
+Esq., Deputy Surveyor, to a young lady of that place, daughter of the
+noted Mohawk warrior, Terrihogah."--The famous Indian Wesleyan
+missionary, Peter Jones, called in the Indian tongue
+Kah-ke-wa-quo-na-by, Sacred Waving Feathers, was the issue of this
+marriage.
+
+Peter Jones, in his published autobiography, thus speaks: "I was born at
+the heights of Burlington Bay, Canada West, on the first day of January,
+1802. My father, Augustus Jones," he continues, "was of Welsh
+extraction. His grandfather emigrated to America previous to the
+American Revolution, and settled on the Hudson River, State of New York.
+My father, having finished his studies as a land surveyor in the City of
+New York, came with a recommendation from Mr. Colden, son of the
+Governor of that State, to General Simcoe, Governor of Upper Canada, and
+was immediately employed by him as the King's Deputy Provincial
+Surveyor, in laying out town plots, townships and roads in different
+parts of the Province. This necessarily brought him in contact with the
+Indian tribes, and he learned their language and employed many of them
+in his service. He became much interested in the Indian character--so
+much so that he resolved to take a wife from amongst them. Accordingly,
+he married my mother, Tuh-ben-ah-nee-quay, daughter of Wahbanosay, a
+chief of the Mississaga tribe of the Ojibway nation. I had one brother,
+older than myself, whose name was Tyenteneget (given to him by the
+famous Captain Joseph Brant), but better known by the name of John
+Jones. I had also three younger brothers and five sisters. My father
+being fully engaged in his work, my elder brother and myself were left
+entirely to the care and management of our mother, who, preferring the
+customs and habits of her nation, taught us the superstitions of her
+fathers--how to gain the approbation of the Munedoos (or gods,) and how
+to become successful hunters. I used to blacken my face with charcoal,
+and fast, in order to obtain the aid of personal gods or familiar
+spirits, and likewise attended their pagan feasts and dances. For more
+than fourteen years I lived and wandered about with the Indians in the
+woods, during which time I witnessed the woful effects of the firewater
+which had been introduced amongst us by the white people."
+
+There is a discrepancy, it will be observed, between the _Gazette_ and
+the autobiography, in regard to the name and tribe of the father of Mr.
+Jones' Indian bride. The error, no doubt, is on the side of the
+_Gazette_.
+
+It is pleasant to find, in 1826, the now aged surveyor writing in the
+following strain to his missionary son, in a letter accompanying the
+gift of a horse, dated Coldsprings, Grand River: "Please to give our
+true love to John and Christina," he says, "and all the rest of our
+friends at the Credit. We expect to meet you and them at the camp
+meeting. I think a good many of our Indians will come down at that time.
+I send you Jack, and hope the Lord will preserve both you and your
+beast. He is quiet and hardy: the only fault I know he stumbles
+sometimes; and if you find he does not suit you as a riding horse, you
+can change him for some other; but always tell your reasons. May the
+Lord bless you! Pray for your unworthy father, Augustus Jones."
+
+Augustus Jones was, as has been already seen, concerned in the very
+earliest survey of York and the township attached. As we have at hand
+the instructions issued for this survey, we give them. It will be
+noticed that the Humber is therein spoken of as the Toronto River, and
+that the early settler or trader St. John is named, from whom the Humber
+was sometimes called St. John's River. The document likewise throws
+light on the mode of laying out townships by concessions. On general
+grounds, therefore, it will not be inappropriate in an account of the
+early settlement of Yonge Street.
+
+"Surveyor-General's Office, Province of Upper Canada, 26th January,
+1793.--Description of the Township of York (formerly Toronto), to be
+surveyed by Messrs. Aitken and Jones.--The front line of the front
+concession commences adjoining the township of Scarborough, (on No. 10),
+at a point known and marked by Mr. Jones, running S. 74 deg. W. from said
+front one chain, for a road; then five lots of twenty chains each, and
+one chain for a road; then five lots more of twenty chains each, and one
+chain for a road; and so on till the said line strikes the River
+Toronto, whereon St. John is settled. The concessions are one hundred
+chains deep, and one chain between each concession, to the extent of
+twelve miles."
+
+We subjoin a further early notice of Mr. Augustus Jones, which we
+observe in a letter addressed to him by John Collins, Deputy
+Surveyor-General, dated "Quebec, Surveyor-General's Office, January
+23rd, 1792." Mr. Collins mentions that he has recommended Mr. Jones to
+the notice of Governor Simcoe, who was at the time in Quebec, _en route_
+for his new Province in the west.--"Colonel Simcoe, the Governor of your
+Province," Mr. Collins says, "is now with us. I have taken the liberty
+to recommend you to him in the manner I think you merit, and I cannot
+doubt but that you will be continued in your salary."
+
+Another early surveyor of note, connected with the primitive history of
+Yonge Street, was John Stegmann, a German, who had been an officer in a
+Hessian regiment. He was directed in 1801, by the Surveyor-General, D.
+W. Smith, to examine and report upon the condition of Yonge Street. The
+result was a document occupying many sheets. We will give some extracts
+from it. They will furnish a view of the great thoroughfare which we are
+beginning to perambulate, as it appeared a few years after Jones'
+expedition. Though somewhat dryly imparted, the information will
+probably not be without interest.
+
+(The No. 1 referred to is the first lot after crossing the Third
+Concession Road from the Lake Shore.) "Agreeable to your instructions,"
+Mr. Stegmann says to Mr. Smith, "bearing date June the 10th, [1801], for
+the examination of Yonge Street, I have the honor to report thereon as
+follows: That from the town of York to the three mile post on the Poplar
+Plains the road is cut, and that as yet the greater part of the said
+distance is not passable for any carriage whatever, on account of logs
+which lie in the street. From thence to Lot No. 1 on Yonge Street the
+road is very difficult to pass, at any time, agreeable to the present
+situation in which the said part of the street is. The situation of the
+street from No. 1 to Lot 95 on Yonge Street will appear as per margin."
+
+We have then a detail of his notes as to the condition of the road
+opposite every lot all the way to the northern limit of the townships of
+King and Whitchurch. Of No. 1 in the township of York, on the west side
+of Yonge Street, it is reported that the "requisition of Government" is
+"complied with, except a few logs in the street not burnt." Of Lot 1 on
+the east side also, that it is complied with, except a "few logs not
+burnt."--No. 2, west side, complied with; the street cut but not burnt.
+East side, complied with; some logs in the street not burnt; and in some
+places narrow. No. 3, west side, complied with, except a few logs not
+burnt; east side, complied with; the clearing not fenced; no house; some
+logs in the street not burnt. No. 5, west side, complied with; east
+side, non-compliance. No. 8, west side, complied with; the street cut,
+but not burnt. East side, complied with; the street cut, but logs not
+burnt; here the street, it is noted, goes to the eastward of the line on
+account of the hilly ground. No. 3, west side, complied with in the
+clearing; the street bad and narrow. East side, non-compliance; street
+bad and narrow, and to the east of the road. No. 16, west side, nothing
+done to the road; about 5 acres cut; not fenced and no house thereon.
+East side, complied with. No. 17, west side, complied with; the
+underbrush in the street cut but not burnt.--East side, complied with,
+except logs in the street not burnt. No. 18, west side, well complied
+with. East side, well complied with. No. 25, west side, complied with.
+East side, complied with;--nothing done to the street, and a
+school-house erected in the centre of the street. This is the end of the
+township of York.
+
+Then on No. 33, west side, Vaughan, clearing is complied with; no house,
+and nothing done to the street. East side, Markham, clearing is
+complied with; south part of the street cut but not burnt; and north
+part of the street nothing done. No. 37, Vaughan, clearing complied
+with, but some large trees and some logs left in the street. Markham,
+some trees and logs left in the streets; some acres cut, but not burnt;
+no fence, and a small log house. No. 55, Vaughan, clearing complied
+with; the street cut and logs not burnt. Markham, clearing complied
+with; the street cut and logs not burnt; a very bad place for the road
+and may be laid out better. No. 63, west side, King, non-compliance.
+East side, Whitchurch, non-compliance; and similarly on to No. 88, on
+which, in King, the clearing is complied with; not fenced; the street
+good; in Whitchurch clearing is complied with, and nothing done to the
+street. No. 93, King, four acres cut, and nothing done to the street.
+Whitchurch, six acres clear land, and nothing done to the street. Here
+King and Whitchurch and the Report end.
+
+Mr. Stegmann then perorates thus: "Sir,--This was the real situation of
+Yonge Street when examined by me; and I am sorry to be under the
+necessity to add at the conclusion of this report, that the most ancient
+inhabitants of Yonge Street have been the most neglectful in clearing
+the street; and I have reason to believe that some trifle with the
+requisition of Government in respect of clearing the street."
+
+Mr. Berczy brought over his sixty-four families in 1794. The most
+ancient inhabitants were thus of about seven years' standing. If we men
+of the second generation regarded Yonge Street as a route difficult to
+travel, what must the first immigrants from the Genesee country and
+Pennsylvania have found it to be? They brought with them vehicles and
+horses and families and some household stuff. "The body of their
+waggons," we are told in an account of such new-comers in the
+_Gazetteer_ of 1799, "is made of close boards, and the most clever have
+the ingenuity to caulk the seams, and so by shifting off the body from
+the carriage, it serves to transport the wheels and the family." Old
+settlers round Newmarket used to narrate how in their first journey from
+York to the Landing they lowered their waggons down the steeps by ropes
+passed round the stems of saplings, and then hauled them up the ascent
+on the opposite side in a similar way.
+
+We meet with Mr. Stegmann, the author of the above quoted report, in
+numerous documents relating to surveys and other professional business
+done for the Surveyor-General. His clear, bold handwriting is always
+recognizable. His mode of expressing himself is vigorous and to the
+point, but slightly affected by his imperfect mastery of the English
+language. He gives the following account of himself in his first
+application to the Surveyor-General, asking for employment. "My name is
+John Stegmann," he says, "late lieutenant in the Hessian Regiment of
+Lossberg, commanded by Major-General de Loos, and served during the
+whole war in America till the reduction took place in the month of
+August, 1783, and by the favour and indulgence of His Excellency, Lord
+Dorchester, I obtained land in this new settlement and township of
+Osnabruck, and an appointment as Surveyor in the Province; I have a wife
+and small family to provide for."--Descendants of his are still to be
+found in the neighbourhood of Pine Grove in Vaughan. Their name is now
+Anglicised by the omission of one of the final _n_'s. The rivulet at the
+Blue Hill was spoken of, in 1799, as "Castle Frank Creek." It is the
+stream which runs through the Castle Frank lot. Mr. Stegmann was
+concerned in the building of the first bridge at this point. We have a
+letter of his to the Acting Surveyor-General, D. W. Smith, referring to
+timber, which he has provided for the structure. In the same he also
+takes occasion to mention that the fatigue party of soldiers who were
+assisting Mr. Jones in the opening of Yonge Street, had as yet received
+no compensation.
+
+He says: "Sir,--You were pleased to order me to inform you what time I
+should want a team for to get the timber for the bridge at Castle Frank
+Creek, for which I am ready, whenever you please to send the same." He
+then adds: "The party of Rangers now on this road begged of me to inform
+you that they have not received any pay for the work since they have
+been out with Mr. Jones." This note is dated, "Castle Frank Creek, Feb.
+27, 1799." On the 4th of the following March, he dates a note to Mr. D.
+W. Smith in the same way, "Castle Frank Creek," and asks to have a
+"bush-sextant" supplied to him. He says: "Sir,--I beg you will have the
+goodness to send me by the bearer a Bush-sextant, and am, sir, your most
+obedient and very humble servant, John Stegmann, Deputy-Surveyor."
+(According to some, the Blue Hill had its name from the circumstance
+that the bridge at its foot was painted blue).
+
+The names of other early surveyors may be learned from the following
+notice, taken from a _Gazette_: "Surveyor-General's Office, York, 25th
+April, 1805. That it may be known who are authorized to survey lands on
+the part of the Crown within this Province, the following list is
+communicated to the public of such persons as are duly licensed for that
+purpose, to be surveyors therein, viz., William Chewett, York; Thomas
+Smith, Sandwich; Abraham Iredell, Thomas Welch, Augustus Jones, William
+Fortune, Lewis Grant, Richard Cockrell, Henry Smith, John Rider, Aaron
+Greeley, Thomas Fraser, Reuben Sherwood, Joseph Fortune, Solomon
+Stevens, Samuel S. Wilmot, Samuel Ryckman, Mahlon Burwell, Adrian
+Marlet, Samuel Ridout, George Lawe. (Signed), C. B. Wyatt,
+Surveyor-General."
+
+Of Mr. Berczy, above spoken of, we shall soon have to give further
+particulars. We must now push on.
+
+Just beyond the Blue Hill ravine, on the west side, stood for a long
+while a lonely unfinished frame building, with gable towards the street,
+and windows boarded up. The inquiring stage-passenger would be told,
+good-humouredly, by the driver, that it was Rowland Burr's Folly. It
+was, we believe, to have been a Carding or Fulling Mill, worked by
+peculiar machinery driven by the stream in the valley below; but either
+the impracticability of this from the position of the building, or the
+as yet insignificant quantity of wool produced in the country made the
+enterprise abortive.
+
+Mr. Burr was an emigrant to these parts from Pennsylvania in 1803, and
+from early manhood was strongly marked by many of the traits which are
+held to be characteristic of the speculative and energetic American.
+Unfortunately in some respects for himself, he was in advance of his
+neighbours in a clear perception of the capabilities of things as seen
+in the rough, and in a strong desire to initiate works of public
+utility, broaching schemes occasionally beyond the natural powers of a
+community in its veriest infancy. A canal to connect Lake Ontario with
+the Georgian Bay of Lake Huron, _via_ Lake Simcoe and the valley of the
+Humber, was pressed by him as an immediate necessity, years ago; and at
+his own expense he minutely examined the route and published thereon a
+report which has furnished to later theorizers on the same subject much
+valuable information.
+
+Mr. Burr was a born engineer and mechanician, and at a more auspicious
+time, with proper opportunities for training and culture, he would
+probably have become famed as a local George Stephenson. He built on
+his own account, or for others, a number of mills and factories,
+providing and getting into working order the complicated mechanism
+required for each; and this at a time when such undertakings were not
+easy to accomplish, from the unimproved condition of the country and the
+few facilities that existed for importing and transporting inland, heavy
+machinery. The mills and factories at Burwick in Vaughan originated with
+him, and from him that place takes its name.
+
+The early tramway on Yonge Street of which we have already spoken was
+suggested by Mr. Burr; and when the cutting down of the Blue Hill was
+decided on, he undertook and effected the work.
+
+It is now some forty years since the peculiar clay of the Blue Hill
+began to be turned to useful account. In or near the brick-fields, which
+at the present time are still to be seen on the left, Messrs. James and
+William Townsley burnt kilns of white brick, a manufacture afterwards
+carried on here by Mr. Nightingale, a family connection of the Messrs.
+Townsley. Mr. Worthington also for a time engaged on the same spot in
+the manufacture of pressed brick and drain tiles. The Rossin House
+Hotel, in Toronto, and the Yorkville Town Hall were built of pressed
+brick made here.
+
+Chestnut Park, which we pass on the right, the residence now of Mr.
+McPherson, is a comparatively modern erection, put up by Mr. Mathers, an
+early merchant of York, who, before building here, lived on Queen
+Street, near the Meadows, the residence of Mr. J. Hillyard Cameron.
+Oaklands, Mr. John McDonald's residence, of which a short distance back
+we obtained a passing glimpse far to the west, and Rathnally, Mr.
+McMaster's palatial abode, beyond, are both modern structures, put up by
+their respective occupants. Woodlawn, still on the left, the present
+residence of Mr. Justice Morrison, was previously the home of Mr.
+Chancellor Blake, and was built by him.
+
+Summer Hill, seen on the high land far to the right, and commanding a
+noble view of the wide plain below, including Toronto with its spires
+and the lake view along the horizon, was originally built by Mr. Charles
+Thomson, whose name is associated with the former travel and postal
+service of the whole length of Yonge Street and the Upper Lakes. In Mr.
+Thompson's time, however, Summer Hill was by no means the extensive and
+handsome place into which it has developed since becoming the property
+and the abode of Mr. Larratt Smith.
+
+The primitive waggon track of Yonge Street ascended the hill at which we
+now arrive, a little to the west of the present line of road. It passed
+up through a narrow excavated notch. Across this depression or trench a
+forest tree fell without being broken, and there long remained. Teams,
+in their way to and from town, had to pass underneath it like captured
+armies of old under the yoke. To some among the country folk it
+suggested the beam of the gallows-tree. Hence sprang an ill-omened name
+long attached to this particular spot.
+
+Near here, at the top of the hill, were formerly to be seen, as we have
+understood, the remains of a rude windlass or capstan, used in the
+hauling up of the North-West Company's boats at this point of the long
+portage from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron.
+
+So early as 1799 we have it announced that the North-West Company
+intended to make use of this route. In the Niagara _Constellation_, of
+August, 3, 1799, we read: "We are informed on good authority that the
+North-West Company have it seriously in contemplation to establish a
+communication with the Upper Lakes by way of York, through Yonge Street
+to Lake Simcoe, a distance of about 33 miles only." The _Constellation_
+embraces the occasion to say also, "That the government has actually
+begun to open that street for several miles, which example will
+undoubtedly be no small inducement to persons who possess property on
+that street and its vicinity to exert themselves in opening and
+completing what may be justly considered one of the primary objects of
+attention in a new country, a good road."
+
+The _Gazette_ of March 9, in this year (1799) had contained an
+announcement that "The North-West Company has given twelve thousand
+pounds towards making Yonge Street a good road, and that the North-West
+commerce will be communicated through this place (York): an event which
+must inevitably benefit this country materially, as it will not only
+tend to augment the population, but will also enhance the present value
+of landed property."
+
+Bouchette, writing in 1815, speaks of improvements on Yonge Street, "of
+late effected by the North-West Company." "This route," he says in his
+Topographical description, "being of much more importance, has of late
+been greatly improved by the North-West Company for the double purpose
+of shortening the distance to the Upper Lakes, and avoiding any contact
+with the American frontiers."
+
+As stated already in another connection, we have conversed with those
+who had seen the cavalcade of the North-West Company's boats, mounted on
+wheels, on their way up Yonge Street. It used to be supposed by some
+that the tree across the notch through which the road passed had been
+purposely felled in that position as a part of the apparatus for helping
+the boats up the hill.
+
+The table-land now attained was long known as the Poplar Plains.
+Stegmann uses the expression in his Report. A pretty rural by-road that
+ascends this same rise near Rathnally, Mr. McMaster's house, is still
+known as the Poplar Plains road.
+
+A house, rather noticeable, to the left but lying slightly back, and
+somewhat obscured by fine ornamental trees that overshadow it, was the
+home for many years of Mr. J. S. Howard, sometime Postmaster of York,
+and afterwards Treasurer of the counties of York and Peel: an estimable
+man, and an active promoter of all local works of benevolence. He died
+in Toronto in 1866, aged 68.
+
+This house used to be known as Olive Grove; and was originally built by
+Mr. Campbell, proprietor and manager of the Ontario House Hotel, in
+York, once before referred to; eminent in the Masonic body, and father
+of Mr. Stedman Campbell, a local barrister of note, who died early.
+
+Mashquoteh to the left, situated a short distance in, on the north side
+of the road which enters Yonge Street here, is a colony transplanted
+from the neighbouring Spadina, being the home of Mr. W. Warren Baldwin,
+son of Dr. W. W. Baldwin, the builder of Spadina. "Mashquoteh" is the
+Ochipway for "meadow." We hear the same sounds in Longfellow's
+"Mushkoda-sa," which is, by interpretation, "prairie-fowl."
+
+Deer Park, to the north of the road that enters here, but skirting Yonge
+Street as well, had that name given it when the property of Mrs. Heath,
+widow of Col. Heath of the H. E. I. Company's Service. On a part of this
+property was the house built by Colonel Carthew, once before referred
+to, and now the abode of Mr. Fisken. Colonel Carthew, a half-pay officer
+of Cornish origin, also made large improvements on property in the
+vicinity of Newmarket.
+
+Just after Deer Park, to avoid a long ravine which lay in the line of
+the direct route northward, the road swerved to the left and then
+descended, passing over an embankment, which was the dam of an adjacent
+sawmill, a fine view of the interior of which, with the saw usually in
+active motion, was obtained by the traveller as he fared on. This was
+Michael Whitmore's sawmill.
+
+Of late years the apex of the long triangle of Noman's land that for a
+great while lay desolate between the original and subsequent lines of
+Yonge Street, has been happily utilized by the erection thereon of a
+Church, Christ Church, an object well seen in the ascent and descent of
+the street. Anciently, very near the site of Christ Church, a solitary
+longish wooden building, fronting southward, was conspicuous; the abode
+of Mr. Hudson, a provincial land surveyor of mark. Looking back
+southward from near the front of this house, a fine distant glimpse of
+the waters of Lake Ontario used to be obtained, closing the vista made
+in the forest by Yonge Street.
+
+Before reaching Whitmore's sawmill, while passing along the brow of the
+hill overlooking the ravine, which was avoided by the street as it ran
+in the first instance, there was to be seen at a little distance to the
+right, on some rough undulating ground, a house which always attracted
+the eye by its affectation of "Gothic" in the outline of its windows. On
+the side towards the public road it showed several obtuse-headed lancet
+lights. This peculiarity gave the building, otherwise ordinary enough, a
+slightly romantic air; it had the effect, in fact, at a later period, of
+creating for this habitation, when standing for a considerable while
+tenantless, the reputation of being haunted.
+
+This house and the surrounding grounds constituted Springfield Park, the
+original Upper Canadian home of Mr. John Mills Jackson, an English
+gentleman, formerly of Downton in Wiltshire, who emigrated hither prior
+to 1806; but finding public affairs managed in a way which he deemed not
+satisfactory, he returned to England, where he published a pamphlet
+addressed to the King, Lords and Commons of the United Kingdom of Great
+Britain and Ireland, entitled, "A View of the Political Situation of the
+Province," a brochure that made a stir in Upper Canada, if not in
+England, the local House of Assembly voting it a libel.
+
+Our Upper Canadian Parliament partially acquired the habit of decreeing
+reflections on the local government to be libels. Society in its infancy
+is apt to resent criticism, even when legitimate. Witness the United
+States and Mrs. Trollope. At the same time critics of infant society
+should be themselves sufficiently large-minded not to expect in infant
+society the perfection of society well developed, and to word their
+strictures accordingly.
+
+In the preface to his pamphlet, which is a well-written production, Mr.
+Jackson gives the following account of his first connection with Canada
+and his early experience there:--"Having by right of inheritance," he
+says, "a claim to a large and very valuable tract of land in the
+Province of Quebec, I was induced to visit Lower Canada for the purpose
+of investigating my title; and being desirous to view the immense lakes
+and falls in Upper Canada, where I had purchased some lands previous to
+my leaving England, I extended my travels to that country, with which I
+was so much pleased, that I resolved to settle on one of my estates, and
+expended a considerable sum on its improvement (the allusion is probably
+to Springfield Park); but considering neither my person nor property
+secure under the system pursued there, I have been obliged to relinquish
+the hope of its enjoyment."
+
+The concluding sentences of his appeal will give an idea of the burden
+of his complaint. To his mind the colony was being governed exactly in
+the way that leads finally to revolt in colonies. The principles of the
+constitution guaranteed by the mother country were violated. One of his
+grievances was--not that a seventh of the public land had been set apart
+for an established Church, but--that "in seventeen years not one acre
+had been turned to any beneficial account; not a clergyman, except such
+as England pays or the Missionary Society sends (only five in number),
+without glebe, perquisite or parsonage house; and still fewer churches
+than ministers of the established religion."
+
+He concludes thus: "I call upon you to examine the Journals of the House
+of Assembly and Legislative Council; to look at the distribution and use
+made of the Crown Lands; the despatches from the Lieutenant-Governor
+[Gore]; the memorials from the Provincial Secretary, Receiver-General
+and Surveyor-General; the remonstrances of the Six Nations of Indians;
+and the letters from Mr. Thorpe [Judge Thorpe], myself and others, on
+the state of the Colony, either to the Lords of the Treasury or to the
+Secretary of State. Summon and examine all the evidence that can be
+procured here (England), and, if more should appear necessary, send a
+commission to ascertain the real state of the Province. Then you will be
+confirmed in the truth of every representation I have made, and much
+more which, for the safety of individuals, I am constrained to
+withhold. Then you will be enabled to relieve England from a great
+burden, render the Colony truly valuable to the mother country, and save
+one of the most luxuriant ramifications of the Empire. You will perform
+the promise of the crown; you will establish the law and liberty
+directed by the (British) Parliament; and diffuse the Gospel of Christ
+to the utmost extremity of the West. You will do that which is
+honourable to the nation, beneficial to the most deserving subjects, and
+lovely in the sight of God."
+
+This pamphlet is of interest as an early link (its date is 1809) in the
+catena of protests on the subject of Canadian affairs, from Whiggish and
+other quarters, culminating at last in Lord Durham's Report.
+Nevertheless, what the old French trader said of Africa--"Toujours en
+maudissant ce vilain pays, on y reviens toujours"--proved true in
+respect to Canada in the case of Mr. Jackson, as in the case likewise of
+several other severe critics of Canadian public affairs in later times.
+He returned and dwelt in the land after all, settling with his family on
+Lake Simcoe, where Jackson's Point and Jackson's Landing retain his
+name, and where descendants of his still remain.
+
+Mr. Jackson had possessions likewise in the West Indies, and made
+frequent visits thither, as also to England, where at length he died in
+1836. Up to about that date, we observe his name in the Commission of
+the Peace.
+
+In the _Loyalist_ of May 24, 1828, a Biblical work by Mr. Jackson is
+advertised for sale at York. Thus runs the notice:--"Just received from
+England, and for sale at the book stores of Messrs. Meighan and Lesslie
+& Sons, York, a few volumes of 'The History from the Creation of the
+World to the death of Joshua, authenticated from the best authorities,
+with Notes, Critical, Philosophical, Moral and Explanatory: by John
+Mills Jackson, Esq., formerly Gentleman Commoner of Ball. Coll. in the
+University of Oxford.'" (Then follow laudatory notices of the work from
+private sources.)
+
+Fifty years ago, in Canada, English families, whose habits and ideas
+were more in harmony with Bond Street than with the backwoods, had, in
+becoming morally acclimatised to the country, a tremendous ordeal to
+pass through: how they contrived to endure the pains and perils of the
+process is now matter of wonder.
+
+One of Mr. Jackson's sons, Clifton, is locally remembered as an early
+example in these parts of the exquisite of the period--the era of the
+Prince Regent and Lord Byron. By extra-sacrificing to the Graces, at a
+time when _articles de cosmetique et de luxe_ generally were scarce and
+costly in Canada, he got himself into trouble.--In 1822 he had occasion
+to make his escape from "durance vile" in York, by opening a passage,
+one quiet Sunday morning, through the roof of the old jail. He was
+speedily pursued by Mr. Parker, the warden, and an associate, Mr.
+Garsides; overtaken at Albany, in the State of New York; apprehended
+under a feigned charge; and brought back to York. Among the inhabitants
+of some of the villages between Albany and Youngstown, a suspicion arose
+that a case of kidnapping was in progress, and Messrs. Parker and
+Garsides were exposed to risk of personal violence before they could
+reach the western bank of the Niagara river, with their prey. By a happy
+turn of affairs, a few years later, Mr. Clifton Jackson obtained a
+situation in the Home Colonial Office, with a good salary.
+
+To distinguish Mr. Mills Jackson from another proprietor on Yonge
+Street, also called Jackson, the alliterative epithet, "Jacobin," was
+sometimes applied to him, in jocose allusion to his political
+principles, held by the official party to be revolutionary. In regard to
+the other Jackson, some such epithet as "Jacobin" would not have been
+inapplicable. On the invasion of Canada in 1812 by the United States, he
+openly avowed his sympathy with the invaders, and was obliged to fly the
+country. He was known and distinguished as "Hatter Jackson," from the
+business which he once followed. After the war he returned, and
+endeavoured, but in vain, to recover possession of the land on Yonge
+Street which he had temporarily occupied.
+
+In the _Gazette_ of Nov. 11, 1807, we have Mr. Jackson's advertisement.
+Almost anticipating the modern "Hats that are Hats," it is headed
+"Warranted Hats," and then proceeds: "The subscriber, having established
+a hat manufactory in the vicinity of York on a respectable scale,
+solicits the patronage and support of the public. All orders will be
+punctually attended to, and a general assortment of warranted hats be
+continually kept at the store of Mr. Thomas Hamilton, in York. Samuel
+Jackson. Yonge Street, Nov. 10, 1807."
+
+An earlier owner of the lot, at which we are now pausing, was Stillwell
+Wilson. In 1799, at the annual York Township meeting, held on the 4th
+March in that year at York, we find Stillwell Wilson elected one of the
+Overseers of Highways and Fence-viewers for the portion of Yonge Street
+from lot 26 to lot 40, in Markham and Vaughan. At the same meeting, Paul
+Wilcot is elected to the same office, "from Big Creek to No. 25,
+inclusive, and half Big Creek Bridge; and Daniel Dehart, from Big Creek
+to No. 1, inclusive, and half Big Creek Bridge." "The Big Creek"
+referred to was, as we suppose, the Don at Hogg's Hollow.
+
+In 1821, Stillwell Wilson is landlord of the Waterloo House, in York,
+and is offering to let that stand; also to let or sell other valuable
+properties. In the _Gazette_ of March 25, 1820, we have his
+advertisement:--"For sale or to let, four improved farms on Yonge
+Street, composed of lots Nos. 20 and 30 on the west side, and 15 and 20
+on the east side of the street, in the townships of York and Vaughan.
+These lands are so well known that they require no further encomiums
+than the virtues they possess. For title of which please apply to the
+subscriber at Waterloo House, York, the proprietor of said lands. P.
+S.--The noted stand known by the name of the Waterloo House, which the
+subscriber at present possesses, is also offered to be let on easy
+terms; as also an excellent Sawmill, in the third concession of the
+township of York, east of Yonge Street, only ten miles from town, on the
+west branch of the river Don. Stillwell Wilson."
+
+In 1828, for moneys due apparently to Jairus Ashley, some of Stillwell's
+property has been seized. Under the editorial head of the _Loyalist_ of
+December 27th of that year, we find the following item:--"Sheriff's
+Sale.--At the Court House, in the Town of York, on Saturday, 31st
+January next, will be sold, Lot No. 30, in the first Concession of the
+Township of Vaughan, taken in execution as belonging to Stillwell
+Wilson, at the suit of Jairus Ashley. Sale to commence at 12 o'clock
+noon."
+
+In our chapter on the Early Marine of York, we shall meet with Stillwell
+Wilson again. We shall then find him in command of a slip-keel schooner
+plying on the Lake between York and Niagara. The present owner of his
+lot, which, as we have seen, was also once Mr. Jackson's--Mr. Jacobin
+Jackson's, is Mr. Cawthra. (Note the tendency to distinguish between
+individuals bearing the name of Jackson by an epithet prefixed. A
+professional pugilist patronized by Lord Byron was commonly spoken of as
+"Gentleman Jackson.")
+
+As we reach again the higher land, after crossing the dam of Whitmore's
+mill, and returning into the more direct line of the street, some rude
+pottery works met the eye. Here in the midst of woods, the passer-by
+usually saw on one side of the road, a one horse clay-grinding machine,
+laboriously in operation; and on the other, displayed in the open air on
+boards supported by wooden pins driven into the great logs composing the
+wall of the low windowless building, numerous articles of coarse brown
+ware, partially glazed, pans, crocks, jars, jugs, demijohns, and so
+forth; all which primitive products of the plastic art were ever
+pleasant to contemplate. These works were carried on by Mr. John
+Walmsley.
+
+A tract of rough country was now reached, difficult to clear and
+difficult to traverse with a vehicle. Here a genuine corduroy causeway
+was encountered, a long series of small saw-logs laid side by side, over
+which wheels jolted deliberately. In the wet season, portions of it,
+being afloat, would undulate under the weight of a passing load; and
+occasionally a horse's leg would be entrapped, and possibly snapped
+short by the sudden yielding or revolution of one of the cylinders
+below.
+
+We happen to have a very vivid recollection of the scene presented along
+this particular section of Yonge Street, when the woods, heavy pine
+chiefly, after having been felled in a most confused manner, were being
+consumed by fire, or rather while the effort was being made to consume
+them. The whole space from near Mr. Walmsley's potteries to the rise
+beyond which Eglinton is situated, was, and continued long, a chaos of
+blackened timber, most dismaying to behold.
+
+To the right of this tract was one of the Church glebes so curiously
+reserved in every township in the original laying out of Upper
+Canada--one lot of two hundred acres in every seven of the same area--in
+accordance with a public policy which at the present time seems
+sufficiently Utopian. Of the arrangement alluded to, now broken up, but
+expected when the Quebec Act passed in 1780 to be permanent, a relic
+remained down to a late date in the shape of a wayside inn, on the right
+near here, styled on its sign the "Glebe Inn"--a title and sign
+reminding one of the "Church Stiles" and "Church Gates" not uncommon as
+village ale-house designations in some parts of England.
+
+Hitherto the general direction of Yonge Street has been north, sixteen
+degrees west. At the point where it passes the road marking the northern
+limit of the third concession from the bay, it swerves seven degrees to
+the eastward. In the first survey of this region there occurred here a
+jog or fault in the lines. The portion of the street proposed to be
+opened north failed, by a few rods, to connect in a continuous right
+line with the portion of it that led southward into York. The
+irregularity was afterwards corrected by slicing off a long narrow
+angular piece from three lots on the east side, and adding the like
+quantity of land to the opposite lot--it happening just here that the
+lots on the east side lie east and west, while those on the west side
+lie north and south. After the third concession, the lots along the
+street lie uniformly east and west.
+
+With young persons in general perhaps, at York in the olden time, who
+ever gave the cardinal points a thought, the notion prevailed that Yonge
+Street was "north." We well remember our own slight perplexity when we
+first distinctly took notice that the polar star, the dipper, and the
+focus usually of the northern lights, all seemed to be east of Yonge
+Street. That an impression existed in the popular mind at a late period
+to the effect that Yonge Street was north, was shown when the pointers
+indicating east, west, north and south came to be affixed to the apex of
+a spire on Gould Street. On that occasion several compasses had to be
+successively taken up and tried before the workmen could be convinced
+that "north" was so far "east" as the needle of each instrument would
+persist in asserting.
+
+The first possessor of the lot on the west side, slightly augmented in
+the manner just spoken of, was the Baron de Hoen, an officer in one of
+the German regiments disbanded after the United States Revolutionary
+War. His name is also inscribed in the early maps on the adjacent lot to
+the north, known as No. 1 in the township of York, west side.
+
+At the time of the capture of York in 1813, Baron de Hoen's house, on
+lot No. 1, proved a temporary refuge to some ladies and others, as we
+learn from a manuscript narrative taken down from the lips of the late
+venerable Mrs. Breakenridge by her daughter, Mrs. Murney. That record
+well recalls the period and the scene. "The ladies settled to go out to
+Baron de Hoen's farm," the narrative says. "He was a great friend," it
+then explains, "of the Baldwin family, whose real name was Von Hoen; and
+he had come out about the same time as Mr. St. George, and had been in
+the British army. He had at this time a farm about four miles up Yonge
+Street, and on a lot called No. 1. Yonge Street was then a corduroy road
+immediately after leaving King Street, and passing through a dense
+forest. Miss Russell, (sister of the late President Russell) loaded her
+phaeton with all sorts of necessaries, so that the whole party had to
+walk. My poor old grandfather (Mr. Baldwin, the father of Mrs.
+Breakenridge) by long persuasion at length consented to give up
+fighting, and accompany the ladies. Aunt Baldwin (Mrs. Dr. Baldwin) and
+her four sons, Major Fuller, who was an invalid under Dr. Baldwin's
+care, Miss Russell, Miss Willcox, and the whole cavalcade sallied forth:
+the youngest boy St. George, a mere baby, my mother (Mrs. Breakenridge)
+carried on her back nearly the whole way.
+
+"When they had reached about half way out," the narrative proceeds,
+"they heard a most frightful concussion, and all sat down on logs and
+stumps, frightened terribly. They learned afterwards that this terrific
+sound was occasioned by the blowing up of the magazine of York garrison,
+when five hundred Americans were killed, and at which time my uncle, Dr.
+Baldwin, was dressing a soldier's wounds; he was conscious of a strange
+sensation: it was too great to be called a sound, and he found a shower
+of stones falling all around him, but he was quite unhurt. The family at
+length reached Baron de Hoen's log house, consisting of two rooms, one
+above and one below. After three days Miss Russell and my mother walked
+into town, just in time to prevent Miss Russell's house from being
+ransacked by the soldiers.
+
+"All now returned to their homes and occupations," the narrative goes on
+to say, "except Dr. Baldwin, who continued dressing wounds and acting as
+surgeon, until the arrival of Dr. Hackett, the surgeon of the 8th
+Regiment. Dr. Baldwin said it was most touching to see the joy of the
+poor wounded fellows when told that their own doctor was coming back to
+them." It is then added: "My mother (Mrs. Breakenridge) saw the poor 8th
+Grenadiers come into town on the Saturday, and in church on Sunday, with
+the handsome Captain McNeil at their head, and the next day they were
+cut to pieces to a man. My father (Mr. Breakenridge) was a student at
+law with Dr. Baldwin, who had been practising law after giving up
+medicine as a profession, and had been in his office about three months,
+when he went off like all the rest to the battle of York."
+
+The narrative then gives the further particulars: "The Baldwin family
+all lived with Miss Russell after this, as she did not like being left
+alone. When the Americans made their second attack about a month after
+the first, the gentlemen all concealed themselves, fearing to be taken
+prisoners like those at Niagara. The ladies received the American
+officers: some of these were very agreeable men, and were entertained
+hospitably; two of them were at Miss Russell's; one of them was a Mr.
+Brookes, brother-in-law of Archdeacon Stuart, then of York, afterwards
+of Kingston. General Sheaffe had gone off some time before, taking every
+surgeon with him. On this account Dr. Baldwin was forced, out of
+humanity, to work at his old profession again, and take care of the
+wounded."
+
+Lot No. 1 was afterwards the property of an English gentleman, Mr.
+Harvey Price, a member of our Provincial Government, as Commissioner of
+Crown Lands, whose conspicuous residence, castellated in character, and
+approached by a broad avenue of trees, was a little further on. In 1820,
+No. 1 was being offered for sale in the following terms, in the
+_Gazette_ of March 25th: "That well known farm No. 1, west side of Yonge
+Street, belonging to Captain de Hoen, about four or five miles from
+York, 210 acres. The land is of excellent quality, well-wooded, with
+about forty acres cleared, a never failing spring of excellent water,
+barn and farm house. Application to be made to the subscriber at
+York.--W. W. Baldwin."
+
+Baron de Hoen was second to Mr. Attorney-General White, killed in the
+duel with Mr. Small in 1800 (January 3rd). In the contemporary account
+of that incident in the Niagara _Constellation_, the name is
+phonetically spelt _De Hayne_. In the above quoted MS. the name appears
+as de Haine.
+
+In our progress northward we now traverse ground which, as having been
+the scene of a skirmish and some bloodshed during the troubles of 1837,
+has become locally historic. The events alluded to have been described
+from different points of view at sufficient length in books within reach
+of every one. We throw over them here the mantle of charity, simply
+glancing at them and passing on.
+
+Upper Canada, in miniature and in the space of half a century, curiously
+passed through conditions and processes, physical and social, which old
+countries on a large scale, and in the course of long ages, passed
+through. Upper Canada had, in little, its primaeval and barbaric but
+heroic era, its mediaeval and high-prerogative era, and then, after a
+revolutionary period of a few weeks, its modern, defeudalized,
+democratic era. Without doubt the introduction here in 1792 of an "exact
+transcript" of the contemporary constitution of the mother country, as
+was the boast at the time, involved the introduction here also of some
+of the spirit which animated the official administrators of that
+constitution in the mother country itself at the period--the time of the
+Third George.
+
+We certainly find from an early date, as we have already seen, a
+succession of intelligent, observant men, either casual visitors to the
+country, or else intending settlers, and actual settlers, openly
+expressing dissatisfaction at some of the things which they noted,
+experienced or learned, in respect of the management of Canadian public
+affairs. These persons for the most part were themselves perhaps only
+recently become alive to the changes which were inevitable in the
+governmental principles of the mother country; and so were peculiarly
+sensitive, and even, it may be, petulant in regard to such matters. But,
+however well-meaning and advanced in political wisdom they may have
+been, they nevertheless, as we have before intimated, exhibited
+narrowness of view themselves, and some ignorance of mankind, in
+expecting to find in a remote colonial out-station of the empire a state
+of things better than that which at the moment existed at the heart of
+the empire; and in imagining that strictures on their part, especially
+when acrimonious, would, under the circumstances, be amiably and
+submissively received by the local authorities.
+
+The early rulers of Canada, Upper and Lower, along with the members of
+their little courts, were not to be lightly censured.--They were but
+copying the example of their royal Chief and his circle at Kew, Windsor,
+or St. James'. Of the Third George Thackeray says: "He did his best; he
+worked according to his lights; what virtue he knew he tried to
+practice; what knowledge he could master he strove to acquire." And so
+did they. The same fixity of idea in regard to the inherent dignity and
+power of the Crown that characterized him characterized them, together
+with a like sterling uprightness which commanded respect even when a
+line of action was adopted that seemed to tend, and did in reality tend,
+to a popular outbreak.
+
+All men, however, now acquiesce in the final issue. The social turmoil
+which for a series of years agitated Canada, from whatever cause
+arising; the explosion which at length took place, by whatever
+instrumentality brought on, cleared the political atmosphere of the
+country, and hastened the good time of general contentment and
+prosperity which Canadians of the present day are enjoying.--After all,
+the explosion was not a very tremendous one. Both sides, after the
+event, have been tempted to exaggerate the circumstances of it a little,
+for effect.
+
+The recollections which come back to us as we proceed on our way, are
+for the most part of a date anterior to those associated with 1837;
+although some of the latter date will of course occasionally recur.
+
+The great conspicuous way-side inn, usually called Montgomery's was, at
+the time of its destruction by the Government forces in 1837, in the
+occupation of a landlord named Lingfoot. The house of Montgomery, from
+whom the inn took its name, he having been a former occupant, was on a
+farm owned by himself, beautifully situated on rising ground to the
+left, subsequently the property and place of abode of Mr. James Lesslie,
+of whom already.
+
+Mr. Montgomery had once had a hotel in York, named "The Bird in Hand,"
+on Yonge Street, a little to the north of Elliott's. We have this inn
+named in an advertisement to be seen in the _Canadian Freeman_ of April
+17, 1828, having reference to the "Farmer's Store Company." "A general
+meeting of the Farmer's Storehouse Company," says the advertisement,
+"will be held on the 22nd of March next, at 10 o'clock, a.m., at John
+Montgomery's tavern, on Yonge Street, 'The Bird in Hand.'--The farmers
+are hereby also informed that the storehouse is properly repaired for
+the accommodation of storage, and that every possible attention shall be
+paid to those who shall store produce therein. John Goessmann, clerk."
+
+The Farmer's Store was at the foot of Nelson Street. Mr. Goessmann was a
+well-known Deputy Provincial Surveyor, of Hanoverian origin. In an
+address published in the _Weekly Register_ of July 15, 1824, on the
+occasion of his retiring from a contest for a seat in the House as
+representative for the counties of York and Simcoe, Mr. Goessmann
+alluded as follows to his nationality: "I may properly say," he
+observed, "that I was a born British subject before a great number of
+you did even draw breath; and have certainly borne more oppressions
+during the late French war than any child of this country, that never
+peeped beyond the boundary even of this continent, where only a small
+twig of that all-crushing war struck. Our sovereign has not always been
+powerful enough to defend all his dominions. We, the Hanoverians, have
+been left the greater part during that contest, to our own fate; we have
+been crushed to yield our privileges to the subjection of Bonaparte, his
+greatest antagonist," &c.
+
+Eglinton, through which, at the present day, Yonge Street passes
+hereabout, is a curious stray memorial of the Tournament in Ayrshire,
+which made a noise in 1839. The passages of arms on the farther side of
+the Atlantic that occasionally suggest names for Canadian villages, are
+not always of so peaceful a character as that in the Earl of Eglinton's
+grounds in 1839; although it is a matter of some interest now to
+remember that even in that a Louis Napoleon figured, who at a later
+period was engaged in jousts of a rather serious kind, promoted by
+himself.
+
+About Eglinton the name of Snider is notable as that of a United Empire
+Loyalist family seated here, of German descent. Mr. Martin Snider,
+father of Jacob and Elias Snider and other brothers and sisters,
+emigrated hither at an early period from Nova Scotia, where he first
+took up his abode for a time after the revolution.--Among the names of
+those who volunteered to accompany General Brock to Detroit in 1813, we
+observe that of Mr. Jacob Snider. In later years, a member of the same
+family is sheriff for the County of Grey, and repeatedly a
+representative in Parliament of the same county.
+
+The Anglicised form of the German name Schneider, like the Anglicised
+form of a number of other non-English names occurring among us,
+illustrates and represents the working of our Canadian social system;
+the practical effect of our institutions, educational and municipal. Our
+mingled population, when permitted to develop itself fairly; when not
+crushed, or sought to be crushed into narrow alien moulds invented by
+non-Teutonic men in the pre-printing-press, feudal era, becomes
+gradually--if not English--at all events Anglo-Canadian, a people of a
+distinct type on this continent, acknowledged by the grand old mother of
+nations,--Alma Britannia herself, as eminently of kin.
+
+We have specially in mind a group from the neighbourhood of Eglinton,
+genuine sons of our composite Canadian people, Sniders, Mitchells,
+Jackeses, who, now some years ago, were to be seen twice every day at
+all seasons, traversing the distance between Eglinton and Toronto,
+rising early and late taking rest, in order to be punctually present
+at, and carefully ready for, class-room or lecture room in town; and
+this process persevered in for the lengthened period required for a
+succession of curriculums; with results finally, in a conspicuous degree
+illustrative of the blending, Anglicising power of our institutions when
+cordially and loyally used. Similar happy effects springing from similar
+causes have we seen, in numerous other instances and batches of
+instances, among the youth of our Western Canada, drawn from widely
+severed portions of the country.
+
+Beyond Eglinton, in the descent to a rough irregular ravine, the home of
+Mr. Jonathan Hale was passed on the east side of the street; one of the
+Hales, who, as we have seen, were forward to undertake works of public
+utility at a time when appliances for the execution of such works were
+few. Mr. Hale's lot became afterwards a part of the estate of Jesse
+Ketchum of whom we have spoken.
+
+In 1808, the _Gazette_ (October 22) informs us, the sheriff, Miles
+Macdonell, is about to sell "at Barrett's Inn, in the Town of York," the
+goods and chattels of Henry Hale, at the suit of Elijah Ketchum.
+Likewise, at the same time, the goods and chattels of Stillwell Wilson,
+at the suit of James McCormack and others.
+
+On the west side, opposite Mr. Ketchum's land, was a farm that had been
+modernized and beautified by two families in succession, who migrated
+hither from the West Indies, the Murrays and the Nantons. In particular,
+a long avenue of evergreen trees, planted by them and leading up to the
+house, was noticeable. While these families were the owners and
+occupants of this property, it was named by them Pilgrims' Farm.
+Subsequently Pilgrims' Farm passed into the hands of Mr. James Beaty,
+one of the representatives of Toronto in the House of Commons in Canada,
+who made it an occasional summer retreat, and called it Glen Grove.
+
+It had been at one period known as the MacDougall farm, Mr. John
+MacDougall, of York, having been its owner from 1801 to 1820. Mr.
+MacDougall was the proprietor of the principal hotel of York. Among the
+names of those elected to various local offices at the annual
+Town-meeting held in 1799 at "the city of York," as the report in the
+_Gazette and Oracle_ ambitiously speaks, that of Mr. MacDougall appears
+under the head of "Overseers of Highways and Roads and Fence-viewers."
+He and Mr. Clark were elected to act in this capacity for "the district
+of the city of York." That they did good service we learn from the
+applause which attended their labours. The leading editorial of the
+_Gazette and Oracle_ of June 29, 1799, thus opens: "The public are much
+indebted to Mr. John MacDougall, who was appointed one of the
+pathmasters at the last Town-meeting, for his great assiduity and care
+in getting the streets cleared of the many and dangerous (especially at
+night) obstructions thereon; and we hope," the writer says, "by the same
+good conduct in his successors in the like office, to see the streets of
+this infant town vie with those of a maturer age, in cleanliness and
+safety."
+
+In the number of the same paper for July 20 (1799), Mr. MacDougall's
+colleague is eulogized, and thanked in the following terms: "The
+inhabitants of the west end of this Town return their most cordial
+thanks to Mr. Clark, pathmaster, for his uncommon exertions and
+assiduity in removing out of their street its many obstacles, so highly
+dangerous to the weary traveller." Mr. MacDougall was the first grantee
+of the farm immediately to the south of Glen Grove (lot number three).
+
+On high land to the right, some way off the road, an English-looking
+mansion of brick with circular ends, was another early innovation. A
+young plantation of trees so placed as to shelter it from the north-east
+winds, added to its English aspect. This was Kingsland, the home of Mr.
+Huson, likewise an immigrant from the West Indies. It was afterwards the
+abode of Mr. Vance, an Alderman of Toronto.
+
+One or two old farm houses of an antique New Jersey style, of two
+storeys, with steepish roofs and small windows, were then passed on the
+left. Some way further on, but still in the low land of the irregular
+ravine, another primitive rustic manufactory of that article of prime
+necessity, leather, was reached. This was "Lawrence's Tannery." A bridge
+over the stream here, which is a feeder to the Don, was sometimes spoken
+of as Hawke's bridge, from the name of its builder. In the hollow on the
+left, close to the Tannery, and overlooked from the road, was a
+cream-coloured respectable frame-house, the domicile of Mr. Lawrence
+himself. In his yard or garden, some hives of bees, when such things
+were rarities, used always to be looked at with curiosity in passing.
+
+The original patentees of lots six, seven, eight and nine, on the west
+side of the street just here, were four brothers, Joseph, Duke, Hiram
+and John, Kendrick, respectively. They all had nautical proclivities;
+or, as one who knew them said, they were, all or them, "water-dogs;" and
+we shall hear of them again in our chapter on the Early Marine of York
+harbour.
+
+In 1799, Duke Kendrick was about to establish a pot-ashery on number
+seven. His advertisement appears in the _Gazette_, of December, 21,
+1799. It is headed "Ashes! Ashes! Ashes!" The announcement then follows:
+"The subscriber begs leave to inform the public that he is about to
+erect a Pot-ashery upon lot No. 7, west side of Yonge Street, where he
+will give a generous price for ashes; for house-ashes, ninepence per
+bushel; for field-ashes, sixpence, delivered at the Pot-ash." It is then
+added: "He conceives it his duty to inform those who may have ashes to
+dispose of, that it will not be in his power to pay cash, but
+merchandize at cash price. Duke W. Kendrick. York, Dec. 7, 1799." In the
+year following, Mr. Allan advertises for ashes to be delivered at
+pot-ash works in York. In the _Gazette_ for November 29, 1800, we have:
+"Ashes wanted. Sevenpence Halifax currency per bushel for house-ashes
+will be given, delivered at the Pot-ash works, opposite the Gaol; and
+fivepence same currency, if taken from the houses; also, eightpence, New
+York currency for field-ashes delivered at the works. W. Allan. York,
+21st November, [1800]."
+
+We now speedily arrived at the commencement of the difficult descent
+into the valley of the great west branch of the Don. Yonge Street here
+made a grand detour to the east, and failed to regain the direct
+northerly course for some time. As usual, wherever long inclined planes
+were cut in the steep sides of lofty clay banks, the condition of the
+roadway hereabout was, after rain, indescribably bad. After reaching the
+stream and crossing it on a rough timber bridge, known anciently
+sometimes as Big Creek bridge and sometimes as Heron's bridge, the track
+ascended the further bank, at first by means of a narrow hogsback, which
+conveniently sloped down to the vale; afterwards it made a sweep to the
+northward along the brow of some broken hills, and then finally turned
+westward until the direct northern route of the street was again
+touched.
+
+The banks of the Don are here on every side very bold, divided in some
+places into two stages by an intervening plateau. On a secondary flat
+thus formed, in the midst of a grass-grown clearing, to the left, as the
+traveller journeyed from York, there was erected at an early date the
+shell of a place of worship appertaining to the old Scottish Kirk, put
+up here through the zeal of Mr. James Hogg, a member of that communion,
+and the owner, for a time at least, of the flour mills in the valley,
+near the bridge. From him this locality was popularly known as Hogg's
+Hollow, despite the postal name of the place, York Mills.
+
+Mr. Hogg was of Scottish descent and a man of spirit. He sent a cartel
+in due form in 1832 to Mr. Gurnett, editor of the _Courier_. An article
+in that paper had spoken in offensive terms of supposed attempts on the
+part of a committee in York to swell the bulk of a local public meeting,
+by inviting into town persons from the rural parts. "Every wheel of
+their well-organized political machine was set in motion," the _Courier_
+asserted, "to transmute country farmers into citizens of York.
+Accordingly about nine in the morning, groups of tall, broad-shouldered,
+hulking fellows were seen arriving from Whitby, Pickering and
+Scarborough, some crowded in waggons, and others on horseback; and Hogg,
+the miller, headed a herd of the swine of Yonge Street, who made just as
+good votes at the meeting as the best shopkeepers in York." No hostile
+encounter, however, took place, although a burlesque account of an
+"affair of honour" was published, in which it was pretended that Mr.
+Hogg was saved from a mortal wound by a fortunate accumulation, under
+the lappel of his coat, of flour, in which his antagonist's bullet
+buried itself.
+
+Mr. Hogg died in 1839. Here is an extract from the sermon preached by
+the Rev. Mr. Leach on the occasion of his funeral: "He was faithful to
+his word and promise," the preacher said,--"and when surrounded with
+danger and strongly instigated, and tempted to a departure from public
+faith by the enemies of his country his determination expressed in his
+own words, was 'I will die a Briton.' Few men had all the veins of
+nature more clearly and strongly developed; and few men had a better
+sense of what is due to God."
+
+The circuit of the hills overhanging the mills below was always tedious;
+but several good bits of scenery were caught sight of. On the upland,
+after escaping the chief difficulties, on the left hand a long low
+wooden building was seen, with gable and door towards the road. This was
+an early place of worship of the Church of England, an out-post of the
+mission at York. The long line of its roof was slightly curved downwards
+by the weight of a short chimney built at its middle point for the
+accommodation of an iron stove within. Just before arriving at the gate
+of the burying-ground attached to this building, there were interesting
+glimpses to the left down into deep woody glens, all of them converging
+southward on the Don. In some of them were little patches of pleasant
+grass land. But along here, for the most part, the forest long remained
+undisturbed.
+
+The church or chapel referred to was often served by divinity students
+sent out from town; and frequently, no doubt, had its walls echoed with
+prentice-attempts at pulpit oratory. Gourlay says that this chapel and
+the Friends' Meeting House near Newmarket were the only two places of
+public worship on Yonge Street in 1817, "a distance of nearly forty
+miles." A notice of it is inserted in "A visit to the Province of Upper
+Canada in 1819, by James Strachan," (the Bishop's brother)--a work
+published at Aberdeen in 1820.
+
+"My brother," Mr. Strachan says, p. 141, "had, by his exertions and
+encouragement among the people, caused a chapel to be built about eight
+miles from York, where he officiates once a month, one of the young
+students under his care reading the service and a sermon on the
+intermediate Sundays. On his day of doing duty," Mr. S. continues, "I
+went with him and was highly gratified. The chapel is built in a thick
+wood. . . . . . . . . . . The dimensions are 60 by 30 feet; the pews are
+very decent, and what was much better, they were filled with an
+attentive congregation. As you see very few inhabitants on your way out,
+I could not conceive where all the people came from." A public baptism
+of five adults is then described.
+
+Some six and twenty years later (in 1843), the foundation stone of a
+durable brick church was laid near the site of the old frame chapel. On
+that occasion Dr. Strachan, now Bishop Strachan, named as especial
+promoters of the original place of worship, Mr. Seneca Ketchum and Mr.
+Joseph Sheppard, "the former devoting much time and money in the
+furtherance of the work, and the latter giving three acres of land as a
+site, together with a handsome donation in cash." A silver medal which
+had been deposited under the old building was now transferred to a
+cavity in the foundation stone of its proposed successor. It bore on the
+obverse, "Francis Gore, Esq., Lieutenant-Governor, 1816," and on the
+reverse--"Fifty-sixth of George Third." To it were now added a couple
+of other medals of silver: one bore on the obverse, "John Strachan,
+D.D., Bishop of Toronto; Alexander Sanson, Minister, 1843;" and on the
+reverse, "Sixth of Victoria." The other had inscribed on it the name of
+the architect, Mr. J. G. Howard, with a list of other churches erected
+in Upper Canada under his direction.
+
+Among the persons present during the ceremony were Chief-Justice
+Robinson, Vice-Chancellor Jameson, the Hon. and Rev. A. Cavendish, and
+the Rev. G. Mortimer, of Thornhill. Prior to the out-door proceedings a
+remarkable scene had been witnessed within the walls of the old
+building. Four gentlemen received the rite of confirmation at the hands
+of the Bishop, all of them up to a recent date, non-conformists; three
+of them non-conformist ministers of mark, Mr Townley, Mr. Leach (whom we
+heard just now pronouncing an eulogy on Mr. Hogg,) and Mr. Ritchie; the
+fourth, Mr. Sanson, not previously a minister, but now in Holy Orders of
+the Church of England, and the minister appointed to officiate in the
+new church.
+
+At the present day Yonge Street crosses Hogg's Hollow in a direct line
+on a raised embankment which the ancient Roman road-makers would have
+deemed respectable--a work accomplished about the year 1835, before the
+aid of steam power was procurable in these parts for such purposes. Mr.
+Lynn was the engineer in charge here, at that time. The picturesque
+character of the valley has been considerably interfered with.
+Nevertheless a winding road over the hills to the right leading up to
+the church (St. John's) has still some sylvan surroundings. In truth,
+were a building or two of the chalet type visible, the passer-by might
+fancy himself for a moment in an upland of the High Alps, so Swiss-like
+is the general aspect.
+
+It may be added that the destruction of the beautiful hereabout has to
+some extent a set-off in the fine geological studies displayed to the
+eye in the sides of the deep cuts at both ends of the great causeway.
+Lake Ontario's ancient floor here lifted up high and dry in the air,
+exhibits, stratum super stratum, the deposits of successive periods long
+ago. (The action of the weather, however, has at the present time
+greatly blurred the interesting pictures of the past formerly displayed
+on the surface of the artificial escarpments at Hogg's Hollow.)
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XXVI.
+
+  YONGE STREET, FROM HOGG'S HOLLOW TO BOND'S LAKE.
+
+
+Beyond the hollow, Mr. Humberstone's was passed on the west side,
+another manufacturer of useful pottery ware. A curious incident used to
+be narrated as having occurred in this house. The barrel of an old
+Indian fowling-piece turned up by the plough in one of the fields, and
+made to do duty in the management of unwieldy back logs in the great
+fire-place, suddenly proved itself to have been charged all the while,
+by exploding one day in the hands of Mr. Humberstone's daughter while
+being put to its customary use, and killing her on the spot. Somewhat
+similarly, at Fort Erie, we have been told, in the fire which destroyed
+the wharf at the landing, a condemned cannon which had long been planted
+in the pier as a post, went off, happily straight upwards, without doing
+any damage.
+
+Mr. Humberstone saw active service as a lieutenant in the incorporated
+militia in 1812. He was put in charge of some of the prisoners captured
+by Colonel Fitzgibbon, at the Beaver Dams, and when now nearing his
+destination, Kingston, with his prisoners in a large batteau, he, like
+the famous Dragoon who caught the Tartar, was made a prisoner of himself
+by the men whom he had in custody, and was adroitly rowed over by them
+to the United States shore, where being landed he was swiftly locked up
+in jail, and thence only delivered when peace was restored.
+
+The next memorable object, also on the left, was Shephard's inn, a noted
+resting-place for wayfarers and their animals, flanked on the north by
+large driving sheds, on the south by stables and barns: over the porch,
+at an early period, was the effigy of a lion gardant, attempted in wood
+on the premises. Constructiveness was one of the predominant faculties
+in the first landlord of the Golden Lion. He was noted also for skilful
+execution on several instruments of music: on the bassoon for one. In
+the rear of the hotel, a little to the south, on a fine eminence, he put
+up for himself after the lapse of some years, a private residence,
+remarkable for the originality of its design, the outline of its many
+projecting roofs presenting a multitude of concave curves in the Chinese
+pagoda style.
+
+In several buildings in this neighbourhood an effort was at one time
+made, chiefly, we believe, through the influence of Mr. Shephard, to
+reproduce what in the west of England are called cob-walls; but either
+from an error in compounding the material, or from the peculiar
+character of the local climate, they proved unsatisfactory.--The
+Sheppards, early proprietors of land a little farther on, were a
+different family, and spelt their name differently. It was some members
+of this family that were momentarily concerned in the movement of 1837.
+
+In Willowdale, a hamlet just beyond Shephard's, was the residence of Mr.
+David Gibson, destroyed in 1837 by the Government forces. We observe in
+the _Gazette_ of January 6th, 1826, the announcement, "Government House,
+York, 29th December, 1825. His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor has
+been pleased to appoint David Gibson, gentleman, to be a surveyor of
+land in the Province." In the practice of the profession indicated he
+was prosperous, and also as a practical farmer. He likewise represented
+North York in the Provincial Parliament. When the calm came after the
+tumult of 1837, he was appointed one of the Superintendents of
+Colonization Roads. He died at Quebec in 1864.
+
+A road turning off at right angles to the eastward out of Willowdale led
+to a celebrated camp-meeting ground, on the property of Mr. Jacob
+Cummer, one of the early German settlers. It was in a grand maple
+forest--a fine specimen of such trysting places. It was here that we
+were for the first time present at one of the peculiar assemblies
+referred to, which, over the whole of this northern continent, in a
+primitive condition of society at its several points, have fulfilled,
+and still fulfil, an important, and we doubt not, beneficent function.
+
+This, as we suppose, was the scene of the camp-meeting described in
+Peter Jones' Autobiography. "About noon," he writes on Tuesday, the
+10th of June, 1828, "started for the camp ground. When we arrived we
+found about three hundred Indians collected from Lake Simcoe and Scugog
+Lake. Most of those from Lake Simcoe have just come in from the back
+lakes to join with their converted brethren in the service of the
+Almighty God. They came in company with brother Law, and all seemed very
+glad to see us, giving us a hearty shake of the hand. The camp ground
+enclosed about two acres, which was surrounded with board tents, having
+one large gate for teams to go in and out, and three smaller ones.
+
+"The Indians occupied one large tent, which was 220 feet long and 15
+feet broad. It was covered overhead with boards, and the sides were made
+tight with laths to make it secure from any encroachments. It had four
+doors fronting the camp ground. In this long house the Indians arranged
+themselves in families, as is their custom in their wigwams. Divine
+service commenced towards evening. Elder Case first gave directions as
+to the order to be observed on the camp ground during the meetings.
+Brother James Richardson then preached from Acts ii. 21; after which I
+gave the substance in Indian, when the brethren appeared much affected
+and interested. Prayer-meeting in the evening. The watch kept the place
+illuminated during the night." The meeting continued for four days.
+
+Where the dividing line occurs between York and Markham, at the angle on
+the right was the first site of the sign of the Green Bush, removed
+afterwards, as we have noted, to the immediate outskirts of York; and to
+the left, somewhere near by, was a sign that used to interest from its
+peculiarity, the Durweston Gate: a small white five-barred gate, hung by
+its topmost bar to a projection from a lofty post, and having painted on
+its lower bars "Durweston Gate," and the landlord's name. It was
+probably a reproduction by a Dorsetshire immigrant of a familiar object
+in his native village.
+
+Not excluding from our notes, as will be observed, those places where
+Shenstone sighed to think a man often "found the warmest welcome" we
+must not forget Finch's--a great hostelry on the right, which we soon
+reached as we advanced northward, of high repute about 1836, and
+subsequently among excursion parties from town, and among the half-pay
+settlers of the Lake Simcoe region, for the contents of its larder and
+the quality of its cooking. Another place of similar renown was Crew's,
+six or eight miles further on.
+
+When for long years, men, especially Englishmen, called by their
+occasions away from their homes, had been almost everywhere doomed to
+partake of fare too literally hard, and perilous to the health, it is
+not to be wondered at, when, here and there, at last a house for the
+accommodation of the public did spring up where, with cleanly quarters,
+digestible viands were to be had, that its fame should speedily spread;
+for is it not Dr. Samuel Johnson himself who has, perhaps rather
+sweepingly said, "there is nothing which has yet been contrived by man
+by which so much happiness is produced as by a good tavern or inn."
+
+Where a long slope towards the north begins soon after Finch's a village
+entitled Dundurn was once projected by Mr. Allan McNab, afterwards the
+famous Sir Allan, acting, we believe at the time as agent for Mr. H. J.
+Boulton; but Dundurn never advanced beyond incipience. The name was
+afterwards familiar as that of Sir Allan's chateau close by Hamilton.
+
+A well-travelled road now soon turned off to the right leading to
+certain, almost historic mills in Markham, known as the German Mills. In
+the _Gazetteer_ of 1799 these mills are referred to. "Markham township
+in the east riding of the County of York fronts Yonge Street," it is
+stated in that early work, "and lies to the northward of York and
+Scarborough. Here" it then adds "are good mills and a thriving
+settlement of Germans."
+
+The German Mills are situated on Lot No. 4 in the third concession, on a
+portion of the Rouge or Nen--a river which the same _Gazetteer_ informs
+its readers was "the back communication from the German settlement in
+Markham to Lake Ontario. The expectation in 1799 was, as the _Gazetteer_
+further shows, that this river, and not either the Humber or the Don,
+would one day be connected with the Holland river by a canal." It was not
+certainly known in 1794, where the river which passed the German Mills
+had its outlet. In Iredell's plan of Markham of that date, the stream is
+marked "Kitcheseepe or Great River," with a memorandum attached--"waters
+supposed to empty into Lake Ontario to the eastward of the Highlands of
+York." Information, doubtless, noted down, by Iredell, from the lips of
+some stray native. Kitche-seepe, "Big River" is of course simply a
+descriptive expression, taken as in so many instances, by the early
+people, to be a proper name. (It does not appear that among the
+aborigines there were any proper local names, in our sense of the
+expression.)
+
+The German Mills were founded by Mr. Berczy, either on his own account
+or acting as agent for an association at New York for the promotion of
+German emigration to Canada. When, after failing to induce the
+Government to reconsider its decision in regard to the patents demanded
+by him for his settlers, that gentleman retired to Montreal, the German
+Mills with various parcels of land were advertised for sale in the
+_Gazette_ of April 27, 1805, in the following strain: "Mills and land in
+Markham. To be sold by the subscriber for payment of debts due to the
+creditors of William Berczy, Esq., the mills called the German Mills,
+being a grist mill and a saw mill. The grist mill has a pair of French
+burs, and complete machinery for making and bolting superfine flour.
+These mills are situated on lot No. 4 in the third concession of
+Markham; with them will be given in, lots No. 3 and 4 in the third
+concession, at the option of the purchaser. Also, 300 acres being the
+west half of lot No. 31, and the whole of lot 32 in the second
+concession of Markham. Half the purchase money to be paid in hand, and
+half in one year with legal interest. W. Allan. N.B.--Francis Smith, who
+lives on lot No. 14 in the third concession, will show the premises.
+York, 11th March, 1805."
+
+It appears from the same _Gazette_ that Mr. Berczy's vacant house in
+York had been entered by burglars after his departure. A reward of
+twenty dollars is offered for their discovery. "Whereas," the
+advertisement runs, "the house of William Berczy, Esq., was broken open
+sometime during the night of the 14th instant, and the same ransacked
+from one end to the other; this is to give notice that whoever shall
+lodge an information, so that the offender or offenders may be brought
+to justice, shall upon conviction thereof receive Twenty Dollars. W.
+Chewett. York, 18th April, 1805."
+
+We have before referred to Mr. Berczy's embarrassments, from which he
+never became disentangled; and to his death in New York, in 1813. His
+decease was thus noticed in a Boston paper, quoted by Dr. Canniff, p.
+364, "Died--In the early part of the year 1813, William Berczy, Esq.,
+aged 68; a distinguished inhabitant of Upper Canada, and highly
+respected for his literary acquirements. In the decease of this
+gentleman society must sustain an irreparable loss, and the republic of
+letters will have cause to mourn the death of a man eminent for genius
+and talent."
+
+The German Mills were purchased and kept in operation by Capt. Nolan, of
+the 70th Regiment, at the time on duty in Canada; but the speculation
+was not a success. We have heard it stated that this Captain Nolan was
+the father of the officer of the same name and rank who fell in the
+charge of the Light Brigade at the very first outset, when, at
+Balaclava,
+
+  "Into the valley of Death
+   Rode the six hundred."
+
+The _Gazette_ of March 19, 1818, contains the following curt
+announcement: "Notice. The German Mills and Distillery are now in
+operation. For the proprietors, Alexander Patterson, Clerk, 11th March,
+1818." Ten years later they are offered for sale or to lease in the _U.
+C. Loyalist_ of April 5, 1828. (It will be observed that they once bore
+the designation of Nolanville.) "For sale or to be leased," thus runs
+the advertisement, "all or any part of the property known and described
+as Nolanville or German Mills, in the third concession of the township
+of Markham, consisting of four hundred acres of land, upwards of fifty
+under good fences and improvements, with a good dwelling-house, barn,
+stable, saw-mill, grist-mill, distillery, brew-house, malt-house, and
+several other out-buildings. The above premises will be disposed of,
+either the whole or in part, by application to the subscriber, William
+Allan, York, January 26, 1828. The premises can be viewed at any time by
+applying to Mr. John Duggan, residing there."
+
+In the absence of striking architectural objects in the country at the
+time, we remember, about the year 1828, thinking the extensive cluster
+of buildings constituting the German Mills a rather impressive sight,
+coming upon them suddenly, in the midst of the woods, in a deserted
+condition, with all their windows boarded up.
+
+One of our own associations with the German Mills is the memory of Mr.
+Charles Stewart Murray, afterwards well-known in York as connected with
+the Bank of Upper Canada. He had been thrown out of employment by Capt.
+Nolan's relinquishment of the mills. He was then patronized by Mr.
+Thorne of Thornhill.
+
+In our boyish fancy, a romantic interest attached to Mr. Murray from his
+being a personal friend of Sir Walter Scott's, and from his being
+intimately associated with him in the excursion to the Orkneys, while
+the Pirate and the Lord of the Isles were simmering in the Novelist's
+brain. "Not a bad Re-past," playfully said Sir Walter after partaking
+one day of homely meat-pie at the little inn of one Rae. Lo! from Mr.
+Murray's talk, a minute grain to be added to Sir Walter's already huge
+cairn of _ana_. Mr. M., too, was imagined by us, quite absurdly
+doubtless, to be an hereditary devotee of the Pretender, if not closely
+allied to him by blood. (His grandfather, or other near relative, had,
+we believe, really been for a time secretary to Prince Charles Edward
+Stuart)
+
+A mile or two beyond where the track to the German Mills turned off,
+Yonge Street once more encountered a branch of the Don, flowing, as
+usual, through a wide and difficult ravine. At the point where the
+stream was crossed, mills and manufactories made their appearance at an
+early date. The ascent of the bank towards the north was accomplished,
+in this instance, in no round-about way. The road went straight up.
+Horse-power and the strength of leather were here often severely tested.
+
+On the rise above, began the village of Thornhill, an attractive and
+noticeable place from the first moment of its existence. Hereabout
+several English families had settled, giving a special tone to the
+neighbourhood. In the very heart of the village was the home,
+unfailingly genial and hospitable, of Mr. Parsons, one of the chief
+founders of the settlement; emigrating hither from Sherborne in
+Dorsetshire in 1820. Nearer the brow of the hill overlooking the Don,
+was the house of Mr. Thorne, from whom the place took its name: an
+English gentleman also from Dorsetshire, and associated with Mr. Parsons
+in the numerous business enterprises which made Thornhill for a long
+period a centre of great activity and prosperity. Beyond, a little
+further northward, lived the Gappers, another family initiating here the
+amenities and ways of good old west-of-England households. Dr. Paget was
+likewise an element of happy influence in the little world of this
+region, a man of high culture; formerly a medical practitioner of great
+repute in Torquay.
+
+Another character of mark associated with Thornhill in its palmy days
+was the Rev. George Mortimer, for a series of years the pastor of the
+English congregation there. Had his lot been cast in the scenes of an
+Oberlin's labours or a Lavater's, or a Felix Neff's, his name would
+probably have been conspicuously classed with theirs in religious
+annals. He was eminently of their type. Constitutionally of a spiritual
+temperament, he still did not take theology to be a bar to a scientific
+and accurate examination of things visible. He deemed it "sad, if not
+actually censurable, to pass blind-folded through the works of God, to
+live in a world of flowers, and stars, and sunsets, and a thousand
+glorious objects of Nature, and never to have a passing interest
+awakened by any one of them." Before his emigration to Canada he had
+been curate of Madeley in Shropshire, the parish of the celebrated
+Fletcher of Madeley, whose singularly beautiful character that of Mr.
+Mortimer resembled. Though of feeble frame his ministerial labours were
+without intermission; and his lot, as Fletcher's also, was to die almost
+in the act of officiating in his profession.
+
+An earlier incumbent of the English Church at Thornhill was the Rev.
+Isaac Fidler. This gentleman rendered famous the scene of his Canadian
+ministry, as well as his experiences in the United States, by a book
+which in its day was a good deal read. It was entitled "Observations on
+Professions, Literature, Manners, and Emigration in the United States
+and Canada." Although he indulged in some sharp strictures on the
+citizens of the United States, in relation to the matters indicated, and
+followed speedily after by the never-to-be-forgotten Mrs. Trollope, his
+work was reprinted by the Harpers. Mr. Fidler was a remarkable
+person,--of a tall Westmoreland mould, resembling the common pictures of
+Wordsworth. He was somewhat peculiar in his dress, wearing always an
+extremely high shirt-collar, very conspicuous round the whole of his
+neck, forming a kind of spreading white socket in which rested and
+revolved a head, bald, egg-shaped and spectacled. Besides being
+scholarly in the modern sense, Mr. Fidler possessed the more uncommon
+accomplishment of a familiarity with the oriental languages.
+
+The notices in his book, of early colonial life have now to us an
+archaic sound. We give his narrative of the overturn of a family party
+on their way home from church. "The difficulty of descending a steep
+hill in wet weather may be imagined," he says, "The heavy rains had made
+it (the descent south of Thornhill) a complete puddle which afforded no
+sure footing to man or beast. In returning from church, the ladies and
+gentlemen I speak of," he continues, "had this steep hill to descend.
+The jaunting car being filled with people was too heavy to be kept back,
+and pressed heavy upon the horses. The intended youthful bridegroom (of
+one of the ladies) was, I was told, the charioteer. His utmost skill was
+ineffectually tried to prevent a general overturn. The horses became
+less manageable every moment. But yet the ladies and gentlemen in the
+vehicle were inapprehensive of danger, and their mirth and jocularity
+betrayed the inward pleasure they derived from his increasing straggles.
+At last the horses, impatient of control, and finding themselves their
+own masters, jerked the carriage against the parapet of the road and
+disengaged themselves from it. The carriage instantly turned over on its
+side; and as instantly all the ladies and gentlemen trundled out of it
+like rolling pins. Nobody was hurt in the least, for the mire was so
+deep that they fell very soft and were quite imbedded in it. What
+apologies the gentleman made I am unable to tell, but the mirth was
+perfectly suspended. I overtook the party at the bottom of the hill, the
+ladies walking homewards from the church and making no very elegant
+appearance."
+
+As an example of the previously undreamt of incidents that may happen to
+a missionary in a backwoods settlement, we mention what occurred to
+ourselves when taking the duty one fine bright summer morn, many years
+ago, in the Thornhill Church, yet in its primitive unenlarged state. A
+farmer's horse that had been mooning leisurely about an adjoining field,
+suddenly took a fancy to the shady interior disclosed by the wide-open
+doors of the sacred building. Before the churchwardens or any one else
+could make out what the clatter meant, the creature was well up the
+central passage of the nave. There becoming affrighted, its ejection was
+an awkward affair, calling for tact and manoeuvring.
+
+The English Church at Thornhill has had another incumbent not
+undistinguished in literature, the Rev. E. H. Dewar, author of a work
+published at Oxford in 1844, on the Theology of Modern Germany. It is in
+the form of letters to a friend, written from the standpoint of the
+Jeremy Taylor school. It is entitled "German Protestantism and the Right
+of Private Judgment in the Interpretation of Holy Scripture." The
+author's former position as chaplain to the British residents at Hamburg
+gave him facilities for becoming acquainted with the state of German
+theology. Mr. Dewar, to superior natural talents, added a refined
+scholarship and a wide range of accurate knowledge. He died at Thornhill
+in 1862.
+
+The incumbent who preceded Mr. Dewar was the Rev. Dominic E. Blake,
+brother of Mr. Chancellor Blake; a clergyman also of superior talents.
+Previous to his emigration to Canada in 1832, he had been a curate in
+the county of Mayo. He died suddenly in 1859. It is remarked of him in a
+contemporary obituary that "his productions indicated that while
+intellect was in exercise his heart felt the importance of the subjects
+before him." These productions were numerous, in the form of valuable
+papers and reports, read or presented to the local Diocesan Society.
+
+It is curious to observe that in 1798, salmon ascended the waters of the
+Don to this point on Yonge Street. Among the recommendations of a farm
+about to be offered for sale, the existence thereon of "an excellent
+salmon fishery" is named. Thus runs the advertisement (_Gazette_, May
+16, 1798): "To be sold by public auction, on Monday, the 2nd of July
+next, at John McDougall's hotel, in the town of York, a valuable Farm,
+situated on Yonge Street, about twelve miles from York, on which are a
+good log-house, and seven or eight acres well improved. The advantages
+of the above farm, from the richness of its soil and its being well
+watered, are not equalled by many farms in the Province; and above all,
+it affords an excellent salmon fishery, large enough to support a number
+of families, which must be conceived a great advantage in this infant
+country. The terms will be made known on the day of sale."
+
+As we move on from Thornhill with Vaughan on the left and Markham on the
+right, the name of another rather memorable early missionary recurs,
+whose memory is associated with both these townships--Vincent Philip
+Mayerhoffer.
+
+Notwithstanding its drawbacks, early Canadian life, like early American
+life generally, became, in a little while, invested with a curious
+interest and charm; by means, for one thing, of the variety of character
+encountered. A man might vegetate long in an obscure village or country
+town of the old mother country before he rubbed against a person of V.
+P. Mayerhoffer's singular experience, and having his wits set in motion
+by a sympathetic realization of such a career as his.
+
+He was a Hungarian; born at Raab in 1784; and had been ordained a
+presbyter in the National Church of Austria. On emigrating to the United
+States, he, being himself a Franciscan, fell into some disputes with the
+Jesuits at Philadelphia, and withdrew from the Latin communion and
+attached himself, in company with a fellow presbyter named Huber, to the
+Lutheran Reformed. As a recognized minister of that body he came on to
+Buffalo, where he officiated for four years to three congregations,
+visiting at the same time, occasionally, a congregation on the Canada
+side of the river, at Limeridge. He here, for the first time, began the
+study of the English language. Coming now into contact with the clergy
+of the Anglican communion, he finally resolved to conform to the
+Anglican Church, and was sent by Bishop Stewart, of Quebec, to the
+German settlement in Markham and Vaughan. Here he officiated for twenty
+years, building in that interval St. Stephen's Church in Vaughan, St.
+Philip's in the 3rd concession of Markham, and the Church in Markham
+village, and establishing a permanent congregation at each.
+
+He was a vigorous, stirring preacher in his acquired English tongue, as
+well as in his vernacular German. He possessed also a colloquial
+knowledge of Latin, which is still a spoken language in part of Hungary.
+He was a man of energy to the last: ever cheerful in spirit, and
+abounding in anecdotes, personal or otherwise. It was from him, as we
+remember, we first heard the afterwards more familiarized names of
+Magyar and Sclave.
+
+His brother clergy of the region where his duty lay were indebted to him
+for many curious glimpses at men and things in the great outer world of
+the continent of Europe. During the Napoleonic wars he was "Field
+Chaplain of the Imperial Infantry Regiment, No. 60 of the Line," and
+accompanied the Austrian contingent of 40,000 men furnished to Napoleon
+by the Emperor of Austria.--He was afterwards, when the Austrian Emperor
+broke away from Napoleon, taken prisoner with five regiments of the
+line, and sent to Dresden and Mayence. He was at the latter place when
+the battle of Leipsic was fought (Oct. 16, 17, 18, 19, 1813.) He now
+left Mayence without leave, the plague breaking out there, and got to
+Oppenheim, where a German presbyter named Muller concealed him, till the
+departure of the French out of the town. After several adventures he
+found his way back to the quarters of his regiment now acting in the
+anti-French interest at Manheim, where he duly reported himself, and was
+well received. After the war, from the year 1816, he had for three years
+the pastoral charge of Klingenmunster in the diocese of Strasbourg. He
+died in Whitby, in 1859.
+
+A memoir of Mr. Meyerhoffer has been printed, and it bears the following
+title: "Twelve years a Roman Catholic Priest; or, the Autobiography of
+the Rev. V. P. Meyerhoffer, M.A., late Military Chaplain to the Austrian
+Army and Grand Chaplain of the Orders of Free Masons and Orangemen of
+Canada, B.N.A., containing an account of his career as Military
+Chaplain, Monk of the Order of St. Francis, and Clergyman of the Church
+of England in Vaughan, Markham and Whitby, C.W."
+
+He had a musical voice which had been properly cultivated--This, he used
+to say, was a source of revenue to him in the early part of his public
+career, those clergy being in request and receiving a higher
+remuneration, who were able to sing the service in a superior manner.
+His features were strongly marked and peculiar, perhaps Mongolian in
+type; they were not German, English, or Italian. Were the concavity of
+the nose and the projection of the mouth a little more pronounced in
+"Elias Howe," the medallions of that personage would give a general idea
+of Mr. Mayerhoffer's profile and head.
+
+In his younger days he had acquired some medical knowledge, which stood
+him in good stead for a time at Philadelphia, when he and Huber first
+renounced the Latin dogmas. His taste for the healing art was slightly
+indulged even after the removal to Canada, as will be seen from an
+advertisement which appears in the _Courier_ of February 29, 1832. (From
+its wording it will be observed that Mayerhoffer had not yet become
+familiarized with the English language.) It is headed thus: "The use and
+direction of the new-invented and never-failing Wonder Salve, by D. V.
+P. Mayerhoffer, of Markham, U.C., H.D., 5th concession."
+
+It then proceeds: "Amongst all in the medicine-invented unguents his
+salve takes the first place for remedy, whereby it not in vain obtains
+the name of Wonder Salve for experience taught in many cases to deserve
+this name; and being urged to communicate it to the public, I endeavour
+to satisfy to the common good of the public. It is acknowledged by all
+who know the virtue of it, and experienced its worth, it ought to be
+kept in every house, first for its inestimable goodness, and, second,
+because the medicine the older it gets the better it is: money spent for
+such will shew its effect from its beginning for twenty years, if kept
+in a dry place, well covered. In all instances of burns, old wounds,
+called running sores, for the tetter-worm or ring, &c., as the
+discussions and use will declare, wrapped round the box or the medicine.
+
+"It is unnecessary to recommend by words this inestimable medicine, as
+its value has received the approbation of many inhabitants of this
+country already, who sign their names below for the surety of its virtue
+and the reality of its worth, declaring that they never wish to be
+without it in their houses by their lifetimes. In Markham, Mr. Philip
+Eckhardt, jun., do. do., sen., Godlieb Eckhardt, Abraham Eckhardt, John
+Pingel, jun., Mr. Lang, Mr. Large, John Perkins, John Schall, Charles
+Peterson, Luke Stantenkough, Peter March. In Vaughan, Jacob Fritcher,
+Daniel Stang. Recommended by Dr. Baldwin, of York. The medicine is to be
+had in the eighth concession of Markham, called Riarstown, by Sinclair
+Holden; in the fifth concession by Christopher Hevelin and T. Amos; in
+the town of York, in J. Baldwin's and S. Barnham's stores; on Yonge
+Street, by Parsons and Thorne. Price of a box, two shillings and
+sixpence, currency. January 11, 1832."
+
+Military associations hang about the lands to the right and left of
+Richmond Hill. The original possessor of Lot No. 22 on the west side,
+was Captain Daniel Cozens, a gentleman who took a very active part in
+opposition to the revolutionary movement which resulted in the
+independence of the United States. He raised, at his own expense, a
+company of native soldiers in the royalist interest, and suffered the
+confiscation of a considerable estate in New Jersey. Three thousand
+acres in Upper Canada were subsequently granted him by the British
+Crown. His sons, Daniel and Shivers, also received grants. The name of
+Shivers Cozens is to be seen in the early plans of Markham on lots 2, 4
+and 5 in the 6th concession.
+
+Samuel died of a fit at York in 1808; but Shivers returned to New Jersey
+and died there, where family connexions of Captain Cozens still survive.
+There runs amongst them a tradition that Captain Cozens built the first
+house in our Canadian York. Of this we are informed by Mr. T. Cottrill
+Clarke, of Philadelphia. We observe in an early plan of York the name of
+Shivers Cozens on No. 23 in Block E, on the south side of King Street:
+the name of Benjamin Cozens on No. 5 on Market Street: and the name of
+Captain Daniel Cozens on No. 4 King Street, (new town), north side, with
+the date of the grant, July 20, 1799. It is thus quite likely that
+Captain Cozens, or a member of his family, put up buildings in York at a
+very early period.
+
+We read in the Niagara _Herald_, of October 31, 1801, the following:
+"Died on the 6th ult., near Philadelphia, Captain Daniel Cozens." In the
+_Gazette & Oracle_, of January 27, 1808, we have a memorandum of the
+decease of Samuel Cozens: "Departed this life, on the 29th ult., Mr.
+Samuel D. Cozens, one of the first inhabitants of this town [York]. His
+remains were interred with Masonic honours on the 31st."
+
+Another officer of the Revolutionary era was the first owner, and for
+several years the actual occupant, of the lot immediately opposite
+Captain Cozens'. This was Captain Richard Lippincott, a native of New
+Jersey. A bold deed of his has found a record in all the histories of
+the period. The narrative gives us a glimpse of some of the painful
+scenes attendant on wars wherein near relatives and old friends come to
+be set in array one against the other.
+
+On the 12th of April, 1782, Captain Lippincott, acting under the
+authority of the "Board of Associated Loyalists of New York," executed
+by hanging, on the heights near Middleton, Joshua Huddy, an officer in
+the revolutionary army, as an act of retaliation,--Huddy having
+summarily treated, in the same way, a relative of Captain Lippincott's,
+Philip White, surprised within the lines of the revolutionary force,
+while on a stolen visit of natural affection to his mother on Christmas
+Day.
+
+On Huddy's breast was fastened a paper containing the following written
+notice, to be read by his co-revolutionists and friends when they should
+discover the body suspended in the air.--"We, the Refugees, having long
+with grief beheld the cruel murders of our brethren, and finding nothing
+but such measures carrying into execution, therefore determined not to
+suffer without taking vengeance for the numerous cruelties; and thus
+begin, having made use of Captain Huddy as the first object to present
+to your view; and further determine to hang man for man while there is a
+Refugee existing. Up goes Huddy for Philip White."
+
+When the surrender of Capt. Lippincott was refused by the Royalist
+authorities, Washington ordered the execution of one officer of equal
+rank to be selected by lot out of the prisoners in his hands. The lot
+fell on Capt. Charles Asgill of the Guards, aged only nineteen. He was
+respited however until the issue of a court-martial, promised to be held
+on Capt. Lippincott, should be known. The court acquitted; and Capt.
+Asgill only narrowly escaped the fate of Andre, through prompt
+intervention on the part of the French Government. The French minister
+of State, the Count de Vergennes, to whom there had been time for Lady
+Asgill, the Captain's mother, to appeal--received directions to ask his
+release in the conjoint names of the King and Queen as "a tribute to
+humanity." Washington thought proper to accede to this request; but it
+was not until the following year, when the revolutionary struggle ended,
+that Asgill and Lippincott were set at liberty.
+
+The former lived to succeed to his father's baronetcy and to become a
+General officer. Colonel O'Hara, of Toronto, remembered dining at a
+table where a General Sir Charles Asgill was pointed out to him as
+having been, during the American revolutionary war, for a year under
+sentence of death, condemned by General Washington to be hanged in the
+place of another person.
+
+Capt. Lippincott received from the Crown three thousand acres in Upper
+Canada. He survived until the year 1826, when, aged 81, and after
+enjoying half-pay for a period of forty-three years, he expired at the
+house of his son-in-law in York, Colonel George Taylor Denison, who gave
+to his own eldest son, Richard Lippincott Denison, Captain Lippincott's
+name. (A few miles further on, namely, in North and East Gwillimbury,
+General Benedict Arnold, known among United States citizens as "the
+traitor," received a grant of five thousand acres.)
+
+In connexion with Richmond Hill, which now partially covers the fronts
+of Captain Cozens' and Captain Lippincott's lots, we subjoin what
+Captain Bonnycastle said of the condition of Yonge Street hereabout in
+1846, in his "Canada and the Canadians."
+
+"Behold us at Richmond Hill," he exclaims, "having safely passed the
+Slough of Despond which the vaunted Yonge Street mud road presents
+between the celebrated hamlet of St. Albans and the aforesaid hill."
+
+And again: "We reached Richmond Hill, seventeen miles from the Landing,
+at about 8 o'clock (he was moving southward) having made a better day's
+journey than is usually accomplished on a road which will be macadamized
+some fine day;--for the Board of Works," he proceeds to inform the
+reader, "have a Polish engineer hard at work surveying it; of course, no
+Canadian was to be found equal to this intricate piece of engineering;
+and I saw a variety of sticks stuck up; but what they meant I cannot
+guess at. I suppose they were going to grade it, which is the favourite
+American term."
+
+The prejudices of the Englishman and Royal Engineer routinier here crop
+out. The Polish engineer, who was commencing operations on this
+subdivision of Yonge Street, was Mr. Casimir Stanislaus Gzowski, whose
+subsequent Canadian career renders it probable that in setting up "the
+variety of sticks," the meaning of which Capt. Bonnycastle does after
+all guess at, he understood his business. We are assured that this
+portion of Yonge Street was in fact conspicuous for the superior
+excellence of its finish.
+
+Captain Bonnycastle indulges in a further little fling at civilians who
+presume to undertake engineering duties, in a story which serves to fill
+a page or two of his book, immediately after the above remarks on Yonge
+Street, about Richmond Hill. He narrates an incident of his voyage
+out:--
+
+"A Character," he says, "set out from England to try his fortune in
+Canada. He was conversing about prospects in that country, on board the
+vessel, with a person who knew him, but whom he knew not. 'I have not
+quite made up my mind,' said the character, 'as to what pursuit I shall
+follow in Canada; but that which brings most grist to the mill will
+answer best; and I hear a man may turn his hand to anything there,
+without the folly of an apprenticeship being necessary; for if he have
+only brains, bread will come; now what do you think would be the best
+business for my market?' 'Why,' said the gentleman, after pondering a
+little, 'I should advise you to try civil engineering; for they are
+getting up a Board of Works there, and want that branch of industry very
+much, for they won't take natives: nothing but foreigners and strangers
+will go down.' 'What is a civil engineer?' said the Character. 'A man
+always measuring and calculating,' responded his adviser, 'and that will
+just suit you.' 'So it will,' rejoined Character, and a civil engineer
+he became accordingly, and a very good one into the bargain, for he had
+brains, and had used a yard measure all his lifetime."--Who "the
+Character" was, we do not for certain know.
+
+A short distance beyond Richmond Hill was the abode of Colonel Moodie,
+on the right,--distinguished by a flag-staff in front of it, after the
+custom of Lower Canada, where an officer's house used to be known in
+this way. (In the neighbourhood of Sorel, as we remember, in the winter
+of 1837, it was one of the symptoms of disaffection come to a head, when
+in front of a substantial habitan's home a flag-staff was suddenly seen
+bearing the inscription "----, Capitaine, elu par le peuple.")
+
+Colonel Moodie's title came from his rank in the regular army. He had
+been Lieut.-Colonel of the 104th regiment. Sad, that a distinguished
+officer, after escaping the perils of the Peninsular war, and of the war
+with the United States here in 1812-13, should have yet, nevertheless,
+met with a violent death in a petty local civil tumult. He was shot, as
+all remember, in the troubles of 1837, while attempting to ride past
+Montgomery's, regardless of the insurgent challenge to stop.
+
+  "Thou might'st have dreamed of brighter hours to close thy chequered life
+  Beneath thy country's victor-flag, sure beacon in the strife;
+  Or in the shadow of thy home with those who mourn thee now,
+  To whisper comfort in thine ear, to calm thine aged brow.
+  Well! peaceful be thy changeless rest,--thine is a soldier's grave;
+  Hearts like thine own shall mourn thy doom--meet requiem for the brave--
+  And ne'er 'till Freedom's ray is pale and Valour's pulse grown cold
+  Shall be thy bright career forgot, thy gloomy fate untold."
+
+So sang one in the columns of a local contemporary paper, in "Lines
+suggested by the Lamented Death of the late Colonel Moodie."
+
+At a certain period in the history of Yonge Street, as indeed of all the
+leading thoroughfares of Upper Canada, about 1830-33, a frequent sign
+that property had changed hands, and that a second wave of population
+was rolling in, was the springing up, at intervals, of houses of an
+improved style, with surroundings, lawns, sheltering plantations,
+winding drives, well-constructed entrance-gates, and so on, indicating
+an appreciation of the elegant and the comfortable.
+
+We recall two instances of this, which we used to contemplate with
+particular interest, a little way beyond Richmond Hill, on the left: the
+cosy, English-looking residences, not far apart, with a cluster of
+appurtenances round each--of Mr. Larratt Smith, and Mr. Francis Boyd.
+Both gentlemen settled here with their families in 1836.
+
+Mr. Smith had been previously in Canada in a military capacity during
+the war of 1812-13, and for many years subsequently he had been Chief
+Commissary of the Field Train Department and Paymaster of the Artillery.
+He died at Southampton in 1860.
+
+Mr. Boyd, who emigrated hither from the county of Kent, was one of the
+first, in these parts, to import from England improved breeds of cattle.
+In his house was to be seen a collection of really fine paintings,
+amongst them a Holbein, a Teniers, a Dominichino, a Smirke, a Wilkie,
+and two Horace Vernets. The families of Mr. Boyd and Mr. Smith were
+related by marriage. Mr. Boyd died in Toronto in 1861.
+
+Beyond Mr. Boyd's, a solitary house, on the same side of Yonge Street,
+lying back near the woods, used to be eyed askance in passing:--its
+occupant and proprietor, Mr. Kinnear, had in 1843 been murdered therein
+by his man-servant, assisted by a female domestic. It was imagined by
+them that a considerable sum of money had just been brought to the house
+by Mr. Kinnear. Both criminals would probably have escaped justice had
+not Mr. F. C. Capreol, of Toronto, on the spur of the moment, and purely
+from a sense of duty to the public, undertaken their capture, which he
+cleverly effected at Lewiston in the United States.
+
+The land now began to be somewhat broken as we ascended the rough and
+long-uncultivated region known as the Oak Ridges. The predominant tree
+in the primitive forest here was the pine, which attained a gigantic
+size; but specimens of the black oak were intermingled.
+
+Down in one of the numerous clefts and chasms which were to be seen in
+this locality, in a woody dell on the right, was Bond's Lake, a pretty
+crescent-shaped sheet of water. We have the surrounding property offered
+for sale in a _Gazette_ of 1805, in the following terms; "For Sale, Lots
+No. 62 and 63, in the first concession of the township of Whitchurch, on
+the east side of Yonge Street, containing 380 acres of land: a deed in
+fee simple will be given by the subscriber to any person inclined to
+purchase. Johnson Butler. N.B. The above lots include the whole of the
+Pond commonly called Bond's Lake, the house and clearing round the same.
+For particulars enquire of Mr. R. Ferguson and Mr. T. B. Gough at York,
+and the subscriber at Niagara. March 23, 1805."
+
+Bond's farm and lake had their name from Mr. William Bond, who so early
+as 1800 had established in York a Nursery Garden, and introduced there
+most of the useful fruits. In 1801 Mr. Bond was devising to sell his
+York property, as appears from a quaint advertisement in a _Gazette_ of
+that year. He therein professes to offer his lot in York as a free gift;
+the recipient however being at the same time required to do certain
+things.
+
+"To be given away," he says, "that beautifully situated lot No. one,
+fronting on Ontario and Duchess Streets: the buildings thereon are--a
+small two-and-a-half storey house, with a gallery in front, which
+commands a view of the lake and the bay: in the cellar a never failing
+spring of fine water; and a stream of fine water running through one
+corner of the lot; there is a good kitchen in the rear of the house, and
+a stable sufficient for two cows and two horses, and the lot is in good
+fence.
+
+"The conditions are, with the person or persons who accept of the above
+present, that he, she or they purchase not less than two thousand
+apple-trees at three shillings, New York currency, each; after which
+will be added, as a further present, about one hundred apple, thirty
+peach, and fourteen cherry trees, besides wild plums, wild cherries,
+English gooseberries, white and red currants, &c. There are forty of the
+above apple trees, as also the peach and cherry trees, planted regular,
+as an orchard, much of which appeared in blossom last spring, and must
+be considered very valuable: also as a kitchen garden, will sufficiently
+recommend itself to those who may please to view it.--The above are well
+calculated for a professional or independent gentleman; being somewhat
+retired--about half-way from the Lake to the late Attorney General's and
+opposite the town-farm of the Hon. D. W. Smith [afterwards Mr. Allan's
+property.] Payment will be made easy; a good deed; and possession given
+at any time from the first of November to the first of May next. For
+further particulars enquire of the subscriber on the premises. William
+Bond. York, Sep. 4, 1801."--The price expected was, as will be made out,
+750 dollars. The property was evidently the northern portion of what
+became afterwards the homestead-plot of Mr. Surveyor General Ridout.
+
+It would appear that Mr. Bond's property did not find a purchaser on
+this occasion. In 1804 he is advertising it again, but now to be sold by
+auction, with his right and title to the lot on Yonge Street. In the
+_Gazette_ of August 4, 1804, we read as follows:--"To be sold by
+auction, at Cooper's tavern, in York, on Monday, the twentieth day of
+August next, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon (if not previously
+disposed of by private contract), that highly cultivated lot opposite
+the Printing Office [Bennett's] containing one acre, together with a
+nursery thereon of about ten thousand apple, three hundred peach, and
+twenty pear trees, and an orchard containing forty-one apple trees fit
+for bearing, twenty-seven of which are full of fruit; thirty peach and
+nine cherry trees full of fruit; besides black and red plums, red and
+white currants, English gooseberries, lilacs, rose bushes, &c., &c.,
+also a very rich kitchen garden.
+
+"The buildings are a two-and-a-half storey house, a good cellar, stable
+and smokehouse. On the lot is a never-failing spring of excellent water,
+and fine creek running through one corner most part of the year. The
+above premises might be made very commodious for a gentleman at a small
+expense; or for a tanner, brewer, or distiller, must be allowed the most
+convenient place in York. A view of the premises (by any person or
+persons desirous of purchasing the same) will be sufficient
+recommendation. The nursery is in such a state of forwardness that if
+sold in from two to three years (at which time the apple trees will be
+fit to transplant) at the moderate price of one shilling each, would
+repay a sum double of that asked for the whole, and leave a further gain
+to the purchasers of the lot, buildings, and flourishing orchard
+thereon. A good title to the above, and possession given at any time
+after the first of October next.
+
+"Also at the same time and place the right as per Register, to one
+hundred acres in front of lot 62, east side Yonge Street, for which a
+deed can be procured at pleasure, and the remainder of the lot procured
+for a small sum. It is an excellent soil for orchard, grain and pasture
+land. There is a field of ten acres in fence besides other clearing. It
+is a beautiful situation, having part of the Lake commonly called Bond's
+Lake, within the said lot, which affords a great supply of Fish and
+Fowl. Terms of payment will be made known on the day of sale. For
+further particulars enquire of the subscriber on the former premises, or
+the printer hereof. William Bond. York, 27th June, 1804."
+
+Thirty years later we meet with an advertisement in which the price is
+named at which Lot No. 63 could have been secured. Improvements expected
+speedily to be made on Yonge Street are therein referred to. In a
+_Gazette_ of 1834 we have: "A delightful situation on Yonge Street,
+commonly called Bond's Farm, containing 190 acres, beautifully situated
+on Bond's Lake upon Yonge Street, distant about 16 miles from the city
+of Toronto: price L350. The picturesque beauty of this lot," the
+advertisement says, "and its proximity to the flourishing capital of
+Upper Canada, make it a most desirable situation for a gentleman of
+taste. The stage-coaches between Toronto and Holland Landing and
+Newmarket pass the place daily; and there appears every prospect of
+Yonge Street either having a railroad or being macadamized very
+shortly. Apply (if by letter, free of postage) to Robert Ferrie, at
+Hamilton, the proprietor."
+
+In the advertisement of 1805, given above, Bond's Lake is styled a pond.
+The small lakes in these hills seemed, of course, to those who had
+become familiarized with the great lakes, simply ponds. The term "lake"
+applied to Ontario, Huron, and the rest, has given a very inadequate
+idea of the magnitude and appearance of those vast expanses, to externs
+who imagine them to be picturesque sheets of water somewhat exceeding in
+size, but resembling, Windermere, Loch Lomond, or possibly Lake Leman.
+"Sea" would have conveyed a juster notion: not however to the German,
+who styles the lakes of Switzerland and the Tyrol, "seas."
+
+Bond's Lake inn, the way-side stopping place in the vale where Yonge
+Street skirts the lake, used to be, in an especial degree, of the old
+country cast, in its appliances, its fare, its parlours and other
+rooms.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XXVII.
+
+  YONGE STREET: FROM BOND'S LAKE TO THE HOLLAND LANDING, WITH DIGRESSIONS
+  TO NEWMARKET AND SHARON.
+
+
+We now speedily passed Drynoch, lying off to the left, on elevated land,
+the abode of Capt. Martin McLeod, formerly of the Isle of Skye. The
+family and domestic group systematized on a large scale at Drynoch here,
+was a Canadian reproduction of a chieftain's household.
+
+Capt. McLeod was a Scot of the Norse vikinger type, of robust manly
+frame, of noble, frank, and tender spirit; an Ossianist too, and, in the
+Scandinavian direction, a philologist. Sir Walter Scott would have made
+a study of Capt. McLeod, and may have done so. He was one of eight
+brothers who all held commissions in the army. His own military life
+extended from 1808 to 1832. As an officer successively of the 27th, the
+79th, and the 25th regiments, he saw much active service. He accompanied
+the force sent over to this continent in the War of 1812-13. It was then
+that he for the first time saw the land which was to be his final home.
+He was present, likewise, at the affair of Plattsburg; and also, we
+believe, at the attack on New Orleans. He afterwards took part in the
+so-called Peninsular war, and received a medal with four clasps for
+Toulouse, Orthes, Nive, and Nivelle. He missed Waterloo,
+"unfortunately," as he used to say; but he was present with the allied
+troops in Paris during the occupation of that city in 1815. Of the 25th
+regiment he was for many years adjutant, and then paymaster. Three of
+his uncles were general officers.
+
+It is not inappropriate to add that the Major McLeod who received the
+honour of a Companionship in the Order of St. Michael and St. George for
+distinguished service in the Red River Expedition of 1870, was a son of
+Captain McLeod of Drynoch.
+
+That in and about the Canadian Drynoch Gaelic should be familiarly heard
+was in keeping with the general character of the place. The ancient
+Celtic tongue was in fact a necessity, as among the dependents of the
+house there were always some who had never learned the English language.
+Drynoch was the name of the old home in Skye. The Skye Drynoch was an
+unfenced, hilly pasture farm, of about ten miles in extent, yielding
+nutriment to herds of wild cattle and some 8,000 sheep. Within its
+limits a lake, Loch Brockadale, is still the haunt of the otter, which
+is hunted by the aid of the famous terriers of the island; a mountain
+stream abounds with salmon and trout; while the heather and bracken of
+the slopes shelter grouse and other game.
+
+Whittaker, in his _History of Whalley_, quoted by Hallam in his _Middle
+Ages_, describes the aspect which, as he supposes, a certain portion of
+England presented to the eye, as seen from the top of Pendle Hill, in
+Yorkshire, in the Saxon times. The picture which he draws we in Canada
+can realize with great perfectness. "Could a curious observer of the
+present day," he says, "carry himself nine or ten centuries back, and
+ranging the summit of Pendle, survey the forked vale of Calder on one
+side and the bolder margins of Ribble and Hodder on the other, instead
+of populous towns and villages, the castles, the old tower-built house,
+the elegant modern mansion, the artificial plantation, the enclosed park
+and pleasure-ground, instead of uninterrupted enclosures which have
+driven sterility almost to the summit of the fells, how great then must
+have been the contrast when, ranging either at a distance or immediately
+beneath, his eye must have caught vast tracts of forest-ground,
+stagnating with bog or darkened by native woods, where the wild ox, the
+roe, the stag and the wolf, had scarcely learned the supremacy of man,
+when, directing his view to the intermediate spaces, to the widening of
+the valleys, or expanse of plains beneath, he could only have
+distinguished a few insulated patches of culture, each encircling a
+village of wretched cabins, among which would still be remarked one rude
+mansion of wood, scarcely equal in comfort to a modern cottage, yet
+there rising proudly eminent above the rest, where the Saxon lord,
+surrounded by his faithful cotarii, enjoyed a rude and solitary
+independence, having no superior but his sovereign."
+
+This writer asks us to carry ourselves nine or ten centuries back, to
+realize the picture which he has conceived. From the upland here in the
+vicinity of Drynoch, less than half a century ago, gazing southwards
+over the expanse thence to be commanded, we should have beheld a scene
+closely resembling that which, as he supposed, was seen from the summit
+of Pendle in the Saxon days; while at the present day we see everywhere,
+throughout the same expanse, an approximation to the old mother-lands,
+England, Ireland, and Scotland, in condition and appearance: in its
+style of agriculture, and the character of its towns, villages, hamlets,
+farm-houses, and country villas.
+
+We now entered a region once occupied by a number of French military
+refugees. During the revolution in France, at the close of the last
+century, many of the devotees of the royalist cause passed over into
+England, where, as elsewhere, they were known and spoken of as
+_emigres_. Amongst them were numerous officers of the regular army, all
+of them, of course, of the noblesse order, or else, as the inherited
+rule was, no commission in the King's service could have been theirs.
+When now the royal cause became desperate, and they had suffered the
+loss of all their worldly goods, the British Government of the day, in
+its sympathy for the monarchical cause in France, offered them grants of
+land in the newly organized province of Upper Canada.
+
+Some of them availed themselves of the generosity of the British Crown.
+Having been comrades in arms they desired to occupy a block of
+contiguous lots. Whilst there was yet almost all western Canada to
+choose from, by some chance these Oak Ridges, especially difficult to
+bring under cultivation and somewhat sterile when subdued, were
+preferred, partly perhaps through the influence of sentiment; they may
+have discovered some resemblance to regions familiar to themselves in
+their native land. Or in a mood inspired and made fashionable by
+Rousseau they may have longed for a lodge in some vast wilderness, where
+the "mortal coil" which had descended upon the old society of Europe
+should no longer harass them. When twitted by the passing wayfarer who
+had selected land in a more propitious situation, they would point to
+the gigantic boles of the surrounding pines in proof of the intrinsic
+excellence of the soil below, which must be good, they said, to nourish
+such a vegetation.
+
+After all, however, this particular locality may have been selected
+rather for them than by them. On the early map of 1798 a range of nine
+lots on each side of Yonge Street, just here in the Ridges, is bracketed
+and marked, "French Royalists: by order of his Honor," _i.e._, the
+President, Peter Russell. A postscript to the _Gazetteer_ of 1799 gives
+the reader the information that "lands have been appropriated in the
+year of York as a refuge for some French Royalists, and their settlement
+has commenced."
+
+On the Vaughan side, No. 56 was occupied conjointly by Michel Saigeon
+and Francis Reneoux; No. 57 by Julien le Bugle; No. 58 by Rene Aug.
+Comte de Chalus, Amboise de Farcy and Quetton St. George conjointly; No.
+59 by Quetton St. George; No. 60 by Jean Louis Vicomte de Chalus. In
+King, No. 61 by Rene Aug. Comte de Chalus and Augustin Boiton
+conjointly. On the Markham side: No. 52 is occupied by the Comte de
+Puisaye; No. 53 by Rene Aug. Comte de Chalus; No. 54 by Jean Louis
+Vicomte de Chalus and Rene Aug. Comte de Chalus conjointly;--No. 55 by
+Jean Louis Vicomte de Chalus; No. 66 by le Chevalier de Marseuil and
+Michael Fauchard conjointly; No. 57 by the Chev. de Marseuil; No. 58 by
+Rene Letourneaux, Augustin Boiton and J. L. Vicomte de Chalus
+conjointly; No. 59 by Quetton St. George and Jean Furon conjointly; No.
+60 by Amboise de Farcy. In Whitchurch, No. 61 by Michel Saigeon.
+
+After felling the trees in a few acres of their respective allotments,
+some of these emigres withdrew from the country. Hence in the Ridges was
+to be seen here and there the rather unusual sight of abandoned
+clearings returning to a state of nature.
+
+The officers styled Comte and Vicomte de Chalus derived their title from
+the veritable domain and castle of Chalus in Normandy, associated in the
+minds of young readers of English History with the death of Richard
+Coeur de Lion. Jean Louis de Chalus, whose name appears on numbers 54
+and in 55 Markham and on other lots, was a Major-General in the Royal
+Army of Brittany. At the balls given by the Governor and others at York,
+the jewels of Madame la Comtesse created a great sensation, wholly
+surpassing everything of the kind that had hitherto been seen by the
+ladies of Upper Canada. Amboise de Farcy, of No. 58 in Vaughan and No.
+60 in Markham, had also the rank of General. Augustin Boiton, of No. 48
+in Markham and No. 61 in Vaughan, was a Lieutenant-Colonel.
+
+The Comte de Puisaye, of No. 52 in Markham, figures conspicuously in the
+contemporary accounts of the royalist struggle against the Convention.
+He himself published in London in 1803 five octavo volumes of Memoirs,
+justificatory of his proceedings in that contest. Carlyle in his "French
+Revolution" speaks of de Puisaye's work, and, referring to the so-called
+Calvados war, says that those who are curious in such matters may read
+therein "how our Girondin National forces, _i.e._, the Moderates,
+marching off with plenty of wind music, were drawn out about the old
+chateau of Brecourt, in the wood-country near Vernon (in Brittany), to
+meet the Mountain National forces (the Communist) advancing from Paris.
+How on the fifteenth afternoon of July, 1793, they did meet:--and, as it
+were, shrieked mutually, and took mutually to flight, without loss. How
+Puisaye thereafter,--for the Mountain Nationals fled first, and we
+thought ourselves the victors,--was roused from his warm bed in the
+Castle of Brecourt and had to gallop without boots; our Nationals in the
+night watches having fallen unexpectedly into _sauve qui peut_."
+
+Carlyle alludes again to this misadventure, when approaching the subject
+of the Quiberon expedition, two years later, towards the close of La
+Vendee war. Affecting for the moment a prophetic tone, in his peculiar
+way Carlyle proceeds thus, introducing at the close of his sketch de
+Puisaye once more, who was in command of the invading force spoken of,
+although not undividedly so. "In the month of July, 1795, English
+ships," he says, "will ride in Quiberon roads. There will be debarkation
+of chivalrous _ci-devants_, (_i.e._ ex-noblesse), of volunteer prisoners
+of war--eager to desert; of fire-arms, proclamations, clothes chests,
+royalists, and specie. Whereupon also, on the Republican side, there
+will be rapid stand-to arms; with ambuscade-marchings by Quiberon beach
+at midnight; storming of Fort Penthievre; war-thunder mingling with the
+roar of the mighty main; and such a morning light as has seldom dawned;
+debarkation hurled back into its boats, or into the devouring billows,
+with wreck and wail;--in one word, a _ci-devant_ Puisaye as totally
+ineffectual here as he was at Calvados, when he rode from Vernon Castle
+without boots."
+
+The impression which Carlyle gives of M. de Puisaye is not greatly
+bettered by what M. de Lamartine says of him in the _History of the
+Girondists_, when speaking of him in connexion with the affair near the
+Chateau of Brecourt. He is there ranked with adventurers rather than
+heroes. "This man," de Lamartine says, "was at once an orator, a
+diplomatist, and a soldier,--a character eminently adapted for civil
+war, which produces more adventurers than heroes." De Lamartine
+describes how, prior to the repulse at Chateau Brecourt, "M. de Puisaye
+had passed a whole year concealed in a cavern in the midst of the
+forests of Brittany, where, by his manoeuvres and correspondence he
+kindled the fire of revolt against the republic." He professed to act in
+the interest of the moderates, believing that, through his influence,
+they would at last be induced to espouse heartily the cause of
+constitutional royalty.
+
+Thiers, in his "History of the French Revolution," vii. 146, speaks in
+respectful terms of Puisaye. He says that "with great intelligence and
+extraordinary skill in uniting the elements of a party, he combined
+extreme activity of body and mind, and vast ambition:" and even after
+Quiberon, Thiers says "it was certain that Puisaye had done all that lay
+in his power." De Puisaye ended his days in England, in the
+neighbourhood of London, in 1827.--In one of the letters of Mr. Surveyor
+Jones we observe some of the improvements of the Oak Ridges spoken of as
+"Puisaye's Town."
+
+It is possibly to the settlement, then only in contemplation, of emigres
+here in the Oak Ridges of Yonge Street, that Burke alludes, when in his
+Reflections on the French Revolution he says: "I hear that there are
+considerable emigrations from France, and that many, quitting that
+voluptuous climate and that seductive Circean liberty, have taken refuge
+in the frozen regions, and under the British despotism, of Canada."
+
+"The frozen regions of Canada," the great rhetorician's expression in
+this place, has become a stereotyped phrase with declaimers. The reports
+of the first settlers at Tadousac and Quebec made an indelible
+impression on the European mind. To this day in transatlantic
+communities, it is realized only to a limited extent that Canada has a
+spring, summer and autumn as well as a winter, and that her skies wear
+an aspect not always gloomy and inhospitable. "British despotism" is, of
+course, ironically said, and means, in reality, British constitutional
+freedom. (In some instances these Royalist officers appear to have
+accepted commissions from the British Crown, and so to have become
+nominally entitled to grants of land.)
+
+There are some representatives of the original emigres still to be met
+with in the neighbourhood of the Oak Ridges; but they have not in every
+instance continued to be seised of the lands granted in 1798. The Comte
+de Chalus, son of Rene Augustin, retains property here; but he resides
+in Montreal.
+
+An estate, however, at the distance of one lot eastward from Yonge
+Street, in Whitchurch, is yet in the actual occupation of a direct
+descendant of one of the first settlers in this region. Mr. Henry
+Quetton St. George here engages with energy in the various operations of
+a practical farmer, on land inherited immediately from his father, the
+Chevalier de St. George, at the same time dispensing to his many friends
+a refined hospitality. If at Glenlonely the circular turrets and pointed
+roofs of the old French chateau are not to be seen,--what is of greater
+importance, the amenities and gentle life of the old French chateau are
+to be found. Moreover, by another successful enterprise added to
+agriculture, the present proprietor of Glenlonely has brought it to pass
+that the name of St. George is no longer suggestive, as in the first
+instance it was, of wars in La Vendee and fightings on the Garonne and
+Dordogne, but redolent in Canada, far and wide, only of vineyards in
+Languedoc and of pleasant wines from across the Pyrenees.
+
+A large group of superior farm buildings, formerly seen on the right
+just after the turn which leads to Glenlonely, bore the graceful name of
+Larchmere,--an appellation glancing at the mere or little lake within
+view of the windows of the house: a sheet of water more generally known
+as Lake Willcocks--so called from an early owner of the spot, Col.
+Willcocks, of whom we have spoken in another section. Larchmere was for
+some time the home of his great grandson, William Willcocks Baldwin. The
+house has since been destroyed by fire.
+
+Just beneath the surface of the soil on the borders of the lakelets of
+the Ridges, was early noticed a plentiful deposit of white shell-marl,
+resembling the substance brought up from the oozy floor of the Atlantic
+in the soundings preparatory to laying the telegraph-cable. It was, in
+fact, incipient chalk. It used to be employed in the composition of a
+whitewash for walls and fences. It may since have been found of value as
+a manure. In these quarters, as elsewhere in Canada, fine specimens of
+the antlers of the Wapiti, or great American stag, were occasionally dug
+up.
+
+The summit level of the Ridges was now reached, the most elevated land
+in this part of the basin of the St. Lawrence; a height, however, after
+all, of only about eight hundred feet above the level of the sea. The
+attention of the wayfarer was hereabout always directed to a small
+stream, which the road crossed, flowing out of Lake Willcocks: and then
+a short distance further on, he was desired to notice a slight swale or
+shallow morass on the left. The stream in question, he was told, was the
+infant Humber, just starting south for Lake Ontario; while the swale or
+morass, he was assured, was a feeder of the east branch of the Holland
+River, flowing north into Lake Simcoe.
+
+Notwithstanding the comparative nearness to each other of the waters of
+the Holland and the Humber, thus made visible to the eye, the earliest
+project of a canal in these parts was, as has once before been observed,
+for the connection, not of the Holland river and the Humber, but of the
+Holland river and the Rouge or Nen. The Mississaga Indians attached
+great importance to the Rouge and its valley as a link in one of their
+ancient trails between Huron and Ontario; and they seem to have imparted
+to the first white men their own notions on the subject. "It apparently
+rises," says the _Gazetteer_ of 1799, speaking of the Rouge or Nen, "in
+the vicinity of one of the branches of Holland's river, with which it
+will probably, at some future period, be connected by a canal." A
+"proposed canal" is accordingly here marked on one of the first
+manuscript maps of Upper Canada.
+
+Father St. Lawrence and Father Mississippi pour their streams--so
+travellers assure us--from urns situated at no great distance apart.
+Lake Itaska and its vicinity, just west of Lake Superior, possess a
+charm for this reason. In like manner, to compare small things with
+great, the particular quarter of the Ridges where the waters of the
+Humber and the Holland used to be seen in near proximity to each other,
+had always with ourselves a special interest. Two small lakes, called
+respectively Lake Sproxton and Lake Simon, important feeders of the
+Rouge, a little to the east of the Glenlonely property, are situated
+very close to the streams that pass into the east branch of the Holland
+river; so that the conjecture of the author of the _Gazetteer_ was a
+good one. He says, "apparently the sources of the Rouge and Holland lie
+near each other."
+
+After passing the notable locality of the Ridges just spoken of, the
+land began perceptibly to decline; and soon emerging from the confused
+glens and hillocks and woods that had long on every side been hedging in
+the view, we suddenly came out upon a brow where a wide prospect was
+obtained, stretching far to the north, and far to the east and west.
+From such an elevation the acres here and there denuded of their woods
+by the solitary axemen could not be distinguished; accordingly, the
+panorama presented here for many a year continued to be exactly that
+which met the eyes of the first exploring party from York in 1793.
+
+As we used to see it, it seemed in effect to be an unbroken forest; in
+the foreground bold and billowy and of every variety of green; in the
+middle distance assuming neutral, indistinct tints, as it dipped down
+into what looked like a wide vale; then apparently rising by successive
+gentle stages, coloured now deep violet, now a tender blue, up to the
+line of the sky. In a depression in the far horizon, immediately in
+front, was seen the silvery sheen of water. This, of course, was the
+lake known since 1793 as Lake Simcoe; but previously spoken of by the
+French sometimes as Lake Sinion or Sheniong; sometimes as Lake
+Ouentironk, Ouentaron, and Toronto--the very name which is so familiar
+to us now, as appertaining to a locality thirty miles southward of this
+lake.
+
+The French also in their own tongue sometimes designated it, perhaps for
+some reason connected with fishing operations, _Lac aux Claies_, Hurdle
+Lake. Thus in the _Gazetteer_ of 1799 we have "Simcoe Lake: formerly
+Lake aux Claies, Ouentironk, Sheniong, situated between York and
+Gloucester upon Lake Huron: it has a few small islands and several good
+harbours." And again on another page of the same _Gazetteer_, we have
+the article: "Toronto Lake (or Toronto): lake le Clie [_i. e._ Lac aux
+Claies] was formerly so called by some: (others," the same article
+proceeds to say, "called the chain of lakes from the vicinity of
+Matchedash towards the head of the Bay of Quinte, the Toronto lakes and
+the communication from the one to the other was called the Toronto
+river:" whilst in another place in the _Gazetteer_ we have the
+information given us that the Humber was also styled the Toronto river,
+thus: "Toronto river, called by some St. John's; now called the
+Humber.")
+
+The region of which we here obtained a kind of Pisgah view, where
+
+  "The bursting prospect spreads immense around"
+
+on the northern brow of the Ridges, is a classic one, renowned in the
+history of the Wyandots or Hurons, and in the early French missionary
+annals.
+
+It did not chance to enter into the poet Longfellow's plan to lay the
+scene of any portion of his song of Hiawatha so far to the eastward; and
+the legends gathered by him
+
+  From the great lakes of the Northland,
+  From the mountains, moors and fenlands,
+  Where the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah,
+  Feeds among the reeds and rushes--
+
+tell of an era just anterior to the period when this district becomes
+invested with interest for us. Francis Parkman, however, in an agreeably
+written work, entitled "The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth
+Century," has dwelt somewhat at length on the history of this locality,
+which is the well-peopled Toronto region, _lieu ou il y a beaucoup de
+gens_, of which we have formerly spoken. (p. 74.)
+
+In the early Reports of the Jesuit fathers themselves, too, this area
+figures largely. They, in fact, constructed a map, which must have led
+the central mission-board of their association, at Rome, to believe that
+this portion of Western Canada was as thickly strewn with villages and
+towns as a district of equal area in old France. In the "Chorographia
+Regionis Huronum," attached to Father du Creux's Map of New France, of
+the date 1660, given in Bressani's Abridgment of "the Relations," we
+have the following places conspicuously marked as stations or
+sub-missions in the peninsula bounded by Notawasaga bay, Matchedash or
+Sturgeon bay, the river Severn, Lake Couchichin, and Lake Simcoe,
+implying population in and round each of them:--St. Xavier, St. Charles,
+St. Louis, St. Ignatius, St. Denis, St. Joachim, St. Athanasius, St.
+Elizabeth, St. John the Baptist, St. Joseph, St. Mary, St. Michael, La
+Conception, St. Mary Magdalene, and others.
+
+(In Schoolcraft's American Indians, p. 130, ed. 1851, the scene of the
+story of Aingodon and Naywadaha is laid at Toronto, by which a spot
+near Lake Simcoe seems to be meant, and not the trading-post of Toronto
+on Lake Ontario.)
+
+But we must push on. The end of our journey is in sight. The impediments
+to our advance have been innumerable, but unavoidable. In spite of
+appearances, "Semper ad eventum festina," has all along been secretly
+goading us forward.
+
+The farmhouses and their surroundings in the Quaker settlement through
+which, after descending from the Ridges on the northern side, we passed,
+came to be notable at an early date for a characteristic neatness,
+completeness, and visible judiciousness; and for an air of enviable
+general comfort and prosperity. The farmers here were emigrants chiefly
+from Pennsylvania. Coming from a quarter where large tracts had been
+rapidly transformed by human toil from a state of nature to a condition
+of high cultivation, they brought with them an inherited experience in
+regard to such matters; and on planting themselves down in the midst of
+an unbroken wild, they regarded the situation with more intelligence
+perhaps than the ordinary emigrant from the British Islands and interior
+of Germany, and so, unretarded by blunders and by doubts as to the
+issue, were enabled very speedily to turn their industry to profitable
+account.
+
+The old _Gazetteer_ of 1799 speaks in an exalted sentimental strain of
+an emigration then going on from the United States into Canada. "The
+loyal peasant," it says, "sighing after the government he lost by the
+late revolution, travels from Pennsylvania in search of his former laws
+and protection; and having his expectations fulfilled by new marks of
+favour from the Crown in a grant of lands, he turns his plough at once
+into these fertile plains [the immediate reference is to the
+neighbourhood of Woodhouse on Lake Erie], and an abundant crop reminds
+him of his gratitude to his God and to his king."
+
+We do not know for certain whether the Quaker settlers of the region
+north of the Ridges came into Canada under the influence of feelings
+exactly such as those described by the _Gazetteer_ of 1799. In 1806,
+however, we find them coming forward in a body to congratulate a new
+Lieutenant-Governor on his arrival in Upper Canada. In the _Gazette_ of
+Oct. 4, 1806, we read: "On Tuesday, the 30th September (1806), the
+following address from the Quakers residing on Yonge Street was
+presented to his Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor: "The Society of the
+people called Quakers, to Francis Gore, Governor of Upper Canada,
+sendeth greeting. Notwithstanding we are a people who hold forth to the
+world a principle which in many respects differs from the greater part
+of mankind, yet we believe it our reasonable duty, as saith the Apostle,
+'Submit yourselves unto every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake,
+whether it be the king as supreme, or unto governors as unto them that
+are sent by him for the punishment of evil doers, and for the praise of
+them that do well:' in this we hope to be his humble and peaceful
+subjects. Although we cannot for conscience sake join with many of our
+fellow-mortals in complimentary customs of man, neither in taking up the
+sword in order to shed human blood--for the Scripture saith that 'it is
+righteousness that exalteth a nation, but sin is a reproach to any
+people'--we feel concerned for thy welfare and the prosperity of the
+province, hoping thy administration may be such as to be a terror to the
+evil-minded and a pleasure to them that do well: then will the province
+flourish and prosper under thy direction; which is the earnest desire
+and prayer of thy sincere friends.--Read and approved in Yonge Street
+monthly meeting, held the 18th day of the ninth month, 1806. Timothy
+Rogers and Amos Armitage are appointed to attend on the Governor
+therewith." Signed by order of the said meeting, Nathaniel Pearson,
+clerk."
+
+To this address, characteristic alike in the peculiar syntax of its
+sentences and in the well-meant platitudes to which it gives expression,
+his Excellency was pleased to return the following answer: "I return you
+my thanks for your dutiful address and for your good wishes for my
+welfare and prosperity of this province. I have no doubt of your proving
+peaceful and good subjects to his Majesty, as well as industrious and
+respectable members of society. I shall at all times be happy to afford
+to such persons my countenance and support. Francis Gore,
+Lieut.-Governor. Government House, York, Upper Canada, 30th Sept.,
+1806."
+
+The Timothy Rogers here named bore a leading part in the first
+establishment of the Quaker settlement. He and Jacob Lundy were the two
+original managers of its affairs. On the arrival of Governor Peter
+Hunter, predecessor to Gov. Gore, Timothy Rogers and Jacob Lundy with a
+deputation from the settlement, came into town to complain to him of the
+delay which they and their co-religionists had experienced in obtaining
+the patents for their lands.
+
+Governor Hunter, who was also Commander-in-Chief and a Lieut.-General in
+the army, received them in the garrison, and after hearing how on coming
+to York on former occasions they had been sent about from one office to
+another for a reply to their inquiries about the patents, he requested
+them to come to him again the next day at noon. Orders were at the same
+instant despatched to Mr. D. W. Smith, the Surveyor-General, to Mr.
+Small, Clerk of the Executive Council, to Mr. Burns, Clerk of the Crown,
+and to Mr. Jarvis, Secretary and Registrar of the Province (all of whom
+it appeared at one time or another had failed to reply satisfactorily to
+the Quakers), to wait at the same hour on the Lieut.-Governor, bringing
+with them, each respectively, such papers and memoranda as might be in
+their possession, having relation to patents for lands in Whitchurch and
+King.
+
+Governor Hunter had a reputation for considerable severity of character;
+and all functionaries, from the judge on the bench to the humblest
+employe, held office in those days very literally during pleasure.
+
+"These gentlemen complain,"--the personages above enumerated having duly
+appeared, together with the deputation from Yonge Street--"These
+gentlemen complain," the Governor said, pointing to the Quakers, "that
+they cannot get their patents."
+
+Each of the official personages present offered in succession some
+indistinct observations; expressive it would seem of a degree of regret,
+and hinting exculpatory reasons, so far as he individually was
+concerned.
+
+On closer interrogation, one thing however came out very clear, that the
+order for the patents was more than twelve months old.
+
+At length the onus of blame seemed to settle down on the head of the
+Secretary and Registrar, Mr. Jarvis, who could only say that really the
+pressure of business in his office was so great that he had been
+absolutely unable, up to the present moment, to get ready the particular
+patents referred to.
+
+"Sir!" was the Governor's immediate rejoinder, "if they are not
+forthcoming, every one of them, and placed in the hands of these
+gentlemen here in my presence at noon on Thursday next (it was now
+Tuesday), by George! I'll un-Jarvis you!"--implying, as we suppose, a
+summary conge as Secretary and Registrar.
+
+It is needless to say that Mr. Rogers and his colleagues of the
+deputation carried back with them to Whitchurch lively accounts of the
+vigour and rigour of the new Governor--as well as their patents.
+
+General Hunter was very peremptory in his dismissals occasionally. In a
+_Gazette_ of July 16, 1803, is to be seen an ominous announcement that
+the Governor is going to be very strict with the Government clerks in
+regard to hours: "Lieut.-Governor's office, 21st June, 1803. Notice is
+hereby given that regular attendance for the transaction of the public
+business of the Province will in future be given at the office of the
+Secretary of the Province, the Executive Council office, and the
+Surveyor-General's office, every day in the year (Sundays, Good Friday,
+and Christmas day only excepted) from ten o'clock in the morning until
+three in the afternoon, and from five o'clock in the afternoon until
+seven in the evening. By order of the Lieutenant-Governor, Jas. Green,
+Secretary."
+
+Soon after the appearance of this notice, it happened one forenoon that
+young Alexander Macnab, a clerk in one of the public offices, was
+innocently watching the Governor's debarkation from a boat, preparatory
+to his being conveyed up to the Council-chamber in a sedan-chair which
+was in waiting for him. The youth suddenly caught his Excellency's eye,
+and was asked--"What business he had to be there? Did he not belong to
+the Surveyor-General's office? Sir! your services are no longer
+required!"
+
+For this same young Macnab, thus summarily dismissed, Governor Hunter,
+we have been told, procured subsequently a commission. He attained the
+rank of captain and met a soldier's fate on the field of Waterloo, the
+only Upper Canadian known to have been engaged or to have fallen in that
+famous battle. (We have before mentioned that so late as 1868, Captain
+Macnab's Waterloo medal was presented, by the Duke of Cambridge
+personally, to the Rev. Dr. Macnab, of Bowmanville, nephew of the
+deceased officer.)
+
+Two stray characteristic items relating to Governor Hunter may here be
+subjoined. The following was his brief reply to the Address of the
+Inhabitants of York on his arrival there in 1799:--"Gentlemen, nothing
+that is in my power shall be wanting to contribute to the happiness and
+welfare of this colony." (_Gazette_, Aug. 24, 1799)--At Niagara, an
+Address from "the mechanics and husbandmen" was refused by him, on the
+ground that an address professedly from the inhabitants generally had
+been presented already. On this, the _Constellation_ of Sep. 10 (1799),
+prints the following "anecdote," which is a hit at Gov. Hunter.
+"Anecdote.--When Governor Simcoe arrived at Kingston on his way here to
+take upon him the government of the Province, the magistrates and
+gentlemen of that town presented him with a very polite address. It was
+politely and verbally answered. The inhabitants of the country and town,
+who move not in the upper circles, presented theirs. And this also his
+Excellency very politely answered, and the answer being in writing, is
+carefully preserved to this day."
+
+Among the patents carried home by Mr. Timothy Rogers, above named, were
+at least seven in which he was more or less personally interested. His
+own lot was 95 on the west or King side of Yonge Street. Immediately in
+front of him on the Whitchurch or east side, on lots 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,
+and 96, all in a row, were enjoyed by sons or near relatives of his,
+bearing the names respectively of Rufus Rogers, Asa Rogers, Isaac
+Rogers, Wing Rogers, James Rogers, and Obadiah Rogers.
+
+Mr. Lundy's name does not appear among those of the original patentees;
+but lots or portions of lot in the "Quaker Settlement" are marked at an
+earlier period with the names of Shadrach Lundy, Oliver Lundy, Jacob
+Lundy, Reuben Lundy, and perhaps more.
+
+In the region just beyond the Ridges there were farmers also of the
+community known as Mennonists or Tunkers. Long beards, when such
+appendages were rarities, dangling hair, antique-shaped, buttonless,
+home-spun coats, and wide-brimmed low-crowned hats, made these persons
+conspicuous in the street. On the seat of a loaded country-waggon, or on
+the back of a solitary rustic nag, would now and then be seen a man of
+this community, who might pass for John Huss or John a Lasco, as
+represented in the pictures. It was always curious to gaze upon these
+waifs and strays from old Holland, perpetuating, or at least trying to
+perpetuate, on a new continent, customs and notions originating in the
+peculiar circumstances of obscure localities in another hemisphere three
+hundred years ago.
+
+Simon Menno, the founder and prophet of the Mennonists, was a native of
+Friesland in 1496. He advocated the utmost rigour of life. Although
+there are, as we are informed, modernized Mennonists now in Holland, at
+Amsterdam, for example, who are distinguished for luxury in their
+tables, their equipages and their country seats, yet a sub-section of
+the community known as Uke-Wallists, from one Uke Walles, adhere to the
+primitive strictness enjoined by Menno. Their apparel, we are told, is
+mean beyond expression, and they avoid everything that has the most
+distant appearance of elegance or ornament. They let their beards grow
+to an enormous length; their hair, uncombed, lies in a disorderly manner
+on their shoulders; their countenances are marked with the strongest
+lines of dejection and melancholy; and their habitations and household
+furniture are such as are only fitted to answer the demands of mere
+necessity. "We shall not enlarge," Mosheim adds, "upon the circumstances
+of their ritual, but only observe that they prevent all attempts to
+alter or modify their religious discipline, by preserving their people
+from everything that bears the remotest aspect of learning and science;
+from whatever, in a word, that may have a tendency to enlighten their
+devout ignorance."
+
+The sympathies of our primitive Tunkers beyond the Ridges, were, as we
+may suppose, with this section of the fatherland Mennonists.
+
+Thus, to get the clue to social phenomena which we see around us here in
+Canada, we have to concern ourselves occasionally with uninviting pages,
+not only of Irish, Scottish and English religious history, but of German
+and Netherlandish religious history likewise. Pity 'tis, in some
+respects, that on a new continent our immigrants could not have made a
+_tabula rasa_ of the past, and taken a start _de novo_ on another
+level--a higher one; on a new gauge--a widened one.
+
+Though only a minute fraction of our population, an exception was early
+made by the local parliament in favour of the Mennonists or Tunkers,
+allowing them to make affirmations in the Courts, like the Quakers, and
+to compound for military service.--Like Lollard, Quaker and some other
+similar terms, Tunker, _i. e._ Dipper, was probably at first used in a
+spirit of ridicule.
+
+  _Digression to Newmarket and Sharon._
+
+When Newmarket came in view off to the right, a large portion of the
+traffic of the street turned aside for a certain distance out of the
+straight route to the north, in that direction.
+
+About this point the ancient dwellers at York used to take note of signs
+that they had passed into a higher latitude. Half a degree to the south
+of their homes--at Niagara, for example--they were in the land, if not
+of the citron and myrtle, certainly of the tulip-tree and pawpaw--where
+the edible chestnut grew plentifully in the natural woods, and the peach
+luxuriantly flourished.
+
+Now, half a degree the other way, in the tramontane region north of the
+Ridges, they found themselves in the presence of a vegetation that spoke
+of an advance, however minute, towards the pole. Here, all along the
+wayside, beautiful specimens of the spruce-pine and balsam-fir,
+strangers in the forest about York, were encountered. Sweeping the sward
+with their drooping branches and sending up their dark green spires high
+in the air, these trees were always regarded with interest, and desired
+as graceful objects worthy to be transferred to the lawn or ornamental
+shrubbery.
+
+A little way off the road, on the left, just before the turn leading to
+Newmarket, was the great Quaker meeting-house of this region--the
+"Friends' Meeting-house"--a building of the usual plain cast, generally
+seen with its solid shutters closed up. This was the successor of the
+first Quaker meeting-house in Upper Canada. Here Mr. Joseph John Gurney,
+the eminent English Quaker, who travelled on this continent in 1837-40,
+delivered several addresses, with a view especially to the re-uniting,
+if possible, of the Orthodox and the Hicksites.
+
+Gourlay, in his "Statistical Account of Upper Canada," took note that
+this Quaker meeting-house and a wooden chapel at Hogg's Hollow,
+belonging to the Church of England, were the only two places of public
+worship to be seen on Yonge Street between York and the Holland
+Landing--a distance, he says, of nearly forty miles. This was in 1817.
+
+Following now the wheel-marks of clearly the majority of vehicles
+travelling on the street, we turn aside to Newmarket.
+
+Newmarket had for its germ or nucleus the mills and stores of Mr. Elisha
+Beaman, who emigrated hither from the State of New York in 1806. Here
+also, on the branch of the Holland river, mills at an early date were
+established by Mr. Mordecai Millard, and tanneries by Mr. Joseph Hill.
+Mr. Beaman's mills became subsequently the property of Mr. Peter
+Robinson, who was Commissioner of Crown Lands in 1827, and one of the
+representatives of the united counties of York and Simcoe; and
+afterwards, the property of his brother, Mr. W. B. Robinson, who for a
+time resided here, and for a number of years represented the County of
+Simcoe in the provincial parliament. Most gentlemen travelling north or
+to the north-west brought with them, from friends in York, a note of
+commendation to Mr. Robinson, whose friendly and hospitable disposition
+were well known:
+
+  "Fast by the road his ever-open door
+   Oblig'd the wealthy and reliev'd the poor."
+
+Governors, Commodores, and Commanders-in-chief, on their tours of
+pleasure or duty, were glad to find a momentary resting-place at a
+refined domestic fireside. Here Sir John Franklin was entertained for
+some days in 1835: and at other periods, Sir John Ross and Capt. Back,
+when on their way to the Arctic regions.
+
+In 1847, Mr. W. B. Robinson was Commissioner of Public Works; and, at a
+later period, one of the Chief Commissioners of the Canada Company. Mr.
+Peter Robinson was instrumental in settling the region in which our
+Canadian Peterborough is situated, and from him that town has its name.
+
+At Newmarket was long engaged in prosperous business Mr. John Cawthra, a
+member of the millionaire family of that name. Mr. John Cawthra was the
+first representative in the Provincial Parliament of the County of
+Simcoe, after the separation from the County of York. In 1812, Mr. John
+Cawthra and his brother Jonathan were among the volunteers who offered
+themselves for the defence of the country. Though by nature inclined to
+peace, they were impelled to this by a sincere sense of duty. At
+Detroit, John assisted in conveying across the river in scows the heavy
+guns which were expected to be wanted in the attack on the Fort. On the
+slopes at Queenston, Jonathan had a hair-breadth escape. At the
+direction of his officer, he moved from the rear to the front of his
+company, giving place to a comrade, who the following instant had a
+portion of his leg carried away by a shot from Fort Gray, on the
+opposite side of the river. Also at Queenston, John, after personally
+cautioning Col. Macdonell against rashly exposing himself, as he seemed
+to be doing, was called on a few minutes afterwards, to aid in carrying
+that officer to the rear, mortally wounded.
+
+With Newmarket too is associated the name of Mr. William Roe, a merchant
+there since 1814, engaged at one time largely in the fur-trade. It was
+Mr. Roe who saved from capture a considerable portion of the public
+funds, when York fell into the hands of General Dearborn and Commodore
+Chauncey in 1813. Mr. Roe was at the time an employe in the office of
+the Receiver General, Prideaux Selby; and by the order of General
+Sheaffe and the Executive Council he conveyed three bags of gold and a
+large sum in army-bills to the farm of Chief Justice Robinson, on the
+Kingston road east of the Don bridge, and there buried them.
+
+The army-bills were afterwards delivered up to the enemy; but the gold
+remained secreted until the departure of the invaders, and was handed
+over to the authorities in Dr. Strachan's parlour by Mr. Roe. The
+Receiver General's iron chest was also removed by Mr. Roe and deposited
+in the premises of Mr. Donald McLean, Clerk of the House of Assembly.
+Mr. McLean was killed while bravely opposing the landing of the
+Americans, and his house was plundered; the strong chest was broken open
+and about one thousand silver dollars were taken therefrom.
+
+The name of Mr. Roe's partner at Newmarket, Mr. Andrew Borland, is
+likewise associated with the taking of York in 1813. He was made
+prisoner in the fight, and in the actual struggle against capture he
+received six severe rifle wounds, from the effects of which he never
+wholly recovered. He had also been engaged at Queenston and Detroit.
+
+In the Report of the Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada, we
+have an entry made of a donation of sixty dollars to Mr. Andrew Borland
+on the 11th June, 1813, with the note appended: "The committee of the
+Loyal and Patriotic Society voted this sum to Mr. Borland for his
+patriotic and eminent services at Detroit, Queenston and York, at which
+latter place he was severely wounded."
+
+We also learn from the Report that Mr. D'Arcy Boulton had presented a
+petition to the Society in favour of Mr. Borland. The members of
+committee present at the meeting held June 11th, 1813, were Rev. Dr.
+Strachan, chairman, Wm. Chewett, Esq., Wm. Allan, Esq., John Small,
+Esq., and Alex. Wood, Esq., secretary: and the minutes state that "The
+petition of D'Arcy Boulton, Esq., a member of the Society, in favour of
+Andrew Borland, was taken into consideration, and the sum of Sixty
+Dollars was voted to him, on account of his patriotic and eminent
+services at Detroit, Queenston and York, at which latter place he was
+most severely wounded." Mr. Borland had been a clerk in Mr. Boulton's
+store. In the order to pay the money, signed by Alexander Wood, Mr.
+Borland is styled "a volunteer in the York Militia." He afterwards had a
+pension of Twenty Pounds a year.
+
+In 1838 his patriotic ardour was not quenched. During the troubles of
+that period he undertook the command of 200 Indians who had volunteered
+to fight in defence of the rights of the Crown of England, if there
+should be need. They were stationed for a time at the Holland Landing,
+but their services were happily not required.
+
+From being endowed with great energy of character, and having also a
+familiar knowledge of the native dialects, Mr. Borland had great
+influence with the Indian tribes frequenting the coasts of Lakes Huron
+and Simcoe. Mr. Roe likewise, in his dealings with the aborigines, had
+acquired a considerable facility in speaking the Otchibway dialect, and
+had much influence among the natives.
+
+Let us not omit to record, too, that at Newmarket, not very many years
+since, was successfully practising a grandson of Sir William Blackstone,
+the commentator on the Laws of England--Mr. Henry Blackstone, whose
+conspicuous talents gave promise of an eminence in his profession not
+unworthy of the name he bore. But his career was cut short by death.
+
+The varied character of colonial society, especially in its early crude
+state, the living elements mixed up in it, and the curious changes and
+interchanges that take place in the course of its development and
+consolidation, receive illustrations from ecclesiastical as well as
+civil annals.
+
+We ourselves remember the church-edifice of the Anglican communion at
+Newmarket when it was an unplastered, unlathed clap-board shell, having
+repeatedly officiated in it while in that stage of its existence. Since
+then the congregation represented by this clap-board shell have had as
+pastors men like the following: a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin,
+not undistinguished in his University, a protege of the famous
+Archbishop Magee, a co-worker for a time of the distinguished Dr. Walter
+Farquhar Hook, of Leeds, and minister of one of the modern churches
+there--the Rev. Robert Taylor, afterwards of Peterborough here in
+Canada. And since his incumbency, they have been ministered to by a
+former vicar of a prominent church in London, St. Michael's, Burleigh
+Street, a dependency of St. Martin's in Trafalgar Square--the Rev.
+Septimus Ramsay, who was also long the chief secretary and manager of a
+well-known Colonial Missionary Society which had its headquarters in
+London.
+
+While, on the other hand, an intervening pastor of the same
+congregation, educated for the ministry here in Canada and admitted to
+Holy Orders here, was transferred from Newmarket first to the vicarage
+of Somerton in Somersetshire, England, and, secondly, to the rectory of
+Clenchwarden in the county of Norfolk in England--the Rev. R. Athill.
+And another intervening incumbent was, after having been also trained
+for the ministry and admitted to orders here in Canada, called
+subsequently to clerical work in the United States, being finally
+appointed one of the canons of the cathedral church at Chicago, by
+Bishop Whitehouse of Illinois: this was the Rev. G. C. Street, a near
+relative of the distinguished English architect of that name, designer
+and builder of the New Law Courts in London.
+
+As to the name "Newmarket"--in its adoption there was no desire to set
+up in Canada a memorial of the famous English Cambridgeshire racing
+town. The title chosen for the place was an announcement to this effect:
+"Here is an additional mart for the convenience of an increased
+population: a place where farmers and others may purchase and exchange
+commodities without being at the trouble of a journey to York or
+elsewhere." The name of the Canadian Newmarket, in fact, arose as
+probably that of the English Newmarket itself arose, when first
+established as a newly-opened place of trade for the primitive farmers
+and others of East Anglia and Mercia in the Anglo-Saxon period.
+
+It deserves to be added that the English church at Newmarket was, a few
+years back, to some extent endowed by a generous gift of valuable land
+made by Dr. Beswick, a bachelor medical man, whose large white house on
+a knoll by the wayside was always noted by the traveller from York as he
+turned aside from Yonge Street for Newmarket.
+
+Proceeding onwards now from Newmarket, we speedily come to the village
+of Sharon (or Hope as it was once named), situated also off the direct
+northern route of Yonge Street.
+
+David Willson, the great notability and founder of the place, had been
+in his younger days a sailor, and, as such, had visited the Chinese
+ports. After joining the Quakers, he taught for a time amongst them as a
+schoolmaster. For some proceeding of his, or for some peculiarity of
+religious opinion, difficult to define, he was cut off from the Hicksite
+sub-division of the Quaker body. He then began the formation of a
+denomination of his own. In the bold policy of giving to his personal
+ideas an outward embodiment in the form of a conspicuous Temple, he
+anticipated the shrewd prophets of the Mormons, Joseph and Hiram Smith.
+Willson's building was erected about 1825. Nauvoo was not commenced
+until the spring of 1840.
+
+In a little pamphlet published at Philadelphia in 1815, Willson gives
+the following account of himself: "I, the writer," he says, "was born of
+Presbyterian parents in the county of Dutchess, state of New York, in
+North America. In 1801 I removed with my family into this province
+(Upper Canada), and after a few years became a member of the Society of
+the Quakers at my own request, as I chose a spiritual people for my
+brethren and sisters in religion. But after I had been a member thereof
+about seven years, I began to speak something of my knowledge of God or
+a Divine Being in the heart, soul or mind of man, all which signifies
+the same to my understanding,--but my language was offensive, my spirit
+was abhorred, my person was disdained, my company was forsaken by my
+brethren and sisters. After which I retired from the society and was
+disowned by them for so doing; but several retired with me and were
+disowned also, because they would not unite in the disowning and
+condemning the fruits of my spirit; for, as I had been accounted a
+faithful member of the society for many years, they did not like to be
+hasty in condemnation. Therefore we became a separate people, and
+assembled ourselves together under a separate order which I immediately
+formed. After I retired from my former meetings--as our discipline led
+to peace with all people more than any one in my knowledge--we called
+ourselves Children of Peace, because we were but young therein."
+
+The following account of the Temple erected by Willson at Sharon is by a
+visitor to the village in 1835. "The building," says Mr. Patrick
+Shirreff in his "Tour through North America," published in Edinburgh in
+1835, "is of wood painted white externally, seventy feet high; and
+consists of three storeys. The first is sixty feet square, with a door
+in the centre of each side and three large windows on each side of the
+door. On two sides there is a representation of the setting sun and the
+word 'Armageddon' inscribed below. The second storey is twenty-seven
+feet square with three windows on each side; and the third storey nine
+feet square with one window on each side.
+
+"The corners of each of the storeys are terminated by square lanterns,
+with gilded mountings; and the termination of the building is a gilded
+ball of considerable size. The interior was filled with wooden chairs
+placed round sixteen pillars, in the centre of which is a square cabinet
+of black walnut with a door and windows on each side. There was a table
+in the centre of the cabinet covered with black velvet, hung with
+crimson merino and fringe, in which was deposited a Bible. On the four
+central pillars were painted the words Faith, Hope, Charity, and Love;
+and on the twelve others, the names of the Apostles. The central pillars
+seemed to support the second storey; and at the foot of each was a table
+covered with green cloth. The house was without ornament, being painted
+fawn, green and white; and had not a pulpit or place for addressing an
+audience. It is occupied once a month for collecting charity; and
+contains 2,952 panes of glass, and is lighted once a year with 116
+candles."
+
+The materials of the frame-work of the Temple were, as we have been
+told, prepared at a distance from the site, and run rapidly up as far as
+possible without noise, in imitation of the building of Solomon's
+Temple. By the side of the principal edifice stood a structure 100 feet
+by 50 feet, used for ordinary meetings on Sundays. On the first Friday
+in September used to be an annual feast, when the Temple was
+illuminated. In this was an organ built by Mr. Coates of York.
+
+David was an illiterate mystic, as his writings shew, in which, when the
+drift of his maundering is made out, there is nothing new or remarkable
+to be discerned.
+
+At the close of the war of 1812-13-14, he appears to have been under the
+impression that the Government designed to banish him as a seditious
+person, under c. 1. 44 Geo. III. He accordingly published a document
+deprecating such action. It was thus headed: "Address to thy Crown, O
+England, and thy great name. I write as follows to all the inhabitants
+thereof." In the course of it he says: "After I have written, I will
+leave God to judge between you and me; and also to make judges of you,
+whether you will receive my ministry in your land in peace, yea or nay.
+. . . Ye are great indeed. I cannot help that, neither do I want to; but
+am willing ye should remain great in the sight of God, although I am but
+small therein, in the things thereof. Now choose whether I should or
+might be your servant in these things, yea or nay. As I think, it would
+be a shame for a minister to be banished from your nation for preaching
+the gospel of peace therein. I am a man," he continues, "under the
+visitation of God's power in your land; and many scandalous reports are
+in circulation against me. The intent of the spirit of the thing is to
+put me to flight from your dominions, or that I should be imprisoned
+therein. For which cause I, as a dutiful subject, make myself known
+hereby unto you of great estate in the world, lest your minds should be
+affected and stirred up against me without a cause by your inferiors,
+who seek to do evil to the works of God, whenever the Almighty is trying
+to do you good."
+
+In some verses of the same date as this address to the home authorities,
+viz., 1815, he refers to the peril he supposed himself to be in. A
+stanza or two will suffice as a specimen of his poetical productions,
+which are all of the same Sternhold and Hopkins type, with the
+disadvantage of great grammatical irregularity. Thus he sings: (The tone
+of the _ci-devant_ Jack-tar is perhaps to be slightly detected.)
+
+  The powers of hell are now combin'd--
+    With war against me rage:
+  But in my God my soul's resigned--
+    The rock of every age, &c.
+
+  Some thou doth set in king's estate,
+    And some on earth must serve;
+  And some hath gold and silver plate,
+    When others almost starve, &c.
+
+  The earth doth hunger for my blood,
+    And Satan for my soul;
+  And men my flesh for daily food,
+    That they may me control, &c.
+
+  If God doth give what I receive
+    The same is due to thee;
+  And thou in spirit must believe
+    In gospel liberty, &c.
+
+  It's also mine, by George our king,
+    The ruler of my day;
+  And yet if I dishonour bring,
+    Cut short my feeble stay, &c.
+
+  For this is in your hearts to do,
+    Ye inferiors of the earth;
+  And it's in mine to do so too,
+    And stop that cursed birth, &c.
+
+The style of a volume entitled "Impressions"--a kind of Alcoran, which
+used formerly to be sold to visitors in the Temple--does not rise much
+above the foregoing, either in its verse or prose.
+
+What Mosheim says of Menno's books, may be said with at least equal
+truth of Willson's: "An extensively diffuse and rambling style, frequent
+and unnecessary repetitions, an irregular and confused method, with
+other defects of equal moment, render the perusal of the productions
+highly disagreeable." Nevertheless, the reduction of his solitary
+meditations to writing had, we may conceive, a pious operation and
+effect on Willson's own spirit; and the perusal of them may, in the
+simple-minded few who still profess to be his followers, have a like
+operation and effect, even when in the reading constrained, with poor
+monk Felix, to confess that, though believing, they do not understand.
+
+The worthy man neither won martyrdom nor suffered exile; but lived on in
+great worldly prosperity here in Sharon, reverenced by his adherents as
+a sort of oracle, and flattered by attentions from successive political
+leaders on account of the influence which he might be supposed locally
+to possess--down to the year 1866, when he died in peace, aged
+eighty-nine years and seven months.
+
+Of Willson's periodical missionary expeditions into town, we have spoken
+in another connection.
+
+We return now to the great northern route, from which we have been
+deviating, and hasten on with all speed to the Landing. We place
+ourselves at the point on Yonge Street where we turned off to Newmarket.
+
+Proceeding onward, we saw almost immediately, on the left, the
+conspicuous dwelling of Mr. Irving--the Hon. Jacob AEmilius Irving, a
+name historical in Canada, a Paulus AEmilius Irving having been
+Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in British America in 1765, and also
+President for a time of the Province of Quebec. (This Paulus AEmilius
+Irving had previously taken part under General Wolfe in the capture of
+Quebec.)
+
+The house of his descendant, Jacob AEmilius Irving, here on Yonge Street,
+was known as Bonshaw, from some ancient family property in
+Dumfriesshire. He had been an officer in the 13th Light Dragoons, and
+was wounded at Waterloo. In addition to many strongly-marked English
+traits of character and physique, he possessed fine literary tastes, and
+histrionic skill of a high order, favoured by the possession of a grand
+barytone voice. He retained a professional liking for horses. A
+four-in-hand, guided by himself, issuing from the gates at Bonshaw and
+whirling along Yonge Street into town, was a common phenomenon.--He died
+at the Falls of Niagara in 1856. Since 1843 Mr. Irving had been a member
+of the Upper House of United Canada.
+
+A little way back, ere we descended the northern slope of the Ridges we
+caught sight, as we have narrated, of the Holland River, or at least of
+some portion of the branch of it with which we are immediately
+concerned--issuing, "a new-born rill," from one of its fountains.
+
+As we traversed the Quaker settlement it was again seen, a brook
+meandering through meadows. This was the eastern branch of the river.
+The main stream lies off to the west, flowing past the modern Bradford
+and Lloydtown. It is at the head of the main stream that the most
+striking approximation of the waters of the Humber and Holland rivers is
+to be seen.
+
+We arrive now at the Upper Landing, the ancient canoe-landing, and we
+pause for a moment. Here it was that the war-parties and hunting-parties
+embarked and disembarked, while yet these waters were unploughed by the
+heavy boats of the white man.
+
+The Iroquois from the south-side of Lake Ontario penetrated the
+well-peopled region of the Hurons by several routes, as we have already
+intimated: by the great Bay of Quinte highway; by the trails whose
+termini on Lake Ontario were near respectively the modern Bowmanville
+and Port Hope: and thirdly by a track which we have virtually been
+following in this our long ramble from York; virtually, we say, for it
+was to the west of Yonge Street that the trail ran, following first the
+valley of the Humber and then that of the main stream of the Holland
+river. The route which Mr. Holland took when he penetrated from Toronto
+Bay to the head waters of the river which now bears his name, is marked
+in the great MS. map which he constructed in 1791. He passed up
+evidently along the great water-course of the Humber.
+
+"You can pass from Lake Frontenac, _i. e._, Ontario," Lahontan says (ii.
+23), "into Lake Huron by the River Tan-a-hou-ate (the Humber), by a
+portage of about twenty-four miles to Lake Toronto, which by a river of
+the same name empties into Lake Huron," _i.e._ by the River Severn, as
+we should now speak.
+
+Hunting-parties or war-parties taking to the water here at the Upper
+Landing, in the pre-historic period, would probably be just about to
+penetrate the almost insular district, of which we have spoken, westward
+of Lake Simcoe,--the Toronto region, the place of concourse, the
+well-peopled region. But some of them might perhaps be making for the
+Lake Huron country and North-west generally, by the established trail
+having its terminus at or near Orillia (to use the modern name).
+
+In the days of the white man, the old Indian place of embarkation and
+debarkation on the Holland river, acquired the name of the Upper
+Canoe-landing; and hither the smaller craft continued to proceed.
+
+Vessels of deeper draught lay at the Lower Landing, to which we now move
+on, about a mile and a half further down the stream. Here the river was
+about twenty-five yards wide, the banks low and bordered by a woody
+marsh, in which the tamarac or larch was a conspicuous tree.
+
+In a cleared space on the right, at the point where Yonge Street struck
+the stream, there were some long low buildings of log with strong
+shutters on the windows, usually closed. These were the Government
+depositories of naval and military stores, and Indian presents, on their
+way to Penetanguishene. The cluster of buildings here was once known as
+Fort Gwillimbury. Thus we have it written in the old _Gazetteer_ of
+1799: "It is thirty miles from York to Holland river, at the Pine Fort
+called Gwillimbury, where the road ends."
+
+Galt, in his Autobiography, speaks of this spot. He travelled from York
+to Newmarket in one day. This was in 1827. "Then next morning," he says,
+"we went forward to a place on the Holland river, called Holland's
+Landing, an open space which the Indians and fur-traders were in the
+habit of frequenting. It presented to me," he adds, "something of a
+Scottish aspect in the style of the cottages; but instead of mountains
+the environs were covered with trees. We embarked at this place." He was
+on his way to Goderich at the time, via Penetanguishene.
+
+The river Holland, at which we have so long been labouring to arrive,
+had its name from a former surveyor-general of the Province of Quebec,
+prior to the setting-off of the Province of Upper Canada--Major S.
+Holland.
+
+In the _Upper Canada Gazette_ of Feb. 13, 1802, we have an obituary
+notice of this official personage. His history also, it will be
+observed, was mixed up with that of General Wolfe. "Died," the obituary
+says, "on the 28th instant (that is, on the 28th of December, 1801, the
+article being copied from the _Quebec Gazette_ of the 31st of the
+preceding December), of a lingering illness, which he bore for many
+years with Christian patience and resignation, Major S. Holland.
+
+"He had been in his time," the brief memoir proceeds to say, "an
+intrepid, active, and intelligent officer, never making difficulties,
+however arduous the duty he was employed in. He was an excellent
+field-engineer, in which capacity he was employed in the year 1758 at
+the siege of Louisbourg in the detachment of the army under General
+Wolfe, who after silencing the batteries that opposed our entrance into
+the harbour, and from his own setting fire to three ships of the line,
+and obliging the remainder in a disabled state to haul out of cannon
+shot, that great officer by a rapid and unexpected movement took post
+within four hundred yards of the town, from whence Major Holland, under
+his directions, carried on the approaches, destroyed the defences of the
+town, and making a practicable breach, obliged the enemy to capitulate.
+He distinguished himself also at the conquest of Quebec in 1759, and was
+made honourable mention of in Gen. Wolfe's will as a legatee. He also
+distinguished himself in the defence of Quebec in 1760, after General
+Murray's unsuccessful attack on the enemy.--After the peace he was
+appointed Surveyor-General of this Province, and was usefully employed
+in surveying the American coasts, from which survey those draughts
+published some years since by Major Debarres have been principally
+taken."
+
+Major Holland was succeeded in the Surveyor-generalship of Lower Canada
+by a nephew--the distinguished Colonel Joseph Bouchette. In 1791 Major
+Holland constructed a map of the British Province of Quebec, on the
+scale of six inches to the square mile. It exists in MS. in the Crown
+Land Office of Ontario. It is a magnificent map. On it, Lake Simcoe is
+left undefined on one side, not having been explored in 1791.
+
+It was in 1832 that the project of a steamer for the Holland river and
+Lake Simcoe was mooted. We give a document relating to this undertaking
+which we find in the _Courier_ of Feb. 29, in that year, published at
+York. The names of those who were willing to embark, however moderately,
+in the enterprise are of interest. It will be observed that the
+expenditure contemplated was not enormous. To modern speculators in any
+direction, what a bagatelle seems the sum of L2,000!
+
+"Steamboat on Lake Simcoe:" thus runs an advertisement in the _Courier_
+of Feb. 29, 1832. "Persons who feel interested in the success of this
+undertaking, are respectfully informed that Capt. McKenzie, late of the
+_Alciope_, who has himself offered to subscribe one-fourth of the sum
+required to build the proposed steamboat, is now at Buffalo for the
+purpose of purchasing an Engine, to be delivered at Holland Landing
+during the present winter. Capt. McKenzie, who visited Lake Simcoe last
+summer, is of opinion that a boat of sufficient size and power for the
+business of the Lake can be built for L1,250. In order, however, to
+ensure success, it is proposed that stock to the amount of L2,000 should
+be subscribed; and it is hoped that this sum will be raised without
+delay, in order that the necessary steps may be taken, on the return of
+Capt. McKenzie, to commence building the boat with the view to its
+completion by the opening of the navigation.--The shares are Twelve
+Pounds ten shillings each, payable to persons chosen by the
+Stockholders. The following shares have been already taken up, viz.: The
+Hon. Peter Robinson, 8 shares; F. Hewson, 1; Edw. O'Brien, 2; W. B.
+Robinson, 4; W. R. Raines, 4; J. O. Bouchier, 2; Wm. Johnson, 2; John
+Cummer, 1; T. Mossington, 2; A. M. Raines, 1; Robert Clark, 1; Robert
+Johnston, 1; M. Mossington, 1; B. Jefferson, 1; J. M. Jackson, 1; R.
+Oliver, 1; Wm. Turner, 2; L. Cameron, 1; F. Osborne, 2; J. Graham, 1; J.
+White, 1; S. H. Farnsworth, 1; Andrew Mitchell, 5; Murray, Newbigging
+and Co., 2; Capt. Creighton, 2; Captain McKenzie, 40; Canada Company, 8;
+J. F. Smith, 2; John Powell, 1; Grant Powell, 2; A. Smalley, 1; Samuel
+P. Jarvis, 1; James E. Small, 1; R. W. Parker, 1; D. Cameron, 1; Capt.
+Castle, 79th Regt., 8; James Doyle, 2; Francis Phelps, East Gwillimbury,
+1; G. Lount, West Gwillimbury, 1; Samuel Lount, West Gwillimbury, 1;
+George Playter, Whitchurch, 1; Joseph Hewett, 1; Thomas A. Jebb, 2;
+Charles S. Monck, Haytesbury, 1; G. Ridout, 2; T. G. Ridout, 1; Thomas
+Radenhurst, 1; Major Barwick, 2; Capt. W. Campbell, 2; C. C. Small, 1;
+J. Ketchum, 1; Capt. Davies, 2; Lieut. Carthew, 2; Capt. Ross, 1; C.
+McVittie, 1; Lieut. Adams, 1; S. Washburn, 2; J. C. Godwin, 1; F. T.
+Billings, 2; Thorne and Parsons, 2; James Pearson, 1; R. Mason, 2; Wm.
+Laughton, 2; Wm. Ware, 1; A. H. Tonge, 1; Sheldon, Dutcher & Co., 1;
+Jabez Barber, 1; R. W. Prentice, 1; T. Bell, 1; Lucius O'Brien,
+1;--Total, 162 shares. Persons who are desirous of taking shares in this
+boat are respectfully informed that the subscription paper is lying at
+the Store of Messrs. Murray, Newbigging and Co., where they can have an
+opportunity of entering their names. York, 21st Dec., 1831."
+
+The movement here initiated resulted in the steamer _Simcoe_, which
+plied for some years between the Landing and the ports of Lake Simcoe.
+The _Simcoe_ was built at the Upper Landing, and after being launched,
+it was necessary to drag the boat by main force down to deep water,
+through the thick sediment at the bottom of the stream. During the
+process, while the capstan and tackle or other arrangement was being
+vigorously worked,--instead of the boat advancing--the land in
+considerable mass moved bodily towards the boat, like a cake of ice set
+free from the main floe. Much of the ground and marsh in the great
+estuary of the Holland river is said to be simply an accumulation of
+earthy and vegetable matter, resting on water.
+
+The _Simcoe_ was succeeded by the _Peter Robinson_, Capt. Bell; the
+_Beaver_, Capt. Laughton, and other steamers.
+
+Standing on the deck of the _Beaver_, we have ourselves more than once
+threaded the windings of the Holland river; and we well remember how,
+like sentient things in a kind of agony, the broad floating leaves of
+the lilies along its eastern margin writhed and flapped as the waters
+were drawn away from under them by the powerful action of the wheels in
+the middle of the stream.
+
+"The navigation of the Holland river," Capt. Bonnycastle observes in his
+"Canada in 1841," "is very well worth seeing, as it is a natural canal
+flowing through a vast marsh, and very narrow, with most serpentine
+convolutions, often doubling on itself. Conceive the difficulty of
+steering a large steamboat in such a course; yet it is done every day,
+in summer and autumn, by means of long poles, slackening the steam,
+backing, &c.; though very rarely without running a little way into the
+soft ground of the swamp. The motion of the paddles has, however, in the
+course of years, widened the channel, and prevented the growth of flags
+and weeds." We have been told that in the bed of the Holland river, near
+its mouth, solid bottom was not reached with a sounding-line of ninety
+feet.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XXVIII.
+
+  YONGE STREET: ONWARD, FROM HOLLAND LANDING TO PENETANGUISHENE.
+
+
+To render our narrative complete, we give in a few parting words some of
+the early accounts of the route from the Landing, northward as far as
+Penetanguishene, which, after the breaking up of the establishment on
+Drummond's island, was for some years the most remote station in Upper
+Canada where the naval and military power of England was visibly
+represented.
+
+"After leaving Gwillimbury [_i. e._, the Landing]," says the _Gazetteer_
+of 1799, "you enter the Holland river and pass into Lake Simcoe, by the
+head of Cook's bay, to the westward of which are oak-plains, where the
+Indians cultivate corn; and on the east is a tract of good land. A few
+small islands shew themselves as the lake opens, of which Darling's
+island in the eastern part, is the most considerable. To the westward is
+a large deep bay, called Kempenfelt's bay, from the head of which is a
+short carrying-place to the river Nottawasaga, which empties itself into
+the Iroquois bay, in Lake Huron. In the north end of the lake, near the
+Narrows leading to a small lake is Francis island, between which and the
+north shore vessels may lie in safety."
+
+It will be proper to make one or two remarks in relation to the proper
+names here used, which have not in every case been retained.
+
+Cook's bay, it will be of interest to remember, had its name from the
+great circumnavigator. Kempenfelt's bay recalls the name of the admiral
+who went down in the Royal George "with twice four hundred men."
+Darling's island was intended to preserve the name of Gen. Darling, a
+friend and associate of the first governor; and Francis island bore the
+name of the same governor's eldest son. Canise island retains its name.
+The name of another island in this lake, "parallel to Darling's island,"
+is elsewhere given in the _Gazetteer_ as Pilkington's island--a
+compliment to Gen. Pilkington, a distinguished engineer officer.
+Darling's island, at the present day, is, we believe, known as Snake
+island; and Francis island and Pilkington's island, by other names.
+Iroquois bay is the same as Nottawasaga bay: the interpretation, in
+fact, of the term "Nottawasaga," which is the "estuary of the
+Nodoway"--the great indentation whence often issued on marauding
+expeditions the canoes of the Nodoway--so the Ochibways called the
+Iroquois.
+
+Lake Simcoe itself, the _Gazetteer_ of 1799 informs us, was so named by
+its first explorer, not with reference to himself, but to his father.
+"Lake Simcoe," we read in a note at p. 138 of the work just named, was
+"so named by Lieut.-Governor Simcoe in respect to his father, the late
+Capt. Simcoe of the Royal Navy, who died in the River St. Lawrence on
+the expedition to Quebec in 1759. In the year 1755, this able officer,"
+the _Gazetteer_ adds, "had furnished Government with the plan of
+operations against Quebec, which then took place. At the time of his
+death, Capt. Cook, the celebrated circumnavigator, was master of his
+ship the _Pembroke_."
+
+We here see the link of association which led to the application of the
+great circumnavigator's name to the bay into which the Holland river
+discharges itself. The Holland itself also, as we have already heard,
+had its name from a companion of Gen. Wolfe.
+
+We have on this continent no "old poetic mountains," no old poetic
+objects of any description, natural or artificial, "to breathe
+enchantment all around." It is all the more fitting, therefore, that we
+should make the most of the historic memories which, even at second
+hand, cling to our Canadian local names, here and there.
+
+The old _Gazetteer_ next goes on to inform us that "from the bay west of
+Francis island there is a good path and a short portage into a small
+lake. This is the nearest way to Lake Huron, the river which falls from
+Lake Simcoe into Matchedash bay, called the Matchedash river, making a
+more circuitous passage to the northward and westward;"--and Matchedash
+bay "opens out," it afterwards states--"into a larger basin called
+Gloucester or Sturgeon bay, in the chops of which lies Prince William
+Henry's island, open to Lake Huron." It is noted also that on a
+peninsula in this basin some French ruins are still extant: and then it
+says, "between two larger promontories is the harbour of
+Penetanguishene, around which is good land for settlement."
+"Penetanguishene," it is finally added, "has been discovered to be a
+very excellent harbour."
+
+Again some annotations on names will not be out of place.
+
+Matchedash bay is now Sturgeon bay, and Matchedash river, the river
+Severn. Both bay and river have a peculiar interest for the people of
+Toronto, as being respectively the Toronto bay and Toronto river of the
+old French period. "To the north-east of the French river," Lahontan
+says (ii. 19), "you see Toronto bay, in which a small lake of the same
+name empties itself by a river not navigable on account of its rapids."
+(He elsewhere says this river also bore the name of the lake--Toronto.)
+The Duke of Gloucester was intended to be complimented in the name
+Gloucester bay. Prince William Henry's island has not retained its name.
+When it was imposed, the visit of that prince, afterwards the Duke of
+Kent and father of the reigning Queen, to Upper Canada, was a recent
+event.--The French ruins spoken of are the ruins of Fort Ste Marie near
+the mouth of the river Wye--the chief mission-house of the Jesuits,
+abandoned in 1649, still visible.
+
+The "good path" and "nearest way to Lake Huron," from the bay west of
+Francis island, indicates the well-known trail by Coldwater, which was
+long the chief route to Penetanguishene; and the bay itself, west of
+Francis island, is the bay known in later times as Shingle bay.
+
+In 1834 an attempt was made to found a town at Shingle bay in connection
+with the road to Penetanguishene. In a _Courier_ of 1834, we have the
+announcement: "New Town of Innisfallen. Shortly will be offered for sale
+several building lots in the above new Town, beautifully situated on
+Shingle Bay, Lake Simcoe. This being the landing-place for the trade to
+Penetanguishene and the northern townships," the advertisement goes on
+to say, "persons inclined to speculate in trade or business of any
+description will find this a peculiarly valuable situation, as the
+townships are settled with persons of respectability and capital. It
+will command the trade to and from the lake. Further particulars can be
+obtained by application to Wm. Proudfoot, Esq., or from P. Handy,
+auctioneer, or Francis Hewson, Esq., Lake Simcoe. April 1st, 1834."
+
+Innisfallen, however, did not mature into a town. Orillia, just within
+the narrows, appears to have been a site more suited to the needs or
+tastes of the public.
+
+At p. 154, in the article on Yonge Street, the old _Gazetteer_ of 1799
+speaks again of the portage from Lake Simcoe to Lake Huron, via
+Coldwater, and calls it "a continuation of Yonge Street." It then adds
+the prediction, which we have once before quoted, that "the advantage
+would certainly be felt in the future of transporting merchandize from
+Oswego to York, and from thence across Yonge Street and down the waters
+of Lake Simcoe into Lake Huron, in preference to sending it by Lake
+Erie." And in the article on "Lac aux Claies," _i.e._, as we have
+already said, Lake Simcoe, it is curiously stated--this is before the
+year 1799--that "a vessel is now building for the purpose of
+facilitating the communication by that route,"--but it is not said
+where.
+
+A "continuation of Yonge Street" in a more perfect sense, was at a later
+period surveyed and partially opened by the military authorities, from a
+point on Kempenfelt bay, a little east of the modern Barrie, in a direct
+line to Penetanguishene; but the natural growth of the forest had in a
+great degree filled up the track.
+
+In 1847, however, through the instrumentality of the Commissioner of
+Public Works of the day, the Hon. W. B. Robinson, the highway in
+question, sixty-six feet in width and thirty miles in length, was
+thoroughly cleared out and made conveniently practicable for general
+travel.
+
+This grand avenue is almost in a direct line with Yonge Street, after
+the traverse of Lake Simcoe from the Landing has been accomplished.
+
+Penetanguishene, indeed, as a port, no longer requires such an approach
+as this. The naval and military depot which existed there has been
+abolished; and Collingwood, since it has been made the primary terminus
+on Lake Huron of the Northern Railway of Canada, is the place of resort
+for the steamers and shipping of the upper lakes. Nevertheless, the fine
+highway referred to yields permanently to the inhabitants of Vespra and
+Oro, Flos and Medonte, Tiny and Tay, the incalculable advantage of easy
+communication with each other and markets to the south,--the same
+advantage that Yonge Street yielded to the settlers of Vaughan and
+Markham, King and Whitchurch, and the three townships of Gwillimbury, in
+the primitive era of their local history.
+
+It is, however, not improbable that Penetanguishene itself will again
+acquire importance when hereafter properly connected with our railway
+system, now so surely advancing to the north shore of Lake Huron: thence
+to push on to the North-West.
+
+Dr. Thomas Rolfe, in his Statistical Account of Upper Canada, appended
+to his book on the West Indies and United States, spoke in 1836 of the
+region which we have now reached, thus: "The country about
+Penetanguishene on Lake Huron is remarkably healthy; the winter roads to
+it, crossing Lake Simcoe, excellent. In the summer months," he says, "it
+is delightful to persons who are pleased and entertained by the wild
+grandeur and simplicity of nature. The pure and transparent waters of
+the beautiful bay, and the verdant foliage of the vast woods on the east
+side of the harbour, form a very picturesque scene."
+
+Capt. Bonnycastle visited Penetanguishene in 1841. He was present at one
+of the periodical distributions of government presents to the Indians. A
+great concourse of the native people, from far and near, was assembled
+on the occasion. Under such circumstances, Penetanguishene and its
+surroundings must have presented a peculiarly interesting appearance.
+
+"I happened to be at Penetanguishene," Capt. Bonnycastle says, "when the
+unfortunate Pou-tah-wah-tamies and nearly two thousand other Indians
+arrived there, the latter to receive their annual gifts, the former to
+implore protection. [They had been recently removed from their lands in
+the United States by the U. S. authorities.] I had never seen the wild
+and heathen Indians before," the Captain observes, "and shall never
+forget the impression their appearance, on an August evening, with
+everything beautiful in the scene around, made upon me. To do honour to
+the commandant of the British port and his guests, these warlike savages
+selected for the conference a sloping green field in front of his house,
+whose base was washed by the waters of the Huron, which exhibited the
+lovely expanse of the basin, with its high and woody background, and the
+single sparkling islet in the middle. No spot could have been imagined
+more suitable. Behind it rose the high hill which, cleared of timber, is
+dotted here and there with the neat dwellings of the military
+residents." He then describes the dresses of the Indians, their painted
+faces, their war-dances, &c.
+
+"The garrison," he says, "is three miles from the village, and is always
+called the Establishment; and in the forest between the two places is a
+new church built of wood, very small, but sufficient for the Established
+Church, as it is sometimes called, of that portion of Canada. A
+clergyman is constantly stationed here for the army, navy, and
+civilians."
+
+In regard to the provisions supplied to the soldiers and others, Capt
+Bonnycastle has the following remarks: "A farmer [Mr. Mairs, as we
+presume] on the Penetanguishene road has introduced English breeds of
+cattle and sheep of the best kind. He was, and perhaps still is," he
+says, "the contractor for the troops, and his stock is well worth
+seeing. Thus the garrison is constantly supplied with finer meat than
+any other station in Canada, although more out of the world and in the
+wilderness, than any other; and, as fish is plentiful, the soldiers and
+sailors of Queen Victoria in the Bay of the White Rolling Sand live
+well." Penetanguishene means "the place of the falling sands;" the
+reference being to a remarkable sandy cliff which has been crumbling
+away from time immemorial, on the western side of the entrance to the
+harbour.
+
+We have a notice of Penetanguishene in 1846, in a volume of Travels in
+Canada, by the Rev. A. W. H. Rose, published in 1849. "Penetanguishene,"
+the writer says, "is situated at the bottom of a bay extremely shallow
+on one side, and is a small military and naval station, the latter force
+consisting of two iron war-steamers, of about sixty-horse power each.
+There is said to be a nice little society in this (until lately) out of
+the way station of Upper Canada. The probability is, however," remarks
+the same writer, "that it will, as a naval and military depot, have to
+be eventually shifted to Owen Sound, where there is a military reserve
+specially retained in the survey, as, from the number of shoals about
+Penetanguishene, the island, &c., the harbour is said generally to close
+up with the ice three weeks earlier, and to continue shut three weeks
+later than at the Sound."
+
+A diagram in the _Canadian Journal_ (i. 225), illustrating a paper by
+Mr. Sandford Fleming, shews the remarkable terraced character of the
+high banks of the harbour at Penetanguishene. "There are appearances in
+various parts of this region," Mr. Fleming says, "that lead us to infer
+that the waters of Lake Huron, like those of Ontario, formerly stood at
+higher levels than they at present occupy. Parallel terraces and ridges
+of sand and gravel can be traced at different places winding round the
+heads of bays and points of high land with perfect horizontality, and
+resembling in every respect the present lake beaches. One of them
+particularly strikes the attention in the bay of Penetanguishene, at a
+height of about seventy feet above the level of the lake. It can be seen
+distinctly on either side from the water, or by a spectator standing on
+one bank while the sun shines obliquely on the other, so as to throw the
+deeper parts of the terrace in shadow."
+
+Mr. Fleming then gives a section "sketched from a cutting a little below
+Jeffery's tavern in the village of Penetanguishene, serving to shew the
+manner in which the soil has been removed from the side hill and
+deposited in a position formerly under water by the continued mechanical
+action of the waves. Not only does the peculiar stratification of the
+lower part of the terrace confirm the supposition that it was deposited
+on the shore of the ancient lake, but the fact that such excavations
+have been made in this land-locked position, where the waves could never
+have had much force, goes far to prove that the lake stood for a long
+period at this high level." (From the successive subsidences here spoken
+of by Mr. Fleming, the island known as the Giant's Tomb, in the entrance
+to Georgian Bay, has its peculiar appearance, viz., that of a colossal
+grave elevated on a high platform or pedestal.)
+
+In 1827, John Galt, the well-known writer, had been at Penetanguishene.
+He was on his way from York to make an exploration of the Lake Huron
+west of the Canada Company's Huron tract, from Cabot's head in the north
+to the Riviere aux Sables in the south. For this purpose, a Government
+vessel, the _Bee_, lying in Penetanguishene harbour, had been placed at
+his disposal.
+
+In his Autobiography he gives the following incidents of his journey
+from the shore of Kempenfelt bay. "About half-way to Penetanguishene,"
+he says, "we were compelled by the weather to take shelter in a farm
+house, and a thunderstorm coming on obliged us to remain all night. The
+house itself was not inferior to a common Scottish cottage, but it was
+rendered odious by the landlady, who was, all the time we stayed, 'drunk
+as a sow, Huncamunca' (a snatch, probably, of some Christmas pantomime).
+Next day we proceeded," he continues, "to the military station and
+dockyard of Penetanguishene by a path through the woods, which, to the
+honour of the late Mr. Wilberforce, bears his name. Along it are settled
+several negro families. As I walked part of the way," Galt says, "I went
+into a cottage pleasantly situated on a rising ground, and found it
+inhabited by a crow-like flock of negro children. The mother was busy
+with them, and the father, a good-natured looking fellow, told me that
+they were very comfortable, but had not yet made any great progress in
+clearing the land, as his children were still too young to assist."
+
+"We reached Penetanguishene," Galt then says, "the remotest and most
+inland dockyard that owns obedience to the 'meteor-flag of England,'
+where, by orders of the Admiralty, his Majesty's gun-boat the _Bee_ was
+placed at my disposal. By the by," he adds, "the letter from the
+Admiralty was a curious specimen of the geographical knowledge which
+then prevailed there, inasmuch as it mentioned that the vessel was to go
+with me on Lake Huron in Lower Canada. In the village of
+Penetanguishene," he then informs us, "there is no tavern. We were
+therefore obliged to billet ourselves on the officer stationed there, of
+whose hospitality and endeavour to make the time pass pleasantly till he
+had the _Bee_ ready for the lake, I shall ever retain a pleasant
+remembrance."--He then describes his voyage in the little gun-boat as
+far as Detroit, and his examination of the river subsequently called the
+Maitland, and the site where Goderich was afterwards built.
+
+Since 1840, the Rev. George Hallen has been a resident clergyman at
+Penetanguishene. From him have been obtained the following particulars
+of detachments of military stationed from time to time at that post. In
+1838 a detachment of the 34th regiment, Lieut. Hutton commanding. In
+1838 also, there were some incorporated Militia there under Colonel
+Davis. In 1840, a detachment of the 93rd Highlanders, under Lieut. Hay.
+In 1844, a detachment of the 84th regiment, under Lieut West. In 1846, a
+detachment of the Royal Canadian Rifles, under Lieut. Black. In 1850, a
+detachment of the Royal Canadian Rifles, under Lieut. Fitzgerald. In
+1851, a detachment of the Royal Canadian Rifles, under Lieut. Moffatt.
+In 1851, some of the Enrolled Pensioners, under Captain Hodgetts.
+
+In regard to the Navy. In 1843, June 8th, the _Minos_, a large gun-boat,
+in charge of Mr. Hatch and three men, arrived to be laid up. In the same
+year, the steamer _Experiment_, Lieut. Boxer, was stationed there. In
+1847, the same steamer, but commanded by Lieut. Harper. In 1847 also,
+the steamer _Mohawk_, commanded by Lieut. Tyssen. In 1850, the same
+steamer, but commanded by Lieut. Herbert. The place was also visited by
+Captain Ross, R.N., when on his way to the North Seas; and by Lord
+Morpeth, Lord Prudhoe, and Sir Henry Harte, (the two latter Captains in
+the Navy), on their way to or from the Manitoulin Islands.
+
+From Poulett Scrope's Life of Lord Sydenham, we learn that
+Penetanguishene was visited by that Governor of Canada in 1840. "From
+Toronto across Lake Simcoe to Penetanguishene on Lake Huron again, and
+back to Toronto, which I left again last night for the Bay of
+Quinte."--_Private Letter_, p. 190.
+
+The following account of the removal of the British post from Drummond's
+island to Penetanguishene in 1828, has been also derived from the Rev.
+Mr. Hallen, who gathered the particulars from the lips of Mr. John
+Smith, aged 80, still living (1872) near Penetanguishene, formerly
+employed in the Ordnance Department at Quebec, and then as Commissariat
+Issuer at Drummond's island.
+
+"Mr. John Smith and his wife remained on the island till the 14th of
+November, 1828, when it was given up to the Americans. Lieut. Carson
+commanding a detachment of the 68th regiment was there at the time; and
+Mr. Smith well remembers Lieut. Carson giving up the keys to the
+American officers, and that 'they shook hands quite friendly.' The
+Government sent the brig _Wellington_ to take away the British from the
+island, but it was too small, and they were obliged in addition to hire
+an American vessel. Mr. Keating was at that time Fort adjutant at the
+island, and Mr. Rawson, barrack master. Smith arrived at Penetanguishene
+as a Commissariat Issuer on the 20th or 21st November, 1828. He does not
+remember any vessels at Drummond's island. He says that Commodore Barrie
+came up in the _Bullfrog_, and that the gossip of the island was, that
+he was the cause of its being given up to the Americans. Mr. Keating,
+the Fort adjutant, was afterwards Fort adjutant at Penetanguishene,
+where he arrived in the spring of 1829, having been detained at
+Amherstburgh. He died in the year 1849."
+
+"Mr. Smith said that, as far as he could recollect, the detachments
+stationed on the island were, of the 71st Regiment, under Lieut. Impett;
+of the 79th, under Lieut. Matthews; of the 24th, under Lieut. James; of
+the 15th, under Lieut. Ingall. (The last-named officer lived afterwards
+at Penetanguishene). In 1828, there were at Penetanguishene 20 or 30
+Marines, under the command of Lieut. Woodin, R.N. In regard to the four
+gun-boats which are sunk in the harbour, Mr. Smith said they were sunk
+there before 1828. He remembers the name of only one of them, the
+_Tecumseh_."
+
+Mr. Hallen remarks: "The account I heard of these gun-boats when I came
+to Penetanguishene was that they were brought here, I think, from
+Nottawasaga bay after the American war and were sunk to prevent their
+rotting. Vessels must have been built at Penetanguishene," Mr. H. adds,
+"as I remember a place on the Lake Shore, about five miles N.W. of
+Penetanguishene, being pointed out to me as the 'Navy Yard.' Many of the
+logs were still there."
+
+The _Bee_, which conveyed Mr. Galt when on his voyage of exploration
+along the western coast of Lake Huron, was sold by public auction in
+1832. In that year the first great reduction of the naval and military
+establishment at Penetanguishene took place. Step by step the process
+went on until the ancient depot was finally extinguished; and in 1859
+the stone barracks were converted into a Public Reformatory.
+
+The enumeration of the stores disposed of by public vendue, on Thursday,
+the 15th of March, 1830, and six following days, at Penetanguishene,
+will not be without pathos. At all events, those who have, at any time,
+made boats and the appurtenances of boats one of their hobbies, will not
+dislike to read the homely names of the articles then brought to the
+hammer.
+
+(It will be observed that no mention is made of a certain memorable
+anchor laboriously dragged from York as far as the Landing _en route_ to
+Penetanguishene, but taken no further, becoming, when half embedded in
+the earth there, an object of perpetual wonderment to beholders: a thing
+too ponderous to be conveniently handled and removed by an ordinary
+purchaser, let the amount paid for it be ever so trifling.)
+
+The following, then, were the miscellaneous articles belonging to the
+Crown advertised to be sold to the highest bidder on the 15th and
+following days of March, 1832, at Penetanguishene, and so, we may
+conclude, disposed of accordingly:--The _Tecumseh_, schooner, 175 tons.
+The _Newash_, brigantine, 175 tons. The _Bee_, gunboat, 41 tons. The
+_Mosquito_, gunboat, 31 tons. The _Wasp_, gunboat, 41 tons. Batteaux,
+three in number. Thirty-two feet cutter. Two thirty-two feet gigs and
+their furniture. One whale boat One jolly boat. One nineteen feet gig.
+Twenty-two pounds old bunting. Canvas, mildewed slightly, 366 yards.
+Canvas, of all sorts, cut from frigate sails, 2170 yards. Old canvas,
+491 yards. Packing cases, 23. Iron casks, 12. Iron bound casks, 8. Wood
+bound casks, 24. Chests, common, 2. Chests, top, 2. Cordage, worn, 988
+fathoms. Cordage, in rounding, 318 fathoms. Cordage, in junk, 28 cwt. 20
+lbs. Cordage, in paper stuff, 1 cwt. 3 qrs. 1 lb. Covers, hammock, 5.
+Iron, old wrought, 12 cwt. 3 qrs. 161/2 lbs. Rigging, brigantine,
+standing, complete, 1 set. Running, in part, 1 set. Rigging, schooner,
+standing and running, complete, 1 set. Rigging, Durham boats, standing
+and running, in part, 2 sets.--Rigging, boats, standing, worn, 1 set.
+Sails for a 32 gun ship, 1 set brigantine sails, 1 set schooner sails, 1
+set Durham boat sails, 18 in number; boat sails 18 in number;
+unserviceable stores. Axes, felling, 8. Bellows, camp forge, 2 pairs.
+Blocks, single, 11 inch, 1. Blocks, double, 10 inch, 1. Brushes, tar,
+15. Buckets, leather, 14. Chisels, of sorts, 12. Compass glasses, 1.
+Cordage, 552 fathoms. Glass, broken, 16 panes. Hammocks, 16. Locks,
+stock, 1. Mallet, caulking, 1. Oars, fir, 7. Paint, white, 1 qr. 2 lbs.
+Paint, yellow, 2 qrs. 18 lbs. Planes, 10 in number. Punts, boats, 1.
+Saws, crosscut, 5; Saws, hand, 6; Saws, dove-tail, 1; Saws, rip, 3.
+Spout for pump, 1. Sweeps, 4. Shovels, 9. Twine, fine, 31/2 lbs. Twine,
+ordinary, 171/4 lbs. Seines, 1.
+
+The document which supplies us with the foregoing list announces that,
+"the stores will be put up in convenient lots, and that a deposit of 25
+per cent. will be required at the time of sale, and the remainder of the
+purchase money previous to the removal of the articles, for which a
+reasonable time will be allowed." The whole is signed--Wm. Henry Woodin,
+Lieutenant commanding, June 18th, 1832.
+
+We here bring to a close our Collections and Recollections in regard to
+Yonge Street. That our narrative might be the more complete, we have
+given a notice of the ancient terminus of that great thoroughfare, on
+Lake Huron. It will be seen that in Penetanguishene and its environs,
+Toronto has a place and a neighbourhood at the north abounding with
+interesting memories almost as richly as Niagara itself and that
+vicinity, at its south: memories intimately associated with its own
+history, not alone before the present century began, but also before
+even the preceding century began, that is, taking into view the local
+history of this part of Canada prior to the acquisition of the country
+by the English.
+
+From remote Penetanguishene, dismantled and abolished in a naval and
+military sense, our thoughts naturally turn to more conspicuous places
+that have in our day successively undergone the same process: to
+Kingston, to Niagara, to Montreal, to our own fort, here at Toronto, and
+finally, in 1871, to Quebec. The 8th of November, 1871, will be a date
+noted in future histories. On that day the Ehrenbreitstein of the St.
+Lawrence, symbol for a hundred years and more, of British power on the
+northern half of the North American continent, was voluntarily
+evacuated, in accordance with a deliberate public policy.
+
+The 60th Regiment, it is singular to add, which on the 8th of November,
+1871, marched forth from the gates of the citadel of Quebec, was a
+regiment that was present on the heights of Abraham in 1759, and helped
+to capture the fortress which it now peacefully surrendered.
+
+Is the day approaching when artistic tourists will be seen sketching, at
+Point Levi, the bold Rock in front of them for the sake of the ruins at
+its summit, not picturesque probably, but for ever famed in story?
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XXIX.
+
+  THE HARBOUR: ITS MARINE, 1793-99.
+
+
+The first formal survey of the harbour of Toronto was made by Joseph
+Bouchette in 1793. His description of the bay and its surroundings at
+that date is, with the historians of Upper Canada, a classic passage.
+For the completeness of our narrative it must be produced once more. "It
+fell to my lot," says Bouchette, "to make the first survey of York
+Harbour in 1793." And he explains how this happened.
+"Lieutenant-Governor, the late Gen. Simcoe, who then resided at Navy
+Hall, Niagara, having," he says, "formed extensive plans for the
+improvement of the colony, had resolved upon laying the foundations of a
+provincial capital. I was at that period in the naval service of the
+Lakes, and the survey of Toronto (York) Harbour was entrusted by his
+Excellency to my performance."
+
+He then thus proceeds, writing, we may observe, in 1831: "I still
+distinctly recollect the untamed aspect which the country exhibited when
+first I entered the beautiful basin, which thus became the scene of my
+early hydrographical operations. Dense and trackless forests lined the
+margin of the lake and reflected their inverted images in its glassy
+surface. The wandering savage had constructed his ephemeral habitation
+beneath their luxuriant foliage--the group then consisting of two
+families of Mississagas,--and the bay and neighbouring marshes were the
+hitherto uninvaded haunts of immense coveys of wild fowl. Indeed, they
+were so abundant," he adds, "as in some measure to annoy us during the
+night." The passage is to be found in a note at p. 89 of volume one of
+the quarto edition of "The British Dominions in North America,"
+published in London in 1831.
+
+The winter of 1792-3 was in Upper Canada a favourable one for explorers.
+"We have had a remarkably mild winter," says the _Gazette_ in its first
+number, dated April 18, 1793; "the thermometer in the severest time has
+not been lower than nine degrees above zero, by Fahrenheit's scale. Lake
+Erie has not been frozen over, and there has been very little ice on
+Lake Ontario." The same paper informs us that "his Majesty's sloop, the
+_Caldwell_, sailed the 5th instant (April), from Niagara, for fort
+Ontario (Oswego) and Kingston." Also that "on Monday evening (13th)
+there arrived in the river (at Niagara) his Majesty's armed schooner,
+the _Onondago_, in company with the _Lady Dorchester_, merchantman,
+after an agreeable passage (from Kingston) of thirty-six hours." (The
+following gentlemen, it is noted, came passengers:--J. Small, Esq.,
+Clerk of the Executive Council; Lieut.-McCan, of the 60th regiment;
+Capt. Thos. Fraser, Mr. J. Denison, Mr. Joseph Forsyth, merchant, Mr. L.
+Crawford, Capt. Archibald Macdonald,--Hathaway.)
+
+Again, on May 2nd, the information is given that "on Sunday morning
+early, his Majesty's sloop _Caldwell_ arrived here (Niagara) from
+Kingston, which place she left on Thursday; but was obliged to anchor
+off the bar of this river part of Saturday night. And on Monday also
+arrived from Kingston the _Onondago_, in twenty-three hours."
+
+Joseph Bouchette in 1793 must have been under twenty years of age. He
+was born in 1774. He was the son of Commodore Bouchette, who in 1793 had
+command of the Naval Force on Lake Ontario. When Joseph Bouchette first
+entered the harbour of Toronto, as described above, he was not without
+associates. He was probably one of an exploring party which set out from
+Niagara in May, 1793. It would appear that the Governor himself paid his
+first visit to the intended site of the capital of his young province on
+the same occasion.
+
+In the _Gazette_ of Thursday, May 9th 1793, published at Newark or
+Niagara, we have the following record:--"On Thursday last (this would be
+May the 3rd) his Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, accompanied by
+several military gentlemen, set out in boats for Toronto, round the Head
+of the Lake Ontario, by Burlington Bay; and in the evening his Majesty's
+vessels the _Caldwell_ and _Buffalo_, sailed for the same place."
+Supposing the boats which proceeded round the Head of the Lake to have
+arrived at the cleared spot where the French stockaded trading-post of
+Toronto had stood, on Saturday, the 4th, the inspection of the harbour
+and its surroundings by the Governor and "military gentlemen" occupied a
+little less than a week; for we find that on Monday, the 13th, they are
+back again in safety at Niagara. The _Gazette_ of Thursday, the 16th of
+May, thus announces their return: "On Monday (the 13th) about 2 o'clock,
+his Excellency the Lieut.-Governor and suite arrived at Navy Hall from
+Toronto; they returned in boats round the Lake."
+
+It is probable that Bouchette was left behind, perhaps with the
+_Caldwell_ and _Buffalo_, to complete the survey of the harbour. (In the
+work above named is a reduction of Bouchette's chart of the harbour with
+the soundings and bottom; also with lines shewing "the breaking of the
+ice in the spring." His minute delineation of the pinion-shaped
+peninsula of sand which forms the outer boundary of Toronto bay, enables
+the observer to see very clearly how, by long-continued drift from the
+east, that barrier was gradually thrown up; as, also, how inevitable
+were the marshes at the outlet of the Don.)
+
+The excursion from Niagara, just described, was the Governor's first
+visit to the harbour of Toronto, and we may suppose the _Caldwell_ and
+the _Buffalo_ to have been the first sailing-craft of any considerable
+magnitude that ever stirred its waters. In April, 1793, the Governor had
+not yet visited Toronto. We learn this from a letter dated the 5th of
+that month, addressed by him to Major-General Clarke, at Quebec. Gen.
+Clarke was the Lieut.-Governor in Lower Canada. Lord Dorchester, the
+Governor-General himself, was absent in England. "Many American
+officers," Gen. Simcoe says to Gen. Clarke on the 5th of April, "give it
+as their opinion that Niagara should be attacked, and that Detroit must
+fall of course. I hope by this autumn," he continues, "to show the
+fallacy of this reasoning, by opening a safe and expeditious
+communication to La Tranche. But on this subject I reserve myself till I
+have visited Toronto."
+
+The safe and expeditious communication referred to was the great
+military road, Dundas Street, projected by the Governor to connect the
+port and arsenal at Toronto with the Thames and Detroit. It was in the
+February and March of this very same year, 1793, that the Governor had
+made, partly on foot, and partly in sleighs, his famous exploratory tour
+through the woods from Niagara to Detroit and back, with a view to the
+establishment of this communication.
+
+On the 31st of May he is writing again to Gen. Clarke, at Quebec. He has
+now, as we have seen, been at Toronto; and he speaks warmly of the
+advantages which the site appeared to him to possess. "It is with great
+pleasure that I offer to you," he says, "some observations upon the
+Military strength and Naval convenience of Toronto (now York) [he adds],
+which I propose immediately to occupy. I lately examined the harbour,"
+he continues, "accompanied by such officers, naval and military, as I
+thought most competent to give me assistance therein, and upon minute
+investigation I found it to be, without comparison, the most proper
+situation for an arsenal, in every extent of that word, that can be met
+with in this Province."
+
+The words, "now York," appended here and in later documents to
+"Toronto," show that an official change of name had taken place. The
+alteration was made between the 15th and 31st of May. No proclamation,
+however, announcing its change, is to be found either in the local
+_Gazette_ or in the archives at Ottawa.
+
+Nor is there any allusion to the contemplated works at York either in
+the opening or closing speech delivered by the Governor to the houses of
+parliament, which met at Niagara for their second session on the 28th of
+May, and were dismissed to their homes again on the 9th of the following
+July. We may suppose the minds of the members and other persons of
+influence otherwise prepared for the coming changes, chiefly perhaps by
+means of friendly conferences.
+
+The Governor's scheme may, for example, have been one of the topics of
+conversation at the levee, ball and supper on the King's birthday,
+which, happening during the parliamentary session, was observed with
+considerable ceremony.--"On Tuesday last, the fourth of June," says the
+_Gazette_ of the period, "being the anniversary of his Majesty's
+birthday, his Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor held a levee at Navy
+Hall. At one the troops in garrison and at Queenston fired three
+volleys. The field pieces above Navy Hall under the direction of the
+Royal Artillery, and the guns at the garrison, fired a royal salute. In
+the evening," the _Gazette_ further reports, "his Excellency gave a Ball
+and elegant supper in the Council Chamber, which was most numerously
+attended."
+
+Of this ball and supper another brief notice is extant. It chanced that
+three distinguished Americans were among the guests--Gen. Lincoln, Col.
+Pickering, and Mr. Randolph, United States commissioners on their way,
+_via_ Niagara, to a great Council of the Western Indians, about to be
+held at the Miami river. In his private journal, since printed in the
+Massachusetts Historical Collections, Gen. Lincoln made the following
+note of the Governor's entertainment at Niagara:--"The ball," he says,
+"was attended by about twenty well-dressed and handsome ladies, and
+about three times that number of gentlemen. They danced," he records,
+"from seven o'clock till eleven, when supper was announced, and served
+in very pretty taste. The music and dancing," it is added, "was good,
+and everything was conducted with propriety." This probably was the
+first time the royal birthday was observed at Niagara in an official
+way.
+
+Soon after the prorogation, July the 9th, steps preparatory to a removal
+to York began to be taken. Troops, for example, were transported across
+to the north side of the Lake. "A few days ago," says the _Gazette_ of
+Thursday, August the 1st, 1793, "the first Division of his Majesty's
+Corps of Queen's Rangers left Queenston for Toronto--now York [it is
+carefully added], and proceeded in batteaux round the head of the Lake
+Ontario, by Burlington Bay. And shortly afterwards another division of
+the same regiment sailed in the King's vessels, the _Onondago_ and
+_Caldwell_, for the same place."
+
+It is evident the Governor, as he expressed himself to Gen. Clarke, in
+the letter of May 31, is about "immediately to occupy" the site which
+seemed to him so eligible for an arsenal and strong military post.
+Accordingly, having thus sent forward two divisions of the regiment
+whose name is so intimately associated with his own, to be a guard to
+receive him on his own arrival, and to be otherwise usefully employed,
+we find the Governor himself embarking for the same spot. "On Monday
+evening [this would be Monday, the 29th of July]," the _Gazette_ just
+quoted informs us, "his Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor left Navy
+Hall and embarked on board his Majesty's schooner, the _Mississaga_,
+which sailed immediately with a favourable gale for York, with the
+remainder of the Queen's Rangers."--On the following morning, July 30,
+1793, they would, with the aid of the "favourable gale," be at anchor in
+the harbour of York.
+
+Major Littlehales, the Governor's faithful secretary, remains behind
+until the following Thursday, August the 1st, engaged probably in
+arranging household matters for the Governor, an absence from Navy Hall
+of some duration being contemplated. He then crosses the Lake in the
+_Caldwell_, and joins his Chief. At the same time start Chief Justice
+Osgoode and Mr. Attorney-General White for the East, to hold the
+circuit. "On Thursday evening, the 1st instant," says the _Gazette_ of
+the 8th of August, "his Majesty's armed vessels the _Onondago_ and the
+_Caldwell_ sailed from this place (Niagara). The former, for Kingston,
+had on board the Hon. William Osgoode, Chief Justice of this Province,
+and John White, Esq., Attorney General, who are going to hold the
+circuits at Kingston and Johnstown. Major Littlehales sailed in the
+latter, for York, to join his Excellency's suite."
+
+We should have been glad of a minute account of each day's proceedings
+on the landing of the troops at York, and the arrival there of the
+Governor and his suite. But we can readily imagine the Rangers
+establishing themselves under canvas on the grassy glade where formerly
+stood the old French trading-post. We can imagine them landing stores--a
+few cannon and some other munitions of war--from the ships; landing the
+parts and appurtenances of the famous canvas-house which the Governor
+had provided for the shelter of himself and his family, and which, as we
+have before noted, was originally constructed for the use of Captain
+Cook in one of the scientific expeditions commanded by that celebrated
+circumnavigator.
+
+The canvas-house must have been a pavilion of considerable capacity, and
+was doubtless pitched and fixed with particular care by the soldiers and
+others, wherever its precise situation was determined. It was, as it
+were, the praetorium of the camp, but moveable. We can conceive of it as
+being set down, in the first instance, on the site of the French fort,
+and then at a later period, or on the occasion of a later visit to York,
+shifted to one of the knolls overlooking the little stream known
+subsequently as the Garrison creek; and shifted again, at another visit,
+to a position still farther east, where a second small stream meandered
+between steep banks into the Bay, at the point where a Government
+ship-building yard was in after years established. (Tradition places
+the canvas-house on several sites.)
+
+We can conceive, too, all hands, sailors as well as soldiers, busy in
+opening eastward through the woods along the shore, a path that should
+be more respectable and more useful for military and civil purposes than
+the Indian trail which they would already find there, leading directly
+to the quarter where, at the farther end of the Bay, the town-plot was
+designed to be laid out, and the Government buildings were intended to
+be erected.
+
+On the 8th of August we know the Governor was engaged at York in writing
+to the Indian Chief Brant, from whom a runner has just arrived all the
+way from the entrance to the Detroit river. Brant, finding the
+conference between his compatriots and the United States authorities
+likely to end unsatisfactorily, sent to solicit Governor Simcoe's
+interposition, especially in regard to the boundary line which the
+Indians of the West insisted on--the Ohio river. Thus runs the
+Governor's reply, written at York on the 8th:--"Since the Government of
+the United States," he says, "have shown a disinclination to concur with
+the Indian nations in requesting of his Majesty permission for me to
+attend at Sandusky as mediator, it would be highly improper and
+unreasonable in me to give an opinion relative to the proposed
+boundaries, with which I am not sufficiently acquainted, and which
+question I have studiously avoided entering into, as I am well aware of
+the jealousies entertained by some of the subjects of the United States
+of the interference of the British Government, which has a natural and
+decided interest in the welfare of the Indian nations, and in the
+establishment of peace and permanent tranquillity. In this situation, I
+am sure you will excuse me from giving to you any advice, which, from my
+absence from the spot, cannot possibly arise from that perfect view and
+knowledge which so important a subject necessarily demands."
+
+The controversy in the West, in relation to which the Governor is thus
+cautiously expressing himself to the Indian Chief on the 8th of August,
+was a subject for cabinet consideration; a matter only for the few. But
+towards the close of the month, news from a different quarter--from the
+outer world of the far European East--reached the infant York, suitable
+to be divulged to the many and turned to public account. It was known
+that hostilities were going on between the allied forces of Europe and
+the armies of Revolutionary France. And now came intelligence that the
+English contingent on the continent had contributed materially to a
+success over the French in Flanders on the 23rd of May last. Now this
+contingent, 10,000 men, was under the command of the Duke of York, the
+King's son, A happy thought strikes the Governor. What could be more
+appropriate than to celebrate the good news in a demonstrative manner on
+a spot which in honour of that Prince had been named York.
+
+Accordingly, on the 26th of August, we find the following General Order
+issued:--"York, Upper Canada, 26th of August, 1793. His Excellency the
+Lieutenant-Governor having received information of the success of his
+Majesty's arms, under His Royal Highness the Duke of York, by which
+Holland has been saved from the invasion of the French armies,--and it
+appearing that the combined forces have been successful in dislodging
+their enemies from an entrenched camp supposed to be impregnable, from
+which the most important consequences may be expected; and in which
+arduous attempts His Royal Highness the Duke of York and His Majesty's
+troops supported the national glory:--It is His Excellency's orders that
+on the rising of the Union Flag at twelve o'clock to-morrow a Royal
+Salute of twenty-one guns is to be fired, to be answered by the shipping
+in the Harbour, in respect to His Royal Highness and in commemoration of
+the naming this Harbour from his English title, York. E. B. Littlehales,
+Major of Brigade."
+
+These orders, we are to presume, were punctually obeyed; and we are
+inclined to think that the running up of the Union Flag at noon on
+Tuesday, the 27th day of August, and the salutes which immediately after
+reverberated through the woods and rolled far down and across the
+silvery surface of the Lake, were intended to be regarded as the true
+inauguration of the Upper Canadian York.
+
+The rejoicing, indeed, as it proved, was somewhat premature. The success
+which distinguished the first operations of the royal duke did not
+continue to attend his efforts. Nevertheless, the report of the honours
+rendered in this remote portion of the globe, would be grateful to the
+fatherly heart of the King.
+
+On the Saturday after the Royal Salutes, the first meeting of the
+Executive Council ever held in York, took place in the garrison; in the
+canvas-house, as we may suppose. "The first Council," writes Mr. W. H.
+Lee from Ottawa, "held at the garrison, York, late Toronto, at which
+Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe was present, was on Saturday, 31st August,
+1793." It transacted business there, Mr. Lee says, until the following
+fifth of September, when the Government returned to Navy Hall. Still,
+the Governor and his family passed the ensuing winter at York. Bouchette
+speaks of his inhabiting the canvas-house "through the winter;" and
+under date of York, on the 23rd of the following February (1794), we
+have him writing to Mr. Secretary Dundas.
+
+In the despatch of the day just named, after a now prolonged experience
+of the newly-established post, the Governor thus glowingly speaks of it:
+"York," he says, "is the most important and defensible situation in
+Upper Canada, or that I have seen," he even adds, "in North America. I
+have, sir," he continues, "formerly entered into a detail of the
+advantages of this arsenal of Lake Ontario. An interval of Indian land
+of six and thirty miles divides this settlement from Burlington Bay,
+where that of Niagara commences. Its communication with Lake Huron is
+very easy in five or six days, and will in all respects be of the most
+essential importance."
+
+Before the channel at the entrance of the Harbour of York was visibly
+marked or buoyed, the wide-spread shoal to the west and south must have
+been very treacherous to craft seeking to approach the new settlement.
+In 1794 we hear of the Commodore's vessel, "the _Anondaga_, of 14 guns,"
+being stranded here and given up for lost. We hear likewise that the
+Commodore's son, Joseph Bouchette, the first surveyor of the harbour,
+distinguished himself by managing to get the same _Anondaga_ off, after
+she had been abandoned; and we are told of his assuming the command and
+sailing with her to Niagara, where he is received amidst the cheers of
+the garrison and others assembled on the shores to greet the rescued
+vessel.
+
+This exploit, of which he was naturally proud, and for which he was
+promoted on the 12th of May, 1794, to the rank of Second Lieutenant,
+Bouchette duly commemorates on his chart of York Harbour by
+conspicuously marking the spot where the stranded ship lay, and
+appending the note--"H. M. Schooner _Anondaga_, 14 guns, wrecked, but
+raised by Lieutenant Joseph Bouchette and brought to." (A small
+two-masted vessel is seen lying on the north-west bend of the great
+shoal at the entrance of the Harbour.)--A second point is likewise
+marked on the map "where she again grounded but was afterwards brought
+to." (Here again a small vessel is seen lying at the edge of the shoal,
+but now towards its northern point.) The Chart, which was originally
+engraved for Bouchette's octavo book, "A Topographical Description of
+Canada, &c.," published in 1815, is repeated with the marks and
+accompanying notes, from the same plate, in the quarto work of
+1831--"The British Dominions in North America." The _Anondaga_ of the
+Bouchette narrative is, as we suppose, the _Onondago_ of the _Gazette_,
+which, as we have seen, helped to take over the Rangers in August, 1793.
+The same uncertainty, which we have had occasion repeatedly to notice,
+in regard to the orthography of aboriginal words in general, rendered it
+doubtful with the public at large as to how the names of some of the
+Royal vessels should be spelt.
+
+It is to be observed in passing, that when in his account of the first
+survey of the Harbour in 1793, Bouchette speaks of the
+Lieutenant-Governor removing from Niagara with his regiment of Queen's
+Rangers "in the following spring," he probably means in the later
+portion of the spring of the same year 1793, because, as we have already
+seen, the _Gazettes_ of the day prove that the Lieutenant-Governor did
+proceed to the site of the new capital with the Rangers in 1793.
+Bouchette's words as they stand in his quarto book, imply, in some
+degree, that 1794 was the year in which the Governor and his Rangers
+first came over from Niagara. In the earlier octavo book his words were:
+"In the year 1793 the spot on which York stands presented only one
+solitary wigwam; in the ensuing spring the ground for the future
+metropolis of Upper Canada was fixed upon, and the buildings commenced
+under the immediate superintendence of the late General Simcoe, the
+Lieut.-Governor: in the space of five or six years it became a
+respectable place."
+
+Bouchette was possibly recalling the commencement of the Public
+Buildings in 1794, when in his second work, published in 1831, he
+inserted the note which has given rise, in the minds of some, to a
+slight doubt as to whether 1793 or 1794 was the year of the founding of
+York. The _Gazettes_, as we have seen, shew that 1793 was the year. The
+_Gazettes_ also shew that the so-called Public Buildings, _i. e._, the
+Parliamentary Buildings, were not begun until 1794. Thus, in the
+_Gazette_ of July 10, 1794, we read the advertisement: "Wanted:
+Carpenters for the Public Buildings to be erected at York. Application
+to be made to John McGill, Esq., at York, or to Mr. Allan Macnab at Navy
+Hall."
+
+On the 23rd of February, 1794, Governor Simcoe was, as we noted above,
+writing a despatch at York to Mr. Secretary Dundas. So early in the
+season as the 17th of March, however, he is on the move for the rapids
+of the Miami river, at the upper end of Lake Erie, to establish an
+additional military post in that quarter, the threatened encroachments
+on the Indian lands north of the Ohio by the United States rendering
+such a demonstration expedient. He is, of course, acting under
+instructions from superior authority. In the MS. map to which reference
+has before been made, the Governor's route on this occasion is marked;
+and the following note is appended:--"Lieut.-Governor Simcoe's route
+from York to the Thames, down that river in canoes to Detroit; from
+thence to the Miami to build the fort Lord Dorchester ordered to be
+built; left York March 17th, 1794; returned by Erie and Niagara to York,
+May 5th, 1794."
+
+In the following August, Gov. Simcoe is at Newark or Niagara. On the
+18th of that month he has just heard of an engagement between the United
+States forces under General Wayne and the Indians, close to the new fort
+on the Miami, and he writes to Brant that he is about to proceed in
+person to the scene of action "by the first vessel." On the 30th of
+September he is there; and on the 10th of October following, he is
+attending a Council of Chiefs in company with Brant, at the southern
+entrance of the Detroit river. A cessation of hostilities on the part of
+the Indians is urged, until the spring; and, for himself, he says to the
+assembly: "I will go down to Quebec and lay your grievances before the
+Great Man [the Onnontio probably was the word]. From thence they will be
+forwarded to the King your Father. Next spring you will know the result
+of everything--what you and I will do."
+
+On the 14th of November the Governor is at Newark embarking again for
+York and the East. In the _Gazette_ of Dec. 10, we have the
+announcement: "His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor left this town
+(Newark) on the 14th ultimo, on his way, _via_ York, to the eastern part
+of the Province, where it is expected he will spend the winter." He
+appears to have left York on the 5th of December in in an open boat. The
+MS. map gives the route, with the note: "Lieut.-Gov. Simcoe's track from
+York to Kingston in an open boat, Dec. 5, 1794." On the 20th of the same
+month he is writing a despatch at Kingston to the "Lords of the
+Committee of His Majesty's Council for Trade and Plantations;" and we
+learn from the document that the neighbourhood of York, if not York
+itself, was becoming populous. The Governor says to their Lordships:
+"Having stated to Mr. Secretary Dundas the great importance which I
+attached to York (late Toronto), and received directions to give due
+encouragement to the settlement, it is with great pleasure that I am to
+observe that seventy families at least are settling in its vicinity, and
+principally on the communication between York and Holland's River, which
+falls into Lake Simcoe." (The German families these, principally, who
+were brought over by Mr. Berczy from the Pulteney settlement in the
+Genesee country, on the opposite side of the Lake.)
+
+The proposed journey to and from Quebec may have been accomplished after
+the 20th of December.
+
+In June of the following year, 1795, the Governor is at Navy Hall,
+Newark. He receives and entertains there for eighteen days the French
+Royalist Duke de Liancourt, who is on his travels on the American
+continent. The Duke does not visit York; but two of his travelling
+companions, MM. du Pettithouars and Guillemard take a run over and
+report to him that there "had been no more than twelve houses hitherto
+built at York." The barracks, they say, stand on the roadstead two miles
+from the town, and near the Lake. The duke adds: "Desertion, I am told,
+is very frequent among the soldiers."
+
+While staying at Navy Hall, the Duke de Liancourt was taken over the
+Fort on the opposite side of the river; he also afterwards dined there
+with the officers. "With very obliging politeness," the duke says, "the
+Governor conducted us over the Fort, which he is very loth to visit,
+since he is sure that he will be obliged to deliver it up to the
+Americans."--In fact it was made over to them under Jay's Treaty in this
+very year 1794, along with Oswego, Detroit, Miami, and Michilimackinac,
+though not actually surrendered until 1796. And this was the somewhat
+inglorious termination of the difficulties between the Indian allies of
+England and the United States Government, which had compelled the
+Governor again and again to undertake toilsome journeys to the
+West.--"Thirty artillerymen," the duke notes, "and eight companies of
+the Fifth Regiment form the garrison of the Fort. Two days after the
+visit," he continues, "we dined in the Fort at Major Seward's, an
+officer of elegant, polite and amiable manners, who seems to be much
+respected by the gentlemen of his profession. He and Mr. Pilkington, an
+officer of the corps of Engineers, are the military gentlemen we have
+most frequently seen during our residence in this place, and whom the
+Governor most distinguishes from the rest."
+
+In 1796 Governor Simcoe was ordered to the West Indies. He met his
+Parliament at Newark on the 16th of May, and prorogued it on the 3rd of
+June, after assenting to seven Acts.
+
+In the _Gazette_ of Sept. 11, 1796, a proclamation from Peter Russell
+announces that "His most gracious Majesty has been pleased to grant his
+royal leave of absence to his Excellency Major General Simcoe," and that
+consequently the government _pro tem_. had devolved upon himself.
+
+In the November following, Mr. Russell, now entitled President, comes
+over from Niagara in the _Mohawk_. The _Gazette_ of Nov. 4, 1796 (still
+published at Niagara), announces: "Yesterday (Nov. 3), his Honour the
+President of the Province and family sailed in the _Mohawk_ for York. On
+his departure he was saluted with a discharge of cannon at Fort George,
+which was answered by three cheers from on board." (Fort George,
+afterwards famous in Canadian annals, and whose extensive remains are
+still conspicuous, had now been constructed, on the west side of the
+river, close by Newark or Niagara, as a kind of counterpoise to the
+French Fort on the east side of the river, immediately opposite, which
+had just been surrendered to the United States.)
+
+It is briefly noted in the _Gazette_ of the 26th of January in the
+following year (1797), that the President's new house at York had been
+destroyed by fire. This may account for his being at Niagara in May
+(1797), and sailing over again in the _Mohawk_ to York, apparently to
+open Parliament. The _Gazette_ of the 31st of May, 1797, says: "On
+Saturday last, sailed in the _Mohawk_ for York, his Honour the
+Administrator, and several members of the Parliament of the Province."
+
+(The _Mohawk_ had come up from Kingston on the 27th of April. On the
+28th of that month a vessel had arrived at Niagara, bearing the name of
+the late Governor. The _Gazette_ of May 3, 1797, thus speaks: "On Sunday
+last, arrived from Kingston his Majesty's armed vessel the _Mohawk_; and
+on Monday last, the _Governor Simcoe_, being their first voyage.")
+
+The _Gazette_ of the 31st, in addition to the departure of the _Mohawk_
+for York, as above, gives us also the following piece of information
+whence we learn that in the trade of the Lake, a competition from the
+United States side was about to begin:--"On the same day (the day when
+the _Mohawk_ sailed for York), arrived here (Niagara) a Deck-boat, built
+and owned by Col. John Van Rensselaer, of Lansingburg, on the North
+River. This enterprising gentleman," the _Gazette_ says, "built and
+completed this and one other of the same bigness (fifty barrels burden),
+and conveyed them by high waters to Oswego, and arrived there without
+injury this spring. They are to ply continually between Oswego and this
+place and Kingston."
+
+On July the 3rd, 1797, the return of President Russell to Niagara in the
+_Mohawk_ is announced. (The exact situation of Mr. Russell's house at
+Niagara may be deduced from a memorandum in the papers of Augustus
+Jones, the surveyor, dated Aug., 1796. It runs as follows:--"S. 61 W.,
+34 chains, 34 links from the north-west corner of the Block-house above
+Navy Hall to the S. E. angle of the Hon. P. Russell's house: at 24
+chains, a fence.")
+
+During the stormy season at the close of the year 1797, a momentary
+apprehension was felt at Niagara for the safety of the _Mohawk_. In a
+_Gazette_ of December in this year we read: "West Niagara, Dec. 2. Fears
+for the fate of the _Mohawk_ are entertained. It is said minute guns
+were distinctly heard through most of Thursday before last; but we hope
+she has suffered no further than being driven back to Kingston. The
+_Onondaga_," it is added, "which was aground in Hungry Bay at our last
+intelligence, was in a fair way of being gotten off." In the next
+_Gazette_, the number for Dec. 9, it is announced that "since our last,
+arrived here the _Simcoe_, from Kingston, by which we learn that the
+_Mohawk_ had returned there, after having her bowsprit and a
+considerable part of her sails carried away in the storm." It is also
+stated of the _Onondaga_, that "she had gained that Port without
+material injury sustained in Hungry Bay."
+
+In the _Gazette_ of May 19, in the following year, 1798, the _Simcoe_
+again appears. At the same time the name of the commander of the vessel
+is given. "West Niagara: By the arrival of the schooner _Simcoe_, Capt.
+Murney, from Kingston, we are informed that upwards of a hundred houses
+in the Lower Province have been carried away by the ice this spring."
+The Capt. Murney here mentioned, as being in command of the _Simcoe_,
+was the father of the Hon. Edward Murney, of Belleville. He built and
+owned in 1801 another vessel named the _Prince Edward_, capable of
+carrying 700 barrels of flour in her hold. We are told of this vessel,
+that she was built wholly of red cedar.
+
+In the _Gazette_ of May 26, 1798, we hear of a "good sloop" constructed
+of black walnut. She is about to be sold. "To be sold," the _Gazette_
+says, "on the stocks at the Bay of Long Point (near Kingston), at any
+time before the 28th of June next, a good sloop ready for launching, in
+good order, and warranted sound and masterly built. She is formed of the
+best black walnut timber, 38 tons burden, and calculated for carrying
+timber." We are told further in respect to this sloop, that "she will be
+sold by consent of Mr. Troyer, and a good title with a warranty given on
+the sale. The conditions are for cash only; one-half down, and the other
+in three months, with approved security for payment. Wm. Dealy." J.
+Troyer adds: "I approve of the above." Again, it is subjoined: "All
+persons having demands on said Dealy are requested to exhibit them
+before the 28th of June, that the same may be paid one month thereafter.
+May 24, 1798."
+
+On Monday, the 14th of October, in the year just named, a Mr. Cornwall
+was drowned by falling out of a boat into the Lake, near the Garrison at
+York. In the _Gazette_ of the 27th it is noted that "on Monday last the
+body of Mr. Cornwall, who was unfortunately drowned the 14th instant, by
+falling out of a boat into the Lake, near the Garrison, was taken up at
+the Etobicoke. The coroner's inquest sat on the body," it is added, "and
+brought in a verdict 'accidental death.'" (In this _Gazette_ Etobicoke
+is curiously printed Toby Cove.)
+
+Boisterous weather gave rise to the usual disasters and inconveniences
+in the autumn of 1798. "During the heavy gales of wind," says the
+_Gazette_ of Nov. 24, "which we have had, a vessel loaded with sundry
+goods was drove on shore at the Mississaga point at Newark (Niagara),
+and another vessel belonging to this town (York) was drove on a place
+called the Ducks, where she received considerable damage."
+
+In August, 1799, Governor Hunter, lately appointed, arrived in York
+Harbour in the _Speedy_. The Niagara _Constellation_ of Aug. 23, 1799,
+gives us the information. It says: "His Excellency, Governor Hunter,
+arrived at York on Friday morning last in the _Speedy_. On landing," we
+are told, "he was received by a party of the Queen's Rangers; and at one
+o'clock p.m. was waited on at his Honour's the President's, by the
+military officers, and congratulated on his safe arrival and
+appointment to the government of the Province."
+
+On the 5th of September he has gone over to Niagara. The _Constellation_
+of the 6th thus notices his arrival there: "Yesterday morning, arrived
+here from York his Excellency Governor Hunter. He was saluted by a
+discharge of twenty-one guns from Fort George. His early arrival in the
+morning prevented so great an attendance of inhabitants to demonstrate
+their joy, as was wished by them." He probably crossed the Lake in the
+_Speedy_.
+
+The departure of Governor Hunter from Niagara is noted in the
+_Constellation_ of the following week. "On Saturday last," the
+_Constellation_ of Sept. 13 says, "His Excellency sailed for Kingston
+and the Lower Province (probably again in the _Speedy_). On embarking,"
+we are informed as usual, "he was saluted from the Garrison;" and it is
+also added that on passing Fort Niagara "he was saluted by the American
+flag, which had been hoisted for the purpose." On which act of courtesy
+the _Constellation_ remarks that "merit is respected by all countries."
+It is then added: "We learn that his Excellency has committed the
+administration of the Government, during his absence, to a committee
+composed of the Honourable Peter Russell, J. Elmsley and AEneas Shaw,
+Esquires; and the Hon. J. McGill, Esq., in the absence of either of
+them."
+
+Under date of York, Saturday, Sept. 14th, 1799, we have mention made in
+the _Gazette_ of a new vessel. "The _Toronto Yacht_, Capt. Baker," the
+_Gazette_ announces, "will in the course of a few days be ready to make
+her first trip. She is," the _Gazette_ says, "one of the handsomest
+vessels of her size that ever swam upon the Ontario; and if we are
+permitted to judge from her appearance, and to do her justice, we must
+say she bids fair to be one of the swiftest sailing vessels. She is
+admirably calculated for the reception of passengers, and can with
+propriety boast of the most experienced officers and men. Her
+master-builder," it is subjoined, "was a Mr. Dennis, an American, on
+whom she reflects great honour." This was Mr. Joseph Dennis; and the
+place where the vessel was built was a little way up the Humber. (The
+name Dennis is carelessly given in the _Gazette_ as Dennison.)
+
+The effects of rough weather on the Lake at the close of 1799, as
+detailed by the Niagara _Constellation_ of the 7th of December, will not
+be out of place. "On Thursday last," the _Constellation_ says, "a boat
+arrived here from Schenectady, which place she left on the 22nd ult.
+She passed the _York_ sticking on a rock off the Devil's Nose: no
+prospect of getting her off. A small deck-boat also, she reports, lately
+sprung a leak twelve miles distant from Oswego. The people on board,
+many of whom were passengers, were taken off by a vessel passing, when
+she instantly sank: cargo is all lost." The narrative then proceeds to
+say: "A vessel supposed to be the _Genesee_ schooner, has been two days
+endeavouring to come in. It is a singular misfortune," the
+_Constellation_ says, "that this vessel, which sailed more than a month
+ago from Oswego, laden for this place, has been several times in sight,
+and driven back by heavy gales."
+
+In the same number of the _Constellation_ (Dec. 7th, 1799), we have "the
+well-known schooner _Peggy_" spoken of. A moiety of her is offered for
+sale. Richard Beasley of Barton, executor, and Margaret Berry of York,
+executrix, to the estate of Thomas Berry, merchant, late of York,
+deceased, advertise for sale: "One moiety of the well-known schooner
+_Peggy_: any recommendation of her sailing or accommodation," they say,
+"will be unnecessary: with these particulars the public are well
+acquainted, and the purchaser will, no doubt, satisfy himself with
+personal inspection. For terms of sale apply to the executor and
+executrix."
+
+In the _Constellation_ of the following week is the mysterious
+paragraph: "If Jonathan A. Pell will return and pay Captain Selleck for
+the freight of the salt which he took from on board the _Duchess of
+York_ without leave, it will be thankfully received and no questions
+asked."
+
+The disastrous effects of the gales are referred to again in the
+_Gazette_ of Dec. 21st, 1799. "We hear from very good authority," the
+_Gazette_ says, "that the schooner _York_, Captain Murray, has
+foundered, and is cast upon the American shore about fifty miles from
+Niagara, where the captain and men are encamped. Mr. Forsyth, one of the
+passengers, hired a boat to carry them to Kingston. Fears are
+entertained for the fate of the _Terrahoga_." (A government vessel so
+named.)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XXX.
+
+  THE HARBOUR--ITS MARINE, 1800-1814.
+
+
+On the 15th of May, 1800, Governor Hunter arrives again in York Harbour.
+The _Gazette_ of Saturday, the 17th, 1800, announces that "on Thursday
+evening last (May 15th), his Excellency Peter Hunter, Esq.,
+Lieutenant-Governor and Commander-in-Chief of this Province, arrived in
+our harbour on board the _Toronto_; and on Friday morning about 9
+o'clock landed at the Garrison, where he is at present to reside." On
+May 16th in the following year Governor Hunter arrives again in the
+_Toronto_, from Quebec. "Arrived this morning, Saturday, May 16th,
+1801," says the _Gazette_, "on board the _Toronto_, Captain Earl, his
+Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, his Aide-de-Camp and Secretary, from
+Quebec. We hear," continues the _Gazette_, "that his Excellency has
+ordered the Parliament to meet on the 28th instant for the actual
+despatch of business."
+
+In the _Gazette_ of Aug. 29th, in this year (1801), we have the
+appointment of Mr. Allan to the collectorship for the harbour of York.
+Thus runs the announcement: "To the Public.--His Excellency the
+Lieutenant-Governor has been pleased to appoint the subscriber Collector
+of Duties at this Port, for the Home District: as likewise Inspector of
+Pot and Pearl Ashes and Flour. Notice is hereby given that the Custom
+House for entry will be held at my store-house at the water's edge, and
+that I will attend accordingly, agreeably to the Act. W. Allan, York,
+25th Aug., 1801."
+
+In this year, it is noted in the Niagara _Herald_ (Nov. 18th, 1801), the
+people of Niagara saw for the first time flying from Fort George the
+British Flag, as blazoned after the recent union of Great Britain and
+Ireland. "On Tuesday, the 17th instant, at 12 o'clock," the _Herald_
+says, "we were most agreeably entertained with a display from Fort
+George, for the first time, of the flag of the United Kingdom. The wind
+being in a favourable point, it unfurled to the greatest advantage to a
+view from the town. Its size, we apprehend, will subject it to injury in
+the high winds that prevail here." It was possibly the Royal Standard.
+
+In the following year, 1802, Governor Hunter arrives at York on the 14th
+of May, and again in the _Toronto_. "It is with infinite pleasure,"
+(such is the warm language of the _Gazette_ of May 15th, 1802), "we
+announce the arrival of his Excellency Peter Hunter, Esq.,
+Lieutenant-Governor of this Province, and suite, in a very short passage
+from Quebec. His Excellency arrived in the harbour late yesterday
+evening (May 14), on board the _Toronto_, and landed at the Garrison at
+9 o'clock. We understand he left Quebec the 27th ult." The officer in
+command at York on the occasion of Governor Hunter's visit in 1802 was
+Captain AEneas Macdonell. We have before us a note from him, dated York
+Garrison, May 15th, to Lieut. Chiniquy at Fort George, in which he
+speaks of this visit. "General Hunter appeared off this harbour," he
+says, "at 4 o'clock yesterday, with a Jack at his main-top-mast head. A
+guard of two sergeants, two corporals, and thirty men," Capt. Macdonell
+continues, "was soon ready to receive him, which I had the honour to
+command; but I had not the pleasure to salute him, as he could not land
+before 9 o'clock last night." (At the close of his note, Capt. Macdonell
+begs Mr. Chiniquy to send him over from Niagara some butter,--such a
+luxury being, as we must suppose, difficult to be procured at York). "If
+you will be good enough to take the trouble," Capt. Macdonell says, "to
+procure me a few pounds of butter and send it over, I will willingly
+take the same trouble for you when in my power."
+
+In the _Gazette_ of the preceding April a boat is advertised as about to
+make trips between York and the Head of the Lake. This is the
+advertisement: "The subscriber will run a boat from York to the Head of
+the Lake once a week. The first departure will be from York the 31st
+instant (on Wednesday), and from the Head of the Lake on Saturday, every
+week. Any commands left with Messrs. Miles and Playter, and Mr. Beaman
+at York, and at the Government House, Mr. Bates; and Richard Beasly,
+Esq., at the Head of the Lake, will be attended to with confidence and
+despatch. Levi Willard, York, 30th March, 1802."
+
+So early as Jan. 18, in this year (1802), the following notice appeared
+in the Niagara _Herald_;--"The sloop _Mary Ann_ will sail from this town
+(Niagara) on first favourable day."--In August of this year a young
+Scotchman falls from the sloop and is drowned. The Niagara _Herald_ of
+Aug. 21, 1802, notes the incident:--"On Monday last, James McQueen, a
+native of Scotland, aged about 20, fell from the _Mary Ann_ and was
+drowned. The vessel being under sail, with wind and current in her
+favour, could not put about in the very short time he remained above
+water."--In 1802, "Skinner's Sloop" was plying occasionally between York
+and Niagara. We have a letter before us from Capt. AEneas Macdonell to
+Ensign Chiniquy, dated York Garrison, 28th March, 1802, acknowledging a
+budget of news received by "Skinner's Sloop."
+
+In 1803, on the 13th of May, the arrival at York of a Government vessel
+named the _Duke of Kent_, with troops, is announced in the _Gazette_.
+"This morning arrived at the Garrison the _Duke of Kent_ from Kingston,
+having on board a detachment of His Majesty's 49th regiment, which is to
+do duty here in place of the 41st regiment, ordered to Lower Canada."
+This same vessel arrives again in the harbour on the 27th of the
+following July. She now has on board "The Right Reverend Jacob, Lord
+Bishop of Quebec."--"On Thursday, the 27th," says the _Gazette_ of the
+29th of July, 1803, "arrived here (York), the _Duke of Kent_, having on
+board the Right Reverend Jacob, Lord Bishop of Quebec. We understand,"
+the _Gazette_ adds, "his Lordship intended first to visit Detroit, but,
+owing to contrary winds, was necessitated to postpone his journey. His
+Lordship will leave town for Niagara shortly after the Confirmation,
+which will immediately take place."
+
+We hear of casualties on the Lake towards the close of the year. We read
+in the _Gazette_ of Nov. 16, that "it is currently reported, and we are
+sorry to add with every appearance of foundation, that the sloop _Lady
+Washington_, commanded by Capt. Murray, was lately lost in a gale of
+wind near Oswego, on her passage to Niagara. Pieces of the wreck, and
+her boat, by which she was recognized, together with several other
+articles, are said to have been picked up. It is yet uncertain," the
+_Gazette_ says, "whether the crew and passengers are saved; among the
+latter were Messrs. Dunn and Boyd, of Niagara."--Again: the _Gazette_ of
+Dec. 10, 1803, reports that "a gentleman from Oswego, by the name of
+Mr. Dunlop, was on Wednesday last accidentally knocked from on board a
+vessel near the Highlands by the gibbing of the boom, and unfortunately
+drowned."
+
+The disappointment occasioned to merchants sometimes by the uncertainty
+of communication between York and the outer world in the stormy season,
+may be conceived of from a postscript to an advertisement of Mr. Quetton
+St. George's in the _Gazette_ of Dec. 10, 1803. It says: "Mr. St. George
+is very sorry, on account of his customers, that he has not received his
+East India Goods and Groceries: he is sure they are at Oswego; and
+should they not arrive this season, they may be looked for early in the
+spring." It was tantalizing to suppose they were so near York as Oswego,
+and yet could not be had until the spring.
+
+The principal incident connected with the marine of the harbour of York
+in 1804 was the loss of the _Speedy_. We give the contemporary account
+of the disaster from the _Gazette_ of Saturday, Nov. 3, 1804.
+
+"The following," the _Gazette_ says, "is as accurate an account of the
+loss of the schooner _Speedy_, in His Majesty's service on Lake Ontario,
+as we have been able to collect. The _Speedy_, Capt. Paxton, left this
+port (York) on Sunday evening, the 7th of October last, with a moderate
+breeze from the north-west, for Presqu'isle, and was descried off that
+island on the Monday following before dark, where preparations were made
+for the reception of the passengers, but the wind coming round from the
+north-east, blew with such violence as to render it impossible for her
+to enter the harbour; and very shortly after she disappeared. A large
+fire was then kindled on shore as a guide to the vessel during the
+night; but she has not since been seen or heard of; and it is with the
+most painful sensations we have to say, we fear is totally lost.
+Inquiry, we understand, has been made at almost every port of the Lake,
+but without effect; and no intelligence respecting the fate of this
+unfortunate vessel could be obtained. It is, therefore, generally
+concluded that she has either upset or foundered. It is also reported by
+respectable authority that several articles, such as the compass-box,
+hencoop and mast, known to have belonged to this vessel, have been
+picked up on the opposite side of the Lake.--The passengers on board the
+ill-fated _Speedy_, as near as we can recollect," the narrative goes on
+to say, "were Mr. Justice Cochrane; Robert J. D. Gray, Esq.,
+Solicitor-General, and Member of the House of Assembly; Angus Macdonell,
+Esq., Advocate, Member of the House of Assembly; Mr. Jacob Herchmer,
+Merchant; Mr. John Stegman, Surveyor; Mr. George Cowan, Indian
+Interpreter; James Ruggles, Esq.; Mr. Anderson, Student in the Law; Mr.
+John Fisk, High Constable, all of this place. The above named gentlemen
+were proceeding to the District of Newcastle, in order to hold the
+Circuit, and for the trial of an Indian (also on board the _Speedy_)
+indicted for the murder of John Sharp, late of the Queen's Rangers. It
+is also reported, but we cannot vouch for its authenticity, that
+exclusive of the above passengers, there were on board two other
+persons, one in the service of Mr. Justice Cochrane, and the other in
+that of the Solicitor-General; as also two children of parents whose
+indigent circumstances necessitated them to travel by land. The crew of
+the _Speedy_, it is said, consisted of five seamen (three of whom have
+left large families) exclusive of Captain Paxton, who also had a very
+large family. The total number of souls on board the _Speedy_ is
+computed to be about twenty. A more distressing and melancholy event has
+not occurred to this place for many years; nor does it often happen that
+such a number of persons of respectability are collected in the same
+vessel. Not less than nine widows, and we know not how many children,
+have to lament the loss of their husbands and fathers, who, alas, have,
+perhaps in the course of a few minutes, met with a watery grave. It is
+somewhat remarkable," the _Gazette_ then observes, "that this is the
+third or fourth accident of a similar nature within these few years, the
+cause of which appears worthy the attention and investigation of persons
+conversant in the art of ship-building."
+
+Two of the disasters to vessels probably alluded to by the _Gazette_
+were noted above. In 1802 the _Lady Washington_, Captain Murray,
+foundered in the Lake, leaving scarcely a trace. And three years
+previously, the _York_, in command of the same Captain Murray, was lost
+at the point known as the Devil's Nose, not far from the entrance to the
+River Genesee. And again, some years earlier, in 1780, before the
+organization of the Province of Upper Canada, the _Ontario_, Capt.
+Andrews, carrying twenty-two guns, went down with all on board, while
+conveying troops, a detachment of the King's Own, under Col. Burton,
+from Niagara to Oswego. One hundred and seventy-two persons perished on
+this occasion, Capt. Andrews was, at the time, First Commissioner of the
+Dock Yard at Kingston, and Commodore of the small flotilla maintained
+on the Lake, chiefly for transport service. (For several of these
+particulars we are indebted to Capt. Andrews' grandson, the Rev. Saltern
+Givins.)
+
+As to the apparent fragility of the government vessels, on which the
+_Gazette_ remarks, the use of timber insufficiently seasoned may have
+had something to do with it. The French Duke de Liancourt, in 1795,
+observed that all the vessels which he saw at Niagara were built of
+timber fresh cut down and not seasoned; and that, for that reason, "they
+never lasted longer than six or eight years. To preserve them for even
+this length of time," he says, "requires a thorough repair: they must be
+heaved down and caulked, which costs, at least, from one thousand to one
+thousand two hundred guineas. The timbers of the _Mississaga_," he says,
+"which was built three years ago, are almost all rotten."
+
+A particular account of the homicide for which the Indian prisoner, lost
+in the _Speedy_, was about to be tried, and of his arrest, is given in a
+subdivision of one of our chapters, entitled "Some Memories of the Old
+Court House."
+
+Of the perils encountered by early navigators of Lake Ontario we have an
+additional specimen furnished us by the _Gazette_ of Sept. 8th, 1804.
+That paper reports as follows: "Capt Moore's sloop, which sailed from
+Sackett's Harbour on the 14th July for Kingston with a load of pot and
+pearl ashes, struck on Long Point near Kingston in a gale of wind; and
+having on board a number of passengers, men, women, and children, he was
+under the necessity of throwing over forty-eight barrels of ashes in
+order to lighten the vessel." It is then briefly added: "She arrived at
+Kingston."
+
+We hear of the _Toronto Yacht_ in 1805, casually. A boat puts off from
+her to the rescue of some persons in danger of drowning, near the
+Garrison at York, in November of that year. "On Sunday last, the 10th,"
+says the _Gazette_ of Nov. 16th, 1805, "a boat from the River Credit for
+this place (York), containing four persons, and laden with salmon and
+country produce, overset near the Garrison, at the entrance of this
+harbour; and notwithstanding the most prompt assistance rendered by a
+boat from the _Toronto Yacht_, we are sorry to add that one person was
+unfortunately drowned, and a considerable part of the cargo lost." At
+this date, the _Toronto Yacht_ was under the command of Capt. Earl.
+
+In December, 1805, a member of the Kendrick family of York was lost in
+a vessel wrecked on the New York side of the Lake. "We understand," says
+the _Gazette_ of Feb. 15th, 1806, "that a boat, sometime in December
+last, going from Oswego to Sandy Creek, was lost near the mouth of
+Salmon river, and four persons drowned. One of the bodies, and the
+articles contained in the boat, were driven ashore; the remainder, it is
+supposed, were buried in the sand. The persons who perished were--John
+McBride (found), John Kendrick of this place (York), Alexander Miller
+and Jessamin Montgomery."--In November of this year (1805), Miss Sarah
+Kendrick was married. It will be observed that her taste, like that of
+her brothers, of whom more hereafter, lay in a nautical direction.
+"Married, on Tuesday, the 12th inst., by licence," records the
+_Gazette_, "Jesse Goodwin, mariner, to Miss Sarah Kendrick." (This is
+the Goodwin from whom the small stream which ran into York Bay at its
+eastern extremity used to be called--Goodwin's Creek.)
+
+In the _Gazette_ of Oct 11th, 1806, it is noted that Governor Gore
+crossed from York to Niagara in little more than four hours. The vessel
+is not named. Probably it was the _Toronto Yacht_.
+
+In 1807, Governor Gore crossed from York to Niagara to hold a levee, on
+the King's birthday. The vessel that conveyed him again is not named.
+The following notice appears in the _Gazette_ of May 16th, 1807:
+"Government House, York, 16th May, 1807. The Lieut.-Governor will hold a
+levee at the Commanding Officer's Quarters at Niagara, at 2 o'clock on
+Tuesday, the 4th of June. Wm. Halton, Secretary." Then follows a second
+notice: "Government House, York, 16th May, 1807. There will be a Ball
+and Supper at the Council House, Niagara, on his Majesty's Birthday, for
+such ladies and gentlemen as have been presented to the Lieut.-Governor
+and Mrs. Gore. Wm. Halton, Secretary."
+
+An accident to the _Toronto Yacht_ is reported in the _Gazette_ of Oct.
+17th, 1807. That paper says: "The _Toronto Yacht_, in attempting her
+passage across on Wednesday or Thursday last, met with an accident that
+obliged her to put back to Niagara, which port, we understand, she
+reached with difficulty."
+
+The _Gazette_ of October 31st, 1807, speaks of the inconveniences to
+itself, arising from the irregularity in the communication between York
+and Niagara. "The communication with Niagara by water," it says, "from
+being irregular lately, has prevented us receiving our papers this week.
+The Indian Express," the _Gazette_ then adds, "having commenced its
+regular weekly route, our publishing day will be changed to Wednesday.
+We have nothing of moment or interest. Should anything occur we will
+give an extra sheet." On the 18th of November the _Gazette_ appears
+printed on blue paper, such as used to be seen on the outside of
+pamphlets and magazines. An apology is offered. "We have to apologize to
+our readers for the necessity of publishing this week on an inferior
+quality of paper, owing to the non-arrival of our expected supply." The
+same kind of paper is used in a succession of numbers. It is curious to
+observe that the effect of time has been to produce less disfigurement
+in the bright appearance of the pages and print of the blue numbers of
+the _Gazette_, than in the ordinary white paper numbers, which have now
+assumed a very coarse, dingy, inferior aspect.
+
+In 1808 the important announcement is made in the _Gazette_ of March
+16th, that a lighthouse is about to be immediately established on
+Gibraltar Point, at the entrance of York Harbour. "It is with pleasure
+we inform the public," the _Gazette_ says, "that the dangers to vessels
+navigating Lake Ontario will in a great measure be avoided by the
+erection of a Lighthouse on Gibraltar Point, which is to be immediately
+completed, in compliance with an Address of the House of Assembly to the
+Lieutenant-Governor."
+
+We have understood that a lighthouse was begun at the point of York
+peninsula before the close of the last century; that the _Mohawk_ was
+employed in bringing over stone for the purpose, from Queenston; and
+that Mr. John Thompson, still living in 1873, was engaged in the actual
+erection of the building. It was perhaps then begun. In 1803 an Act was
+passed by the Provincial Legislature for the establishment of
+lighthouses "on the south-westernmost point of a certain island called
+Isle Forest, situated about three leagues from the town of Kingston, in
+the Midland District; another upon Mississaga point, at the entrance of
+the Niagara river, near to the town of Niagara; and the other upon
+Gibraltar point." It was probably not practicable to carry the Act fully
+into effect before 1806. According to the Act a fund for the erection
+and maintenance of such lighthouses was to be formed by levying
+three-pence per ton on every vessel, boat, raft, or other craft of ten
+tons burthen and upwards, doubling the point named, inward bound. That
+lighthouse duty should be levied at ports where there was no lighthouse,
+became a grievance; and in 1818 it was enacted that "no vessel, boat,
+raft or other craft of the burthen of ten tons and upwards shall be
+liable to pay any Lighthouse Duty at any port where there shall be no
+lighthouse erected, any law or usage to the contrary notwithstanding."
+
+Mr. Cartwright (Judge Cartwright) built in 1808 two vessels on
+Mississaga Point at the mouth of the Cataraqui, one for himself, the
+_Elizabeth_; the other for the North-West Company, the _Governor
+Simcoe_. The North-West Company had previously a vessel on the lake
+called the _Simcoe_, which was now worn out.
+
+In June, 1808, Governor Gore departs from York for a tour in the western
+part of the Province. The _Gazette_ seems mildly to rebuke him for
+having swerved from his first design in regard to this tour. He had
+intended to proceed _via_ Lake Huron; that is, by the Yonge Street
+route, but he had finally preferred to go _via_ Lake Ontario. "His
+Excellency the Lieut.-Governor left this place, York," the _Gazette_
+announces, "on the 15th instant, on a visit to Sandwich, etc. We are
+sorry," the editor then ventures to observe, "that he did not, as he
+originally destined, proceed by Lake Huron, according to his amiable
+intention and view of promoting the first interests of this province."
+
+In the _Gazette_ of October 22nd, in this year, we hear once more of the
+_Toronto Yacht_.--Governor Gore has returned to York in safety, and has
+left again for Niagara in the _Toronto_. "On the 17th instant," the
+above-named _Gazette_ reports, "his Excellency the Lieut.-Governor and
+Major Halton sailed for Niagara in the _Toronto Yacht_. It was his
+Excellency's intention to have gone there on Monday last." The _Gazette_
+says: "He embarked for the purpose, and received an honorary salute from
+the Garrison. Excessive gales and a succession of violent head winds
+delayed his proceeding until Thursday morning." (He returned in the
+_Toronto_ on Tuesday, the 6th of November.)
+
+On the 14th of December in this year, the editor of the _Gazette_ again
+announces a change in the day of publication, in consequence of the
+suspension of water communication between York and Niagara. "The
+suspension of our water communication with Niagara at the present season
+obliges us to alter the day of publication, which will now be on
+Wednesday. John Cameron."
+
+A postal notice issued in the _Gazette_ of Jan. 4th, in the following
+year, 1809, is interesting now. It reads thus: "For General Information.
+The winter mail will be despatched from Quebec for Upper Canada on the
+following days: Monday, 2nd Jan., 1809: do. 6th Feb.: do. 6th March: do.
+3rd April. Each mail may be looked for here (York) from 16 to 18 days
+after the above periods. The Carrier from Kingston (the Indian Express
+probably of which we have heard already) is to go on to Niagara without
+making any stay (unless found necessary) at this place; so that all
+persons will have time to prepare their letters by the time he returns
+from Kingston again. W. Allan, Deputy P. M., York, 2nd Jan. 1809." The
+mail between Montreal and Kingston was carried on the back of one
+Anderson. Between these two places the postage was nine-pence.
+
+Between 1809 and 1812 we do not light upon many notices of vessels
+frequenting York Harbour. In 1810, a schooner called the _Lady Gore_ or
+the _Bella Gore_, commanded by Captain Sanders, and plying to Kingston,
+was a well known vessel. (It may be noted that in 1811 Governor Gore
+left York for England, on leave of absence, and was away during the four
+eventful years that followed.) In 1812, and previously, a sloop
+commanded by Captain Conn was running between York and Niagara. From
+some peculiarity in her contour, she was popularly spoken of as "Captain
+Conn's Coffin." Another sloop, commanded by Captain Grace, was plying
+between York, Niagara and Kingston about the same time.
+
+The Government vessels with whose names we have become familiar were now
+either unseaworthy or wrecked. The _Mohawk_, the _Onondaga_, the
+_Caldwell_, the _Sophia_, the _Buffalo_, are no longer heard of as
+passing in and out of the harbour of York. It had been the fate of the
+_Toronto Yacht_, while under the command of Capt. Fish, to run on the
+sands at Gibraltar Point through a mistake as to the position of the
+light. Her skeleton was long a conspicuous object, visited by ramblers
+on the Island. This incident occurred just before the outbreak of the
+war.
+
+Most of the vessels which had been engaged in the ordinary traffic of
+the Lake were, during the war, employed by the government in the
+transport service. Captain Murney's vessel, the _Prince Edward_, built,
+as we have already heard, wholly of red cedar, and still in good order
+in 1812, was thus employed.
+
+In the fleet on Lake Ontario in 1812-14 new names prevail. Not one of
+the old titles is repeated. Some changes made in the nomenclature of
+vessels during the contest have created confusion in regard to
+particular ships. In several instances which we shall specify
+immediately, in the following list, two names indicate the same vessel
+at different periods of the war. The _Prince Regent_, the commodore's
+ship, (Capt. Earl), the _Princess Charlotte_, the _Montreal_, the
+_Wolfe_, the _Sir Sidney Smith_, the _Niagara_, the _Royal George_, the
+_Melville_, the _Star_, the _Moira_, the _Cherwell_, the _Gloucester_
+(Capt. Gouvereau), the _Magnet_, the _Netley_, the _St. Lawrence_; and
+the gunboats _Cleopatra_, _Lais_, _Ninon_, _Nelly_, _Regent_,
+_Thunderer_, _Wellington_, _Retaliation_, _Black Snake_, _Prescott_,
+_Dreadnought_. In this list the _Wolfe_ and the _Montreal_ are the same
+vessels; as also are the _Royal George_ and the _Niagara_; the
+_Melville_ and the _Star_; the _Prince Regent_ and the _Netley_; the
+_Moira_ and the _Cherwell_; the _Montreal_ and the _Wolfe_; the _Magnet_
+and the _Sir Sidney Smith_.
+
+The _Moira_ was lying off the Garrison at York when the _Simcoe_
+transport came in sight filled with prisoners taken on Queenston
+Heights, and bringing the first intelligence of the death of General
+Brock. We have heard the Rev. Dr. Richardson of Toronto, who at the time
+was Sailing Master of the _Moira_, under Captain Sampson, describe the
+scene.--The approaching schooner was recognized at a distance as the
+_Simcoe_: it was a vessel owned and commanded, at the moment, by Dr.
+Richardson's father, Captain James Richardson. Mr. Richardson
+accordingly speedily put off in a boat from the _Moira_, to learn the
+news. He was first startled at the crowded appearance of the _Simcoe's_
+deck, and at the unwonted guise of his father, who came to the gangway
+conspicuously girt with a sword. 'A great battle had been fought,' he
+was told, 'on Queenston Heights. The enemy had been beaten. The _Simcoe_
+was full of prisoners of war, to be transferred instanter to the _Moira_
+for conveyance to Kingston. General Brock was killed!'--Elated with the
+first portion of the news, Dr. Richardson spoke of the thrill of dismay
+which followed the closing announcement as something indescribable and
+never to be forgotten.
+
+Among the prisoners on board the _Simcoe_ was Winfield Scott, an
+artillery officer, afterwards the distinguished General Scott. He was
+not taken to Kingston, but, with others, released on parole.
+
+The year following (1813), York Harbour was visited by the United States
+fleet, consisting of sixteen vessels. The result other pages will tell.
+It has been again and again implied in these papers. The government
+vessel named the _Prince Regent_ narrowly escaped capture. She had left
+the port only a few days before the arrival of the enemy. The frames of
+two ships on the stocks were destroyed, but not by the Americans. At the
+command of General Sheaffe, they were fired by the royal troops when
+beginning the retreat in the direction of Kingston. A schooner, the
+_Governor Hunter_, belonging to Joseph Kendrick, was caught in the
+harbour and destroyed; but as we have understood, the American commander
+paid a sum of money to the owner by way of compensation.--At the taking
+of York, Captain Sanders, whom we have seen in command of the _Bella
+Gore_, was killed. He was put in charge of the dockyardmen who were
+organized as a part of the small force to be opposed to the invaders.
+
+We can imagine a confused state of things at York in 1813. Nevertheless
+the law asserts its supremacy. The magistrates in sessions fine a pilot
+L2 15s. for refusing to fulfil his engagement with Mr. McIntosh. "On the
+19th October, 1813, a complaint was made by Angus McIntosh, Esq., late
+of Sandwich, now of York, merchant, against Jonathan Jordan, formerly of
+the city of Montreal, a steersman in one of Angus McIntosh's boats, for
+refusing to proceed with the said boat, and thereby endangering the
+safety of the said boat. He is fined L2 15s. currency, to be deducted
+from wages due by Angus McIntosh."
+
+It was in May the following year (1814), that Mr. Richardson, while
+Acting Master on board the _Montreal_ (previously the _Wolfe_), lost his
+left arm in Sir James Yeo's expedition against Oswego.--The place was
+carried by storm. After describing the mode of attack and the gallantry
+of the men, Sir James Yeo in his official despatch thus speaks in
+particular of the _Montreal_: "Captain Popham, of the _Montreal_," he
+says, "anchored his ship in a most gallant style; sustaining the whole
+fire until we gained the shore. She was set on fire three times by
+red-hot shot, and much cut up in her hull, masts and rigging. Captain
+Popham," he then proceeds to say, "received a severe wound in his right
+hand; and speaks in high terms of Mr. Richardson, the Master, who from a
+severe wound in the left arm, was obliged to undergo amputation at the
+shoulder joint."
+
+The grievous mutilation thus suffered did not cause Mr. Richardson to
+retire from active service. Immediately on his recovery he was, at his
+own desire, appointed to a post of professional duty in the fleet. In
+October, when the great hundred-gun ship, the _St. Lawrence_, was
+launched at Kingston, he was taken by Sir James Yeo on board that
+vessel, his familiarity with the coasts of the Lake rendering his
+services in the capacity of Acting Pilot of great value.
+
+In the record of disbursements made by the Loyal and Patriotic Society
+of Upper Canada in 1815, we have the sum of One Hundred Pounds allotted
+on the 22nd of April to "Mr. James Richardson, of the Midland District,"
+with the following note appended: "This gentleman was first in the
+Provincial Navy, and behaved well: he then became Principal Pilot of the
+Royal Fleet, and by his modesty and uncommon good conduct gained the
+esteem of all of the officers of the Navy. He lost his arm at the taking
+of Oswego, and as he was not a commissioned officer, there was no
+allowance for his wounds. The Society, informed of this and in
+consideration of his services, requested his acceptance of L100."
+
+By a curious transition, instances of which are now and then afforded in
+the history of individuals in every profession, Mr. Richardson became in
+after years an eminent minister in the Methodist Society; and at the age
+of 82 was known and honoured far and wide throughout Upper Canada as the
+indefatigable bishop or chief superintendent of that section of the
+Methodist body which is distinguished by the prefix Episcopal.
+
+In 1814 it would appear that Commodore Chauncey and his fleet were no
+longer dominating the north shore. The _Netley_, formerly the _Prince
+Regent_, is mentioned as being again in the harbour of York. On the 24th
+of July she took over Lieut.-General and President Drummond, when on his
+way to support General Rial at Lundy's Lane. "I embarked," General
+Drummond says in his despatch to Sir George Prevost describing the
+engagement at Lundy's Lane; "I embarked on board His Majesty's schooner
+_Netley_, at York, on Sunday evening, the 24th instant (July), and
+reached Niagara at daybreak the following morning." He then pushed on
+from Niagara to Lundy's Lane with 800 rank and file, and was the
+undoubted means of preventing a hard-contested fight from ending in a
+defeat.
+
+On the 24th of December in this year the Treaty of Ghent was signed, by
+which, to adopt its own language, "a firm and universal peace was
+re-established between His Britannic Majesty and the United States, and
+between their respective countries, territories, cities, towns and
+people of every degree, without exception of persons or places."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XXXI.
+
+  THE HARBOUR: ITS MARINE, 1815-1827.
+
+
+Soon after the close of the war with the United States in 1814, the era
+of steam navigation on Lake Ontario opens. The first steamer, the
+_Frontenac_, was launched at Ernesttown, on the Bay of Quinte, in 1816.
+Her trips began in 1817. The length of her deck was 170 feet; the
+breadth, 32 feet; her burden, 700 tons; her cost, L15,000; her
+commander, Capt. James McKenzie, a retired officer of the Royal Navy.
+
+In 1818 we observe an enactment of the Provincial Legislature, having
+reference to steam navigation. It is decreed that the usual space
+occupied by the engine and machinery in a steam vessel, with the
+requisite stowage of wood, should be taken to occupy one-third of such
+vessel, and that such vessel should only pay Lighthouse or Tonnage Duty
+on two-thirds of her admeasurement.
+
+In successive numbers of the Kingston _Chronicle_, the advertisement of
+the _Frontenac_, occupying the width of two columns, conspicuously
+appears, with a large rude woodcut of a steamer with two smoke-pipes at
+the top. For the sake of the fares and other particulars, we copy this
+document (from the _Chronicle_ of April 30, 1819). "The Steamboat
+_Frontenac_, James McKenzie, Master, will in future leave the different
+ports on the following days: viz., Kingston for York, on the 1st, 11th
+and 21st days of each month. York for Queenston, 3rd, 13th and 23rd days
+of each month. Niagara for Kingston, 5th, 15th and 25th days of each
+month. Rates of Passages: From Kingston to York and Niagara, L3. From
+York to Niagara, L1. Children under three years of age, half-price;
+above three, and under ten, two-thirds. A Book will be kept for entering
+the names of passengers, and the berths which they may choose at which
+time the passage money must be paid. Passengers are allowed sixty pounds
+weight of baggage; surplus baggage to be paid for at the usual rate.
+Gentlemen's servants cannot sleep or eat in the Cabin. Deck passengers
+will pay fifteen shillings, and may either bring their own provisions,
+or be furnished by the Steward. For each dog brought on board, five
+shillings. All applications for passage to be made to Capt. McKenzie, on
+board. Freight will be transported to and from the above places at the
+rate of four shillings per barrel bulk, and Flour at the customary rate
+delivered to the different consignees. A list of their names will be put
+in a conspicuous place on board, which must be deemed a sufficient
+notice; and the Goods, when taken from the Steamboat will be considered
+at the risk of the owners. For each small parcel, 2s. 6d., which must be
+paid on delivery. Kingston, April 28th, 1819." Capt. McKenzie has
+acquired confidence in himself and his vessel in 1819. An earlier notice
+in the _Chronicle_, relating to the _Frontenac_, was the following. Its
+terms show the great caution and very salutary fear which governed the
+action of sea captains, hitherto without experience in such matters,
+when about to encounter by the aid of steam the perils of a boisterous
+Lake. "Steamboat _Frontenac_ will sail from Kingston for Niagara,
+calling at York, on the 1st and 15th days of each month, with as much
+punctuality as the nature of the Lake navigation will admit of."
+
+The ordinary sailing craft of the Lake of course still continued to ply.
+We hear of a passenger-boat between York and Niagara in 1815, called the
+_Dove_; also of the _Reindeer_, commanded for a time by Captain Myers.
+In 1819-20 Stillwell Wilson, with whom we are already acquainted, is in
+command of a slip-keel schooner, carrying passengers and freight between
+York and Niagara. The _Wood Duck_ was another vessel on this route. (In
+1828 the _Wood Duck_ is offered for sale, with her rigging and sails
+complete, for Four Hundred Dollars cash. "Apply to William Gibbons,
+owner, York." She is afterwards the property of Mr. William Arthurs.)
+The _Red Rover_, Captain Thew, and the _Comet_, Captain Ives, were
+others. The _Britannia_, Captain Miller, was a visitant of York harbour
+about the same period; a top-sail schooner of about 120 tons, remarkable
+for her specially fine model. She was built by Roberts, near the site
+of what is now Wellington Square, and was the property of Mr. Matthew
+Crooks, of Niagara.
+
+Captain Thew, above named, afterwards commanded the _John Watkins_, a
+schooner plying to York. Captain Thew encountered a little difficulty
+once at Kingston, through a violation, unconsciously on his part, of
+naval etiquette. A set of colours had been presented to the _John
+Watkins_, by Mr. Harris of York, in honour of his old friend and a
+co-partner whose name she perpetuated. It happened, however, through
+inadvertency, that these colours were made of the particular pattern
+which vessels in the Royal Service are alone entitled to carry; and
+while the _John Watkins_ was lying moored in the harbour at Kingston,
+gaily decorated with her new colours, Captain Thew was amazed to find
+his vessel suddenly boarded by a strong body of men-of-war's men, from a
+neighbouring royal ship, who insisted on hauling down and taking
+possession of the flags flying from her masts, as being the exclusive
+insignia of the Royal Navy. It was necessary to comply with the demand,
+but the bunting was afterwards restored to Captain Thew on making the
+proper representations.
+
+In 1820, Capt. Sinclair was in command of the _Lady Sarah Maitland_. We
+gather from an _Observer_ of December in that year, that Lake Ontario,
+according to its wont, had been occasioning alarms to travellers. An
+address of the passengers on board of Capt. Sinclair's vessel, after a
+perilous passage from Prescott to York, is recorded in the columns of
+the paper just named. It reads as follows: "The subscribers, passengers
+in the _Lady Maitland_ schooner, beg to tender their best thanks to
+Capt. Sinclair for the kind attention paid to them during the passage
+from Prescott to this port; and at the same time with much pleasure to
+bear testimony to his propriety of conduct in using every exertion to
+promote the interest of those concerned in the vessel and cargo, in the
+severe gale of the morning of the 4th instant (Dec. 1820). The manly
+fortitude and unceasing exertions of Capt. Sinclair, when the situation
+of the vessel, in consequence of loss of sails, had become extremely
+dangerous, were so highly conspicuous as to induce the subscribers to
+make it known to the public, that he may meet with that support which he
+so richly deserves. The exertions of the crew were likewise observed,
+and are deserving of praise.--D. McDougal, James Alason, G. N. Ridley,
+Peter McDougal."
+
+This was probably the occasion of a doleful rejoinder of Mr. Peter
+McDougal's, which became locally a kind of proverbial expression: "No
+more breakfast in this world for Pete McDoug." The story was that Mr.
+McDougal, when suffering severely from the effects of a storm on the
+Lake, replied in these terms to the cook, who came to announce
+breakfast. The phrase seemed to take the popular fancy, and was employed
+now and then to express a mild despair of surrounding circumstances.
+
+In 1820 a Traveller, whose journal is quoted by Willis, in Bartlett's
+_Canadian Scenery_ (ii. 48), was six days in accomplishing the journey
+from Prescott to York by water. "On the 3rd of September," he says, "we
+embarked for York at Prescott, on board a small schooner called the
+_Caledonia_. We performed this voyage, which is a distance of 250 miles,
+in six days." In 1818, Mr. M. F. Whitehead, of Port Hope, was two days
+and a-half in crossing from Niagara to York. "My first visit to York,"
+Mr. Whitehead says in a communication to the writer, "was in September,
+1818, crossing the Lake from Niagara with Dr. Baldwin--a two and a-half
+days' passage. The Doctor had thoughtfully provided a leg of lamb, a
+loaf of bread, and a bottle of porter: all our fare," adds Mr.
+Whitehead, "for two days and a-half." We have ourselves more than once,
+in former days, experienced the horrors of the middle passage between
+Niagara and York, having crossed and re-crossed, in very rough weather,
+in the Kingston Packet, or _Brothers_, and having been detained on the
+Lake for a whole night and a good portion of a day in the process. The
+schooners for Niagara and elsewhere used to announce the time of their
+departure from the wharf at York in primitive style, by repeated blasts
+from a long tin horn, so called, sounded at intervals previous to their
+casting loose, and at the moment of the start. Fast and large steamers
+have, of course, now reduced to a minimum the miseries of a voyage
+between the North and South shores; but these miseries are still not
+slight at the stormy seasons, when Lake Ontario often displays a mood by
+no means amiable--
+
+  "Outrageous as a sea, dark, wasteful, wild,
+   Up from the bottom turned by furious winds
+   And surging waves."
+
+It is some consolation to reflect, that with all the skill and
+appliances at the command of English engineers and shipbuilders, it has
+been found hitherto impossible to render the passage from Dover to
+Calais a luxury; nor possibly will that result be secured even by the
+enormous ferry-steamers which are projected. In 1791, twenty-four hours
+were occasionally occupied in the passage from Dover to Calais. "I am
+half-dead," writes the learned traveller Dr. E. D. Clarke, at Calais, to
+his mother; "I am half-dead with sea-sickness: twenty-four hours'
+passage from Dover."
+
+Again, the mode in which the first Lake steamers were made to near the
+landing-place in the olden time, was something which would fill a modern
+steamboat captain with amazement. Accustomed as we are every day to see
+huge steamers guided without any ado straight up to the margin of a quay
+or pier, the process of putting in seems a simple affair. Not so was it,
+however, in practice to the first managers of steamboats. When the
+_Frontenac_ or _William IV._ was about to approach the wharf at York,
+the vessel was brought to a standstill some way out in the harbour. From
+near the fore and after gangways boats were then lowered, bearing
+hawsers; and by means of these, when duly landed, the vessel was
+solemnly drawn to shore. An agitated multitude usually witnessed the
+operation.
+
+In the _Gazette_ of July 20, 1820, we have the information that "on
+Saturday evening, a schooner of about sixty tons, built for Mr. Oates
+and others, was launched in this port (York). She went off," the
+_Gazette_ says, "in very fine style, until she reached the water, where,
+from some defect in her ways, her progress was checked; and from the
+lateness of the hour, she could not be freed from the impediment before
+the next morning, when she glided into the Bay in safety. Those who are
+judges say that it is a very fine vessel of, the class. It is now
+several years," continues the _Gazette_, "since any launch has been
+here; it therefore, though so small a vessel, attracted a good deal of
+curiosity." This was the _Duke of Richmond_ packet, afterwards a
+favourite on the route between York and Niagara. The _Gazette_ describes
+the _Richmond_ somewhat incorrectly as a schooner, and likewise
+understates the tonnage. She was a sloop of the Revenue cutter build,
+and her burthen was about one hundred tons. Of Mr. Oates we have had
+occasion to speak in our perambulation of King Street.
+
+In an _Observer_ of 1820, we have the first advertisement of the
+_Richmond_. It reads thus: "The _Richmond_ Packet, Edward Oates,
+commander, will commence running between the Ports of York and Niagara
+on Monday, the 24th instant (July), as a regular Packet. She will leave
+York on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, at 9 o'clock a.m., precisely;
+and Niagara on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, at 10 a.m., to the
+24th of September, when the hour of departure will be made known to the
+Public. The _Richmond_ has excellent accommodations for Ladies,
+Gentlemen and other Passengers, and nothing will be omitted to make her
+one of the completest and safest passage vessels of the class in
+America, being manned with experienced mariners. Rates of passage: After
+Cabin, 10s.; Fore Cabin, 6s. 3d. Children under twelve years,
+half-price. Sixty pounds baggage allowed to each passenger; above that
+weight, 9d. per cwt., or 2s. per barrel bulk. For freight or passage
+apply to John Crooks, Esq., Niagara; the Captain on board; or at the
+Subscriber's store. Ed. Oates, York, July 17, 1820."
+
+Captain Vavassour, commandant at Fort George, presented Capt. Oates with
+a gun and a set of colours. The former used to announce to the people of
+York the arrival and departure of the _Richmond_; and a striped
+signal-flag found among the latter, was hoisted at the Lighthouse on
+Gibraltar Point whenever the _Richmond_ Packet hove in sight. (For a
+considerable period, all vessels were signalized by a flag flying from
+the Lighthouse.)
+
+Two years later, the _Richmond_ is prospering on the route between York
+and Niagara. In the _Gazette_ of June 7th, 1822, we have an
+advertisement of tenor similar to the one given above. "_Richmond_
+Packet, Edward Oates, master, will regularly leave York for Niagara on
+Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays; and Niagara for York on Tuesdays,
+Thursdays and Saturdays, from the 1st of June until the 1st of
+September." The advertisement then goes on to say: "Edward Oates
+respectfully informs his friends and the Public, that his Packet shall
+leave York and Niagara on the above days, either in the morning or
+evening, as the wind and passengers may suit; and that passengers may
+depend on a passage on the above days. The superiority of sailing and
+accommodation for ladies and gentlemen are too well known to the public
+to make any comment upon. York, June 1st, 1822." By the following year,
+however, the _Richmond's_ occupation was coming to an end. Steam on the
+route between York and Niagara had its effect. From the _Gazette_ of
+Jan. 16, 1823, we learn that Mr. Oates is about to dispose of his
+interest in the _Richmond_; is virtually about to sell the vessel. In
+the paper just named we read the following advertisement: "Auction.
+Fifty Shares, or three-quarters and two sixty-fourths of that superior
+vessel the _Richmond_ Packet, will positively be sold by auction, at the
+Town of York, on Saturday, the 25th instant, together with all her
+tackle, apparel, stores and furniture; an inventory of which may be seen
+on application to R. Coleman, Esq., York; Mr. Edward Oates, Niagara.
+N.B.--Terms of sale: one-third down; the remainder in two equal payments
+at three and six months, with approved endorsers. York, Jan. 6, 1823."
+
+In a _Gazette_ of this year we have a pleasure boat offered for sale at
+York, apparently a bargain. In the number for May 15, 1823, is the
+following advertisement: "Pleasure-boat to be sold: built of oak, an
+extremely fast sailer, and in every respect a complete vessel of the
+kind. It is rigged with jib, foresail, mainsail, and driver. Original
+cost, upwards of forty guineas (and not more than four years old). It
+will now be sold, with everything belonging to it, at the low price of
+fifteen pounds currency. Enquire at the _Gazette_ Office, York. 7th May,
+1823."
+
+As the _Richmond_ Packet filled an important place in the early marine
+of the harbour, it will be of interest to mention her ultimate fate.
+While engaged, in 1826, in conveying a cargo of salt from Oswego, she
+was wrecked near Brighton, on the bay of Presqu'isle, towards the
+eastern part of Lake Ontario. The Captain, no longer Mr. Oates, losing
+his presence of mind in a gale of wind, cut the cable of his vessel and
+ran her ashore. The remains of the wreck, after being purchased by
+Messrs. Willman, Bailey and Co., were taken to Wellington, on the south
+side of the peninsula of Prince Edward county, where the cannon which
+had ornamented the deck of the defunct packet, and had for so many years
+daily made the harbour of York resound with its detonations, did duty in
+firing salutes on royal birthdays and other public occasions up to 1866,
+when, being overcharged, it burst, the fragments scattering themselves
+far and wide in the waters round the wharf at Wellington.
+
+Just as the _Richmond_ disappears, another favourite vessel, for some
+years distinguished in the annals of York harbour, and commanded by a
+man of note, comes into the field of view. "The new steamer _Canada_,"
+says the _Loyalist_ of June 3, 1826, "was towed into port this week by
+the _Toronto_, from the mouth of the river Rouge, where she was built
+during the last winter. She will be shortly fitted up for her intended
+route, which, we understand, will be from York and Niagara round the
+head of the Lake, and will add another to the increasing facilities of
+conveyance in Upper Canada." The _Loyalist_ then adds: "Six steamboats
+now navigate the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario, in this Province,
+besides the _Canada_, and a boat nearly ready for launching at
+Brockville." We shall presently hear much of the career of the _Canada_
+and her commander.
+
+The _Toronto_ (Capt. Shaw), named above as towing the _Canada_ into the
+harbour, was a steam-packet of peculiar make, built at York. She was
+constructed without any difference of shape at the bow and stern, and
+without ribs. She was a shell of successive layers of rather thin boards
+placed alternately lengthwise and athwart, with coatings, between, of
+stout brown paper pitched. She proved a failure as a vessel for the Lake
+traffic, and was speedily taken down the river, where she was also
+unfortunate. We hear of her in the _Loyalist_ of June 17, 1826. "By a
+letter," the Editor says, "received from Kingston we are sorry to hear
+that the steamboat _Toronto_, on her first trip from that place to
+Prescott, had unfortunately got aground several times, and that in
+consequence it had been found necessary to haul her out of the water at
+Brockville, to be repaired. The damage is stated not to be very great,
+but the delay, besides occasioning inconvenience, must be attended with
+some loss to the proprietors." The Editor then adds: "The navigation of
+the St Lawrence, for steamboats, between Kingston and Prescott, is in
+many places extremely difficult, and requires that the most skilful and
+experienced pilots should be employed." In the same number of the
+_Loyalist_ is an advertisement of the _Martha Ogden_, a United States
+boat. "Notice. The steamboat _Martha Ogden_, Andrew Estes, master, will
+ply between York and Youngstown during the remainder of the season,
+making a daily trip from each place, Saturdays excepted, when she will
+cross but once. Hours of sailing, 6 o'clock in the morning and 3 o'clock
+in the afternoon. To accommodate the public, her hours of departure from
+each place will be changed alternately every week, of which notice will
+be regularly given. This arrangement will continue in effect, weather
+permitting, until further notice is given. Passengers wishing to cross
+the river Niagara will be sent over in the ferry-boat free of charge.
+Cabin passage, two dollars. Deck passage, one dollar. Agents at York,
+Messrs. M. and R. Meighan. June 13, 1826."
+
+The _Frontenac_ is still plying to York. In 1826 she brings up the
+Lieut.-Governor, Sir Peregrine Maitland, from Kingston. The _Loyalist_
+of Saturday, June 3, 1826, duly makes the announcement. "His Excellency
+the Lieutenant-Governor arrived here (York) on Wednesday afternoon, on
+board the _Frontenac_, Capt. McKenzie, from Kingston. His Excellency
+landed at the King's Wharf under a salute from the Garrison. Major
+Hillier and Captain Maitland accompanied his Excellency. On Thursday
+morning, his Excellency embarked on board the _Frontenac_ for Niagara."
+
+The following week she brings over from Niagara Col. McGregor and the
+70th Regiment. The _Loyalist_ of June 10, 1826, thus speaks. "We have
+much pleasure in announcing the arrival in this place of the Head
+Quarter Division of the 70th Regiment, under the command of Lieut.-Col.
+McGregor. They landed from the steamboat _Frontenac_ yesterday morning,
+and marched into the York Garrison." The _Loyalist_ then proceeds to
+eulogize the 70th, and to express satisfaction at the removal of that
+regiment to York. "The distinguished character of this fine regiment,
+and the honourable testimony which has been given of their uniformly
+correct and praiseworthy conduct, wherever they have been stationed,
+affords the most perfect assurance that from the esteem in which they
+have so deservedly been held, during a period of more than thirteen
+years' service in Canada, their stay at this Garrison will be rendered
+highly satisfactory to the inhabitants, and, we should hope, pleasant to
+themselves." It was on this occasion that many of the inhabitants of
+York beheld for the first time the impressive sight of a Highland
+regiment, wearing the kilt and the lofty plumed cap. A full military
+band, too, which accompanies only Head Quarter Divisions, was a novelty
+at York; as previous to this year Niagara, and not York, was regarded as
+Military head quarters. The Pipers increased the excitement. The band of
+the 70th displayed, moreover, at this period further accessories of pomp
+and circumstance in the shape of negro cymbal players, and a magnificent
+oriental-looking standard of swaying tails surmounted by a huge
+glittering crescent bearing small bells.
+
+In the down-trip from York, the same week, the _Frontenac_ took away a
+detachment of the 76th Regiment. "The detachment of the 76th Regiment,"
+the _Loyalist_ of June 10 reports, "under command of Lieut. Grubbe,
+embarked on board the _Frontenac_ yesterday, on its destination to join
+the regiment at Montreal. Lieut. Grubbe takes with him," the Editor of
+the _Loyalist_ says, "the cordial regard of the inhabitants of York; and
+the exemplary conduct of the detachment under his command has been such
+as to merit from them their best wishes for their future
+prosperity."--During the same week the steamer _Queenston_ had arrived
+at York, as we learn from the following item in the same _Loyalist_ of
+June 10: "The Rev. Mr. Hudson, Military Chaplain, who accompanied the
+Lord Bishop from England, arrived here in the _Queenston_ on Tuesday
+last. Mr. Hudson is appointed Chaplain to the Garrison at York." (In
+August, 1828, Mr. Hudson must have been in England. We read the
+following in the _Loyalist_ of Oct. 11, in that year:--"Married, on the
+12th of August last, at Crosby-on-Elden, Cumberland, by the Rev. S.
+Hudson, B.A., the Rev. J. Hudson, M.A., Fellow of St. Peter's College,
+Cambridge, and Chaplain to the Forces at York, in Upper Canada, to
+Barbara Wells, second daughter of the Rev. Thomas Lowry, D.D.") In the
+_Loyalist_ of July 29, in this year (1826), we hear of "the new steamer
+_Niagara_, built at Prescott, John Mosier, captain." This new steamer
+_Niagara_ was in reality Capt. Mosier's schooner _The Union of
+Wellington Grove_, turned into a steamer. Some error had been committed
+in the build of the _Union_, and she suddenly capsized in the river near
+Prescott. Capt. Mosier then cut her in two, added to her length thirty
+feet by an insertion, and converted her into the _Niagara_ steam-packet.
+Her arrival at York is announced in the _Loyalist_ of July 29, and her
+return thither from Niagara with American tourists on board. The
+_Loyalist_ says: "The new steamboat _Niagara_, built at Prescott, John
+Mosier, captain, arrived here (York) on Monday last, the 24th instant.
+She proceeded the same day to Niagara, and returned on Tuesday
+afternoon, with a number of American ladies and gentlemen making the
+Northern tour. This arrangement," continues the _Loyalist_, "of visiting
+York twice on the route round the Lake will be continued, we hope, as
+the number of persons travelling at this season of the year, having an
+opportunity of seeing York, will tend to enliven the town. The
+_Niagara_" it is added, "is a handsome and well-built boat, with a
+powerful engine, and most excellent accommodation for travellers." A
+_Loyalist_ of the following month (the number for Aug, 12, 1826) reports
+the _Niagara_ as bearing another kind of freight. She has on board, for
+one thing, 60 hogsheads of tobacco. "The steamboat _Niagara_, Capt.
+Mosier, arrived in port on Monday last from Prescott _via_ Niagara. On
+going on board," says the Editor of the _Loyalist_, "it afforded us much
+pleasure to find that her cargo consisted in part of sixty hogsheads of
+Leaf Tobacco for the Montreal market, the produce of the western part of
+the Province. The cultivation of this article of consumption," continues
+the _Loyalist_, "is attracting the attention of the farmers in the
+Western District, and a large quantity of it will be offered in the
+market this year. The next season it will be very much increased. The
+soil and climate of that part of the Province is represented as being
+well adapted to the growth of the tobacco plant, and the enterprise
+which is exhibited to secure the advantages thus held out, gives fair
+promise that the article will before long be added to the list of the
+staple productions of our country, and afford not only a sufficient
+supply for home consumption, but also form an important item in the
+schedule of Canadian exports."
+
+In the same number of the _Loyalist_ we hear again of Capt. Richardson's
+new steamboat, the _Canada_. We read of her first passage across from
+York to Niagara, thus: "The new steamboat _Canada_, Capt. Richardson,
+made her first trip to Niagara on Monday last, and went out of the
+harbour in fine style. Her appearance reflects much credit on her
+builder, Mr. Joseph Dennis; and the machinery, manufactured by Messrs.
+Wards of Montreal, is a specimen of superior workmanship. The combined
+excellence of the model and machinery of this boat is such," says the
+_Loyalist_, "as will render her what is usually termed 'a fast boat.'
+The trip to Niagara was performed in four hours and some minutes. Her
+present route, we observe, is advertised from York to Niagara and the
+Head of the Lake. In noticing this first trip of another steamboat,"
+continues the _Loyalist_, "we cannot help contrasting the present means
+of conveyance with those ten years ago. At that time only a few
+schooners navigated the Lake, and the passage was attended with many
+delays and much inconvenience. Now there are five steamboats, all
+affording excellent accommodation, and the means of expeditious
+travelling. The routes of each are so arranged that almost every day of
+the week the traveller may find opportunities of being conveyed from one
+extremity of the Lake to the other in a few hours. The _Niagara_ and
+_Queenston_ from Prescott, and the _Frontenac_ from Kingston once a
+week, and the _Canada_ and _Martha Ogden_ between York and Niagara and
+the Head of the Lake every day, afford facilities of communication which
+the most sanguine could scarcely have anticipated at the period we speak
+of. Independent of these boats, it must be mentioned that the _Cornwall_
+on Lake St. Louis makes a trip every day from Coteau du Lac to Cornwall;
+the _Dalhousie_ runs between Prescott and Kingston twice a week and
+conveys the mail; the _Charlotte_ and _Toronto_ once a week from
+Prescott to the Head of the Bay of Quinte; thus affording to every part
+of the country the same advantages of convenient intercourse. These are
+some of the evidences of improvement among us during the last few years
+which require no comment. They speak for themselves, and it must be
+pretty evident from such facts as these, that those who cannot, or will
+not, see the progress we are making, must be wilfully blind." (The
+closing remark was of course for the benefit of contemporary editors at
+York and elsewhere, who, from their political view of things, gave their
+readers the impression that Canada was a doomed country, going rapidly
+to perdition.)
+
+From the _Loyalist_ of Aug. 19, 1826, we learn that "the steamboat
+_Niagara_, on her trip from York to Kingston, had her machinery injured,
+and has put back into Bath to repair." In the same number of the
+_Loyalist_, we are told that the proprietor of the _Frontenac_ had
+fractured his leg. "We regret to hear," the _Loyalist_ says, "that an
+accident happened last week to John Hamilton, Esq., the proprietor of
+the steamboat _Frontenac_. In stepping out of a carriage at the Falls,
+he unfortunately broke his leg." In a _Loyalist_ of the following month
+(Sept. 2, 1826), we hear again of Sir Peregrine Maitland's movements in
+the _Frontenac_. The _Loyalist_ says: "His Excellency the
+Lieutenant-Governor and suite arrived in town (York) from Kingston
+yesterday morning, on board the _Frontenac_, and after remaining a few
+hours, proceeded to Stamford." The next _Loyalist_ (Sep. 9, 1826) speaks
+of an expeditious trip made by Capt. Mosier's _Niagara_. "The Steamboat
+_Niagara_, Capt. Mosier, made," it says, "her trip last week, from York
+to Prescott, and back again, in something less than four days, touching
+at the ports of Kingston, Gananoque and Brockville, going and returning,
+independent of the usual delay at Prescott. The distance is nearly five
+hundred miles."
+
+From the _Loyalist_ of Sept. 30, 1826, we hear of the steamboat
+_Queenston_, Capt. Whitney. A notice appears that "The steamboat
+_Queenston_, Capt. W. Whitney, will, during the remainder of the season,
+leave Niagara for Kingston and Prescott every Thursday at eight o'clock
+a.m., instead of 10 o'clock as heretofore. Queenston, Sept. 8, 1826."
+From a number of the _Loyalist_ in the following month (Oct. 7, 1826),
+we gather that an accident, which might have been very disastrous, had
+happened to the _Queenston_. "With pleasure," the Editor says, "we state
+that the steamboat _Queenston_ arrived here (York) on Thursday last,
+without having sustained any serious injury in consequence of the late
+accident which happened by her getting aground near Kingston. The
+apprehensions which were entertained for the safety of this fine boat
+are therefore happily removed. After getting off she returned to
+Prescott, where the necessary repairs were immediately made, and brought
+up several passengers and a full cargo."
+
+A communication from Hugh Richardson, Captain of the _Canada_, appears
+in the _Loyalist_ of Oct. 14, 1826. A passenger has leaped overboard
+from his vessel and been drowned. "To the Editor of the _U. E.
+Loyalist_. Sir,--On Friday evening a passenger on board the _Canada_, on
+her way from Burlington Beach to Niagara, was seen by the man at the
+helm to jump overboard. On the alarm being given, in an instant the
+sails were in, engine stopped, and boat lowered, into which I jumped
+with two hands, and rowed a quarter of a mile in our wake, but, I am
+sorry to say, without success. On returning aboard, his hat was found,
+as if deliberately placed near the gangway whence he jumped. The hat is
+a new white one, and beside the maker's name is written 'Joseph Jewell
+Claridge, Jersey City.' The hat contained a new red and yellow silk
+handkerchief, a pair of white cotton gloves, and three-quarters of a
+dollar in silver. He was a good-looking young man, well dressed, in blue
+coat, yellow waistcoat, black or blue pantaloons and boots. He had
+neither bundle nor luggage, and came on board at Burlington Beach. I am
+inclined to think from all appearances, and the trifle of money left in
+the hat, that distressed circumstances had pourtrayed, in a too
+sensitive mind, insurmountable evils, producing temporary derangement,
+during which the barriers of nature were broken down; and he rushed in
+frenzy before his Maker. Perhaps by your kindly inserting this it may
+meet the eye of some relation or friend, to whom, on application, the
+little articles he left will be restored. I am, Sir, your most obedient
+servant, Hugh Richardson. York, Oct. 3, 1826." (We shall have other
+communications of Capt. Richardson's brought under our notice shortly.
+They are always marked by vigour; and are now and then pleasantly racy
+of the profession to which the writer belonged.)
+
+The _Loyalist_ of Nov. 11, 1826, notices a second accident which has
+befallen Captain Mosier's vessel. It says: "The steamer _Niagara_, on
+her way from Prescott last week, unfortunately struck on a reef of rocks
+off Poplar Point, about fifty miles from Kingston, where, at the latest
+dates, she was lying on her beam ends, in about five feet of water. The
+_Queenston_ brought her passengers up," it is added, "on Saturday last;
+and we are informed that, owing to the exertions of Capt. Mosier, the
+greater part of her cargo has been forwarded to York. Yesterday a person
+who came from the _Niagara_, stated that she had received no damage from
+the late gales of wind, and as she has weathered these, we sincerely
+hope that she may be got off without much difficulty or injury." In the
+next number it is noted that "at the latest dates the steamboat
+_Niagara_ was still aground. The greatest exertions are making by Capt.
+Mosier to get her off. The weather has been tempestuous; but we are
+happy to hear that the _Niagara_ has not received any material injury."
+
+In this number is a notice that "a meeting of the stockholders of the
+Steampacket _Canada_ will be held at York, on board of the Boat, on
+Monday, the 4th of December, at 12 o'clock. By order of the Committee of
+Management. J. W. Gamble, Treasurer, York, 15th Nov., 1826."--One result
+of the meeting thus advertised is an address to the stockholders from
+Capt. Richardson, which appears in the _Loyalist_ of Dec. 9. The Captain
+is plainly uneasy in view of the possibility of the majority deciding
+that he shall not be in the sole charge and management of the _Canada_
+in the ensuing year. He announces his intention to visit England during
+the winter, for the purpose of raising funds among his friends which may
+enable him to buy out the few persons who are associated with him in the
+ownership of the boat. "Gentlemen," he says, "it having been decided at
+a Meeting of the Stockholders, held on board the _Canada_, that I should
+be invested with the sole charge and management of the boat the ensuing
+year, unless at a Meeting to be held the first Monday in March, other
+arrangements take place, I seize this opportunity, on the eve of my
+departure for England, to assure the Stockholders that I have made
+every arrangement for the safety of the boat and the necessary repairs.
+And at the same time I respectfully submit to them the ostensible motive
+of my voyage. Gentlemen, I am so deeply embarked in the speculation I
+have entered into, that the prospect of the stock depreciating, and of
+the boat's services and my own labours being rendered abortive in so
+lucrative a ferry as that betwixt York and Niagara, mainly by a
+plurality of the management, fills me with dismay. And, as I trust I am
+entitled to the confidence the Stockholders generally placed in my
+abilities, and am convinced that unless the power of management be
+invested in one person to act with all his energies in the scene of
+profits, to seize the advantages of market in the economy of the outlay
+with the discretion of a sole owner, loss and ruin to myself must ensue.
+With this view of the subject I embark for England to endeavour to raise
+funds and relieve those gentlemen who are averse to my management, and
+to take up the remainder of the stock, that they who so kindly confided
+in my assurances of individual profit, and placed implicit reliance in
+my integrity and abilities, may not be disappointed in their fair
+expectations. Confident that I possess the hearty wishes of success from
+many valuable patrons, in taking leave, I am happy to subscribe myself,
+Gentlemen, your most obedient humble servant, Hugh Richardson. York,
+Dec. 6, 1826."
+
+By the 24th of March in the following year (1827) he is back again in
+York. In the _Loyalist_ of the date just given is a second address to
+the stockholders, preparatory to the meeting which is to take place on
+the 2nd of April. He recounts his proceedings in England, and urges
+again his own appointment as sole manager of the _Canada_. As
+illustrative of the anxieties attendant at an early period, and at all
+periods, on individual personal enterprise, insufficiently supported,
+the document possesses an interest.
+
+"To the Stockholders in the _Canada_ Steamboat. Gentlemen, it must be
+fresh in the memory of you all that I am the original projector of the
+_Canada_; that my abilities, in whatever light they may be viewed, were
+wholly employed in planning, constructing and fitting her out. Facts
+have already proved that I led no one astray by false theories in her
+construction; and her engine is upon the model of the very best now
+generally in use in England. I have been all along by far the largest
+shareholder, and nearly the whole of the shares were taken up by
+gentlemen upon my personal solicitations, in doing which I did not fear,
+in the strongest language I was master of, to pledge the success of the
+undertaking, not only on the prospect of the lucrative ferry, but also
+upon the faith of my own personal exertions. Then do I infer too much by
+saying that a friendly disposition towards me, a confidence in my
+abilities and my integrity (with very few exceptions), was the basis
+upon which I met with such general patronage? However, after a certain
+period it was no longer possible to raise sufficient stock to complete
+the vessel; the expedient of borrowing was resorted to, and a debt of
+L1,200 contracted with the Bank. Upon this the boat commenced her
+operations, and ran from the 7th of August, a period of 98 days; during
+which time, Gentlemen, I look upon it as a matter of congratulation that
+at her very first starting, having an American boat to oppose her, the
+proceeds of the _Canada_ not only paid her current expenses, but also a
+sum of upwards of L200 in extraordinary outfit, including L40 insurance
+on money borrowed, also the interest thereon; L50 nearly for replacing
+her wheels repeatedly destroyed, and considerable repairs. I see nothing
+but what is most flattering in this her first outset. Thus it would have
+appeared had I made my report: and had I done it in the most favourable
+light, I should have thought, as one of the guardians of the property
+entrusted to my charge, that I was only fulfilling a duty I owed the
+Stockholders when I enhanced, rather than depreciated, its value. At the
+end of the season, from disappointments and expenses in collecting the
+amount of the shares taken up, there was found still wanting a sum of
+L400; and at the last general meeting this further sum was borrowed,
+hampering the boat with a debt of L1,000. At this crisis, at a very
+great personal expense, and at a greater sacrifice of domestic comfort,
+I set out for England to trespass upon my own immediate friends; and now
+return prepared to relieve the embarrassments of the boat, and am
+willing, in the face of representations that went to disparage the
+stock, to invest a much larger capital in the _Canada_; in doing which I
+confer a benefit upon the whole, and trust I give further proof of the
+sincerity of my professions, when I undertook the arduous task of
+getting up a Steamboat. But, Gentlemen, things have not gone as I
+wished, or as I intended; and, perhaps, I am the only person who will
+have property invested in this vessel to such an amount as to make it of
+vital importance that success should attend the adventure. Therefore,
+upon this ground, upon the ground of my being the projector of this
+vessel, upon the responsibility of my situation as Master, ostensible
+agent, and possessing owner, I most earnestly solicit your particular
+support to my appointment as managing owner of this vessel; and to that
+effect may I again solicit the most general attendance of the
+Stockholders at the meeting to be held on board the _Canada_ the second
+of April. I am, Gentlemen, your very obedient and very humble servant,
+Hugh Richardson. York, 24th March, 1827."
+
+It is to be supposed that Capt. Richardson's views were adopted at the
+meeting.
+
+In the _Loyalist_ for May 5, 1827, we have him subscribing himself
+"Managing Owner," to the following notice: "The _Canada_ British
+Steam-Packet, Capt. Hugh Richardson, leaves Niagara daily for York at 7
+o'clock in the morning, and starts from York for Niagara every day at 2
+o'clock in the afternoon. The _Canada_ crosses the Lake in the short
+space of four hours and a half, and affords travellers arriving at the
+Falls an expeditious and convenient opportunity of visiting the Capital
+of Upper Canada. Fare: Cabin passage, two dollars; Deck and Fore Cabin,
+one dollar. Passengers returning immediately with the boat will only pay
+half the above prices for the return. Hugh Richardson, Managing Owner.
+York, April 21, 1827."
+
+In 1827 Capt. Richardson was the recipient of an honorary present of a
+Key Bugle. In the _Loyalist_ of June 30, '27, we read the following
+card:--"Mr. Richardson takes this opportunity of acknowledging the
+receipt of a Key Bugle from the young gentlemen of York, accompanied by
+a letter expressive of their esteem and approbation of his conduct in
+the management of the _Canada_. In returning his sincere thanks for the
+above mark of their valued esteem and the high compliment paid him in
+the accompanying letter, he must look upon the warm and friendly
+colouring which they have been pleased to give to his conduct, as a
+picture drawn by the free and generous hand of youth, rather to emulate,
+than having semblance to the original. Nevertheless, his aim has ever
+been, and ever will be, to do credit to those who placed him where he
+is, and to support the character of a British seaman. York, 30th June,
+1827."
+
+From a preceding number of the _Loyalist_ in this year we learn that on
+the 20th of April the mate of the _Canada_ was accidentally drowned. The
+paper just mentioned says:--"George Reid, mate of the Steamboat
+_Canada_, was last night drowned by falling from the plank leading from
+the wharf to the vessel. It is painful to hear that the unfortunate man
+leaves a wife and five children to deplore his sudden loss."
+
+The _Loyalist_ of the 7th of that month says: "His Excellency the
+Lieutenant-Governor and family left York for Stamford on Wednesday
+morning last, on board the Steamboat _Queenston_. His Excellency's
+departure was announced by a salute from the Garrison."
+
+On May the 12th the _Queenston_ has returned from Niagara, and meets
+with a casualty at York. The _Loyalist_ of the 19th says: "The Steamboat
+_Queenston_ met with an accident while lying at the wharf here on
+Saturday last. In raising the steam before proceeding to Niagara, the
+boiler was partially burst. The accident was not attended with any
+serious consequences. The _Queenston_ was delayed until the following
+Thursday in making the necessary repairs, before she proceeded on her
+voyage."
+
+In June this year (1827) the _Niagara_ has been removed from the spot
+where she was run ashore last year, and is undergoing repairs at
+Kingston. In the _Loyalist_ of June 16, 1827, we read: "We are happy to
+hear that the Steamboat _Niagara_ has been got off the rocks near Long
+Point, and that she is now lying in the harbour at Kingston, undergoing
+repairs. She is stated to have received but little damage; and it was
+expected that in the course of a month she would commence her regular
+trips across the Lake."
+
+In the _Loyalist_ of May 26, 1827, we hear once more of the _Frontenac_.
+She is laid up, we are told, and a steamer to succeed her is to be
+built: "We are happy to hear," the _Loyalist_ says, "that Captain
+McKenzie, late in command of the _Frontenac_ (now laid up), has made
+arrangements for building a new boat, to be propelled by an engine of
+greater power than that of any other now navigating the Lake. The
+acknowledged ability of Capt. McKenzie while in command of the
+_Frontenac_, the regularity with which her trips were performed, and the
+attention he at all times bestowed to the comfort and convenience of his
+passengers, induce us to hope that the undertaking he has commenced will
+be speedily carried into effect."
+
+In the _Loyalist_ of June 9th, 1827, the _Frontenac_ is offered for sale
+by auction at Kingston. In the advertisement, the historical machinists
+Boulton & Watt are named as the makers of her engine: "By Public
+Auction. Will be sold on Monday, the second of July next, at Kingston,
+as she now lays (_sic_) at the wharf, the Steamboat _Frontenac_, with
+her anchors, chain-cables, rigging, &c. Also the engine, of 50 horse
+power, manufactured by Messrs. Watt & Boulton. Sale to commence at 10
+o'clock a.m., on board. For any further information application to made
+to Mr. Strange, Kingston, or to John Hamilton, Queenston. June 1, 1827."
+
+Possibly no sale was effected, for we learn from the _Loyalist_ of Sept.
+1 that the _Frontenac_ was to be removed to Niagara by Mr. Hamilton. The
+_Loyalist_ copies from the Upper Canada _Herald_, published at Kingston,
+the following paragraph: "Yesterday the old _Frontenac_, under the care
+of R. Hamilton, Esq., left Kingston for Niagara, where, we understand,
+she is to be broken up. Mr. Hamilton is preparing materials for a new
+boat of about 350 tons."
+
+We then gather from a _Loyalist_ of Sept. 29, 1827, that while lying at
+the wharf at Niagara, the _Frontenac_ was mischievously set fire to. The
+paper just named says: "The Messrs. Hamilton, proprietors of the
+Steamboat _Frontenac_, have offered a reward of L100 for the discovery
+of the persons who set fire to that vessel some time ago. The
+_Frontenac_, after being fired, was loosed from her moorings, and had
+drifted some distance into the Lake, when she was met by the _Niagara_,
+Capt. Mosier, who took her in tow, and succeeded in bringing her to the
+wharf at Niagara, where after some exertions the flames were
+extinguished."
+
+This, as we suppose, terminates the history of the _Frontenac_, the
+first steamboat on Lake Ontario.
+
+As associated with Boulton & Watt's engine, spoken of above, we must
+mention the name of Mr. John Leys, for some years Capt. McKenzie's chief
+engineer on board the _Frontenac_. At the outset of steam navigation,
+men competent to superintend the working of the machinery of a steamboat
+were, of course, not numerous, and Captains were obliged in some degree
+to humour their chief engineer when they had secured the services of
+one. Capt. McKenzie, it would be said, was somewhat tyrannized over by
+Mr. Leys, who was a Scot, not very tractable; and the _Frontenac's_
+movements, times of sailing, and so on, were very much governed by a
+will in the hold, independent of that of the ostensible Commander. Mr.
+Leys, familiarly spoken of as Jock Leys, was long well known in York.
+
+In July, 1827, the _Queenston_ was engaged in the transfer of troops.
+In the _Loyalist_ of July 21, 1827, we read: "Detachments of the 68th
+Regiment for Amherstburg, under the command of Captain North; Fort
+George, Captain Melville; and Penetanguishene, Ensign Medley, were on
+board the _Queenston_, and proceeded on Tuesday last to their several
+destinations. On Thursday the _Queenston_ returned to York from Niagara,
+when the first division of the 70th Regiment embarked to proceed to
+Lower Canada." In her next trip the _Queenston_ brought more troops, and
+took more away. In the _Loyalist_ of the 28th of July we read: "The
+first division of the 68th Regiment for this Garrison arrived by the
+_Queenston_ on Tuesday, and on her return a second detachment of the
+70th proceeded to Lower Canada. The exchanges are now we believe nearly
+completed," the _Loyalist_ adds. In the number for August 4, the
+_Queenston_ is once more spoken of as engaged in the conveyance of
+troops to and from York. "The head-quarter division of the 68th
+Regiment, under the command of Major Winniett, arrived on Tuesday
+morning, and on Thursday that of the 70th Regiment, under Lieut.-Colonel
+Evans, embarked on board the steamboat _Queenston_. During the short
+stay made by the 70th Regiment in this garrison," the _Loyalist_ says,
+"their conduct has been such as to secure to them the same kind feelings
+which have been expressed towards them by the inhabitants of the towns
+in both Provinces where they have at different times been stationed.
+They are now on their return to their native country, after a long and
+honourable period of service in the Canadas, and they carry with them
+the best wishes of the inhabitants for their future welfare and
+prosperity." When thus announcing the departure of the 70th Regiment,
+the _Loyalist_ adds: "We cannot but notice with pleasure the arrival of
+so distinguished a corps as the 68th amongst us." The standing
+advertisement of the _Queenston_ for this year may be added: "Lake
+Ontario Steam-Boat Notice: The Public are informed that the Steam-Boat
+_Queenston_, Captain James Whitney, has commenced making her regular
+trips, and will during the summer leave the different Ports as follows:
+Leave Niagara for Kingston, Brockville, and Prescott, every Thursday
+morning at 8 o'clock precisely; and leave Prescott on her return for
+Brockville, Kingston and York, every Sunday, at 12 o'clock, noon.
+Arrangements have been made with Messrs. Norton and Co., Stage
+Proprietors, Prescott, by which passengers going down will arrive at
+Montreal on Saturday evening; and passengers proceeding upwards will,
+by leaving Montreal on Saturday morning, arrive at Prescott in time to
+take the Boat. Every endeavour has been made to render the accommodation
+and fare on board of the best description. Queenston, May 25, 1827."
+
+In a _Loyalist_ of this period we have a communication from Captain
+Richardson, of the _Canada_, giving an authentic account of the swamping
+of a small boat in the attempt to put a passenger on board his steamer
+in the Niagara river. This characteristic letter contains some excellent
+directions as to the proper method of boarding a steamer when under way.
+
+"To the Editor of the _U. E. Loyalist_.--Sir, according to your request,
+and to prevent misrepresentation, I herewith furnish you with the
+particulars of the little accident that occurred to a Ferry Boat in
+Niagara River, in attempting to board the _Canada_. On Saturday last as
+the _Canada_ passed the lower ferry, coming out of Niagara river, a boat
+put off with a passenger, and contrary to the rule laid down to admit of
+no delays after the hour of departure, I ordered the engine to be
+stopped, to take the passenger on board. The Ferryman, instead of rowing
+to the gangway of the _Canada_, pulled the boat stem on to her bow
+before the water wheel. The vessel going through the water, all
+possibility of retreat from that position was precluded, and the
+inevitable swamping of the boat ensued. Fortunately the engine was
+entirely stopped: the Ferryman had the good luck to get hold of the
+wheel and ascend by it. The passenger, after passing under it, clung to
+the floating skiff. No time was lost in going to his relief with the
+boats of the _Canada_, and both escaped uninjured. Any comment upon the
+impropriety of boarding a steam vessel before the water wheel would be
+absurd; but I may be allowed to advise this general rule to all persons
+going alongside of a steam vessel, viz.: always to board to leeward,
+never to attempt to cross her hawse, but to bring the boat's head round
+in the same direction with the vessel under way; row up on her lee
+quarter double oar's length distance, until abreast of the gangway; then
+gradually sheer alongside, keeping as much as possible in parallel line
+with the direction of the vessel you are boarding. I am, sir, your very
+obedient servant, Hugh Richardson, Master of the _Canada_."
+
+A passage from Captain Richardson's "Report on the Preservation and
+Improvement of the Harbour," to which in 1854 a supplementary or extra
+premium of L75 was awarded by the Harbour Commissioners, may be quoted
+as a further example of the neat employment of a sailor's technical
+language. (He is arguing against cutting a canal into the Harbour at the
+Carrying Place, where the great irruption of the waters of the lake
+subsequently took place.) "With wind at S. W., and stormy," he says,
+"(such a canal) would be valuable for exit, but for entrance from the
+east, every nautical man would prefer making a stretch out into the open
+Lake, weathering the Light at one long board, and rounding into the
+Harbour with a fair wind, to hauling through the Canal, coming in dead
+upon a lee shore, and having to beat up the Bay in short tacks." Some
+twenty years previously similar views had been expressed in a printed
+essay on York Harbour--a production in which, in his zeal for the
+well-being of the Bay, Captain Richardson said some hard things of the
+river Don, which we may here notice. The person who had uttered an
+imprecation on the North Pole, Sidney Smith pronounced capable of
+speaking evil next even of the Equator. Of what enormity of language
+must not the dwellers by the stream which pours its tribute into the
+Harbour of York, have thought Captain Richardson capable, when they
+heard him in his haste call that respectable stream "a monster of
+ingratitude," "an insidious monster," "the destroying cancer of the
+Port?" "From the moment that the peninsula raised its protecting head
+above the waters, and screened the Don from the surges of the Lake, the
+Don," Captain Richardson says, "like a monster of ingratitude, has
+displayed such destructive industry as to displace by its alluvial
+disgorgings by far the greater part of the body of water originally
+enclosed by the peninsula. The whole of the marsh to the East, once deep
+and clear water, is," he asserts, "the work of the Don, and in the Bay
+of York, where now its destructive mouths are turned, vegetation shews
+itself in almost every direction, prognosticating" as he speaks, "the
+approaching conversion of this beautiful sheet of water into another
+marshy delta of the Don." Fothergill, too, in an address to the Electors
+of the County of Durham, in 1826, indulges in a fling at the river which
+pays its tribute to the Harbour of York. After quoting some strong words
+of the elder Pitt in the British House of Commons on the subject of
+public robbery and national plunder, he adds: "Perhaps the very quoting
+of such language will be deemed treasonable within the pestilential
+range of the vapours of the marsh of the great Don, and of the city of
+many waters," meaning York, the head-quarters of the Government. "But
+the Don, the poor unconscious object of all this invective, is in
+reality no more to blame than is the savage because he is a savage, not
+having had a chance to be anything else. In proceeding to lay the
+foundation of a delta of solid land at its mouth, the Don followed the
+precedent of other streams, in conformity with the physical conditions
+of its situation. When at length the proper hour arrived, and the right
+men appeared, possessed of the intelligence, the vigour and the wealth
+equal to the task of bettering nature by art on a considerable scale,
+then at once the true value and capabilities of the Don were brought out
+into view. Speedily then were its channel and outlet put to their proper
+and foreordained use, being transformed by means of cribwork and
+embankments into a convenient interior harbour for Toronto, an
+arrangement of high importance to the interests of a now populous
+quarter, where some of the most striking developments of business
+activity and manufacturing enterprise that the capital of Ontario can
+boast of, have been witnessed."
+
+But to return. We were tracing the fortunes of Captain Richardson's
+boat, the _Canada_, in 1827.
+
+In July, 1827, the _Canada_ met with an accident. She broke her main
+shaft on the Lake. The _Loyalist_ of the 4th of August says: "We regret
+to state that the steam-boat _Canada_, while crossing the Lake from
+Niagara on Tuesday last, unfortunately broke her main shaft. The
+accident we hope is not of such a nature as to deprive us any great
+length of time of the convenience which that excellent Boat has afforded
+us of daily communication with Niagara." In the paper of August 18th it
+is announced that the _Canada_ is all right again. "The _Canada_, we are
+happy to state, has again commenced making her usual trips to Niagara:
+she left the Harbour yesterday afternoon." Towards the close of the
+season we have a record of the brave buffetings of this vessel with an
+easterly gale on the Lake. "On Monday last," says the _Loyalist_ of the
+27th October, "we were visited by one of those violent gales of easterly
+wind, accompanied with torrents of rain, not unusual at this season of
+the year. The Steam-Boat _Canada_, at 10 o'clock in the morning, when
+there was an appearance of the storm moderating, left the Niagara river
+for York. She had not proceeded far on her voyage however, when the gale
+increased with greater violence than before, and in a short time both
+her masts were carried away, and some damage done to her chimney.
+Fortunately her engine remained uninjured, and enabled her at about
+five in the afternoon to reach the wharf in safety. The _Canada_ has
+made some of her trips in the most boisterous weather, and deservedly
+bears the name of an excellent sea boat. She suffered no delay from the
+damage she had sustained, and left the Harbour the following morning for
+Niagara. The weather since Monday continues boisterous and cold."
+
+On December 1st, the _Loyalist_ announces that "the _Canada_ Steam Boat
+made her last trip from Niagara on Tuesday, and is now laid up for the
+winter." In the following spring, on the 27th of March, she takes over
+Sir Peregrine Maitland. "His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor and
+family left York," says the _Loyalist_ of March 29, 1828, "on Thursday
+morning for Stamford. His Excellency embarked on board the _Canada_
+Steam Packet under a salute from the Garrison." A communication from the
+Captain appears in the _Loyalist_ of the 12th of April, having reference
+to this trip. He replies to some strictures in the _Colonial Advocate_
+on some alleged exclusiveness exhibited by Sir Peregrine while crossing
+the Lake in the _Canada_. "Having observed in the _Colonial Advocate_ of
+the 3rd of April, under the head of Civilities, that His Excellency the
+Lieutenant-Governor engaged the whole of the two cabins of the _Canada_
+for himself and family, and would not allow even the Members of Assembly
+who were returning home to go over that day, except as deck passengers,
+I have to declare the same an impudent falsehood. His Excellency having
+condescended to intimate to me his desire to remove his family and
+household as early as possible, I hastened the equipment of the _Canada_
+expressly on His Excellency's account, contrary to my intentions, and
+the requisite delay for outfit until 1st April. To all applications for
+passage on the day fixed for His Excellency's embarkation I replied, I
+considered the vessel at His Excellency's orders. The moment His
+Excellency came on board, and understood that I was excluding
+passengers, I received His Excellency's orders to take on board every
+passenger that wished to embark. The only further intimation I received
+of His Excellency's pleasure was, on my application to know if I should
+stop at Niagara, I received for answer that His Excellency had no desire
+to stop there, but if I wished it, it could make no difference to His
+Excellency. Born and bred under a Monarchical Government, educated in
+the discipline of a British seaman, I have not yet learned the
+insolence of elbowing a desire (in right, an order) of the
+Representative of my Sovereign, by an impertinent wish of my own. I have
+only to say that as long as I command the _Canada_, and have a rag of
+colour to hoist, my proudest day will be when it floats at her mast-head
+indicative of the presence and commands of the Representative of my
+King. Hugh Richardson, Master and Managing Owner of the _Canada_
+Steam-Packet. April 11th, 1828. P.S. Perhaps Dr. Lefferty being a Member
+on the right side, who embarked on board the _Canada_, and who did me
+the honour of a call a night or two before, for information, may confirm
+this."
+
+Captain Richardson, as we can see, was a man of chivalrous temperament.
+His outward physique, moreover, corresponded with his character. His
+form was lithe, graceful and officer-like. It was not alone when the
+Governor of the Province happened to be present that established
+distinctions in society were required to be observed on board the
+_Canada_ steam-packet. At all times he was particular on this point.
+This brought him into collision occasionally with democratically
+disposed spirits, especially from the opposite side of the Lake; but he
+did not scruple to maintain his rules by main force when extreme
+measures were necessary, calling to his aid the stout arms of a trusty
+crew.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  XXXII.
+
+  THE HARBOUR: ITS MARINE 1828-1863.
+
+
+The _Canada's_ advertisement for the season of 1828 appears in the
+_Loyalist_ of April 2. It differs a little from the one previously
+given. "The British steam-packet _Canada_, Captain Hugh Richardson,
+plying between York and Niagara, weather permitting, leaves Niagara,
+&c., &c., as before. N.B.--A gun will be fired and colours hoisted
+twenty-five minutes before starting."
+
+It is interesting to observe that the traffic of the harbour carried on
+by schooners is still such as to require additional vessels of that
+class. In the _Loyalist_ of April 19, 1828, the following item
+appears:--"A new schooner called the _Canadian_ was launched here (York)
+yesterday morning. She is owned by Mr. Gamble and Capt. Bowkett, the
+latter of whom, we understand, takes command of her." From the same
+number of the _Loyalist_ we learn that "the launch of Mr. Hamilton's new
+Steam Boat at Niagara was expected to take place on the 21st instant. In
+the paper of the 17th, the launch of another schooner at York is
+recorded. "A fine schooner called _George the Fourth_ was launched here
+on Wednesday last. Burthen about 70 or 80 tons." In June this schooner
+is bringing emigrants to York. "During the last week," the _Loyalist_ of
+June 7th says, "several families of emigrants, arrived from Great
+Britain by the spring shipping at Quebec, have reached York. The new
+schooner _George the Fourth_ landed nearly one hundred persons, besides
+those which have been brought up by the steam-boats and other vessels."
+The case is then mentioned of the very reprehensible conduct of the
+master of one of the Lake schooners (the name is withheld), "who,
+regardless of the consequences to several families who had taken passage
+from Prescott to York on board his vessel, landed a body of emigrant
+settlers on Gibraltar Point, during the last week, instead of putting
+them, with their baggage, on one of the wharves in the Harbour--in
+consequence of which, women and helpless children were exposed during a
+whole night to the violence of a tremendous storm of rain, without any
+shelter, and, from ignorance of their situation, unable to get to the
+town. On Thursday morning the schooner _Catherine_, Captain Campbell,
+relieved them from their uncomfortable situation, and landed them safely
+in York.
+
+In the _Loyalist_ of June 28, 1828, the arrival in York Harbour of the
+steamer lately launched at Niagara as successor to the _Frontenac_ is
+noticed. She is named the _Alciope_. "The new steam-boat _Alciope_,
+lately built at Niagara, owned by Robert Hamilton, Esq., and under the
+command of Capt. McKenzie, late of the _Frontenac_, with a number of
+ladies and gentlemen on a party of pleasure, made her first entry into
+our Harbour on Thursday last. She is a fine model, and fitted up in a
+most elegant and convenient manner for passengers. She commences her
+regular trips, we understand, next week: and under the command of Capt.
+McKenzie, so well known for his skill and experience as a seaman, and
+for attention to his passengers, we have no doubt the _Alciope_ will be
+found a valuable acquisition to the regular communication which is now
+afforded by means of the several steamboats plying on the Lake; and that
+she will receive a share of that public patronage which is so deservedly
+bestowed upon the owners and commanders of other boats, whose public
+spirited exertions are deserving of the highest praise."
+
+_Alciope_ is a singular name, taken as we suppose from the Greek
+mythology, betokening, it may have been thought, one of the Nereids,
+although we are not aware that the name occurs on the roll of that very
+large family. One of the several wives of the mighty Hercules was a
+daughter of Alciopus; she consequently may be conceived to have been an
+Alciope. But how Mr. Hamilton, of Queenston, or Captain McKenzie, came
+to think of such a recherche name for the new steamer is a mystery which
+we wish we could clear up. It is certain that the selection led to
+mispronunciations and misconceptions on the part of the general public.
+By the unlearned she was usually spoken of as the _Alci-ope_, of course.
+By a kind of antagonism among the unwashed she was the _All-soap_. In a
+similar way, Captain McIntosh's vessel, the _Eunice_, which frequented
+the harbour at an early period, was almost always popularly and
+excusably termed the _Euneece_.
+
+In the year 1828, Commodore Barrie was in York Harbour. "His Majesty's
+schooner _Cockburn_," says the _Loyalist_ of June 7, "bearing the broad
+pennon of Commodore Barrie, entered this port on Monday last, and on
+landing at the Garrison, the Commodore was received by a salute, which
+was returned from the schooner. The yacht _Bullfrog_ was in company with
+the _Cockburn_. Commodore Barrie," it is added, "proceeds by land to
+Lake Simcoe, and thence on a tour of inspection at the several Naval
+Depots of the Lakes."
+
+In the _Loyalist_ of June 21, Capt. Richardson is taking time by the
+forelock and advertising for dry pine to be supplied as fuel for the
+_Canada_ in the following season of 1829. "Steam-boat Notice. Persons
+willing to supply the _Canada_ Steam-packet with dry pine for the
+ensuing season of 1829, will please make application immediately to the
+subscriber for the contract. Hugh Richardson, Master and Managing Owner
+of the _Canada_ Steam-packet. York, June, 20, 1828." On the 30th of
+August we have:--"Until further notice the _Canada_ Steam-packet will
+leave York as soon after her arrival as she has received her supply of
+wood, firing a gun, and hoisting colours half an hour before starting."
+We have also a notice in regard to the _Alciope_ in the _Loyalist_ of
+Sept. 6:--"The steam-boat _Alciope_ will take freight and passengers
+from this port (York) during the remainder of the season, every Saturday
+morning at 6 o'clock, on her way down from Niagara to Prescott, to
+commence to-morrow. York, 20th August."
+
+From the _Loyalist_ of Sept 27, 1828, we learn that Mr. George Savage
+has been appointed to the Collectorship of the port of York. He himself
+announces the fact to the public in the following advertisement:--"His
+Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor having been pleased to appoint me to
+the Collectorship of Customs for this port, I beg leave to acquaint the
+merchants, shipowners, and others having business to transact with this
+branch of the revenue after the first day of October next, that I have
+temporarily established an office in part of the premises fronting on
+Duke Street, occupied by Mr. Columbus. George Savage, Collector. York,
+26th September, 1828." Bulky in form and somewhat consequential in
+manner, Mr. Savage was a conspicuous figure in York down to the time of
+his death in 1835, when he was succeeded by Mr. Thos. Carfrae. Mr.
+Savage was, as his office required him to be, vigilant in respect of the
+dues leviable at the Port of York. But the contrabandists were
+occasionally too adroit for him. We have heard of a number of kegs or
+barrels, supposed to contain spirits, confidentially reported to him as
+sunk in the depths of the bay, near one of the wharves, which kegs or
+barrels, when carefully fished up and conveyed to Mr. Mosley's rooms to
+be disposed of by auction, were found, on being tapped, to contain
+harmless water; but while Mr. Savage and his men were busily engaged in
+making this profitless seizure, the real wares--teas, spirits, and so
+on--which were sought to be illicitly introduced, were landed without
+molestation in Humber Bay. The practice of smuggling was, we believe,
+rather rife in and about the harbour of York in the olden time. In a
+_Gazette_ of 1820 (Nov. 30), we observe the schooner _Industry_
+advertised for sale by the Custom House authorities as having been taken
+in the act; and on the 17th of October, 1821, Mr. Allan reports to the
+magistrates, at Quarter Sessions, that he had seized ten barrels of
+salt, in which were found concealed kegs of tobacco to the value of five
+pounds and upwards, brought to York from the United States in an
+American schooner, called the _New Haven_, A. Johnson, master. The
+Magistrates declared the whole forfeited to the "King." At the same time
+a system of illicit reciprocity was in vogue, and the products of Canada
+were introduced, or sought to be introduced, into the domain of the
+United States, sometimes in singular ways. On one occasion Daniel
+Lambert, a gigantic wax-figure, returned from Canada to the United
+States replete with articles designed for import without entry. The
+Albany _Argus_ of the day thus describes the adventure:--"Daniel Lambert
+turned smuggler.--This mammoth gentleman of wax, who is exhibited for
+the admiration of the curious in every part of the country, was lately
+met on his way from Canada by a Custom House officer, who, remarking the
+rotundity of Daniel's corporation, had the curiosity to subject it to a
+critical inspection; when, lo! instead of flesh and blood, or even
+straw, the entire fabric of this unwieldy gentleman was found to be
+composed of fine English cloths and kerseymeres."
+
+Towards the close of the year 1828 we have Capt. Mosier's marriage
+mentioned in a number of the _Loyalist_ (for Dec. 13), thus: "Married
+at Prescott, on the 20th ult., Capt John Mosier, Master of the _Niagara_
+Steam-packet, to Miss Caroline F. Munro, second daughter of Major Munro,
+of Edwardsburgh."
+
+In January, 1829, the schooner _George Canning_ was plying between York
+and Niagara, the weather being open. In the Niagara _Herald_ of Jan. 29,
+1829, we have the notice, "Conveyance to York, Upper Canada, by the
+fast-sailing schooner _George Canning_, commanded by Capt J. Whitney.
+The public are respectfully informed that during the continuance of the
+present open season the above schooner will ply as a Packet between York
+and Niagara. From being perfectly new and thoroughly found, she is with
+confidence recommended as a safe and easy mode of conveyance to the
+capital of Upper Canada. For information in regard to time of departure,
+application to be made to Capt. Whitney on board, or at Chrysler's Inn,
+Niagara. January 22, 1829." The _Loyalist_ of April 4 in this year,
+1829, reports that "the steamboat _Canada_ is ready to commence her
+trips to and from Niagara as soon as the ice is out of the bay. It has
+broken up a good deal," the _Loyalist_ says, "within the last few days,
+and from its appearance after the late rain we may hope that the
+navigation will soon be open. Schooners have been crossing the Lake for
+some time past. Last year the first steamboat from Kingston arrived here
+on the fifth of April." The usual advertisement of the _Canada's_
+movements for the season appears in this number of the _Loyalist_.
+
+In May the steamer _Niagara_ brought up Bishop Macdonell. The _Loyalist_
+of May 9, 1829, notes his arrival at York:--"The R. C. Bishop, the Rev.
+Mr. Macdonell, arrived here in the steamboat _Niagara_ on Tuesday last,
+accompanied by the Rev. W. Macdonell." It is added:--"The Rev. Messrs.
+Fraser and Chisholm arrived on the Thursday following in the _Alciope_."
+In this month the _Queenston_ takes away troops from York. In the
+_Loyalist_ of May 16, 1829, the following item appears:--"The first
+division of the 68th Regiment, under the command of Capt. Macdonell, _en
+route_ to Montreal, left York on Tuesday last, on board the _Queenston_.
+The _Alciope_, from Kingston, brings intelligence of their having
+arrived at that place on the following day." The same paper reports that
+"the steam-boats have some difficulty in getting into the Niagara River
+from the large quantities of ice passing down from the Upper Lake." And
+again in the same paper, under date of Niagara, May 11:--"The ice from
+Lake Erie has been running most of the last week, and continues to run
+to-day--so much so that the river, we believe, has not been passable
+since nine o'clock this morning."
+
+A notice of the opening of navigation at Buffalo this year appears in
+the _Loyalist_ of May 23, copied from the Buffalo _Republican_ of the
+16th of May. The scene is graphically depicted. "The schooner _Eagle_,"
+the _Republican_ says, "was the first vessel that entered our harbour
+this season. She ploughed her way through three or four miles of
+floating ice to the gratification of about a thousand spectators." The
+_Republican_ also gives the following, which presents us with even
+grander spectacles:--"On Thursday morning the steamboat _Pioneer_
+started through the ice on her first trip to Dunkirk, with a full load
+of passengers. In the afternoon the steamer _William Penn_, Capt.
+Wright, commenced her first trip to Detroit, having on board upwards of
+400 passengers destined to Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan." "On Friday,
+about noon," the Buffalo paper then adds, "the steamboat _Henry Clay_,
+Norton, having previously arrived from Black Rock, left our harbour in
+fine style, having a heavy and full load of passengers. The steamboat
+_Niagara_, Pease, will leave on Monday for Detroit, as we understand."
+
+A casualty in York Bay is noticed in the _Loyalist_ of Oct. 4, 1828.
+"Mr. William Crone, contractor for gravelling the streets of the town,
+was unfortunately drowned on Saturday last. It appears that Mr. Crone
+was knocked overboard from the Durham boat, in which he was bringing a
+load of gravel from the Island, by the sudden shifting of the boom, and,
+being stunned by the blow, sunk before assistance could be rendered to
+him."
+
+In Oct., 1828, Sir Peregrine Maitland arrives in York Harbour on board
+of the yacht _Bullfrog_, compelled to put in by stress of weather. He
+was on his way from the Lower Province to Niagara. "His Excellency Sir
+P. Maitland, after having visited Quebec, returning by the route of the
+Rideau Canal, arrived at York," says the _Loyalist_ of Oct. 18, "on
+Monday morning from Kingston, on board His Majesty's yacht _Bullfrog_,
+Commodore Barrie, and on landing was received by a salute from the
+garrison. It was His Excellency's intention, we understand, to have
+landed at Niagara, but the _Bullfrog_ having encountered a heavy gale on
+the previous night, was obliged to make for York. His Excellency
+proceeded to Niagara on Wednesday by the _Canada_, and Commodore Barrie
+with the _Bullfrog_ left the harbour on the same day on return to
+Kingston." Sir Peregrine, we may observe, was on the point of leaving
+Upper Canada, having been appointed to the Government of Nova Scotia.
+The arrival of his successor at New York is announced in the same paper.
+"The packet ship _Corinthian_ arrived at New York on the evening of the
+7th instant. Sir John Colborne and family were passengers in the
+_Corinthian_, and may therefore be daily expected at this place (York)."
+It is announced in the same paper that "a public dinner will be given to
+His Excellency Sir Peregrine Maitland, previous to his departure from
+this Province. Tickets of admission to be had at Messrs. Meighan's." In
+the number for November 4, we have an account of the addresses which are
+being presented to Sir Peregrine on the occasion of his departure, with
+the remark:--"The expressions of respect for his administration of the
+Government, and of personal esteem towards His Excellency and family,
+which these addresses contain, afford the most satisfactory testimonials
+that the sincere and anxious desire of His Excellency for the
+improvement of the country and the happiness of its inhabitants are duly
+appreciated when the period of a long and arduous administration is
+about to terminate. These, together with the approbation of his
+Sovereign, fully evinced by the more important Civil and Military
+honours conferred upon him, cannot but be gratifying, as well to His
+Excellency as to the inhabitants of the Province generally." And again
+in the _Loyalist_ of the 15th Nov., it is stated that "the last
+_Gazette_ contains addresses to His Excellency Sir Peregrine Maitland,
+on his departure from the Province--from the Magistrates, Grand Jury,
+and Bar of the London District, in Quarter Sessions assembled; from the
+towns of Kingston and Brockville, and from Grimsby, all expressing the
+same sentiments of personal regard and respect for his administration of
+this Government, as those which were previously presented from other
+places to His Excellency."
+
+On Monday, the 10th of November, the new Governor, Sir John Colborne, is
+at the Falls, making explorations there, while the steamer _Canada_ is
+taking the luggage on board at Lewiston, preparatory to the passage over
+to York. The Niagara _Gleaner_, quoted in the _Loyalist_, says:--"On
+Monday last His Excellency Sir John Colborne paid a visit to the Falls.
+His own elegant carriage, drawn by four spirited horses, furnished by
+Mr. Chrysler, carried his Excellency's lady, her sister Miss Yonge, and
+five children. His Excellency went on horseback, accompanied by Capt.
+Phillpotts, of the Royal Engineers. In the meantime the steamer _Canada_
+went to Lewiston, took in His Excellency's luggage, and was ready to
+receive His Excellency and family at an early hour on Tuesday morning.
+On the departure of the vessel a salute was fired from Fort George. We
+have been informed," the _Gleaner_ adds, "that His Excellency was highly
+gratified with the first view of the Province and the friendly reception
+he met with; also of the good things he partook of at the hotel, much of
+which was the produce of the Province."
+
+Capt. McKenzie died August 27, 1832, aged 50. At the time of his death
+he was engaged in the construction of a steamer at the head of the Lake,
+and of another on Lake Simcoe. In 1832 Capt. Elmsley is offering for
+sale his yacht the _Dart_. In the York _Sapper_ and _Miner_ of Oct. 25,
+1832, we read the notice:--"For sale, the fast-sailing cutter _Dart_,
+221/2 tons burden, with or without rigging, sails, and other furniture.
+For particulars enquire of the Hon. John Elmsley. York, 24th May, 1832."
+There is an accidental prolepsis in the "Hon." He was not appointed to a
+seat in the Upper House until after 1837. Capt. Elmsley, with his
+friend, Mr. Jeffrey Hale, afterwards of Quebec, left the service of the
+Royal Navy about 1832. In 1837 Captain Elmsley was appointed to the
+command of a Government vessel carrying two swivel-guns on the Lower St.
+Lawrence. He subsequently settled for a time on his estate known as
+Clover Hill, where he expended considerable sums of money in farming
+operations. Later he again undertook the command of a vessel, the _James
+Coleman_, trading on his own account between Halifax and Quebec. He
+afterwards, for a time, commanded one of the mail steamers on Lake
+Ontario, the _Sovereign_. (In several other connections we have had
+occasion to give particulars of Captain Elmsley's career.) The _Dart_,
+above named, was built at York by Mr. Purkis, a well-known shipwright
+there. In 1834, we notice, in MacKenzie's _Advocate_ of March 13, a
+marine item following an observation on the mildness of the
+season:--"The weather is very mild for the season," the _Advocate_ says:
+"occasional showers; plenty of sunshine and slight frosts. A schooner
+sailed last Tuesday for Niagara, and is expected back to-morrow."
+
+It was in 1834 the grand old name Toronto was recovered by the harbour
+and town, whose early marine we have sought in some degree to recall.
+
+We have evidence in the Toronto _Recorder_ of July 30, 1834, that, at
+that period, at least seven steamers were frequenting the harbour of
+Toronto. In the paper named we read in succession seven rather long
+steamboat advertisements. "The splendid low-pressure steamboat the
+_Constitution_, Edward Zealand, master." She runs from Hamilton to
+Toronto, touching at Oakville; thence to Cobourg, touching at Port Hope;
+thence to Rochester, and _vice versa_. It is stated that "the
+_Constitution_ will afford a safe and expeditious opportunity for
+merchants from New York and other places to forward their goods by way
+of Rochester to the head of the Lake Ontario." Agents at Hamilton,
+Messrs. E. and J. Ritchie; Oakville, Mr. Thomas; Toronto, James F.
+Smith, Esq.; Rochester, Mr. Greene, forwarder; Cobourg, E. Perry, Esq.;
+Port Hope, J. Brown, Esq. Captain Zealand had formerly been in the
+command of an ocean-going merchant ship. "The steamboat _William IV._,
+Charles Paynter, Commander, propelled by a Low-Pressure Engine of a
+Hundred Horse-power." She runs between Prescott, Niagara, and Lewiston,
+touching at Brockville, Gananoque, Kingston, Cobourg, Port Hope,
+Toronto, Hamilton, and _vice versa_. "For freight or passage, apply at
+the Post-office, Toronto, or to the Captain on board." Four smoke
+funnels rendered the _William IV._ recognizable at a distance. "The
+fast-sailing steamboat, _St. George_, Lieut. Harper, R.N., Commander."
+She runs between Prescott, Brockville, Kingston, Toronto, and Niagara,
+and _vice versa_. "This beautiful vessel," the advertisement says, "is
+propelled by a Low-Pressure Engine of Ninety Horse-power, is schooner
+rigged, and has accommodation for sixty cabin passengers. The _St.
+George_ will wait the arrival of the passengers who leave Montreal by
+Thursday morning's stage." "The splendid fast-sailing steamboat
+_Cobourg_, Capt. Charles Mcintosh, Master, propelled by two low-pressure
+engines of fifty-horse power each." She runs between Prescott,
+Brockville, Kingston and Toronto, and _vice versa_. "This boat will be
+found by the travelling community not surpassed by any on Lake Ontario
+for elegance, comfort and speed. The _Cobourg_ will wait the arrival of
+the Montreal stage before leaving for her upward trip. For freight or
+passage apply to the Master or Purser on board." "The _Queenston_, Capt.
+James Sutherland." This is the _Queenston_ of which we have heard
+already. She runs, according to the advertisement in the _Recorder_,
+between Toronto and Hamilton. "Cabin passage each way, two dollars
+(meals extra). Deck passage each way, one dollar. All baggage and small
+parcels at the risk of the owners, unless delivered to the Captain and
+entered as freight. Freight payable on delivery. As the boat will be
+punctual to the hour of sailing, passengers are requested to be on board
+in due time." Captain Sutherland has been chief officer of the first
+steamer which crossed the Atlantic to Quebec, the _Unicorn_. He had
+before been engaged in the Hudson's Bay trade. "The splendid
+low-pressure steamboat _Great Britain_, Capt. Whitney." She runs between
+Prescott, Brockville, Kingston, Oswego, Cobourg, Port Hope, Toronto, and
+_vice versa_. "The accommodations on board the _Great Britain_ have been
+much enlarged and improved during last winter, and every exertion will
+be used to ensure regularity and comfort to the passengers. The above
+boat will await the arrival of the passengers that leave Montreal on
+Monday by the Upper Canada stage. Emigrants and others desirous of
+taking this conveyance are requested to call at the Ontario Steamboat
+Office in this town (Prescott), and procure tickets."
+
+Finally, the _Recorder_ displays the usual advertisement of the
+Steam-packet _Canada_, Hugh Richardson, Master. She leaves Toronto daily
+for Niagara, at seven in the morning, and Niagara daily for Toronto, at
+one in the afternoon. The fares continue unchanged. "Passengers
+returning to either of the Ports within the week will only be charged
+half-price for the return. Accommodation for Horses, Carriages, and
+Cattle." About the same period the _Oneida_, of Oswego, the _Hamilton_,
+the _Sir Robert Peel_, and the _Commodore Barrie_, are other steamers
+entering the harbour of Toronto.
+
+Near the landing place at Niagara, a row of capacious warehouses is
+still to be seen, disused and closed up, over the large double portals
+of which, respectively, are to be dimly discerned the following
+inscriptions in succession:--Great Britain; William IV.; St. George;
+United Kingdom; Cobourg; Commodore Barrie; Canada; Schooners. This is a
+relic of the period to which we are now referring. These warehouses were
+the places of deposit for freight, tackling, and other property
+appertaining to the vessels named, with a compartment for the
+accommodation of Schooners collectively. Niagara was then the
+headquarters of the shipping interests of the Lake, and the place where
+the principal wholesale mercantile houses were situated.
+
+Sailing craft visiting the Harbour in 1835, and later, were:--the _Three
+Brothers_, the _Superior_, the _Emily_, the _Robert Burns_, the
+_Prosperity_, the _Fanny_, the _Perseverance_, the _Matilda_, of Oswego,
+the _Elizabeth_, of Lewiston, the _Guernsey_, the _Peacock_, the
+_Caroline_, the _Fair American_, the _Sovereign_, the _Jessie Woods_,
+the _Erin_, the _Charlotte_, the _Winnebago_, the _Lord Nelson_, the
+_Enterprise_, the _Boxer_.
+
+The _Three Brothers_ was so named from the three brothers
+McIntosh--John, Robert, and Henry. John commanded the _Three Brothers_;
+Charles commanded the _Superior_, named second above; Robert commanded
+the _Eunice_, of which we have heard already. Two other brothers of this
+marine family were early owners of contiguous building lots on the east
+side of Yonge street, south of Shuter street. Prosperous descendants of
+the same name are still to be found in business on a portion of this
+property. Modern improvements have caused the removal of many of the
+original buildings of this locality; but one of the McIntosh family
+residences yet remains, at the present time converted into the show
+rooms of a carriage manufactory. (Capt. Wm. McIntosh, of the _Minerva
+Ann_, a schooner of this period, was of another family).
+
+The _Fanny_ is noticeable as having been the first craft commanded by
+Captain Dick of Toronto, who speedily afterwards became distinguished in
+connection with the steam marine of Lake Ontario, not only as a builder,
+large proprietor, and sailing master, but also as commander of a
+Despatch vessel in the Public Service, especially during the troubles of
+1837. The _Fanny_ was the property of Mr. James Lockhart of Niagara, as
+also were the _Sovereign_ and the _Jessie Woods_. The _Boxer_ was
+commanded by a veteran Lake captain, Wm. Peeke. Capt. Peeke, it is
+stated, supplied lime burnt at Duffin's Creek before the close of the
+last century, for the foundation of the Lighthouse on Gibraltar Point,
+and other structures in York.
+
+In 1835, the harbour was visited by Capt. George and his barge from
+Quebec. Capt. George--for so he was styled in these parts, although, as
+we shall see, not a professional navigator--was a combined nautical and
+mechanical genius, who vigorously urged on Government and the forwarding
+community the adoption of a scheme of his for enabling loaded vessels to
+overcome the rapids of the St. Lawrence, and reach the upper ports
+without breaking bulk. Pulleys and chains were to be anchored at points
+in the river, or along the banks of the stream. He contrived to get his
+own barge in this way up to Toronto, well filled with merchandize, and
+made the return trip with cargo of the upper country products, possibly
+more than once, but the undertaking, being found too expensive for a
+private individual, was abandoned; and soon after, the construction of
+canals round the rapids rendered needless all such ingenious projects.
+Mr. George had been long a merchant in Quebec; and it was simply his
+inability to secure a satisfactory person for the superintendence of his
+experiment, that induced him to take the command of his own vessel in
+her perilous venture up and down the St. Lawrence. Mr. George continued
+to reside at Quebec; and for an annual stipend of L200, he offered the
+corporation of the city to create for them every winter a "pont," or
+ice-bridge, opposite the city. From the action of the tides, the "pont"
+fails occasionally to form, to the great inconvenience of the
+inhabitants. Here again Mr. George gave ocular proof of the
+practicability of his plan. Proceeding up the river above the influence
+of the tide, he cut loose a vast field of ice and floated it down whole
+to Quebec, where it fixed itself fast between Cape Diamond and the
+opposite shore, and formed a "pont." It did not, however, prove
+sufficiently durable. Some eccentricity in language is remembered as
+characterizing Mr. George. A person conversing with him occasionally
+found himself addressed in rhyming couplets, as if, of their own accord,
+his words would run into doggerel. "Some chance of wreck between this
+and Quebec! Mishap befall ere I reach Montreal! You're a fool! go to
+school!" &c. His barge likewise is described as possessing a peculiar
+rig. Its masts, or rather the two spars which served to support his
+sails, formed above the deck, as we are told, a sort of large St.
+Andrew's cross, such being, according to him, the most convenient
+arrangement for working the leg of mutton or triangular sails which he
+used. (We note here the two heroic captains who were the first to
+encounter appalling risks on the waters of the St. Lawrence in vessels
+propelled by steam. Captain Maxwell, in the employment at the time of
+Messrs. McPherson and Crane, first discovered and navigated in a
+steamboat the deep channel of the Long Sault; and Captain Hilliard, on
+board the steamer _Ontario_, first descended the rapids at Lachine.)
+
+In 1835 and years immediately following, additional names appear in the
+Toronto harbour steam-marine lists--the _Experiment_, the _Queen_, the
+_Gore_, the _Princess Royal_, the _Traveller_, the _City of Toronto_
+(the first steamer so named), all of them boats built at Niagara under
+the superintendence of Capt. Dick, and all of them, with the exception
+of the _Traveller_, in the Royal Mail Service. The _City of Toronto_,
+built in 1841, and commanded by Captain Dick, was the first steamer that
+conveyed the mails westward. The mail-service previously had been
+performed by Mr. Weller and his stage-coaches. The principal owners of
+the vessels named were Mr. James Lockhart, of Niagara, Capt. Dick
+himself, Mr. Andrew Heron, also of Niagara, and Mr. Donald Bethune. The
+_Experiment_, above mentioned, was the Government Despatch boat which,
+under the command of Capt. Dick, did such good service on the Lake
+during the troubles of 1837.
+
+When the steam-packet _Canada_ was finally sold, Capt. Richardson
+commanded and principally owned the _Transit_, on the route between York
+and Niagara. This _Transit_ was in reality the steamer _Constitution_,
+of which we have already heard as being commanded by Capt. Zealand,
+conjointly with the _Transit_. A steamer named the _Queen_ was for a
+time maintained by Capt. Richardson on the route between Niagara, the
+head of the Lake, and York. The _Queen_ was under the charge of Capt.
+Richardson's son, Mr. Hugh Richardson, assisted by two brothers, Charles
+and Henry Richardson. Simultaneously with the _Transit_ and _Queen_, the
+_City of Toronto_ (the first steamer so named) also plied to Niagara,
+under the command of Capt. Dick. After some years the _Transit_ was sold
+and became a tug-boat on the river below. The steamer _Chief Justice
+Robinson_ was then built by Capt. Richardson for the Niagara route, in
+some respects after a model of his own, being provided, like the ancient
+war-galleys, with a rostrum or projecting beak low down on a level with
+the water, for the purpose, as was generally supposed, of breaking a way
+through ice when such an impediment existed; but by Capt. Richardson
+himself, the peculiar confirmation of the prow was expected to
+facilitate the vessel's progress through the heavy surges of the Lake.
+About 1850 the _Chief Justice Robinson_ became the property of Capt.
+Dick and Mr. Heron. This transfer closed the career of Capt. Richardson
+as a commander on the Lake. From 1852 to 1870 he filled the post of
+Harbour-master at Toronto, and on the 2nd of July, 1870, he died, in
+the 87th year of his age. The _Chief Justice_ continued to ply between
+Toronto and Niagara, in company with the _City of Toronto_, until the
+removal of the latter vessel to the waters of Lake Huron, where she
+became famous as the _Algoma_.
+
+In 1855 the _Peerless_ was placed on the Niagara route. The _Peerless_
+was an iron vessel, first constructed in the Clyde in parts, then taken
+asunder and shipped to Canada, where she was put together again under
+the eye of her owner, Capt. Dick, at Niagara. The number of pieces
+entering into the composition of the _Peerless_ was six thousand. Such a
+method of transporting an iron ship from the Clyde to Niagara, if
+complicated and troublesome, was shown to be, at all events, a dictate
+of prudence by the fate which befell a vessel intended to be a companion
+to the _Peerless_ on Lake Ontario. A steamship of iron named _Her
+Majesty_, built in the Clyde expressly for Capt. Dick, was lost in the
+Atlantic, with all the men in charge on board, sixteen in number; so
+that no clue was ever attained as to the cause of the disaster. We now
+find ourselves treating of times which, strictly speaking, do not come
+within the scope of these 'collections and recollections.'
+
+For the sake of imparting roundness and completeness to our narrative,
+we have ventured on the few details just given. We finish by simply
+naming the successor of the _Peerless_ on the route to Niagara, Capt.
+Milloy's splendid steamer, the _Zimmerman_. It fell to our lot to
+witness the last agonies of this vessel in the devouring flames as she
+lay at the Niagara quay, near the mouth of the Niagara River. On that
+never-to-be-forgotten occasion (Aug. 21, 1863), the long-continued
+shrieking of the steam whistle, the resounding moans and convulsive
+sighs issuing fitfully, in a variety of keys, from the tubes of the
+boiler and other parts of the steam apparatus, gave to all hearers and
+on-lookers the painful and most affecting impression of some gigantic
+sentient creature helplessly undergoing a fiery death, suffering in the
+process grievous pangs, protracted and inexpressible.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  HOC OPUS EXEGI; FESSAE DATE SERTA CARINAE;
+  CONTIGIMUS PORTUM, QUO MIHI CURSUS ERAT.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+  APPENDIX.
+
+
+In 1869, the survivors of the early occupants of York, Upper Canada,
+formed themselves into a Society entitled The Pioneers, for the joint
+purpose of mutual conference, and of gathering together and preserving
+whatever memorials of the local Past might be found to be yet extant.
+The names of the members of this Association are subjoined, all of whom
+were resident at York customably or occasionally, at some period prior
+to March 6th, 1834, when the name of the town was changed to Toronto.
+The date which precedes each group shows the year in which the members
+included in the group became identified with York, whether by birth or
+otherwise. In numerous instances, the father of the individual named in
+the following list, having been the establisher of a family in these
+parts and its first breadwinner here, was the true pioneer. (By a change
+in the original constitution of the Society, the sons and descendants of
+the first members of the Association, and of all the first grantees or
+occupants of land in the county of York, as defined in 1798, are, on
+their attaining the age of 40 years, eligible to be members.)
+
+1794.--Edward Simcoe Wright, Toronto.--Isaac White, do.
+
+1795.--Lieut. Francis Button, Buttonville.
+
+1797.--John Thompson, Toronto.
+
+1798.--Hon. W. B. Robinson, Toronto.--John Bright, do.
+
+1799.--John W. Gamble, Pine Grove, Vaughan.
+
+1800.--Andrew Heron, Toronto.--Cornelius Van Nostrand, Yonge Street.
+
+1801.--Robert Bright, Toronto.
+
+1805.--John Murchison, Toronto.
+
+1806.--Hon. H. J. Boulton, Toronto.--William Cawthra, do.--John Ridout,
+do.
+
+1808.--Rev. Saltern Givins, Toronto.--Allan Macdonell, do.--Joseph
+Gould, ex-M.P.P., Uxbridge.--James Marshall, Youngstown, N.Y.
+
+1809.--Judge G. S. Jarvis, Cornwall--William Roe, Newmarket.
+
+1810.--Rev. William MacMurray, D.D., Niagara.--Richard P. Willson,
+Holland Landing.
+
+1811.--George Bostwick, Yorkville.--Joseph Lawrence, Collingwood.--Rev.
+D. McMullen, Picton.
+
+1812.--Francis H. Heward, Toronto.--William Dougall, Picton.
+
+1813.--R. E. Playter, Toronto.--George Snider, M.P.P., Owen
+Sound.--Capt. Thomas G. Anderson, Cobourg.
+
+1814.--Lieut.-Col. Richard L. Denison, Toronto.--Henry B. Heward, do.
+
+1815.--R. G. Anderson, Toronto.--George Monro, do.--Dr. George Crawford,
+do.
+
+1816.--Col. George T. Denison, Toronto.--Ven. Archdeacon Fuller,
+do.--Lieut.-Col. W. M. Button, Buttonville.--Capt. Robert Brock Playter,
+Queenston.--Thomas Montgomery, Etobicoke.
+
+1817.--R. H. Oates, Toronto.--Charles Stotesbury, do.--Sheriff B. W.
+Smith, Barrie.--Robert Petch, Toronto.--J. W. Drummond, do.--Alex.
+Stewart, do.--James Stafford, do.
+
+1818.--James Beaty, M.P., Toronto.--J. O. Bouchier, Georgina.--John
+Doel, senior, Toronto.--John Doel, junior, do.--James Gedd, do.--Thomas
+Humphrey, do.--John Harper, do.--John Moore, do.--William Reynolds,
+do.--James Sparks, do.
+
+1819.--W. B. Phipps, Toronto.--Grant Powell, Ottawa.--F. H. Medcalf,
+Toronto, ex-Mayor.--Robert H. Smith, Newmarket.--John Raper,
+Toronto.--John B. Bagwell, Hamilton.
+
+1820.--W. J. Coates, Toronto.--Alexander Hamilton, do.--Clarke Gamble,
+do.--Hon. J. G. Spragge, do.--W. H. Lee, Ottawa.--Dr. John Turquand,
+Woodstock.--Charles L. Helliwell, Stayner.--William Helliwell, Highland
+Creek.--Edward Musson, Toronto.--Thomas J. Wallis, do.
+
+1821.--Lieut.-Col. Robert B. Denison, Toronto.--William Barber, M.P.P.,
+Springfield.--Henry Sproatt, Toronto.--John Eastwood, Port
+Elgin.--Edward C. Fisher, Humber.--William Duncan, York
+Township.--Jonathan Scott, Toronto.--Charles Scadding, do.--Rev. Dr.
+Scadding, do.
+
+1822.--Lieut.-Col. Frederick Wells, Davenport.--Stephen M. Jarvis,
+Toronto.--John Helliwell, do.
+
+1823.--Hon. David Reesor, Markham.--Major John Paul, Weston.--John
+Small, M.D., Toronto.--James McMullen, do.--Alderman Adamson, do.--James
+Duncan, York Township.
+
+1824.--Rev. Dr. Richardson, Toronto.--Matthew Teefy, Richmond
+Hill.--John Bell, Toronto.--Charles Lount, do.--Robert Young,
+Georgetown.--Rufus Skinner, Toronto.
+
+1825.--Allan McLean Howard, Toronto.--D. O. Brooke, do.--Thomas
+Helliwell, do.--Thomas Armstrong, do.--James Taylor, Eglinton.
+
+1826.--James Stitt, Toronto.--Ishmael Iredale, do.--David Burns,
+do.--Alex. Caird, Weston.
+
+1827.--Col. Kingsmill, Toronto.--Stephen Heward, do.--William Hewitt,
+do.--H. B. Holland, do.--Geo. Leslie, Leslieville.--W. L'Estarge,
+Toronto.--Thomas J. Preston, do.--William H. Doel, do.--Andrew Sieber,
+do.
+
+1828.--James Barber, Georgetown.--H. R. Corson, Markham.--Matthew Drew,
+Toronto.--G. B. Holland, do.--Thomas A. Milne, Markham.--Dr. Ogden,
+Toronto.--James R. Armstrong, do.--C. P. Reid, do.
+
+1829.--Thomas D. Harris, Toronto.--Hon. Joseph C. Morrison, do.--Thomas
+Meredith, do.--Archibald Barker, Markham.--W. R. Harris,
+Toronto.--Robert Defries, do.--Capt. Robert Kerr, do.--R. B. Miller,
+do.--Capt. John McGann, do.--J. Merritt, St. Catharines.--Samuel Platt,
+Toronto.--J. C. Small, do.--William Quigley, do.--Alex. Rennie,
+Hamilton.--John Kitson, Toronto.--Robert Hill, do.
+
+1830.--Hon. W. P. Howland, Lieut.-Governor, Toronto.--John Wallis,
+do.--Peter Hutty, Yorkville, do.--Philip Armstrong, Yorkville.--G. M.
+Hawke, Toronto.--Alderman Spence, do.--Alex. Munro, do.--Thomas Metcalf,
+do.--James Farrell, do.--Thomas Storm, do.--W. G. Storm, do.--Duncan
+Macdonell, Montreal.--Edward Copping, Toronto.
+
+1831.--James G. Worts, Toronto.--Thomas Swinarton, ex-M.P.P.,
+Coventry.--James Acheson, Toronto.--George Henderson, do.--Samuel
+Rogers, do.--John Small, do.--John Nixon, do.--Alfio de Grassi,
+do.--Frederick Milligan, do.--George Balfour, do.--Jeremiah Iredale,
+do.--James Ashfield, do.--Robert Fowler, do.--John Jacques, do.--Andrew
+T. McCord, do.--John Argue, do.--Noah L. Piper, do.
+
+1832.--Sir Francis Hincks, Ottawa.--William Gooderham, senior,
+Toronto.--Isaac Gilmour, do.--John Paterson, do.--Samuel Bowman,
+do.--John Brown, do.--John Carr, do.--Capt. C. G. Fortier, do.--George
+Graham, do.--John G. Howard, Humber Bay.--A. K. Boomer, Toronto.--Thomas
+Lailey, do.--Thomas Mara, Do.--William Osborne, do.--Wm. Rowland,
+do.--Wm. Steers, Stratford.--John Bugg, Toronto.--C. W. Cooper,
+do.--James Severs, do.--Arthur Crawford, do.--Thomas Clarkson,
+do.--Robert Dodds, do.--John Evans, Montreal.--William Freeland,
+Toronto.--George Price, do.--David Kennedy, do.
+
+1833.--William Arthurs, Toronto.--Robert Beekman, do.--Thomas Burgess,
+do.--John Dill, do.--Edward Dack, do.--Wm. Henderson, do.--Robert
+Hornby, M.D., do.--W. M. Jamieson, do.--Wm. Lea, Don, York
+Township.--John Lawder, Eglinton.--John P. Smith, Toronto.--John
+Shanklin, do.--Samuel Thompson, do.--Alfred Willson, do.--Alex. Muir,
+Newmarket.--John Gartshore, Toronto.--Samuel Westman, do.--Thomas
+Dewson, Bradford.--W. Barchard, Toronto.--John Watson, York
+Township.--William Grubbe, Weston.--J. A. Donaldson, Toronto.--John
+Levs, do.
+
+Under recent By-law.--Henry Quetton St. George, Toronto.--Hon. Member,
+Dr. Canniff, Toronto.
+
+
+
+
+  ERRATA.
+
+
+The reader is requested to correct neatly with a pen the following
+errors which, in spite of much vigilance, escaped detection during the
+final revise:--At page 151, line 8, for "Fraser" write "Forsyth"; at p.
+282, line 16, for "Philadelphia" write "New York"; at p. 334, line 14,
+for "Jarvis" write "Jairus"; at p. 373, line 12, for "James" write
+"Samuel"; at p. 455, lines 35 and 37, for "Meyerh." write "Mayerh."; at
+p. 355, line 16, for "Chewitt" write "Chewett."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+  INDEX.
+
+  A.
+
+  Abrahams, Mr., 403
+
+  Adams, Mr., 401
+
+  Addison, Rev. Mr., 140
+
+  Adelaide Street, 152
+
+  Advertisements, 336, 337
+
+  Albany, 14
+
+  Albert Street, 392
+
+  Albion, New York, 282
+
+  Albion Packet, Wreck of, 56
+
+  Alexander, Sir James, 142
+
+  Alexander Street, 395
+
+  Alien Question, 207, 208
+
+  Allan, Hon. William, 38, 39, 79, 80, 118, 120, 134, 138, 249, 257, 303,
+    371, 385, 407, 440, 449, 525, 533
+
+  Allan, W., junior, 159
+
+  Allcock, Chief Justice, 42, 147, 336
+
+  Almanacs, Early, 267
+
+  Amelia, Princess, 33
+
+  Amherst, General, 10
+
+  Anderson, Mr., 138
+
+  Anderson, R. and B., 185
+
+  Andrews, Capt., 529
+
+  Andrus, Samuel, 378
+
+  Angell, Mr. E., 84, 207, 219
+
+  Ansley, Christopher, 314
+
+  Appleton, Mr., 110, 165
+
+  Archbold, Mr., Actor, 110, 216
+
+  Arthur, Sir George, 275
+
+  Arthurs, Mr. W., 539
+
+  Armitage, Amos, 477
+
+  Armour, Rev. Samuel, 166
+
+  Armstrong, J., 311
+
+  Arnold, Benedict, 459
+
+  Ashbridge, Mr., 221, 337
+
+  Ashley, Jairus, 431
+
+  Ashenshan, 14
+
+  Athill, Rev. R., 486
+
+  Atkinson, Mr. Thomas, 410
+
+  Avenue, College, 325
+
+
+  B.
+
+  Baby, Hon. James, 38, 53, 82, 84, 157, 350
+
+  Baby, Raymond, 112, 157
+
+  Baby, Mr. W. L., 370
+
+  Bagot, Capt. Henry, 323
+
+  Bagot, Sir Charles, 323
+
+  Baker, Simon and John, 296
+
+  Baldwin, Admiral, 34
+
+  Baldwin, Mr. J. S., 84, 134, 196, 210
+
+  Baldwin, Hon. Robert, 38, 157, 158, 280, 434
+
+  Baldwin, Robert, senior, 82, 434
+
+  Baldwin, St. George, 112, 157
+
+  Baldwin, Dr. William Warren, 34, 66, 134, 138, 280, 298, 309, 340, 348, 426
+
+  Baldwin, Mr. William Willcocks, 472
+
+  Baldwin, Mr. William, 112, 157, 426
+
+  Barber, Mr. G. A., 94, 112, 170
+
+  Barclay, Commodore J., 156
+
+  Barnstable, 402
+
+  Barre, de la, 4
+
+  Barrett's Inn, 439
+
+  Barrie, Commodore, 568
+
+  Bartlett, Dr., 282
+
+  Bastedo, Mr. John, 173
+
+  Bathurst Street, 70, 354
+
+  Battersby, Capt., 65
+
+  Bay Street, 94, 308, 380
+
+  Bazaar, first, 62
+
+  Beaman, Mr. Elisha, 385, 482
+
+  Beard, Mr. Joshua, 209
+
+  Beasley, Richard, 524
+
+  Beaty, Mr. James, 205, 439
+
+  Beaver, steamer, 495
+
+  Beckett, Mr., 94
+
+  Beikie, Mr. J., 62, 99, 100, 134, 138, 290
+
+  Belcour, F., 198
+
+  Belleville, 361
+
+  Bellevue, 354
+
+  Belin, King, 389
+
+  Bennett, J. Printer, 82, 264, 266, 272, 386
+
+  Berczy, Mr., 108, 119, 415, 421, 423, 448
+
+  Berkeley Street, 27, 201
+
+  Berry, Thomas, 524
+
+  Berthon, Mr., 313
+
+  Beswick, Dr., 486
+
+  Bevan, Mr. J., 404
+
+  Beverley House, 326
+
+  Bidwell, Barnabas, 208, 209, 309
+
+  Bidwell, Marshall S., 208, 309
+
+  Big Bend, 234
+
+  Bigelow, James, 84, 157
+
+  Bigelow, Levi, 363
+
+  Billings, Mr. Commissariat, 134, 350
+
+  Blackstone, Mr. Henry, 485
+
+  Blake, Mr. Chancellor, 424
+
+  Blake, Rev. Dominic, 453
+
+  Block Houses, 357, 411
+
+  Blois, Capt., 136
+
+  Bloor, Mr., 178, 405
+
+  Bloor Street, 405
+
+  Blue Bell, 371
+
+  Blue Hill, 413
+
+  Boerstler, Col., 345
+
+  Bond, George, 303
+
+  Bond, Mr. W., 79, 401, 462
+
+  Bond's Lake, 462
+
+  Bonnycastle, Capt., 62, 75, 86, 106, 459, 495, 500
+
+  Bonshaw, 490
+
+  Borland, Mr. Andrew, 484
+
+  Boiton, Col. Aug., 469
+
+  Bostwick, Mr. Lardner,, 363, 381, 404
+
+  Bottom, Nicholas, 412
+
+  Boulton, Charles, 185
+
+  Boulton, Mr. D'Arcy, 138, 328, 484
+
+  Boulton, Hon. George, 84, 157, 185
+
+  Boulton, Hon. H. J., 55, 84, 297, 396, 448
+
+  Boulton, John, 157
+
+  Boulton, Mr. Justice, 55, 84, 133, 138, 148, 221, 303, 308, 328
+
+  Boulton, Rev. W., 94
+
+  Boulton, Mr. W. H., 157
+
+  Bouchette, Joseph, 17, 60, 61, 213, 332, 355, 358, 492, 508, 516
+
+  Bowbeer, Mr., 357
+
+  Bowkett, William, 185, 381, 385, 563
+
+  Boyd, Mr. Francis, 461
+
+  Boyle, Hon. Robert, 136
+
+  Bradstreet, Col., 10
+
+  Brant, Capt. Joseph, 418, 515, 518
+
+  Breakenridge, Mr. James, 82
+
+  Breakenridge, Mrs., 433
+
+  Brewery, First, at Newark, 259
+
+  Bridgeford, Mr., 79
+
+  Bridges, Don, 84
+
+  Brides from a distance, 136
+
+  Bright, Mr., 84, 138
+
+  Britain Street, 63, 257
+
+  Brock, Gen., 29, 61, 79, 268, 362
+
+  Brock Street, 64, 345
+
+  Brooke, Capt. sen., 134, 138
+
+  Brooke, Mr. D., 84, 185
+
+  Brooke, Mr. R., 185
+
+  Browne, Major, 136
+
+  Buchanan, Isaac, 105
+
+  Buchanan, Mr., son of the Consul, 112
+
+  Buffalo, 21, 568
+
+  Burlington Bay, 368, 370
+
+  Burnham, Rev. Mark, 159
+
+  Burns, Alexander, 401
+
+  Burns, Mr. David, 355, 365, 371, 385
+
+  Burnside, Dr., 192, 310
+
+  Burr, Rowland, 423, 424
+
+  Burton, Col., 529
+
+  Burwell, Mahlon, 137, 423
+
+  Burying Ground, Military, 64, 367
+
+  Button, Capt., 37, 89
+
+  By, Col., 310
+
+  Byng, Admiral, 6
+
+
+  C.
+
+  Caer Howell, 326
+
+  Caldicott, Mr., 110
+
+  Caldwell, Mrs., 332
+
+  Caldwell, W. R., 381
+
+  Cameron, Archibald, 222
+
+  Cameron, Hon. Duncan, 80, 118, 138, 356, 371, 385
+
+  Cameron, Miss Janet, 357
+
+  Cameron, Hon. J. H., 424
+
+  Cameron, J., Printer, 59, 268, 385, 533
+
+  Campbell, Capt., 12
+
+  Campbell, Sir W., Chief Justice, 131, 181, 303
+
+  Campbell, Mr., 426
+
+  Campbell, Stedman, 426
+
+  Canada, Etymology of, 74
+
+  Canadian Review of 1824, 27
+
+  Canvas House, Gov. Simcoe's, 60, 513
+
+  Capreol, Mr. F. C., 462
+
+  Carey, Mr. John, 269, 310
+
+  Carfax, Toronto, 377
+
+  Carfrae, Hugh, 41
+
+  Carfrae, Mr. Thomas, 408, 566
+
+  Carleton, Gov., 15
+
+  Carleton Street, 395
+
+  Carmyllie, 155
+
+  Caroline Street, 31, 35
+
+  Carthew, Col., 285, 426
+
+  Cartwright, Hon. R., 82, 533
+
+  Carver's Travels, 73
+
+  Case, Mr. James, 229
+
+  Cassell, Orville, 157
+
+  Castle Frank, 202, 236, 288
+
+  Cataraqui, 9, 23
+
+  Cavendish, Hon. and Rev. A., 444
+
+  Cawdell, Mr. J. M., 399
+
+  Cawthra, Mr. John, 483
+
+  Cawthra, Mr. J., senr., 38, 138, 192, 363
+
+  Cawthra, Mr. W., 150, 185, 431
+
+  Cayley, Hon. W., 323
+
+  Cayley, Mr. F., 242
+
+  Celeron, 7
+
+  Cemetery, St. James, 240
+
+  Chalus, Comte de, 469
+
+  Chalus, Vicomte de, 188, 469
+
+  Champion, T., 311
+
+  Chestnut Park, 424
+
+  Chestnut Street, 316
+
+  Chewett, Alexander, 185
+
+  Chewett, Mr. J. G., 363, 366
+
+  Chewett, Mr. W., 18, 118, 132, 138, 355, 363, 366, 433, 449, 484
+
+  Chisholm, Mr. Alexander, 82
+
+  Chisholm, Mr., of Oakville, 137
+
+  Chiniquy, Lieut., 526
+
+  Choueguen, 5, 6, 7
+
+  Christian Guardian, 89, 279
+
+  Chronicle, Kingston, 271
+
+  Chrysler, Mr. John, 253
+
+  Church, St. James, 117-145, 147, 172
+
+  Claies, Lac aux, 474
+
+  Clark, Mr., 222, 440
+
+  Clark, Mr. John, 338
+
+  Clark, Hon. Thomas, 364
+
+  Clarke, Gen., 510
+
+  Claridge, J. J., 550
+
+  Claus, John, 159, 160
+
+  Claus, Warren, 158, 363
+
+  Claus, William, 82
+
+  Clement, Mrs., 294
+
+  Clench, Ralph, 254, 255
+
+  Clinkenbroomer, Mr. C., 107, 220
+
+  Clinton, Sir Henry, 348
+
+  Clover Hill, 401
+
+  Coates, Mr. Richard, 202, 482
+
+  Coates, Mr. W. J., 28
+
+  Cochrane, Mr. Justice, 138, 291, 528
+
+  Coffen, Stephen, 9
+
+  Coffin, Col., 62, 84, 124, 259
+
+  Coffin, Col. W. F., 400
+
+  Colborne, Sir John, (Lord Seaton), 86, 91, 93, 125, 359, 569
+
+  Coleman, Mr. Robert, 173
+
+  Coleraine House, 179
+
+  Coleridge, Hartley, 67
+
+  Collins, Francis, 270, 277, 310, 396
+
+  Collins, J., 16, 17, 419
+
+  Colonial Advocate, 272, 279
+
+  Columbus, Mr. Isaac, 182
+
+  Commissariat Stores, 59
+
+  Conn, Capt., 534
+
+  Cook, Capt., 61, 487
+
+  Cook's Bay, 496
+
+  Cooper, Mr. W., 50, 118, 138, 386
+
+  Coote's Paradise, 369
+
+  Court House of 1824, 101
+
+  Cowan, David, 254
+
+  Cozens, Benjamin, 363
+
+  Cozens, Capt. D., 386, 457
+
+  Cozens, J. B., 386
+
+  Craig, Mr. John, 147, 202
+
+  Crawford, Mr. L., 509
+
+  Creux, Pere du, 475
+
+  Crevecoeur, 20
+
+  Crewe's, 447
+
+  Crone, W., 568
+
+  Crooks, Mr. Matthew, 540
+
+  Crooks, W. & J., 294
+
+  Crookshank, Hon. George, 62, 80, 84, 134, 138, 148, 287
+
+  Crookshank's Lane, 355
+
+  Cumberland, Mr. F. W., 149, 324
+
+  Cummer, Mr. Jacob, 446
+
+  Cummins, Mr., 207
+
+  Curiae Canadenses, 314
+
+  Cutter, George, 385
+
+
+  D.
+
+  Dade, Rev. C., 94
+
+  Dalton, Mr. Thomas, 279
+
+  Daly, Mr. Charles, 202
+
+  Darling, Gen., 497
+
+  Danforth Road, 307
+
+  Davenport, 66, 410
+
+  Davenport Road, 410
+
+  Davis, Benjamin, 222
+
+  Davis, Mr. Calvin, 376
+
+  Dawson, George, 157
+
+  Dawson, James, 157
+
+  Dawson Road, 307
+
+  Deary, Thomas, 363
+
+  De Blaquiere, Hon. P., 404
+
+  Deer Park, 426
+
+  De Forest, Mr., 196
+
+  De Grassi, Mr. Alfio, 284
+
+  De Haren, Major, 346
+
+  Dehart, Daniel, 222, 431
+
+  De Hoen, Baron, 433
+
+  De Koven, K., 160
+
+  De la Haye, Mr. J. P., 94
+
+  Des Jardins, Peter, 399
+
+  Denino, 155
+
+  Denison Avenue, 353
+
+  Denison, Capt. John, 84, 134, 240, 338, 340, 341, 353, 354, 509
+
+  Denison, Col. G. T. (primus), 84, 353, 354, 371, 372, 459
+
+  Denison, Col. G. T. (secundus) (Rusholme), 354
+
+  Denison, Lt.-Col. G. T. (tertius), 354
+
+  Denison, Lt.-Col. R. L., 459
+
+  Denison, Lt.-Col. R. B., 454
+
+  Denison, Mrs. Sophia, 296, 342, 372
+
+  Denison (Speaker), 124
+
+  Dennis, Mr. John, 98, 363, 378
+
+  Dennis, Mr. Joseph, 98, 523, 548
+
+  Denonville, 1, 2, 4
+
+  Derby, Earl of, 124
+
+  Detlor, G. H., 185
+
+  Detroit, 10, 11, 29
+
+  Devans, Abr., 222
+
+  Dewar, Rev. E. H., 453
+
+  Dickson, Hon. W., 254, 364
+
+  Dickson, Mr. Thomas, 335
+
+  Diehl, Dr., 33
+
+  Dixon, Mr. Alexander, 206
+
+  Dobson, Mr. James, 410
+
+  Doel, Mr. John, 308
+
+  Don Bridge, 28, 218
+
+  Don, Indian name of, 233
+
+  Don, Lesser, 83
+
+  Don Mills, 242
+
+  Don River, 27, 30, 233
+
+  Dongan, 2, 4
+
+  Dorchester, Lord, 16, 17, 285, 389
+
+  Dorland, Thomas, 254
+
+  Dovercourt, 354
+
+  Doyle, James, 157
+
+  Doyle, John, 157
+
+  Draper, Chief Justice, 173, 296, 322, 413
+
+  Draper, Mr. W. G., 322
+
+  Drean, Henry, 84, 334
+
+  Drummond, Sir Gordon, 29, 356, 362
+
+  Drummond, Peter, 82
+
+  Drummond's Island, 504
+
+  Drury, Mr., 94
+
+  Drumsnab, 241
+
+  Drynoch, 466
+
+  Duchess Street, 257
+
+  Duels, 246, 254, 396
+
+  Dufferin, Earl of, 55
+
+  Duggan, Col. George, 84, 139, 184, 297, 363
+
+  Duggan, Mr. Thomas, 363
+
+  Duke Street, 180
+
+  Du Lhu (Duluth), 2, 4
+
+  Dummer Street, 317
+
+  Duncan, Hon. Richard, 82
+
+  Dundas, Mr. Secretary, 305, 516, 518
+
+  Dundas Street, 245, 510
+
+  Do. do. Sandford's Corner, 371
+
+  Dunlop, Dr., 210, 358
+
+  Dunn, Mrs., 135, 342
+
+  Dunn, Col., 342
+
+  Dunn, Hon. J. H., 84, 105, 134, 146, 342
+
+  Dunstable, 305
+
+  Durand, Mr. Charles, 397
+
+  Durand, Mr. James, 398
+
+  Durand, Mr., senior, 398
+
+  Durantaye, 1, 2, 4
+
+  Durham, Lord, 126
+
+  Durweston Gate Inn, 447
+
+  Dundurn, 448
+
+  Dutcher, F. R., 378
+
+
+  E.
+
+  Earl, Capt., 525, 530, 535
+
+  Eastwood, Mr., senior, 224, 242
+
+  Edgell, John, 385
+
+  Eglinton, 438
+
+  Elgin, Lord, 392, 394
+
+  Elizabeth College, 91
+
+  Elliott, John, 84
+
+  Elliott, Matthew, 254
+
+  Elm Street, 316
+
+  Elmsley, Capt. John, 392, 402, 570
+
+  Elmsley, Chief Justice, 64, 78, 90, 118, 138, 311, 383, 385, 387, 523
+
+  Elmsley House, 78, 90
+
+  Elmsley Villa, 392, 395
+
+  Emigres, French, 468
+
+  Englefield, 350
+
+  Ernest, Peter, 206, 255, 296
+
+  Ernest, Henry, 185
+
+  Esplanade, 81
+
+  Estes, Capt., 545
+
+  Et, Township of, 362
+
+  Evans, Col., 557
+
+  Everson, James, 222
+
+  Ewart, Mr. John, 203, 408
+
+  Express from Quebec, 49
+
+
+  F.
+
+  Fair Green, 31
+
+  Fairbairn, L., 84
+
+  Fancy Balls, 111, 114, 412
+
+  Farcy, General Amboise de., 189, 469
+
+  Farmers' Arms, 178
+
+  Farmers' Store, 39, 437
+
+  Farr, Mr., 357
+
+  Farr's Brewery, 357
+
+  Fawcett, Lieut.-Col., 308
+
+  Fenton, Mr. John, 109, 145, 165
+
+  Ferguson, Barnabas, 271
+
+  Ferguson, Mr. John, 82
+
+  Fidler, Rev. Isaac, 452
+
+  Field, C., 295
+
+  Finch's, 447
+
+  Firth, Attorney-General, 138, 336
+
+  Fish, Moses, 109, 310
+
+  Fisher, Dr., 291
+
+  Fiske, Mr., 162
+
+  Fisken, Mr., 428
+
+  Fitzgerald, Capt., 351
+
+  Fitzgerald, John, 157
+
+  Fitzgibbon, Col., 89, 134, 345, 445
+
+  Flagging King Street, 198
+
+  Fleming, Mr. Sandford, 501
+
+  Flos, Tay and Tiny, 362
+
+  Forfar, Thomas, 386
+
+  Forsyth, Mr. Joseph, 509
+
+  Fortune, Joseph, 423
+
+  Fortune, William, 82, 423
+
+  Foster, Col., 124, 333
+
+  Foster, Mr. Colley, 333
+
+  Fothergill, Charles, 85, 209, 269, 273, 279, 358, 559
+
+  Foxley Grove, 373
+
+  Frank, Mr., 115, 401
+
+  Frank, Castle, 236, 245
+
+  Frank's Hotel, 110
+
+  Fraser, Hon. Thomas, 364, 509
+
+  Freder, Francis, 108
+
+  Frederick, Duke of York, 21
+
+  Frederick Street, 35
+
+  Freeman, Newspaper, 270
+
+  French Fort, Old, 73
+
+  French, John, 84
+
+  Frontenac, Count, 5
+
+  Frontenac, Fort, 45
+
+  Frontenac, Steamer, 538
+
+  Fuller, Archdeacon, 340
+
+  Fuller, Major, 340, 434
+
+  Furon, Jean, 469
+
+
+  G.
+
+  Gage, Gen., 15
+
+  Gale, Mr. Benjamin, 363
+
+  Galissoniere, 5, 6
+
+  Gallows Hill, 425
+
+  Galt, Mr. John, 111, 112, 114, 115, 502
+
+  Gamble, Mrs., 192
+
+  Gamble, Mr. Clarke, 248
+
+  Gamble, Dr., 138
+
+  Gamble, Mr. John W., 84, 134, 551
+
+  Gamble, Mr. William, 134
+
+  Gardeners' Arms, 403
+
+  Garneau, M., 314
+
+  Garrison, 28, 71
+
+  Garsides, Mr., 430
+
+  Gandatsi-tiagon, 4
+
+  Gazette, First, at Newark, 159, 573
+
+  George, Capt., 573
+
+  George III., 21, 436
+
+  George Street, 180, 184
+
+  George Street, Upper, 382
+
+  Georgina, 352
+
+  German Mills, 448, 450
+
+  Gibson, Mr. David, 446
+
+  Gillespie, Mr. J., 150
+
+  Givins, Rev. Saltern, 158, 530
+
+  Givins, Adolphus, 112
+
+  Givins, James, 160, 185
+
+  Givins, Col., 112, 134, 138, 201, 239, 351, 352, 358, 359
+
+  Glassco, Thomas, 157
+
+  Globe Inn, Yonge Street, 432
+
+  Glengary, 29
+
+  Glen Grove, 439
+
+  Glenlonely, 472
+
+  Glennon, B. H. and M., 185
+
+  Glennon, Edward, 157
+
+  Goats, 87
+
+  Goessmann, John, 437
+
+  Good, Mr., 391
+
+  Good's Foundry, 391
+
+  Gooderham, Mr., senior, 150, 204
+
+  Gooderham and Wort's Mills, 204
+
+  Goodman, Mrs., 181
+
+  Goodwin's Creek, 201
+
+  Gordon, Hon. J., 150, 181
+
+  Gordon, Miss, 150
+
+  Gore, Mrs. Arabella, 360
+
+  Gore, Gov., 29, 148, 160, 244, 360, 362, 387, 428, 443, 477, 531, 533
+
+  Gore Vale, 356
+
+  Gould Street, 433
+
+  Gouvereau, Capt., 535
+
+  Gourlay, Robert, 103, 104, 275, 324, 331
+
+  Grace, Capt., 534
+
+  Graham, Mr. William, 371
+
+  Grange, The, 328
+
+  Grant, Hon. Alexander, 82, 351
+
+  Grasett, Very Rev. H. J., 150
+
+  Graves Street, 328
+
+  Gray, John and Robert, 185
+
+  Gray, Mr. Solicitor-General, 138, 253, 295, 328, 337, 385, 528
+
+  Gray, W., Montreal, 52
+
+  Green Bush Tavern, 403, 447
+
+  Greenland Fishery, 58
+
+  Gregg, Mr., 112
+
+  Grenadier's Pond, 72
+
+  Grindstone Stolen, 260
+
+  Grosvenor Street, 395
+
+  Grubbe, Capt., 136, 547
+
+  Guardian, U. C., Newspaper, 271
+
+  Gurnett, Mr. George, 279, 442
+
+  Gurney, Joseph John, 482
+
+  Gurwood, Col., 128
+
+  Gwillimbury, Fort, 492
+
+  Gzowski, Mr. C. S., 150, 460
+
+
+  H.
+
+  Hagerman, Mr. Justice, 70, 114
+
+  Hale, Eliphalet, 383, 387
+
+  Hale, Jonathan, 303, 385, 439
+
+  Hale, Henry, 180, 439
+
+  Hallen, Rev. George, 503
+
+  Hallowell, Sir Benjamin, 366
+
+  Hallowell, Mr. Benjamin, 355, 366
+
+  Halton, Major, 531
+
+  Hamilton, Mr. Alexander, 202, 393
+
+  Hamilton, George, 84
+
+  Hamilton, Gilbert, 185
+
+  Hamilton, Mr. James, 202
+
+  Hamilton, Hon. Robert, 82, 335, 564
+
+  Hamilton, Mr. Thomas, 363, 430
+
+  Hamilton, T. G., 185
+
+  Hamilton, W. A., 185
+
+  Hamilton, Wilson, 185
+
+  Handy, Patrick, 41, 498
+
+  Harbour, the first Survey, 508
+
+  Harper, Capt., 571
+
+  Harraway, John, 160
+
+  Harris, Rev. Mr., 308
+
+  Harris, Rev. Dr., 93
+
+  Harris, Mr. T. D., 184, 186, 540
+
+  Harrison, Hon. S. B., 373
+
+  Harrison, Joseph and William, 303
+
+  Hartney, Edward, 185
+
+  Hartney, Mr. P. K., 363
+
+  Hastings, Warren, 221
+
+  Hathaway, Mr., 509
+
+  Hatt, Mr. Richard, 335
+
+  Hawke's Bridge, 440
+
+  Hayden, John, 101
+
+  Hayes' Boarding-House, 33
+
+  Hayes, John, 84, 185, 199, 363
+
+  Hayne, de, _see_ Hoen
+
+  Hazeldean, 413
+
+  Heath, Mrs. Col., 426
+
+  Helliwell, Mr. Thomas, 408
+
+  Helliwell, Mr., senior, 224, 242
+
+  Henderson, R. C., 84
+
+  Henderson, Mr. R., 282, 386
+
+  Hennepin, 79
+
+  Henry, Dr., 126, 128, 131
+
+  Herchmer, Mr. J., 265, 291, 385, 529
+
+  Heron, Mr. A., 263, 575
+
+  Heron, Mr. S., 222
+
+  Heron's Bridge, 441
+
+  Herring, R., 303
+
+  Hetherington, George, 41, 146
+
+  Heward, Charles, 157, 194
+
+  Heward, Mr. F. H., 157
+
+  Heward, Henry, 157
+
+  Heward, Mr. Hugh, 332
+
+  Heward, Mr. John, 494
+
+  Heward, Major Stephen, 41, 79, 84, 134, 193, 298
+
+  Hewson, Mr. Francis, 498
+
+  Higgins, Mr. Chief Constable, 142
+
+  Higgins, Mr., senr., 138, 372
+
+  Hill, Mr. Joseph, 406
+
+  Hill, Solomon, 254
+
+  Hill, Mr., Caxton Press, 207
+
+  Hilliard, Capt., 574
+
+  Hillier, Major, 55, 84, 136, 341, 359
+
+  Hincks, Sir Francis, 280
+
+  Hodges, Dr., (Organist), 147
+
+  Hoen, Baron de, 248, 433, 435
+
+  Hogan, Mr. J. S., 219
+
+  Hogg, Mr., 442
+
+  Hogg's Hollow, 442, 444
+
+  Holland House, 55
+
+  Holland Landing, 492
+
+  Holland, Major, 492
+
+  Holland's Map, 491, 493
+
+  Hop Garden, 229
+
+  Horne, Dr. R. C., 258, 269, 410
+
+  Horner, Mr., 137
+
+  Horton, John, 385
+
+  Hospital, General, 32
+
+  Hospital, Old, 88
+
+  Hospital Street, 384
+
+  Hough, John, 303
+
+  Howard, Mr. J. G., 405, 407
+
+  Howard, Mr. J. S., 426
+
+  Howard, Mr. Peter, 253
+
+  Hudson, Rev. Joseph, 70, 140
+
+  Hudson, Mr. Surveyor, 427
+
+  Hughes, Samuel, 107
+
+  Hugill's Brewery, 203
+
+  Humber River, 3
+
+  Humber Bay, 72, 367, 370
+
+  Humber Plains, 373
+
+  Humberstone, Mr., 79, 445
+
+  Humphrey, Mr. Caleb, 138
+
+  Hunt, Mr. Joseph, 138, 386
+
+  Hunter, Governor, 40, 249, 267, 478, 522, 525
+
+  Hunter, Mr. William, 203, 386
+
+  Huskisson, Mr., 360
+
+  Huson, Mr., 440
+
+  Hutchinson, John, 41, 203
+
+  Hutty, Mr. Peter, 410
+
+
+  I.
+
+  Iknield Street, 395
+
+  Indian's Grave, 309
+
+  Innisfallen, 498
+
+  Iredell, Abraham, 423
+
+  Ives, Capt., 539
+
+  Irving, Hon. J. AE., 490
+
+
+  J.
+
+  Jack of Clubs, 176
+
+  Jackes, Mr., 198, 438
+
+  Jackson, Mr. Clifton, 429
+
+  Jackson, Mr. J. Mills, 427
+
+  Jackson, Samuel, 298, 430
+
+  Jail, 26, 99, 100
+
+  Jail Limits, 100
+
+  James, Mr. John, 196
+
+  James Street, 307
+
+  Jameson, Mrs., 49, 68, 69, 94, 128, 136, 147, 347
+
+  Jameson, Vice Chancellor, 67, 444
+
+  Jarvis, Mr. G. S., 79, 185, 328
+
+  Jarvis, Secretary, 41, 138, 181, 247, 282, 292, 385, 478
+
+  Jarvis, Mr. S. P., 182, 257, 284
+
+  Jarvis, Mr. Stephen, Registrar, 134, 138, 181, 411
+
+  Jarvis, Mr. W. B., 84, 185, 405
+
+  Jay's Treaty, 30
+
+  Jeune, Bishop of Lincoln, 127
+
+  John Street, 58, 328
+
+  Johnson, Dr., 448
+
+  Johnson, Sir John, 370
+
+  Johnson, Sir William, 13, 15
+
+  Johnson, Mr. William, 82
+
+  Jones, Augustus, 17, 18, 415, 417, 419, 521
+
+  Jones, Aug., Report on Yonge Street, 416
+
+  Jones, Rev. Peter, 417, 447
+
+  Jordan's Hotel, 197
+
+  Jordan Mr., 138, 363
+
+  Jordan Street, 96
+
+  Jutes, Sampson, 260
+
+
+  K.
+
+  Kane, Michael, 379
+
+  Kane, Paul, 203, 379
+
+  Kahawabash, 18
+
+  Kearsny House, 401
+
+  Kempenfelt Bay, 496
+
+  Kendrick, John, 531
+
+  Kendrick, Joseph, 536
+
+  Kendrick, Duke, 441
+
+  Kendrick, Mr., 138
+
+  Kent, Duke of, 285, 358, 498
+
+  Kent, Mr. John, 273
+
+  Kerr, Chief, 112, 345
+
+  Kerr, John, 385
+
+  Ketchum, Mr. Jesse, 84, 102, 138, 308, 310, 379, 380, 388, 410, 439
+
+  Ketchum, Mr. Seneca, 381, 443
+
+  Kettle, 155
+
+  Kildonan, 300
+
+  King's Head, Burlington Bay, 368
+
+  Kingsland, 440
+
+  King Street, 28
+
+  Kinnear, Mr., 462
+
+  Kirby, Mr. W., 263
+
+  Klinger, Mr. Philip, 363, 376, 381
+
+  Knott, John, 79, 158, 160
+
+  Knox College, 395
+
+
+  L.
+
+  Lachine, 5
+
+  Lajoree, 17
+
+  Lakeshore Road, 368, 370
+
+  Lancaster, W., 160
+
+  Landor, Walter Savage, 367
+
+  Larchmere, 472
+
+  La Salle, 76
+
+  Lavalterie, 7
+
+  Lawe, Geo., 423
+
+  Lawrence, Mr., 440
+
+  Lawrence, Peter, 303
+
+  Lawrence, W., 363
+
+  Lawrence's Tannery, 440
+
+  Lea, Mr., senior, 224
+
+  Leach, John, 386
+
+  Leach, Joshua, 303
+
+  Leach, Rev. Mr., 442, 444
+
+  Lee, Dr., 32, 134, 138, 181, 355
+
+  Lee, Mr. W. H., 515
+
+  Leeke, Rev. W., 128
+
+  Legge, Mr. Alexander, 138, 363
+
+  Lefferty, Dr., 137, 562
+
+  Lennox, Col., 397
+
+  Lennox, Lord Arthur, 124
+
+  Lesslie, Mr. James, 437
+
+  Lesslie, Mr. E., 186
+
+  Lewis, Mr., 219
+
+  Lewiston, 9
+
+  Leys, Mr. J., 556
+
+  Liancourt, Duke of, 30, 108, 353, 519, 530
+
+  Library, Parliamentary, 364
+
+  Lieutenants of Counties, 82
+
+  Lighthouse, 532
+
+  Lincoln, General, 512
+
+  Lindsey, Mr. Charles, 280
+
+  Lions, Golden, in Chancery, 174
+
+  Lippincott, Capt. Richard, 458
+
+  Littlehales, Major, 239, 351, 353, 513
+
+  Lockhart, Mr. James, 573
+
+  Locomotive, Toronto, 391
+
+  Longeuil, 6
+
+  Loring, Col., 350
+
+  Lot Street, 28, 245, 381, 384
+
+  Louisa Street, 308
+
+  Lowry, Rev. Dr., 547
+
+  Loyal and Patriotic Society, 52
+
+  Lumsden, Mrs., 193
+
+  Lumsden, S. A., 363
+
+  Lundy, Jacob, 477, 480
+
+  Lundy, Shadrach, Oliver, Reuben, 480
+
+  Lynn, Mr., 444
+
+  Lyons, Mr., 134
+
+
+  M.
+
+  McBeth, John, 386
+
+  McBride, E. W., 363
+
+  McBride, John, 531
+
+  McCaul, Rev. Dr., 322
+
+  McCormack, Mr., 12
+
+  McCormack, James, 439
+
+  McCutcheon, Mr., 286
+
+  McGann, Patrick, 42
+
+  McGregor, John, 254
+
+  McGregor, Col., 546
+
+  McGill, Col., 118, 134, 138, 257, 260, 267, 286, 385, 517
+
+  McGrath, Major T. W., 194
+
+  McIntosh, Angus, 536
+
+  McIntosh, Charles, 391, 571
+
+  McIntosh, James, 185
+
+  McIntosh, John, 391, 392, 573
+
+  McIntosh, Robert, 391
+
+  McKay, John, 255
+
+  McKenzie, Capt., 493, 538, 553
+
+  McKenzie, Daniel, 303
+
+  McLean, Allan, 253, 364
+
+  McLean, Chief Justice, 217, 344
+
+  McLean, Donald, 138, 484
+
+  McLean, Hon. Neil, 14, 364
+
+  McLean, Mr. Speaker, 142, 364
+
+  McLeod, Norman, 14
+
+  McLeod, Capt. Martin, 466
+
+  McLeod, Major, 467
+
+  McLeod, Murdoch, 107
+
+  McMahon, Mr. E., 248, 367
+
+  McMurtrie, Joseph, 385
+
+  McPherson, Hon. D. L., 424
+
+  McTaggart on Canada, 414
+
+  Macaulay, Allan, 158
+
+  Macaulay, Capt. J. S., 39, 307, 392
+
+  Macaulay, Dr., 118, 134, 138, 307, 311, 385, 392
+
+  Macaulay, Sir James, 54, 84, 147, 376
+
+  Macaulay Town, 307
+
+  Macdonald, Mr. John, 425
+
+  Macdonell, Hon. Alexander, 29, 138, 253, 330, 385, 386
+
+  Macdonell, Mr. Allan, 157, 331
+
+  Macdonell, Angus, 185, 249, 250, 291, 355, 366
+
+  Macdonell, Archibald, 82, 509
+
+  Macdonell, Attorney-General, 50, 119, 355, 356
+
+  Macdonell, Bishop, 34, 300, 567
+
+  Macdonell, Capt. AEneas, 526
+
+  Macdonell, Capt., 68th, 567
+
+  Macdonell, Donald, 185
+
+  Macdonell, Mr. James, 51, 157
+
+  Macdonell, John, 82
+
+  Macdonell, Miles, 300, 331, 439
+
+  Macdonell, Peter, 185
+
+  Macdonell, Sheriff, 248
+
+  MacDougall, Mr. John, 222, 303, 386, 439
+
+  MacDougall, Peter, 52, 84, 541
+
+  MacKenzie, William Lyon, 38, 102, 104, 137, 242, 310, 392
+
+  MacMaster, Hon. W., 424
+
+  MacMurray, Rev. Dr., 140, 157
+
+  Macnab, Sir Allan, 85, 134, 185, 216, 448
+
+  Macnab, Capt. Alexander, 355, 366, 479
+
+  Macnab, Rev. Dr., 366, 479
+
+  Macnab, The Chief, 212, 213, 214, 216
+
+  Macnab, Mr. David, 160, 212
+
+  Macnab, Mr. D., senr., 134, 215
+
+  McNabb, Simon, 385
+
+  MacNiel, Capt., 72, 434
+
+  Mairs, Mr., 501
+
+  Maitland, Lady Sarah, 135, 213
+
+  Maitland, Sir Peregrine, 29, 90, 122, 123, 142, 359, 549
+
+  Mall (Esplanade), 80
+
+  Mallory, Benaiah, 254
+
+  Manitoba, 300
+
+  Mansion House Hotel, 196
+
+  Manning, Ald., 55
+
+  Market Lane, 109
+
+  Market Place, falling of gallery, 42
+
+  Market, Weekly, for York, 40
+
+  Marriages, Record of, 334, 335
+
+  Marseuil, Chevalier de, 469
+
+  Marsh, William, 380
+
+  March Street, 170, 317
+
+  Marian, Paul, 185, 198, 386
+
+  Mashquoteh, 426
+
+  Masonic Hall, 109
+
+  Massiac, 10
+
+  Mathers, Mr. J., 424
+
+  Mathews, Rev. Charles, 94, 407
+
+  Maxwell, Capt., 574
+
+  Maxwell, Mr., 110
+
+  Mayerhoffer, Rev. V. P., 454
+
+  Mealy, Sergeant, 335, 385
+
+  Mechanics' Institute, First, 109
+
+  Medals, 52
+
+  Medley, Ensign, 557
+
+  Meighan, Messrs, 546, 569
+
+  Melinda Street, 96
+
+  Melville, Capt., 557
+
+  Mennonists, 480
+
+  Mercer, Andrew, 55, 84, 269, 363, 366
+
+  Merchants' Wharf, 39
+
+  Methodist, First, Chapel, 95
+
+  Michilimackinac, 1, 2, 3
+
+  Midford, Capt., 94
+
+  Miles, Abner, his Day-book, 45, 193
+
+  Miller, Capt., 539
+
+  Millard, Mordecai, 482
+
+  Milloy, Capt., 576
+
+  Mills, Mr., 222
+
+  Mississaga Point, 31
+
+  Mississaga Tract, 369
+
+  Mississagas, 8
+
+  Mitchell, Mr., 438
+
+  Moffatt, Lieut., 503
+
+  Mohawk, Etymology of, 76
+
+  Monro, Mr. George, 31, 84, 134, 187
+
+  Monro, Mr. John, 84, 134
+
+  Montcalm, 9
+
+  Montgomery, Alexander, 289, 303
+
+  Montgomery, Mr. John, 437
+
+  Montmagny, 4
+
+  Montreal Gazette, 281
+
+  Montreal Herald, 281
+
+  Moodie, Col., 460
+
+  Moore, Capt., 530
+
+  Moore, John, 185
+
+  Moore, Sir John, 125
+
+  Moore, William, 303
+
+  Moore, Mr., 181
+
+  Moore, the Poet, 21
+
+  Morley, Benjamin, 221
+
+  Morrison, Dr. T. D., 310, 408
+
+  Morrison, Mr. Justice, 424
+
+  Mortimer, Rev. George, 444, 451
+
+  Morton, Simeon, 298
+
+  Mosier, Capt., 547, 551, 567
+
+  Mosley, Henry, 159
+
+  Mosley, John, 159
+
+  Mosley, Mr., senior, 186, 566
+
+  Moss Park, 28, 249
+
+  Mottoes, Newspaper, 281
+
+  Mountain, Bishop, 527
+
+  Mount, Roswell, 131
+
+  Mudge, Capt. Zachary, 136
+
+  Muirhead, Dr., 255
+
+  Munro, Major, 567
+
+  Munshaw, Balser, 223
+
+  Murchison, Mr. J., 138, 181, 355, 363
+
+  Murney, Capt., 521, 524, 527, 534
+
+  Murney, Mrs., 433
+
+  Murray, Mr., 439
+
+  Murray, Mr. Alexander, 401
+
+  Murray, Capt., 529
+
+  Murray, Charles Stewart, 450
+
+  Murray, Daniel, 160
+
+  Murray, Jock, 175
+
+  Myers, Capt., 539
+
+  Myers, James, 157
+
+  Myers, William, 157
+
+
+  N.
+
+  Nanton, Mr., 439
+
+  Napier, Lord, of Magdala, 342
+
+  Nash, James, 222
+
+  Nash, Samuel, 386
+
+  Nation, Mr. James, 84
+
+  Navy Hall, 29
+
+  Nelles, Abraham, 157
+
+  Nelles, Henry, 160
+
+  Nelles, Robert, 254, 255
+
+  Nelson Street, 178
+
+  Newgate Street, 152
+
+  Newmarket, 482, 486
+
+  New Town, 63
+
+  Niagara, 20
+
+  Niagara, Early Press at, 258
+
+  Nicholl, Col., 137
+
+  Nightingale, Mr., 424
+
+  Nolan, Capt., 449
+
+  Norris, Mr. James, 386
+
+  North, Capt., 557
+
+  North-West Company, 425
+
+
+  O.
+
+  Oakhill, 358
+
+  Oaklands, 424
+
+  Oak Ridges, 471
+
+  Oates, Capt., 195, 542
+
+  Oates, Mr. R. H., 157
+
+  Observer, 269
+
+  Ogetonicut, 291
+
+  O'Grady, Rev. Mr., 203
+
+  O'Hara, James, 175
+
+  O'Hara, Col. Walter, 367, 368, 459
+
+  O'Keefe, Andrew, 363
+
+  O'Neill, Mr. J., 225
+
+  Olive Grove, 426
+
+  Ontario House, 49
+
+  Ontario Street, 200
+
+  Osgoode, Chief Justice, 138, 313, 513
+
+  Osgoode Hall, 312
+
+  Oswegatchie, 7
+
+  Oswego, 5, 13, 390
+
+  Owens, John, 157
+
+
+  P.
+
+  Padfield, Mr. J., 94
+
+  Paget, Dr., 451
+
+  Paper Mills, 242
+
+  Park Lane, 316
+
+  Park, The, 255
+
+  Parker, Mr., 99, 430
+
+  Parkman, referred to, 479
+
+  Parliament, Houses of, Upper Canada, 26
+
+  Parsons, Mr. W., 451
+
+  Paterson, Mr. P., 185, 408
+
+  Paxton, Capt., 290, 528
+
+  Paynter, Capt., 571
+
+  Peacock Tavern, 374
+
+  Pearson, Nathaniel, 477
+
+  Peeke, Capt., 262
+
+  Penetanguishene, 390, 500
+
+  Perry, Charles, 379
+
+  Perry, Mr. Peter, 142, 310
+
+  Peter Street, 63, 342
+
+  Peters, W. B., 386
+
+  Petersfield, 63, 336
+
+  Peterson, Paul, 310
+
+  Pettit, William, 175
+
+  Petto, J., 338
+
+  Phair, Mr., 84
+
+  Phipps, Mr. W. B., 403
+
+  Phipps, Mr. Thomas, 142
+
+  Phillips, Rev. Dr., 94, 141, 167
+
+  Phillpotts, Capt., 136, 570
+
+  Pickering, Col., 512
+
+  Picquet, 5, 7
+
+  Pilgrims' Farm, 439
+
+  Pilkington, General, 497, 519
+
+  Pilkington, Isaac, 201
+
+  Pilkington, W., 185
+
+  Pimlico, 405
+
+  Pinhey, Hamnet, 137
+
+  Pine Grove, 360
+
+  Pines, The, 404
+
+  Piper, Mr. Hiram, 378
+
+  Playter, Mr. Eli, 288, 386
+
+  Playter, Mr. Emanuel, 224
+
+  Playter, Mr. George, 84, 222, 288
+
+  Playter, Capt. George, 134, 138, 241, 287
+
+  Playter, Capt. John, 224
+
+  Playter, Mr. James, 222, 383, 385
+
+  Playter, Mr. Thomas, 185
+
+  Polwhele, 60
+
+  Pontiac, 53
+
+  Poplar Plains, 426
+
+  Portland Street, 70, 354
+
+  Post, Jordan, 96, 311, 363, 381
+
+  Post Office, First, 38
+
+  Potteries, Walmsley's, 432
+
+  Potter's Field, 408
+
+  Poulett Thomson, 326
+
+  Powell, Chief Justice, 56, 129, 138, 142, 297, 303, 328, 365
+
+  Powell, Dr. Grant, 80, 84, 88, 102, 112, 134, 363
+
+  Powell, Major, 136
+
+  Powell's Pump, 209
+
+  Power, Bishop, 89
+
+  Power Street, 204
+
+  Prentice, R. E., 84
+
+  Press, Early, at Niagara, 259
+
+  Press, Early, at York, 258
+
+  Prevost, Sir George, 27, 61, 537
+
+  Prices Early, at York, 43, 44, 45
+
+  Price's Tavern, 408
+
+  Primrose, Dr., 139
+
+  Princes Street, 31
+
+  Proudfoot, Mr. W., 84, 401
+
+  Provincial Gazetteer, The first, 27
+
+  Puisaye, Comte de, 189, 469
+
+  Pump, Public, 41, 196
+
+  Purcell, Miss, 135, 181
+
+
+  Q.
+
+  Quaker Settlement, 476
+
+  Quebec, 10, 507
+
+  Quebec Mercury, 281
+
+  Queenston, 9
+
+  Queen Street, 28
+
+  Quinte, Bay of, 8, 206
+
+
+  R.
+
+  Race Course, 83
+
+  Raddish, Rev. T., 312
+
+  Railway, Huron and Ontario, 42
+
+  Ramsay, Dean, 214
+
+  Ramsay, Rev. S., 485
+
+  Randal, Mr. Robert, 309
+
+  Randolph, Mr., 512
+
+  Rathnally, 424
+
+  Reade, C., 185
+
+  Red Lion Inn, 408
+
+  Rees, Dr., 210, 358
+
+  Reid, George, 554
+
+  Reynolds, Mr., 198
+
+  Richards, Mr. (ice), 410
+
+  Richardson, Lieut., 79
+
+  Richardson, Rev. Dr., 447, 535
+
+  Richardson, Capt. Hugh, 548, 561, 565, 572
+
+  Richardson, C. and H., 575
+
+  Richardson, Capt. James, 535, 536
+
+  Richey, Mr. John, 406
+
+  Richmond, Duke of, 123
+
+  Richmond Packet, 195, 542, 544
+
+  Ridout, Charles, 157
+
+  Ridout, Francis, 157
+
+  Ridout, Horace, 160
+
+  Ridout, Mr. John, 157
+
+  Ridout, Mr. Joseph, 378
+
+  Ridout, Mr. Percival, 378
+
+  Ridout, Mr. S., Sheriff, 34, 84, 248
+
+  Ridout, Surveyor-General, 84, 120, 133, 138, 152, 182, 244, 371, 385, 423, 463
+
+  Ripley, Rev. W. H., 206
+
+  Ritchie, Rev. W., 444
+
+  Robinson, Mr. Christopher, senior, 138
+
+  Robinson, Sir J. B., 51, 57, 79, 80, 120, 138, 303, 312, 326, 442
+
+  Robinson, Hon. Peter, 482, 494
+
+  Robinson, Hon. W. B., 84, 185, 482, 483, 494, 499
+
+  Rocheblave, 17, 18
+
+  Roe, Mr. W.,84, 483
+
+  Rogers, Mr. David McGregor, 254
+
+  Rogers, Mr. Joseph, 84, 173
+
+  Rogers, Major, 10
+
+  Rogers, Rufus, Asa, Isaac, Wing, James, Obadiah, 480
+
+  Rogers, Timothy, 477, 480
+
+  Rolph, Hon. J., 309, 348
+
+  Rolph, Dr. Thomas, 210
+
+  Rosedale, 405, 411
+
+  Rose, Rev. A. W. H., 501
+
+  Rose, Miss., 135, 181
+
+  Ross, Mr. J., Undertaker, 138, 333
+
+  Rossi, Franco, 94
+
+  Rottenburg, Baron de, 342
+
+  Rouge River, 448, 472
+
+  Rouille, 3, 6, 73
+
+  Royalists, French, 469
+
+  Roy, Louis, 259
+
+  Ruggles, C., 185
+
+  Ruggles, Mr. James, 371, 529
+
+  Rumsey, Mr. John, 314
+
+  Rusholme, 354
+
+  Russell Alley, 33, 34
+
+  Russell Hill, 340, 410
+
+  Russell, Miss Elizabeth, 33, 434
+
+  Russell, President, 29, 118, 138, 294, 336, 338, 339, 385, 401, 520
+
+  Russell Square, 90
+
+  Russell's Creek, 58
+
+  Rutherford, Mr. E. H., 150
+
+  Ryerse, Mr. Samuel, 82
+
+
+  S.
+
+  Sagard, Gabriel, 74
+
+  Saigeon, Michel, 469
+
+  Salmon Fishing, 228
+
+  Sanders, Capt., 536
+
+  Sandford's Inn, 372
+
+  Sandhill, 399
+
+  Sanson, Rev. Alex, 444
+
+  Savage, Mr. George, 565
+
+  Sayer Street, 316
+
+  Scarlett, Mr. J., 134, 363, 374
+
+  School, District Grammar, 98, 152, 166
+
+  School, Dr. Strachan's, at Cornwall, 156, 163
+
+  Scollard, Mr. Maurice, 402
+
+  Scoresby, Capt., 394
+
+  Scott, Chief Justice, 51, 130, 138, 376, 386
+
+  Scott, General Winfield, 535
+
+  Scott Street, 51
+
+  Secord, Peter, 260
+
+  Seignelay, 1
+
+  Selby, Mr. Receiver-General, 138, 336, 484
+
+  Selkirk, Lord, 299, 303, 330
+
+  Selleck, Capt., 524
+
+  Selwyn, Bishop, 394
+
+  Semple, Gov., 301
+
+  Seneca, Etymology of, 76
+
+  Severn, Mr. John, 410, 411
+
+  Shade, Absolom, 137
+
+  Shank, Col. David, 355
+
+  Sharon, 486
+
+  Shaver, Mr. Peter, 142
+
+  Shaw, Capt. Alexander, 358
+
+  Shaw, Capt., 345
+
+  Shaw, General AEneas, 80, 138, 334, 355, 356, 358, 523
+
+  Shaw, David, 160
+
+  Shaw, Warren, 160
+
+  Sheaffe, General, 29, 120, 347, 362
+
+  Sheehan, James, 159
+
+  Sheldon, W. B., 378
+
+  Shepard, Harvey, 242, 311
+
+  Shephard, Mr., 446
+
+  Shephard's Inn, 445
+
+  Sheppard, Joseph, 310, 443
+
+  Sherborne Street, 248
+
+  Sherwood, Mr. Justice, 303, 376
+
+  Sherwood, Reuben, 423
+
+  Sherwood, Mr. Samuel, 253, 303
+
+  Sherwood, Mr. Speaker, 137, 142
+
+  Siasconcet, 18
+
+  Sicotte, Mr. Speaker, 278
+
+  Simcoe, Governor, 18, 20, 29, 248, 356, 388, 389, 480, 510
+
+  Simcoe, Lake, 3, 474
+
+  Simcoe Place, 59
+
+  Simcoe, Steamer, 494
+
+  Simcoe Street, 317, 329
+
+  Simons, T. G., Printer, 263, 385
+
+  Sinclair, Capt., 540
+
+  Sinclair, Mr., senior, 224
+
+  Skeldon, George, 159
+
+  Skeldon, John, 159
+
+  Skinner, Mr. Colin, 224
+
+  Skinner's Sloop, 527
+
+  Slavery, 29, 292, 293
+
+  Small, Mr. Charles, 84, 185, 199
+
+  Small, Hon. J. E., 84, 185, 396
+
+  Small, Mr. John, 84, 133, 138, 199, 246, 249, 385, 435, 478, 484, 509
+
+  Smith, Col., President, 133, 138, 331, 353, 355, 364
+
+  Smith, Hon. D. W., 82, 248, 382, 385, 414, 419, 478
+
+  Smith, Mr. James F., 571
+
+  Smith, Dr. Larratt W., 425
+
+  Smith, Mr. Larratt, senior, 461
+
+  Smith, Thomas, 386
+
+  Smith, Under-Sheriff, 304
+
+  Smith, Walker, 157
+
+  Smith, William, 84, 185, 197, 363, 386
+
+  Smythe, Sir John, 177
+
+  Snider, Elias, 438
+
+  Snider, Jacob, 438
+
+  Snider, Martin, 438
+
+  Spadina Avenue, 66, 345
+
+  Spadina House, 66, 410
+
+  Spectator, New York, 282, 283
+
+  Spencer, Hazelton, 82
+
+  Spoon-bill, Governor Gore's, 364
+
+  Spragge, Chancellor, 165, 314
+
+  Spragge, Mr. Joseph, 84, 165
+
+  Spragge, Mr. William, 165
+
+  Springfield Park, 427
+
+  Sproxton Lake, 473
+
+  Squires, Philemon, 185
+
+  St. George, Quetton, senior, 138, 188-192, 469, 528
+
+  St. George, Quetton, Mr. Henry, 472
+
+  St. Giles, 410
+
+  St. James' Church, 117
+
+  St. Paul's Church, 407
+
+  Stafford, Mr., 176
+
+  Stage to Niagara, 49
+
+  Stanley Street, 170, 317
+
+  Stanton, Mr. R., 185, 269, 279, 333
+
+  Stanton, Mr., senior, 336
+
+  Stanton, Mr. W., 138
+
+  Steamboat Hotel, 48
+
+  Stedman, 87
+
+  Stegman, Mr. J., 64, 382, 419, 422, 529
+
+  Stegman, David, 84
+
+  Stegman, Report on Yonge Street, 419
+
+  Stewart, Mr., 110
+
+  Stewart, Bishop of Quebec, 139
+
+  Stimpson, Harbour, 303
+
+  Stocking, Mr. Jared, 173
+
+  Stoyell, Dr., 199, 222, 310
+
+  Strachan, Dr., 57, 84, 120, 141, 155, 161, 209, 277, 278, 364, 444
+
+  Strachan, James McGill, 158, 160, 286
+
+  Strachan, Mr. James, 57, 443
+
+  Strange, Mr., 556
+
+  Street, Rev. G. C., 486
+
+  Stuart, Okill, Archdeacon, 118, 139, 184, 340, 435
+
+  Stump Act, 262
+
+  Sugar-loaf Hill, 241
+
+  Sullivan, Augustus, 112
+
+  Sullivan, Mr. Justice, 87
+
+  Sullivan, Thomas, 84
+
+  Summer Hill, 424
+
+  Sun Tavern, 391
+
+  Sutherland, Capt., 571
+
+  Swayzey, Isaac, 254, 255
+
+  Swift, Patrick, 103, 276
+
+  Sydenham, Lord, 326, 504
+
+
+  T.
+
+  Taiaiagons, several, 76
+
+  Talbot, Col., 124, 239, 351
+
+  Talbot, Mr., Actor, 110
+
+  Taylor, Mr. John Fennings, 372
+
+  Taylor, Rev. Robert, 485
+
+  Taylor, Thomas, 84
+
+  Taylor, Mr., senior, 224
+
+  Taylor's Paper Mills, 242
+
+  Temperance Street, 380
+
+  Teraulay Cottage, 393
+
+  Teraulay Street, 307
+
+  Terry, Parshall, 222, 223
+
+  Thames, Canadian, 351
+
+  Thames, English, 29
+
+  Theatre, 96, 110
+
+  Thew, Capt., 539
+
+  Thomas, Dr., 255
+
+  Thompson, Arch., 222
+
+  Thompson, David, 222
+
+  Thompson, Mr. Charles, 424
+
+  Thomson, Mr., Canada Co., 112
+
+  Thome, Mr. B., 451
+
+  Thornhill, 451
+
+  Thorpe, Mr. Justice, 256, 428
+
+  Tiers, Mr. Daniel, 285, 409
+
+  Tiffany, G., 260, 306
+
+  Titus, John, 386
+
+  Toby, Horse, Case of, 299
+
+  Todmorden, 224
+
+  Toronto, Etymology of, 74
+
+  Toronto, Fort, 8
+
+  Toronto Harbour, 16, 510
+
+  Toronto Purchase, 369
+
+  Toronto Street, 63, 381, 382
+
+  Townley, Rev. A., 444
+
+  Townsley, James and William, 424
+
+  Training Day, 36
+
+  Trinity College, University of, 356, 357
+
+  Trinity Square, 392, 393
+
+  Turner, Mr. Enoch, 206
+
+  Turner, Mr. R. T., 314
+
+  Turquand, Mr. Bernard, 84, 125, 350
+
+  Tyler, Joseph, 228
+
+
+  U.
+
+  University, 324
+
+  University Street, 316
+
+  Upper Canada College, 93
+
+
+  V.
+
+  Vance, Mr. Alderman, 440
+
+  Vaudreuil, 9, 10
+
+  Vankoughnet, Mr., senior, 361
+
+  Vannorman, J. & B., 379
+
+  Vansittart, Admiral, 336
+
+  Vanzante, J., 108, 387
+
+  Vaughan, Mr., Actor, 110
+
+  Vercheres, 7
+
+  Veritas, 61
+
+  Victoria Street, 63, 382
+
+  Vineyard, 404
+
+
+  W.
+
+  Wabbecomegat, 14
+
+  Wabbekisheco, Chief, 291
+
+  Wales, Prince of, 313, 329
+
+  Wallis, Mr. James, 410
+
+  Walmsley, John, 432
+
+  Walton, George, 392, 408
+
+  Ward, Mr. Thomas, 288, 386
+
+  Warffe, Mr. Andrew, 84, 182
+
+  Warffe, Mr. John, 182
+
+  Washburn, Mrs., 347
+
+  Washburn, Ebenezer, 254
+
+  Washburn, Simon, 84, 134, 180, 217, 225
+
+  Washington (City), 27
+
+  Waters, W., 263, 385
+
+  Watson, Mr., printer, 207
+
+  Wax-work figures hung, 48
+
+  Weekes, Mr., 249, 254, 291, 385
+
+  Well in Market Square, 41
+
+  Weld, Cardinal, 34
+
+  Weld, Isaac, 21, 33
+
+  Weller, Mr. W., 49
+
+  Wellington, Duke of, 127
+
+  Wells, Mrs., 135
+
+  Wells, Col., 66, 134
+
+  Wells, Col. Frederick, 66
+
+  West, Dr., 255
+
+  Westminster, 27
+
+  Wetherill, Mr., 406
+
+  Wharncliffe, Lord, 124
+
+  Wheler, Sir George, 95
+
+  White, Attorney-General, 246, 435, 513
+
+  Whitehead, Col. M. F., 288, 542
+
+  White Swan Inn, 48
+
+  Whitmore, Michael, 303, 427
+
+  Whitney, Peter, 303
+
+  Whitney, Capt., 550, 567
+
+  Whippings, Public, 42
+
+  Widmer, Dr. Christopher, 32, 33, 85, 199.
+
+  Wilcot, Paul, 431
+
+  Wilberforce Settlement, 502
+
+  Wilkie, D., artist, 156
+
+  Wilkinson, Mr. W. B., 253
+
+  Willard, Levi, 527
+
+  Willcocks, Mr. Charles, 349
+
+  Willcocks, Mr. Joseph, 271
+
+  Willcocks, Lake, 472
+
+  Willcocks, Mr. William, 138, 349, 385
+
+  Williamson, Capt., 108
+
+  William Street, 317
+
+  Willis, Judge, 22, 111, 113
+
+  Willis, Lady Mary, 111
+
+  Willis, Miss, 33, 112, 114
+
+  Wilson, David, 105, 296, 486
+
+  Wilmot, Samuel S., 244, 423
+
+  Wilson, Mr. D., 177
+
+  Wilson, Stillwell, 430, 439, 539
+
+  Windsor Street, 62
+
+  Winniett, Major, 350, 557
+
+  Wolfe, Gen., 492
+
+  Wood, Mr. Alexander, 138, 187, 383, 385, 484
+
+  Woodin, Lieut., 504, 506
+
+  Woodlawn, 424
+
+  Woodruffe, H., 185
+
+  Wood Street, 395
+
+  Worthington, Mr. John, 150, 424
+
+  Worts, Mr. James, 150, 204
+
+  Worts, Mr., senior, 205
+
+  Wragg & Co., 185
+
+  Wright, E. S., 58, 363
+
+  Wright, Miss M., 335
+
+  Wyatt, C. B., Surveyor-General, 423
+
+  Wykham Lodge, 392, 395
+
+
+  Y.
+
+  Yeo, Sir James, 536
+
+  Yonge, Sir George, 307, 355, 356, 388
+
+  Yonge Street, 375, 390
+
+  Yonge Street, Stegman's Report, 420
+
+  York, Capital of Upper Canada, 27
+
+  York, Duke of, 513
+
+  York Mills, 442
+
+  York Street, 94, 315
+
+  Yorkville, 380, 383, 405
+
+  Yorkville, Town-hall, 409
+
+  Young, J., Architect, 59, 101, 321
+
+  Young, Mr. R., 385
+
+
+  Z.
+
+  Zealand, Capt., 571
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+  =Transcriber's Notes:=
+  original hyphenation, spelling and grammar have been preserved as in
+    the original
+  Preface Page viii, "Fuller, of" changed to "Fuller of"
+  Preface Page viii, "Barber, of" changed to "Barber of"
+  Preface Page viii, "Kerby, of" changed to "Kerby of"
+  Contents Page xi, "to Church Street" changed to "to Church Street,"
+  Contents Page xii, "Old Court House" changed to "Old Court House,"
+  Page 4, "Missilimackinac" changed to "Michilimackinac"
+  Page 5, "sucessor" changed to "successor"
+  Page 5, "developed in a strong" changed to "developed into a strong"
+  Page 12, "Michilimackina" changed to "Michilimackinac"
+  Page 12, "Brheme" changed to "Bhreme"
+  Page 17, "there would- perhaps" changed to "there would, perhaps"
+  Page 18, "1792, Mr. Augustus" changed to "1792," Mr. Augustus"
+  Page 19, "If faut cependant" changed to "Il faut cependant"
+  Page 22, "heartles waste" changed to "heartless waste"
+  Page 26, "dooument" changed to "document"
+  Page 44, "quarts and and one" changed to "quarts and one"
+  Page 46, "just Eight shillings" changed to "just eight shillings"
+  Page 47, "July 6, 1799. These" changed to "July 6, 1799." These"
+  Page 50, "had failed, Delay" changed to "had failed. Delay"
+  Page 52, "GRATEFUL COUNTRY. On" changed to "GRATEFUL COUNTRY." On"
+  Page 54, "Of Yonge Steeet itself" changed to "Of Yonge Street itself"
+  Page 55, "front of of one" changed to "front of one"
+  Page 58, "relic indispensible" changed to "relic indispensable"
+  Page 61, "I have bern" changed to "I have been"
+  Page 68, 'Bright Stream."' changed to 'Bright Stream.")'
+  Page 71, "very great inconveniece" changed to "very great inconvenience"
+  Page 75, "Toronto, or Tarento" changed to "Toronto, or Tarento,"
+  Page 76, "Mohawk is Mo-aga" changed to "Mohawk is Mo-aga,"
+  Page 78, "western battery.'" changed to 'western battery."'
+  Page 84, "guaranteeeing" changed to "guaranteeing"
+  Page 94, "Phillips, D,D." changed to "Phillips, D.D."
+  Page 94, "Mathews. M.A." changed to "Mathews, M.A."
+  Page 95, "of the men.)" changed to "of the men."
+  Page 96, "this day: he" changed to "this day:" he"
+  Page 98, "superintendant" changed to "superintendent"
+  Page 108, "the settlements. To" changed to "the settlements." To"
+  Page 117, "asa contemporary" changed to "as a contemporary"
+  Page 121, "tranformed" changed to "transformed"
+  Page 122, "conspicuouly" changed to "conspicuously"
+  Page 124, "Maitland Scholar ships" changed to "Maitland Scholarships"
+  Page 140, "deeply-thoughtful matter" changed to "deeply-thoughtful manner"
+  Page 148, "communion-table. "This" changed to "communion-table." "This"
+  Page 151, changed v's to u's in inscription
+  Page 151, 'EASTER, 1870.' changed to 'EASTER, 1870."'
+  Page 152, 'and Jail."' changed to 'and Jail.")'
+  Page 153, "beformed" changed to "be formed"
+  Page 156, "to there school-days" changed to "to their school-days"
+  Page 158, "Metcalf,, Walker" changed to "Metcalf, Walker"
+  Page 158, 'Horace Ridout.' changed to 'Horace Ridout."'
+  Page 158, "adminstration" changed to "administration"
+  Page 160, "cirumstances" changed to "circumstances"
+  Page 175, "one: and" changed to "one; and"
+  Page 181, "in an an advertisement" changed to "in an advertisement"
+  Page 181, "before. Sir William" changed to "before Sir William"
+  Page 185, "procured "Bending" changed to "procured: "Bending"
+  Page 190, "Tickenburg" changed to "Ticklenburg"
+  Page 192, "Mens' hats" changed to "Men's hats"
+  Page 193, "Stoyell's tavern. York" changed to "Stoyell's tavern." York"
+  Page 196, "were a second" changed to "where a second"
+  Page 196, 'converted to a pump.' changed to 'converted to a pump."'
+  Page 199, "re-reserve" changed to "reserve"
+  Page 207, "populalation" changed to "population"
+  Page 207, "York Price Current Office" changed to "York Land Price
+    Current Office"
+  Page 214, "romatic" changed to "romantic"
+  Page 214, "Edinburgh]. A" changed to "Edinburgh]." A"
+  Page 219, "aid of outsiders," changed to "aid of outsiders."
+  Page 224, "the Mills;" In 1802" changed to "the Mills." In 1802"
+  Page 228, "river-bank, The flue" changed to "river-bank. The flue"
+  Page 237, 'recently revolted.' changed to 'recently revolted."'
+  Page 261, "acknowleged" changed to "acknowledged"
+  Page 263, "it it announced" changed to "it announced"
+  Page 265, "that the the dignified" changed to "that the dignified"
+  Page 268, "page, some Chinese" changed to "page, "some Chinese"
+  Page 278, "troubles and and the" changed to "troubles and the"
+  Page 280, "public affairs., may have" changed to "public affairs, may have"
+  Page 280, "avida; and of" changed to "avida;" and of"
+  Page 295, "to be be sold" changed to "to be sold"
+  Page 298, "Peace, "which," as" changed to "Peace, which," as"
+  Page 302, "Watterville" changed to "Watteville"
+  Page 313, "in its e ery nook" changed to "in its every nook"
+  Page 320, "expounded, As we" changed to "expounded. As we"
+  Page 323/324, "while de viating" changed to "while deviating"
+  Page 327, "that Kingston" changed to "that "Kingston"
+  Page 327, "whole of Canand" changed to "whole of Canada"
+  Page 328, "D'Arcy Boulton." changed to "D'Arcy Boulton.)"
+  Page 328, "took between" changed to "took place between"
+  Page 334, "bp the Rev." changed to "by the Rev."
+  Page 335, "Katey Macdonell. (This" changed to "Katey Macdonell." (This"
+  Page 335, "of Upper Canada." changed to "of Upper Canada.)"
+  Page 339, "Nos. 22, 13, 25" changed to "Nos. 22, 23, 25"
+  Page 341, "was the ornamental" changed to "was the "ornamental"
+  Page 343, "Senafe" changed to "Senafe"
+  Page 348, "width fo 90 feet" changed to "width of 90 feet"
+  Page 355, "destinanation" changed to "destination"
+  Page 362, "and and the township" changed to "and the township"
+  Page 371, "embodied mititia" changed to "embodied militia"
+  Page 381, "proportionate  ieces" changed to "proportionate pieces"
+  Page 414, "just as thof" changed to "just as tho'"
+  Page 416, "Thurday" changed to "Thursday"
+  Page 417, "1876" changed to "1796"
+  Page 417, "January. 1802" changed to "January, 1802"
+  Page 418, "does not not suit" changed to "does not suit"
+  Page 429, "Mr Jackson" changed to "Mr. Jackson"
+  Page 448, "a canal. It" changed to "a canal." It"
+  Page 449, "York 18th April" changed to "York, 18th April"
+  Page 450, "out-burldings" changed to "out-buildings"
+  Page 456, "Ganada" changed to "Canada"
+  Page 457, "Canadian York Of" changed to "Canadian York. Of"
+  Page 462, "used be eyed" changed to "used to be eyed"
+  Page 473, "attacted" changed to "attached"
+  Page 477, "therewith. Signed" changed to "therewith." Signed"
+  Page 477, "Lieut-Governor" changed to "Lieut.-Governor"
+  Page 483, "intrumental" changed to "instrumental"
+  Page 489, "disagreable" changed to "disagreeable"
+  Page 491, "name of of the" changed to "name of the"
+  Page 494, "Capt McKenzie" changed to "Capt. McKenzie"
+  Page 504, "Mr Keating" changed to "Mr. Keating"
+  Page 504, "Lieut Woodin" changed to "Lieut. Woodin"
+  Page 506, "Packing cases. 23" changed to "Packing cases, 23"
+  Page 518, "writin a despatch" changed to "writing a despatch"
+  Page 521, 'a fence."' changed to 'a fence.")'
+  Page 525, "Aid-de-Camp" changed to "Aide-de-Camp" [Ed. for consistency]
+  Page 537, "offcer" changed to "officer"
+  Page 538, "April 30 1819" changed to "April 30, 1819"
+  Page 548, "enterprize" changed to "enterprise"
+  Page 549, "five hundred miles.'" changed to 'five hundred miles."'
+  Page 555, 'from the Garrison.' changed to 'from the Garrison."'
+  Page 556, 'about 350 tons.' changed to 'about 350 tons."'
+  Page 560, "the Government. But" changed to "the Government. "But"
+  Page 568, "and Michigan. "On" changed to "and Michigan." "On"
+  Page 570, "occaasion" changed to "occasion"
+  Page 572, "the afternoon The" changed to "the afternoon. The"
+  Page 580, "write "Forsyth; at" changed to "write "Forsyth"; at"
+  Page 580, 'write "Mayerh"' changed to 'write "Mayerh."'
+  Page 585, "Gal ows" changed to "Gallows"
+  Page 586, "Hamilton, Mr. Jame" changed to "Hamilton, Mr. James"
+  Page 586, "Heath, Mrs Col." changed to "Heath, Mrs. Col."
+  Page 586, "Heron, Mr. A., 263, 675" changed to "Heron, Mr. A., 263, 575"
+  Page 587, "Hunter, Mr William" changed to "Hunter, Mr. William"
+  Page 588, "Macdonell, Hon. Alexander, 29, 138, 253, 330, 385, 586"
+    changed to "Macdonell, Hon. Alexander, 29, 138, 253, 330, 385, 386"
+  Page 589, "Mosier, Capt., 547, 451, 567" changed to "Mosier, Capt.,
+    547, 551, 567"
+  Page 591, "Richardson, Capt Hugh" changed to "Richardson, Capt. Hugh"
+  Page 591, "Ryerse, Mr Samuel" changed to "Ryerse, Mr. Samuel"
+  Page 594, "Winniett, Major, 350, 587" changed to "Winniett, Major, 350, 557"
+
+
+
+
+
+
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