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+ margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + pre {font-size: 85%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Jewish Immigration to the United States from +1881 to 1910, by Samuel Joseph</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Jewish Immigration to the United States from 1881 to 1910</p> +<p> Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol. LIX, No. 4, 1914</p> +<p>Author: Samuel Joseph</p> +<p>Release Date: February 27, 2011 [eBook #35415]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES FROM 1881 TO 1910***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Jeannie Howse, Fritz Ohrenschall,<br /> + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3> +<p> </p> +<div class="tr"> +<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p> +<br /> +<p class="noin">This document was produced from an AMS Press reprint. +All modern material has been removed. The original, printed in 1914, +is an article in a journal, with it's own page numbering (as well as +the journal page numbering, which has been removed from this transcription).</p> +<p class="noin">Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has been preserved.</p> +<p class="noin" style="text-align: left;">Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. +For a complete list, please see the <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="#TN">end of this document</a>.</span></p> +</div> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<h2>4<br /><br /> +JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES</h2> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>STUDIES IN HISTORY, ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC LAW</h4> + +<h5>EDITED BY THE FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE<br /> +OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY</h5> + +<p><b><span class="leftside">Volume LIX]</span> <span class="rightside">[Number 4</span></b></p> + +<p class="cen"><b>Whole Number 145</b></p> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<h1>JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO<br /> +THE UNITED STATES</h1> + +<h3>FROM 1881 TO 1910</h3> + +<br /> + +<h4>BY</h4> +<h3>SAMUEL JOSEPH</h3> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h4>1914</h4> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h4>To<br /> +MY FATHER AND MY MOTHER</h4> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>PREFACE</h3> +<br /> + +<p>In this survey of Jewish immigration to the United States for the past +thirty years, my purpose has been to present the main features of a +movement of population that is one of the most striking of modern +times. The causes of Jewish emigration from Eastern Europe, the course +of Jewish immigration to the United States and the most important +social qualities of the Jewish immigrants are studied, for the light +they throw upon the character of this movement. The method employed in +this investigation has been largely statistical and comparative, a +fact which is partly due to the kind of material that was available +and partly to the point of view that has been taken. Certain economic +and social factors, having a close bearing upon the past and present +situation of the Jews in Eastern Europe and frequently neglected in +the discussion of the various phases of this movement, have been +emphasized in the examination into the causes of the emigration of the +Jews from Eastern Europe and have been found vital in determining the +specific character of the Jewish immigration to this country.</p> + +<p>I desire gratefully to acknowledge my deep indebtedness to Mr. A.S. +Freidus, head of the Jewish department of the New York Public Library, +for his ever-ready assistance in the preparation of this work. Thanks +are due as well to Dr. C.C. Williamson, head of the Economics +department of the library, and to his able and courteous staff; to +Professor Robert E. Chaddock for his many valuable suggestions and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +aid in the making of the statistical tables and in the reading of the +proof; and to Professor Edwin R.A. Seligman for his painstaking +reading of the manuscript.</p> + +<p class="right sc">Samuel Joseph.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="toc" id="toc"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h3> +<br /> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="70%" summary="Table of Contents"> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3">PART I.—THE CAUSES OF JEWISH EMIGRATION.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr" width="5%"> </td> + <td class="tdl" width="75%"> </td> + <td class="tdr" width="20%" style="font-size: 80%;">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_I_PT1"><br />CHAPTER I</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Introduction.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1.</td> + <td class="tdl">Character of Jewish immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">2.</td> + <td class="tdl">Eastern Europe</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">3.</td> + <td class="tdl">Distribution of Jews in Eastern Europe</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">4.</td> + <td class="tdl">Uniform character of East-European Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_II_PT1"><br />CHAPTER II</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Eastern Europe: Economic, Social and Political Conditions</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">I.</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Russia.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">1. Medieval past</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">2. Agricultural character</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">3. Emancipation of serfs</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">4. Reminiscences of serfdom</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">5. Changes since the emancipation</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">6. Epoch of transition</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">7. Social orders: classes, the church</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">8. Political order: autocracy, bureaucracy</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">9. Political struggle: Russian liberalism</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">10. Reaction since Alexander III</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">II.</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Roumania.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">1. Social-economic classes</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">2. Emancipation of the serfs: results</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">3. Development of industry and commerce</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">4. Growth of a middle class</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">III.</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Austria-Hungary.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">1. Reminiscences of medieval economy</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">2. Transitional nature of economic life</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">3. Organization of industry and commerce</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">4. Politico-economic struggles</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">5. Galicia: economic and social conditions</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">IV.</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Summary.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_III_PT1"><br />CHAPTER III</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">The Jews in Eastern Europe: Economic and Social Position</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">I.</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Russia.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">1. Economic characteristics</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Occupational distribution of the Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Comparison with the non-Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">c. Participation of the Jews in principal occupational groups</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">d. Comparison of occupational distribution of Jews and non-Jews in the Pale</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">e. Economic activities of the Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">2. Social characteristics</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Urban distribution of the Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Comparison with the non-Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">c. Literacy: comparison with the non-Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">d. Liberal professions: comparison with the non-Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">II.</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Roumania.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">1. Economic characteristics</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. The Jews as merchants and entrepreneurs</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. The Jewish artisans</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">c. Participation of the Jews in industry and commerce</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">2. Social characteristics</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Urban distribution of the Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Comparison with the non-Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">c. Literacy: comparison with the non-Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">III.</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Austria-Hungary.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">1. Economic characteristics</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Occupational distribution of the Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Comparison with the non-Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">c. Participation of the Jews in principal occupational groups</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl"> Galicia</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Occupational distribution of the Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Comparison with the non-Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">c. Participation of the Jews in principal occupational groups</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">d. Industrial and commercial position of the Jews in East and West Galicia</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">2. Social characteristics<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Urban distribution of the Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Comparison with the non-Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">c. Liberal professions: comparison with the non-Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">III.</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Summary.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV_PT1"><br />CHAPTER IV</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Thirty Years of Jewish History</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">I.</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Russia.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">1. Treatment of the Jews after the partitions of Poland</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">2. Pale of Jewish Settlement: special Jewish laws</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">3. Attitude of Russian government toward the Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">4. Alexander II and liberalism</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">5. Reaction: antagonism to the Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">6. Economic attack: the May Laws</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">7. Effect of the May Laws</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">8. Educational restrictions: the "percentage rule"</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">9. <i>Pogroms: pogroms of 1881-2</i></td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">10. Expulsions from Moscow</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">11. Nicholas II: anti-Jewish agitation: Kishineff</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">12. War and revolution: effect upon the Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">13. <i>Pogroms</i> as counter-revolution</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">14. Results: economic and social pressure</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">15. Jewish policy of reactionary régime</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_68"> 68</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">II.</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Roumania.</i></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">1. Early legal status of the Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">2. Convention of Paris</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">3. Anti-Jewish activities of the government: Article VII</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">4. Berlin Congress</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">5. Article 44 of the Berlin Treaty</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">6. The revised Article VII</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">7. Legal status of the Jews fixed</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">8. Campaign of discrimination</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_72">73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">9. Exclusion of Jews from economic activities</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">10. Educational restrictions: restrictions to professional service</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">11. Political basis of anti-Jewish policy</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">12. Results: economic and social pressure</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">13. Jewish policy of Roumanian government: Hay's circular note</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">III.</td> + <td class="tdl"><i>Austria-Hungary.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></td> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">1. Early legal status of the Jews: emancipation</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">2. Jews attacked as liberals and capitalists</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">3. Rise of political antisemitism: its triumph: the clericals</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl"> Galicia</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">1. Rise of a Polish middle class: displacement of Jews in industry and commerce</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">2. Economic boycott of Jewish artisans and traders</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">3. Anti-Jewish activity of local authorities</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">4. Over-competition and surplus of Jews in industry and commerce</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdl">5. Historical rôle of the Jews: antagonism of peasantry and clergy</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_V_PT1"><br />CHAPTER V</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Conclusion</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#PART_2"><br />PART II.--JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3"><br />A. Its Movement</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_I_PT2A"><br />CHAPTER I</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Determination of Number of Jewish Immigrants</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1.</td> + <td class="tdl">Construction of table: difficulties</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">2.</td> + <td class="tdl">Sources utilized: reports of Jewish societies</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">3.</td> + <td class="tdl">Rearrangement of numbers from 1886 to 1898</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">4.</td> + <td class="tdl">Determination of numbers by country of nativity: + methods used</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">5.</td> + <td class="tdl">Determination of numbers from 1881 to 1885: methods + used</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">6.</td> + <td class="tdl">Tendency to magnify numbers of Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">7.</td> + <td class="tdl">Results</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_II_PT2A"><br />CHAPTER II</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Immigration of Jews from Eastern Europe</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1.</td> + <td class="tdl">Jewish immigration East-European</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">2.</td> + <td class="tdl">Summary by decades of Jewish immigration from Russia, + Roumania and Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">3.</td> + <td class="tdl">Annual contributions of Jewish immigration from + Russia, Roumania and Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_III_PT2A"><br />CHAPTER III</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Immigration of Jews from Russia</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1.</td> + <td class="tdl">Russian Jewish immigration a movement of steady growth</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Summary by decades</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Annual variations: effect of the Moscow expulsions</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">2.</td> + <td class="tdl">Participation of Jews in the immigration from Russia</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Annual variations</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Summary by decades</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">c. Relative predominance of Jewish in total</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">3.</td> + <td class="tdl">Intensity of Jewish immigration from Russia</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Rate of immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Fluctuations of rate</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV_PT2A"><br />CHAPTER IV</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Immigration of Jews from Roumania</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1.</td> + <td class="tdl">Roumanian Jewish immigration a rising movement</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Summary by decades</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Annual variations</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">2.</td> + <td class="tdl">Participation of Jews in the immigration from Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Jewish and total synonymous</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Annual variations</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">3.</td> + <td class="tdl">Intensity of Jewish immigration from Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Rate of immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Fluctuations of rate</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_V_PT2A"><br />CHAPTER V</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Immigration of Jews from Austria-Hungary</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1.</td> + <td class="tdl">Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary a rising movement</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Summary by decades</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Annual variations</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">c. Comparison of Jewish with total</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">2.</td> + <td class="tdl">Participation of Jews in the immigration from Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Summary by decades</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Annual variations</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">3.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of immigration of Jews from Austria and Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Numbers</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Participation in total</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">4.</td> + <td class="tdl">Immigration of Jews and other peoples from Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">5.</td> + <td class="tdl">Rate of Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI_PT2A"><br />CHAPTER VI</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Jewish Immigration</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1.</td> + <td class="tdl">Total movement one of geometrical progression</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Summary by decades</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Summary by six-year periods</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">c. Annual variations</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII_PT2A"><br />CHAPTER VII</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Participation of Jews in Total Immigration</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1.</td> + <td class="tdl">Rise in proportion of Jewish to total</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">2.</td> + <td class="tdl">Summary by decades</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">3.</td> + <td class="tdl">Annual variations</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">4.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of annual variations of Jewish and total immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">5.</td> + <td class="tdl">Rank of Jewish in total immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">6.</td> + <td class="tdl">Rate of immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII_PT2A"><br />CHAPTER VIII</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Summary</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3"><br />B. Its Characteristics</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_I_PT2B"><br />CHAPTER I</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Family Movement</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1.</td> + <td class="tdl">Importance of sex and age distribution</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">2.</td> + <td class="tdl">Proportion of females in Jewish immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Tendency towards increase</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">3.</td> + <td class="tdl">Proportion of children in Jewish immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">4.</td> + <td class="tdl">Proportion of sexes in total and Jewish immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">5.</td> + <td class="tdl">Proportion of children in total and Jewish immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">6.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of composition by sex of Jews and other immigrant peoples</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">7.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of composition by age of Jews and other immigrant peoples</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">8.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of composition by sex and age of Jews and the Slavic races</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">9.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of composition by sex and age of Jews from Roumania and Roumanians</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">10.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of composition by sex and age of Jewish and "old" and "new" immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">11.</td> + <td class="tdl">Conclusion</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_II_PT2B"><br />CHAPTER II</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Permanent Settlement</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1.</td> + <td class="tdl">Emigration of Jews compared with immigration of Jews</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">2.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of return movement of total and Jewish immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">3.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of return movement of Jews and other immigrant peoples</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">4.</td> + <td class="tdl">Emigration tendency of Jews from Russia, Roumania and Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">5.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of return movement of Jews and Poles from Russia and Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">6.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of return movement of Jewish and "old" and "new" immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">7.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of return movement of Jews and other immigrant peoples, 1908</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">8.</td> + <td class="tdl">Response of Jewish immigration to economic conditions in the United States</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">9.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of Jews and other immigrant peoples who have been previously in the United States</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">10.</td> + <td class="tdl">Conclusion</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_III_PT2B"><br />CHAPTER III</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Occupations</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1.</td> + <td class="tdl">Occupational distribution of Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">2.</td> + <td class="tdl">Jewish immigrants reporting occupations</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Number and percentage of occupational groups</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">3.</td> + <td class="tdl">Skilled laborers</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">a. Garment workers</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr"> </td> + <td class="tdlp1">b. Other important groups</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">4.</td> + <td class="tdl">Participation of Jews in occupational distribution of total immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">5.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of occupational distribution of Jews and other immigrant peoples</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">6.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of occupational distribution of Jews and Slavic peoples</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">7.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of occupational distribution of Jewish and "old" and "new" immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">8.</td> + <td class="tdl">Conclusion</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV_PT2B"><br />CHAPTER IV</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Illiteracy</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1.</td> + <td class="tdl">Illiteracy of Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">2.</td> + <td class="tdl">Influence of sex upon illiteracy of Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">3.</td> + <td class="tdl">Illiteracy of Jewish male and female immigrants</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">4.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of rate of illiteracy of Jews and other immigrant peoples</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">5.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of rate of illiteracy of Jewish and "old" and "new" immigration</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">6.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of rate of illiteracy of Jews and East-European peoples</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">7.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of rate of illiteracy of each sex among Jews and East-European peoples</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">8.</td> + <td class="tdl">Conclusion</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_V_PT2B"><br />CHAPTER V</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Destination</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">1.</td> + <td class="tdl">Factors influencing destination</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">2.</td> + <td class="tdl">Proportion of Jewish immigrants destined for divisions</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">3.</td> + <td class="tdl">Proportion of Jewish immigrants destined for principal states</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">4.</td> + <td class="tdl">Comparison of destination of Jews and other immigrant peoples</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">5.</td> + <td class="tdl">Participation of Jews in the immigration destined for divisions</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr">6.</td> + <td class="tdl">Final disposition of Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI_PT2B"><br />CHAPTER VI</a></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdcsc" colspan="3">Summary and Conclusions</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="tot" id="tot"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span><br /> + +<h3><a href="#STATISTICAL_TABLES">STATISTICAL TABLES</a></h3> +<br /> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="List of Tables"> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt" width="10%"> </td> + <td class="tdl" width="80%"> </td> + <td class="tdr" width="10%" style="font-size: 80%;">PAGE</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">I<span class="fakesc">A.</span></td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_IA">Participation of Jews in occupations in the Russian Empire, 1897</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">158</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">I<span class="fakesc">AB.</span></td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_IB">Participation of Jews in occupations in the Pale of Jewish Settlement, 1897</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">159</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">II.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_II">Jewish immigration at the ports of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, July to June, 1886 to 1898</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">159</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">III.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_III">Jewish immigration at the port of New York, July, 1885 to June, 1886, by month and country of nativity</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">159</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">IV<span class="fakesc">A.</span></td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_IVA">Jewish immigration at the port of Philadelphia, 1886 to 1898, by country of nativity</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">160</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">IV<span class="fakesc">B.</span></td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_IVB">Jewish immigration at the port of Baltimore, 1891 to 1898, by country of nativity</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">160</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">V.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_V">Jewish immigration at the ports of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, 1886 to 1898, by country of nativity</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">161</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">VI.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_VI">Jewish immigration to the United States, 1881 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">93</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">VII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_VII">Percentage of annual Jewish immigration to the United States, contributed by each country of nativity, 1881 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">94</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">VIII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_VIII">Jewish immigration to the United States, 1881 to 1910, absolute numbers and percentages, by decade and country of nativity</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">162</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">IX.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_IX">Jewish immigration from Russia, 1881 to 1910, and percentage of total arriving each year</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">162</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">X.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_X">Jewish immigration from Russia, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage of total arriving each decade</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">163</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XI.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XI">Jewish immigration from Russia at the port of New York, January 1, 1891 to December 31, 1891, and January 1, 1892 to December 31, 1892, by month</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">163</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XII">Total immigration from Russia and Jewish immigration from Russia, 1881 to 1910, and percentage Jewish of total</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">164</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XIII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XIII">Total immigration from Russia and Jewish immigration from Russia, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage Jewish of total</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">164</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XIV.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XIV">Immigration to the United States from the Russian Empire, 1899 to 1910, by annual percentage of contribution of principal peoples</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">165</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XV.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XV">Rate of immigration of peoples predominant in the immigration from Russia, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">165</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XVI.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XVI">Rate of Jewish immigration from Russia per 10,000 of Jewish population, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">166</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XVII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XVII">Jewish immigration from Roumania, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage of total arriving each decade</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">166<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XVIII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XVIII">Jewish immigration from Roumania, 1881 to 1910, and percentage of total arriving each year</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">167</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XIX.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XIX">Total immigration from Roumania and Jewish immigration from Roumania, 1899 to 1910, and percentage Jewish of total</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">168</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XX.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XX">Rate of Jewish immigration from Roumania per 10,000 of Jewish population, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">168</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXI.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXI">Jewish immigration from Austria Hungary, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage of total arriving each decade</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">169</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXII">Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary, 1881 to 1910, and percentage of total arriving each year</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">169</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXIII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXIII">Total and Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage Jewish of total</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">170</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXIV.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXIV">Total and Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary, 1881 to 1910, and percentage Jewish of total</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">170</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXV.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXV">Percentage of annual immigration from Austria-Hungary contributed by principal peoples, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">171</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXVI.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXVI">Rate of Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary per 10,000 of Jewish population, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">171</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXVII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXVII">Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by decade</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">172</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXVIII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXVIII">Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by six-year period</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">172</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXIX.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXIX">Jewish immigration to the United States, 1881 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">173</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXX.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXX">Total immigration and Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by decade and percentage Jewish of total</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">174</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXXI.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXXI">Total immigration and Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by year and percentage Jewish of total</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">174</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXXII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXXII">Total and Jewish immigration, 1881 to 1910, by number and percentage of increase or decrease</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">175</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXXIII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXXIII">Sex of Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">176</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXXIV.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXXIV">Sex of Jewish immigrant adults at the port of New York, 1886 to 1898</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">176</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXXV.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXXV">Age of Jewish immigrants, 1809 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">177</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXXVI.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXXVI">Age of Jewish immigrants at the port of New York, 1886 to 1898</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">177</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXXVII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXXVII">Sex of total and Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">178</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXXVIII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXXVIII">Sex of European immigrants, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">179</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XXXIX.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XXXIX">Age of European immigrants, 1899 to 1909</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">180</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XL.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XL">Sex, 1899 to 1910, and age, 1899 to 1909, of Slavic immigrants</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">181</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XLI<span class="fakesc">A.</span></td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XLIA">Sex of Roumanian immigrants, 1899 to 1910, and of immigrants from Roumania. 1900 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">181<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XLI<span class="fakesc">B.</span></td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XLIB">Age of Jewish and Roumanian immigrants, 1899 to 1909</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">181</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XLII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XLII">Sex and age of "old" and "new" immigration (Jewish excepted) and of Jewish immigration, 1899 to 1909</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">182</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XLIII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XLIII">Jewish immigration and emigration, 1908 to 1912</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">182</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XLIV.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XLIV">Total and Jewish emigrant aliens and percentage Jewish immigrant aliens of total immigrant aliens, 1908 to 1912</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">183</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XLV.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XLV">European immigrant aliens admitted, and European emigrant aliens departed, 1908, 1909 and 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">183</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XLVI.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XLVI">Jewish immigration and emigration, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Roumania, 1908 to 1912</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">184</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XLVII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XLVII">Polish immigration and emigration, Russia and Austria-Hungary, 1908 to 1912</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">184</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XLVIII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XLVIII">"Old" and "new" (Jewish excepted) and Jewish immigration and emigration, 1908 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">185</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">XLIX.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_XLIX">European immigrant aliens, 1907, and European emigrant aliens, 1908</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">185</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">L.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_L">Total European immigrants admitted and total of those admitted during this period in the United States previously, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">186</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LI.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LI">Occupational distribution of Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">186</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LII">Jewish immigrants reporting occupations, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">187</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LIII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LIII">Jewish immigrants engaged in professional occupations, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">187</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LIV.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LIV">Jewish immigrants reporting skilled occupations, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">188</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LV.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LV">Occupations of total European and Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1909, and percentage Jewish of total</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">189</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LVI.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LVI">Total European immigrants and immigrants without occupation, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">189</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LVII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LVII">Occupations of European immigrants reporting employment, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">190</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LVIII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LVIII">Occupations of Slavic and Jewish immigrants reporting employment, 1890 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">191</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LIX.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LIX">Occupations of "old" and "new" immigration (Jewish excepted) and of Jewish immigration, 1899 to 1909</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">191</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LX.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LX">Illiteracy of Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">192</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LXI.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LXI">Sex of Jewish immigrant illiterates, 1908 to 1912</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">192</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LXII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LXII">Illiteracy of European immigrants, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">193</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LXIII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LXIII">Illiteracy of "old" and "new" immigration (Jewish excepted) and of Jewish immigration, 1899 to 1909</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">194<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LXIV.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LXIV">Illiteracy of peoples from Eastern Europe, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">194</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LXV.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LXV">Sex of illiterates of peoples from Eastern Europe, 1908</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">194</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LXVI.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LXVI">Destination of Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910, by principal divisions</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">195</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LXVII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LXVII">Destination of Jewish immigrants, 1899 to 1910, by principal states</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">195</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LXVIII.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LXVIII">Percentage of Jewish and total immigrants destined for each division, 1899 to 1910</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">196</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdrt">LXIX.</td> + <td class="tdl"><a href="#TABLE_LXIX">Participation of Jewish immigrants in destination of total immigrants, 1899 to 1910, by principal divisions</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">196</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><br />APPENDICES</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">A. <a href="#APPENDIX_A">President Harrison's Message, 1891</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">199</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">B. <a href="#APPENDIX_B">Article VII of the Constitution of Roumania</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">200</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2">C. <a href="#APPENDIX_C">Secretary Hay's Note</a></td> + <td class="tdrb">201</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlsc" colspan="2"><a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">Bibliography</a></td> + <td class="tdr">207</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_I_PT1" id="CHAPTER_I_PT1"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER I<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Introduction</h3> +<br /> + +<p>Thirty years have elapsed since the Jews began to enter the United +States in numbers sufficiently large to make their immigration +conspicuous in the general movement to this country. A study of Jewish +immigration, in itself and in relation to the general movement, +reveals an interesting phase of this historic and many-sided social +phenomenon and throws light upon a number of important problems +incident to it.</p> + +<p>Especially does it become clear that the Jewish immigration, although +in part the result of the same forces as have affected the general +immigration and the separate groups composing it, differs, +nevertheless, in certain marked respects, from the typical +immigration. Some of these differences indeed are fundamental and +far-reaching in their effects and practically stamp the Jewish +immigration as a movement <i>sui generis</i>.</p> + +<p>Generally speaking, in the forces which are behind the emigration of +the Jews from the countries of the Old World, in the character of +their immigration—its movement and its distinguishing qualities—the +Jewish immigration strikes a distinctly individual note.</p> + +<p>Three European countries—Russia, Austria-Hungary and +Roumania—furnish the vast majority of the Jewish immigrants to the +United States.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> It is to these countries, therefore, that we must +turn for light upon the causes of this movement.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>Geographically, these countries are closely connected; they form +practically the whole of the division of Eastern Europe. Here the +Slavonic races so largely predominate that the term Slavonic Europe +has been applied to this section of Europe.</p> + +<p>Eastern or Slavonic Europe is a social as well as a geographical fact. +In racial stratification, economic and social institutions, cultural +position and, in part, religious traditions as well, these countries +present strong similarities to one another and equally strong +differences in most of these respects from the countries of Western +Europe.</p> + +<p>It is here that the Jews are found concentrated in the greatest +numbers. Nearly seven and a half-million Jews—more than half of the +Jews of the world—live in these countries. Of this number more than +five millions are in Russia, more than two millions in Austria-Hungary, +and a quarter of a million in Roumania. The great majority of these are +massed on the contiguous borders, in a zone which embraces Poland, and +Western Russia, Galicia, and Moldavia. This is the emigration zone. The +relative density of the Jews is greatest in these parts. Every seventh +man in Poland, every ninth man in Western Russia and in Galicia, and +every tenth man in Moldavia, is a Jew. Thus the center of gravity of +the Jewish populations is still the former kingdom of Poland, as it was +constituted before the partitions at the end of the eighteenth century.</p> + +<p>United originally in Poland, the Jews of Eastern Europe still retain +the same general characteristics, in spite of the changes that have +been brought about by a century of rule under different governments. +Speaking a common language, Yiddish, and possessing common religious +traditions, as well as similar social and psychological traits, the +East-European Jews present on the whole a striking uniformity of +character.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>Through the centuries they have become deeply rooted in the +East-European soil, their economic and social life intimately +connected with the economic and social conditions of these countries +and their history deeply influenced by the transformations that have +been taking place in them for half a century.</p> + +<p>As these conditions and transformations furnish the foundation of +Jewish life in Eastern Europe, and contain the explanation of the +situation that has been largely responsible for the recent Jewish +emigration to Western Europe and the United States, a rapid review of +the economic, social and political conditions of Russia, Roumania and +Austria-Hungary will be made.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>Cf. infra</i>, p. 95.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span><br /> +<a name="PART_I" id="PART_I"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h2>PART I</h2> + +<h2>THE CAUSES OF JEWISH EMIGRATION</h2> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span><br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_II_PT1" id="CHAPTER_II_PT1"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER II<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Eastern Europe: Economic, Social and Political Conditions</h3> + +<br /> + +<h4>I. RUSSIA</h4> + +<p>The difficulty of the average American to understand the character of +Russian life, some traits of which have been so vividly brought home +to him in recent years, may be attributed to a general idea that a +country rubbing elbows as it were with Western civilization for +several centuries must perforce itself possess the characteristics of +modern civilization. A closer survey of the economic, social and +political conditions prevailing in Russia to-day, however, reveals +many points of difference from those of the countries of Western +Europe, and presents a remarkable contrast with those prevailing in +the United States. Russia and the United States, indeed, stand, in +Leroy-Beaulieu's phrase, at the two poles of modern civilization. So +far apart are they in the character of their economic, social and +political structures, in the degree in which they utilize the forms +and institutions of modern life, and, in the difference in the mental +make-up of their peoples, that there exist few, if any, points of real +contact.</p> + +<p>Up to the middle of the 19th century, Russia was, in nearly all +respects, a medieval state. She was a society, which, in the words of +Kovalevsky, "preserved still of feudalism, not its political spirit +but its economic structure, serfdom, monopoly and the privileges of +the nobility, its immunities in the matter of taxes, its exclusive +right to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>landed property, and its seignorial rights."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Her modern +era dates from the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, when she became, +at least in form, a European state. But, though the Russia of our day +has witnessed great transformations in the direction of modernization, +she still retains many of the conditions and much of the spirit of her +medieval past.</p> + +<p>A rapid review of the economic, social and political conditions of +Russia will serve to make clearer this situation, which has an +important bearing upon the exceptional position, legal, economic, +social, of the Jews in the Empire, and upon the fateful events of +their history for a third of a century.</p> + +<p>The most striking fact in the economic life of present-day Russia is +that it is overwhelmingly agricultural. More than three-fourths of her +population are engaged in some form of agricultural labor. The vast +majority are peasants living in villages. Towns are relatively few and +sparsely populated. Agricultural products constitute 85 per cent of +the annual exports. What a contrast does this agricultural state, this +"peasant empire", present to the industrially and commercially +developed countries of Western Europe and the United States!</p> + +<p>The Russian peasant still practices a primitive system of agriculture. +His method of extensive cultivation, the three-field system in vogue, +his primitive implements, his domestic economy of half a century ago, +with its home production for home consumption, which is still +maintained in many parts of Russia to this day—all these present +conditions not far removed from those of the middle ages of Western +Europe.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>The existence to our day of this almost primitive economy finds its +explanation in the fact that serfdom existed in Russia, in all its +unmitigated cruelty, until comparatively recent times. Its abolition +through the Emancipation Act of Alexander II—antedating our own +Emancipation Proclamation by a few years—struck off the chains that +bound twenty millions of peasants to the soil. The emancipation, +however, was not complete. The land the peasants received was +insufficient for their needs. Other conditions co-operated in the +course of time with this primary one, to create a situation of chronic +starvation for the great mass of the Russian peasants. Forced by the +government to pay heavy taxes, in addition to redemption dues for the +land, which they paid until recently, and receiving little help from +either government or the nobility for the improvement of their +position, they are virtually exploited almost as completely as before +the emancipation.</p> + +<p>Thus, though freed in person, the peasants are to a great extent bound +by economic ties to their former masters, the nobles. These two +social-economic classes maintain towards each other practically the +same relative position held by them before the emancipation. The manor +still controls the hut.</p> + +<p>The former servile relations have persisted psychologically as well. +The Russian peasant is still largely a serf in his mentality, in his +feeling of dependence, in his inertia and lack of individual +enterprise, and, above all, in the smallness of his demands upon +life.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> This fact permeates, as it serves to explain, many aspects of +contemporary Russian life.</p> + +<p>The industrial and commercial stage of Russian economy began with the +emancipation, which set free a great supply <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>of labor. The changes +that have taken place have nevertheless not obliterated many of the +landmarks of the feudal, pre-reformation period. The economic +activities of the last half-century present a curious juxtaposition of +old and new, medieval and modern. Cottage and village industries but +little removed from the natural economy of the earlier period exist by +the side of great factories and industrial establishments employing +thousands of workmen. Fairs and markets still play a large part in +supplying the needs of the peasants, rapidly as they are being +supplanted by the commercial activities of the towns. The industrial +laborers, recruited mainly from the country, retain largely their +peasant interests, relations and characteristics. The payment of wages +in kind, which is still in vogue in many parts, and the right of +inflicting corporal punishment retained by the employers, give +evidence of the strong impress of the servile conditions of the past.</p> + +<p>Vast changes have nevertheless taken place since the emancipation. +Capitalism has made rapid, if uneven, progress. Under the fostering +care of the government, industry and commerce have made immense +strides. The factory system has taken firm root and has been +developing a specialized class of industrial laborers. Great +industrial centers have sprung up; towns have grown rapidly. The +middle class, hitherto insignificant, has increased in number, wealth +and influence. Among the peasants as well, freedom has given birth to +the spirit of individualism. The differentiation of the peasantry into +wealthier peasants and landless agricultural laborers, the great mass +of the peasantry occupying the middle ground, and the gradual +dissolution of the two great forces of Russian agricultural life—the +patriarchal family and the village community—have been the most +important results.</p> + +<p>Russia is clearly in a state of transition from the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>agricultural or +medieval to the industrial and commercial or modern economic life. +This transformation of the economic structure is being effected under +great difficulties and the strong opposition of the ruling classes, +whose privileges are threatened by the new order of things.</p> + +<p>The Russian social and political order reflects the medieval +background which formed the setting for her entrance upon the modern +stage. The class distinctions, naturally obtaining, are hardened into +rigidity by the law, which divides Russian society into a hierarchy of +five classes or orders—the nobles, the clergy, the merchants, the +townsmen and the peasants—each with separate legal status, rights and +obligations.</p> + +<p>The individual is thus not an independent unit, as in the legal codes +of Western Europe or the United States. Accompanying the legal +stratification there is an exceedingly strong, almost caste-like, +sense of difference between the members of the different groups.</p> + +<p>This emphasis on the person is characteristic of the medieval social +order. In Russia it finds additional expression in the control of +individual movement by means of the passport, without which document a +Russian may be said to have no legal existence.</p> + +<p>Even more striking is the position of the Russian Church, as well as +the religio-national conception which dominates the Russian mind and +according to which orthodoxy and nationality are regarded as one. The +Russian Orthodox is the only true Russian; all others are foreigners. +In the alliance of church and state—which in Russia reaches a degree +of strength not attained in any other European state—in the complete +control exercised by the Church over the lives of the faithful and the +clergy, in secular as in religious matters, in its intolerant attitude +towards other creeds and its unceasing attempts to suppress them—it +presents <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>characteristics strongly reminiscent of the position of the +medieval church in Western Europe.</p> + +<p>The one great political fact of Russia has been the autocracy. The +degree of control which the autocratic Czars exercised unopposed over +their subjects marks an important difference between the political +development of Russia and that of the countries of Western Europe. At +an early period the Czars had transformed the nobility into a body of +state officials, thus at a blow depriving them of any real powers, +apart from the will of the Crown, and making them serve the interests +of the state. In this way the nobles, or the landed aristocracy, +became the main source from which the members of the bureaucracy were +recruited. The lack of a middle class of any real size and influence, +which could play a part in the demand for political rights, explains +in a measure the strength of the autocratic powers.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> The autocracy +in turn has been largely dependent upon its servant, the bureaucracy. +To such an extent has the Russian government been the expression of +the will and interests of this all-powerful body as to justify +Leroy-Beaulieu's designation of Russia as the "Bureaucratic State".</p> + +<p>Thus the autocracy, the nobility-bureaucracy and the church have been +the dominating forces in the economic, social and political life of +Russia.</p> + +<p>In the light of this analysis, the political struggles that have been +so conspicuous a feature of Russian life during the last half of the +19th century become an accompaniment as well as an expression of the +progressive development of Russia towards modern economic, social and +political institutions.</p> + +<p>Russian liberalism,—largely revolutionary because of the denial of +even elementary rights, such as the freedom of person, of speech, of +the press and of meeting,—rights <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>which were secured to Englishmen +through the Magna Charta—has had the serious task not only of +securing these rights but at the same time of creating in Russia the +conditions of modern civilization. For the twenty years in which its +spirit ruled, during the reign of Alexander II, the reforms begun +under its influence amounted to a veritable revolution. The economic, +social, political and juridical reforms of this epoch generated new +forces and began the modernization of Russia. These reforms +encountered the formidable opposition of the nobility and the church +and finally of the autocracy, when the latter felt that its position +was gradually being undermined, especially by the demand for a +constitution. With the assassination of Alexander II, the liberal era +was brought to a close, and a reaction was ushered in which has lasted +to our day.</p> + +<p>The classes that came into power with Alexander III and Pobedonostseff +were, from their economic interests, social outlook and political +ideals, essentially medieval and may properly be termed the feudal +party. Guided by its economic interests—which had been seriously +threatened by the emancipation—and swayed by the Slavophilistic +philosophy,<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> this party sought to nullify as far as possible the +reforms of the epoch of emancipation and to carry through a many-sided +program for putting the order of things backward to the medieval, +pre-reform days. Autocracy, Greek Orthodoxy and Russian +Nationalism—the famous Slavophilistic trinity—were glorified, the +first two as peculiarly national institutions, the policy of +russification and the repression of non-orthodox faiths by force were +proclaimed as vital to the social health of Russia, the blind +ignorance and illiteracy of the peasants were extolled as a virtue and +the control over them by the nobility was strengthened in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>many ways. +Freedom of every form was condemned as an aping of the "rotten" +civilization of the West with its decaying institutions, and as false +to the true Russian national, historical development.</p> + +<p>During this period of reaction, however, the liberal movement was kept +alive, largely as revolutionary propaganda. The earlier movement had +been directed by the educated classes, the "<i>Intelligenzia</i>" of +Russia. Lately, with the growth of the middle class and a population +of industrial workers in the towns and the factories, and a wealthier +class of peasants, the cry for reform has become more insistent, and +only recently partly successful in results.</p> + +<p>Summarizing his impressions of Russian life and institutions obtained +while serving as Ambassador to Russia, Andrew D. White remarked: +"During two centuries Russia has been coming slowly out of the middle +ages—indeed, out of perhaps the most cruel phases of medieval +life."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> One of the phases of this process has been the bitter +struggle between the feudal and the modern forces that has occupied +Russia for the last third of a century.</p> + +<br /> + +<h4>II. ROUMANIA</h4> + +<p>In Roumania,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> in spite of a liberal constitution modeled upon the +Belgian, granting all rights enjoyed by citizens of a free state, the +underlying economic, social and, in a measure, political conditions +point to a state of things little removed from the medieval forms of +life. The main social-economic classes are the large landed +proprietors, composed chiefly of the old nobility or boyars, and the +peasants, who were formerly serfs. In the hands of the former are +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>concentrated the greater part of the land. Five thousand large landed +proprietors together owned nearly half of the cultivable land. Nearly +a million of peasants, on the other hand, comprising with their +dependents a great majority of the population, together owned a little +over two-fifths of the cultivable land.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>This situation is an inheritance from the servile system which existed +in Roumania until 1864, when it was legally abolished. The freedom +granted to the peasants was, however, more formal than real. The land +given them being insufficient for their needs, and pasture land +especially having been denied them, they were as a rule compelled to +lease land or pasture right from their former masters at ruinous +rates, often paying by labor on their former masters' estates. Thus +the essential feudal services were in the main continued, especially +as the lease and labor contracts, generally drawn up in the interests +of the landed proprietor, were often usurious and extremely +oppressive.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> In twenty years there was little change from the +previous condition of serfdom, so that a law was necessary, in 1882, +to permit the peasants to work at least two days during the week on +their own land.</p> + +<p>Since this period there has been practically little change in this +essentially feudal relation of the peasantry to the landed +proprietors. As the owners of the great estates are a ruling power in +the political life of the country, the greater part of peasants being +disqualified from voting through property and educational +requirements, the former have been enabled to keep the peasantry in +this condition <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>of semi-servitude. The result is a state of ignorance, +misery and degradation on the part of the peasantry that is difficult +to parallel in another European country. That the peasants are not +entirely passive under their wrongs is shown in the repeated uprisings +against their masters and in the two great social revolutions of 1888 +and 1907, both of which were put down by military force.</p> + +<p>Roumania's advent into industry and commerce may be dated from the +eighties of the last century, and was initiated by the industrial law +of 1887, which sought to create a national industry by means of +subsidies, land grants and other favors to undertakers of large +industrial enterprises. Since then the growth has been sufficiently +rapid to place Roumania as the industrial and commercial leader of the +Balkan States. Relatively, however, it is still very backward. Only 14 +per cent of the population is urban. The industrial laborers are +estimated at no more than 40,000. There are only a few cities. Only +the largest—Bucarest—has above 100,000 inhabitants, three other +cities have between fifty and seventy-five thousand inhabitants. The +chief industrial establishments, such as saw mills, flour mills and +distilleries, are concerned mainly in the working up of the raw +materials produced in the country. Nevertheless, industrial progress +has made for the growth of a small but influential middle class, which +divides the control of affairs with the large landed proprietors. Its +influence can be traced in the electoral law, which gives the urban +classes, constituting the backbone of the liberal party, a majority in +the Chamber of Deputies.</p> + +<br /> + +<h4>III. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY</h4> + +<p>Though relatively far advanced along the road of modern civilization, +Austria-Hungary, through its prevailing mode of economic and social +life, and through its large <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>Slavic populations, belongs rather to +Eastern than to Western Europe. Historically, it began its modern +career about the same time as Russia, when it abolished, in 1867, the +feudal services and dues, survivals of the previous servile +institutions. Nevertheless, in its large agricultural population, in +the primitive system of cultivation generally in vogue, in the +scattered character of the peasant holdings, in the strong contrast +between the great landed estates or <i>Latifundia</i>, held chiefly by the +nobility, and the small, even minute, estates of the majority of the +peasant proprietors, and in the natural economy prevailing in many +parts of the Dual Monarchy and constituting the main foundation upon +which the life of the peasants rests—in all these characteristics, is +reflected the almost medieval economy which existed in the empire +before 1848 and which is not yet entirely outgrown.</p> + +<p>Industrially and commercially, Austria, far more than Hungary, has +indeed made really remarkable progress. Yet in this respect the +greatest contrast exists between the various Austrian provinces. +Certain of these—Galicia and Bukowina, for instance—are not only the +most backward in these pursuits, but their agricultural population is +even relatively increasing. Even in the industrially advanced +provinces, such as Lower Austria and Bohemia, the transitional nature +of the industrial life is evident in the unspecialized character of a +larger portion of the town laborers, many of whom are peasants +temporarily employed in factories and mines.</p> + +<p>The Austrian organization of industry and commerce is a modernized +version of the guilds and crafts of medieval Western Europe. How these +medieval economic forms with their underlying psychologic forces still +live and dominate Austria, especially its Slavic nationalities, is +shown by the revival in 1859 of the Austrian guilds, the direct +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>descendants of the medieval <i>Innungen</i>. These were, in 1883, developed +in the form of <i>Zwangsgenossenschaften</i> or compulsory trade-guilds, +which, in their regulations concerning the <i>Befähigungsnachweis</i> or +certificate of capacity, the three orders of master, journeyman and +apprentice, the principle of compulsory entrance into the local guild, +the workman's passport or <i>Arbeitsbuch</i>, unite the methods of +regulating and restricting industry and trade characteristic of the +Middle Ages, with modern methods of combination, arbitration, and +assistance of members. By the side of these compulsory guilds are to +be found the <i>Gewerkschaften</i>, or the modern voluntary trade-unions.</p> + +<p>The transition to modern economic and social conditions is, +nevertheless, well advanced. This is seen in a decrease of the +agricultural classes and an increase of the industrial and commercial +classes in the thirty years from 1869 to 1900. Another sign is the +fairly strong differentiation of the economic-social classes, in both +the agricultural and the industrial groups, which has advanced quite +rapidly. The middle class, while neither as large nor as influential +as in the countries of Western Europe, has played an important rôle +towards hastening this transition.</p> + +<p>Politically, the Dual Monarchy occupies a middle ground between +absolutist Russia and constitutional England. The court, the nobility +and the Roman Church with its strong aristocratic leanings, represent +the dominant power in Austria. The economic and social changes of the +transitional period have been accompanied by politico-economic +struggles which have played a vital part and have cut through and +across the racial, national and religious conflicts of this +much-distracted conglomeration of peoples. Amid the confusion of +parties, with their complexity of programs, may be distinguished the +German-Austrian liberals, representatives of the middle class or +industrialists, whose historic <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>mission was to create a modern state +in Austria, and who carried out, in large measure, their program of +constitutionalism, economic freedom and the secular state. Against +them were arrayed the powerful forces of the agrarian party or the +landed aristocracy—the upholders of the feudal economic-social order +of privilege and class distinction, the clericals—the upholders of +the idea of the Christian State—and the representatives of the lower +middle class, composed chiefly of petty artisans and traders, whose +ideal was the medieval industrial organization, largely co-operative +and regulated, as opposed to the individualistic and competitive +system of the modern era, with its great concentration of wealth, +capital and power in the hands of the middle class. That the present +structure of Austria is so much of a compromise and crosspatch between +modern and medieval economic, social and political forms, and contains +so much that is essentially incongruous, is due largely to the +successful struggle which the chief parties of the medieval order—the +feudal-clericals—the party of the upper classes, and the Christian +Socialists—the party of the lower classes—have waged against the +growing constitutionalization, industrialization and secularization of +Austria—in short, against the transformation of Austria into a modern +state.</p> + +<p>It is in Galicia that the conditions obtaining in Russia are largely +duplicated. Geographically, racially and socially, Galicia is a part +of Russia. Galicia is a preponderatingly agricultural land and +possesses the densest agricultural population in Europe. Modern +industry is relatively little developed, its place being held to a +great extent by the domestic system of industry. The contrast between +the large and small estates is sharper here than perhaps in any other +section of Europe. The Polish nobility, in whose hands the large +estates are mostly found, are the ruling social and political, as well +as economic, power in Galicia. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>The autonomous Galician <i>Diet</i> is +practically the instrument of their interests. A middle class has been +gradually rising and contesting their supremacy. The peasantry is one +of the most illiterate, degraded, and oppressed in all Europe.</p> + +<br /> + +<h4>IV. SUMMARY</h4> + +<p>This brief review of the economic and social conditions in Russia, +Roumania and Austria-Hungary has shown that, broadly speaking, these +countries present points of similarity in their situation and their +recent movement. In all of these countries, economic and social +conditions closely resembling those that obtained in the countries of +Western Europe several centuries ago were found until comparatively +recent times. The abolition of serfdom in Russia and in Roumania, and +of feudal dues in Austria-Hungary, paved the way for the entrance of +these states into modern European civilization. The succeeding period +has been marked by a rapid transition from the old domestic economy to +a modern exchange economy, through the growth of industry and +commerce. The medieval conditions of the earlier period have +nevertheless not been entirely obliterated. They exist, in Russia, in +the privileges and powers of the nobility, in the inferior status and +oppressed condition of the peasantry, in the strong class +distinctions, in the restraints upon economic activity and upon +movement. Though in smaller measure, the same conditions are found in +Austria-Hungary, especially in Galicia. In Roumania, so far as the +peasantry is concerned, the pre-emancipation conditions remain +practically, if not legally, in force. Owing to the increase of +population, the minute subdivision of the estates of the peasants, the +backwardness of their agricultural methods, and their over-taxation, +the position of the peasants has been rendered precarious. +Revolutionary uprisings directed chiefly against <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>the landed +proprietors have been a recurring expression of their discontent.</p> + +<p>An important consequence has been the rapid evolution of the +industrial and commercial, or the middle class. The growth of the +middle class has been accompanied by a struggle in each of these +countries between the privileged classes of the feudal state and the +middle class, including in the latter the educated classes and the +industrial workers of the towns.</p> + +<p>It is in this middle class that the Jews are chiefly to be found. +Owing to this fact, as well as through the action of historical +conditions, the Jews occupy an exceptional position in the economic +activities and the social life of each of the countries of Eastern +Europe. A survey of their economic and social position in each country +will serve to clarify the last thirty years of their history in +Eastern Europe and to give some of the causes underlying their vast +movement from these countries to Western Europe and particularly to +the United States.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Kovalevsky, <i>La crise russe</i> (Paris, 1906), p. 111.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Witte, <i>Vorlesungen über Volks- und +Staatswirtschaft</i> (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1913), p. 40.</p> + +<p class="noin">Milyoukov, <i>Russia and its Crisis</i> (University of Chicago Press, +1905), p. 439.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Witte, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Milyoukov, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 246 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> An interesting statement of the principles of the +Slavophiles may be obtained from Simkhovitch (<i>International +Quarterly</i>, Oct., 1904).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> White, <i>Autobiography</i> (New York, 1905), vol. ii, p. 35.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Owing to the similarity of conditions in Russia and +Roumania, particularly as regards the Jews, Roumania has been +considered, practically throughout, immediately after Russia.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Kogalniceancu, "Die Agrarfrage in Rumänien" <i>Archiv für +Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>, vol. xxxii, p. 804.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 184.</p> + +<p class="noin">Jorga, <i>Geschichte des Rumänischen Volkes</i> (Gotha, 1905), vol. ii, p. +374.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_III_PT1" id="CHAPTER_III_PT1"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER III<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">The Jews in Eastern Europe: Economic and Social Position</h3> +<br /> + +<p>The economic and social life of the Jews in Eastern Europe has moved +along the familiar channels of commerce, industry and urban life +characteristic of the Jews in all countries during the middle ages. An +examination of the economic position and function and the principal +social characteristics of the Jews reveals the fact that they play an +important part in each of these countries. This we shall see by +tracing their principal economic activities and some significant +phases of their social life.</p> + +<br /> + +<h4>I. RUSSIA</h4> + +<p>A review of the occupations of the Jews in the Russian Empire shows +that those engaged in the manufacturing and mechanical pursuits +constituted 39 per cent of the total Jewish population gainfully +employed. This was the largest occupational group. Commerce engaged 32 +per cent. Together the industrial and commercial classes comprised +seven-tenths of all Jews engaged in gainful occupations. On the other +hand, only 3 per cent were employed in agricultural pursuits.</p> + +<p>It is in comparison with the occupations of the non-Jewish population +in Russia that the significance of this distribution becomes evident. +Of the non-Jews in Russia, agricultural pursuits engaged 61 per cent, +manufacturing and mechanical pursuits 15 per cent, and commerce only 3 +per cent. The non-Jews engaged in industry and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>commerce thus +constituted somewhat less than one-fifth of the total non-Jewish +population gainfully employed. More than twice as many Jews, +relatively, as non-Jews were engaged in industrial pursuits and +practically twelve times as many Jews as non-Jews in commercial +pursuits.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> + +<p>This difference of occupational grouping makes itself felt in the +participation of the Jews in the principal occupational groups. Of the +total Russian population gainfully employed, the Jews were 5 per cent. +They constituted, however, 11 per cent of all engaged in industry, and +36 per cent of all engaged in commerce.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> Thus, in the Russian +Empire the Jews formed a considerable proportion of the commercial +classes and a large proportion of those engaged in industrial +pursuits.</p> + +<p>Properly to gauge the economic function of the Jews in Russia, +comparison should be made not with the population of the Russian +Empire but rather with that of the Pale of Settlement, where nearly 95 +per cent of the Jews live. There the contrast was even stronger. Of +the Jews, 70 per cent were employed in industry and commerce as +compared with 13 per cent on the part of the non-Jews. Though the Jews +are only 12 per cent of the total working population of the Pale, they +formed 32 per cent of all engaged in industry and 77 per cent of all +engaged in commerce.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> This clearly shows that the Jews constituted +the commercial classes and a significant part of the industrial +classes of the Pale. In other words, what is true of the place of the +Jews in the occupational distribution of all Russia is still more true +of the Pale. The Jews are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>preponderatingly industrial and commercial, +in striking contrast to the rest of the population, which is +preponderatingly agricultural.</p> + +<p>What is the nature of their activities and their function in the +industrial and commercial life of Russia? The great majority of Jews +engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits are artisans. In the +present relatively backward stage of Russian industrial development +these are chiefly handicraftsmen, who mainly supply the needs of local +consumers. These artisans, who number more than half a million,<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> +support nearly one-third of the Jewish population.</p> + +<p>The most important industry is the manufacture of clothing and wearing +apparel, which employed more than one-third of the Jewish working +population and supported more than one-seventh of the total Jewish +population. It is in effect a Jewish industry: practically all the +tailors and shoemakers in the Pale are Jews. They predominate as well +in the preparation of food products, in the building trades, in the +metal, wood and tobacco industries.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> Hampered by legal +restrictions, lack of technical education, and lack of capital, they +nevertheless have become an essential part of the economic life of the +Pale, supplying the needs for industrial products not only of the Jews +but of the entire Pale, and, especially of the peasants.</p> + +<p>In the development of large-scale industry, the Jews have taken a +smaller part than the Germans or foreigners, owing to the conditions +above referred to. Yet, in 1898, in the fifteen provinces of the Pale, +more than one-third of the factories were in Jewish hands.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> Jewish +factory <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>workers were estimated at one-fifth of all the factory +workers in the Pale.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Trade and commerce engage Jews chiefly, supporting nearly two-thirds +of the total Jewish population.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p>As Russia is essentially an agricultural country, trade in +agricultural products, such as grain, cattle, furs and hides, <i>etc.</i>, +is of prime importance. Nearly half of the Jewish merchants in the +Pale were dealers in these products. Of the dealers in the principal +grain products, Jews formed an overwhelming majority. Relatively +twenty-six times as many Jews as Russians, in the Pale, were grain +dealers.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> Four-fifths of all the dealers in furs and hides, +three-fourths of all the dealers in cattle were Jews.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> The Jewish +traders are agents in the movement of the crops, in the various stages +from the direct purchase of the grain from the peasant to its export +for the world markets. In view of the lack of development in Russia of +modern methods for marketing the agricultural produce, and in view of +the fact that the Russian peasant is ignorant of the most elementary +principles of trade, the Jewish merchants, with their knowledge of the +market and their skillful use of credit, play a vital part in the +organization of the Russian grain trade, and control this trade in the +Pale and on the Black Sea.</p> + +<p>In other branches of commerce, the Jews are almost as strongly +represented. As sellers to the village and city populations, they +carry on the largest part of the retail trade of the Pale. The great +majority of the merchants, however, are petty traders or +store-keepers. The wholesale merchants enrolled in the guilds, on the +other hand, constitute a large proportion of all the guild merchants.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>Thus, through their activity as petty artisans, traders and merchants, +the Jews preponderate in the industrial and commercial life of the +Pale. As manufacturers and wholesale merchants they play a less +important but nevertheless significant part in all Russia.</p> + +<p>In general the Jewish merchants are quite strongly distinguished from +the Russian merchants in their employment of the competitive +principles and methods common to the commercial operations of Western +Europe and the United States. Their principle of a quick turnover with +a small profit, and their use of credit, are not in vogue among the +Russian merchants who operate on the basis of customary prices and +long credits.</p> + +<p>In their social characteristics as well, the Jews are strongly set off +from the rest of the population. The Jews are essentially urban, the +non-Jews are overwhelmingly rural. In all Russia, 51 per cent of the +Jews lived in incorporated towns, as against only 12 per cent of the +non-Jews. Though the Jews constituted 4 per cent of the total +population, they constituted 16 per cent of the town population.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> +In the Pale, where they constituted 12 per cent of the total +population, they comprised 38 per cent of the urban population.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> +Their concentration in the cities of the Pale is striking. In nine out +of the fifteen provinces of the Pale, they constituted a majority of +the urban population. In twenty-four towns, they were from two-fifths +to seven-tenths of the population. In the important cities of Warsaw +and Odessa they were one-third of the population.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p> + +<p>The urban and occupational distribution of the Jews places them higher +than the great majority of the non-Jews <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>among the social classes into +which the Russian people are legally divided. Townsmen are of a higher +rank than peasants. Nearly 95 per cent of the Jews belong to this +category and only 7 per cent of the Russians. The vast majority of the +Russians—86 per cent—are peasants. Only 4 per cent of the Jews are +of this class. Again, 2 per cent of the Jews are merchants, as against +only .2 per cent of the Russians. Thus in these two classes of +townsmen and merchants there were twelve times as many Jews, +relatively, as Russians.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p> + +<p>The higher cultural standing of the Jews may be partly measured by the +relative literacy of the Jews and of the total population. According +to the census of 1897, in the Jewish population ten years of age or +over there were relatively one and a half times as many literates as +in the total population of the corresponding group. In each of the +age-groups there were relatively more literates among the Jews than +among the total population. In the highest age-group, that of sixty +years of age and over, the Jews had relatively more literates than any +of the age-groups of the total population, indicating that the +educational standing of the Jews half a century ago was higher than +that of the Russian population of to-day.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p> + +<p>The fact that the Jews dwell chiefly in towns has considerably to do +with their higher educational standing. If the statistics of relative +literacy of the Jewish and the non-Jewish population in the towns were +obtainable, the chances are strong that they would not show a much +higher rate of literacy on the part of the Jews. At the same time the +difficulties that are put in the way of Jewish attendance in the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>elementary schools must be regarded as a considerable factor in +explaining this possibility.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> + +<p>The participation of the Jews in the liberal professions, which +implies the possession of a higher education, is also very large, even +with the great obstacles that have been placed in the way of the +entrance of the Jews into the universities, into the liberal +professions and the state service. Relatively seven times as many Jews +as Russians are found in the liberal professions.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<br /> + +<h4>II. ROUMANIA</h4> + +<p>The economic activities of the Jews in Roumanian industry and commerce +closely resemble those of their Russian brethren.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> The large part +taken by the Jews in Roumanian commerce may be gathered from the fact +that, in 1904, one-fifth of those who paid the merchant-license tax +were Jews. Equally great is their participation in large-scale +industry, where, as an inquiry in 1901-2 shows, nearly one-fifth of +the large industries were conducted by Jewish entrepreneurs. In some +of the most important ones—the glass industry, the clothing industry, +the wood and furniture industry and the textile industry—from +one-fourth to one-half of the total number of entrepreneurs were Jews.</p> + +<p>As in the case of Russia, it is in <i>Klein-industrie</i> or handicraft, +which is more nearly characteristic of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>present form of Roumanian +industrial economy, that the Jews are mostly concentrated and where +they participate so largely as to constitute "the backbone of the +young Roumanian industry".</p> + +<p>The latest inquiry—that of 1908—shows that the Jews were one-fifth +of all inscribed in the corporations as artisans. They formed more +than one-fourth of the master-workmen and nearly one-sixth of the +laborers. In the five principal industries Jewish master-workmen +formed from nearly one-tenth to nearly one-half. In the following +trades Jews formed between one-fourth and nearly two-thirds of the +entire workers: watchmakers, tinners, modistes, tailors, glazers, +housepainters, coopers and bookbinders. In all the garment industries +nearly one-third of the workers were Jews. The principal trades of the +Jews, in which two-thirds of the Jewish industrial workers were found, +were, in order: tailors, shoemakers, tinners, joiners and planers, and +bakers.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> The Jews in Roumania were thus more strongly concentrated +in industry and less in commerce than their Russian brethren.</p> + +<p>As masters and workmen they play a part in Roumanian large-scale and +small-scale industry nearly four and a half times as large as their +proportion in the total population. Their participation in commerce is +equally large.</p> + +<p>The Jews in Roumania present the same social characteristics, +relatively to the surrounding population, as the Jews in Russia. The +Jews were overwhelmingly concentrated in the towns. 80 per cent of the +Jews dwelt in the towns; 84 per cent of the non-Jews dwelt in the +villages. Of the population in the department-capitals the Jews +constituted one-fifth. Of the population of the other towns they +constituted more than one-tenth. In some of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>department-capitals, +notably Jassi, the Jews were a majority of the total population. In +six other department-capitals they constituted from one-fourth to +one-half of the population.</p> + +<p>That the Jews are of a higher educational standing than the Roumanians +is seen in the fact that they possessed a higher rate of literacy, +having relatively twice as many literates among the males and nearly +twice as many among the females. Confining this comparison to the +cities, however, we find that the Jews had a higher literacy only in +the age-groups above fifteen. The Roumanian urban population between +the ages of seven and fifteen showed a higher literacy than the +corresponding group among the Jews, indicating the influence of the +special restrictions on Jewish education which will later be +discussed.</p> + +<p>While the higher literacy of the Jews in Russia and Roumania is due +partly to residence in towns, the restrictions on the Jewish +participation in the educational facilities afforded by the Russian +and Roumanian governments have been so great as to make the higher +educational standing of the Jews practically a product of their own +efforts.</p> + +<br /> + +<h4>III. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY</h4> + +<p>The economic position of the Jews in Austria-Hungary presents a close +parallel to that in Russia. The largest proportion of the Jews—44 per +cent—were engaged in commerce and in trade, and 29 per cent were +engaged in industry.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> A significantly large proportion were engaged +in public service and in the liberal professions. A surprisingly large +proportion—11 per cent—were engaged in agriculture and allied +occupations. Thus, a little over seven-tenths of the Jews were +concentrated in commerce and trade, and industry.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>The contrast between the Jewish and the non-Jewish population is most +striking in the relative proportions of those engaged in agriculture, +and commerce and trade. 54 per cent of the non-Jews were engaged in +agriculture, or five times as many, relatively, as Jews. On the other +hand, only 8 per cent were engaged in commerce and trade, or +relatively one-fifth as many as Jews.</p> + +<p>Of the total population engaged in commerce and trade the Jews +constituted 21 per cent. They constituted, on the other hand, 5 per +cent of all engaged in industry. Thus, the Jews in Austria-Hungary +were concentrated in commerce and trade to a much larger extent than +in all other occupations, constituting an important part of all +engaged in this branch.</p> + +<p>It is in Galicia, however, where conditions in general most resemble +those in Russia, that the Jews are seen to occupy relatively the same +position as their brethren in Russia. In Galicia, 29 per cent of the +Jews were engaged in commerce and trade, and 26 per cent in industry. +Together the Jews engaged in these two branches constituted more than +half of the total Jewish working population.</p> + +<p>By far the largest part of the non-Jewish population—86 per +cent—were engaged in agriculture. In industry only 4 per cent of the +non-Jews were engaged and in commerce only 1 per cent. Thus the Jews +were largely concentrated in commerce and industry, the non-Jews +preponderatingly concentrated in agriculture.</p> + +<p>As compared with the Jews in Russia and Roumania the Galician Jews +engaged in agriculture show a surprising proportion—18 per cent being +so engaged—a larger proportion than in any other country.</p> + +<p>The Jews in East Galicia were 13 per cent of the total +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>population.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> Of all the "independents" engaged in commerce in East +Galicia 92 per cent were Jews; of all the "independents" engaged in +industry 48 per cent were Jews. The Jews in West Galicia were 8 per +cent of the total population. Of all "independents" engaged in +commerce they constituted 82 per cent; of all "independents" engaged +in industry they constituted 33 per cent. This gives the crux of the +economic position of the Jews in Galicia. They play an overwhelming +part in its commercial life, practically monopolizing it. In industry +their participation is very significant.</p> + +<p>Socially the Jews in Austria-Hungary and especially in Galicia, +present characteristics similar to those in Russia and Roumania. In +the forty cities in Galicia with a population above five thousand +there dwelt 34 per cent of the total Jewish population. Only 7 per +cent of the non-Jewish population lived in these cities. Thus, +relatively five times as many Jews as non-Jews were urban. Though the +Jews in Galicia were 11 per cent of the total population, they +constituted 37 per cent of the population in these cities, thus being +represented in the cities by more than three times their proportion in +the total population. In nine of these towns they formed a majority of +the population. They were more than one-third in twelve, and more than +one-fourth in eleven other towns. In the two chief cities in +Galicia—Lemberg and Cracow—they constituted a third of the total +population.</p> + +<p>The figures regarding literacy are not available for Austria-Hungary +or Galicia, but there is every reason to believe that essentially the +same situation exists as in Russia and Roumania. In the liberal +professions in Austria-Hungary there were 16 per cent of the Jews so +engaged as <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>compared with 11 per cent of the non-Jews. In Galicia the +contrast is much sharper. Relatively ten times as many Jews as +non-Jews were represented in the liberal professions.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p> + +<br /> + +<h4>IV. SUMMARY</h4> + +<p>A review of the occupations, economic function and social +characteristics of the Jews in the countries of Eastern Europe reveals +them in an important and essentially similar rôle in each country. +Pursuing mainly industrial and commercial occupations, the Jews +constitute by far the largest part of the middle classes of each +country. The historical position which they held in the ancient +kingdom of Poland as the middle class has been practically maintained +to this day.</p> + +<p>By virtue of their occupations, the Jews are possessed of liquid +wealth to a greater extent than the nobility or the peasantry, and in +the lack of proper credit facilities still serve as bankers and +money-lenders. The Jews have also been conspicuous in Eastern Europe +as stewards or administrators of the estates of the nobility, who are, +as a rule, absentee landlords, distinguished as a class by their +serious lack of interest or ability in the management of their +estates. The Jewish <i>Hofjuden</i>, as they were known, were particularly +useful in the utilization of the products of the soil, through +distilleries, mills, trade with agricultural products and exploitation +of the forests.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> In this way, however, Jews often acted as +intermediaries in the oppression of the peasantry by the nobles. They +were often keepers or lessees of the taverns, the ownership of which +was formerly vested in the nobles as one of their feudal privileges.</p> + +<p>It is, however, as artisans, industrial laborers and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>merchants, +retail and wholesale, that Jews chiefly obtain their living. Their +monopoly of industry and commerce has given them an influence far +above their numerical proportions.</p> + +<p>In each of these countries, again, the Jews are essentially town +dwellers in the midst of preponderatingly rural populations. That the +degree of the contrast is due to the artificial workings of +restrictive laws is unquestioned. The chief reason for this, however, +is occupational. The Jews as an industrial and commercial people +constitute one of the main elements out of which the town populations +are recruited. Towns are ordinarily the foci of all the cultural +forces and the movement and enterprise of a country. In Eastern +Europe, where the number of towns is so few, this is much more the +case than in Western Europe. The fact that the Jews are so largely +concentrated in these comparatively few towns serves to give them a +cultural position and influence far out of proportion to their +numbers. Their economic activities and their relatively large +participation in the liberal professions strengthens this position +considerably.</p> + +<p>Amidst populations preponderatingly devoted to agricultural +occupations and dwelling in villages, the Jews represent an industrial +and commercial people, strongly concentrated in towns. This economic +and social position of the Jews is of the greatest significance, +especially in the present period of transition in these countries. +Possessed of the characteristics of a modern people in their economic +and social life and in their mentality, they present a sharp contrast +with the peoples among whom they dwell and whose economic and social +life are only now taking on modern forms. It is this that makes the +Jews personify in a large degree the forces of economic enterprise and +of social progress in these countries.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, the exceptional economic and social <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>position held +by the Jews among the East-European peoples has made them peculiarly +susceptible to the changes that have been taking place, as their +inferior legal status and sharp differentiation from the mass of the +people have made them favorable objects of attack in the +politico-economic struggles that have largely accompanied the +transition.</p> + +<p>A consideration of the legal status of the Jews in each of the +countries of Eastern Europe and of the chief forces that have ruled +their history for more than a third of a century will enable us to see +some of the dynamic aspects of the recent history of the East-European +Jews and the underlying causes of their recent emigration.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Rubinow, <i>Economic Condition of the Jews in Russia</i> +(Washington, 1907), p. 500.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_IA">table I<span class="fakesc">A</span></a>, p. 158.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_IB">table I<span class="fakesc">B</span></a>, p. 158.</p> + +<p class="noin">Rubinow, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 501.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Margolin puts the number at 600,000.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Ruppin, <i>Die Sozialen Verhältnisse der Juden in +Russland</i> (Berlin, 1906), p. 59.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Rubinow, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 537.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Rubinow, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 542.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 553.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Ruppin, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 62.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Rubinow, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 556.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Ruppin, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 100.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Rubinow, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 493.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Ruppin, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Ruppin, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 65.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Rubinow, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 577-578.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> In a personal communication to the writer, Dr. Rubinow +gives it as his opinion that the Jews as a group consisting primarily +of artisans and merchants will show a very much higher rate of +literacy than a group of factory employes, and, we may add, of +unskilled laborers, to which groups the majority of the non-Jews in +the towns belong.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Ruppin, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 62.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> On the economic activities and social characteristics of +the Jews in Roumania, <i>cf.</i> Ruppin, <i>Die Juden in Rumänien</i>, p. 27 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> <i>Enquête sur les artisans</i> (Bucarest, 1909), p. 157 <i>et +seq.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Thon, <i>Die Juden in Oesterreich</i> (Berlin, 1908), p. +112.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Thon, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 124.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Thon, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 127.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>Grenzboten: Galizische Wirtschaft</i>, vol. lxii, p. +402.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_IV_PT1" id="CHAPTER_IV_PT1"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER IV<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Thirty Years of Jewish History in Eastern Europe</h3> +<br /> + +<h4>I. RUSSIA</h4> + +<p>Religious intolerance had been the prime motive of Russia's policy of +completely excluding the Jews from her borders. Through the partitions +of Poland from 1772 to 1795, she became the unwilling ruler over the +destinies of millions of Jews living in Lithuania, Western and +Southwestern Russia and Poland proper. The historic medieval principle +by which the Jews were regarded as an alien and heretic race living +among the Christian peoples—a principle that had, with the growth of +modern ideas, been rapidly losing its hold upon the West-European +nations—expressed Russia's attitude towards the Jews and conformed to +her strongly medieval outlook and organization of this period. Thus, +at the time when the emancipation of the Jews had begun to be in +Western Europe a concomitant of social progress, Russia set to work to +recreate almost typically medieval conditions for a vaster Jewish +population than had ever before been assembled in any European +country.</p> + +<p>The Jews were placed in the position practically of aliens, whose +activities were regulated by special laws. The first and the most +far-reaching of these laws limited their right of residence to those +provinces in which they lived at the time of the Polish partitions. In +this way originated that reproduction on a vast scale of the medieval +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>Ghetto—the Pale of Jewish Settlement. The elementary right of free +movement and choice of residence, which was denied to the Jews, has +remained the principal restriction to which they are subjected.</p> + +<p>The Pale of Jewish Settlement, continued with but few changes to our +day, includes the fifteen provinces of Western and Southwestern +Russia—Vilna, Kovno, Grodno, Minsk, Vitebsk, Mohileff, Volhynia, +Podolia, Kiev (except the city of Kiev), Chernigov, Poltava, +Bessarabia, Kherson, Jekaterinoslav, Taurida (except the city of +Yalta), and the ten provinces into which Poland is divided—Warsaw, +Kalisz, Kielce, Lomza, Lublin, Petrikow, Plock, Radom, Suvalk and +Siedlec. From the rest of the eighty-nine provinces and +territories—constituting nearly 95 per cent of the total territory of +the Russian Empire—the Jews were excluded.</p> + +<p>In the course of a century the special laws relating to the Jews have +multiplied greatly until they now consist of more than a thousand +articles, regulating their religious and communal life, economic +activities and occupations, military service, property rights, +education, <i>etc.</i>, and imposing special taxes over and above those +borne by all other Russian subjects. The direct consequence of these +laws was to mark the status of the Jews as the lowest in the Empire, +placing them in the position of aliens as to rights and citizens as to +obligations.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> + +<p>The policy of the Russian government throughout the 19th century has +been full of contrasts and contradictions. Attempts at forcible +russification and assimilation, which with Nicholas I practically +spelled conversion, have alternated with methods of repression which +sought to prevent <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>closer contact between the Jewish and the native +populations.</p> + +<p>It was the liberal epoch of Alexander II that gave the first real +promise of emancipation to Russian Jewry. The great reforms of this +era benefited the Jews along with the other subjects of the Empire. +With the influence of the liberals over the government there came a +new attitude regarding the Jews and their value as economic and +cultural forces. Partly to relieve the intense competition in the +Pale, harmful both to the Christian and the Jewish populations, but +chiefly to give the provinces of interior Russia the benefit of the +superior industrial and commercial, and professional abilities of the +Jews, laws were enacted allowing certain classes of Jews to live +outside of the Pale. These were, chiefly, master-artisans, merchants +of the first guild, students and graduates of universities and higher +educational institutions, and members of the liberal professions.</p> + +<p>With these laws and with the opening of the high schools and +universities to the Jews, the movement for Russianization received a +mighty impetus. Though these reforms, hedged about and limited by +onerous conditions, affected comparatively few and hardly touched the +life of the Jewish masses in a radical way, nevertheless, the impulse +which even these relatively slight reforms gave to the current of +Jewish life in Russia was far out of proportion to the relief they +afforded. Jewish hopes for a final emancipation soared high: it seemed +as if the walls of the Pale needed but little more to be broken down.</p> + +<p>The reaction that followed the assassination of Alexander II fell upon +the Jews as a national calamity. To the feudal party which now came +into control, the Jews seemed the very embodiment of the forces in the +Empire whose progress they were seeking to stem. No other nationality +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>in the Russian Empire concentrated in itself so many characteristics +and tendencies opposed to the ideals and interests of the Russian +ruling classes. To the Church, dominated by a religio-national point +of view, they were the very opposite of her ideal type of Russian +orthodox, their very existence in Russia being regarded as an anomaly +and as an actual and possible influence in disintegrating the +religious faith of the orthodox peasants. To the nationalists they +were an alien people racially and religiously, whose assimilation with +the Russian people was neither possible nor desirable. To the +autocracy and the bureaucracy there was the added fear from their +intellectual superiority and their zeal for education of their playing +a powerful part among the liberal forces seeking political freedom. +Indeed, the Jews, whose economic and cultural activities and interests +bound them closely to Western Europe and were in themselves +modernizing and liberalizing influences, growing all the stronger +through the greater freedom offered them during the liberal epoch, +excited the deep repugnance of the feudal forces now directing the +destinies of the state. To them the Jews spelled anathema. Separated +from the great masses of the Russian people by race, nationality, +religion, occupations and other social and psychological +characteristics, they offered an unusually favorable object of attack.</p> + +<p>It soon became clear that the new régime had determined upon making +the Jews a central feature in their policy of reaction. At once a +many-sided campaign against the Jews was begun. A powerful machinery +of persecution was at hand in the existing Jewish laws. All that was +necessary was to revive them, to interpret them rigorously, to tighten +the legislative screws which had become loosened during the preceding +liberal régime. This, however, seemed insufficient. It was determined +that a powerful and definitive <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>blow must be struck at the roots of +their very existence in Russia.</p> + +<p>The main attack was economic. The industrial and commercial activities +of the Jews, especially in the Pale, make them, as we have seen, among +the chief industrial producers for the peasants, as well as the chief +buyers of their agricultural produce. This contact between the Jews +and the peasants was a vital need in the economic life of both. The +familiar charge that the Jews were exploiters of the peasantry was +revived. Behind this charge lay the medieval economic prejudice, which +attributes no really useful rôle to the merchant or trader.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> In a +custom-ridden economic order, the competitive methods of the Jewish +traders smacked of commercial deceit. Principally, however, this +charge served for a convenient explanation of the change of policy +towards the Jews.</p> + +<p>In this wise were introduced the "Temporary Regulations" of May, 1882, +or the May Laws, the main clauses of which are the following:</p> + +<div class="block"><p>1. As a temporary measure and until a general revision is made +of the legal status of the Jews, they are forbidden to settle +anew outside of towns and townlets (boroughs), an exception +being made only in the case of existing Jewish agricultural +colonies.</p> + +<p>2. Until further orders, the execution of deeds of sale and +mortgage in the names of Jews is forbidden, as well as the +registration of Jews as lessees of real estate situated outside +of towns and townlets, and also the issuing to Jews of powers of +stewardship or attorney to manage and dispose of such real +property.</p></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>The May Laws may be regarded as an extension of the general principle +underlying the creation of the Pale. Through the first clause they +were now to be forbidden free movement even within the Pale. As far as +possible, their contact with the peasantry was to be cut off. The +second clause aimed to put an end to the ownership by Jews of land in +rural districts and the employment of Jews as stewards or managers of +estates. A further construction of this clause forbade Jews to be +connected with any business directly or indirectly depending upon the +purchase of landed property outside of the towns of the Pale, thus +debarring them from the utilization of land for industrial and +commercial, as well as for agricultural purposes.</p> + +<p>In the actual execution of these laws, and in the legal +interpretations given them by the highest courts, the effect was far +greater. A series of wholesale expulsions from the villages into the +towns of the Pale began, on the ground of illegal residence. This was +increased by the device, which became normal, of renaming towns as +villages—easily possible in Russia where towns are frequently only +administrative units—the resident Jews then being expelled as illegal +settlers. Again, movement within the villages even on the part of Jews +who had the right to live in villages was prohibited.</p> + +<p>A further effect of this change in policy was upon the position of the +Jews outside of the Pale, who enjoyed the right of residence in the +interior of Russia, through the laws of the preceding régime. A +stricter interpretation of these laws, added to a change in the +administrative policy, had the effect not only of stopping the +comparatively slight current of Jewish artisans into the interior of +Russia, but also of starting a never-ending series of expulsions from +the interior to the Pale. These expulsions have since continued, with +individuals, families and whole groups, until <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>they have become a +constant phenomenon of Jewish life in Russia and a familiar item of +world news.</p> + +<p>While the May Laws thus touched to the quick the economic life of the +Russian Jews, another series of laws sought to break down their +cultural life by barring them from the higher educational and +professional institutions. The contrast with the policy of the +preceding régime was here as complete as possible. The principle of +liberal assimilation with regard to the Jews had dictated the policy +of opening wide to them the doors of the secondary schools and +universities, and the liberal professions. The new régime, however, +not only opposed education generally, and higher education +particularly, as the means by which the reform and westernization of +Russia was being accomplished, but it regarded the russification of +the Jews as a special evil. Culturally as well, the Jews were to be +separated from the Russian people.</p> + +<p>Hence the introduction of the "percentage rule" in 1886 and 1887, +restricting the proportion of Jewish students admitted to the +secondary and high schools, and universities, within the Pale, to 10 +per cent of the total number of students admitted. Outside of the +Pale, the proportion was 5 per cent, except in St. Petersburg and +Moscow, where it was placed at 3 per cent. In addition, the Jews were +completely barred from a number of these institutions. As the Jews +constituted so large a part of the populations in the towns of the +Pale and had distinguished themselves in Russia as elsewhere by the +eagerness with which they grasped the educational and professional +opportunities offered them, the introduction of the "percentage rule" +meant that the vast majority of the Jewish youth were to be deprived +of the normal chances for education. Thus the "percentage rule", which +was extended to institutions founded by the Jews themselves, was +almost as great a blow <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>as the May Laws. It threatened the cultural +ruin of Russian Jewry. Bound up as the admission to these schools was +with the liberal professions and with the opportunity of escaping from +the limits of the Pale, it meant that one of the main highways to +freedom in Russia had been closed to the Jews.</p> + +<p>The most striking method of repression introduced by the new régime +and its feudal supporters was that combination of murder, outrage and +pillage—the <i>pogrom</i>. The revival of this characteristic expression +of the antisemitism of the middle ages was not the result of +spontaneous outbreaks of fury on the part of the Russian masses, but a +deliberate and calculated awakening of latent racial and religious +prejudices, evoked as powerful aids to inflame against the Jews the +Russian masses, who are, religiously speaking, a tolerant people and +whose relations to the Jews had been marked, on the whole, with +friendliness.</p> + +<p>The first <i>pogroms</i> began a month after the accession of Alexander III +to the throne, and extended in the course of a year to 160 places in +Southern Russia. Though the connivance of the local authorities was +clearly established, the originators of the <i>pogroms</i> were never +found.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> However, moral support was lent by the government in the +promulgation of the May Laws which closely followed. The doctrine that +the misery of the peasants was due to their exploitation by the Jews, +and that the <i>pogroms</i> were the instinctive expression of the fury of +the peasants, was officially sanctioned. The <i>pogroms</i> of 1881-2 +served as notice to all Russia and particularly to Russian Jewry, that +the old order had given place to the new. Apart from the loss of life +and damage to property they left the Russian <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>Jews in a state of +stupefaction and horror, with the sense of living on the brink of a +precipice.</p> + +<p>The first decade of Alexander III's reign had opened with these +<i>pogroms</i>. The second decade opened with the wholesale expulsions from +Moscow. Within six months, more than ten thousand Jews were expelled +from the city on the ground of illegal residence. So vast a number of +Jewish families was affected and so summary was the manner of +executing the decree of expulsion, that several governments, among +them our own, protested to the Russian government. President Harrison, +discussing this protest in his message to Congress, frankly stated +that</p> + +<div class="block"><p class="noin">the banishment, whether by direct decree or by not less certain +indirect methods, of so large a number of men and women is not a +local question. A decree to leave one country is in the nature +of things an order to enter another—some other. This +consideration, as well as the suggestion of humanity, furnishes +ample ground for the remonstrances which we have presented to +Russia.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p></div> + +<p>The expulsions were preceded by a year of ominous rumors of a program +of new restrictions beside which the May Laws would pale into +insignificance. An offer of ten million dollars for the cause of +Jewish education made by Baron de Hirsch to the Russian government was +refused. His scheme, however, for the organization of a +mass-emigration of Jews to Argentine was sanctioned. All these facts +lent strength to the feeling of the Jews that they had nothing to hope +for under the existing régime. Thus closed the reign of Alexander III +and a memorable chapter in Russian Jewish history.</p> + +<p>The early years of Nicholas II were marked by a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>relaxation in the +strict administration and interpretation of the existing restrictive +laws. Hopes for the amelioration of the Jewish situation began to be +entertained. These hopes were destined shortly to be shattered.</p> + +<p>The first decade of the twentieth century opened with threatening +unrest. Economic depression began and was accompanied by revolutionary +attacks. For the Jews, the most alarming symptom was the rise and +uninterrupted progress of a group of antisemitic agitators and Russian +loyalists, who sought to counteract the revolutionary movement by +denouncing the Jews as the leaders of the revolution and the enemies +of the autocracy and the Orthodox religion. Thus was sown the seed of +the Kishineff massacre of April, 1903, which lasted three days. Before +the echoes of Kishineff had died away, the massacre at Gomel followed.</p> + +<p>But Kishineff proved to be merely a bloody prelude. The air was +surcharged with explosives. The outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war and +of the first organized revolution created a dangerous combination of +events for the Jews. To the discontent of the peasants, forced to go +to the front in a war for which they had no enthusiasm, and sore with +the reverses of the Russian army, was added the increased activity of +the agitators who declared that the war with Japan had been forced +upon Russia by the Jews, eager to profit through its ruin, and who +called upon their followers and the peasants through propaganda and +proclamations to revenge themselves upon the Jews. The government at +bay, on the verge of breakdown under the revolutionary attacks, and +anxious to excuse its incompetency and failure in the conduct of the +war, sought a means of diverting the peasants from the uprisings +against the landed proprietors spreading over the land, and, above +all, of stifling the revolution, which had met with such opportune +and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>unlooked-for success among all classes. This was a situation +alive with danger for the Jews, whose proletarians in the cities had +taken an active part in the revolution. The organization of Jewish +massacres by responsible agents of the government became the central +feature of its program of counter-revolution.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> A veritable +holocaust ensued in nearly every province of the Empire for two years, +only the climaxes of which became known to the world in Zhitomir, +Odessa, Bialystok, and Siedlec.</p> + +<p>The rôle of the bureaucracy in the creation of the <i>pogroms</i>, +especially in 1906, in which year there took place hundreds of +<i>pogroms</i>, was made abundantly clear by the Russian press, by Prince +Urussov's disclosures in the Duma, and by the report of the Duma +Commission appointed to investigate the causes of the Bialystok +<i>pogrom</i> of 1906. As announced in their official report, an +investigation had shown that the relations between the Jews and the +Christians of Bialystok previous to the bloodshed had been amicable, +and that preparations for a <i>pogrom</i> had been deliberately and +carefully made by agents of the bureaucracy and carried out with the +aid of the local authorities.</p> + +<p>Both periods of <i>pogroms</i> in these thirty years were periods of +revolution. In both the government had felt the ground shaking under +its feet from terroristic attacks and from peasant uprisings. In the +first period Jews had taken only slight part. In the late revolution, +however, the participation of the Jews of the Pale, through the Jewish +labor organization, the <i>Bund</i>, was quite strong. The earlier +<i>pogroms</i> gave a hint as to the policy of the new régime. The later +ones occurred at the end of years of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>repression and persecution, and +were a culminating point in the fury of the reactionary forces at +their failure to stem the tide of liberalism in the struggle for +parliamentary institutions and for the rights of citizens in a modern +state.</p> + +<p>The results of these thirty years of reaction remain to be considered. +Though the effects of the <i>pogroms</i> upon the Russian Jews can hardly +be overestimated, the less evident, because less spectacular, methods +of restrictive law and administrative action have in the long run left +a far more enduring impress.</p> + +<p>The introduction of the May Laws at the very beginning of the eighties +awakened the Jews to the realization that their future in Russia was +threatened. The May Laws and the laws that were developed from them, +the obstacles that were placed in the way of Jewish education and, in +general, the administrative difficulties that were created, have +affected every movement of their life.</p> + +<p>Freedom of movement of the individual is the very essence of the life +of modern states and the basis of their economic, social and political +institutions. The lack of this freedom, especially to the extent +created by the May Laws, bars the Jews from the possibilities of +normal economic growth and progress. The Jewish manufacturers and +capitalists are prevented from participating in the industrial and +commercial development of Russia, which is so rapidly proceeding and +to which, owing to their economic position and capacities, they could +powerfully contribute. Legal interference with economic activities, so +frequently the rule in Russia, is emphasized in the case of the Jews.</p> + +<p>A far more serious situation confronts the great mass of the Jewish +artisans, petty merchants and factory workers, to which the vast +majority of the Jews belong. Largely prevented access to their natural +customers, the peasants, by the prohibition of rural residence, and +confined to the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>relatively few towns of the Pale, where over-crowding +and over-competition are the necessary and unavoidable results, the +Jewish artisans and petty merchants have a bitter struggle to maintain +a position of economic independence.</p> + +<p>Added to this, there is the social pressure to which the Jews have +been subjected. Not until this period has the century-long position of +the Jews as the "pariahs of the Empire" been so sharply emphasized. +Enmeshed in a net of special laws and regulations, at the mercy of +ministerial decree, secret circular, arbitrary administrative act, law +has lost all meaning for the Jews. In this atmosphere they exist +mainly through bribery, at once their bane and their salvation.</p> + +<p>The unusual economic and social pressure exerted by the reactionary +régime upon its Jewish subjects, through the new restrictive laws that +were put into operation during the last thirty years, the +administrative harrying that became the order of the day and the +introduction of the hitherto unused method of physical repression, the +<i>pogrom</i>, becomes clear in the light of its policy. Beginning as a +movement to suppress the Jews in their economic and cultural +activities, and to separate them as far as possible from their Russian +neighbors, the anti-Jewish program became in its final form the +expulsion and extermination of the Jews from Russia. The historic +sentence of Count Ignatiev, author of the May Laws, at the very +beginning of this period, "the Western borders are open to you Jews", +strikes the keynote of this policy. And, in fact, for practically the +first time in its history, the Russian government relaxed in 1892 its +rigorous rules forbidding emigration, and gave its sanction to Baron +de Hirsch's plan of organizing a vast emigration of Jews from Russia, +which its author hoped would, at the end of a quarter of a century, +result in the complete transplantation of the Jews from Russia. The +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>famous principle of the Russian government, "once a Russian always a +Russian", was for once put aside in favor of the Jews. They were given +one right not enjoyed by other Russians, that of leaving Russia under +the obligation of abandoning Russian citizenship forever.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p> + +<br /> + +<h4>II. ROUMANIA</h4> + +<p>Up to very recent years, the history of the Jews in Roumania centers +about those resident in Moldavia. Its proximity to ancient Poland and +close association with Bessarabia, naturally made for a back-and-forth +movement of the Polish and Russian Jews, whose settlement was invited +by the boyars or landed nobility because of resulting industrial and +commercial advantages.</p> + +<p>The position of the Jews in Moldavia up to the middle of the +nineteenth century did not differ to any extent from that of their +brethren in Russia. Moldavia, as a Christian state, denied civil and +political rights to all non-Christians. The Jews in Moldavia were +regarded as aliens, whose activities were subject to special +regulation. The beginning of the last century witnessed the first +special Jewish laws. The Jews were forbidden to buy the products of +the soil, to acquire real property; non-resident Jews were debarred +unless they could prove an occupation and show the possession of +property. Definite restrictions as to occupation, residence in the +villages, the ownership, in villages, of houses, land, vineyards, +<i>etc.</i>, existed. As vagabonds they could be expelled from the country +by administrative decree. Thus was their legal status fixed.</p> + +<p>The emancipation of Jews was first demanded by the liberal party +during the revolutionary days of 1848. But no practical change +resulted until the Convention of Paris in 1856, which, in granting +autonomy to the two provinces, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>guaranteed civil rights to all +Moldavians, regardless of creed. Though political rights were granted +only to Christian Moldo-Wallachians, the provision was made that, by +legislative arrangements, the enjoyment of political rights could be +extended to other creeds. Thus was established the possibility of a +gradual emancipation of the Jews, foreshadowed in the communal law of +1864, which granted the right of naturalization to certain classes of +native Roumanian Jews. Those who had passed through college or had a +recognized foreign degree, or who had founded a factory in the land +employing at least fifty workmen were among the favored classes.</p> + +<p>Shortly afterwards, this section was abrogated, and, with the +abdication of the liberal Couza and the accession of Charles +Hohenzollern, the present king, to the throne, the situation changed. +Article VII of the constitution of the newly-created kingdom read that +foreigners not of the Christian faith could not be naturalized. As +within the term foreigner the great mass of the Jews residing in the +land was included, this was a denial of the conditions laid down in +the Treaty of Paris. At the same time, old laws against the Jews which +had fallen into abeyance were revived, expulsions of the Jews from the +villages into the towns began to take place with great frequency, laws +requiring all sellers of liquor in rural communes to be naturalized +Roumanians deprived many Jewish families of a livelihood—in short, +the usual symptoms of anti-Jewish activity became the order of the +day.</p> + +<p>It was at the famous Berlin Congress, convened to decide questions +created by the Russo-Turkish war of 1877, that the subject of the +Jewish disabilities in Roumania was brought up, in connection with the +demand of Roumania for recognition as an independent state. The chief +objection made especially by the representatives of three of the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>European powers—France, England and Germany—was Roumania's treatment +of the Jews. It was finally decided by the Congress to recognize her +independence on the condition that she grant civil and political +equality to all her citizens without distinction of race or creed. +This was expressed in Article 44 of the historic Berlin Treaty, which +read as follows:</p> + +<div class="block"><p>Article 44. In Roumania, difference in religious beliefs and +confessions shall not be brought against anyone as a ground for +exclusion or unfitness as regards the enjoyment of civil and +political rights, admission to public offices, functions, and +honors, or the exercise of various professions and industries in +any place whatever. Freedom in outward observance of all creeds +will be assured to all subjects of the Roumanian state, as well +as to strangers, and no obstacle will be raised either to the +ecclesiastical organization of different bodies, or to their +intercourse with their spiritual heads.</p> + +<p>The citizens of all states, whether merchants or others, shall +be dealt with, in Roumania, without distinction of religion, on +the basis of perfect equality.</p></div> + +<p>In the <i>constituante</i> which was convoked soon after to discuss the +question of giving the Jews equal political rights, an interesting +picture is obtained of the sentiment of the upper and middle classes +of Roumania.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> An overwhelming majority was opposed to the granting +of political rights to the Jews on the ground that Roumania was a +Christian-Latin State, or on the purely nationalistic ground that the +Jews were an alien and utterly unassimilable element of the +population. To meet the demands of the Powers the principle of +individual naturalization was adopted, by which an alien could be +granted naturalization individually and only by a special vote of the +Chamber of Deputies. Other <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>onerous conditions, such as the +requirement of a ten years' residence in the country for citizenship, +and the prohibition of the purchase by aliens of rural estates, showed +conclusively that Roumania was prepared to give only formal assent to +the demand of the Powers.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> After a year of negotiations, the three +Powers agreed to the recognition of her independence, expressing the +hope that the Roumanian government would recognize the inadequacy of +the revised article and especially of the principle of individual +naturalization as meeting the conditions of the Berlin Treaty, and +would aim towards a complete emancipation of all her subjects.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p> + +<p>The situation at the beginning of the eighties presented but little +hope of improvement in the political condition of the Jews. Eight +hundred and eighty-three Jews who had fought in the war for +independence had been naturalized <i>en masse</i>. With the exception of +this small number, the Jews were legally classed as foreigners.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> +Shortly after, owing to the fact that Austria-Hungary had withdrawn +its protection from several thousands of its Jewish citizens resident +in Roumania, the entire body of Jews received a new legal status, that +of "foreigners not subject to any foreign Power". In other words, they +were stateless, though subject to all the obligations of Roumanian +citizens, including military service and the payment of taxes. This +legal status of the Jews has received the attention of the world and +marks a condition of things which according to Bluntschli is "a denial +of the entire development of European states".<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>Freed from the control of the Powers, Roumania now entered on a new +campaign of discrimination against the Jews. The first decade of the +eighties saw this begun in a series of laws which for completeness +finds no parallel even in Russia. At the very beginning, a law giving +the police the right of domiciliary visitation and of expelling under +the vagabond law anyone in the rural districts, was employed against +the Jews, resulting in their frequent expulsions into the towns. The +enforcement of the law against rural residence was so strict as to +create practically the same situation as exists in the Russian Pale. +The law of 1883, prohibiting lotteries, and in the following year the +law prohibiting hawking or any form of sale from house to house or on +the streets deprived several thousands of Jewish families of their +livelihood.</p> + +<p>It was in 1886 and 1887, however, when the laws which were to create a +national industry and commerce were introduced, that a serious step +was taken to exclude the Jews from economic activity. On the +assumption that occupations were a civil right to which aliens could +or could not be admitted, the Jews were systematically deprived even +of the civil rights which had been theirs, to a great extent, before +the Berlin Congress sought to make them politically free. As +foreigners, the Jews were prohibited the right of choosing electors +for the newly-created Chambers of Commerce and Trade, or of becoming +members of these chambers although they formed a large majority of the +merchants and manufacturers represented in these important bodies. A +still more serious provision was that which decreed that five years +after the foundation of a factory two-thirds of the workingmen +employed therein must be Roumanians. Jews were also partly excluded +from the administrative positions in joint-stock companies. They were +completely excluded from employment in the financial <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>institutions of +the state, from the state railway service, and, by a provision that +two-thirds of the employes on private railways must be Roumanians, +were practically excluded from these as well. The sharpest blow, +however, was struck in 1902, when a new law for the organization of +trades, popularly known as the Artisans' Bill, was passed. In this law +there is to be seen a revival of the guild organizations of the Middle +Ages. To pursue his occupation every artisan was required to obtain a +certificate from a guild. Jewish master artisans and workmen were hit +by the requirement that aliens in order to have the right of working +in accordance with this law must prove that in their own country +reciprocal rights existed for Roumanians, or obtain an authorization +from a Chamber of Commerce or Industry. Whatever value this +requirement may have had for the protection of Roumanian workmen in +foreign countries, its chief effect was to place in a position of +economic helplessness the majority of the Jewish workmen as "aliens +not subject to any foreign Power", and largely unable to secure +authorization from such chambers controlled by competitors. Other +clauses, requiring that all workingmen belong to a guild, and that +fifty workmen possessing civil and political rights are empowered to +form a guild, put the control of trades into the hands of non-Jews, +although the majority of the artisans in many of the trades were Jews.</p> + +<p>A similar policy was pursued with reference to the cultural activities +of the Jews. A circular of the minister of public instruction, issued +in 1887, ordered that preference should be given to Roumanian +children, in cases where there was not enough room in the elementary +schools for all. This began the gradual exclusion of Jewish children +from the Roumanian elementary schools. The formal treatment of the +Jews as aliens in the educational system was introduced in 1893, when +all aliens were required to pay <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>fees for entrance into the public +schools, and were admitted only in case there was enough room for +them. The effect of these laws was seen in the diminished proportion +of Jewish children in the elementary schools. Similar provisions for +the secondary and high schools and universities largely closed the +doors of these institutions to the Jews. From schools of agriculture +and forestry, and of commerce they were completely excluded.</p> + +<p>To the educational restrictions were added restrictions to +professional service. As aliens, they were forbidden to be employed in +the public sanitary service and health department as physicians, +pharmacists, <i>etc.</i>, from owning as well as working in private +pharmacies, and from entering other professional fields.</p> + +<p>The almost complete agreement of the two principal parties—liberal +and conservative—explains the thoroughness and uninterrupted progress +of this process of piling up disability upon disability. The +explanation is partly to be found in the constitution of Roumania, the +electoral law of which places the political powers in the hands of two +classes—the landed aristocracy and the urban, or middle class. The +vast majority of the peasants are excluded by educational and property +qualifications, obtaining only indirect representation. Had the Jews +been granted political rights, they would have shared political power +with the other two classes. It is through the second electoral +college, of both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, that the +middle class is represented politically. As manufacturers and +merchants, as urban dwellers, as members of the liberal professions +and as graduates of the elementary schools, the Jews would have become +the most important part of this electoral college.</p> + +<p>Again, the creation of an industry and commerce along national lines +was largely a course of action in the interests <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>of this middle class +of Roumanian merchants, artisans and laborers. It was in favor of this +class that the laws were passed debarring Jews from various +occupations and seeking essentially to wrest the industrial and +commercial monopoly from their hands.</p> + +<p>In this course of action, powerful aid was extended by the +bureaucracy, recruited mainly from the lower nobility and the middle +classes. Depending for their support upon the urbans, and seeking to +prevent the entrance of Jews into state service, which would have +resulted from the granting of political rights to the Jews, the +bureaucracy have acted in harmony with the middle classes in the +attempt to make the Jews politically, economically, and culturally +powerless.</p> + +<p>Thus the situation that the Jews in Roumania have been facing for +thirty years is abnormal, from every standpoint. At no time within +thirty years has there been any serious question of giving to the Jews +the political rights, the granting of which had been made the +condition of the recognition of Roumania's independence by the Powers. +The history of the succeeding thirty years has been one of gradual, +steady and systematic deprivation of one civil right after another. To +the prohibition of freedom of movement has been added that of work; +one occupation after another has been prohibited to Jews under the +mask of foreigners. From all the branches of state service Jews have +been almost completely debarred. Participation in important private +and public enterprises has similarly been limited. The schools have +been largely closed to them. The effect has been partly registered in +a rate of illiteracy higher in the cities among the Jewish children +between seven and fifteen than among the non-Jewish children of the +same age.</p> + +<p>Thus the conscious policy of Roumania has been that of oppression, +political, economic and social, with the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>deliberate aim of making it +impossible for the Jews to live in Roumania. This method of indirect +expulsion is the essence of her policy of thirty years. As such it was +recognized and openly stated in the only formal protest against her +manner of fulfilling the conditions of the Berlin Treaty, made by the +United States, through its Secretary of State, John Hay, whose +circular to the Powers signatory to the Treaty demanded that Roumania +be called to account for her treatment of the Jews, and her dishonesty +in violating the pledges given by her to the Powers.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p> + +<br /> + +<h4>III. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY</h4> + +<p>Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the legal position of the +Jews in Austria-Hungary differed from that of their brethren in Russia +and Roumania only in degree. Prohibited the free exercise of their +religion, the right to hold real property, and to enter certain +occupations, and burdened by special Jewish taxes, the Jews remained a +class apart and governed in all their activities by special laws. +Their legal emancipation, begun in 1848, was definitely established by +the promulgation in each division of the Empire of the Fundamental Law +of 1867, declaring that religion should not be a ground for +discrimination in civil and political rights.</p> + +<p>The civil and political equality of the Jews was a cardinal principle +of the creed of German-Austrian liberalism and one of a number of its +victories embodied in the Constitution of 1867. Austrian economic and +social life at this period was, however, too saturated with +medievalism to allow for a complete revolution in the attitude toward +the Jews. On the other hand, the influential part played by the Jews +in the liberal movement and the fact that a group of wealthy <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>Jews +were powerful factors in the <i>haute finance</i> and in the commercial +life of the country were made the basis of an attack by the +feudal-clericals upon the Jews.</p> + +<p>The great financial crash of 1873, in which several Jewish financial +houses were concerned, was the starting-point of political +antisemitism in Austria. The Jews were denounced as the +representatives of the capitalist order of society, with its +overwhelming concentration of wealth and its exploitation of the +industrial and the agricultural proletariat. The Christian-Socialist +movement began with antisemitism as the corner-stone of its economic +and social doctrines. Its opposition to the Jews and to capitalism was +largely due to medieval prejudices in favor of the Christian-feudal +state and the medieval industrial organization. In the early eighties +it began to triumph when the "small man" or petty industrialist +received political power through an extension of the suffrage.</p> + +<p>It reached its height in the nineties, when, under the combined +influence of feudal-clerical nobles, the clergy and the lower middle +class, a period of reaction set in. In Vienna, in 1895, the antisemite +Lueger was elected mayor. Powerless though they were to change the +legal status of the Jews, the antisemites succeeded in creating in +both upper and lower circles of Austrian society an atmosphere of +antagonism to the Jews which has prevented the complete fulfillment of +the principle of equality as set forth in the constitution.</p> + +<p>The clericals have fanned the flames of religious hatred especially +among the peasantry by ritual-murder accusations, which have been rife +and have played a large part in strengthening the sentiment of +hostility toward the Jews.</p> + +<p>In Galicia, the position of the Jews became unsettled, owing to a +variety of causes.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> Although one of the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>least advanced among the +Austrian crown lands, Galicia has experienced within the last +half-century an industrial and commercial development along with the +rest of the Empire. This resulted in the growth of a middle class +particularly among the Poles, which began to compete for supremacy +with the Jews. The improvements in transportation and communication, +the organization of agricultural syndicates, for the purpose of +directly purchasing and selling the produce of the peasants, and the +creation of rural credit societies, helped considerably to displace +the Jewish middlemen and traders as well as the Jewish money-lenders, +who dealt largely with the peasantry. The movement to develop Galicia +industrially was fostered on national lines by these Polish +organizations, which carried on an extensive propaganda and +systematically organized economic boycotts against the Jews. "Do not +buy of Jews", "Do not patronize Jewish artisans", became familiar +cries in Galicia as in other parts of Austria.</p> + +<p>The process of wrestling the monopoly of industry, trade and commerce +from the Jews in favor of the Polish petty merchants and artisans was +considerably accelerated by the official bodies, the autonomous +Galician <i>Diet</i> and the municipal boards, controlled chiefly by the +Polish-Catholic nobility, who saw in the national-industry movement a +means of capturing the votes of the middle class and of thus retaining +their position as leaders of the Polish people. Communal funds were +used to establish Poles in business. Attempts were made to take away +from the Jews the small-salt and tobacco trades. The taxes on the +taverns were increased. In the public financial institutions organized +for various purposes Jews were not given representation. In nearly all +the activities designed to promote the interest of the urban +population and the peasantry, the Jews were systematically excluded by +the local authorities.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>Added to this, the increasing distress of the Galician peasants has +reacted strongly upon the Jews, who depend so largely upon their +buying power. The poverty of the peasantry, the competition for the +control of the rural market created by public and private agencies, +added to the increasing competition in the towns from other sections +of the population, have all co-operated to create a great surplus, in +proportion to the population, of petty merchants and artisans among +the Jews. This had its effect in an over-competition from the side of +the Jews themselves.</p> + +<p>The Jews have suffered as well from their historical rôle of +intermediaries between a most avaricious nobility and a bitterly +exploited peasantry. Acting as stewards and as tavern keepers for the +Polish nobles, who are mainly absentee landlords, and who, until very +recently, enjoyed the right of keeping taverns as one of their feudal +privileges, the Jews have become the buffers of the deep-seated +antagonism between the two chief classes of Galicia.</p> + +<p>Agrarian uprisings have been frequent of late, particularly after the +failure of the crops, which here as in Russia and Roumania spells a +crisis. These, chiefly directed against the nobles, have frequently +been diverted toward the Jews, to whom the peasants are largely +indebted, and in whom they see the visible instruments of the +oppression of their lords.</p> + +<p>Economic antagonism has been intensified by the religious hatred which +has been fostered by the Polish clergy and which has been the basis of +numerous ritual-murder charges.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Leroy-Beaulieu, <i>The Empire of the Tsars</i> (New York, +1894), vol. iii, p. 558.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> For an example of typically medieval economic notions +regarding trade and commerce prevalent among the feudal classes of +Eastern Europe, <i>cf.</i> Carmen Sylva's criticism on the economic +activities of the Jews in Roumania in <i>Century</i>, March, 1906.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> The part played by the authorities in these <i>pogroms</i> is +discussed by A. Linden in <i>Die Judenpogromen</i>, vol. i, pp. 12-96.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> President Harrison's Message is given in <a href="#APPENDIX_A">Appendix A</a>, +page 199.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Séménoff, <i>The Russian Government and the Jewish +Massacres</i> (London, 1907), pp. 147-167.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Immigration Commission: <i>Emigration Conditions in +Europe</i>, pp. 261-262.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> The discussions are presented in <i>La question juive</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Article VII is given in <a href="#APPENDIX_B">Appendix B</a>, p. 200.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <i>Cf. English Parliamentary Papers</i>, 1880, vol. lxxix, +Correspondence relative to the recognition of Roumania.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> In the following twenty years only 85 Jews were granted +citizenship.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Bluntschli's pamphlet is a valuable statement of the +situation. For title <i>cf.</i> <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">Bibliography</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> The Hay note is given in <a href="#APPENDIX_C">Appendix C</a>, pp. 201-206.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>Jüdische Statistik</i>, p. 208 et seq.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_V_PT1" id="CHAPTER_V_PT1"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER V<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Conclusion</h3> +<br /> + +<p>An intimate connection has thus been established between the present +state of economic and social transition through which the countries of +Eastern Europe are passing and the situation which has confronted the +Jews in each of these countries and has profoundly influenced their +position and their history for the last third of a century. What the +forces are behind the emigration of the Jews from these countries to +Western Europe and the United States during this period now become +clear.</p> + +<p>The industrial and commercial development of the recent decades +brought about changes in themselves unfavorable to the economic +activities of the Jews. The improvements in communication and +transportation through the extension of railroads, the building of +roads, and the creation of credit facilities especially for the +peasantry served partly to displace the Jews, whose economic position +had been largely based upon the services they rendered in a relatively +backward industrial and commercial civilization. The rise of a middle +class among the Christian populations, chiefly engaged in industry, +added an element of competition not before present. Not the least +important in its effects was the increasing poverty of the peasantry, +which seriously affected the Jews, as the principal buyers of their +produce and sellers of finished products. Agricultural crises, so +frequent in recent years in Eastern Europe, have often involved the +Jews in financial ruin.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>These purely economic factors served to weaken the position of the +Jews and to cause an over-concentration in trade and industry, to +their detriment. The gradual readjustment that would have followed +naturally was, however, prevented by the existence of other forces, in +the action of which we find the key to the situation faced by the Jews +and the impelling forces of Jewish emigration.</p> + +<p>One of these was the economic antisemitism that rose partly from the +competition of the middle classes of both populations. This +competitive jealousy awakened racial and religious prejudices and +found particularly in Galicia an active expression in the organization +of economic boycotts, and in the co-operative agencies that were +created to foster the growth of the Christian artisans and merchants. +The sufferings of the agricultural population, again, were charged to +the Jews, with whom the peasants were in close business relations and +to whom they were deeply indebted. Preached from platform, press and +pulpit, the doctrine of Jewish exploitation of the peasantry found a +ready acceptance among all classes.</p> + +<p>Economic and social hostility was furthered by the feudal ruling +classes whose antagonism to the Jews was deep-seated and many-sided. +As these formed the ruling economic, social and political power in +Eastern Europe, they were the chief instrument in creating a situation +that was full of danger for the Jews. In the politico-economic +struggles between these privileged classes and the liberal middle +classes that accompanied the transition, the Jews were found, +consciously or unconsciously, on the side of the liberals, who sought +to introduce the economic, social and political conditions of modern +civilization. Thus they served as a convenient object of attack. In +Russia, where, since the reaction, the control of the feudal classes +over the government was complete, the new laws restricting <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>residence, +movement, occupations and economic activity in general, checked the +economic growth of the Jews and put them at a great disadvantage in +the struggle for existence. This situation was created to an even +greater degree in Roumania, where the economic interests of the +Roumanian middle class were furthered at the expense of the Jews. +Economic helplessness was essentially the condition created for the +Jews, so narrow was the margin left for the exercise of their powers. +The social pressure that was added, through laws limiting the entrance +of Jews to the educational institutions and the liberal professions, +seeking to limit their cultural influence, was part and parcel of the +same policy. In the case of Russia, repression reached the form of +massacres of Jews, when these were found politically useful.</p> + +<p>Governmental oppression was thus the chief force in unsettling the +economic and social position of the Jews. Throughout the course of +thirty years the leading motive of the Russian and Roumanian +governments was the reduction, through every possible means, of the +number of their Jewish populations.</p> + +<p>This governmental pressure which began to be applied at the beginning +of the eighties became equivalent in the course of time to an +expulsive force. The only outlet to the intolerable conditions that +had been created by the forces of governmental repression and +oppression was emigration. This was sensed by the Jews at the very +beginning of the period. How eagerly it has been seized upon the +following pages will show. It is enough for the moment to point out +that the vast and steadily increasing stream of Russian Jewish +immigrants to the United States alone, has risen to such proportions +that its average for the past decade has approached the estimated +annual increase of the Jews in Russia. In other words, emigration has +begun to mean the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>decline, not only relatively, but even absolutely, +of the Jewish population in Russia.</p> + +<p>The fact that the persecution of the Jews in the case of Russia and +Roumania amounts to a force of rejection has been widely recognized +during the course of the emigration of the Jews from Eastern Europe. +In England, where the number of Jewish immigrants increased rapidly, +it found expression in the official reports, and in the United States, +it became a subject of direct diplomatic correspondence in the formal +protest to Russia in 1891 by President Harrison, and in 1902 in the +circular note to the Powers by Secretary Hay, regarding Roumania's +treatment of the Jews.</p> + +<p>A still more significant recognition of the exceptional forces behind +the Jewish immigration was given by the Jews of Western Europe and the +United States, living in a state of freedom, security and comparative +wealth, to whom the oncoming of thousands of Jewish refugees at all +the critical periods, and the steady stream of Jewish immigrants at +other times has meant a taking-up of onerous burdens and a sharing of +the hardships of the situation thus suddenly thrust upon them. The +attempt to organize and regulate Jewish emigration from Eastern Europe +was a task early undertaken by the <i>Alliance Israélite Universelle</i>. +The Jewish Colonization Association was expressly founded by Baron de +Hirsch to open up, in various countries, new paths for the Jewish +emigrants. At all periods of exceptional emigration, national and +international committees met to consider the problems of the +immigrants thrown upon their responsibility.</p> + +<p>The vast majority of the emigrants made the United States their goal. +In their movement and their economic and social characteristics we +shall find a striking reflection of the impelling forces of their +emigration.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <i>Cf. Hersch</i>, chap. v. He gives to this factor far more +importance than it deserves. For criticism of his method, <i>cf.</i> p. 92, +note I.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="PART_2" id="PART_2"></a><a name="PART_IIA" id="PART_IIA"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h2>PART II</h2> + +<h2>JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES</h2> + +<h3>A. ITS MOVEMENT</h3> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span><br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_I_PT2A" id="CHAPTER_I_PT2A"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER I<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Determination of Number of Jewish Immigrants</h3> +<br /> + +<p>In a study of Jewish immigration to the United States the first +problem is to determine the number of Jews who entered this country +during the thirty years from 1881 to 1910, and their nationality, or +their countries of nativity. The determination of these figures meets +with the difficulty that prior to 1899, immigrants were classified in +the official statistics by country of nativity or residence, and not +by race or nationality. Thus the figures regarding Jewish immigration +are obtainable from official sources only from 1899. Those relating to +previous years have to be sought for elsewhere.</p> + +<p>The main sources that have been used to obtain the figures before 1899 +are the reports of three Jewish societies which were concerned with +the care of the Jewish immigrants arriving at the principal ports of +New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. These were the United Hebrew +Charities, of New York; the Association for the Protection of Jewish +Immigrants, of Philadelphia; and the Hebrew Benevolent Society, of +Baltimore. Each of these maintained an agent who, besides his other +duties, collected statistical information concerning the sex, age, +country of nativity, occupation, destination, etc., of the Jewish +immigrants, partly from the ships' manifests and partly through +personal inquiry. The statistical information thus obtained was +regularly included in the annual reports of these societies. These +records were begun by the New York and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>Philadelphia societies, in +1884, and by the Baltimore society, in 1891.</p> + +<p>As the yearly statistical tables of these reports were made to +correspond with the annual meeting of these societies,<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> it was +found advisable to rearrange them from July to June, in order to have +them correspond with the fiscal year, and thus allow for a proper +comparison with the official data furnished by the immigration +authorities.</p> + +<p>As rearranged, the tables presented the number of Jewish immigrants +entering the ports of New York and Philadelphia from July 1, 1886, to +June 30, 1898, and the number of Jewish immigrants entering the port +of Baltimore from July 1, 1891, to June 30, 1898.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> As these three +ports were, up to recent years, the places of entry of all but a very +small number of Jewish immigrants, the figures thus obtained represent +practically the total Jewish immigration to the United States from +1886 to 1898.</p> + +<p>To ascertain the nationality or country of nativity of the Jewish +immigrants from 1886 to 1898, it was necessary to redistribute in +accordance with the fiscal year the monthly arrivals found in the +tables of the United Hebrew Charities, which contain the figures for +each nationality.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> As the reports of the Philadelphia society gave +only the totals of arrivals of each nationality for each year but not +distributed by months, the following method was employed. The +percentage the immigration of each nativity constituted of the total +immigration from November to October (the society's year) was used as +the basis for calculating the annual <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>immigration of each nativity +from July to June.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> There being no essential difference between +Baltimore and Philadelphia, so far as Jewish immigrants of each +nationality are concerned, the same percentages were used as for +Philadelphia.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p> + +<p>The discrepancy between the official figures of the total immigration +from Roumania from 1886 to 1898 and those of the Jewish societies for +the Jewish immigrants from Roumania for the same period is worthy of +note. In each of four years the number of Jewish immigrants from +Roumania as reported by the Jewish societies exceeded the total +immigration from Roumania as reported in the official statistics. For +two years, 1892 and 1893, the official statistics do not report any +immigrants from Roumania, whereas the Jewish societies report,<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> +respectively, 740 and 555 Jewish immigrants from Roumania, which +represented a normal number from this country, as the other years +indicate.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>The total number of immigrants of each nationality arriving from July +1, 1886, to June 30, 1898, was thus obtained. The total number of +Jewish immigrants arriving from Russia, Austria-Hungary and Roumania, +at each of the principal ports, for each year from 1886 to 1898, are +summarized in table V.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p> + +<p>The figures of Jewish immigration before 1886 were not obtainable +either from the official or the Jewish sources, there being only an +estimate of the number of the Jewish immigrants from 1881 to 1884 in +the <i>American Jewish Year Book</i> of 1899-1900 (as 74,310), and in the +<i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i> (as 62,022), without any indications as to how +these were obtained. To secure a fairly accurate statement, the +proportion the Russian Jewish immigration from 1886 to 1898 bore to +the total Russian immigration was used as the basis for calculating +the total number of Russian Jewish immigrants from 1881 to 1885.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> +This was distributed yearly according to the proportion of each year's +contribution to the five years' total. By a similar calculation the +number of Jewish immigrants from Austria-Hungary was obtained.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> For +Roumania, the proportion of Jews being <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>more than ninety per cent, and +at this period practically the entire Roumanian immigration being +Jewish, the figures were taken <i>in toto</i>. The results for each year +added together constituted the total Jewish immigration for the year.</p> + +<p>The general tendency among writers on the subject of Jewish +immigration has been to exaggerate the magnitude of this movement. In +a discussion in the <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i> regarding the dimensions of +the Jewish immigration before 1899, exact figures were given that are +on their face erroneous.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> The inaccuracy of these figures is +explained by the fact that the writer committed a gross error in +making his table. The total Russian immigration to the United States +from 1880 to 1898 was designated as the Jewish immigration from +Russia, though it should have been evident that the number of other +peoples coming from Russia and included in these figures must have +been very large. Another column gave as Jewish immigrants coming from +countries other than Russia, the totals of the Jewish immigrants +entering the United States from 1885 to 1898, as reported in the +<i>American Jewish Year Book</i> of 1899 (the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>latter figures of which +included Russian Jews as well as those of other nativities), thereby +doubling the number of Russian Jewish immigrants for this period. The +result has been to more than triple the numbers of the Jewish +immigrants. These figures have been widely used and quoted, and have +generally created the impression of a Jewish immigration larger by +several hundred thousands than is really the case.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p> + +<p>The results of the foregoing are summarized in Table VI, which gives +the number of Jewish immigrants arriving in each of the thirty years +from 1881 to 1910, and the principal countries of nativity of these +immigrants. We are thus in a position closely to study the movement of +Jewish immigration for practically the entire period since it became a +significant part of the recent immigration to the United States, and +thereby to throw light upon the character of this movement, in itself +and as a part of the general immigration.</p> + +<a name="TABLE_VI" id="TABLE_VI"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span><br /> + +<h3 class="sc">Table VI</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1881 TO 1910</h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary="Table VI"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" width="9%">Year</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">Russia</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">United Kingdom</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">Germany</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">Brit. N.A.</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">Turkey</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">France</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">All Others</td> + <td class="tdc" width="10%">Total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1881</td> + <td class="tdr2">3125</td> + <td class="tdr2">2537</td> + <td class="tdr2">30</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">5692</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1882</td> + <td class="tdr2">10489</td> + <td class="tdr2">2648</td> + <td class="tdr2">65</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">13202</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1883</td> + <td class="tdr2">6144</td> + <td class="tdr2">2510</td> + <td class="tdr2">77</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">8731</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1884</td> + <td class="tdr2">7867</td> + <td class="tdr2">3340</td> + <td class="tdr2">238</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">11445</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1885</td> + <td class="tdr2">10648</td> + <td class="tdr2">3938</td> + <td class="tdr2">803</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">1473</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">16862</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1886</td> + <td class="tdr2">14092</td> + <td class="tdr2">5326</td> + <td class="tdr2">518</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">983</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">254</td> + <td class="tdr2">21173</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1887</td> + <td class="tdr2">23103</td> + <td class="tdr2">6898</td> + <td class="tdr2">2063</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">780</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">200</td> + <td class="tdr2">33044</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1888</td> + <td class="tdr2">20216</td> + <td class="tdr2">5985</td> + <td class="tdr2">1653</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">727</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">300</td> + <td class="tdr2">28881</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1889</td> + <td class="tdr2">18338</td> + <td class="tdr2">4998</td> + <td class="tdr2">1058</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">758</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">200</td> + <td class="tdr2">25352</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1890</td> + <td class="tdr2">20981</td> + <td class="tdr2">6439</td> + <td class="tdr2">462</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">633</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">124</td> + <td class="tdr2">28639</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1891</td> + <td class="tdr2">43457</td> + <td class="tdr2">5890</td> + <td class="tdr2">854</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">636</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">561</td> + <td class="tdr2">51398</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1892</td> + <td class="tdr2">64253</td> + <td class="tdr2">8643</td> + <td class="tdr2">740</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">1787</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">950</td> + <td class="tdr2">76373</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1893</td> + <td class="tdr2">25161</td> + <td class="tdr2">6363</td> + <td class="tdr2">555</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">1814</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">429</td> + <td class="tdr2">35322</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1894</td> + <td class="tdr2">20747</td> + <td class="tdr2">5916</td> + <td class="tdr2">616</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">1109</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">791</td> + <td class="tdr2">29179</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1895</td> + <td class="tdr2">16727</td> + <td class="tdr2">6047</td> + <td class="tdr2">518</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">1028</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">871</td> + <td class="tdr2">26191</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1896</td> + <td class="tdr2">20168</td> + <td class="tdr2">9831</td> + <td class="tdr2">744</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">829</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">276</td> + <td class="tdr2">32848</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1897</td> + <td class="tdr2">13063</td> + <td class="tdr2">5672</td> + <td class="tdr2">516</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">586</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">535</td> + <td class="tdr2">20372</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1898</td> + <td class="tdr2">14949</td> + <td class="tdr2">7367</td> + <td class="tdr2">720</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">296</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">322</td> + <td class="tdr2">23654</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1899</td> + <td class="tdr2">24275</td> + <td class="tdr2">11071</td> + <td class="tdr2">1343</td> + <td class="tdr2">174</td> + <td class="tdr2">405</td> + <td class="tdr2">5</td> + <td class="tdr2">81</td> + <td class="tdr2">9</td> + <td class="tdr2">52</td> + <td class="tdr2">37415</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1900</td> + <td class="tdr2">37011</td> + <td class="tdr2">16920</td> + <td class="tdr2">6183</td> + <td class="tdr2">133</td> + <td class="tdr2">337</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">114</td> + <td class="tdr2">17</td> + <td class="tdr2">49</td> + <td class="tdr2">60764</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1901</td> + <td class="tdr2">37660</td> + <td class="tdr2">13006</td> + <td class="tdr2">6827</td> + <td class="tdr2">110</td> + <td class="tdr2">272</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">154</td> + <td class="tdr2">20</td> + <td class="tdr2">49</td> + <td class="tdr2">58098</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1902</td> + <td class="tdr2">37846</td> + <td class="tdr2">12848</td> + <td class="tdr2">6589</td> + <td class="tdr2">55</td> + <td class="tdr2">182</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">138</td> + <td class="tdr2">9</td> + <td class="tdr2">21</td> + <td class="tdr2">57688</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1903</td> + <td class="tdr2">47689</td> + <td class="tdr2">18759</td> + <td class="tdr2">8562</td> + <td class="tdr2">420</td> + <td class="tdr2">477</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">211</td> + <td class="tdr2">11</td> + <td class="tdr2">74</td> + <td class="tdr2">76203</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1904</td> + <td class="tdr2">77544</td> + <td class="tdr2">20211</td> + <td class="tdr2">6446</td> + <td class="tdr2">817</td> + <td class="tdr2">669</td> + <td class="tdr2">8</td> + <td class="tdr2">313</td> + <td class="tdr2">32</td> + <td class="tdr2">196</td> + <td class="tdr2">106236</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1905</td> + <td class="tdr2">92388</td> + <td class="tdr2">17352</td> + <td class="tdr2">3854</td> + <td class="tdr2">14299</td> + <td class="tdr2">734</td> + <td class="tdr2">11</td> + <td class="tdr2">173</td> + <td class="tdr2">327</td> + <td class="tdr2">772</td> + <td class="tdr2">129910</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1906</td> + <td class="tdr2">125234</td> + <td class="tdr2">14884</td> + <td class="tdr2">3872</td> + <td class="tdr2">6113</td> + <td class="tdr2">979</td> + <td class="tdr2">429</td> + <td class="tdr2">461</td> + <td class="tdr2">479</td> + <td class="tdr2">1297</td> + <td class="tdr2">153748</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1907</td> + <td class="tdr2">114937</td> + <td class="tdr2">18885</td> + <td class="tdr2">3605</td> + <td class="tdr2">7032</td> + <td class="tdr2">734</td> + <td class="tdr2">1818</td> + <td class="tdr2">918</td> + <td class="tdr2">306</td> + <td class="tdr2">952</td> + <td class="tdr2">149182</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1908</td> + <td class="tdr2">71978</td> + <td class="tdr2">15293</td> + <td class="tdr2">4455</td> + <td class="tdr2">6260</td> + <td class="tdr2">869</td> + <td class="tdr2">2393</td> + <td class="tdr2">635</td> + <td class="tdr2">425</td> + <td class="tdr2">1079</td> + <td class="tdr15">103387<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1909</td> + <td class="tdr2">39150</td> + <td class="tdr2">8431</td> + <td class="tdr2">1390</td> + <td class="tdr2">3385</td> + <td class="tdr2">652</td> + <td class="tdr2">2780</td> + <td class="tdr2">690</td> + <td class="tdr2">325</td> + <td class="tdr2">748</td> + <td class="tdr2" style="padding-right: 1.5em;">57551<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">59824</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">13142</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">1701</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">4098</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">705</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">2262</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">1388</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">339</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">801</td> + <td class="tdr bb" style="padding-right: 1.5em;">84260<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 bt">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">1119059</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">281150</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">67057</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">42896</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">20454</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">9706</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">5276</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">2299</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">14903</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">1562800</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="11" style="padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 3em;"><p class="noin"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From 1908 immigrants were classified in the reports of the + Commissioner-General of Immigration as "immigrant aliens," those + intending to reside permanently in the United States and + "non-immigrant aliens," those making a temporary trip to the + United States. In the figures of 1908, 1909 and 1910, only the + "immigrant aliens" are considered.</p></td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<br /> +<a name="TABLE_VII" id="TABLE_VII"></a><br /> + +<h3 class="sc">Table VII<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></h3> + +<h4 class="short">PERCENTAGE OF ANNUAL JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES<br /> +CONTRIBUTED BY EACH COUNTRY OF NATIVITY, 1881 TO 1910</h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary="Table VI"> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" width="9%">Year</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">Russia</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">United Kingdom</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">Germany</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">Brit. N.A.</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">Turkey</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">France</td> + <td class="tdc" width="9%">All Others</td> + <td class="tdc" width="10%">Total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1881</td> + <td class="tdr2">54.8</td> + <td class="tdr2">44.7</td> + <td class="tdr2">0.5</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1882</td> + <td class="tdr2">79.5</td> + <td class="tdr2">20.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">0.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1883</td> + <td class="tdr2">70.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">28.7</td> + <td class="tdr2">0.9</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1884</td> + <td class="tdr2">68.7</td> + <td class="tdr2">29.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1885</td> + <td class="tdr2">63.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">23.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">4.8</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">8.7</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1886</td> + <td class="tdr2">66.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">25.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">4.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1887</td> + <td class="tdr2">69.9</td> + <td class="tdr2">20.8</td> + <td class="tdr2">6.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1888</td> + <td class="tdr2">70.0</td> + <td class="tdr2">20.7</td> + <td class="tdr2">5.7</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.5</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1889</td> + <td class="tdr2">72.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">19.7</td> + <td class="tdr2">4.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">3.0</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.8</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1890</td> + <td class="tdr2">73.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">22.5</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1891</td> + <td class="tdr2">84.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">11.5</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1892</td> + <td class="tdr2">84.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">11.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1893</td> + <td class="tdr2">71.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">18.0</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">5.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">4.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1894</td> + <td class="tdr2">71.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">20.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">3.8</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.7</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1895</td> + <td class="tdr2">63.9</td> + <td class="tdr2">23.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.0</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">3.9</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">7.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1896</td> + <td class="tdr2">61.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">29.9</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.5</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">3.9</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1897</td> + <td class="tdr2">64.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">27.9</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.5</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.9</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1898</td> + <td class="tdr2">63.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">31.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">3.0</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1899</td> + <td class="tdr2">64.9</td> + <td class="tdr2">29.5</td> + <td class="tdr2">3.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">.5</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1900</td> + <td class="tdr2">60.9</td> + <td class="tdr2">27.8</td> + <td class="tdr2">10.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1901</td> + <td class="tdr2">64.8</td> + <td class="tdr2">22.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">11.8</td> + <td class="tdr2">.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">.5</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1902</td> + <td class="tdr2">65.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">22.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">11.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1903</td> + <td class="tdr2">62.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">24.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">11.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1904</td> + <td class="tdr2">73.0</td> + <td class="tdr2">19.0</td> + <td class="tdr2">6.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">.8</td> + <td class="tdr2">.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1905</td> + <td class="tdr2">71.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">13.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">3.0</td> + <td class="tdr2">11.0</td> + <td class="tdr2">.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">—</td> + <td class="tdr2">.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1906</td> + <td class="tdr2">81.5</td> + <td class="tdr2">9.7</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.5</td> + <td class="tdr2">4.0</td> + <td class="tdr2">.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">.3 </td> + <td class="tdr2">.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">.8</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1907</td> + <td class="tdr2">77.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">12.7</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">4.7</td> + <td class="tdr2">.5</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.2 </td> + <td class="tdr2">.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1908</td> + <td class="tdr2">69.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">14.8</td> + <td class="tdr2">4.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">6.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">.8</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.3 </td> + <td class="tdr2">.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.1</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2">1909</td> + <td class="tdr2">68.0</td> + <td class="tdr2">14.7</td> + <td class="tdr2">2.4</td> + <td class="tdr2">5.9</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">4.7 </td> + <td class="tdr2">1.2</td> + <td class="tdr2">.6</td> + <td class="tdr2">1.3</td> + <td class="tdr2">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">71.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">15.6</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">2.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">4.9</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">2.7 </td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">1.6</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">.4</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">.9</td> + <td class="tdr2 bb">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 bt">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">71.6</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">17.9</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">4.3</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">2.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">1.3</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">0.6 </td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">0.3</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">0.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">1.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 bt">100.0</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> The year of the United Hebrew Charities is from October +to September, that of the Philadelphia society is from November to +October, that of the Baltimore society is from July to June.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_II">table II</a>, p. 159. The figures for Baltimore were +furnished by the Baron de Hirsch Fund.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> For an example of this distribution <i>cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_III">table III</a>, p. +159.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_IVA">table IV<span class="fakesc">A</span></a>, p. 160. Thus, from November +1885 to October 1886 there entered the port of Philadelphia 2165 Jews, +of whom 1624 or 75 per cent were from Russia, 260 or 12 per cent were +from Austria-Hungary, 43 or 2 per cent were from Roumania, and 238 or +11 per cent were from all other countries. From July 1, 1885 to June +30, 1886, there entered the port of Philadelphia 1625 Jews. To +ascertain the numbers of each nationality for this fiscal year, we may +use the percentages given above for each nationality. Calculating +these, we find that in the fiscal year 1886 of the 1625 Jews entering +the port of Philadelphia, 1218 were from Russia, 196 were from +Austria-Hungary, 33 were from Roumania, and 178 were from all other +countries. In like manner, the numbers of each nationality for the +other years were obtained.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_IVB">table IV<span class="fakesc">B</span></a>, p. 160.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> As corrected by the methods described.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> For the four years mentioned, the figures are as +follows, those reported by the Jewish societies preceding those from +official sources: in 1886, 518, 494; in 1887, 2063, 2045; in 1888, +1653, 1188; in 1889, 1058, 893. For the official figures <i>cf.</i> +Immigration Commission: <i>Statistical Review of Immigration</i>, pp. +40-44.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_V">table V</a>, p. 161.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Out of a total of 505,078 Russian immigrants from 1886 +to 1898, the Russian Jewish immigrants constituted 315,355, or 62 per +cent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> In calculating the number of Jewish immigrants from +Austria-Hungary the percentage the Jewish immigration was of the total +immigration from Austria-Hungary from 1886 to 1910 and not, as in the +case with the Jewish immigration from Russia, from 1886 to 1898, was +used through an oversight as the basis for calculation. As the +immigration of Jews from Austria-Hungary for 1885 at the port of New +York alone constituted 14 per cent of the total immigration from +Austria-Hungary, this figure was put down <i>in toto</i>, being a higher +number than the one obtained by calculation. As the Jewish immigration +from 1886 to 1910 constituted 9 per cent of the total immigration from +Austria-Hungary and the immigration from 1886 to 1898 constituted 14 +per cent of the total immigration, the difference is not large. +Following is the table indicating the difference for each year from +1881 to 1884.</p> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="Jewish Immigration figures"> + <tr> + <td class="tdr2" rowspan="2">Year.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Total immigration.</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Jewish immigration.</td> + <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">Difference.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc">at 14 per cent</td> + <td class="tdc">at 9 per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr2" width="20%">1881</td> + <td class="tdr2" width="20%">27935</td> + <td class="tdr2" width="20%">3882</td> + <td class="tdr2" width="20%">2537</td> + <td class="tdr2" width="20%">1345</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr2">1882</td> + <td class="tdr2">29150</td> + <td class="tdr2">4051</td> + <td class="tdr2">2648</td> + <td class="tdr2">1403</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr2">1883</td> + <td class="tdr2">27625</td> + <td class="tdr2">3840</td> + <td class="tdr2">2510</td> + <td class="tdr2">1330</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdr2">1884</td> + <td class="tdr2">36571</td> + <td class="tdr2">5083</td> + <td class="tdr2">3340</td> + <td class="tdr2">1743</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p class="noin">The increased numbers from the higher percentage involve no change in +the relative position of Jewish immigration from the three principal +countries of emigration, except in 1881, when the Jewish immigration +from Austria-Hungary would have exceeded that from Russia.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>: "Migration," vol. viii, p. 584. +<i>Ibid.</i>, "Russia"—Emigration, vol. x, p. 547.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Ruppin uses these figures in <i>Die Sozialen Verhältnisse +der Juden in Russland</i>, p. 11.</p> + +<p class="noin">Hersch, (<i>Le juif errant d'aujourd'hui</i>), subjects the figures given +in the <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i> to a thorough analysis and shows their +absurdity. Unaware, however, of the nature of the error committed by +the writer and of the existence of authoritative sources for the +figures of Jewish immigration, he drew the conclusion that it is +impossible to obtain any really accurate figures of Jewish immigration +before 1899. This leads him into serious errors owing to the fact that +he discusses the movement of Jewish immigration from the basis of the +twelve years from 1899 to 1910, representing the height of the +movement, instead of for the entire period of thirty years. This +vitiates his principal conclusions regarding the character of the +Jewish movement to this country. Particularly noticeable is his +neglect of the phenomena presented by the Russian and Roumanian +movements and his elevation of the movement from Austria-Hungary as +the type of Jewish immigration to this country.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_II_PT2A" id="CHAPTER_II_PT2A"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER II<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Immigration of Jews from Eastern Europe</h3> +<br /> + +<p>In the thirty years between 1881 and 1910, 1,562,800 Jews entered the +United States. An examination of Tables VI and VII reveals the fact +that the great majority of the immigrants came from Russia, +Austria-Hungary and Roumania. Of the total number, Russia contributed +1,119,059 immigrants, or 71.6 percent; Austria-Hungary 281,150 +immigrants, or 17.9 per cent, and Roumania 67,057 immigrants, or 4.3 +per cent. Together these three countries contributed 93.8 per cent of +the total for the thirty years. The great majority of the Jewish +immigrants from the United Kingdom and British North America are not +English or Canadian Jews but transmigrants or transient East-European +Jews, to whom England and Canada were a halfway house from the +countries of Eastern Europe to the United States.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> If we included +these immigrants, the Jewish immigration from these three countries of +Eastern Europe would be considerably above 95 per cent. The Jewish +immigration of the last third of a century is thus practically wholly +from Eastern Europe.</p> + +<p>Summarizing the results for the three decades,<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> we find that the +Jewish immigrants from Russia maintained a fairly constant proportion +to the total Jewish immigration, contributing 135,003, in the decade +between 1881 and 1890 or 69.9 per cent of the total for the decade, +279,811 or 71.1 <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>per cent in the decade between 1891 and 1900, and +704,245, or 72.1 per cent, in the decade between 1901 and 1910.</p> + +<p>Roumanian Jewish immigration was relatively smaller in the earlier +decades, numbering 6,967 in the first, 12,789 in the second decade, +comprising 3.2 per cent and 3.6 per cent, respectively, of the total, +and in the last decade, numbering 47,301 and constituting 4.8 per cent +of the total immigration of the decade.</p> + +<p>The Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary bore a proportion to the +total higher in the first two decades, contributing 44,619 immigrants +in the first decade and 83,720 immigrants in the second decade, or +23.1 per cent and 21.3 per cent, respectively, of the total, and +152,810 immigrants, or 15.7 per cent, in the last decade.</p> + +<p>The Jewish immigrants from the United Kingdom and British North +America, which, in the first two decades constituting less than one +per cent of the total of each decade, were included in the rubric "all +others", rose in the last decade to 42,589, constituting 4.4 per cent, +and to 9,701, constituting one per cent, of the total of this decade.</p> + +<p>An examination of the yearly contributions made by the Jews of the +principal countries<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> shows that the immigrants from Russia formed +the majority of the immigrants for each year of the entire period, and +as a rule, did not deviate far from the general proportion established +for the thirty years. The greatest increases occurred during the years +of maximum Jewish immigration, in 1882, 1891, 1892 and 1906, when the +Russian Jewish immigrants constituted four-fifths or more of the total +for the year.</p> + +<p>The immigrants from Roumania showed higher percentages than their +average in 1887 and in 1888, and a remarkable increase of their +contribution from 1900 to 1903, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>in which years they constituted more +than a tenth of the total number of immigrants.</p> + +<p>The immigrants from Austria-Hungary formed, on the average, less than +one-fifth of the total, but varied considerably in their proportions. +In general, they maintained a rate higher than their average during +the earlier years of their movement. In the later years they showed a +relative decline, especially during the last decade, owing to the +greater relative increase of the Jewish immigration from Russia and +Roumania, though their absolute numbers increased greatly during this +period. Their highest ratios of contribution were made from 1883 to +1886 and from 1896 to 1900, the latter period marking their maximum +relative contributions.</p> + +<p>The influence of the Russian Jewish immigration is thus paramount. It +dominates and controls the entire movement, owing to its great +preponderance of numbers. To a closer consideration of its movement we +shall now turn.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Landa, <i>The Alien Problem and its Remedy</i>, pp. 54-57.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_VIII">table VIII</a>, p. 162.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_VI">tables VI</a> and <a href="#TABLE_VII">VII</a>, pp. 93-94.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_III_PT2A" id="CHAPTER_III_PT2A"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER III<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Immigration of Jews from Russia</h3> +<br /> + +<p>The mass-movement of the Russian Jews to the United States began in +the first year of Alexander III's reign. Though in this year the +number of Russian Jews entering this country amounted to a little over +three thousand, the immigration grew so rapidly and in such +proportions that at the end of thirty years, more than a million +Russian Jews had been admitted to the United States.</p> + +<p>An examination of the figures of the Russian Jewish immigration for +the thirty years<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> reveals that it is a movement of steady growth. +The Russian Jewish immigration falls practically into two periods; the +first culminating in 1892, the second culminating in 1906. Considering +it by decades,<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> we find that the movement is one of geometrical +progression. In the first decade, from 1881 to 1890, 135,003 Russian +Jews entered the country, 12.1 per cent of the total Russian Jewish +immigrants. Between 1891 and 1900, 279,811 Russian Jews entered, +constituting 25.0 per cent of the total. In the last decade, from 1901 +to 1910, there entered 704,245 Russian Jews, or 62.9 per cent of the +total.</p> + +<p>The annual variations are, nevertheless, considerable and largely +explainable by the special conditions in Russia that have influenced +the lives of the Jews throughout this period. At the beginning of this +period, in 1881, the immigration of Russian Jews was small. The +<i>pogroms</i> of 1881-2 were <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>reflected in the sudden rise in 1882 to +10,489 immigrants, more than three times the number of the preceding +year. The immigration of this year was rather a flight than a normal +movement. The great majority of the immigrants were refugees, fleeing +from massacre and pillage.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p> + +<p>In this year Russian Jewish immigration began its upward course. +Another high point was reached in 1887 with 23,103 immigrants, when +the educational restrictions and the expulsions that followed a strict +application of the May Laws indicated a renewal of the policy of the +Russian government.</p> + +<p>The rumors of new restrictions that marked the beginning of the +nineties, and the opening of the second decade of Alexander III's +reign, were followed by the wholesale expulsions from Moscow. The +immigration in 1891 of 43,457 and in 1892 of 64,253 Russian Jews—the +latter the highest number reached in two decades—reflects this +situation. Nearly a tenth of the total immigration entered in these +two years.</p> + +<p>The direct effect of the administrative activity of this year and +especially of the Moscow expulsions upon the Russian Jewish +immigration is seen in the number of Russian Jews who entered New York +during the months closely following these expulsions.<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> For the +first five months of 1891, the immigration averaged approximately +2,300, evidently a normal figure for this decade. It reached its +lowest in May, when 1,225 Jews entered the country. In June, two +months after the order of expulsion, the number of immigrants jumped +to 8,667—a six-fold increase—which up to this year was the largest +number of Russian Jews entering this country in one month. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>This +figure was surpassed in the immigration of August and September. Out +of a total of 60,261 Russian Jews who entered in 1891, 11,449 came the +first five months from January to May, and 40,706, or more than three +times the previous immigration, came the next five months from June to +October. The following five months there came only 16,832, less than +half the number of immigrants of the months of June to October. And, +finally, taking the year as a whole, there came over 60,261 Russian +Jews in 1891, the year of the Moscow expulsions, as compared with the +28,834 Russian Jews who entered in 1892, when no exceptional +circumstances occurred to affect their immigration tendency.</p> + +<p>The six years from 1893 to 1898 were relatively mild years for the +Russian Jews. The change of rulers in Russia and the comparatively +lenient attitude shown by Nicholas II toward the Jews in the beginning +of his reign resulted in a less stringent administration of the +special Jewish laws. The financial depression in the United States +which began in 1893 and embraced this period, was an additional +influence in diminishing the flow of Russian Jewish immigrants. The +fall, however, was not as large as the existence of unfavorable +economic conditions in this country might lead one to expect. For in +spite of it, Russian Jewish immigration resumed the rate it maintained +in the years before 1891. From 1893 to 1898 there entered this country +110,815 Russian Jews as against the 107,378 Russian Jews who entered +in the six years from 1885 to 1890.</p> + +<p>Another rise began in 1899. Economic depression, revolutionary +terrorism and anti-Jewish propaganda paved the way for a great +inpouring of Russian Jews to the United States. The Kishineff massacre +of 1903 sent thousands of Jews in veritable flight to the United +States, a fact which is reflected in an immigration of 77,544 Russian +Jews in 1904, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>the greatest number up to this year. With the beginning +of the Russo-Japanese war, the outbreak of the revolution and, above +all, of the Jewish massacres the immigration rose in 1905 to 92,388. +In 1906, a year of <i>pogroms</i>, it reached the number of 125,234, the +highest in the entire period—and in 1907, 114,932, the second largest +immigration. The diminution in the numbers in 1908 reflects largely +the relative change for the better that took place in the situation in +Russia, with the beginning of parliamentary government, as well as the +panic conditions in the United States of the preceding year. How great +still was the impulse to leave is shown by the fact that in spite of +the panic of 1907, the number of immigrants for 1908 was 71,978. The +great rise of the immigration from the United Kingdom during these +years was also due to the number of Russian Jews that came to the +United States by way of England. In all, during these five years which +form an epoch in contemporary Russian Jewish history, there streamed +into the United States half a million Russian Jews, constituting more +than two-fifths of the total immigration for the entire thirty years.</p> + +<p>Of special significance is the part the Jewish immigrants play in the +total Russian immigration to the United States.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> By far the largest +group of immigrants coming from Russia are Jews. For the entire thirty +years they constituted 48.3 per cent of the total Russian immigration.</p> + +<p>As a general rule, the proportion of the Jewish in the total Russian +immigration rises during the critical periods of these thirty years. +Thus in 1891, the year of the Moscow expulsions, the Jewish immigrants +constituted 91.6 per cent of the total immigration from Russia, and in +the following year, under the same influences, 78.8 per cent. The +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>years 1886 and 1887 are also signalized by the great proportion of the +Jewish immigrants, who formed 79.2 per cent and 75.1 per cent, +respectively, of the total Russian immigration for these years. In the +last decade, when the Jewish participation in the total immigration +had become relatively lessened, the three years which represented the +climax of the movement, 1904, 1905 and 1906, show a higher relative +proportion, 53.4 per cent, 50 per cent and 58.1 per cent, +respectively, than the average for the decade or for the entire +period.</p> + +<p>Considering the proportions by decades,<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> we find that of the total +of 213,282 Russian immigrants entering in the decade from 1881 to +1890, the Jewish immigrants contributed 135,003, or 63.3 per cent. Of +a total of 505,280 Russian immigrants in the decade from 1891 to 1900, +the Jewish immigrants numbered 279,811, or 55.4 per cent. In the last +decade, from 1901 to 1910, of a total of 1,597,306 Russian immigrants, +the Jewish immigrants were 704,245, or 44.1 per cent. The diminishing +importance of the Jewish in the total Russian immigration, in spite of +the fact that the former shows so great an increase, is due to the +rapid growth of the immigration tendency among the other races in +Russia, especially in the last decade.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, a closer examination of the relative participation by +the various peoples of Russia in the immigration from that country +from 1899 to 1910<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> shows that the Jews maintain their position of +predominance, contributing a larger proportion to the total Russian +immigration than any other people throughout this period, except in +1910, when the Poles contributed a slightly higher proportion to the +immigration of that year. The Polish contribution is next <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>to that of +the Jews, attaining its maximum at a point where the Jewish +immigration is at its lowest, relatively, in the twelve years.</p> + +<p>The preceding sufficiently indicates the abnormal extent of the +Russian Jewish immigration but its intensity may be judged further +from the fact that though the Jews in Russia were less than +one-twentieth of the total Russian population, they formed nearly half +of the Russian immigrants to the United States. In other words, they +were represented in the Russian immigration by more than eleven times +their proportion in the Russian population. As, however, the +emigration movement of the Russians proper is directed chiefly to +Siberia, we may limit the comparison to the Pale, where the Jews are +overwhelmingly concentrated, and where they constitute more than a +tenth of the total population. Even with this limitation they were +represented in the immigration to the United States by more than four +times their proportion of the population.</p> + +<p>Another method of judging the degree of intensity of the Russian +Jewish movement is to compare the proportion the number of Jewish +immigrants for a period bears to the total Jewish population in +Russia—their rate of immigration—with that of the other Russian +peoples represented in the immigration to the United States. The rate +of immigration of the Jews is by far the highest among the peoples of +Russia. From 1899 to 1910 the Jewish immigrants to the United States +constituted on the average one out of every 79 of the Jewish +population in Russia.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> The Finnish immigrants constituted one out +of every 191 Finns, the Polish immigrants one out of every 200 Poles, +and the Russian immigrants proper one out of every 11,552 of the +Russian population. The relative position of the Jews <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>is thus +strikingly indicated. The rate of immigration truly becomes an index +of the economic and social pressure to which the Jews have been +subjected for a third of a century. This rate of immigration for the +Jews, moreover, shows large fluctuations in the twelve years from 1899 +to 1910.<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> Of every 10,000 Jews in Russia there came to this country +on the average for the twelve years from 1899 to 1910, 125 Jews. From +1899 to 1903 the annual rate of immigration was much lower than the +average. In 1904, with the beginning of the critical years, the annual +rate rose to 152, and in 1905, to 181. It reached its climax in 1906, +with 246, almost twice as large as the average for the entire period. +It fell slightly below this in 1907 with 226. In 1908, there was a +great fall to 141, though the rate was still above the average for the +period.</p> + +<p>The movement of the Russian Jews to this country in the last thirty +years is seen to be steadily rising and to reach enormous dimensions +in the last decade. The Jews are more largely represented in the +movement from Russia than any other people, and predominate +practically for the entire thirty years. The rate of immigration is +abnormally high, as compared with that of any other of the immigrant +races from Russia. For the most part the Russian Jewish immigration +reflects the unusual situation confronting the Jews in Russia.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_IX">table IX</a>, p. 162.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_X">table X</a>, p. 163.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Sulzberger, <i>The Beginnings of Russo-Jewish Immigration +to Philadelphia</i> (Philadelphia, 1910), pp. 125-150.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XI">table XI</a>, p. 163.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XII">table XII</a>, p. 164.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XIII">table XIII</a>, p. 164.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XIV">table XIV</a>, p. 165.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XV">table XV</a>, p. 165.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XVI">table XVI</a>, p. 166.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_IV_PT2A" id="CHAPTER_IV_PT2A"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER IV<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Immigration of Jews from Roumania</h3> +<br /> + +<p>The immigration of Roumanian Jews to the United States began as a +small stream at the end of the sixties, and assumed significant +dimensions in the eighties. Two important periods of rising +immigration are clearly distinguishable. The first period attains its +maximum between 1885 and 1889. The second attains its maximum and that +of the entire movement between 1900 and 1904.</p> + +<p>In the thirty years between 1881 and 1910, 67,057 immigrants entered +the United States.<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> In the first decade, 6,967 immigrants, or 10.4 +per cent of the total, arrived. In the second decade, 12,789 +immigrants arrived, or 19.1 per cent of the total. The great majority, +47,301 immigrants, or 70.5 per cent of the total, arrived in the last +decade, more than twice as many as had arrived in the two preceding +decades. The Roumanian Jews thus began to take a significant part in +the Jewish movement only within the last decade.</p> + +<p>The annual variations are closely connected with the conditions in +Roumania which have been previously discussed.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> The rise in 1885 to +803 immigrants, the first number of any consequence, reflects the +measures taken in Roumania to restrict the economic activity of the +Jews, chiefly through the hawkers' law of 1884. The continuation of +the administrative activities against the Jews, the expulsion of many +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>from the villages, and particularly the beginning in earnest of the +attempt to drive them from industry and commerce, by the law of 1887, +are responsible for the wholesale exodus in that and the following two +years. In these three years more than 7 per cent of the total +Roumanian Jewish immigration entered the country.</p> + +<p>After 1889 and for nearly a decade the immigration of Jews from +Roumania subsided, resuming the proportions established before 1887.</p> + +<p>Another rise began in 1899. In 1900, the Roumanian Jewish immigration +reached the relatively great number of 6,183, around which point it +stood for the next two years. In 1903, it reached its maximum with an +immigration of 8,562 Jews, one-eighth of the entire Roumanian Jewish +immigration for the thirty years. In the following year the +immigration still held to the high numbers reached before 1903. The +years following 1904 show a fall to less than 4,000, which was +interrupted in 1908, when the immigration rose to 4,455. In 1909, a +sharp fall ensued to 1,390, and in 1910 to 1,701.</p> + +<p>The great rise from 1900 to 1904, during which period there came more +than half of the total number of Jewish immigrants from Roumania, was +largely due to the resumption of the government program against the +Jews. The chief form of restriction was the passing of the Artisans' +Law in 1902, preceded by some years of agitation and administrative +activity directed against the Jews, which aimed to make it impossible +for the Jewish artisans to secure work. The feeling that the Jews had +nothing to hope from the government, as much as the actual distress +occasioned, was largely responsible for the unprecedented +immigration.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>The Jewish forms so large a part of the Roumanian immigration as to be +practically synonymous with it. As we have before noted, the figures +obtained from the Jewish sources indicate a larger immigration from +1886 to 1898 on the part of the Jews alone than the official figures +give for the entire immigration from Roumania for this period. +Confining our attention to the figures of immigration from 1899 to +1910,<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> we find that, from 1899 to 1910, of the 61,073 immigrants +from Roumania who entered the United States, 54,827, or 89.8 per cent, +were Jews. Thus practically nine-tenths of the immigrants from +Roumania are Jews. In the five years in which the Jewish movement was +at its height, the Jews constituted from 91 per cent to 95.7 per cent +of the Roumanian immigration. The immigration <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>of other peoples from +Roumania is insignificant. The highest number entering in any of the +twelve years amounted to less than 800.</p> + +<p>Still more significant is the intensity of immigration of the +Roumanian Jews, especially in view of the negligible number of +immigrants from Roumania other than Jews. The rate of immigration of +the Roumanian Jews is far higher than that even of their Russian +brethren.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> The average annual immigration of Roumanian Jews, for +the twelve years, from 1899 to 1910, amounted to 4,569, which +represented an average rate of immigration for the Roumanian Jews of +175 per 10,000 of the Jewish population in Roumania. In the five years +of maximum immigration, from 1900 to 1904, the rate was considerably +higher, reaching in 1903 the enormous proportion of 329 immigrants to +every 10,000 Jews in Roumania. The lowest rate during this period, +that of 1900, was only slightly smaller than the maximum rate +approached by the Jewish immigrants from Russia. However, in the three +years which represented the highest point of the rate of immigration +of the Jews from Russia, from 1905 to 1907, the rate of immigration +for the corresponding years in Roumania was considerably smaller.</p> + +<p>The Jewish immigration from Roumania is thus a product chiefly of the +last decade. The rise in the first decade and the relatively +tremendous rise in the last decade are a result largely of the +activities of the Roumanian government. The vast majority of the +immigrants from Roumania are Jews, whose rate of immigration is +unprecedented.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XVII">table XVII</a>, p. 166.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XVIII">table XVIII</a>, p. 167.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> In the <i>Century</i> of Nov., 1913, Professor Ross, writing +on "The Old World in the New," remarks (p. 28) that "the emigration of +50,000 Roumanian Jews between January and August, 1900, was brought +about by steamship agents who created great excitement in Roumania by +distributing glowing circulars about America."</p> + +<p class="noin">It is remarkable that with so large an emigration of Roumanian Jews +during these eight months, ostensibly directed to America, only 6183 +Roumanian Jews were recorded as arriving in the United States in 1900, +and only 6,827 in 1901. In the twelve years from 1899 to 1910, +Professor Ross's figure is approached; for the entire period 54,827 +Roumanian Jews are officially recorded as entering the United States.</p> + +<p class="noin">Even of the relatively large immigration of Jews from Roumania in +1900, the cause clearly was not the activity of steamship agents. +Compare the report of the president of the United Hebrew Charities, +keenly alive to the problems presented to the American Jews by the +Jewish immigration:</p> + +<p class="noin">"The last few months have been noteworthy in the history of the Jewish +race for an outbreak of Anti-Semitism in a far-away country, the +far-reaching effects of which have been keenly felt in this city. I +refer of course, to the persecutions of the Jews in Roumania. A small +group of Jewish philanthropists of this city (under the direction of +the IOOB) has taken up the task of providing for the newcomers." Such +a response is not usually given to immigrants lured to this country by +promises of gain.</p> + +<p class="noin"><i>United Hebrew Charities of New York City</i>, Oct., 1900, p. 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XIX">table XIX</a>, p. 168.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XX">table XX</a>, p. 168.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_V_PT2A" id="CHAPTER_V_PT2A"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER V<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Immigration of Jews from Austria-Hungary</h3> +<br /> + +<p>The immigration of Jews from Austria-Hungary began before the eighties +of the last century, becoming at the beginning of the nineties a +relatively strong and steady current. Until recently, this immigration +was almost exclusively from Galicia.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p> + +<p>Summarizing the movement by decades,<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> we find that 44,619 Jews, or +15.9 per cent of the total, came during the decade from 1881 to 1890; +83,720 immigrants, or 29.8 per cent of the total, came during the +decade from 1891 to 1900. In the last decade, from 1901 to 1910, there +entered 152,811 immigrants, or 54.3 per cent of the total. Thus there +is a nearly steady rise of the movement, though it is not as great as +that found in the Jewish immigration from Russia.</p> + +<p>The annual variations are also not as large as are found in the +Russian Jewish movement.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> The greatest number that came in any year +in the first decade was in 1887, when 6,898 immigrants arrived, +contributing 2.4 per cent of the total for the year. The highest +number that came in the second decade was in 1899, when 11,071 +immigrants arrived, contributing 3.9 per cent of the total. From this +year there began a great rise which reached its maximum in 1904 with +an immigration of 20,211 Jews, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>constituting 7.2 per cent of the +total—the highest point attained in the entire movement.</p> + +<p>A comparison of the fluctuations of the Jewish with those of the total +Austro-Hungarian immigration shows that the former follows the general +movement quite closely, though there are minor differences and the +maximum periods of both movements do not coincide.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p> + +<p>An examination of the part the Jewish played in the general +immigration from Austria-Hungary shows that during the entire period +of thirty years there entered into the United States from +Austria-Hungary 3,091,692 immigrants, to which the Jews contributed +281,150 immigrants, or 9.1 per cent.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> That the Jewish movement was +relatively stronger in the earlier period than the general movement +from Austria-Hungary is indicated by the fact that the Jews +participate to a much larger extent in the movement of the first +decades than in that of the last. In the first decade, from 1881 to +1890, of the 353,719 immigrants from Austria-Hungary, the Jews were +44,619, or 12.6 per cent of the total for the decade. In the decade +from 1891 to 1900, of the 592,707 immigrants they were 83,720, or 14.1 +per cent of the total. In the last decade, of 2,145,266 immigrants, +they were 158,811, or 7.4 per cent of the entire movement. The Jewish +movement is thus seen to be relatively the strongest in the second +decade. Its fall in the last decade to almost half the proportion of +the preceding decade was due to the tremendous growth in the +immigration of the other races from Austria-Hungary. Whereas the +general movement nearly quadrupled its numbers in the last decade, the +Jewish movement did not quite double its numbers.</p> + +<p>The largest part in the movement from Austria-Hungary <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>was taken by +the Jews during the earlier years.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> The highest point was reached +in 1886, when the Jews constituted 18.6 per cent of the total +movement. In the following year the Jewish immigrants constituted 17.1 +per cent. Other years in which the Jews participated strongly were +1895, and from 1897 to 1899. In 1898 the second highest point was +reached, the Jews constituting 18.5 per cent of the movement. From +1904 a great fall ensued. The lowest point was reached in 1909, when +the Jews constituted only 5 per cent of the total movement.</p> + +<p>A clearer idea of the situation would be obtained if the figures for +the years and decades could be ascertained for Austria and Hungary +separately, as the Jews in each of the divisions of the Dual Monarchy +differ considerably in their immigration tendency. Austria and Hungary +are distinguished in the immigration statistics only since 1910. +Nevertheless, the three years from 1910 to 1912 serve to show that the +Jews from Austria immigrate to the United States in much larger +numbers than their brethren in Hungary. From 1910 to 1912, out of a +total of 36,684 Jewish immigrants from Austria-Hungary, 29,340, or +fully four-fifths, came from Austria. The participation of the +Austrian Jews in the general movement is also correspondingly larger. +From 1910 to 1912, the Jewish immigrants from Austria numbered 29,340 +out of a total of 303,776, constituting 9.7 per cent of the total +Austrian immigration. For the same period the Jewish immigrants from +Hungary numbered only 7,344 out of a total of 292,900, constituting +2.5 per cent of the total. Thus the Jews participate in the movement +from Austria practically four times as much as in the movement from +Hungary.</p> + +<p>The relative position of the Jews among the peoples <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>immigrating from +Austria is of interest in this connection. The peoples with which +comparison must be maintained are those concentrated in Galicia, the +chief source of the Jewish, Polish and Ruthenian immigration.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> For +the seven years between 1899 and 1905, the Jewish immigrants +constituted the second largest group. From 1906, they fell into the +third position (excepting in 1908), owing to the rapid increase of +immigration among the Ruthenians.</p> + +<p>The average rate of immigration of the Jews of Austria-Hungary for the +twelve-year period from 1899 to 1910, is 74 for every 10,000 Jews in +the Empire.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> The maximum rate was 97, which was reached in the +immigration of 1904. In comparison with the Russian and Roumanian +Jewish immigrants, those from Austria-Hungary have a far lower rate of +immigration. This is true for the average as well as for the single +years. However, in the first two years, 1899 and 1900, the rate of +immigration was higher among the Jewish immigrants from +Austria-Hungary. In comparison with the rate of immigration of the +Poles and the Ruthenians, the Jews occupy an intermediate position, +having a lower rate than the Poles and a higher rate than the +Ruthenians.<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p> + +<p>The Jewish movement from Austria-Hungary thus shows a fairly steady +rise, but neither in its yearly variations nor its rate of immigration +does it give evidence of any exceptional characteristics.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Buzek, "Das Auswanderungsproblem in Oesterreich," +<i>Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung</i>, p. +458.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXI">table XXI</a>, p. 169.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXII">table XXII</a>, p. 169.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXIII">table XXIII</a>, p. 170.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXIV">table XXIV</a>, p. 170.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXIV">table XXIV</a>, p. 170.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXV">table XXV</a>, p. 171.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXVI">table XXVI</a>, p. 171.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Hersch, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 43. This comparison gives a +lower rate of immigration to the Jews than they really possess, owing +to the fact that it is based upon the total Jewish population of +Austria-Hungary, and not upon that of Galicia, from which province the +great majority of the Jewish immigrants come.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_VI_PT2A" id="CHAPTER_VI_PT2A"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER VI<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Total Jewish Immigration</h3> +<br /> + +<p>The movement of the total Jewish immigration for the thirty years +becomes clear in the light of the preceding pages. It is a rising +movement, divided into two parts, the first culminating in 1892 and the +second culminating in 1906. Like the Russian Jewish immigration which +underlies it, the movement is one of geometrical progression.<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> From +1881 to 1890, 193,021 Jewish immigrants entered this country, 12.3 per +cent of the total Jewish immigration. From 1891 to 1900, 393,516 Jewish +immigrants, or 25.2 per cent entered. In the last decade there entered +the enormous number of 976,263 Jewish immigrants, representing 62.5 per +cent of the total Jewish immigration for the thirty years. This was +more than twice as many as had entered the preceding decade, and more +than five times the number of those who had entered the first decade. +The Jewish immigration is in its largest part a product of the last +decade.</p> + +<p>The rise has not, however, been uniformly steady, as a division of the +entire period into five six-year periods shows.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> In the period from +1893 to 1898, there was a fall in the Jewish immigration. This period +coincides with the years of depression in the United States following +the panic of 1893. The fall was chiefly due to that in the Russian +Jewish immigration. The Jewish immigration from Austria-Hungary on the +contrary showed a relative rise. For <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>this period, as well as for a +few years before, the Roumanian Jewish immigration contributed smaller +numbers than in the previous decade. As in the case of the Russian +Jewish movement, if we compare the immigration of the six-year period +from 1885 to 1890, with that from 1893 to 1898, omitting the years +1891 and 1892 which are influenced in their great rise by the +exceptional circumstances occurring within these two years, we find +that the Jewish immigration was higher during the latter period of +depression in the United States than during the earlier period, the +total number of immigrants being 167,567 for the latter period, and +153,951 for the former.</p> + +<p>In the period from 1899 to 1904 there was a great rise. A quarter of +the entire immigration came in this period. The largest number of +immigrants—more than two-fifths of the total of thirty years—came in +the period from 1905 to 1910. If we included the immigration of 1904, +which properly belongs to the later movement, we find that half of the +entire Jewish immigration came within the seven years from 1904 to +1910.</p> + +<p>The yearly variations of the total Jewish immigration correspond +closely in the main to those of the Russian Jewish movement.<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> The +influence of the other movements is, however, felt, at times quite +strongly. Before 1885 the total Jewish immigration was quite small; +less than 10,000 (except in 1882) or less than 1 per cent of the +total, arrived each year. The rise of the immigration in 1882 to +13,202 was wholly due to the increase in the number of Russian Jewish +immigrants. The second half of this decade was marked by a rising tide +in the Jewish immigration from all the countries of Eastern Europe, +which reached a height in 1887, with an immigration of 33,044, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>constituting more than 2 per cent of the total number. This was but a +prelude to the great rise at the opening of the second decade which in +1892 reached the number of 76,373 Jewish immigrants, the highest +number attained in the first two decades. The immigration for this +year alone constituted nearly one-twentieth of the total Jewish +immigration. The increase of these years is due solely to the increase +in the Russian Jewish immigration. From this point a fall ensued, +which lasted until 1899. The fall was strongest in the Russian and the +Roumanian movements. The absolute numbers and the relative proportions +in the Jewish movement from Austria-Hungary increased. The tremendous +rise of the last decade began in 1899. In 1900 the number of Jewish +arrivals rose to 60,764. This increase was general, though it reached +unusual proportions in the immigration from Roumania.</p> + +<p>The fall in the next two years was due to a decrease in the number of +immigrants from Austria-Hungary. That from Russia remained the same as +in 1900, and the Roumanian Jewish immigration maintained the high +level established in that year.</p> + +<p>The immigration of 1903 surpassed the great numbers attained in 1892. +The rise of nearly 20,000 of this year was general, though relatively +greatest in the Jewish immigrants from Austria-Hungary.</p> + +<p>The next three years marks the heights of the movement. In 1904, the +30,000 immigrants which represented the increase from the preceding +year were Russian Jews. This is equally true of the large increase of +1905. In this year a fall took place both in the Austrian and +Roumanian Jewish immigration. The Jewish immigration from the United +Kingdom rose tremendously from 817 of the preceding year to +14,299,<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> an increase which reflects the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>influences of the Russian +Jewish movement for this year, and indicates that this movement from +the United Kingdom must be considered as largely Russian Jewish.</p> + +<p>The year 1906 marked the high-water mark of Jewish immigration for +thirty years. 153,748 immigrants, practically one-tenth of the total +movement, came in this year. As in the preceding year, the increase in +the immigration from Russia (including the numbers from the United +Kingdom) was the basis of the increase in the total.</p> + +<p>From this point on we have a decline. The decline in 1907 to 149,182 +immigrants reflected the decline in the numbers of the Russian Jewish +immigrants, those from Austria-Hungary increasing. In this year the +number of immigrants from British North America became conspicuous. In +1908 the immigration fell to 103,387, reflecting almost wholly the +fall in the numbers of the Russian Jewish immigrants. The year 1909 +marked a tremendous decline of the Jewish immigration to 57,551 +immigrants. This decline was general, though relatively the greatest +in the Austro-Hungarian and the Roumanian immigration.</p> + +<p>A speedy recovery in numbers was shown in 1910 when the immigration +rose to 84,260, recurring to the numbers at the beginning of the +recent great rise, and higher than the immigration of any year before +1904. The rise was felt equally in the Russian and Austro-Hungarian +immigration, relatively little in the Roumanian.</p> + +<p>Thus by far the chief influence in the movement of the Jewish +immigration for these thirty years has been the Russian Jewish +immigration. In its growth of numbers, and in its rise and fall, the +total Jewish immigration of the last thirty years is a reflection of +the movement of the Russian Jews to this country.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXVII">table XXVII</a>, p. 172.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXVIII">table XXVIII</a>, p. 172.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXIX">table XXIX</a>, p. 173.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_VI">table VI</a>, p. 93.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_VII_PT2A" id="CHAPTER_VII_PT2A"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER VII<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Participation of Jews in Total Immigration</h3> +<br /> + +<p>We turn now to a consideration of the part played by the Jewish +immigration in the total immigration to this country for these thirty +years.<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> A general rise is revealed in the proportions the Jewish +bore to the total immigration. In the decade between 1881 and 1890, of +the 5,246,613 immigrants, the Jewish immigrants were 193,021, or 3.7 +per cent of the total. In the decade between 1891 and 1900, of the +3,687,564 immigrants, the Jewish immigrants numbered 393,516. The +Jewish proportion of the total rose to 10.7 per cent. This really +tremendous rise was due to the fact that while the total number of +immigrants fell off one-third in this decade, the Jewish immigrants +doubled their numbers. It is from this decade that the Jewish +immigrants become conspicuous in the immigration to the United States. +In the decade between 1901 and 1910, of the 8,795,386 immigrants, the +Jewish immigrants numbered 976,263. The proportion of the Jewish +immigrants to the total rose to 11.1 per cent. Even in this decade of +tremendous increase in the general immigration, the Jewish immigration +rose at a still greater rate.</p> + +<p>For the entire period the Jewish immigration was 8.8 per cent of the +total immigration.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> This proportion was not reached before 1891. +The maximum in the first decade was in 1887, when the Jewish +immigration constituted 6.7 per <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>cent of the total for the year. In +1891, this proportion rose to 9.2 per cent. It reached its highest +point during nineteen years, in 1892, when the Jewish immigrants +constituted 13.2 per cent of the total for the year. Throughout the +period of depression, from 1893 to 1898, the contribution of the +Jewish to the total immigration was, with two exceptions, above its +average for the thirty years. In 1893, when the number of Jewish +immigrants fell to half of that of the preceding year, its +contribution to the total was 8 per cent. In 1897, a year of lowest +Jewish as well as general immigration, its proportion was the same as +the average. In the following years the contribution of the Jewish +immigration rose proportionately, and in 1900 it reached the maximum +for thirty years, constituting 13.5 per cent of the total for the +year. The next highest proportion was reached in the year of maximum +Jewish immigration, 1906, when the Jewish immigrants represented 13.4 +per cent of the total for the year. Throughout the years from 1904 to +1908, the Jewish immigrants contributed above their average for the +period. In 1908, when the numbers both of the Jewish and the total +immigration had been greatly reduced, the Jewish immigrants +contributed 13.2 per cent of the total, one of the highest proportions +in the entire period, a fact which indicates that the Jewish immigrant +tide recedes more slowly than that of the total immigration. In 1909, +the year in which the effect of the panic of 1907 was registered in +the Jewish immigration, the proportion of the Jewish immigrants to the +total fell to 7.7 per cent. A slight relative rise took place in 1910 +to 8.1 per cent.</p> + +<p>A comparison of the annual fluctuations of the Jewish and the total +immigration enables us to distinguish some points of difference.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> +Though, on the whole, the Jewish <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>corresponds with the total +immigration in its rise and fall, there are significant differences. +Thus, 1882 represents a year of high immigration in each, but the rise +is in the case of the total immigration one of 17.9 per cent over that +of the preceding year, but in the case of the Jewish, it represents a +rise of 131.9 per cent over that of the preceding year, +proportionately more than seven times as great. Another period of +rising movement is in 1891 and 1892. Where, however, in 1891 the total +immigration rose 20.9 per cent, the Jewish rose 79.5 per cent. In +1892, the total rose 3.4 per cent, the Jewish rose 48.6 per cent. In +all these cases the difference is so great as to indicate the working +of special influences in the Jewish movement.</p> + +<p>The existence of these special influences is again evident in the last +decade. In 1904, the total immigration fell off 5.2 per cent, but the +Jewish immigration rose 39.4 per cent. In 1906, in spite of the great +total immigration of that year, and its increase of 7.2 per cent over +the preceding year, the increase of the Jewish was 18.2 per cent—more +than double that of the total. Again, the maximum periods of the two +movements do not coincide. The total immigration reached its highest +point for the thirty years in 1907. The maximum of the Jewish movement +was in 1906.</p> + +<p>The panic of 1907 also appears to have influenced the Jewish +immigration more slowly than the total. The greatest fall in the +latter took place in 1908, immediately after the panic. The greatest +fall of the Jewish immigration took place in 1909. This is another +indication of the slowness of the response of the Jewish immigration +to business conditions in this country, as compared with the rapid +response of the general body of immigrants.</p> + +<p>As the racial classification was introduced only in 1899, it is +impossible to determine for the entire thirty <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>years the exact place +the Jews occupy in the movement of peoples from the Old World to the +New. During the twelve years from 1899 to 1910, there entered the +United States a total of 1,074,442 Jewish immigrants, an annual +average of nearly ninety thousand. This was the second largest body of +immigrants, constituting more than a tenth of the total immigration +for this period. In this regard the Jews were surpassed only by the +South Italians.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p> + +<p>This is an immense volume of immigration, both relatively and +absolutely, and indicates to what an extent the immigration tendency +has seized the Jews. In this tendency, however, the Jews from the +different countries of Europe differ very strongly. As practically +only three countries of Eastern Europe—Russia, Roumania and +Austria-Hungary—are represented in the recent Jewish immigration, a +rate of immigration established for the Jews should be based upon the +population of these countries rather than upon the total Jewish +population in Europe. Thus established, the Jews have the highest rate +of immigration of any immigrant peoples. In 1906, during the maximum +period of Jewish immigration, the rate of immigration of the +East-European Jews was twenty out of every thousand. In 1907, the rate +of the Jewish immigration was nineteen out of every thousand. The Jews +are approached in this respect only by the Slovaks, who, in 1907, had +a rate of immigration of eighteen per thousand. In this respect, the +Jewish immigration is seen to occupy an exceptional position in the +recent movement of peoples from Europe to this country.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXX">table XXX</a>, p. 174.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXXI">table XXXI</a>, p. 174.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXXII">table XXXII</a>, p. 175.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> This average and the same relative position is +maintained if we take the fifteen years from 1899 to 1913, in which +period there entered 1,347,590 Jewish immigrants.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_VIII_PT2A" id="CHAPTER_VIII_PT2A"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER VIII<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Summary</h3> +<br /> + +<p>The preceding analysis of the movement of the Jewish immigration to +the United States and that of its Russian, Roumanian and +Austro-Hungarian tributaries, from 1881 to 1910, has revealed certain +facts of importance.</p> + +<p>The progressive nature of the Jewish movement has been disclosed. The +greatest numbers have come within the last decade. This is +particularly true of the movement from Roumania, and to a less extent +of the movement from Russia. On the other hand, a larger relative +proportion of the Jews from Austria-Hungary came during the first two +decades. Throughout, the Jews from Russia have predominated in the +total movement, governing its course for practically the entire +period.</p> + +<p>In the total movement from the three countries of Eastern Europe, the +Jews have participated most strongly in the Roumanian immigration, +constituting nine-tenths of this immigration. The Jews are nearly a +half of the immigrants from Russia. Their participation in the +immigration from Austria-Hungary is relatively much smaller, being +less than a tenth of the total immigration. In the immigration of the +two latter countries, the Jews show a lessening participation, due to +the great growth of the immigration of the other peoples. In the +movements from Russia and Roumania, the participation of the Jewish +immigrants rises greatly in all periods significant in the situation +of the Jews in these countries. The influence of the unusual +conditions <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span>facing the Jews in Russia and Roumania and of the +principal events in their history for these thirty years is reflected +in the annual fluctuations of the Jewish immigration of each of these +countries to the United States. The economic and social pressure +exerted upon the Jews in Russia and Roumania is reflected in the +degree emigration is utilized by them. The Jews from Russia have a +much higher rate of immigration than any other people immigrating from +Russia. The rate of immigration of the Jews from Roumania is the +highest among the Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. In both +annual fluctuations and rate of immigration the movement of the Jews +from Austria-Hungary does not indicate the existence of special +influences.</p> + +<p>The participation of the Jews in the total immigration to the United +States is large and increasing in importance. For the last fifteen +years they formed the second largest body of immigrants. Their fate of +immigration is also higher than that of any other immigrant people. Of +note, too, is the slow response of their immigration to unfavorable +economic conditions in this country. When these facts are joined to +those which have shown the striking relative participation of the Jews +in the movements from Russia and Roumania, and the existence of +special causes operating in these countries and indicating their +influence in the yearly variations and in an extraordinary rate of +immigration, it becomes clear that for the largest part of this period +of thirty years Jewish immigration is controlled mainly by the +conditions and events affecting the fate of the Jews in the countries +of Eastern Europe.</p> + +<p>That the conditions in the United States exercise an influence, +favorable or unfavorable, upon the immigration of Jews is undoubted. +The influences, however, exerted by the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>conditions abroad are far +stronger and steadier, and, on the whole, override the latter.</p> + +<p>The conclusion previously reached that the Jewish immigration is for +the largest part the result of the expulsive and rejective forces of +governmental persecution is thus strengthened by this examination into +the situation as presented by the figures of the Jewish immigration to +the United States. With it as a guiding principle, some of the main +characteristics peculiar to the Jewish immigration are explained. To +these we now turn.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span><br /> +<a name="PART_IIB" id="PART_IIB"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h2>PART II</h2> + +<h2>JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES</h2> + +<h3>B. ITS CHARACTERISTICS</h3> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span><br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_I_PT2B" id="CHAPTER_I_PT2B"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER I<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Family Movement</h3> +<br /> + +<p>Vital aspects of an immigrant people are revealed in its sex and age +distribution. Generally speaking, whether an immigration is composed +of individuals or of families is shown in the relative proportion of +males and females, and of adults and children, of which it is +composed.</p> + +<p>That the Jewish movement is essentially a family movement is shown by +the great proportion of females and children found in it.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> From +1899 to 1910, out of a total immigration of 1,074,442 Jews, 607,822, +or 56.6 per cent were males, and 466,620, or 43.4 per cent, were +females. These proportions have varied but slightly throughout the +period. The greatest departures were in the years 1904 and 1905. The +increase of the immigration of males in these years is explained by +the unusual conditions existing in Russia at this time—economic +unrest, revolution—which had the effect of sending over the men as an +<i>avantgarde</i> to prepare the way for their families. Young men fleeing +to escape conscription also swelled the numbers. In 1906, however, the +number of males decreased by 2,000, but that of females increased by +more than 25,000. In this tremendous increase of females is registered +the effect of the <i>pogroms</i> of 1905-6, in which years the movement +became a veritable flight.</p> + +<p>The general tendency has been towards an increase in the proportion of +females. For the thirteen years <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>preceding, from 1886 to 1898,<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> out +of a total immigration at the port of New York of 251,623 Jewish +adults, 147,053, or 58.4 per cent, were males, and 104,570, or 41.6 +per cent, were females. The proportion of males is here somewhat +higher than that for the period from 1899 to 1910. The difference is, +however, relatively small. The tendency, previously noted, towards the +increase in the proportion of females is found here. The greater +relative diminution of the males in the later years—in 1894 reaching +the point where there were more females—is even striking.</p> + +<p>Turning to a consideration of the ages of the Jewish immigrants, we +learn that, between 1899 and 1910, 267,656, or practically one-fourth +of all the Jewish immigrants, were children under fourteen years.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> +The large part that is taken in the Jewish immigration by the children +is apparent.</p> + +<p>Here, again, 1904 and 1905 represent periods of great increase in the +immigration of those between fourteen and forty-four years. As was the +case with the females, the proportion of children in the immigration +is at its greatest in the year 1906, by far the largest part of the +increase for this year being children, thus giving a significant +indication of the extent and literalness of the flight from Russia in +this year of <i>pogroms</i>.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> In the thirteen years preceding, from 1886 +to 1898, of the 380,278 Jewish immigrants that entered the port of New +York for this period, 128,655, or 33.8 per cent, were children under +sixteen years of age.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> A steady increase in the latter years is +noted in the proportion of children, which harmonizes with a similar +tendency noted of the females for the same period.</p> + +<p>That these facts reveal a family movement of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>considerable size, there +is no question. They become truly significant when comparison is made +with the proportions of the females and the children in the general +immigration and with those of the peoples of which it is composed.</p> + +<p>A comparison of the proportion of males and females in the total and +the Jewish immigration from 1899 to 1910 shows that for the entire +period the percentage of females in the Jewish was much higher than in +the total immigration, 43.4 per cent of the Jewish immigration being +females as compared with 30.5 per cent of the total.<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> The +percentage of females in the Jewish immigration was higher for every +year from 1899 to 1910.</p> + +<p>While the percentage of males in the total immigration was above 70 +per cent in five years, the percentage of males in the Jewish +immigration was less than 60 per cent in all but two years, 1904 and +1905, when it rose to 61.2 per cent and 63.2 per cent. The latter, +which represents the highest point in the percentage of males in the +Jewish immigration, was smaller than the percentage of males in the +total immigration for every year but 1899. In other words the maximum +percentage of males in the Jewish and the minimum percentage in the +total immigration practically coincide.</p> + +<p>In the period between 1899 and 1909 the proportion of children under +fourteen years of age in the Jewish immigration was 24.8 per cent, +while that in the total immigration was only 12.3 per cent.<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> The +Jewish thus had proportionately twice as many children as the total +immigration.</p> + +<p>The exceptional position of the Jews in regard to their family +movement is most strikingly shown when the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>composition of the Jewish +immigration by sex and age is compared with that of the other +immigrant peoples.<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> In a comparison with immigrant races which +contributed more than 100,000 to the total immigration from 1899 to +1910, the Jews are seen to have a higher proportion of females than +any other people except the Irish. The Irish present in this regard an +anomaly, in that they have more females than males in their +immigration. That it is not in the main a family movement is shown by +reference to the proportion of children under fourteen in the Irish +immigration, which is only 5 per cent, one of the lowest in the entire +series. The anomaly is easily explained by the well-known fact that +their females for the most part are single, who come to the United +States to work as servants.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p> + +<p>Only one other people, the Bohemian and Moravian, approached the +Jewish in its high proportion of females. On the other hand, the one +people with a larger immigration than the Jewish, the South Italian, +presents a striking contrast to the Jewish immigration, in that its +proportion of females was about half that of the Jews. Although its +immigrants numbered twice as many as the Jewish, the females in the +Italian movement were only 408,965, as compared with 466,620 females +in the Jewish immigration.</p> + +<p>A comparison of the immigrant peoples with reference to their +composition by age shows that the Jewish movement contains without any +exception the largest proportion of children.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> Out of a total of +990,182 Jewish immigrants from 1899 to 1909, 245,787, or 24.8 per +cent, were children under fourteen. In this regard, again, the +Bohemian and Moravian approach the Jewish, though <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span>not as closely as +in the proportion of females. The contrast with the South Italians +obtains here as well. As the Jewish immigration, during the twelve +years from 1899 to 1910, was the second highest in numbers, +contributing more than a million to the total, the number of females +and children found in its movement was higher than that of any other +immigrant race, not only relatively but absolutely as well.</p> + +<p>Most striking, indeed, is the contrast in these respects between the +Jewish immigrants and the other races coming from the countries of +Eastern Europe, particularly the Slavic immigrant races with whom the +Jews have been associated in the official statistics.<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> An +examination of the proportion of females in the immigration of the +eight races composing the Slavic group, shows that, with the exception +of the Bohemians and Moravians (whose movement presents strong +similarities to that of the Jews), the percentage of females was less +than a third of the total immigration of each race, the highest being +that of the Poles, which was 30.5 per cent. The contrast is even more +striking in respect to children under fourteen. Here, again, excluding +the Bohemians and Moravians, the highest percentage in the group was +that of the Poles, 9.5 per cent. In this respect, therefore, the +association of the Jewish immigrants with the other immigrants from +Eastern Europe, under the rubric "Slavic races", is seen to be +untenable.</p> + +<p>Strongest of all is the contrast between the Jewish immigration and +that of the Roumanian people.<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> The Roumanian movement is seen to +be composed practically wholly of individuals, only 9 per cent being +females, while that of the people from Roumania (nine-tenths of whom +are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>Jews<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a>) is seen to have a proportion of females higher even +than that in the total Jewish immigration. Even greater is the +contrast with respect to age, only 2.2 per cent of the Roumanians +being children under fourteen.</p> + +<p>The division of the peoples represented in the immigration to the +United States into "old" and "new", the former consisting of the +peoples from Northern and Western Europe, the latter of the peoples +from Southern and Eastern Europe, is a convenient classification +essentially of two periods of immigration coinciding largely with +changes in the economic conditions in the United States.</p> + +<p>A comparison of the proportion of females and children in the "old" +and the "new" immigration with that in the Jewish shows that the +Jewish immigration has proportionately almost twice as many females as +the "new" immigration (Jews excepted), and surpasses even the "old" +immigration in this regard.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> Of children under fourteen the Jewish +movement has proportionately more than two and one-half times as many +as the "new" immigration (Jews excepted), and nearly twice as many as +the "old" immigration.</p> + +<p>This analysis shows conclusively that the Jewish immigration is +essentially a family movement; that it is approached by no other +immigrant people in this regard; that it not only cannot be classed +with the "new" immigration, but shows a tendency towards family +movement far stronger than that of the peoples composing the "old" +immigration.</p> + +<p>The significance of this characteristic of the Jewish immigration is +obvious. Their unequaled family movement gives one of the clearest +indications that the Jewish immigrants are essentially composed of +permanent settlers.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXXIII">table XXXIII</a>, p. 176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXXIV">table XXXIV</a>, p. 176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXXV">table XXXV</a>, p. 177.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> Hersch, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 76.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXXVI">table XXXVI</a>, p. 177.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXXVII">table XXXVII</a>, p. 178.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> <i>Cf. Abstract of Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, p. +14. See Bibliography.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXXVIII">table XXXVIII</a>, p. 179.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> <i>Cf. Abstract of Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, p. +15, for the high proportion of servants among the Irish immigrants.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XXXIX">table XXXIX</a>, p. 180.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XL">table XL</a>, p. 181.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XLIA">table XLI</a>, p. 181. The Roumanian immigrants come +principally from Austria-Hungary, and only slightly from Roumania.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> <i>Cf. supra</i>, <a href="#Page_131">p. 131, note 2</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XLII">table XLII</a>, p. 182.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_II_PT2B" id="CHAPTER_II_PT2B"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER II<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Permanent Settlement</h3> +<br /> + +<p>Our studies of the sex and age distribution of the Jewish immigrants +have shown a family movement unsurpassed in degree. This in itself is +sufficient indication that the Jews are essentially permanent settlers +in this country and not transients, "who have no intention of +permanently changing their residence and whose only purpose in coming +to America is temporarily to take advantage of greater wages paid for +industrial labor in this country."<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p> + +<p>Equally convincing evidence is afforded by a survey of the facts +regarding the outward movement of Jews from this country.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> The +figures of Jewish immigration are obtainable only from 1908, the law +of 1907 having required all steamship companies to furnish information +regarding their emigrant passengers.</p> + +<p>The relative stability of an immigration may be determined by +contrasting the departure of the aliens composing the immigration with +the arriving immigrants of this group for the same period. From 1908 +to 1912, 33,315 Jews left the United States—an average annual +emigration of 6,660 Jews. This is a strikingly low number, especially +when compared with the large Jewish immigration for the same period, +which numbered 417,016, and averaged annually 83,400 Jewish +immigrants. Thus, for every hundred Jews admitted, only eight <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>Jews +left the country. This average proportion was largely exceeded only in +1909, not, however, because of any great increase in the absolute +numbers of the Jewish emigrants, but because of the great fall in the +number of Jewish immigrants of this year.</p> + +<p>The part that is taken by the Jewish emigrants in the total emigration +is insignificant and is in striking contrast with the great part taken +by the Jewish immigrants in the total immigration.<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> From 1908 to +1912, the Jewish immigrants constituted 9.7 per cent of the total +immigrants. In the same period, the Jewish emigrants constituted only +2.3 per cent of the total emigrants. Moreover, while the proportion +that the Jewish immigrants constituted of the total immigrants +exhibited a considerable and significant variation, fluctuating from +7.7 per cent to 13.2 per cent, the proportion the Jewish emigrants +constituted of the total emigrants remained around 2 per cent and +showed practically no variation. Relatively both to the number of +Jewish immigrants and of total emigrants, therefore, the number of the +Jewish emigrants is exceedingly small and practically negligible.</p> + +<p>How great the relative stability of the Jewish immigration is may be +seen when its return movement is compared with that of the total +immigration and of other peoples conspicuous in the immigration to the +United States.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> Whereas, from 1908 to 1910, for every hundred +admitted in the total immigration, thirty-two departed—the outward +movement thus approximating one-third of the inward—in the case of +the Jewish immigration, only eight departed, an outward movement only +one-quarter as large, relatively, as the total. This was the smallest +outward movement, relatively to the inward, of any immigrant <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>people, +except the Irish, whose outward movement was 6 per cent of the inward. +Relatively to the inward movement, the Jews had an outward movement +one-seventh as large as the South Italians, almost one-fourth as large +as the Poles, and less than one-half as large as the Germans.</p> + +<p>In the total immigration for these years, the Jews were the third +largest group with 236,100 immigrants, which constituted 10.2 per cent +of the total immigration. To the outward movement for this period, +however, they contributed 18,543 Jews, which constituted only 2.5 per +cent of the total number of emigrants, one of the smallest +contributions. The Poles, who constituted 11.7 per cent of the +immigration for the three years, contributed practically the same +proportion, 11.4 per cent, to the outward movement. Even more striking +is the contrast with the Italian movement. The Italians contributed +19.8 per cent of the inward movement for the period and 35.7 per cent +of the outward movement for the three years. Though their immigration +for these three years was only twice as large as that of the Jews, +their emigration was more than fourteen times that of the Jews. In +other words, no people combined in an equal degree as the Jews so +small a number of emigrants with so large a number of immigrants.</p> + +<p>It is interesting to determine what is the emigration tendency of the +Jews coming from Russia, Roumania and Austria-Hungary. This may be +gathered from the number of emigrants returned for each of these +countries, from 1908 to 1912, as compared with the number +admitted.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> From 1908 to 1912, 294,813 Jews from Russia entered the +United States and 20,546 Jews departed for Russia; 11,246 Jews from +Roumania entered the United States and 546 Jews departed for Roumania; +60,408 Jews from <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span>Austria-Hungary entered the United States, and 8,513 +Jews departed for Austria-Hungary. In other words, for every hundred +Jews entering from Russia seven departed, for every hundred Jews +entering from Roumania five Jews departed, for every hundred Jews +entering from Austria-Hungary fourteen departed for their respective +countries. The emigration tendency was thus smaller with the Roumanian +and the Russian Jews than with the Austro-Hungarian Jews. This held +true for each of the five years. Relatively twice as many Jews from +Austria-Hungary as from Russia returned. The Roumanian Jews showed the +smallest tendency to return.</p> + +<p>Of importance is the question of the relative stability of the Jewish +movement from Russia and Austria-Hungary and that of their close +neighbors in these countries, the Poles, who contributed almost as +large a current of immigrants to the United States as the Jews, and +who, since they constitute the most important Slavic group, may be +taken as the type of the Slavic movement to this country.</p> + +<p>From 1908 to 1912, 265,964 Polish immigrants from Russia were admitted +to the United States and 60,290 Poles departed for Russia, this +constituting an average emigration of twenty-two per hundred +admitted.<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> As, for every hundred Russian Jews admitted in this +period, only seven departed, this constituted a relative emigration +one-third as large as that of the Poles. For the same period, 214,931 +Poles were admitted from Austria-Hungary and 88,994 Poles left for +that country, which constituted an average emigration of forty-one per +hundred admitted. The average emigration of the Jews from +Austria-Hungary was fourteen per hundred admitted or practically +one-third as large as that of the Poles. Thus, the Jewish immigrants +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>from Russia and Austria-Hungary present relatively three times as +stable a movement as the Polish immigrants from these countries.</p> + +<p>The fact that the Jewish emigration from Galicia was a movement of +families and was essentially a movement of permanent settlement in +their new home was noted by Buzek as characteristic of this emigration +even in the early eighties, and as strongly contrasted with the +emigration of the Poles from Galicia.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></p> + +<p>A comparison of the return movement of the "old" and the "new" +immigration with that of the Jewish immigration gives similar +results.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> For every hundred admitted, there were, in the "new" +immigration, forty-two emigrants, relatively more than five times as +many as among the Jews. Even in the "old" immigration, which is +largely accepted as the type of permanent immigration, for every +hundred admitted, there were thirteen emigrants, about one and a half +times as many relatively as among the Jews. The Jewish immigration +must thus be accorded the place of distinction in American immigration +for permanence of settlement.</p> + +<p>An unusual test of this conclusion was afforded by the remarkable +emigration following the crisis of 1907.<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> The general opinion that +"the causes which retard emigration from abroad also accelerate the +exodus from the United States", was considerably strengthened by the +great exodus of 1908. To this rule the Jewish immigration forms, +again, a most striking exception. Although its number in 1907—149,182 +immigrants—was only slightly below its maximum for thirty years, and +constituted the second highest immigration for the year, only 7,702 +Jews left the country in <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>1908. This constituted only two per cent of +the total emigration for that year. Relatively to the number admitted +the Jewish emigration was, without exception, the lowest, being only +five departed for every hundred admitted. The remarkable disparity in +this regard with the Poles and the Italian was again shown here. For +every hundred Poles entering in 1907, thirty-three emigrated in 1908. +For every hundred South Italians entering in 1907, sixty emigrated in +1908.</p> + +<p>That the business conditions of this country affect Jewish immigration +is unquestioned, but the difference in the degree and the manner of +the response puts it in a class apart. A comparison of the total gain +in population in 1908 and 1909 in the immigration of Italians and Jews +shows that whereas in the Italian inward and outward movement in 1908 +there was a net loss to this country of 79,966, but in 1909 a net gain +of 94,806, in the Jewish inward and outward movement in 1908 there was +a net gain of 95,685, and in 1909 a net gain of 50,705.<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> The +Jewish immigration responds in its inward movement much more slowly +and less completely to the pressure of unfavorable conditions in this +country. In its outward movement it shows practically no response.</p> + +<p>The conclusion that the Jewish immigrants constitute to an unusual +degree a body of permanent settlers is strengthened by an examination +of the figures concerning immigrants who have been in the United +States previously.<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> Of the total from 1899 to 1910 of 9,220,066 +immigrants, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>1,108,948, or 12 per cent, had been here before. Of the +1,074,442 Jews who entered the country during this period, only +22,914, or 2.1 per cent, had been previously in the United States. The +proportion of Jews who have been in this country before is by far the +lowest of any immigrant peoples.</p> + +<p>As the total Jewish exodus is insignificant as compared both with the +total emigration and the proportion of the Jewish immigration in the +total inward movement; as the Jewish outward movement shows +practically no response to unfavorable economic conditions in this +country, and as the Jewish inward movement presents the phenomenon of +a practically new body of immigrants, we are led to conclude that the +Jewish immigration exhibits a quality of permanence and stability to +so great a degree as to render this fact one of its distinguishing +characteristics.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Immigration Commission: <i>Conclusions and +Recommendations</i>, p. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XLIII">table XLIII</a>, p. 182.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XLIV">table XLIV</a>, p. 183.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XLV">table XLV</a>, p. 183.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XLVI">table XLVI</a>, p. 134.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XLVII">table XLVII</a>, p. 184.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Buzek, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 467.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XLVIII">table XLVIII</a>, p. 185.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_XLIX">table XLIX</a>, p. 185.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> The number of Jewish emigrant aliens in 1908 was +deducted from the number of Jewish immigrant aliens: the combined +number of Jewish emigrant and non-emigrant aliens in 1909 was deducted +from the combined number of Jewish immigrant and non-immigrant aliens. +<i>Cf.</i> Fairchild, <i>Immigration</i>, 1913, p. 361.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_L">table L</a>, p. 186.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_III_PT2B" id="CHAPTER_III_PT2B"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER III</h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Occupations<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> +<br /> + +<p>The occupations of an immigrant people throw light upon their +industrial equipment and their probable future occupations in this +country. A study of the occupational distribution of the Jewish +immigrants from 1899 to 1910 will serve to illuminate some of the +characteristics of their movement.<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p> + +<p>The largest group is that classed as having "no occupation". This +group comprises 484,175 immigrants, and is 45.1 per cent of the total. +In the fact that it holds so large a place in the occupational +distribution, there is reflected the great number of women and +children among the Jewish immigrants. The rise in the proportion of +the "no occupation" group in the second half of the twelve years +follows a similar rise in the proportion of women and children in the +Jewish movement, which has been previously noted.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> These are, in +the main, economically dependent, a fact which is of the highest +importance with reference to the character of this immigration, as +well as in its influence upon the economic and social problems facing +the immigrant Jews in their new home.</p> + +<p>Skilled laborers were the second largest group, numbering 395,823 +immigrants and comprising 36.8 per cent of the total. Next in order +was the group classed as "miscellaneous", with 186,989 immigrants, +representing 17.4 <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>per cent of the total. This group included common +and farm laborers, servants, merchants and dealers, <i>etc.</i> In +professional occupations there were 7,455 immigrants, comprising 7 per +cent of the total.</p> + +<p>Omitting the "no occupation" group, and considering the 590,267 Jewish +immigrants reporting occupations, we find that of these the great +majority—67.1 per cent—were skilled laborers.<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> Laborers numbered +69,444 and comprised 11.8 per cent. Next in order of numbers were +servants, 65,532, who comprised 11.1 per cent. A much smaller group +was that composed of merchants and dealers (chiefly petty merchants, +hucksters, and peddlers), who numbered 31,491 and were 5.3 per cent of +the total. Of farm laborers there were 11,460, comprising 1.9 per +cent. The entire professional class comprised 1.3 per cent of the +total. There were 1,000 farmers, who comprised .2 per cent.</p> + +<p>In the professional classes the teachers were the largest group, +represented by 2,192, and comprising 29.4 per cent.<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> The next +class were the musicians, who numbered 1,624, comprising 21.8 per cent +of the total. Together these two groups were more than half of the +total.</p> + +<p>Thus, by far the most important occupational group was that of the +skilled laborers.<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> An examination of the distribution of this +group shows that they were represented in thirty-five trades. By far +the largest group of the skilled laborers were the tailors, numbering +145,272, and comprising 36.6 per cent. The dressmakers and +seamstresses numbered 39,482, and comprised one-tenth of the total. +Including the closely allied trades such as hat and cap makers, +milliners, <i>etc.</i>, the garment workers composed practically one-half +of the entire body of skilled laborers. Second in rank were the +carpenters and joiners, who, together with the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>cabinet makers and +woodworkers (not specified) numbered 40,901, and comprised more than +one-tenth of the total. The fourth highest group were the shoemakers, +with 23,519, or 5.9 per cent of the total. Clerks and accountants, and +painters and glaziers contributed an almost equal number—the former +17,066, the latter 16,387—representing 4.3 per cent and 4.1 per cent +respectively of the total. Of butchers there were 11,413, or 2.9 per +cent, and of bakers 10,925, or 2.8 per cent. There were also 9,385 +locksmiths, or 2.4 per cent, and 8,517 blacksmiths, or 2.2 per cent. +Together, these ten groups comprised 318,104, or 80.4 per cent of the +Jews in skilled occupations.</p> + +<p>Another skilled occupation represented by more than 5,000 was tinners. +Trade groups of more than 3,000 were watch and clock makers, tobacco +workers, hat and cap makers, barbers and hairdressers, weavers and +spinners, tanners and curriers, furriers and fur workers, and +bookbinders. More than a thousand skilled laborers were found in the +following trades: photographers and upholsterers, mechanics (not +specified), masons, printers, saddlers and harness makers, milliners, +metal workers (other than iron, steel and tin), machinists, jewelers +and millers. Less than a thousand laborers were found in two groups: +iron and steel workers, and textile workers (not specified).</p> + +<p>The Jewish immigrants were therefore concentrated in the two groups of +"no occupation" and "skilled laborers", to which belonged more than +four-fifths of the total number.</p> + +<p>In the part taken by the Jewish immigrants in the occupational +distribution of the total immigrants from 1899 to 1909, these two +groups are prominent.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> To the 1,247,674 skilled laborers, the +Jewish immigrants <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span>contributed 362,936, or 29.1 per cent. This was +more than twice the proportion of the Jewish immigrants in the total +number of immigrants. They were also represented in the "no +occupation" group by more than one and one-half times their proportion +of the total immigration, contributing to a total of 2,165,287 +immigrants, 445,728, or 20.6 per cent. In striking contrast with the +great contribution to these two classes is their insignificant +contributions to the groups of common laborers and farmers, and farm +laborers, to which they contributed respectively 2.9 per cent, 1.1 per +cent, and 0.1 per cent.</p> + +<p>It is, however, in comparison with the occupational grouping of the +other races that the peculiarities of the distribution of the Jewish +immigrants are most clearly seen.<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> An examination of the number of +those classed as having "no occupation" of each European immigrant +people and the percentage this group comprised of the total +immigration of each people, shows that the Jews have the highest +proportion, 45.1 per cent, of all immigrants belonging to this group. +The Bohemians and Moravians are next in order, with 39.5 per cent. The +absolute numbers of the Jews belonging to this group are also higher +than those of any other people. The Italians have only 440,274 +immigrants in the "no occupation" group, as compared with the 484,175 +Jewish immigrants in this group. Even more striking is the contrast +with the Poles, who have only 200,634 immigrants belonging to this +group. This corresponds closely with similar facts as to the relative +proportions of females and children found in the Jewish immigration +and among the other immigrant races.</p> + +<p>An even greater contrast exists in the proportions of skilled laborers +between the Jewish and the other <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>immigrant peoples.<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> Of those +reporting occupations the Jews have, by far, the highest proportion of +those in skilled occupations. The nearest approach to their proportion +of skilled laborers is found among the Scotch, with 57.9 per cent. The +next in order are the English, with 48.7 per cent. A much smaller +proportion is found among the Bohemians and Moravians and the Germans. +All these races contribute not only much smaller proportions than the +Jews, but very much smaller absolute numbers to the total body of +skilled laborers.</p> + +<p>Of laborers (including farm laborers), the Jews, on the other hand, +have a smaller proportion, 13.7 per cent, than any people, except the +Scotch (who resemble the Jews most strongly in their high proportion +of skilled laborers and their low proportion of common laborers).</p> + +<p>The most striking contrast, in occupational distribution, however, is +presented with the Slavic peoples.<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> Of those reporting +occupations, the Slavic peoples, with the exception of the Bohemians +and Moravians, are seen to be overwhelmingly concentrated in the two +related groups of common and farm laborers, whereas the Jews are +mostly to be found in the group of skilled laborers. Relatively ten +times as many Jews as Poles, for instance, are in the skilled +occupations.</p> + +<p>That the Jews form a striking exception in their occupational grouping +is evident. A comparison of the occupational distribution of the "old" +and the "new" immigrants with that of the Jewish immigrants, from 1899 +to 1909, leads to the same conclusion.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> The Jewish immigrants have +twice as many in the "no occupation" group as the "new" immigrants, +and a much higher percentage than the "old" immigrants. They have +relatively four <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>times as many skilled laborers as the "new" +immigrants, and more than one and one-half times as many as the "old" +immigrants. Most remarkable is the fact that in spite of the +relatively great proportion of women among the Jewish immigrants, they +have a smaller proportion of servants than the "new" immigrants and +one-third as large a proportion as the "old" immigrants. This +indicates that the Jewish women are, as a rule, not servants, but +either do not engage in work, or, if they do, are employed in skilled +occupations. The latter group is, however, relatively inconspicuous.</p> + +<p>In professional occupations the Jews occupy an intermediate position +between the "old" and the "new" immigrants. In common and farm +laborers, the Jews have an exceedingly low proportion as compared with +the "old" and a strikingly low proportion as compared with the "new" +immigrants.</p> + +<p>Some distinctive traits in the occupational grouping of the Jewish +immigrants have become evident. They are apart from all the other +immigrant peoples in the great number of those having "no occupation". +In other words, the Jewish immigrants are burdened with a far greater +number of dependents than any other immigrant people, standing apart +in this respect from the peoples of the "old" immigration and to a far +greater extent from the peoples of the "new" immigration. Secondly, +the Jewish immigrants are distinguished by a far greater proportion of +skilled laborers. In this respect again they exceed even the peoples +of the "old" immigration. The fact that the skilled laborers are more +largely represented among the Jewish immigrants than they are in the +occupations of the Jews in the countries of Eastern Europe is +significant as showing an unusual pressure upon these classes abroad.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LI">table LI</a>, p. 186.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> <i>Cf. supra</i>, <a href="#Page_127">pp. 127-128</a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LII">table LII</a>, p. 187.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LIII">table LIII</a>, p. 187.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LIV">table LIV</a>, p. 188.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LV">table LV</a>, p. 189.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LVI">table LVI</a>, p. 189.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LVII">table LVII</a>, p. 190.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LVIII">table LVIII</a>, p. 191.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LIX">table LIX</a>, p. 191.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_IV_PT2B" id="CHAPTER_IV_PT2B"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER IV</h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Illiteracy<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> +<br /> + +<p>The rate of illiteracy has been generally used as a rough standard for +estimating the mental equipment of the immigrants. A consideration of +the rate of illiteracy among the Jewish immigrants dispels the popular +impression that practically every Jew is able to read and write.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> +Out of a total of 806,786 Jews fourteen years of age and over who +entered this country from 1899 to 1910, 209,507 or 26 per cent, were +unable to read and write. As the average rate of illiteracy among all +the immigrants, from 1899 to 1910, was 26.7 per cent, the rate of +Jewish illiteracy is seen to be only slightly below the average.</p> + +<p>A number of considerations enter. One of these is the influence of +sex. It is generally recognized that, as a rule, females are more +usually unlettered than males. This difference of illiteracy between +the sexes is also more pronounced in countries where popular education +is less widely spread than in those where it is the rule. Such is the +case with the countries of Eastern Europe, which are the source of the +recent Jewish immigration. The contrast between male and female +illiteracy is strongest among the East-European Jews, who neglect the +education of their daughters as much as they strive to educate their +sons. This is reflected in the relative illiteracy of males and +females among the Jewish immigrants.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> Of the 172,718 Jewish males +fourteen years of age and over <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>entering this country from 1908 to +1912, 33,970, or 19.7 per cent, were illiterates. Of the 139,283 +females fourteen years of age and over, 51,303, or 36.8 per cent, were +illiterates. The illiteracy of Jewish females is thus almost twice as +high as that of Jewish males. As the proportion of females in the +Jewish immigration is so large, the influence of the sex factor in +increasing the rate of illiteracy among the Jewish immigrants is +considerable. A tendency from a lower to a higher rate of illiteracy +is discernible. The average rate for the first six years was 23.8 per +cent, that for the last six years was 27.2 per cent. This corresponds +with the increase in the latter years in the proportion of females in +the Jewish immigration, which has been previously noted.</p> + +<p>A comparison of the rate of illiteracy of the Jewish immigrants with +that of the other immigrant peoples shows that the Jews occupy an +intermediate position.<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> They have a relatively high rate of +illiteracy, as compared with the peoples from Northern and Western +Europe. In comparison with the Slavs, their rate of illiteracy is also +much higher than that of the Bohemians and Moravians, and, higher +also, though to a far less degree, than that of the Slovaks.</p> + +<p>The relative position of the Jews is clearly shown in a comparison of +their rate of illiteracy from 1899 to 1910 with that for the same +period of the "old" and the "new" immigration (from the latter of +which the Jews are excepted.)<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> The rate of illiteracy of the "old" +immigration is 2.5 per cent, that of the "new" immigration (Jews +excepted) is 37.2 per cent, that of the Jews is 25.7 per cent. The +Jews occupy a middle ground, yet near enough to the "new" immigration +to be classed with it in this respect.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>The conclusion reached in the first part that the educational standing +of the Jews is higher than that of the peoples in Eastern Europe among +whom they live is reflected in the greater relative literacy of their +immigrants.<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> The rate of illiteracy of the Jewish immigrants is +lower than that of the peoples among whom the Jews are found. In the +case of the Lithuanians and the Ruthenians the difference is +considerable. This is seen to hold true for each sex.<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> The +illiterates among the Jewish males constituted 21.9 per cent of the +total number of Jewish males. The illiterates among the Jewish females +constituted 40.0 per cent of the total number of Jewish females. In +both sexes, the proportion of illiterates was lower than that +prevailing among the other immigrant peoples.</p> + +<p>Here, again, the fact is noticeable of a wider difference in the case +of the Jews between the illiteracy of their males and females than +exists among any of the other peoples. Owing to the fact that the Jews +have in their immigration a notably higher proportion of females than +any of these peoples, the difference between their rate of illiteracy +and that of these peoples is lessened to some extent.</p> + +<p>That the illiteracy of the Jews is due chiefly to their exceptional +status in Russia and Roumania, our review of the conditions affecting +Jewish education in those countries has shown. No more striking +illustration exists of the fact that the literacy of the Jews is +conditioned by their freedom than the degree in which they are taking +advantage of the educational opportunities offered in this country, +remarkable testimony to which is presented in the reports of the +recent Immigration Commission.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LX">table LX</a>, p. 192.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LXI">table LXI</a>, p. 192.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LXII">table LXII</a>, p. 193.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LXIII">table LXIII</a>, p. 194.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LXIV">table LXIV</a>, p. 194.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LXV">table LXV</a>, p. 194.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_V_PT2B" id="CHAPTER_V_PT2B"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER V<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Destination</h3> +<br /> + +<p>The destination, or intended future residence, of immigrants is +influenced by certain considerations, such as the place of residence +of friends or relatives, the port arrived at, and the funds at the +disposal of the immigrants.</p> + +<p>The most important influence is that exercised by the occupations of +the immigrants. The preponderance of the industrially skilled and +commercial groups among the Jewish immigrants makes for residence in +the industrial and commercial centers. The great majority of the +Jewish immigrants arriving from 1899 to 1910 were destined for the +eastern states.<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> Of the total number of Jewish immigrants from +1889 to 1910, 923,549 immigrants, or 86 per cent, gave the North +Atlantic States as their destination and 110,998 immigrants, or 10.3 +per cent, the North Central States. Less than one-twentieth gave all +the other divisions as their destination.</p> + +<p>A great proportion of the Jewish immigrants, numbering 690,296, or +64.2 per cent of the total, gave New York as their destination.<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> +Pennsylvania was the destination of the next largest number of +immigrants, 108,534, constituting 10.1 per cent of the total. For +Massachusetts there were destined 66,023 immigrants, or 6.1 per cent +of the total. Four-fifths of the total number of immigrants were +destined for these three states. Other eastern states receiving a +large number of immigrants were New Jersey, for which <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>34,279 were +destined, and Connecticut, for which 16,254 immigrants were destined. +Of the North Central States, Illinois was the destination of the +largest number, 50,931 immigrants, constituting 4.7 per cent of the +total. Ohio was the destination of the next largest number, 20,531 +immigrants, or 1.9 per cent of the total. One state in the South +Central division, Maryland, was given as the destination of 18,700 +immigrants, constituting 1.7 per cent of the total, and the largest +number of those destined for this division. The tendency of the Jewish +immigrants towards industrial and commercial centers is here +reflected.</p> + +<p>The destination of the Jewish immigrants to the eastern states agrees +with that of the total immigration for the same period.<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> A larger +proportion of the Jewish immigrants than of the total immigrants was +destined for the North Atlantic States, which contain the commercial +and manufacturing centers. Less than one-half as many Jewish +immigrants as total immigrants were destined for the North Central +States. About an equal proportion of each was destined for the South +Atlantic States. A much smaller proportion of the Jewish than of the +total was destined for the Western States. In view of the industrial +equipment of the Jewish immigrants discussed previously, this tendency +is explained.</p> + +<p>The Jewish immigrants destined for the eastern states play a +correspondingly large part among the total number destined for these +states.<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> The Jewish immigrants destined for the North Atlantic +States were 14.5 per cent of all the immigrants destined for this +division. Their next highest proportion was of those destined for the +South Central States, of which they constituted 9.9 per cent. They +constituted an almost equal proportion of the immigrants <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span>destined for +the North Central and the South Central States, 5.2 per cent, and 5.0 +per cent, respectively. Of the immigrants destined for the Western +States they constituted only 1.2 per cent.</p> + +<p>The final destination of the immigrants very frequently is different +from the destination stated at the time of landing. An examination of +the disposition of Jewish immigrants landing at the port of New York +from 1886 to 1906 showed that a large part of the immigrants left +within a very short time for other parts.<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> Of the 918,388 +immigrants that landed at the port of New York, from 1886 to 1906, +669,453, or 72.9 per cent, remained in New York, and 248,935, or 27.1 +per cent, left for other points.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LXVI">table LXVI</a>, p. 195.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LXVII">table LXVII</a>, p. 195.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LXVIII">table LXVIII</a>, p. 196.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> <a href="#TABLE_LXIX">table LXIX</a>, p. 196.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> <i>Cf.</i> reports of the United Hebrew Charities of New +York City, 1886 to 1906.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="CHAPTER_VI_PT2B" id="CHAPTER_VI_PT2B"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>CHAPTER VI<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h3 class="sc">Summary and Conclusions</h3> +<br /> + +<p>Some of the principal characteristics of the Jewish immigration to the +United States have been presented in the preceding pages. The Jewish +immigration has been shown to consist essentially of permanent +settlers. Its family movement is incomparable in degree, and contains +a larger relative proportion as well as absolute number of women and +children, than any other immigrant people. This in turn is reflected +in the greater relative proportion as well as absolute number of those +classified as having "no occupation". The element of dependency thus +predicated is another indication of the family composition of the +Jewish immigration. Its return movement is the smallest of any, as +compared both with its large immigration and the number of total +emigrants. The Jewish immigrants are distinguished as well by a larger +relative proportion and absolute number of skilled laborers, than any +other immigrant people. In these four primary characteristics the +Jewish immigrants stand apart from all the others.</p> + +<p>It is with the neighboring Slavic races emigrating from the countries +of Eastern Europe and with whom the Jewish immigrants are closely +associated that the contrasts, in all these respects, are strongest. +The Slavic immigrants are chiefly male adults. Their movement is +largely composed of transients, as evidenced by a relatively large +outward movement and emphasized by the fact that the vast majority <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>of +them are unskilled laborers. An exception, in large measure, must be +made of the Bohemian and Moravian immigrants who present +characteristics strongly similar to those of the Jewish immigrants.</p> + +<p>The division into "old" and "new" immigration brings out even more +clearly the exceptional position of the Jews in regard to these +characteristics. Although the Jewish immigration has been +contemporaneous with the "new" immigration from Eastern and +Southeastern Europe, and is furthermore essentially East-European in +origin, its characteristics place it altogether with the "old" +immigration.<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> Most striking, however is the fact that in all of +these respects—family composition, and small return movement (both +indicating permanent settlement) and in the proportion of skilled +laborers—the Jewish immigration stands apart even from the "old" +immigration.</p> + +<p>Further confirmation may be obtained, in the study of the +characteristics of the Jewish immigration, of the principle +established in the preceding sections that the rejective forces of +governmental oppression are responsible for the largest part of this +immigration. The large family movement of the Jewish immigration is a +symptom of abnormal conditions and amounts almost to a reversal of the +normal immigration, in which single or married men without families +predominate. Even the family movement of the "old" immigrants may +largely be attributed to the longer residence of their peoples in the +United States as well as to their greater familiarity with the +conditions and customs of the United States. That so large a part of +the Jewish immigrants is composed of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>dependent females and children +creates a situation of economic disadvantage for the Jewish +immigrants, all the stronger because of their relative unfamiliarity +with the language or the conditions facing them in this country.</p> + +<p>Again, the Jews respond slowly and incompletely to the pressure of +unfavorable economic conditions in this country. This was emphasized +by the almost complete lack of response to the panic of 1907, as well +as expressed in the small, practically unchanging return movement of +the Jews to their European homes.</p> + +<p>The pressure upon the Jewish artisans, or skilled laborers, in Eastern +Europe is reflected in the predominance of this class among the Jewish +immigrants to this country. That so useful an element in Eastern +Europe with its still relatively backward industrial development—a +fact that was given express recognition by the permission accorded the +Jewish artisans in Alexander II's time to live in the interior of +Russia—should have been compelled to emigrate indicates that the +voyage across the Atlantic was easier for them than the trip into the +interior of Russia, access to which is still legally accorded to them.</p> + +<p>That the oppressive conditions created particularly in Russia and +Roumania and operating as a pressure equivalent to an expulsive force +does not explain the entire Jewish immigration to this country is +evident from the preceding pages. In a great measure, the immigration +of Jews from Austria-Hungary is an economic movement. The existence, +however, of a certain degree of pressure created by economic and +political antisemitism has however been recognized. The Jewish +movement from Austria-Hungary shares largely with the movement from +Russia and Roumania the social and economic characteristics of the +Jewish immigration which we have described. A strong family movement +and a relative permanence of settlement, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span>especially as compared with +the Poles, and a movement of skilled laborers must be predicated of +the Jewish immigrants from Austria-Hungary, though undoubtedly not to +the same degree as in the case of the Jewish movements from Russia and +Roumania.</p> + +<p>It is also clear that the forces of economic attraction in the United +States do not play an altogether passive part in the Jewish +immigration. The very fact of an immigrant-nucleus formed in this +country and serving as a center of attraction to relatives and friends +abroad—a force which increases in direct and multiple proportion to +the growth of immigration—is an active and positive force in +strengthening the immigration current. This was early understood by +the <i>Alliance Israélite Universelle</i> which had acted upon this +principle in the seventies and had prophetically sought to direct a +healthy movement of Jewish immigrants to this country in the hope of +thereby laying a foundation for future Jewish immigration to this +country. This current, however, once started and growing only by the +force of its increasing attraction, would reflect in its movement +almost wholly the economic conditions in this country. That so large a +part of the Jewish immigration, and so many of the phenomena peculiar +to it, find their explanation, for the largest part of the thirty +years, in the situation and the course of events in the countries of +Eastern Europe leads to the inevitable conclusion that the key to the +Jewish immigration is to be found not in the force of economic +attraction exercised in the United States but rather in the +exceptional economic, social and legal conditions in Eastern Europe +which have been created as a result of governmental persecution.</p> + +<p>Reviewing the various phases of the history of Jewish immigration for +these thirty years, we are enabled to see more closely its nature. The +study of the immigration, its <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>movement and its social and economic +characteristics, in comparison with those of other immigrant peoples, +has revealed in it a number of distinguishing traits. In the causes of +the emigration of the Jews, in the pressure exerted upon their +movement as reflected in their rate of immigration, in their family +movement, in the permanence of their settlement, and in their +occupational distribution have been found characteristics which mark +them off from the rest of the immigrant peoples. The number of these +characteristics and the degree in which they are found in the Jewish +immigration, put it in a class by itself.</p> + +<p>The facts of governmental pressure amounting to an expulsive force, +and reflected in an extraordinary rate of immigration, in a movement +of families unsurpassed in the American immigration, the largest part +economically dependent, in an occupational grouping of skilled +artisans, able to earn their livelihood under normal conditions, and +in a permanence of settlement in this country incomparable in degree +and indicating that practically all who come stay—all these facts +lead irresistibly to the conclusion that in the Jewish movement we are +dealing, not with an immigration, but with a migration. What we are +witnessing to-day and for these thirty years, is a Jewish migration of +a kind and degree almost without a parallel in the history of the +Jewish people. When speaking of the beginnings of Russian Jewish +immigration to Philadelphia, David Sulzberger said: "In thirty years +the movement of Jews from Russia to the United States has almost +reached the dignity of the migration of a people," he used no literary +phrase. In view of the facts that have developed, this statement is +true without any qualification.</p> + +<p>This migration-process explains the remarkable growth of the Jewish +population in the United States, within a relatively short period of +time. In this transplantation, the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>spirit of social solidarity and +communal responsibility prevalent among the Jews has played a vital +part.</p> + +<p>The family rather than the individual thus becomes the unit for the +social life of the Jewish immigrant population in the United States. +In this respect the latter approaches more nearly the native American +population than does the foreign white or immigrant population. One of +the greatest evils incident to and characteristic of the general +immigration to this country is thereby minimized.</p> + +<p>Again, the concentration of the Jewish immigrants in certain trades +explains in great measure the peculiarities of the occupational and +the urban distribution of the Jews in the United States. The +development of the garment trades through Jewish agencies is largely +explained by the recruiting of the material for this development +through these laborers.</p> + +<p>These primary characteristics of the Jewish immigration of the last +thirty years will serve to explain some of the most important phases +of the economic and social life of the Jews in the United States, +three-fourths of whom are immigrants of this period.</p> + +<p>Of all the features of this historic movement of the Jews from Eastern +Europe to the United States, not the least interesting is their +passing from civilizations whose bonds with their medieval past are +still strong to a civilization which began its course unhampered by +tradition and unyoked to the forms and institutions of the past. The +contrast between the broad freedom of this democracy and the +intolerable despotism from whose yoke most of them fled, has given +them a sense of appreciation of American political and social +institutions that is felt in every movement of their mental life.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> So strongly was this the case that the Immigration +Commission in discussing these characteristics was compelled to +separate the Jewish from the "new" immigration, in order to bring out +the essential differences of the latter from the "old" immigration.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="STATISTICAL_TABLES" id="STATISTICAL_TABLES"></a><a name="TABLE_IA" id="TABLE_IA"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>STATISTICAL TABLES<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE I<span class="fakesc">A</span></h3> + +<h4 class="short">PARTICIPATION OF JEWS IN OCCUPATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1897<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="Table IA"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Group of occupation</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jews</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">Agricultural pursuits</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">18245287</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">40611</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bt">.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Professional service</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">988813</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">71950</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">7.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Personal service<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5150012</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">277466</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">5.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5169919</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">542563</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">10.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Transportation</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">714745</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">45944</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">6.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">Commerce<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">1256330</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">452193</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bb">36.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl btr" style="padding-left: 10%;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">31525106</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">1430727</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bt">4.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="border-top: solid 2px black; padding-top: .75em;" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> Compiled from Rubinow, p. 500.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> <i>Cf.</i> Rubinow, note, p. 500.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_IB" id="TABLE_IB"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE I<span class="fakesc">B</span></h3> + +<h4 class="short">PARTICIPATION OF JEWS IN OCCUPATIONS IN THE PALE OF JEWISH SETTLEMENT, +1897<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="Table IA"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Group of occupation</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jews</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">Agricultural pursuits</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">6071413</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">38538</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bt">.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Professional service</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">317710</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">67238</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">21.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Personal service<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2139981</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">250078</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">11.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1573519</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">504844</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">32.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Transportation</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">211983</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">44177</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">20.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">Commerce<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">556086</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">426628</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bb">76.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl btr" style="padding-left: 10%;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">10870692</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">1331503</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bt">12.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" style="border-top: solid 2px black; padding-top: .75em;" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> Compiled from Rubinow, p. 500.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> <i>Cf.</i> Rubinow, note, p. 500.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_II" id="TABLE_II"></a><br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>TABLE II</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORTS OF NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND +BALTIMORE, JULY TO JUNE, 1886 to 1898<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="TABLE II"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">New York</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Philadelphia</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Baltimore</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1886</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">19548</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">1625</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bt">21173</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">30866</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2178</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr"> —</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">33044</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1888</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">26946</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1935</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">28881</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1889</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">23958</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1394</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">25352</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1890</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">26963</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1676</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">28639</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">47098</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2719</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">1581<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">51398</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">66544</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">4677</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5152</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">76373</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">29059</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">4322<span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1941</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">35322</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">23444</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">3833</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1902</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">29179</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">21422</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">3672</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1097</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">26191</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">27846</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">3016</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1986</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">32848</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17362</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1613</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1397</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">20372</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1898</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">19222</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">2121</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">2311</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bb">23654</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl br bt" style="padding-left: 10%;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">380278</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">34781</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">17367</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bt">432426</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="5" style="border-top: solid 2px black; padding-top: .75em;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> Table II and all succeeding tables are arranged from July 1st to + June 30th, the fiscal year.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="5" style="padding-top: .5em;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> Baltimore statistics begin October.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="5" style="padding-top: .5em;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span> Philadelphia figures for August missing.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_III" id="TABLE_III"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE III</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, JULY, 1885, TO JUNE, 1886, +BY MONTH AND COUNTRY OF NATIVITY<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="TABLE III"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Month</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="16%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Russia</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="16%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="16%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="16%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Others</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="16%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">July</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">1130</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">354</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">58</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">107</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bt">1649</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">August</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1512</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">448</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">33</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">121</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">2114</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">September</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">945</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">185</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">20</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">119</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1269</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">October</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">785</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">236</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">12</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">216</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1249</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">November</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1347</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">589</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">21</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">80</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">2037</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">December</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">574</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">249</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">62</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">902</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">January</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">565</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">202</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">4</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">26</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">797</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">February</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">492</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">228</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">16</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">44</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">780</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">March</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1077</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">444</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">35</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">66</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1622</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">April</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">639</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">309</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">28</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">55</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1031</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">May</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">791</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">521</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">31</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">70</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1413</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">June</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">3017</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">1365</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">210</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">93</td> + <td class="tdr2 blb">4685</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl br bt" style="padding-left: 10%;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">12874</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">5130</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">485</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">1059</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bt">19548</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6" style="border-top: solid 2px black; padding-top: .75em;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> Compiled from reports of the United Hebrew Charities of New + York.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_IVA" id="TABLE_IVA"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE IV<span class="fakesc">A</span></h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORT OF PHILADELPHIA, 1886 TO 1898, BY +COUNTRY OF NATIVITY<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="TABLE IVA"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Russia</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Others</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1886</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">1218</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">75</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">196</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">12</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">33</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">2</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">178</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">11</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bt">1625</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1699</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">78</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">262</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">12</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">86</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">4</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">131</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">2178</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1888</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1432</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">74</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">232</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">12</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">97</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">174</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">9</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1935</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1889</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1129</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">81</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">125</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">9</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">42</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">3</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">98</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">7</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1394</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1890</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1424</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">85</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">184</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">11</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">34</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">34</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1676</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2447</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">90</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">272</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">10</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">2719</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">3929</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">84</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">561</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">12</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">47</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">140</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">3</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">4677</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">3025</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">70</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">519</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">12</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">43</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">735</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">4322</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2951</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">77</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">422</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">11</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">77</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">383</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">10</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">3833</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1983</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">54</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">624</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">73</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">992</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">27</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">3672</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1538</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">51</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">875</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">29</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">60</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">543</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">18</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">3016</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1049</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">65</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">355</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">22</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">32</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">177</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">11</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1613</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1898</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">1611</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">76</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">382</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">18</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">64</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">3</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">64</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">3</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bb">2121</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl br bt" style="padding-left: 3%;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">25435</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">73</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">4737</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">14</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">688</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">2</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">3921</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">11</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bt">34781</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="10" style="border-top: solid 2px black; padding-top: .75em;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> Immigrants from Austria-Hungary and Roumania were this year + grouped under "all others" in the original tables.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_IVB" id="TABLE_IVB"></a><br /> +<br /> +<h3>TABLE IV<span class="fakesc">B</span></h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORT OF BALTIMORE, 1891 TO 1898, BY COUNTRY +OF NATIVITY<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="TABLE IVA"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Russia</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Others</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="10%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1891</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">1423</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">90</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">158</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">10</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bt">1581</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">4328</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">84</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">618</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">12</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">52</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">154</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">3</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">5152</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1388</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">70</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">232</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">12</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">19</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">302</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1941</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1465</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">77</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">209</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">11</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">38</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">190</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">10</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1902</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">592</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">54</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">187</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">22</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">296</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">27</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1097</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1013</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">51</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">576</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">29</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">40</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">357</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">18</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1986</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">908</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">65</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">307</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">22</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">28</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">154</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">11</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1397</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1898</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">1757</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">76</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">416</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">18</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">69</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">3</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">69</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">3</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bb">2311</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl br bt" style="padding-left: 3%;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">12874</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">74</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">2545</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">15</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">268</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">2</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">1680</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">9</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bt">17367</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="10" style="border-top: solid 2px black; padding-top: .75em;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> Immigrants from Austria-Hungary and Roumania were this year + grouped under "all others" in the original tables.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_V" id="TABLE_V"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE V<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORTS OF NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND +BALTIMORE, 1886 TO 1898, BY COUNTRY OF NATIVITY<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="TABLE V"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Country of nativity</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Ports</td> + <td class="tdc blb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Philadelphia</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Baltimore</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="15%">1886</td> + <td class="tdlp2 bltr" width="25%">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">12874</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">1218</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt" width="15%">14092</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5130</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">196</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">5326</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">485</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">33</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">518</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887</td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">21404</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1699</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">23103</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6636</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">262</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">6898</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1977</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">86</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">2063</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1888</td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">18784</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1432</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">20216</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5753</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">232</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">5985</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1556</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">97</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1653</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1889</td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17209</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1129</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">18338</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">4873</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">125</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">4998</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1016</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">42</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1058</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1890</td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">19557</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1424</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">20981</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6255</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">184</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">6439</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">428</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">34</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">462</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891</td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">39587</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2447</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr"> 1423</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">43457</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5890</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 blr"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">5890</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">854</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 blr"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">854</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">55996</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">3929</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">4328</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">64253</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">7464</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">561</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">618</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">8643</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">641</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">47</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">52</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">740</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">20748</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">3025</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1388</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">25161</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5612</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">519</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">232</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">6363</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">493</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">43</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">19</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">555</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">16331</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2951</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1465</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">20747</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Austria-Hungary </td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5285</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">422</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">209</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">5916</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">501</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">77</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">38</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">616</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">14152</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1983</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">592</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">16727</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5236</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">624</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">187</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">6047</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">423</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">73</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">22</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">518</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17617</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1538</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1013</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">20168</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">8380</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">875</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr"> 576</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">9831</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">644</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">60</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">40</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">744</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">11106</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1049</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">908</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">13063</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5010</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">355</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">307</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">5672</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">456</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">32</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">28</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">516</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1898</td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">11581</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1611</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1757</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">14949</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blr">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6569</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">382</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">416</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">7367</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb"> </td> + <td class="tdlp2 blrb">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">587</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">64</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">69</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bb">720</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdl br bt" style="padding-left: 3%;">Total</td> + <td class="tdlp2 bltr">———</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">380278</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">34781</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">17367</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bt">432426</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6" style="border-top: solid 2px black; padding-top: .75em;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> See note to Tables IVa and IVb. For Tables VI and VII, see + pp. 93 and 94.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_VIII" id="TABLE_VIII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE VIII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1881 TO 1910, ABSOLUTE +NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES, BY DECADE AND COUNTRY OF NATIVITY<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="TABLE VIII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Country of nativity</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Absolute numbers</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="4" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Percentages</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Total</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">1881-1890</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">1891-1900</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">1901-1910</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">1881-1890</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">1891-1900</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">1901-1910</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="16%">Russia</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="12%">1119059</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="12%">135003</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="12%">279811</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="12%">704245</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="12%">69.9</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="12%">71.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt" width="12%">72.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">281150</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">44619</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">83720</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">152811</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">23.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">21.3</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">15.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">67057</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6967</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">12789</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">47301</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">3.6</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">3.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">4.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">United Kingdom</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">42589</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">42589</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr"> —</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">4.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Germany</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">20454</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5354</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">8827</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6273</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2.3</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">British North America</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">9701</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">9701</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">1.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Turkey</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5081</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5081</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">France</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2273</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2273</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">—</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">All others</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">15436</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">1078</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">8369</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">5989</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">.6</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">2.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bb">.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">1562800</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">193021</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">393516</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">976263</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">100.0</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_IX" id="TABLE_IX"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE IX</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR AND PERCENTAGE +OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH YEAR<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE IX"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="34%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">3125</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">0.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1882</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">10489</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">0.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1883</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6144</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">0.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1884</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">7867</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">0.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1885</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">10648</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1886</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">14092</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">23103</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1888</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">20216</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1889</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">18338</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1890</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">20981</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">43457</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">64253</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">25161</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">20747</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">16727</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">20168</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">13063</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1898</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">14949</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1899</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">24275</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">37011</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">37660</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">37846</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">47689</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">4.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">77544</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">92388</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">8.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">125234</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">11.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">114932</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">10.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">71978</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">39150</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">59824</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">5.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">1119059</td> + <td class="tdr3 blt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">100.0</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_X" id="TABLE_X"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE X</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1887 to 1910, BY DECADE AND PERCENTAGE +OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH DECADE<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE X"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Decade</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="34%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881-1890</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">135003</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">12.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891-1900</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">279811</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">25.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1901-1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">704245</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">62.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">1119059</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">100.0</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XI" id="TABLE_XI"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XI</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, JANUARY 1, +1891 TO DECEMBER 31, 1891, AND JANUARY 1, 1892 TO DECEMBER 31, 1892, +BY MONTH<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<p class="cen">(From reports of United Hebrew Charities of New York City, 1891 and 1892)</p> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE XI"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Month</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">1891</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">1892</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="34%">January</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" width="33%">2179</td> + <td class="tdr3 blt" width="33%">3276</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">February</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">2185</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3057</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">March</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3150</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2397</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">April</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">2714</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1468</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">May</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">1225</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1620</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">June</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">8667</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">4028</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">July</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">8253</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5673</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">August</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">9109</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">4842</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">September</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">9422</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1729</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">October</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5255</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">416</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">November</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3792</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">121</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">December</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">4310</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">198</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">60261</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">28834</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XII" id="TABLE_XII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">TOTAL IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1881 +TO 1910, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE XII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="19%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;"> </td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="27%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="27%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="27%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">5041</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">3125</td> + <td class="tdc bl bt">Est.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1882</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">16918</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">10489</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1883</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">9909</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6144</td> + <td class="tdc bl">at</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1884</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">12689</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">7867</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1885</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">17158</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">10648</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">62.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1886</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">17800</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">14092</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">79.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">30766</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">23103</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">75.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1888</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">33487</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">20316</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">60.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1889</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">33916</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">18338</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">54.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1890<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">35598<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">20981<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">58.9<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">47426</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">43457</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">91.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">81511</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">64253</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">78.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">42310</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">25161</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">59.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">39278</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">20747</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">52.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">35907</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">16727</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">43.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">51435</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">20168</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">39.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">25816</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">13063</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">50.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1898</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">29828</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">14949</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">50.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1899</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">60982</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">24275</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">39.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">90787<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">37011<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">40.8<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">85257</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">37660</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">44.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">107347</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">37846</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">35.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">136093</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">47689</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">35.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">145141</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">77544</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">53.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">184897</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">92388</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">50.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">215665</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">125234</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">58.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">258943</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">114932</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">44.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">156711</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">71978</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">45.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">120460</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">39150</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">32.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">186792</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">59824</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">32.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">2315868</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">1119059</td> + <td class="tdr3 blt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">48.3</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XIII" id="TABLE_XIII"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XIII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">TOTAL IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1881 +TO 1910, BY DECADE, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE XIII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Decade</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881-1890</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">213282</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">135003</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">63.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891-1900</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">505280</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">279811</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">55.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1901-1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">1597306</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">704245</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">44.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">2315868</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">1119059</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">48.3</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XIV" id="TABLE_XIV"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XIV</h3> + +<h4 class="short">IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES FROM THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1899 TO +1910, BY ANNUAL PERCENTAGE OF CONTRIBUTION OF PRINCIPAL PEOPLES<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="TABLE XIV"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="14%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;"> </td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="14%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Finnish</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="14%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">German</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="14%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="15%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Lithuanian</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="14%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Polish</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="15%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Russian</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1899</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">9.9</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">8.8</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">39.8</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">11.2</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">25.4</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">2.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">13.8</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5.9</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">40.8</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">11.3</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">25.4</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">11.7</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6.6</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">44.2</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">10.0</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">25.2</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">12.9</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">8.0</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">35.3</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">9.3</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">31.5</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">13.8</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">7.7</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">35.0</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">10.6</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">29.1</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6.9</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">4.9</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">53.4</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">8.8</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">22.4</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">9.0</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3.6</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">50.0</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">9.5</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">25.5</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6.2</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">4.8</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">58.1</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6.4</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">21.4</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5.5</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5.2</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">44.4</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">9.6</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">28.2</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">4.0</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6.4</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">45.9</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">8.5</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">24.2</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">10.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">9.3</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6.5</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">32.5</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">12.1</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">31.4</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl"> 7.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">8.0</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">5.4</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">32.1</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">11.6</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">34.1</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">7.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">8.5</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">5.8</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">43.8</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">9.6</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">27.0</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">4.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="7" style="border-top: solid 2px black; padding-top: .75em;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From Immigration Commission: <i>Emigration Conditions in + Europe</i>, p. 338.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XV" id="TABLE_XV"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XV</h3> + +<h4 class="short">RATE OF IMMIGRATION OF PEOPLES PREDOMINANT IN THE IMMIGRATION FROM +RUSSIA, 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="70%" summary="TABLE XV"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">People</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Population in Russia 1897 and in Finland 1900 combined</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Average annual immigration to U.S. from Russia and Finland 1899-1910</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Ratio of immigration to population</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">5082343<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">63794</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">1 to 79</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Finnish</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">2352990</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">12348</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1 to 191</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Polish</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">7865437</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">39282</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1 to 200</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">German</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">1721387</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">8401</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1 to 205</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Lithuanian</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3077436</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">14062</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1 to 212</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Swedish</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">349733</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">1135</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1 to 308</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Russian</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">75434753</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6530</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1 to 11552</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="border-top: solid 2px black; padding-top: .75em;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> Ibid., p. 339.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> The figure for the Jewish population in Russia as given in + <i>Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, p. 339, is incorrect. + See Goldberg, <i>Jüdische Statistik</i>, pages 266 and 270.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XVI" id="TABLE_XVI"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XVI</h3> + +<h4 class="short">RATE OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, PER 10000 OF JEWISH +POPULATION, 1899 TO 1910<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="30%" summary="TABLE XVI"> + <tr> + <td class="tdc brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="50%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Ratio of immigration</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc br bt">1899</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl bt">47</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc br">1900</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">72</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">74</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">74</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">93</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">152</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">181</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">246</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">226</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">141</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">77</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc br bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl bb">117</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">125</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XVII" id="TABLE_XVII"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XVII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND +PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH DECADE<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE XVII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Decade</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="34%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881-1890</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">6067</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">10.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891-1900</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">12789</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">19.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1901-1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">47301</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">70.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">67057</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">100.0</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XVIII" id="TABLE_XVIII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XVIII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR AND PERCENTAGE +OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH YEAR<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE XVIII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="34%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">30</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1882</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">65</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1883</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">77</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1884</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">238</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1885</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">803</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1886</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">518</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">2063</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1888</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">1653</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1889</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">1058</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1890<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">462<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.7<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">854</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">740</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">555</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">616</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">518</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">744</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">516</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1898</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">720</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1899</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">1343</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6183<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">9.2<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6827</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">10.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6589</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">9.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">8562</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">12.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6446</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">9.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3854</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3872</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3605</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">4455</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">1390</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">1701</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">2.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">67057</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black; padding-top: .75em;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> Below one-tenth per cent.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XIX" id="TABLE_XIX"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XIX</h3> + +<h4 class="short">TOTAL IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, +1899 TO 1910, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE XIX"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="19%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="27%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="27%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="27%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1899</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">1606</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">1343</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">83.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6459</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6183</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">95.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">7155</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6827</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">95.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">7196</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6589</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">91.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">9310</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">8562</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">91.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">7087</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6446</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">91.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">4437</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3854</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">86.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">4476</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3872</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">86.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">4384</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3605</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">82.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5228</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">4455</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">85.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">1590</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">1390</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">87.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">2145</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">1701</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">79.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">61073</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">54827</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">89.8</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XX" id="TABLE_XX"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XX</h3> + +<h4 class="short">RATE OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, PER 10000 OF JEWISH +POPULATION, 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE XX"> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" width="10%"> </td> + <td class="tdc brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Ratio of immigration</td> + <td class="tdc" width="10%"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br bt">1899</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl bt">51</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1900</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">238</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">262</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">253</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">329</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">246</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">148</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">149</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">138</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">171</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl">53</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl bb">65</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr4 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">175</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> For Jewish population in Roumania <i>cf.</i> Ruppin, <i>The Jews of + To-Day</i>, p. 39.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXI" id="TABLE_XXI"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXI</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND +PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH DECADE<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE XXI"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Decade</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="34%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881-1890</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">44619</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">15.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891-1900</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">83720</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">29.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1901-1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">152811</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">54.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">281150</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">100.0</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXII" id="TABLE_XXII"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR, AND +PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH YEAR<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE XXII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="34%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">2537</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1882</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">2648</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1883</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">2510</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1884</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3340</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1885</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3938</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1886</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5326</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6898</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1888</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5985</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1889</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">4998</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1890<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6439<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.3<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5890</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">8643</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6363</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5916</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6047</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">9831</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5672</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1898</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">7367</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1899</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">11071</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">16920<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.0<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">13006</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">4.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">12848</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">4.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">18759</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">20211</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">7.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">17352</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">14884</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">18885</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">15293</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">8431</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">13142</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">4.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">281150</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">100.0</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXIII" id="TABLE_XXIII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXIII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, BY +DECADE AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE XXIII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Decade</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881-1890</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">353719</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">44619</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">12.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891-1900</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">592707</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">83720</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">14.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1901-1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">2145266</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">158811</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">7.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">3091692</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">281150</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">9.1</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXIV" id="TABLE_XXIV"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXIV</h3> + +<h4 class="short">TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, AND +PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE XXIV"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="19%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="27%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="27%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="27%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">27935</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">2537</td> + <td class="tdc bl bt">Est.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1882</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">29150</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">2648</td> + <td class="tdc bl">at</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1883</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">27625</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">2510</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1884</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">36571</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3340</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">9.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1885</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">27309</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3938</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">14.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1886</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">28680</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5326</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">18.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">40265</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6898</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">17.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1888</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">45811</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr"> 5985</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">13.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1889</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">34174</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">4998</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">14.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1890<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">56199<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6439<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">11.5<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">71042</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr"> 5890</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">8.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">76937</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">8643</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">11.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">57420</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6363</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">11.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">38638</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5916</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">15.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">33401</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6047</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">18.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">65103</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">9831</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">15.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">33031</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5672</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">17.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1898</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">39797</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">7367</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">18.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1899</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">62401</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">11071</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">17.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">114847<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">16920<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">14.7<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">113390</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">13006</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">11.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">171989</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">12848</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">7.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">206011</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">18759</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">9.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">177156</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">20211</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">11.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">275693</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">17352</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">265138</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">14884</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">338452</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">18885</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">168509</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">15293</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">9.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">170191</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">8431</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">258737</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">13142</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">5.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">3091692</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">281150</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">9.1</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXV" id="TABLE_XXV"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXV</h3> + +<h4 class="short">PERCENTAGE OF ANNUAL IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY CONTRIBUTED BY +PRINCIPAL PEOPLES, 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE XXV"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Polish</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Ruthenian</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1899</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">18.7</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">17.7</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">2.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">19.9</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">14.7</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">17.9</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">11.5</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">4.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">18.9</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">7.5</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">4.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">18.2</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">9.1</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">4.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">17.1</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">11.4</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">18.4</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6.3</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">16.5</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5.6</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">17.6</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5.6</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">7.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">15.7</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">9.1</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">7.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">21.4</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5.0</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">9.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">22.6</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">4.9</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">10.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">18.6</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">7.8</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">6.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, p. 373.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXVI" id="TABLE_XXVI"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXVI</h3> + +<h4 class="short">RATE OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, PER 10000 OF JEWISH +POPULATION, 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE XXVI"> + <tr> + <td class="tdc" width="10%"> </td> + <td class="tdc brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;"> </td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Ratio of immigration</td> + <td class="tdc" width="10%"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br bt">1899</td> + <td class="tdc bl bt">53</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1900</td> + <td class="tdc bl">83</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1901</td> + <td class="tdc bl">63</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1902</td> + <td class="tdc bl">62</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1903</td> + <td class="tdc bl">90</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1904</td> + <td class="tdc bl">97</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1905</td> + <td class="tdc bl">84</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1906</td> + <td class="tdc bl">72</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1907</td> + <td class="tdc bl">91</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1908</td> + <td class="tdc bl">74</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br">1909</td> + <td class="tdc bl">41</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc br bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">63</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="tdc btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdc bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">74</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> For Jewish population in Austria-Hungary <i>cf.</i> Ruppin, <i>The + Jews of To-Day</i>, pp. 38-39.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXVII" id="TABLE_XXVII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXVII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE XXVII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Decade</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="34%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881-1890</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">193021</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">12.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891-1900</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">393516</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">25.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1901-1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">976263</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">62.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">1562800</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">100.0</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXVIII" id="TABLE_XXVIII"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXVIII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY SIX-YEAR PERIOD<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE XXVIII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Period</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="34%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881-1886</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">77105</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">4.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887-1892</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">243687</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">15.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893-1898</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">167566</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">10.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1899-1904</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">396404</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">25.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1905-1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">678038</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">43.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">1562800</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">100.0</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXIX" id="TABLE_XXIX"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXIX</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1881 TO 1910<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE XXIX"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="33%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="34%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">5692</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1882</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">13202</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1883</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">8731</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1884</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">11445</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1885</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">16862</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1886</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">21173</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">33044</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1888</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">28881</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1889</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">25352</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1890<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">28639<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.8<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">51398</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">76373</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">4.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">35322</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">29179</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">26191</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">32848</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">20372</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1898</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">23654</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1899</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">37415</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">60764<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.9<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">58008</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">57688</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">76203</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">4.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">106236</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">129910</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">8.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">153748</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">9.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">149182</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">9.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">103387</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">57551</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">3.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">84260</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">5.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">1562800</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">100.0</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXX" id="TABLE_XXX"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXX</h3> + +<h4 class="short">TOTAL IMMIGRATION AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND +PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE XXX"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Decade</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1881-1890</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">5246613</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">193021</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">3.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891-1900</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">3687564</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">393516</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">10.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1901-1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">8795386</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">976263</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">11.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">17729563</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">1562800</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">8.8</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXXI" id="TABLE_XXXI"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXXI</h3> + +<h4 class="short">TOTAL IMMIGRATION AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR AND +PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE XXXI"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="19%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;"> </td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="27%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="27%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="27%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">1881</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">669431</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr"> 5692</td> + <td class="tdr3 blt">.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1882</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">788992</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">13202</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1883</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">603322</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr"> 8731</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1884</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">518592</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">11445</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1885</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">395346</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">16862</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">4.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1886</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">334203</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">21173</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">490109</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">33044</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1888</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">546889</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">28881</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1889</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">444427</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">25352</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">5.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1890<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">455302<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">28639<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">6.3<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">560319</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">51398</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">9.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">579663</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">76373</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">13.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">439730</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">35322</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">8.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">285631</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">29179</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">10.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">258536</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">26191</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">10.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">343267</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">32848</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">9.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">230832</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">20372</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">8.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1898</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">229229</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">23654</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">10.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1899</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">311715</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">37415</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">12.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">448572<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">60764<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">13.5<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">487918</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">58098</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">12.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">648743</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">57688</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">8.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">857046</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">76203</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">8.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">812870</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">106236</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">11.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">1026499</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">129910</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">12.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">1100735</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">153748</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">13.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">1285349</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">149182</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">11.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">782870</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">103387</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">13.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">751786</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">57551</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">7.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">1041570</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">84260</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">8.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">17729563</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">1562800</td> + <td class="tdr3 blt">8.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> Only immigrant aliens taken these years.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXXII" id="TABLE_XXXII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXXII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE +OF INCREASE OR DECREASE<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE XXXII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb" colspan="2">Increase (+) or decrease (-)</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb" colspan="2">Increase (+) or decrease (-)</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Per cent</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="20%">1881</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" width="20%">—</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" width="20%">—</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr" width="20%">—</td> + <td class="tdr3 blt" width="20%">—</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1882</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 119561</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 17.9</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 7509</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 131.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1883</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 185670</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 23.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 4471</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">- 33.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1884</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 84730</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 14.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 2714</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 31.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1885</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 123246</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 23.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 5417</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 47.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1886</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 61143</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 15.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 4491</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 26.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 155906</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 46.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 11871</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 56.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1888</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 56780</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 11.6</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 4163</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 12.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1889</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 102462</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 18.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 3529</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">- 12.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1890<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 10875<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 2.4<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 3287<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 13.0<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 105017</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 20.9</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 22759</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 79.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 19344</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 3.4</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 24975</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 48.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 139933</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 24.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 39051</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">- 51.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 154099</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 35.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 6143</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">- 17.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 27095</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 9.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 2988</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">- 10.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 84731</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 32.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 6657</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 25.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 112435</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 32.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 12476</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">- 38.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1898</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 1533</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- .7</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 3282</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 16.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1899</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 82416</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 36.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 13761</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 58.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 136857<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 43.9<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 23349<br /><br /></td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 62.4<br /><br /></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 39346</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 8.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 2666</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">- 4.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 160825</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 33.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 410</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">- .7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 208303</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 32.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 18515</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 32.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 44176</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 5.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 30033</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 39.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 213629</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 26.3</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 23674</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 22.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 74236</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 7.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 23838</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">+ 18.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 184614</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">+ 16.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 4566</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">- 3.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 502479</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 39.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 45795</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">- 30.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 31084</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 4.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">- 45836</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">- 44.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">1910</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">+ 289784</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">+ 38.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">+ 26709</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">+ 46.4</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXXIII" id="TABLE_XXXIII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXXIII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">SEX OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="55%" summary="TABLE XXXII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Female</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Female</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="15%">1899</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="17%">37415</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="17%">21153</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="17%">16262</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="17%">56.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt" width="17%">43.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">60764</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">36330</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">24434</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">59.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">40.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">58098</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">32345</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">25753</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">55.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">44.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">57688</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">32737</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">24951</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">56.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">44.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">76203</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">43985</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">32218</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">57.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">42.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">106236</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">65040</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">41196</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">61.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">38.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">129910</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">82076</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">47834</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">63.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">36.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">153748</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">80086</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">73662</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">52.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">47.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">149182</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">80530</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">68652</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">54.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">46.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">103387</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">56277</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">47110</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">54.4</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">45.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">57551</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">31057</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">26494</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">54.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">46.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">84260</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">46206</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">38054</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">54.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bb">45.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">1074442</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">607822</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">466620</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">56.6</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt">43.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + + +<a name="TABLE_XXXIV" id="TABLE_XXXIV"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXXIV</h3> + +<h4 class="short">SEX OF JEWISH IMMIGRANT ADULTS<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, 1886 TO +1898<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="55%" summary="TABLE XXXIV"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Female</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Female</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="15%">1886</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="17%">14212</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="17%">9598</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="17%">4614</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="17%">67.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt" width="17%">32.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">22223</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">13872</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">8351</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">62.4</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">37.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1888</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">19456</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">11691</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">7765</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">60.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">39.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1889</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17155</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">9946</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">7209</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">58.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">42.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1890</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">19449</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">11524</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">7925</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">59.3</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">40.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">33343</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">20980</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">12363</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">62.9</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">37.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">43155</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">25338</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17817</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">58.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">41.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">18314</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">9715</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">8599</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">53.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">47.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">13142</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6404</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6738</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">48.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">51.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">12366</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6275</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6091</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">50.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">49.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17052</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">9703</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">7349</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">56.9</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">43.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">10226</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5447</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">4779</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">53.3</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">46.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">1898</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">11530</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">6560</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">4970</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">56.9</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bb">43.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">251623</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">147053</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">104570</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">58.4</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt">41.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> Sixteen years of age and over.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> From <i>Reports of United Hebrew Charities of N.Y. City</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXXV" id="TABLE_XXXV"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXXV</h3> + +<h4 class="short">AGE OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="65%" summary="TABLE XXXV"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Percentage</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Under 14</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">14 to 44</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">45 and over</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Under 14</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">14 to 44</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">45 and over</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="14%">1899</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="14%">37415</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="12%">8987</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="12%">26019</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="12%">2409</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="12%">24.0</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="12%">69.5</td> + <td class="tdr1 blt" width="12%">6.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">60764</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">13092</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">44239</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">3433</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">21.6</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">72.8</td> + <td class="tdr1 bl">5.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">58098</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">14731</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">39830</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">3537</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">25.4</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">68.6</td> + <td class="tdr1 bl">6.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">57688</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">15312</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">38937</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">3439</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">26.5</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">67.5</td> + <td class="tdr1 bl">6.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">76203</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">19044</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">53074</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">4085</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">25.0</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">69.6</td> + <td class="tdr1 bl">5.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">106236</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">23529</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">77224</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">5483</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">22.1</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">72.7</td> + <td class="tdr1 bl">5.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">129910</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">28553</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">95964</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">5393</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">22.0</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">73.9</td> + <td class="tdr1 bl">4.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">153748</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">43620</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">101875</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">8253</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">28.4</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">66.2</td> + <td class="tdr1 bl">5.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">149182</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">37696</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">103779</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">7707</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">25.3</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">69.5</td> + <td class="tdr1 bl">5.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">103387</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">26013</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">71388</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">5986</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">25.1</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">69.1</td> + <td class="tdr1 bl">5.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">57551</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">15210</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">38465</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">3876</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">26.5</td> + <td class="tdr1 blr">66.7</td> + <td class="tdr1 bl">6.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">84260</td> + <td class="tdr1 blrb">21869</td> + <td class="tdr1 blrb">57191</td> + <td class="tdr1 blrb">5200</td> + <td class="tdr1 blrb">26.0</td> + <td class="tdr1 blrb">67.9</td> + <td class="tdr1 bl bb">6.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">1074442</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr">267656</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr">747985</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr">58801</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr">24.9</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr">69.6</td> + <td class="tdr1 blt">5.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="8" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXXVI" id="TABLE_XXXVI"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXXVI</h3> + +<h4 class="short">AGE OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, 1886 TO 1898<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="55%" summary="TABLE XXXVI"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Percentage</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Adults</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Children<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Adults</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Children<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span></td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="18%">1886</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="18%">19548</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="16%">14212</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="16%">5336</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="16%">72.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt" width="16%">27.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1887</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">30866</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">22223</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">8643</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">72.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">27.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1888</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">26946</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">19456</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">7490</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">72.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">27.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1889</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">23958</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17155</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6803</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">71.6</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">28.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1890</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">26963</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">19449</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">7514</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">72.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">27.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1891</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">47098</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">33343</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">13755</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">70.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">29.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1892</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">66544</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">43155</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">23389</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">64.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">35.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1893</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">29059</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">18314</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">10745</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">63.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">37.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1894</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">23444</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">13142</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">10302</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">56.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">43.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1895</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">21422</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">12366</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">9056</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">57.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">42.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1896</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">27846</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17052</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">10794</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">61.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">38.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1897</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">17362</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">10226</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">7136</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">58.9</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">41.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">1898</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">19222</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">11530</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">7692</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">60.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bb">40.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">380278</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">251623</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">128655</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">66.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt">33.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of United Hebrew Charities of N.Y. City</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> Children under sixteen.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXXVII" id="TABLE_XXXVII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXXVII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">SEX OF TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE XXXVII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc box" colspan="2">Per cent</td> + <td class="tdc bltb" colspan="2">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Female</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Female</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="20%">1899</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="20%">62.6</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="20%">37.4</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="20%">56.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt" width="20%">43.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">67.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">32.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">59.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">40.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">67.9</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">32.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">55.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">44.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">71.9</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">28.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">56.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">43.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">71.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">28.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">57.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">42.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">67.6</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">32.4</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">61.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">38.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">70.6</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">29.4</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">63.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">36.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">69.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">30.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">52.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">47.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">72.4</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">27.6</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">54.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">46.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">64.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">35.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">54.4</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">45.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">69.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">30.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">54.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">46.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">70.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">29.3</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">54.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bb">45.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">69.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">30.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">56.6</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt">43.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="5" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XXXVIII" id="TABLE_XXXVIII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXXVIII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">SEX<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS,<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="70%" summary="TABLE XXXVIII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">People</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Female</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Female</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="25%">Irish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="15%">439724</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="15%">210686</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="15%">229038</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="15%">47.9</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blt" width="15%">52.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1074442</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">607822</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">466620</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">56.6</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">43.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Bohemian and Moravian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">100189</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">57111</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">43078</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">57.0</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">43.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">French</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">115783</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">67217</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">48566</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">58.1</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">41.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">German</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">754375</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">448054</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">306321</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">59.4</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">40.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">English</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">408614</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">251421</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">157193</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">61.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">38.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scandinavian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">586306</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">362467</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">223839</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">61.8</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">38.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scotch</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">136842</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">86938</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">49904</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">63.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">36.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Finnish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">151774</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">100289</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">51485</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">66.1</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">33.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Polish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">949064</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">659267</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">289797</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">69.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">30.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Slovak</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">377527</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">266262</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">111265</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">70.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">29.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Lithuanian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">175258</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">123777</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">51481</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">70.6</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">29.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Magyar</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">338151</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">244221</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">93930</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">72.2</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">27.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Ruthenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">147375</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">109614</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">37761</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">74.4</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">25.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian North</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">372668</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">291877</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">80791</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">78.3</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">21.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian South</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1911933</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1502968</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">408965</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">78.6</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">21.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Croatian and Slovenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">355543</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">284866</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">50677</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">84.9</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">15.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Greek</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">216962</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">206306</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">10656</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">95.1</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl bb">4.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total<span class="fnanchor"><b>[4]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">9555673</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">6641367</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">2914306</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">69.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blt">30.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> Arranged in order of percentage of females.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> Excluding all races with an immigration below 100,000.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span> From <i>Statistical Review of Immigration</i>, p. 49.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[4]</b></span> Total includes all races.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + + +<a name="TABLE_XXXIX" id="TABLE_XXXIX"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XXXIX</h3> + +<h4 class="short">AGE<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS,<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> 1899 TO 1909.<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="70%" summary="TABLE XXXIX"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">People</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="4" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Total</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Under 14</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">14 to 44</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">45 and over</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Under 14</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">14 to 44</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">45 and over</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="25%">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">990182</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="10%">245787</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="10%">690794</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="10%">53601</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="10%">24.8</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="10%">69.8</td> + <td class="tdr1 blt" width="10%">5.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Bohemian and Moravian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">91727</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">18965</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">67487</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">5275</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">20.7</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">73.6</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">5.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">German</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">682995</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">116416</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">520437</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">46142</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">17.0</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">76.2</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">6.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scotch</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">112230</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">17157</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">85123</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">9950</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">15.3</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">75.8</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">8.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">English</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">355116</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">52459</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">262334</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">40323</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">14.8</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">73.9</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">11.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, South</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1719260</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">201492</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">1416075</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">101693</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">11.7</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">82.4</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">5.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scandinavian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">534269</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">51220</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">457306</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">25743</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">9.6</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">85.6</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">4.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Polish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">820716</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">77963</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">723226</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">19527</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">9.5</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">88.1</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">2.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Slovak</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">345111</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">32157</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">302399</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">10555</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">9.3</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">87.6</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">3.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Finnish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">136038</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">12623</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">119771</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">3644</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">9.3</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">88.0</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">2.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, North</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">341888</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">30645</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">297442</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">13801</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">9.0</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">87.0</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">4.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Magyar</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">310049</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">27312</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">270376</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">12361</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">8.8</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">87.2</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">4.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Lithuanian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">152544</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">12004</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">137880</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">2660</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">7.9</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">90.4</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">1.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Irish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">401342</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">20247</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">363797</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">17298</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">5.0</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">90.6</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">4.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Ruthenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">119468</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">5537</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">110705</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">3226</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">4.6</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">92.7</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">2.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Croatian and Slovenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">295981</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">12711</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">273685</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">9585</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">4.3</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">92.5</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">3.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Greek</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">177827</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blrb">7314</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blrb">168250</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blrb">2263</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blrb">4.1</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blrb">94.6</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl bb">1.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total<span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">8213034</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bltr">1013974</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bltr">6786506</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bltr">412554</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bltr">12.3</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bltr">82.6</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blt">5.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="8" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> Arranged in order of highest percentage of children.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="8"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> Excluding all races with an immigration below 100,000, except the Bohemian and Moravian.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="8"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span> Total includes all European races.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XL" id="TABLE_XL"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XL</h3> + +<h4 class="short">SEX,<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> 1899 TO 1910, AND AGE,<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> 1899 TO 1909, OF SLAVIC AND JEWISH +IMMIGRANTS<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="TABLE XL"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Group</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Sex—per cent</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Age—per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Female</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Under 14</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">14 to 44</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">45 and over</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="25%">Polish</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">69.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">30.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">9.5</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">88.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt" width="15%">2.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Ruthenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">74.4</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">25.6</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">4.6</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">92.7</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">2.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Russian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">85.0</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">15.0</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">7.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">90.0</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">2.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Slovak</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">70.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">29.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">9.3</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">87.6</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">3.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Croatian and Slovenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">84.9</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">15.1</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">4.3</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">92.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">3.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Bohemian and Moravian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">57.0</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">43.0</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">20.7</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">73.6</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">5.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">56.6</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">43.4</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">24.8</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">69.8</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">5.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="8" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Statistical Review of Immigration</i>, p. 49.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="8"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> From <i>Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, p. 25.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XLIA" id="TABLE_XLIA"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XLI</h3> + +<h4 class="short">A. SEX OF ROUMANIAN IMMIGRANTS,<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> 1899 TO 1910, AND OF IMMIGRANTS +FROM ROUMANIA,<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> 1900 TO 1910<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="TABLE XLIA"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Group</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Female</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Female</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="25%">From Roumania</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">59467</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">31968</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">27499</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">53.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt" width="15%">46.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Roumanian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">82704</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">75238</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">7466</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">91.0</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">9.0</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XLIB" id="TABLE_XLIB"></a><br /> + +<h4>B. AGE OF JEWISH AND ROUMANIAN IMMIGRANTS<span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span> 1899 TO 1909<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="TABLE XLIB"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Race</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total Number</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Under 14</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">14 to 44</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">45 and over</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Under 14</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">14 to 44</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">45 and over</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="25%">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="15%">68505</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="10%">1476</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="10%">63997</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="10%">3032</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="10%">24.8</td> + <td class="tdr1 bltr" width="10%">69.8</td> + <td class="tdr1 blt" width="10%">5.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Roumanian</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">68505</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">1476</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">63997</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">3032</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">2.2</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">93.4</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bl">4.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="8" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Statistical Review of Emigration</i>, pp. 44-48.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="8"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> From <i>Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, p. 23.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="8"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 25.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XLII" id="TABLE_XLII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XLII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">SEX AND AGE OF "OLD" AND "NEW" IMMIGRATION (JEWISH EXCEPTED), AND OF +JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1899 TO 1909<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="65%" summary="TABLE XLII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Group</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Sex—per cent</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Age—per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Female</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Under 14</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">14 to 44</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">45 and over</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="25%">Old immigration</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bltr" width="15%">2273782</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="12%">58.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="12%">41.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="12%">12.8</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="12%">80.4</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blt" width="12%">6.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">New immigration (Jewish excepted)</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">4949070</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">76.3</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">23.7</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">9.7</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">86.2</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">4.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Jewish immigration</td> + <td class="tdr1vb blr">990182</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">56.7</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">43.3</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">24.8</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">69.8</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">5.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="8" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, pp. 23-26.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XLIII" id="TABLE_XLIII"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XLIII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, 1908 TO 1912<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="TABLE XLIII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrant aliens<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish emigrant aliens<span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="25%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number departed per 100 admitted</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">1908</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">103387</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">7702</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">57551</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6105</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">10</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1910</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">84260</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">5689</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1911</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">91223</td> + <td class="tdr3 blr">6401</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bb">1912</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">80595</td> + <td class="tdr3 blrb">7418</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">417016</td> + <td class="tdr3 bltr">33315</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> See note, page 93.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span> Emigrant aliens are aliens whose permanent residence has been in + the United States and who intend to reside permanently abroad.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XLIV" id="TABLE_XLIV"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XLIV</h3> + +<h4 class="short">TOTAL AND JEWISH EMIGRANT ALIENS AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH IMMIGRANT +ALIENS OF TOTAL IMMIGRANT ALIENS, 1908 TO 1912<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="70%" summary="TABLE XLIV"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Emigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Immigrant aliens</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Total emigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Jewish emigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Per cent. Jewish of total</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Total immigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Jewish immigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Per cent. Jewish of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="16%">1908</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="14%">381044</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="14%">7702</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="14%">2.0</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="14%">782870</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="14%">103387</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt" width="14%">13.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">225802</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6105</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2.7</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">751876</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">57551</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">7.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1910</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">202436</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">5689</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2.8</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">1041570</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">84260</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">8.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1911</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">295666</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6401</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">2.1</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">878587</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">91223</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl">10.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">1912</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">333262</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">7418</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">2.2</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">838172</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">80595</td> + <td class="tdr2 bl bb">9.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">1438210</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">33315</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">2.3</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">4293075</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">417016</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt">9.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="7" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XLV" id="TABLE_XLV"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XLV</h3> + +<h4 class="short">EUROPEAN IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> AND EUROPEAN EMIGRANT ALIENS +DEPARTED, 1908, 1909 AND 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="70%" summary="TABLE XLV"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">People</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Immigrant aliens admitted</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Emigrant aliens departed</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Per cent of total admitted</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Per cent of total departed</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Number departed for every 100 admitted</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="25%">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="15%">236100</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="15%">10.2</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="15%">18543</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="15%">2.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blt" width="15%">8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Croatian and Slovenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">78658</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">3.4</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">44316</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">5.2</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">56</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">English</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">101611</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">4.4</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">11152</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">11</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">German</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">192644</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">8.3</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">35823</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">5.0</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">19</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Greek</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">86257</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">3.7</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">21196</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">2.9</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">25</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Irish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">93090</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">4.0</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">5728</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">.8</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, North</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">77661</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">3.3</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">47870</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">6.7</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">62</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, South</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">457414</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">19.8</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">255188</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">35.7</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">56</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Lithuanian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">51129</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">2.2</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">7185</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1.0</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">14</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Magyar</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">78910</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">3.4</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">50597</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">7.1</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">64</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Polish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">269646</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">11.7</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">82080</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">11.4</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">30</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Ruthenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">55106</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">2.3</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">6681</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">.9</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">12</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scandinavian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">113786</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">4.8</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">11193</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">10</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Slovak</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">70717</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">3.0</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">41383</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">5.8</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl bb">59</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total<span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">2297338</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr"> </td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">713356</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr"> </td> + <td class="tdr2 blt">32</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> All peoples with an inward movement of less than 50,000 excluded.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> From <i>Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, p. 41.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span> Total for all races, including Syrians.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XLVI" id="TABLE_XLVI"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XLVI</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, RUSSIA, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND +ROUMANIA, 1908 TO 1912<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="95%" summary="TABLE XLVI"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Russia</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Austria-Hungary</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Roumania</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Immigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Emigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number departed per 100 admitted</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Immigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Emigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number departed per 100 admitted</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Immigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Emigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Number departed per 100 admitted</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="10%">1908</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="10%">71978</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="10%">5439</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="10%">7</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="10%">15293</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="10%">1758</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="10%">11</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="10%">4455</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="10%">158</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blt" width="10%">3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">39150</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">3989</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">10</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">8431</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1398</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">16</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1390</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">87</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1910</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">59824</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">3295</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">13142</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1409</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">10</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1701</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">101</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1911</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">65472</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">3375</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">12785</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1827</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">14</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">2188</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">78</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">1912</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">58389</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">4448</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">7</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">10757</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">2121</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">19</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">1512</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">122</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl bb">8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">294813</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">20546</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">7</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">60408</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">8513</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">14</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">11246</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">546</td> + <td class="tdr2 blt">5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="10" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XLVII" id="TABLE_XLVII"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XLVII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">POLISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1908 TO +1912<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="75%" summary="TABLE XLVII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Russian Poles</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Austro-Hungarian Poles</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Immigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Emigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number departed per 100 admitted</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Immigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Emigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Number departed per 100 admitted</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="10%">1908</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">73122</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">18187</td> + <td class="tdc bltr" width="15%">25</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">59719</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr" width="15%">28048</td> + <td class="tdc blt" width="15%">47</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">37770</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">8421</td> + <td class="tdc blr">22</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">336483</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">10292</td> + <td class="tdc bl">28</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1910</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">63635</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">6705</td> + <td class="tdc blr">10</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">60565</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">9609</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1911</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">40193</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">12276</td> + <td class="tdc blr">30</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">27515</td> + <td class="tdr2 blr">18499</td> + <td class="tdc bl">67</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">1912</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">51244</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">14701</td> + <td class="tdc blrb">28</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">30649</td> + <td class="tdr2 blrb">22546</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">73</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">265964</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">60290</td> + <td class="tdc bltr">22</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">214931</td> + <td class="tdr2 bltr">88994</td> + <td class="tdc blt">41</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="7" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XLVIII" id="TABLE_XLVIII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XLVIII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">"OLD" AND "NEW" (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION AND +EMIGRATION, 1908 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE XLVIII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="34%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Class</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="22%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Immigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="22%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Emigrant aliens</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="22%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number departed per 100 admitted</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">Old Immigration</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">599732</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">79664</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl bt">13</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">New immigration (Jewish excepted)</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1461506</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">615549</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">42</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Jewish immigration</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">236100</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">18543</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl bb">8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">2297338</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">713356</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blt">32</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, p. 42.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_XLIX" id="TABLE_XLIX"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE XLIX</h3> + +<h4 class="short">EUROPEAN IMMIGRANT ALIENS,<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> 1907, AND EUROPEAN EMIGRANT ALIENS, +1908<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="75%" summary="TABLE XLIX"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">People</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Immigrant aliens 1907</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Emigrant aliens 1908</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Per cent. of total</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Per cent. of total</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Number departed per 100 admitted</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="25%">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="15%">149182</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="15%">12.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="15%">7702</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="15%">2.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt" width="15%">5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Bulgarian, Servian and Montenegrin</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">27174</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">2.2</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">5965</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1.6</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">22</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Croatian and Slovenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">47826</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">3.9</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">28584</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">7.5</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">English</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">51126</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">4.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">5320</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1.4</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">10</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">German</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">92936</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">7.5</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">14418</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">3.8</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">15</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Greek</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">46283</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">3.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">6763</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1.8</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">14</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Irish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">38706</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">3.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">2441</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.6</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, North</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1564</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">4.2</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">19507</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">5.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">37</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, South</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">242497</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">19.6</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">147828</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">38.8</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">60</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Lithuanian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">25884</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">2.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">3388</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.9</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">13</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Magyar</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">60071</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">4.9</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">29276</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">7.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">48</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Polish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">138033</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">11.2</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">46727</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">12.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">33</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scandinavian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">53425</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">4.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">5801</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1.5</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">11</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Slovak</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">42041</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">3.4</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">23573</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">6.2</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bb">56</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">1237341<span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr"> </td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">381044</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr"> </td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt">32</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> All peoples with an inward movement of less than 25,000 omitted.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> From <i>Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, pp. 39-40.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span> All European immigrants, including Syrians.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_L" id="TABLE_L"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE L</h3> + +<h4 class="short">TOTAL EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> AND TOTAL OF THOSE ADMITTED +DURING THIS PERIOD IN THE UNITED STATES PREVIOUSLY, 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="55%" summary="TABLE XLIX"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">People</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number admitted</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">In United States previously</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Per cent of admitted</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="40%">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="20%">1074442</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="20%">22914</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt" width="20%">2.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Bohemian and Moravian</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">100189</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">4066</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">4.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Croatian and Slovenian</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">355542</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">43037</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">12.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">English</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">408614</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">103828</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">25.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Finnish</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">151774</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">17189</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">11.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">French</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">115783</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">33859</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">29.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">German</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">754375</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">86458</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">11.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Greek</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">216962</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">12283</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">5.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Irish</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">439742</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">80636</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">18.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, North</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">372668</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">56738</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">15.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, South</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1911933</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">262508</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">13.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Lithuanian</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">175258</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">6186</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">3.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Magyar</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">337351</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">39785</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">11.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Polish</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">949064</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">65155</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">6.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Ruthenian</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">147375</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">18492</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">12.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scandinavian</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">586306</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">86700</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">14.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scotch</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">136842</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">27684</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">20.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Slovak</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">377527</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">71889</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bb">19.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total<span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">9220066</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">1108948</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt">12.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> All peoples with an immigration below 100,000 omitted.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> From <i>Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, p. 51.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span> Includes all European peoples entered and Syrians.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LI" id="TABLE_LI"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LI</h3> + +<h4 class="short">OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE LI"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Group</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">No occupation</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">484175</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bt">45.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Skilled laborers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">395823</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">36.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Professional</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">7455</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Miscellaneous</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">186989</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bb">17.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">1074442</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="3" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LII" id="TABLE_LII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING OCCUPATIONS, 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE LII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Group</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">Professional</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">7455</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bt">1.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Skilled laborers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">395823</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">67.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Laborers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">69444</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">11.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Merchants and dealers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">31491</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">5.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Farm laborers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">11460</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">1.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Farmers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1008</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Miscellaneous</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">8051</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bb">1.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">590267</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="3" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LIII" id="TABLE_LIII"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LIII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="40%" summary="TABLE LI"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="70%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Occupation</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">Actors</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bt">232</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Architects</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">108</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Clergymen</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">350</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Editors</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">84</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Electricians</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">359</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Engineers</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">484</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Lawyers</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">34</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Literary and scientific persons</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">385</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Musicians</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">1624</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Officials (gov.)</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">18</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Physicians</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">290</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Sculptors and artists</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">357</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Teachers</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl">2192</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Others</td> + <td class="tdr3 bl bb">938</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3 blt">7455</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="3" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + + +<a name="TABLE_LIV" id="TABLE_LIV"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LIV</h3> + +<h4 class="short">JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING SKILLED OCCUPATIONS, 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<p class="cen">A. <i>Principal skilled occupations</i></p> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE LIVA"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Occupation</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total skilled</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">Tailors</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">145272</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bt">36.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Carpenters, joiners, etc.<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">40901</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">10.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Dressmakers and seamstresses<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">39482</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">10.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Shoemakers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">23519</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">5.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Clerks and accountants</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">17066</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">4.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Painters and glaziers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">16387</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">4.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Butchers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">11413</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">2.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Bakers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">10925</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">2.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Locksmiths</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">9385</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">2.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Blacksmiths</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">8517</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bb">2.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">Total</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">322867</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt" style="border-bottom: solid 2px black;">81.5</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<h4 class="short">B. <i>Other skilled occupations</i><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="50%" summary="TABLE LIVB"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Occupation</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br bt">Tinners</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">6967</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bt"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Watch and clockmakers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">4444</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Tobacco workers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">4350</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Hat and capmakers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">4070</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Barbers and hairdressers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">4054</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Weavers and spinners</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">3971</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Tanners and curriers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">3715</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Furriers and fur workers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">3144</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Bookbinders</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">3009</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Masons</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">2507</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Plumbers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">2455</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Saddlers and harness makers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">2311</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Milliners</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">2291</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Metal workers (other than iron, steel and tin)</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">2231</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Machinists</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1907</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Jewelers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1837</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Millers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1390</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Mechanics (not specified)</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1203</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Upholsterers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1109</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Photographers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1013</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Iron and steel workers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">604</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Textile workers (not specified)</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">436</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Others</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">13938</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr bb">72956</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Grand total</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">395823</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="3" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="3"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> Seamstresses are included with dressmakers; cabinetmakers and + woodworkers (not specified) with carpenters and joiners.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LV" id="TABLE_LV"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LV</h3> + +<h4 class="short">OCCUPATIONS OF TOTAL EUROPEAN AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1909, AND +PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="55%" summary="TABLE LV"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Group</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Professional</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">803222</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">6836</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt">8.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br" width="40%">Skilled laborers</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr" width="20%">1247674</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr" width="20%">362936</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl" width="20%">29.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Farm laborers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1290295</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">9633</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">0.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Farmers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">841466</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">908</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">1.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Common laborers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">2282565</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">66311</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">2.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Servants</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">890093</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">61611</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">6.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">No occupation</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">2165287</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">445728</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">20.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Miscellaneous</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">172652</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">36219</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bb">21.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">8213034</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">990182</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt">12.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, p. 27.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LVI" id="TABLE_LVI"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LVI</h3> + +<h4 class="short">TOTAL EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> AND IMMIGRANTS WITHOUT OCCUPATION, 1899 +TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="55%" summary="TABLE LVI"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">People</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Without occupation (including women and children)</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">1074442</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">484175</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt">45.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Bohemian and Moravian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">100189</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">39700</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">39.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Croatian and Slovenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">355542</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">37219</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">11.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">English</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">408614</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">158616</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">38.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Finnish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">151774</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">28766</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">18.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">French</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">115783</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">45745</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">39.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">German</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">745375</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">296082</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">39.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Greek</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">216962</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">19244</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">8.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Irish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">439724</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">63456</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">14.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, North</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">372668</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">76046</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">20.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, South</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1911933</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">440274</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">23.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Lithuanian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">175258</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">33718</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">19.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Magyar</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">338151</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">78875</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">23.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Polish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">949064</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">200634</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">21.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Ruthenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">147375</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">18915</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">12.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scandinavian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">586306</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">111212</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">18.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scotch</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">136842</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">47634</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">34.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Slovak</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">377527</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">87280</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bb">23.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">9555673<span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">2506713</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt">26.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> All races with an immigration below 100,000 omitted.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> From <i>Statistical Review of Immigration</i>, p. 52.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span> Total includes all races.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LVII" id="TABLE_LVII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LVII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">OCCUPATIONS OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> REPORTING EMPLOYMENT, 1899 TO +1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="75%" summary="TABLE LVII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">People</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number reporting employment</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="4" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">In professional occupations</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">In skilled occupations</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Laborers, including farm laborers</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Miscellaneous</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="30%">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="14%">590267</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="14%">1.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="14%">67.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="14%">13.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt" width="14%">18.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Bohemian and Moravian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">60489</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">40.8</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">28.5</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">29.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Bulgarian, Servian and Montenegrin</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">90991</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">3.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">92.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">4.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Croatian and Slovenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">298324</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">5.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">86.4</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">8.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">English</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">249908</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">9.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">48.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">14.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">28.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Finnish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">123008</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">6.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">67.2</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">26.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">French</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">70038</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">9.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">34.5</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">26.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">30.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">German</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">458293</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">3.5</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">30.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">37.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">28.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Greek</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">197718</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">7.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">86.2</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">5.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Irish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">376268</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">12.6</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">35.2</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">50.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, North</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">296622</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">20.4</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">66.5</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">12.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, South</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1471659</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.4</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">14.6</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr"> 77.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">7.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Lithuanian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">141540</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr"> 6.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">76.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">17.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Magyar</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">259276</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.5</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">8.6</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">77.5</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">13.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Polish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">748430</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.2</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">6.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">75.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">18.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Roumanian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">75531</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.2</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">2.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">93.8</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">3.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Russian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">69986</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1.4</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">9.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">82.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">6.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Ruthenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">128460</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">2.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">80.6</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">17.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scandinavian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">475094</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr"> 1.2</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">20.5</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">43.8</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">34.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scotch</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">89208</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">5.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">57.9</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">12.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">24.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Slovak</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">290247</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">4.4</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">80.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bb">15.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">7048953<span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">1.4</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">20.2</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">79.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt">19.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;">[1] All races with an immigration below 50,000 omitted.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> From <i>Statistical Review of Immigration</i>, p. 53.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span> Total includes all races.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LVIII" id="TABLE_LVIII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LVIII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">OCCUPATIONS OF SLAVIC AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING EMPLOYMENT, 1899 +TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="75%" summary="TABLE LVIII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">People</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">No. reporting occupations</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="4" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">In professional occupations</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">In skilled occupations</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Common Laborers (including farm laborers)</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Miscellaneous</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="30%">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="14%">590267</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="14%">1.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="14%">67.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="14%">13.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt" width="14%">18.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Bohemian and Moravian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">60489</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">40.8</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">28.5</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">29.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Bulgarian, Servian and Montenegrin</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">90991</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">3.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">92.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">4.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Croatian and Slovenian</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">298324</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">5.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">86.4</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">8.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Polish</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">748430</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.2</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">6.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">75.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">18.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Russian</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">69986</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1.4</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">9.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">82.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">6.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Ruthenian</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">128460</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">2.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">80.6</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">17.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Slovak</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">290247</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">4.4</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">80.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">15.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="6" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Statistical Review of Immigration</i>, p. 53.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LIX" id="TABLE_LIX"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LIX</h3> + +<h4 class="short">OCCUPATIONS OF "OLD" AND "NEW" IMMIGRATION (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND OF +JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1899 TO 1909<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="75%" summary="TABLE LIX"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Occupations</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">"Old" immigrations</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">"New" immigration (Jewish excepted)</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigration</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Per cent</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Per cent</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="25%">Professional</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="13%">56406</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="12%">2.5</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="13%">17080</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="12%">.3</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="13%">6836</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt" width="12%">.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Skilled laborers</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">442754</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">19.5</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">441984</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">8.9</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">362936</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">36.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Farm laborers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">138598</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">6.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1142064</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">23.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">9633</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">1.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Farmers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">40633</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1.8</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">42605</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">.9</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">908</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Common laborers</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">402074</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">17.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1814180</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">36.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">66311</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">6.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Servants</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">424698</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">18.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">403784</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">8.2</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">61611</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">6.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">No occupation</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">678510</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">29.8</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1041049</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">21.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">445728</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">45.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Miscellaneous</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">90109</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">4.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">46324</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">.9</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">36219</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bb">3.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">2273782</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">4949070</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">990182</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="7" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, p. 29.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LX" id="TABLE_LX"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LX</h3> + +<h4 class="short">ILLITERACY OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="55%" summary="TABLE LX"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="16%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="28%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants 14 years of age and over</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="28%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrant illiterates<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> 14 years of age and over</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="28%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent illiterate</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">1899</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bltr">28428</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bltr">5637</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blt">19.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1900</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">47672</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">10607</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">22.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1901</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">43367</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">10119</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">23.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1902</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">42376</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">11921</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">28.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1903</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">57159</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">14980</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">26.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1904</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">82707</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">18763</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">22.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1905</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">101357</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">22770</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">22.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1906</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">110128</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">29444</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">26.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1907</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">111486</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">31885</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">28.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1908</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">77374</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">23217</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">30.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">42341</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">12201</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">28.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">1910</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blrb">62391</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blrb">17963</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl bb">28.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bltr">806786</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bltr">209507</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blt">26.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> Those who could neither read nor write.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LXI" id="TABLE_LXI"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LXI</h3> + +<h4 class="short">SEX OF JEWISH IMMIGRANT ILLITERATES, 1908 TO 1912<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="75%" summary="TABLE LVIII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="3" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Year</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants 14 years of age and over</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="4" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants illiterates 14 years of age and over</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb" colspan="2">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb" colspan="2">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Female</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Female</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Female</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="16%">1908</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="14%">43270</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="14%">34104</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="14%">9455</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="14%">13762</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="14%">21.9</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blt" width="14%">40.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1909</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">23452</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">18889</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">4832</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">7369</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">20.6</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">39.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1910</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">35272</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">27120</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">7593</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">10370</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">21.5</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">38.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">1911</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">38018</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">31370</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">6453</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">10304</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">16.9</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">32.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">1912</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">32706</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">27799</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">5637</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">9498</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">17.2</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl bb">34.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">172718</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">139282</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">33970</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">51303</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">19.7</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blt">36.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="7" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> In order to ascertain the number of males and females, 14 years + of age and over, the number of Jewish immigrants under 14 years of age were distributed equally between the sexes. Subtracting + these respectively from the number of males and females, we obtain the above totals. Cf. <i>Report of New York State + Commission on Immigration</i>, 1908, p. 171.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LXII" id="TABLE_LXII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LXII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">ILLITERACY OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS,<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> 1899 to 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" summary="TABLE LXII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">People</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Immigrants 14 years of age and over</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Immigrant illiterates 14 years of age and over</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="25%">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bltr" width="25%">806786</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bltr" width="25%">209507</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blt" width="25%">26.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Bohemian and Moravian</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">79721</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">1322</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">1.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Croatian and Slovenian</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">320977</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">115785</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">36.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">English</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">347458</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">3647</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">1.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Finnish</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">137916</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">1745</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">1.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">German</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">625793</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">32236</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">5.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Greek</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">208608</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">55089</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">26.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Irish</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">416640</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">10721</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">2.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, North</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">339301</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">38897</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">11.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Italian, South</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">1690376</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">911566</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">53.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Lithuanian</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">161441</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">79001</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">48.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Magyar</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">307082</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">35004</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">11.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Polish</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">861303</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">304675</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl"> 35.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Ruthenian</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">140775</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">75165</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">53.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scandinavian</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">530634</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">2221</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Scotch</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">115788</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">767</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Slovak</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blrb">342583</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blrb">82216</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl bb">24.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total<span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr3vb bltr">8398624</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bltr">2238801</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blt">26.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> All peoples with an immigration below 100,000 excluded, except + the Bohemian and Moravian.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> From <i>Statistical Review of Immigration</i>, p. 51.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[3]</b></span> Total for all races.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LXIII" id="TABLE_LXIII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LXIII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">ILLITERACY OF "OLD" AND "NEW" IMMIGRATION (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND OF +JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1899 TO 1909<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="55%" summary="TABLE LXIII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Classed</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Immigrants 14 years of age and over</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Immigrant illiterates 14 years of age and over</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="30%">Old immigration</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="25%">1983618</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="25%">52833</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt" width="25%">2.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">New immigration (Jewish excepted)</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">4471047</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">1667754</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">37.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Jewish immigration</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">744395</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blrb">191544</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl bb">25.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">7199060</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr">1912131</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt">26.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Emigration Conditions in Europe</i>, p. 30.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LXIV" id="TABLE_LXIV"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LXIV</h3> + +<h4 class="short">ILLITERACY OF PEOPLES FROM EASTERN EUROPE, 1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="55%" summary="TABLE LXIV"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">People</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Immigrants 14 years of age and over</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Illiterates</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Number</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="30%">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="25%">806786</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="25%">209507</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt" width="25%">26.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Lithuanian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">161441</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">79001</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">48.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Polish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">861303</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">304675</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">35.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Russian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">77479</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">29777</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">38.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Ruthenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">140775</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">75165</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">63.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Statistical Review of Immigration</i>, p. 51.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LXV" id="TABLE_LXV"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LXV</h3> + +<h4 class="short">SEX OF ILLITERATES OF PEOPLES FROM EASTERN EUROPE, 1908<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="55%" summary="TABLE LXV"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" rowspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Race</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Number illiterates 14 years and over</td> + <td class="tdc blb" colspan="2" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Female</td> + <td class="tdc bltr bb">Male</td> + <td class="tdc blt bb">Female</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr" width="32%">Jewish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="17%">9455</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr" width="17%">13762</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bltr" width="17%">21.9</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blt" width="17%">40.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Lithuanian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">4215</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">2897</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">53.4</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">63.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Polish</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">14573</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">8813</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">36.7</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">42.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Russian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">5820</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">828</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">40.1</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">50.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Ruthenian</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">4203</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">1836</td> + <td class="tdr25vb blr">49.6</td> + <td class="tdr25vb bl">57.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="5" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Report of New York State Commission on Immigration</i>, + 1908, p. 171.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LXVI" id="TABLE_LXVI"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LXVI</h3> + +<h4 class="short">DESTINATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910, BY DIVISION<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="45%" summary="TABLE LXVI"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Division</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">North Atlantic States</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bltr">923549</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blt">86.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">North Central States</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">110998</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">10.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">South Atlantic States</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">25149</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">2.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">South Central States</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">8324</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Western States</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blrb">6384</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl bb">.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bltr">1074404<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr3vb blt">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="3" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="3"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> 27 were destined for Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, and 11 were + tourists.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LXVII" id="TABLE_LXVII"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LXVII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">DESTINATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 to 1910, BY PRINCIPAL STATES<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="45%" summary="TABLE LXVII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">State</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">New York</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bltr">690296</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blt">64.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">108534</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">10.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">66023</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">6.1</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">59931</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">4.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">31279</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">3.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">20531</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">1.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">18700</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">1.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">16254</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">1.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">12476</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">1.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Minnesota</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">7029</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">.7</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Wisconsin</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">6369</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Michigan</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">5970</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">5023</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">All others</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blrb">31989</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl bb">3.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">1074404<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr3vb blt">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="3" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> <i>Cf.</i> note 2 of table LXVI.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LXVIII" id="TABLE_LXVIII"></a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LXVIII</h3> + +<h4 class="short">PERCENTAGE OF JEWISH AND TOTAL IMMIGRANTS DESTINED FOR EACH DIVISION, +1899 TO 1910<span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span><span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="45%" summary="TABLE LXVII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Division</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of total immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="30%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent of Jewish immigrants</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">South Atlantic States</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bltr">67.5</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blt">86.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">North Central States</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">22.4</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">10.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">South Atlantic States</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">2.7</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">2.3</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">South Central States</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blr">1.8</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl">.8</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Western</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blrb">5.6</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bl bb">.6</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr3vb bltr">100.0</td> + <td class="tdr3vb blt">100.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="3" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<a name="TABLE_LXIX" id="TABLE_LXIX"></a><br /> +<br /> + +<h3>TABLE LXIX</h3> + +<h4 class="short">PARTICIPATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS IN DESTINATION OF TOTAL IMMIGRANTS, +1899 TO 1910, BY DIVISION<span class="totot"><a href="#tot">ToT</a></span></h4> + +<div class="centered"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="55%" summary="TABLE LXVII"> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb" width="40%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Division</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Total immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blrb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Jewish immigrants</td> + <td class="tdc blb" width="20%" style="border-top: solid 2px black;">Per cent Jewish of total</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">North Atlantic</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">6368243</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">923549</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blt">14.5</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">North Central</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">2116327</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">110998</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">5.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">South Atlantic</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">254936</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">25149</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">9.9</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 br">South Central</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">167437</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blr">8324</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl">5.0</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 brb">Western</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">532824</td> + <td class="tdr2vb blrb">6384</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bl bb">1.2</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2 btr">Total</td> + <td class="tdr2vb bltr">9439757</td> + <td class="tdr1vb bltr">1074404<span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span></td> + <td class="tdr2vb blt">11.4</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4" style="padding-top: .75em; border-top: solid 2px black;"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[1]</b></span> From <i>Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="tdlp2" colspan="4"><span class="fnanchor"><b>[2]</b></span> <i>Cf.</i> note 2 of table LXVI.</td> + </tr> +</table> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="APPENDIX_A" id="APPENDIX_A"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h2>APPENDICES</h2> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span><br /> +<hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>APPENDIX A.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> +<br /> + +<h4 class="sc">President Harrison's Message to Congress,<br /> December 9, +1891.<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a></h4> + +<p>This Government has found occasion to express in a friendly spirit, +but with much earnestness, to the Government of the Czar its concern +because of the harsh measures now being enforced against the Hebrews +in Russia. By the revival of antisemitic laws, long in abeyance, great +numbers of those unfortunate people have been constrained to abandon +their homes and leave the Empire by reason of the impossibility of +finding subsistence within the pale to which it is sought to confine +them. The immigration of these people to the United States—many other +countries being closed to them—is largely increasing and is likely to +assume proportions which may make it difficult to find homes and +employment for them here and to seriously affect the labor market. It +is estimated that over 1,000,000 will be forced from Russia in a few +years. The Hebrew is never a beggar; he has always kept the law—life +by toil—often under severe and oppressive civil restrictions. It is +also true that no race, set or class has more fully cared for its own +than the Hebrew race. But the sudden transfer of such a multitude +under conditions that tend to strip them of their small accumulations +and to depress their energies and courage is neither good for them nor +for us.</p> + +<p>The banishment, whether by direct decree or by not less certain +indirect methods, of so large a number of men and women is not a local +question. A decree to leave one country is in the nature of things an +order to enter another—some other. This consideration, as well as the +suggestion of humanity, furnishes ample ground for the remonstrances +which we have presented to Russia, while our historic friendship for +that government can not fail to give assurance that our +representations are those of a sincere wellwisher.</p> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>FOOTNOTES:</h4> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="noin"><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> (<i>Messages and Papers of the Presidents</i>, 1789-1897, +vol. ix, 1889-97, p. 188. Washington, 1898).</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="APPENDIX_B" id="APPENDIX_B"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>APPENDIX B.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h4 class="sc">Article VII of the Constitution of Roumania.</h4> +<br /> + +<p>Difference in religious beliefs and confessions does not constitute in +Roumania an obstacle to the obtainment of civil and political rights, +nor to the exercise of these rights.</p> + +<p>(1) A foreigner without distinction of religion, and whether a subject +or not of a foreign government, can become naturalized under the +following conditions:</p> + +<p>(a) He shall address to the government an application for +naturalization, in which he shall indicate the capital he possesses, +the profession or craft which he follows, and his abode in Roumania.</p> + +<p>(b) He shall reside, after this application, ten years in the country, +and prove, by action, that he is of service to it.</p> + +<p>(2) The following may be exempted from the intermediary stages:</p> + +<p>(a) Those who have brought into the country industries, useful +inventions, or talent, or who have founded large establishments of +commerce or industry.</p> + +<p>(b) Those who, born and bred in Roumania, of parents established in +the country, have never been subjected, either themselves or their +parents, to any protection by a foreign power.</p> + +<p>(c) Those who have served under the colors during the war of +independence; these may be naturalized collectively by government +decree, by a single resolution, and without any further formality.</p> + +<p>(3) Naturalization can not be given except by law, and individually.</p> + +<p>(4) A special law shall determine the manner in which foreigners may +establish their home on Roumanian territory.</p> + +<p>(5) Only Roumanians, and those who have been naturalized Roumanians, +can buy rural estates in Roumania.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="APPENDIX_C" id="APPENDIX_C"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>APPENDIX C.<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<h4 class="sc">Secretary Hay's Note.</h4> +<br /> + +<p class="right"><span class="sc">Department of State, }</span><br /> +<span class="sc">Washington</span>, <i>August 11, 1902</i>. }</p> + +<p>"Excellency:—In the course of an instruction recently sent to the +Minister accredited to the Government of Roumania in regard to the +bases of negotiation begun with that government looking to a +convention of naturalization between the United States and Roumania, +certain considerations were set forth for the Minister's guidance +concerning the character of the emigration from that country, the +causes which constrain it, and the consequences so far as they +adversely affect the United States.</p> + +<p>"It has seemed to the President appropriate that these considerations, +relating as they do to the obligations entered into by the signatories +of the Treaty of Berlin, of July 13, 1878, should be brought to the +attention of the Governments concerned, and commended to their +consideration in the hope that, if they are so fortunate as to meet +the approval of the several Powers, such measures as to them may seem +wise may be taken to persuade the Government of Roumania to reconsider +the subject of the grievances in question.</p> + +<p>"The United States welcomes now, as it has welcomed from the +foundation of its Government, the voluntary immigration of all aliens +coming hither under conditions fitting them to become merged in the +body politic of this land. Our laws provide the means for them to +become incorporated indistinguishably in the mass of citizens, and +prescribe their absolute equality with the native born, guaranteeing +to them equal civil rights at home and equal protection abroad. The +conditions are few, looking to their coming as free agents, so +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>circumstanced physically and morally as to supply the healthful and +intelligent material of free citizenhood. The pauper, the criminal, +the contagiously or incurably diseased are excluded from the benefits +of immigration only when they are likely to become a source of danger +or a burden upon the community. The voluntary character of their +coming is essential; hence we shut out all immigration assisted or +constrained by foreign agencies. The purpose of our generous treatment +of the alien immigrant is to benefit us and him alike—not to afford +to another state a field upon which to cast its own objectionable +elements. The alien, coming hither voluntarily and prepared to take +upon himself the preparatory and in due course the definitive +obligations of citizenship, retains thereafter, in domestic and +international relations, the initial character of free agency, in the +full enjoyment of which it is incumbent upon his adoptive State to +protect him.</p> + +<p>"The foregoing considerations, whilst pertinent to the examination of +the purpose and scope of a naturalization treaty, have a larger aim. +It behooves the State to scrutinize most jealously the character of +the immigration from a foreign land, and, if it be obnoxious to +objection, to examine the causes which render it so. Should those +causes originate in the act of another sovereign State, to the +detriment of its neighbors, it is the prerogative of an injured State, +to point out the evil and to make remonstrance: for with nations, as +with individuals the social law holds good, that the right of each is +bounded by the right of the neighbor.</p> + +<p>"The condition of a large class of the inhabitants of Roumania has for +many years been a source of grave concern to the United States. I +refer to the Roumanian Jews, numbering some 400,000. Long ago, while +the Danubian principalities labored under oppressive conditions, which +only war and a general action of European powers sufficed to end, the +persecution of the indigenous Jews under Turkish rule called forth in +1872 the strong remonstrance of the United States. The Treaty of +Berlin was hailed as a cure for the wrong, in view of the express +provisions of its forty-fourth article, prescribing <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span>that "in +Roumania, the difference of religious creeds and confessions shall not +be alleged against any person as ground for exclusion or incapacity in +matters relating to the enjoyment of civil and political rights, +admission to public employments, functions, and honors, or the +exercise of the various professions and industries in any locality +whatsoever," and stipulating freedom in the exercise of all forms of +worship to Roumanian dependents and foreigners alike, as well as +guaranteeing that all foreigners in Roumania shall be treated, without +distinction of creed, on a footing of perfect equality.</p> + +<p>"With the lapse of time these just prescriptions have been rendered +nugatory in great part, as regards the native Jews, by the legislation +and municipal regulations of Roumania. Starting from the arbitrary and +controvertible premise that the native Jews of Roumania domiciled +there for centuries are "aliens not subject to foreign protection," +the ability of the Jew to earn even the scanty means of existence that +suffice for a frugal race has been constricted by degrees, until +nearly every opportunity to win a livelihood is denied; and until the +helpless poverty of the Jew has constrained an exodus of such +proportions as to cause general concern.</p> + +<p>"The political disabilities of the Jews in Roumania, their exclusion +from the public service and the learned professions, the limitations +of their civil rights and the imposition upon them of exceptional +taxes, involving as they do wrongs repugnant to the moral sense of +liberal modern peoples, are not so directly in point for my present +purpose as the public acts which attack the inherent right of man as a +breadwinner in the ways of agriculture and trade. The Jews are +prohibited from owning land, or even from cultivating it as common +laborers. They are debarred from residing in the rural districts. Many +branches of petty trade and manual production are closed to them in +the overcrowded cities where they are forced to dwell and engage, +against fearful odds, in the desperate struggle for existence. Even as +ordinary artisans or hired laborers they may only find employment in +proportion of one "unprotected alien" to two "Roumanians" under <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span>any +one employer. In short, by the cumulative effect of successive +restrictions, the Jews of Roumania have become reduced to a state of +wretched misery. Shut out from nearly every avenue of self-support +which is open to the poor of other lands, and ground down by poverty +as the natural result of their discriminatory treatment, they are +rendered incapable of lifting themselves from the enforced degradation +they endure. Even were the fields of education, of civil employment +and of commerce open to them as to "Roumanian citizens," their penury +would prevent their rising by individual effort. Human beings so +circumstanced have virtually no alternatives but submissive suffering +or flight to some land less unfavorable to them. Removal under such +conditions is not and cannot be the healthy, intelligent emigration of +a free and self-reliant being. It must be, in most cases, the mere +transplantation of an artificially produced diseased growth to a new +place.</p> + +<p>"Granting that, in better and more healthful surroundings, the morbid +conditions will eventually change for good, such emigration is +necessarily for a time a burden to the community upon which the +fugitives may be cast. Self-reliance and the knowledge and ability +that evolve the power of self-support must be developed, and, at the +same time, avenues of employment must be opened in quarters where +competition is already keen and opportunities scarce. The teachings of +history and the experience of our own nation show that the Jews +possess in a high degree the mental and moral qualifications of +conscientious citizenhood. No class of immigrants is more welcome to +our shores, when coming equipped in mind and body for entrance upon +the struggle for bread, and inspired with the high purpose to give the +best service of heart and brain to the land they adopt of their own +free will. But when they come as outcasts, made doubly paupers by +physical and moral oppression in their native land, and thrown upon +the long-suffering generosity of a more favored community, their +migration lacks the essential conditions which make alien immigration +either acceptable or beneficial. So well is this appreciated on <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span>the +Continent that, even in the countries where anti-Semitism has no +foothold, it is difficult for these fleeing Jews to obtain any +lodgment. America is their only goal.</p> + +<p>"The United States offers asylum to the oppressed of all lands. But +its sympathy with them in no wise impairs its just liberty and right +to weigh the acts of the oppressor in the light of their effects upon +this country and to judge accordingly.</p> + +<p>"Putting together the facts now plainly brought home to this +Government during the past few years, that many of the inhabitants of +Roumania are being forced, by artificially adverse discriminations, to +quit their native country; that the hospitable asylum offered by this +country is almost the only refuge left to them; that they come hither +unfitted, by the conditions of their exile, to take part in the new +life of this land under circumstances either profitable to themselves +or beneficial to the community; and that they are objects of charity +from the outset and for a long time—the right of remonstrance against +the acts of the Roumanian Government is clearly established in favor +of this Government. Whether consciously and of purpose or not, these +helpless people, burdened and spurned by their native land, are forced +by the sovereign power of Roumania upon the charity of the United +States. This Government cannot be a tacit party to such an +international wrong. It is constrained to protest against the +treatment to which the Jews of Roumania are subjected, not alone +because it has unimpeachable ground to remonstrate against the +resultant injury to itself, but in the name of humanity. The United +States may not authoritatively appeal to the stipulations of the +Treaty of Berlin to which it was not and cannot become a signatory, +but it does earnestly appeal to the principles consigned therein +because they are the principles of international law and eternal +justice, advocating the broad toleration which that solemn compact +enjoins and standing ready to lend its moral support to the fulfilment +thereof by its co-signatories, for the act of Roumania itself has +effectively joined the United States to them as an interested party in +this regard.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span>"You will take an early occasion to read this instruction to the +Minister for Foreign Affairs and, should he request it, leave with him +a copy.</p> + +<p class="right"> +<span style="padding-right: 15%;">"I have the honor to be,</span><br /> +<span style="padding-right: 10%;">"Your obedient servant,</span><br /> +<span style="padding-right: 5%;" class="sc">"John Hay".</span></p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a><hr /> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span><br /> + +<h3>BIBLIOGRAPHY<span class="totoc"><a href="#toc">ToC</a></span></h3> + +<div class="block"><p class="cen">(All works referred to in the text are given below. A number of +other works that have been found useful are also included.)</p></div> + +<br /> + +<div class="block2"><p class="hang">Alexinsky, Gregor. <i>Modern Russia.</i> New York, Charles Scribner's +Sons, 1913.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>Alliance Israélite Universelle</i>, 1870 to 1900.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>The American Jewish Year Book.</i> Philadelphia, Jewish Publication +Society of America, 1900-1913.</p> + +<p class="hang">---- 1913. Jewish Immigration to the United States, pp. 283-4.</p> + +<p class="hang">Association for the Protection of Jewish Immigrants of +Philadelphia. <i>Annual Reports</i>, 1885 to 1910.</p> + +<p class="hang">Balch, Emily Greene. <i>Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens.</i> New York +Charities Publication Committee, 1910.</p> + +<p class="hang">Bluntschli. Dr. <i>Roumania and the Legal Status of the Jews in +Roumania.</i> London, Anglo-Jewish Association, 1879.</p> + +<p class="hang">Buzek, Dr. Joseph. "Das Auswanderungsproblem in Oesterreich," +<i>Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und +Verwaltung</i>, vol. 10, 1901.</p> + +<p class="hang">Carmen Sylva. "Roumania and the Foreigners," <i>Century</i>, March, +1906.</p> + +<p class="hang">Charmatz, Richard. <i>Deutsch-Oesterreichische Politik.</i> Leipzig, +Duncker und Humblot, 1907.</p> + +<p class="hang">Demidoff San Donato, Prince. <i>The Jewish Question in Russia.</i> +London, Darling & Son, 1884.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>Die Judenpogromen in Russland.</i> 2 vols. Köln, Jüdischer Verlag, +1910.</p> + +<p class="hang">English Royal Commission on Alien Immigration, 1904.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>Enquête sur les Artisans—première partie</i>, Ministère de +l'Industrie et du Commerce, Royaume de Roumanie, Bucarest +1909.</p> + +<p class="hang">Fairchild. <i>Immigration.</i> New York, Macmillan Co., 1913.</p> + +<p class="hang">Frederic, Harold. <i>The New Exodus.</i> New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, +1892.</p> + +<p class="hang">Goldberg. "Die Juden unter der städtischer Bevölkerung Russlands." +<i>Zeitschrift für Demographie und Statistik der Juden.</i> Bureau +für Statistik der Juden, Berlin.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>Grenzboten</i>, vol. 62, 1903. (1) "Galizische Wirtschaft." (2) +"Galizien."</p> + +<p class="hang">Hersch, L. <i>Le Juif errant d'aujourd'hui.</i> Paris, M. Giard et E. +Brière, 1913.</p> + +<p class="hang">Hillman, Anselm. <i>Jüdisches Genossenschaftswesen in Russland</i>, +Bureau für Statistik der Juden, Berlin, 1911.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span></p> + +<p class="hang">Immigration Commission. <i>Emigration Conditions in Europe.</i> Report +to 61st Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Document No. 748, +Washington, 1911.</p> + +<p class="hang">---- <i>Conclusions and Recommendations.</i></p> + +<p class="hang">---- <i>Abstract of Emigration Conditions in Europe.</i></p> + +<p class="hang">---- <i>Abstract of Statistical Review of Immigration to the United +States, 1820-1910.</i> Washington, 1911.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>Jewish Chronicle</i>, 1875-1910.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia.</i> 1. "Antisemitism." 2. "Austria." 3. +"Migration." 4. "Roumania." 5. "Russia."</p> + +<p class="hang">Jorga, N. <i>Geschichte des Rumänischen Volkes.</i> 2 vols. Gotha, +Fredrich Andreas Perthes, 1905.</p> + +<p class="hang">Jüdische Statistik, Berlin, Jüdischer Verlag, 1903.</p> + +<p class="hang">---- <i>Enquête über die Lage der jüdischen Bevölkerung Galiziens</i>, +von Dr. S. Fleischer.</p> + +<p class="hang">---- <i>Zur Bewegung der jüdischen Bevölkerung in Galizien</i>, von Dr. +A. Korkis.</p> + +<p class="hang">Kogalniceanu, Vasile M. "Die Agrarfrage in Rumänien." <i>Archiv für +Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>, vol. 32, 1911.</p> + +<p class="hang">Kovalevsky, Maxim. <i>La crise russe.</i> V. Giard et E. Brière, Paris, +1906.</p> + +<p class="hang">---- <i>Russian Political Institutions.</i> University of Chicago +Press, 1902.</p> + +<p class="hang">Landa, M.J. <i>The Alien Problem and its Remedy.</i> London, P.S. King +& Son, 1911.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>La question juive dans les Chambres roumaines.</i> Seconde édition. +Paris, Ch. Maréchal, 1879.</p> + +<p class="hang">Lazare, Bernard. <i>Die Juden in Rumänien.</i> H.S. Hermann, Berlin, +1902.</p> + +<p class="hang">Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole. <i>The Empire of the Tsars.</i> 3 vols. New +York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1894.</p> + +<p class="hang">Loeb, Isidore. <i>La Situation des Israélites en Turquie, en Serbie +et en Roumanie.</i> Paris, Joseph Baer et Cie, 1877.</p> + +<p class="hang">Margolin, Salomon. "Die wirtschaftliche Lage der jüdischen +arbeitenden Klassen in Russland." <i>Archiv für +Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik.</i> Band 26, Heft I.</p> + +<p class="hang">Milyoukov, Paul. <i>Russia and its Crisis.</i> University of Chicago +Press, 1905.</p> + +<p class="hang">Palmer, Francis H.E. <i>Austro-Hungarian Life in Town and Country.</i> +New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1903.</p> + +<p class="hang">---- <i>Russian Life in Town and Country.</i> New York, G.P. Putnam's +Sons, 1903.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>Persecution of the Jews in Russia</i> (issued by the Russo-Jewish +committee of London). Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society +of America, 1891.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span></p> + +<p class="hang"><i>Reports of the Commissioner-General of Immigration</i>, 1881 to +1912.</p> + +<p class="hang"><i>Report on the Causes inciting Immigration to the United States</i>, +1892.</p> + +<p class="hang">Rubinow, I.M. <i>Economic Condition of the Jews in Russia.</i> Bulletin +of the Bureau of Labor, Department of Commerce and Labor, +Washington, 1907.</p> + +<p class="hang">Ruppin, Dr. A. <i>Die Sozialen Verhältnisse der Juden in Russland.</i> +Berlin, Jüdischer Verlag, 1906.</p> + +<p class="hang">---- <i>Die Juden in Rumänien.</i> Bureau für Statistik der Juden. Heft +5. Louis Lamm, Berlin, 1908.</p> + +<p class="hang">---- <i>The Jews of To-Day.</i> New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1913.</p> + +<p class="hang">Schulze-Gävernitz, Dr. G. von. <i>Volkswirtschaftliche Studien aus +Russland.</i> Leipzig, 1899.</p> + +<p class="hang">Séménoff, E. <i>The Russian Government and the Jewish Massacres.</i> +London, John Murray, 1907.</p> + +<p class="hang">Simkhovitch, Valdimir G. "An Interpretation of Russian Autocracy." +<i>The International Quarterly</i>, Oct., 1904.</p> + +<p class="hang">Sincerus, Edmond. <i>Les Juifs en Roumanie.</i> New York, Macmillan & +Co., 1901.</p> + +<p class="hang">Sturdza, A.A.C. <i>La Terre et la Race roumaines.</i> Paris, Lucien +Lavens, 1904.</p> + +<p class="hang">Sulzberger, David. <i>The Beginnings of Russo-Jewish Immigration to +Philadelphia.</i> Publications of the American Jewish Historical +Society, No. 19, 1910.</p> + +<p class="hang">Thon, Dr. Jacob. <i>Die Juden in Oesterreich.</i> Bureau für Statistik +der Juden. Heft 4. Louis Lamm, Berlin, 1908.</p> + +<p class="hang">United Hebrew Charities of New York, <i>Annual Reports</i>, 1884 to +1910.</p> + +<p class="hang">Urussov, Prince Serge. <i>Memoirs of a Russian Governor.</i> New York, +Harper Bros., 1908.</p> + +<p class="hang">Wallace, Sir Donald Mackenzie. <i>Russia.</i> 2nd edition. New York, +Henry Holt & Co., 1905.</p> + +<p class="hang">White, Andrew D. <i>Autobiography.</i> 2 vols. New York, Century Co., +1905.</p> + +<p class="hang">Witte, S.J. <i>Vorlesungen über Volks und Staatswirtschaft.</i> +Stuttgart and Berlin, 1913.</p> + +<p class="hang">Wolf, Lucien. <i>The Legal Sufferings of the Jews in Russia.</i> +London, T. Fisher Unwin, 1912.</p></div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<div class="tr"> +<p class="cen"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Typographical errors corrected in text:</p> +<br /> +Page 74: acordance replaced with accordance<br /> +Page 75: elementay replaced with elementary<br /> +Page 103: Jewism replaced with Jewish<br /> +Page 183: Croation replaced with Croatian<br /> +Page 185: Croation replaced with Croatian<br /> +Page 187: Commissiomer replaced with Commissioner<br /> +Page 196: Table LXIX (2nd) North Central replaced with South Central<br /> +<br /> + +<p class="noin">On page 146 the typesetter misplaced four lines of text:<br /> +"Out of a total<br /> + this country from 1899 to 1910, 209,507 or 26 per<br /> + of 806,786 Jews fourteen years of age and over who entered<br /> + cent, were unable to read and write."</p> +<p class="noin">This has been changed to read:<br /> +"Out of a total<br /> + of 806,786 Jews fourteen years of age and over who entered<br /> + this country from 1899 to 1910, 209,507 or 26 per<br /> + cent, were unable to read and write."</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES FROM 1881 TO 1910***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 35415-h.txt or 35415-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/5/4/1/35415">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/5/4/1/35415</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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