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diff --git a/3540.txt b/3540.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a58e713 --- /dev/null +++ b/3540.txt @@ -0,0 +1,777 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Article on the Census in Moscow, by Count +Lyof N. Tolstoi, Translated by Isabel F. Hapgood + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Article on the Census in Moscow + + +Author: Count Lyof N. Tolstoi + + + +Release Date: December 27, 2007 [eBook #3540] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARTICLE ON THE CENSUS IN MOSCOW*** + + +Transcribed from the 1887 Tomas Y. Crowell "What to do?" edition by David +Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org + + + + + +MOSCOW CENSUS--FROM "WHAT TO DO?" + + +ARTICLE ON THE CENSUS IN MOSCOW. [1882.] + + +The object of a census is scientific. A census is a sociological +investigation. And the object of the science of sociology is the +happiness of the people. This science and its methods differ sharply +from all other sciences. + +Its peculiarity lies in this, that sociological investigations are not +conducted by learned men in their cabinets, observatories and +laboratories, but by two thousand people from the community. A second +peculiarity is this, that the investigations of other sciences are not +conducted on living people, but here living people are the subjects. A +third peculiarity is, that the aim of every other science is simply +knowledge, while here it is the good of the people. One man may +investigate a nebula, but for the investigation of Moscow, two thousand +persons are necessary. The object of the study of nebulae is merely that +we may know about nebulae; the object of the study of inhabitants is that +sociological laws may be deduced, and that, on the foundation of these +laws, a better life for the people may be established. It makes no +difference to the nebula whether it is studied or not, and it has waited +long, and is ready to wait a great while longer; but it is not a matter +of indifference to the inhabitants of Moscow, especially to those +unfortunates who constitute the most interesting subjects of the science +of sociology. + +The census-taker enters a night lodging-house; in the basement he finds a +man dying of hunger, and he politely inquires his profession, his name, +his native place, the character of his occupation, and after a little +hesitation as to whether he is to be entered in the list as alive, he +writes him in and goes his way. + +And thus will the two thousand young men proceed. This is not as it +should be. + +Science does its work, and the community, summoned in the persons of +these two thousand young men to aid science, must do its work. A +statistician drawing his deductions from figures may feel indifferent +towards people, but we census-takers, who see these people and who have +no scientific prepossessions, cannot conduct ourselves towards them in an +inhuman manner. Science fulfils its task, and its work is for its +objects and in the distant future, both useful and necessary to us. For +men of science, we can calmly say, that in 1882 there were so many +beggars, so many prostitutes, and so many uncared-for children. Science +may say this with composure and with pride, because it knows that the +confirmation of this fact conduces to the elucidation of the laws of +sociology, and that the elucidation of the laws of sociology leads to a +better constitution of society. But what if we, the unscientific people, +say: "You are perishing in vice, you are dying of hunger, you are pining +away, and killing each other; so do not grieve about this; when you shall +have all perished, and hundreds of thousands more like you, then, +possibly, science may be able to arrange everything in an excellent +manner." For men of science, the census has its interest; and for us +also, it possesses an interest of a wholly different significance. The +interest and significance of the census for the community lie in this, +that it furnishes it with a mirror into which, willy nilly, the whole +community, and each one of us, gaze. + +The figures and deductions will be the mirror. It is possible to refrain +from reading them, as it is possible to turn away from the looking-glass. +It is possible to glance cursorily at both figures and mirror, and it is +also possible to scrutinize them narrowly. To go about in connection +with the census as thousands of people are now about to do, is to +scrutinize one's self closely in the mirror. + +What does this census, that is about to be made, mean for us people of +Moscow, who are not men of science? It means two things. In the first +place, this, that we may learn with certainty, that among us tens of +thousands who live in ease, there dwell tens of thousands of people who +lack bread, clothing and shelter; in the second place, this, that our +brothers and sons will go and view this and will calmly set down +according to the schedules, how many have died of hunger and cold. + +And both these things are very bad. + +All cry out upon the instability of our social organization, about the +exceptional situation, about revolutionary tendencies. Where lies the +root of all this? To what do the revolutionists point? To poverty, to +inequality in the distribution of wealth. To what do the conservatives +point? To the decline in moral principle. If the opinion of the +revolutionists is correct, what must be done? Poverty and the inequality +of wealth must be lessened. How is this to be effected? The rich must +share with the poor. If the opinion of the conservatives is correct, +that the whole evil arises from the decline in moral principle, what can +be more immoral and vicious than the consciously indifferent survey of +popular sufferings, with the sole object of cataloguing them? What must +be done? To the census we must add the work of affectionate intercourse +of the idle and cultivated rich, with the oppressed and unenlightened +poor. + +Science will do its work, let us perform ours also. Let us do this. In +the first place, let all of us who are occupied with the census, +superintendents and census-takers, make it perfectly clear to ourselves +what we are to investigate and why. It is the people, and the object is +that they may be happy. Whatever may be one's view of life, every one +will agree that there is nothing more important than human life, and that +there is no more weighty task than to remove the obstacles to the +development of this life, and to assist it. + +This idea, that the relations of men to poverty are at the foundation of +all popular suffering, is expressed in the Gospels with striking +harshness, but at the same time, with decision and clearness for all. + +"He who has clothed the naked, fed the hungry, visited the prisoner, that +man has clothed Me, fed Me, visited Me," that is, has done the deed for +that which is the most important thing in the world. + +However a man may look upon things, every one knows that this is more +important than all else on earth. + +And this must not be forgotten, and we must not permit any other +consideration to veil from us the most weighty fact of our existence. Let +us inscribe, and reckon, but let us not forget that if we encounter a man +who is hungry and without clothes, it is of more moment to succor him +than to make all possible investigations, than to discover all possible +sciences. Perish the whole census if we may but feed an old woman. The +census will be longer and more difficult, but we cannot pass by people in +the poorer quarters and merely note them down without taking any heed of +them and without endeavoring, according to the measure of our strength +and moral sensitiveness, to aid them. This in the first place. In the +second, this is what must be done: All of us, who are to take part in the +census, must refrain from irritation because we are annoyed; let us +understand that this census is very useful for us; that if this is not +cure, it is at least an effort to study the disease, for which we should +be thankful; that we must seize this occasion, and, in connection with +it, we must seek to recover our health, in some small degree. Let all of +us, then, who are connected with the census, endeavor to take advantage +of this solitary opportunity in ten years to purify ourselves somewhat; +let us not strive against, but assist the census, and assist it +especially in this sense, that it may not have merely the harsh character +of the investigation of a hopelessly sick person, but may have the +character of healing and restoration to health. For the occasion is +unique: eighty energetic, cultivated men, having under their orders two +thousand young men of the same stamp, are to make their way over the +whole of Moscow, and not leave a single man in Moscow with whom they have +not entered into personal relations. All the wounds of society, the +wounds of poverty, of vice, of ignorance--all will be laid bare. Is +there not something re-assuring in this? The census-takers will go about +Moscow, they will set down in their lists, without distinction, those +insolent with prosperity, the satisfied, the calm, those who are on the +way to ruin, and those who are ruined, and the curtain will fall. The +census-takers, our sons and brothers, these young men will behold all +this. They will say: "Yes, our life is very terrible and incurable," and +with this admission they will live on like the rest of us, awaiting a +remedy for the evil from this or that extraneous force. But those who +are perishing will go on dying, in their ruin, and those on the road to +ruin will continue in their course. No, let us rather grasp the idea +that science has its task, and that we, on the occasion of this census, +have our task, and let us not allow the curtain once lifted to be +dropped, but let us profit by the opportunity in order to remove the +immense evil of the separation existing between us and the poor, and to +establish intercourse and the work of redressing the evil of unhappiness +and ignorance, and our still greater misfortune,--the indifference and +aimlessness of our life. + +I already hear the customary remark: "All this is very fine, these are +sounding phrases; but do you tell us what to do and how to do it?" Before +I say what is to be done, it is indispensable that I should say what is +not to be done. It is indispensable, first of all, in my opinion, in +order that something practical may come of this activity, that no society +should be formed, that there should be no publicity, that there should be +no collection of money by balls, bazaars or theatres; that there should +be no announcement that Prince A. has contributed one thousand rubles, +and the honorable citizen B. three thousand; that there shall be no +collection, no calling to account, no writing up,--most of all, no +writing up, so that there may not be the least shadow of any institution, +either governmental or philanthropic. + +But in my opinion, this is what should be done instantly: Firstly, All +those who agree with me should go to the directors, and ask for their +shares the poorest sections, the poorest dwellings; and in company with +the census-takers, twenty-three, twenty-four or twenty-five in number, +they should go to these quarters, enter into relations with the people +who are in need of assistance, and labor for them. + +Secondly: We should direct the attention of the superintendents and +census-takers to the inhabitants in need of assistance, and work for them +personally, and point them out to those who wish to work over them. But +I am asked: What do you mean by _working over them_? I reply; Doing good +to people. The words "doing good" are usually understood to mean, giving +money. But, in my opinion, doing good and giving money are not only not +the same thing, but two different and generally opposite things. Money, +in itself, is evil. And therefore he who gives money gives evil. This +error of thinking that the giving of money means doing good, arose from +the fact, that generally, when a man does good, he frees himself from +evil, and from money among other evils. And therefore, to give money is +only a sign that a man is beginning to rid himself of evil. To do good, +signifies to do that which is good for man. But, in order to know what +is good for man, it is necessary to be on humane, i.e., on friendly terms +with him. And therefore, in order to do good, it is not money that is +necessary, but, first of all, a capacity for detaching ourselves, for a +time at least, from the conditions of our own life. It is necessary that +we should not be afraid to soil our boots and clothing, that we should +not fear lice and bedbugs, that we should not fear typhus fever, +diphtheria, and small-pox. It is necessary that we should be in a +condition to seat ourselves by the bunk of a tatterdemalion and converse +earnestly with him in such a manner, that he may feel that the man who is +talking with him respects and loves him, and is not putting on airs and +admiring himself. And in order that this may be so, it is necessary that +a man should find the meaning of life outside himself. This is what is +requisite in order that good should be done, and this is what it is +difficult to find. + +When the idea of assisting through the medium of the census occurred to +me, I discussed the matter with divers of the wealthy, and I saw how glad +the rich were of this opportunity of decently getting rid of their money, +that extraneous sin which they cherish in their hearts. "Take three +hundred--five hundred rubles, if you like," they said to me, "but I +cannot go into those dens myself." There was no lack of money. Remember +Zaccheus, the chief of the Publicans in the Gospel. Remember how he, +because he was small of stature, climbed into a tree to see Christ, and +how when Christ announced that he was going to his house, having +understood but one thing, that the Master did not approve of riches, he +leaped headlong from the tree, ran home and arranged his feast. And how, +as soon as Christ entered, Zaccheus instantly declared that he gave the +half of his goods to the poor, and if he had wronged any man, to him he +would restore fourfold. And remember how all of us, when we read the +Gospel, set but little store on this Zaccheus, and involuntarily look +with scorn on this half of his goods, and fourfold restitution. And our +feeling is correct. Zaccheus, according to his lights, performed a great +deed. He had not even begun to do good. He had only begun in some small +measure to purify himself from evil, and so Christ told him. + +He merely said to him: "To-day is salvation come nigh unto this house." + +What if the Moscow Zaccheuses were to do the same that he did? Assuredly, +more than one milliard could be collected. Well, and what of that? +Nothing. There would be still greater sin if we were to think of +distributing this money among the poor. Money is not needed. What is +needed is self-sacrificing action; what is needed are people who would +like to do good, not by giving extraneous sin-money, but by giving their +own labor, themselves, their lives. Where are such people to be found? +Here they are, walking about Moscow. They are the student enumerators. I +have seen how they write out their charts. The student writes in the +night lodging-house, by the bedside of a sick man. "What is your +disease?"--"Small-pox." And the student does not make a wry face, but +proceeds with his writing. And this he does for the sake of some +doubtful science. What would he do if he were doing it for the sake of +his own undoubted good and the good of others? + +When children, in merry mood, feel a desire to laugh, they never think of +devising some reason for laughter, but they laugh without any reason, +because they are gay; and thus these charming youths sacrifice +themselves. They have not, as yet, contrived to devise any means of +sacrificing themselves, but they devote their attention, their labor, +their lives, in order to write out a chart, from which something does or +does not appear. What would it be if this labor were something really +worth their while? There is and there always will be labor of this sort, +which is worthy of the devotion of a whole life, whatever the man's life +may be. This labor is the loving intercourse of man with man, and the +breaking-down of the barriers which men have erected between themselves, +so that the enjoyment of the rich man may not be disturbed by the wild +howls of the men who are reverting to beasts, and by the groans of +helpless hunger, cold and disease. + +This census will place before the eyes of us well-to-do and so-called +cultivated people, all the poverty and oppression which is lurking in +every corner of Moscow. Two thousand of our brothers, who stand on the +highest rung of the ladder, will come face to face with thousands of +people who stand on the lowest round of society. Let us not miss this +opportunity of communion. Let us, through these two thousand men, +preserve this communion, and let us make use of it to free ourselves from +the aimlessness and the deformity of our lives, and to free the condemned +from that indigence and misery which do not allow the sensitive people in +our ranks to enjoy our good fortune in peace. + +This is what I propose: (1) That all our directors and enumerators should +join to their business of the census a task of assistance,--of work in +the interest of the good of these people, who, in our opinion, are in +need of assistance, and with whom we shall come in contact; (2) That all +of us, directors and enumerators, not by appointment of the committee of +the City Council, but by the appointment of our own hearts, shall remain +in our posts,--that is, in our relations to the inhabitants of the town +who are in need of assistance,--and that, at the conclusion of the work +of the census, we shall continue our work of aid. If I have succeeded in +any degree in expressing what I feel, I am sure that the only +impossibility will be getting the directors and enumerators to abandon +this, and that others will present themselves in the places of those who +leave; (3) That we should collect all those inhabitants of Moscow, who +feel themselves fit to work for the needy, into sections, and begin our +activity now, in accordance with the hints of the census-takers and +directors, and afterwards carry it on; (4) That all who, on account of +age, weakness, or other causes, cannot give their personal labor among +the needy, shall intrust the task to their young, strong, and willing +relatives. (Good consists not in the giving of money, it consists in the +loving intercourse of men. This alone is needed.) + +Whatever may be the outcome of this, any thing will be better than the +present state of things. + +Then let the final act of our enumerators and directors be to distribute +a hundred twenty-kopek pieces to those who have no food; and this will be +not a little, not so much because the hungry will have food, but because +the directors and enumerators will conduct themselves in a humane manner +towards a hundred poor people. How are we to compute the possible +results which will accrue to the balance of public morality from the fact +that, instead of the sentiments of irritation, anger, and envy which we +arouse by reckoning the hungry, we shall awaken in a hundred instances a +sentiment of good, which will be communicated to a second and a third, +and an endless wave which will thus be set in motion and flow between +men? And this is a great deal. Let those of the two thousand +enumerators who have never comprehended this before, come to understand +that, when going about among the poor, it is impossible to say, "This is +very interesting;" that a man should not express himself with regard to +another man's wretchedness by interest only; and this will be a good +thing. Then let assistance be rendered to all those unfortunates, of +whom there are not so many as I at first supposed in Moscow, who can +easily be helped by money alone to a great extent. Then let those +laborers who have come to Moscow and have eaten their very clothing from +their backs, and who cannot return to the country, be despatched to their +homes; let the abandoned orphans receive supervision; let feeble old men +and indigent old women, who subsist on the charity of their companions, +be released from their half-famished and dying condition. (And this is +very possible. There are not very many of them.) And this will also be +a very, very great deal accomplished. But why not think and hope that +more and yet more will be done? Why not expect that that real task will +be partially carried out, or at least begun, which is effected, not by +money, but by labor; that weak drunkards who have lost their health, +unlucky thieves, and prostitutes who are still capable of reformation, +should be saved? All evil may not be exterminated, but there will arise +some understanding of it, and the contest with it will not be police +methods, but by inward modes,--by the brotherly intercourse of the men +who perceive the evil, with the men who do not perceive it because they +are a part of it. + +No matter what may be accomplished, it will be a great deal. But why not +hope that every thing will be accomplished? Why not hope that we shall +accomplish thus much, that there shall not exist in Moscow a single +person in want of clothing, a single hungry person, a single human being +sold for money, nor a single individual oppressed by the judgment of man, +who shall not know that there is fraternal aid for him? It is not +surprising that this should not be so, but it is surprising that this +should exist side by side with our superfluous leisure and wealth, and +that we can live on composedly, knowing that these things are so. Let us +forget that in great cities and in London, there is a proletariat, and +let us not say that so it must needs be. It need not be this, and it +should not, for this is contrary to our reason and our heart, and it +cannot be if we are living people. Why not hope that we shall come to +understand that there is not a single duty incumbent upon us, not to +mention personal duty, for ourselves, nor our family, nor social, nor +governmental, nor scientific, which is more weighty than this? Why not +think that we shall at last come to apprehend this? Only because to do +so would be too great a happiness. Why not hope that some the people +will wake up, and will comprehend that every thing else is a delusion, +but that this is the only work in life? And why should not this "some +time" be now, and in Moscow? Why not hope that the same thing may happen +in society and humanity which suddenly takes place in a diseased +organism, when the moment of convalescence suddenly sets in? The +organism is diseased this means, that the cells cease to perform their +mysterious functions; some die, others become infected, others still +remain in perfect condition, and work on by themselves. But all of a +sudden the moment comes when every living cell enters upon an independent +and healthy activity: it crowds out the dead cells, encloses the infected +ones in a living wall, it communicates life to that which was lifeless; +and the body is restored, and lives with new life. + +Why should we not think and expect that the cells of our society will +acquire fresh life and re-invigorate the organism? We know not in what +the power of the cells consists, but we do know that our life is in our +own power. We can show forth the light that is in us, or we may +extinguish it. + +Let one man approach the Lyapinsky house in the dusk, when a thousand +persons, naked and hungry, are waiting in the bitter cold for admission, +and let that one man attempt to help, and his heart will ache till it +bleeds, and he will flee thence with despair and anger against men; but +let a thousand men approach that other thousand with a desire to help, +and the task will prove easy and delightful. Let the mechanicians invent +a machine for lifting the weight that is crushing us--that is a good +thing; but until they shall have invented it, let us bear down upon the +people, like fools, like _muzhiki_, like peasants, like Christians, and +see whether we cannot raise them. + +And now, brothers, all together, and away it goes! + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARTICLE ON THE CENSUS IN MOSCOW*** + + +******* This file should be named 3540.txt or 3540.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/5/4/3540 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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