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diff --git a/3540-h/3540-h.htm b/3540-h/3540-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..deba91f --- /dev/null +++ b/3540-h/3540-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,852 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" /> +<title>Article on the Census in Moscow</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + P { margin-top: .75em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + P.headingsummary { margin-left: 5%;} + H1, H2 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + } + H3, H4, H5 { + text-align: left; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + BODY{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + table { border-collapse: collapse; } + td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;} + td p { margin: 0.2em; } + .blkquot {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */ + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + color: gray;} + + .citation {vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h2> +<a href="#startoftext">Article on the Census in Moscow, by Count Lyof N. Tolstoi</a> +</h2> +<pre> +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Article on the Census in Moscow, by Count +Lyof N. Tolstoi, Translated by Isabel F. Hapgood + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Article on the Census in Moscow + + +Author: Count Lyof N. Tolstoi + + + +Release Date: December 27, 2007 [eBook #3540] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARTICLE ON THE CENSUS IN MOSCOW*** +</pre> +<p><a name="startoftext"></a></p> +<p>Transcribed from the 1887 Tomas Y. Crowell “What to +do?” edition by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org</p> +<h1>MOSCOW CENSUS—FROM “WHAT TO DO?”</h1> +<h2>ARTICLE ON THE CENSUS IN MOSCOW. [1882.]</h2> +<p>The object of a census is scientific. A census is a +sociological investigation. And the object of the science +of sociology is the happiness of the people. This science +and its methods differ sharply from all other sciences.</p> +<p>Its peculiarity lies in this, that sociological investigations +are not conducted by learned men in their cabinets, observatories +and laboratories, but by two thousand people from the +community. A second peculiarity is this, that the +investigations of other sciences are not conducted on living +people, but here living people are the subjects. A third +peculiarity is, that the aim of every other science is simply +knowledge, while here it is the good of the people. One man +may investigate a nebula, but for the investigation of Moscow, +two thousand persons are necessary. The object of the study +of nebulæ is merely that we may know about nebulæ; +the object of the study of inhabitants is that sociological laws +may be deduced, and that, on the foundation of these laws, a +better life for the people may be established. It makes no +difference to the nebula whether it is studied or not, and it has +waited long, and is ready to wait a great while longer; but it is +not a matter of indifference to the inhabitants of Moscow, +especially to those unfortunates who constitute the most +interesting subjects of the science of sociology.</p> +<p>The census-taker enters a night lodging-house; in the basement +he finds a man dying of hunger, and he politely inquires his +profession, his name, his native place, the character of his +occupation, and after a little hesitation as to whether he is to +be entered in the list as alive, he writes him in and goes his +way.</p> +<p>And thus will the two thousand young men proceed. This +is not as it should be.</p> +<p>Science does its work, and the community, summoned in the +persons of these two thousand young men to aid science, must do +its work. A statistician drawing his deductions from +figures may feel indifferent towards people, but we +census-takers, who see these people and who have no scientific +prepossessions, cannot conduct ourselves towards them in an +inhuman manner. Science fulfils its task, and its work is +for its objects and in the distant future, both useful and +necessary to us. For men of science, we can calmly say, +that in 1882 there were so many beggars, so many prostitutes, and +so many uncared-for children. Science may say this with +composure and with pride, because it knows that the confirmation +of this fact conduces to the elucidation of the laws of +sociology, and that the elucidation of the laws of sociology +leads to a better constitution of society. But what if we, +the unscientific people, say: “You are perishing in vice, +you are dying of hunger, you are pining away, and killing each +other; so do not grieve about this; when you shall have all +perished, and hundreds of thousands more like you, then, +possibly, science may be able to arrange everything in an +excellent manner.” For men of science, the census has +its interest; and for us also, it possesses an interest of a +wholly different significance. The interest and +significance of the census for the community lie in this, that it +furnishes it with a mirror into which, willy nilly, the whole +community, and each one of us, gaze.</p> +<p>The figures and deductions will be the mirror. It is +possible to refrain from reading them, as it is possible to turn +away from the looking-glass. It is possible to glance +cursorily at both figures and mirror, and it is also possible to +scrutinize them narrowly. To go about in connection with +the census as thousands of people are now about to do, is to +scrutinize one’s self closely in the mirror.</p> +<p>What does this census, that is about to be made, mean for us +people of Moscow, who are not men of science? It means two +things. In the first place, this, that we may learn with +certainty, that among us tens of thousands who live in ease, +there dwell tens of thousands of people who lack bread, clothing +and shelter; in the second place, this, that our brothers and +sons will go and view this and will calmly set down according to +the schedules, how many have died of hunger and cold.</p> +<p>And both these things are very bad.</p> +<p>All cry out upon the instability of our social organization, +about the exceptional situation, about revolutionary +tendencies. Where lies the root of all this? To what +do the revolutionists point? To poverty, to inequality in +the distribution of wealth. To what do the conservatives +point? To the decline in moral principle. If the +opinion of the revolutionists is correct, what must be +done? Poverty and the inequality of wealth must be +lessened. How is this to be effected? The rich must +share with the poor. If the opinion of the conservatives is +correct, that the whole evil arises from the decline in moral +principle, what can be more immoral and vicious than the +consciously indifferent survey of popular sufferings, with the +sole object of cataloguing them? What must be done? +To the census we must add the work of affectionate intercourse of +the idle and cultivated rich, with the oppressed and +unenlightened poor.</p> +<p>Science will do its work, let us perform ours also. Let +us do this. In the first place, let all of us who are +occupied with the census, superintendents and census-takers, make +it perfectly clear to ourselves what we are to investigate and +why. It is the people, and the object is that they may be +happy. Whatever may be one’s view of life, every one +will agree that there is nothing more important than human life, +and that there is no more weighty task than to remove the +obstacles to the development of this life, and to assist it.</p> +<p>This idea, that the relations of men to poverty are at the +foundation of all popular suffering, is expressed in the Gospels +with striking harshness, but at the same time, with decision and +clearness for all.</p> +<p>“He who has clothed the naked, fed the hungry, visited +the prisoner, that man has clothed Me, fed Me, visited Me,” +that is, has done the deed for that which is the most important +thing in the world.</p> +<p>However a man may look upon things, every one knows that this +is more important than all else on earth.</p> +<p>And this must not be forgotten, and we must not permit any +other consideration to veil from us the most weighty fact of our +existence. Let us inscribe, and reckon, but let us not +forget that if we encounter a man who is hungry and without +clothes, it is of more moment to succor him than to make all +possible investigations, than to discover all possible +sciences. Perish the whole census if we may but feed an old +woman. The census will be longer and more difficult, but we +cannot pass by people in the poorer quarters and merely note them +down without taking any heed of them and without endeavoring, +according to the measure of our strength and moral sensitiveness, +to aid them. This in the first place. In the second, +this is what must be done: All of us, who are to take part in the +census, must refrain from irritation because we are annoyed; let +us understand that this census is very useful for us; that if +this is not cure, it is at least an effort to study the disease, +for which we should be thankful; that we must seize this +occasion, and, in connection with it, we must seek to recover our +health, in some small degree. Let all of us, then, who are +connected with the census, endeavor to take advantage of this +solitary opportunity in ten years to purify ourselves somewhat; +let us not strive against, but assist the census, and assist it +especially in this sense, that it may not have merely the harsh +character of the investigation of a hopelessly sick person, but +may have the character of healing and restoration to +health. For the occasion is unique: eighty energetic, +cultivated men, having under their orders two thousand young men +of the same stamp, are to make their way over the whole of +Moscow, and not leave a single man in Moscow with whom they have +not entered into personal relations. All the wounds of +society, the wounds of poverty, of vice, of ignorance—all +will be laid bare. Is there not something re-assuring in +this? The census-takers will go about Moscow, they will set +down in their lists, without distinction, those insolent with +prosperity, the satisfied, the calm, those who are on the way to +ruin, and those who are ruined, and the curtain will fall. +The census-takers, our sons and brothers, these young men will +behold all this. They will say: “Yes, our life is +very terrible and incurable,” and with this admission they +will live on like the rest of us, awaiting a remedy for the evil +from this or that extraneous force. But those who are +perishing will go on dying, in their ruin, and those on the road +to ruin will continue in their course. No, let us rather +grasp the idea that science has its task, and that we, on the +occasion of this census, have our task, and let us not allow the +curtain once lifted to be dropped, but let us profit by the +opportunity in order to remove the immense evil of the separation +existing between us and the poor, and to establish intercourse +and the work of redressing the evil of unhappiness and ignorance, +and our still greater misfortune,—the indifference and +aimlessness of our life.</p> +<p>I already hear the customary remark: “All this is very +fine, these are sounding phrases; but do you tell us what to do +and how to do it?” Before I say what is to be done, +it is indispensable that I should say what is not to be +done. It is indispensable, first of all, in my opinion, in +order that something practical may come of this activity, that no +society should be formed, that there should be no publicity, that +there should be no collection of money by balls, bazaars or +theatres; that there should be no announcement that Prince A. has +contributed one thousand rubles, and the honorable citizen B. +three thousand; that there shall be no collection, no calling to +account, no writing up,—most of all, no writing up, so that +there may not be the least shadow of any institution, either +governmental or philanthropic.</p> +<p>But in my opinion, this is what should be done instantly: +Firstly, All those who agree with me should go to the directors, +and ask for their shares the poorest sections, the poorest +dwellings; and in company with the census-takers, twenty-three, +twenty-four or twenty-five in number, they should go to these +quarters, enter into relations with the people who are in need of +assistance, and labor for them.</p> +<p>Secondly: We should direct the attention of the +superintendents and census-takers to the inhabitants in need of +assistance, and work for them personally, and point them out to +those who wish to work over them. But I am asked: What do +you mean by <i>working over them</i>? I reply; Doing good +to people. The words “doing good” are usually +understood to mean, giving money. But, in my opinion, doing +good and giving money are not only not the same thing, but two +different and generally opposite things. Money, in itself, +is evil. And therefore he who gives money gives evil. +This error of thinking that the giving of money means doing good, +arose from the fact, that generally, when a man does good, he +frees himself from evil, and from money among other evils. +And therefore, to give money is only a sign that a man is +beginning to rid himself of evil. To do good, signifies to +do that which is good for man. But, in order to know what +is good for man, it is necessary to be on humane, i.e., on +friendly terms with him. And therefore, in order to do +good, it is not money that is necessary, but, first of all, a +capacity for detaching ourselves, for a time at least, from the +conditions of our own life. It is necessary that we should +not be afraid to soil our boots and clothing, that we should not +fear lice and bedbugs, that we should not fear typhus fever, +diphtheria, and small-pox. It is necessary that we should +be in a condition to seat ourselves by the bunk of a +tatterdemalion and converse earnestly with him in such a manner, +that he may feel that the man who is talking with him respects +and loves him, and is not putting on airs and admiring +himself. And in order that this may be so, it is necessary +that a man should find the meaning of life outside himself. +This is what is requisite in order that good should be done, and +this is what it is difficult to find.</p> +<p>When the idea of assisting through the medium of the census +occurred to me, I discussed the matter with divers of the +wealthy, and I saw how glad the rich were of this opportunity of +decently getting rid of their money, that extraneous sin which +they cherish in their hearts. “Take three +hundred—five hundred rubles, if you like,” they said +to me, “but I cannot go into those dens +myself.” There was no lack of money. Remember +Zaccheus, the chief of the Publicans in the Gospel. +Remember how he, because he was small of stature, climbed into a +tree to see Christ, and how when Christ announced that he was +going to his house, having understood but one thing, that the +Master did not approve of riches, he leaped headlong from the +tree, ran home and arranged his feast. And how, as soon as +Christ entered, Zaccheus instantly declared that he gave the half +of his goods to the poor, and if he had wronged any man, to him +he would restore fourfold. And remember how all of us, when +we read the Gospel, set but little store on this Zaccheus, and +involuntarily look with scorn on this half of his goods, and +fourfold restitution. And our feeling is correct. +Zaccheus, according to his lights, performed a great deed. +He had not even begun to do good. He had only begun in some +small measure to purify himself from evil, and so Christ told +him.</p> +<p>He merely said to him: “To-day is salvation come nigh +unto this house.”</p> +<p>What if the Moscow Zaccheuses were to do the same that he +did? Assuredly, more than one milliard could be +collected. Well, and what of that? Nothing. +There would be still greater sin if we were to think of +distributing this money among the poor. Money is not +needed. What is needed is self-sacrificing action; what is +needed are people who would like to do good, not by giving +extraneous sin-money, but by giving their own labor, themselves, +their lives. Where are such people to be found? Here +they are, walking about Moscow. They are the student +enumerators. I have seen how they write out their +charts. The student writes in the night lodging-house, by +the bedside of a sick man. “What is your +disease?”—“Small-pox.” And the +student does not make a wry face, but proceeds with his +writing. And this he does for the sake of some doubtful +science. What would he do if he were doing it for the sake +of his own undoubted good and the good of others?</p> +<p>When children, in merry mood, feel a desire to laugh, they +never think of devising some reason for laughter, but they laugh +without any reason, because they are gay; and thus these charming +youths sacrifice themselves. They have not, as yet, +contrived to devise any means of sacrificing themselves, but they +devote their attention, their labor, their lives, in order to +write out a chart, from which something does or does not +appear. What would it be if this labor were something +really worth their while? There is and there always will be +labor of this sort, which is worthy of the devotion of a whole +life, whatever the man’s life may be. This labor is +the loving intercourse of man with man, and the breaking-down of +the barriers which men have erected between themselves, so that +the enjoyment of the rich man may not be disturbed by the wild +howls of the men who are reverting to beasts, and by the groans +of helpless hunger, cold and disease.</p> +<p>This census will place before the eyes of us well-to-do and +so-called cultivated people, all the poverty and oppression which +is lurking in every corner of Moscow. Two thousand of our +brothers, who stand on the highest rung of the ladder, will come +face to face with thousands of people who stand on the lowest +round of society. Let us not miss this opportunity of +communion. Let us, through these two thousand men, preserve +this communion, and let us make use of it to free ourselves from +the aimlessness and the deformity of our lives, and to free the +condemned from that indigence and misery which do not allow the +sensitive people in our ranks to enjoy our good fortune in +peace.</p> +<p>This is what I propose: (1) That all our directors and +enumerators should join to their business of the census a task of +assistance,—of work in the interest of the good of these +people, who, in our opinion, are in need of assistance, and with +whom we shall come in contact; (2) That all of us, directors and +enumerators, not by appointment of the committee of the City +Council, but by the appointment of our own hearts, shall remain +in our posts,—that is, in our relations to the inhabitants +of the town who are in need of assistance,—and that, at the +conclusion of the work of the census, we shall continue our work +of aid. If I have succeeded in any degree in expressing +what I feel, I am sure that the only impossibility will be +getting the directors and enumerators to abandon this, and that +others will present themselves in the places of those who leave; +(3) That we should collect all those inhabitants of Moscow, who +feel themselves fit to work for the needy, into sections, and +begin our activity now, in accordance with the hints of the +census-takers and directors, and afterwards carry it on; (4) That +all who, on account of age, weakness, or other causes, cannot +give their personal labor among the needy, shall intrust the task +to their young, strong, and willing relatives. (Good +consists not in the giving of money, it consists in the loving +intercourse of men. This alone is needed.)</p> +<p>Whatever may be the outcome of this, any thing will be better +than the present state of things.</p> +<p>Then let the final act of our enumerators and directors be to +distribute a hundred twenty-kopek pieces to those who have no +food; and this will be not a little, not so much because the +hungry will have food, but because the directors and enumerators +will conduct themselves in a humane manner towards a hundred poor +people. How are we to compute the possible results which +will accrue to the balance of public morality from the fact that, +instead of the sentiments of irritation, anger, and envy which we +arouse by reckoning the hungry, we shall awaken in a hundred +instances a sentiment of good, which will be communicated to a +second and a third, and an endless wave which will thus be set in +motion and flow between men? And this is a great +deal. Let those of the two thousand enumerators who have +never comprehended this before, come to understand that, when +going about among the poor, it is impossible to say, “This +is very interesting;” that a man should not express himself +with regard to another man’s wretchedness by interest only; +and this will be a good thing. Then let assistance be +rendered to all those unfortunates, of whom there are not so many +as I at first supposed in Moscow, who can easily be helped by +money alone to a great extent. Then let those laborers who +have come to Moscow and have eaten their very clothing from their +backs, and who cannot return to the country, be despatched to +their homes; let the abandoned orphans receive supervision; let +feeble old men and indigent old women, who subsist on the charity +of their companions, be released from their half-famished and +dying condition. (And this is very possible. There +are not very many of them.) And this will also be a very, +very great deal accomplished. But why not think and hope +that more and yet more will be done? Why not expect that +that real task will be partially carried out, or at least begun, +which is effected, not by money, but by labor; that weak +drunkards who have lost their health, unlucky thieves, and +prostitutes who are still capable of reformation, should be +saved? All evil may not be exterminated, but there will +arise some understanding of it, and the contest with it will not +be police methods, but by inward modes,—by the brotherly +intercourse of the men who perceive the evil, with the men who do +not perceive it because they are a part of it.</p> +<p>No matter what may be accomplished, it will be a great +deal. But why not hope that every thing will be +accomplished? Why not hope that we shall accomplish thus +much, that there shall not exist in Moscow a single person in +want of clothing, a single hungry person, a single human being +sold for money, nor a single individual oppressed by the judgment +of man, who shall not know that there is fraternal aid for +him? It is not surprising that this should not be so, but +it is surprising that this should exist side by side with our +superfluous leisure and wealth, and that we can live on +composedly, knowing that these things are so. Let us forget +that in great cities and in London, there is a proletariat, and +let us not say that so it must needs be. It need not be +this, and it should not, for this is contrary to our reason and +our heart, and it cannot be if we are living people. Why +not hope that we shall come to understand that there is not a +single duty incumbent upon us, not to mention personal duty, for +ourselves, nor our family, nor social, nor governmental, nor +scientific, which is more weighty than this? Why not think +that we shall at last come to apprehend this? Only because +to do so would be too great a happiness. Why not hope that +some the people will wake up, and will comprehend that every +thing else is a delusion, but that this is the only work in +life? And why should not this “some time” be +now, and in Moscow? Why not hope that the same thing may +happen in society and humanity which suddenly takes place in a +diseased organism, when the moment of convalescence suddenly sets +in? The organism is diseased this means, that the cells +cease to perform their mysterious functions; some die, others +become infected, others still remain in perfect condition, and +work on by themselves. But all of a sudden the moment comes +when every living cell enters upon an independent and healthy +activity: it crowds out the dead cells, encloses the infected +ones in a living wall, it communicates life to that which was +lifeless; and the body is restored, and lives with new life.</p> +<p>Why should we not think and expect that the cells of our +society will acquire fresh life and re-invigorate the +organism? We know not in what the power of the cells +consists, but we do know that our life is in our own power. +We can show forth the light that is in us, or we may extinguish +it.</p> +<p>Let one man approach the Lyapinsky house in the dusk, when a +thousand persons, naked and hungry, are waiting in the bitter +cold for admission, and let that one man attempt to help, and his +heart will ache till it bleeds, and he will flee thence with +despair and anger against men; but let a thousand men approach +that other thousand with a desire to help, and the task will +prove easy and delightful. Let the mechanicians invent a +machine for lifting the weight that is crushing us—that is +a good thing; but until they shall have invented it, let us bear +down upon the people, like fools, like <i>muzhiki</i>, like +peasants, like Christians, and see whether we cannot raise +them.</p> +<p>And now, brothers, all together, and away it goes!</p> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARTICLE ON THE CENSUS IN MOSCOW***</p> +<pre> + + +***** This file should be named 3540-h.htm or 3540-h.zip****** + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/5/4/3540 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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