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+Project Gutenberg's The Super Race: An American Problem, by Scott Nearing
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Super Race: An American Problem
+
+Author: Scott Nearing
+
+Release Date: February 27, 2011 [EBook #35417]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SUPER RACE: AMERICAN PROBLEM ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive.)
+
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+
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+
+
+The Art of Life Series
+
+
+_The Super Race_
+
+
+
+
+  THE ART OF LIFE SERIES
+
+  _Edward Howard Griggs, Editor_
+
+
+  The Super Race
+
+  AN AMERICAN PROBLEM
+
+
+  BY SCOTT NEARING, Ph.D.
+
+  WHARTON SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
+  AUTHOR OF "SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT," ETC.
+
+
+  NEW YORK
+  B. W. HUEBSCH
+  1919
+
+
+
+
+  Copyright, 1912, by B. W. HUEBSCH
+
+  First printing, May, 1912
+  Second printing, May, 1919
+
+
+  PRINTED IN U. S. A.
+
+
+
+
+TO THE MOTHERS AND FATHERS OF THE SUPER RACE
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+For ages men have sought to perpetuate their memories in enduring
+monuments of brass and of stone. Yet, in their efforts to build lasting
+memorials they have neglected the most enduring monument of all--the
+Monument of Posterity. These farseeing ones have overlooked their real
+opportunity; for in posterity--in the achievements of their children's
+children, men may best hope to reflect a lasting greatness.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                                     PAGE
+
+    I THE CALL OF THE SUPER RACE                                13
+
+   II EUGENICS--THE SCIENCE OF RACE CULTURE                     26
+
+  III SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT--THE SCIENCE OF MOLDING INSTITUTIONS    44
+
+   IV EDUCATION--THE SCIENCE OF INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT          55
+
+    V THE AMERICAN OPPORTUNITY                                  75
+
+
+
+
+_The Super Race_
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE CALL OF THE SUPER RACE
+
+
+As a very small boy, I distinctly remember that stories of the discovery
+of America and Australia, of the exploration of Central Africa and of the
+invention of the locomotive, the steamboat, and the telegraph made a deep
+impression on my childish mind; and I shall never forget going one day to
+my mother and saying:--
+
+"Oh, dear, I wish I had been born before everything was discovered and
+invented. Now, there is nothing left for me to do."
+
+Brooding over it, and wondering why it should be so, my boyish soul felt
+deeply the tragedy of being born into an uneventful age. I fully believed
+that the great achievements of the world were in the past. Imagine then my
+joy when, in the course of my later studies, it slowly dawned upon me
+that the age in which I lived was, after all, an age of unparalleled
+activity. I saw the much vaunted discoveries and inventions of by-gone
+days in their true proportions. They no longer preëmpted the whole
+world--present and future, as well as past, but, freed from romance, they
+ranged themselves in the form of a foundation upon which the structure of
+civilization is building. The successive steps in human achievement, from
+the use of fire to the harnessing of electricity, constituted a process of
+evolution creating "a stage where every man must play his part"--a part
+expanding and broadening with each succeeding generation; and I saw that I
+had a place among the actors in this play of progress. The forward steps
+of the past need not, and would not prevent me from achieving in the
+present--nay, they might even make a place, if I could but find it, for my
+feet; they might hold up my hands, and place within my grasp the keen
+tools with which I should do my work.
+
+The school boy, passing from an attitude of contemplation and wonder
+before the things of the past into an attitude of active recognition of
+the necessities of the present, passed through the evolutionary process of
+the race. The savage, Sir Henry Maine tells us, lives in a state of abject
+fear, bound hand and foot by the sayings and doings of his ancestors and
+blinded by the terrors of nature. The lightning flashes, and the untutored
+mind, trembling, bows before the wrath of a jealous God; the harvest
+fails, and the savage humbly submits to the vengeance of an incensed
+deity; pestilence destroys the people, and the primitive man sees in this
+catastrophe a punishment inflicted on him for his failure to propitiate an
+exacting spirit--in these and a thousand other ways uncivilized peoples
+accept the phenomena in which nature displays her power, as the expressed
+will of an omnipotent being. One course alone is open to them; they must
+bow down before the unknown, accepting as inevitable those forces which
+they neither can understand nor conquer.
+
+Civilization has meant enlightenment and achievement. In lightning,
+Franklin saw a potent giant which he enslaved for the service of man; in
+famine, Burbank discovered a lack of proper adjustment between the soil
+and the crops that men were cultivating--thereupon he produced a wheat
+that would thrive on an annual rainfall of twelve inches; in pestilence,
+Pasteur recognized the ravages of an organism which he prepared to study
+and destroy. Lightning, famine and pestilence are, to the primitive man,
+the threatening of a wrathful god; but to the progressive thinker they are
+merely forces which must be utilized or counteracted in the work of human
+achievement.
+
+As a boy, I believed my opportunities to be limited by the achievements of
+the past. As a man, I see in these past achievements not hindrances, but
+the foundation stones which the past has laid down, upon which the present
+must build, in order that the future may erect the perfected structure of
+a higher civilization. I see all of this clearly, and I see one thing
+more. In the old days which I had erstwhile envied, one event of world
+import might have been chronicled for each decade, but in the nineteenth
+and twentieth centuries, such an event may be chronicled for each year, or
+month or even for each day. The achievements of the past were noteworthy:
+these of the present are stupendous.
+
+The process of social evolution reveals itself in these progressive steps.
+Because the past has built, the present is building--building in order
+that the future may stand higher in its realization of potential life. The
+past was an age of uncertain, hesitating advance. The present, an age of
+dynamic achievement, leads on into the future of human development.
+
+In the twentieth century:
+
+     1. Knowledge provides a basis for activity.
+
+     2. The social atmosphere palpitates with enthusiastic resolve and
+     abounds in noble endeavor.
+
+     3. There is work for each one to perform.
+
+The despondent boy has thus evolved into the enthusiastic worker whose
+watchword is "Forward!"--forward towards a new goal, whose very existence
+is made attainable through the achievements of the past: a goal before
+which the triumphs of bygone ages pale into insignificance.
+
+The past worked with things. Pyramids were built, cities constructed,
+mountains tunneled, trade augmented, fortunes amassed. Hear Ruskin's
+comment on this devotion to material wealth: "Nevertheless, it is open, I
+repeat, to serious question, ... whether, among national manufactures,
+that of souls of a good quality may not at last turn out a quite lucrative
+one. Nay, in some far-away and yet undreamed of hour, I can even imagine
+that England ... as a Christian mother, may at last attain to the virtues
+and the treasures of a heathen one, and be able to lead forth her sons,
+saying: 'These are my jewels.'"[1]
+
+The past worked with things: the future, rising higher in the scale of
+civilization, must work with men--with the plastic, living clay of
+humanity. As Solomon long ago said, "He that ruleth his own spirit is
+greater than he that taketh a city." The men of the past built cities and
+took them. They brought the forces of nature into subjection and remodeled
+the world as a living place for humanity, yet, save for a shadow in Rome
+and an echo from Greece, there is scarcely a trace in history of a
+consistent attempt to evolve nobler men.
+
+Material objects have cost the nations untold effort, but human fiber--the
+life blood of nations--has been overlooked or forgotten. The world is
+weary of this emphasis on things and this forgetfulness of men; the ether
+trembles with the clamor for manhood. The fields, white to harvest, are
+awaiting the laborers who, building on the discoveries and inventions of
+things in the past, will so mold the human clay of the present that the
+future may boast a society of men and women possessing the qualities of
+the Super Race.
+
+What is a Super Race? Nothing more nor less than a race representing, in
+the aggregate, the qualities of the Super Man--the qualities which enable
+one possessing them to live what Herbert Spencer described so luminously
+as a "complete life," namely,--
+
+  1. Physical normality.
+  2. Mental capacity.
+  3. Concentration.
+  4. Aggressiveness.
+  5. Sympathy.
+  6. Vision.
+
+These characteristics of the Super Man express themselves in his activity:
+
+  1. Physical normality provides energy.
+  2. Mental capacity gives mental grasp.
+  3. Aggressiveness. }
+                     } produce efficiency.
+  4. Concentration.  }
+  5. Sympathy leads to harmony with things and coöperation with men.
+  6. Vision shows itself in ideals.
+
+The energy to do; and the mental grasp to appreciate; together with the
+capacity to choose efficiently, furnish the basis for achievement.
+Achievement, however, is not in itself a guarantee of worth unless its
+course is shaped by sympathy and directed toward a goal which is
+determined by the prophetic power of vision. Such are the characteristics
+which, combined in one individual, insure completeness of life. About
+them, philosophers have reasoned and poets have sung. They are the acme of
+human perfection--the ideal of individual attainment.
+
+Though they have been thus idealized, these qualities are not new. They
+have existed for ages, as they exist to-day, occasionally combined in one
+individual but usually appearing separately in members of the social
+group. They form part of the heritage of the human race, and in spite of
+neglect and lack of fostering, they are widespread in all sections of the
+population. The production of a race of men and women, a great majority of
+whom shall possess these qualities, will mean the next great step in human
+achievement.
+
+The Super Man has lived for ages. The Greeks traced the descent of their
+heroes and heroines--their Super Men--from the Gods. It was thus that
+they explained exceptional ability. Exceptional men live to-day, as they
+did in ancient Greece, directing the thought and work of the times. They
+possess the qualities of the Super Man--physical normality, mental
+capacity, aggressiveness, concentration, sympathy and vision; and, above
+all, we now understand that they are not the offspring of the gods, but
+the sons of men and women whose combined parental qualities inevitably
+produced Super Men. The Super Man is not a theory, nor an accident, but a
+natural product of natural conditions.
+
+Though the Super Man may be met with occasionally in modern society, and
+though the qualities ascribed to him are manifest everywhere among those
+who have had an opportunity for their development; opinions still differ
+as to the possibility of producing a Super Race. An even greater
+difference of opinion is encountered when an attempt is made to formulate
+the means which should be adopted to secure such an end; yet there can be
+little difference of opinion as to the desirability, from a national as
+well as from an individual standpoint, of creating a race of Super Men.
+
+The call of the present age for a Super Race is thus voiced by Yeats,[2]
+
+  "O Silver Trumpets! Be you lifted up,
+  And cry to the great race that is to come.
+  Long throated swans, amid the Waves of Time,
+  Sing loudly, for beyond the wall of the World
+  It waits, and it may hear and come to us."
+
+We long for the coming of the Super Race. We aim toward this goal. Can it
+be compassed in finite time? Is Nietzsche right when he says,--"I teach
+you beyond-man." "All beings hitherto have created something beyond
+themselves." "What is great in man is that he is a bridge and not a goal."
+"Not whence ye come, be your honor in the future, but whither ye go!" "In
+your children ye shall make amends for being your father's children. Thus
+ye shall redeem all that is past."[3]
+
+Shall we make amends to the future? Come, then, let us reason together
+concerning the measures which must be adopted to raise the standard of
+succeeding generations. There are three means which lie ready at hand:
+three sciences which lend themselves to our task: three tools with which
+we may shape the Super Race. They are:
+
+     1. Eugenics--The science of race culture.
+
+     2. Social adjustment--The science of molding institutions.
+
+     3. Education--The science of individual development.
+
+The science of Eugenics treats of those forces which, through the biologic
+processes of heredity, may be relied upon to provide the inherited
+qualities of the Super Race. The science of Social Adjustment treats of
+those forces which, through the modification of social institutions, may
+be relied upon to provide a congenial environment for the Super Race. The
+science of Education aims to assist the child in unfolding and developing
+the hereditary qualities of the Super Man, provided through eugenic
+guarantees. Hence, Eugenics, Social Adjustment and Education are sciences,
+the mastery of which is a pre-requisite to the development of the Super
+Race.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+EUGENICS--THE SCIENCE OF RACE CULTURE
+
+
+The object of Eugenics is the conscious improvement of the human race by
+the application of the laws of heredity to human mating. Eugenics is the
+logical fruition of the progress in biologic science made during the
+nineteenth century.
+
+The laws of heredity, studied in minute detail, have been applied with
+marvelous success in the vegetable and animal kingdoms. "Is there any good
+reason," demands the eugenist, "why the formulas which have operated to
+re-combine the physical properties of plants and animals, should not in
+like measure operate to modify the physical properties of men and women?"
+
+The studies which have been made of eye color, length of arm, head shape,
+and other physical traits show that the same laws of heredity which apply
+in the animal and vegetable kingdoms apply as well in the kingdom of man.
+Since the species of plants and animals with which man has experimented
+have been improved by selective breeding, there seems to be no good reason
+why the human race should not be susceptible of similar improvement. What
+intelligent farmer sows blighted potatoes? Where is the dog fancier who
+would strive to rear a St. Bernard from a mongrel dam? Neither yesterday
+nor yet to-morrow do men gather grapes of thorns. Those who have to do
+with life in any form, aware of this fact, refuse to permit propagation
+except among the best members of a species: hence with each succeeding
+generation the ox increases in size and strength; the apple in color; the
+sweet pea in perfume; and the horse in speed. Is this law of improving
+species a universal law? Alas, no! it rarely if ever applies in the
+selection of men and women for parenthood. The human species has not,
+during historic times, improved either in physique, in mental capacity, in
+aggressiveness, in concentration, in sympathy or in vision. Nay, there
+are not wanting thoughtful students who affirm that in almost every one of
+these respects the exact contrary holds true.
+
+There appears to be some question as to whether the best of the Greek
+athletes exceeded in strength and skill the modern professional athlete,
+but there is no doubt at all that the average citizen of Athens was a more
+perfect specimen physically than the average citizen of twentieth century
+America.
+
+Some students insist that the level of intellectual capacity has been
+raised, yet Galton, after a careful survey of the field, concludes in his
+_Hereditary Genius_ that the average citizen of Athens was at least two
+degrees higher in the scale of intellectual attainment than the average
+Englishman; Carl Snyder[4] boldly maintains that the intellectual ability
+of scientific men is less to-day than it was in past centuries; while Mrs.
+Martin,[5] in a study more novel than scientific, insists that the genius
+of the modern world is on a level distinctly below that of the genius of
+Greece.
+
+Perhaps American commercial aggressiveness is equal to the military
+aggressiveness of the Romans, the early Germans, and the followers of
+Attila. We have concentrated most of our efforts upon industry, yet even
+here, our concentration is no greater than that of the poets of the
+Elizabethan era, or the religious zealots of the Middle Ages. Our sympathy
+with beauty is at so low an ebb that we fail even to approach the standard
+of past ages. Neither in art, in sculpture, nor in poetry do our
+achievements compare with those of the earlier Mediterranean
+civilizations; while our knowledge of men as revealed in our literature is
+not above that of the Romans or the Athenians. As for vision, we still
+accept and strive to fulfill the commandments of the Prophet of Nazareth.
+In all of these fields, twentieth century America is equaled, if not
+outdone by the past.
+
+Thus the distinctive qualities of the Super Man appear in the past with an
+intensity equal if not superior to that of the present. History records
+the transmutation of vegetable and animal species, the revolution of
+industry, the modification of social institutions, and the transformation
+of governmental systems; but in all historic time, it affirms no
+perceptible improvement in the qualities of man. "We must replace the man
+by the Super Man," writes G. Bernard Shaw.[6] "It is frightful for the
+citizen, as the years pass him, to see his own contemporaries so exactly
+reproduced by the younger generation."
+
+Nevertheless, the possibility of race improvement exists. "What now
+characterizes the exceptionally high may be expected eventually to
+characterize all, for that which the best human nature is capable of is
+within the reach of human nature at large."[7] After years of intensive
+study, Spencer thus confidently expressed himself. Since he ceased to
+work, each bit of scientific data along eugenic lines serves to confirm
+his opinion. Armed with such a belief and with the assurance which
+scientific research has afforded, we are preparing in this eleventh hour
+to fulfill Spencer's predictions.
+
+There are two fields in which eugenics may be applied--the first,
+Negative, the second, Positive. Through the establishment of Negative
+Eugenics the unfit will be restrained from mating and perpetuating their
+unfitness in the future. Through Positive Eugenics the fit may be induced
+to mate, and by combining their fitness in their offspring, to raise up
+each new generation out of the flower of the old. Negative Eugenics
+eliminates the unfit; Positive Eugenics perpetuates the fit.
+
+The field of Negative Eugenics has been well explored. No question exists
+as to the transmission through heredity of feeble mindedness, idiocy,
+insanity and certain forms of criminality. "There is one way, only one
+way, out of this difficulty. Modern society ... must declare that there
+shall be no unfit and defective citizens in the State."[8] The Greeks
+eliminated unfitness by the destruction of defective children; though we
+may deplore such a practice in the light of our modern ethical codes, we
+recognize the end as one essential to race progress. By denying the right
+of parenthood to any who have transmissible disease or defect, our modern
+knowledge enables us to accomplish the same end without recourse to the
+destruction of human life.
+
+Sir Francis Galton, the founder of the science of Eugenics, writes, in his
+last important work, "I think that stern compulsion ought to be exerted to
+prevent the free propagation of the stock of those who are seriously
+afflicted by lunacy, feeble-mindedness, habitual criminality and
+pauperism."[9] Yet society, in dealing with hereditary defect, presents
+some of its most grotesque inconsistencies. "It is a curious comment on
+the artificiality of our social system that no stigma attaches to
+preventable ill-health." An empty purse, or a ruined home may mean social
+ostracism, but "break-down in person, whatever the cause, evokes
+sympathy, subscription and silence."[10]
+
+Certain defects are known to be transmissible by heredity from parent to
+child, until the _crétin_ of Balzac's _Country Doctor_ is reproduced for
+centuries. The remedy for this form of social self-torture lies in the
+denial of parenthood to those who have transmissible defects.
+Individually, such a denial works hardships in this generation: socially,
+and to the future generations, it means comparative freedom from
+individual, and hence from social defect.
+
+The problem of Positive Eugenics presents an essentially different aspect.
+As Ruskin so well observes--"It is a matter of no final concern, to any
+parent, whether he shall have two children or four; but matter of quite
+final concern whether those he has shall or shall not deserve to be
+hanged." The quality is always the significant factor. Whether in family
+or national progress, an effort must be made to insure against hanging, or
+against any tendency that leads gallowsward.
+
+Positive Eugenics is the science of race building through wise mating. "As
+long as ability marries ability, a large proportion of able offspring is a
+certainty."[11] What prospective parent does not fondly imagine that his
+children will be at least near-great? Yet how many individuals, in their
+choice of a mate, set out with the deliberate intention of securing a life
+partner whose qualities, when combined with his own, must produce
+greatness?
+
+The Darwin-Galton-Wedgwood families boast sixteen men of world fame in
+five generations; in the Bach family there were fifty-seven musicians of
+note in eight generations; Wood's study of _Heredity in Royalty_ shows the
+evident transmission of special ability; yet men and women of ability,
+anxious for able offspring, mate without any rational effort to secure the
+end which they desire. "Ninety-nine times out of a hundred our
+mathematician marries a woman whose family did not count a single
+astronomer, physicist or other mathematical mind among it members. The
+result of such a union is what could be expected. Although genius does
+not generally die out right away in the first generation, it decreases by
+half, and further dilutions soon bring it down to nothingness."[12]
+
+This, in brief, is the problem of Negative and of Positive Eugenics. Both
+defect and ability are transmitted by heredity; both are the product of
+the mating process known as marriage; since society can and does control
+marriage, it may, through this control, exercise a real influence upon the
+character of future generations.
+
+The science of Eugenics is in its infancy, yet, widely established and
+vigorously applied, it may revolutionize the human species. The Super Race
+may come, because "looked at from the social standpoint, we see how
+exceptional families, by careful marriages, can within even a few
+generations, obtain an exceptional stock, and how directly this suggests
+assortative mating as a moral duty for the highly endowed. On the other
+hand, the exceptionally degenerate isolated in the slums of our modern
+cities can easily produce permanent stock also: a stock which no change of
+environment will permanently elevate, and which nothing but mixture with
+better blood will improve. But this is an improvement of the bad by a
+social waste of the better. We do not want to eliminate bad stock by
+watering it with good, but by placing it under conditions where it is
+relatively or absolutely infertile."[13]
+
+"But what of love?" wails the sentimentalist; "in your scheme Eugenics
+outweighs Cupid!" Perhaps, but what of it? Cupid has proved in the past a
+sad bungler, whose mistakes and failures grimace from every page of our
+divorce court records. Far from hindering his activities, however,
+Eugenics will assist Cupid by bringing together persons truly
+congenial--hence capable of an enduring love. Too many men have married a
+natty Easter bonnet, or a cleverly tailored suit. Too many women have
+fallen a prey to a tempting bank account or a pair of glorious
+mustachios. Blind Cupid limps but lamely over the rugged path of
+matrimonial bliss. The questionable success of his best efforts proves his
+sure need of a guide.
+
+Eugenics represents an effort to bring together those people who have
+complementary qualities and complementary interests; who are capable of
+maintaining congenial relationships in the present; and creating able
+offspring in the future. Selection and parenthood are the cradle of the
+future. Hence the individual who, in the exercise of his choice, overlooks
+their significance overlooks one of his most important racial
+responsibilities.
+
+Society is interested in Eugenics, because it is through Eugenics that the
+hereditary traits of the Super Race are perpetuated and perfected.
+Eugenics, rightly understood and applied, is a social asset of unexcelled
+value. How long, then, shall our society continue to feed on the husks,
+neglecting the grain which lies everywhere ready at hand?
+
+Eugenics is indeed one means of race salvation, yet what care do we take
+to perfect eugenic measures? "If through sheer chance, some great
+mathematician is evolved one day out of the crowd, the state--who should
+be ever on the watch for such events and whose main care should be to
+preserve and increase such sources of light, progress and national
+glory--does nothing to protect the man of genius against care, disease or
+anything likely to shorten life nor to multiply the splendid thinking
+machine."[14] A great state must have for its component parts great men
+and women. Did we truly seek greatness, how many measures for its
+attainment lie neglected at our very doors!
+
+Every well regulated state of antiquity eliminated defectives in the
+interest of the group, and of the future. What more effective means of
+social preservation could be imagined than some measure through whose
+operation the defective classes in society would be eliminated, and the
+social structure, bulwarked by stalwart manhood and womanhood, made proof
+against the ravages of time. How serious a thing is the propagation of
+defect! Murder is a crime, punishable by death, yet a murderer merely
+eliminates one unit from the social group. The destruction of this one
+life may cause sorrow; it may deprive society of a valued member; but it
+is, after all, a comparatively insignificant offense. The perpetuation of
+hereditary defect is infinitely worse than murder. Consider, for example,
+a marriage, sanctioned by church and state, between two persons both
+having in their blood hereditary feeble-mindedness.
+
+Investigations of thousands of feeble-minded families show that, in such a
+case, every one of the offspring may be and probably will be
+feeble-minded--a curse to himself and a burden to society. Pauperism,
+crime, social dependence, vice, all follow in the train of mental defect,
+and the mentally defective parents hand on for untold generations their
+taint--sometimes in more, sometimes in less virulent form, but always
+bringing into the world beings not only incapable of caring for
+themselves, but fatally capable of handing on their defect to the future.
+The murderer robs society; the mentally defective parent curses society,
+both in the present and in the future, with the taint of degeneracy. The
+murderer takes away a life; but the feeble-minded parent passes on to the
+future the seeds of racial decay.
+
+The first step in Eugenics progress--the elimination of defect by
+preventing the procreation of defectives--is easily stated, and may be
+almost as easily attained. The price of six battleships ($50,000,000)
+would probably provide homes for all of the seriously defective men, women
+and children now at large in the United States. Thus could the scum of
+society be removed, and a source of social contamination be effectively
+regulated. Yet with tens of thousands of defectives, freely propagating
+their kind, we continue to build battleships, fondly believing that rifled
+cannon and steel armor plate will prove sufficient for national defense.
+
+This is but a part, and by far the least important part, of the eugenic
+programme. The elimination of defect prevents degeneracy, but does not
+insure the physical normality, mental capacity, aggressiveness,
+concentration, sympathy and vision of the Super Man. While the elimination
+of defect is imperative, it is after all only the first step toward the
+creation of positive qualities.
+
+Positive Eugenics may be as obvious as Negative Eugenics, but the
+promulgation of its doctrines is not equally easy. A series of legislative
+enactments will prevent the mating of the hereditarily defective; nothing
+but the most painstaking education can be relied upon to secure the mating
+of those eugenically fit. Nevertheless for that modern state which seeks
+to persist and dominate, no lesser measure will suffice. After all, why
+should not society educate its youth to a sense of wisdom in mating? The
+United States spends each year some four hundred millions of dollars in
+public education, teaching children to read, to spell, to sew, to draw.
+The importance of these studies is obvious, yet, from a social standpoint,
+they cannot compare in significance with such training in the laws of
+heredity and biology as will insure wise choice in mating. The state, in
+its efforts at self preservation, cannot lay too much emphasis on the
+training for eugenic choice.
+
+Biology, through the laws of heredity, applied in the science of Eugenics,
+holds out every hope for the coming of the Super Man and of the Super
+Race. Not in our knowledge of its laws, but in the practice of its
+precepts, are we lacking.
+
+Eugenics, it is true, in its negative and positive phases, holds out a
+great hope for the future. But Eugenics alone will not suffice. The
+science of Eugenics must be coupled with the science of Social Adjustment
+to insure the production of a Super Race. The necessity of this union is
+well recognized by the students of heredity, while the students of Social
+Adjustment found their theories on premises essentially biologic in
+origin. One of the most widely known writers on heredity concludes a
+recent book with the statement that--"At present, we can only indicate
+that the future of our race depends on Eugenics (in some form or other),
+combined with the simultaneous evolution of eutechnics and eutopias.
+'Brave words,' of course; but surely not 'Eutopian'!"[15] Thus the
+knowledge and practice of the laws of heredity must be supplemented by a
+knowledge and practice of the laws of Social Adjustment.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT--THE SCIENCE OF MOLDING INSTITUTIONS
+
+
+After a gardener has produced his seed, guaranteeing a good heredity by
+breeding together those individual plants which possess in the highest
+degree the qualities he desires to secure, he turns his attention to the
+seed bed. First of all, the location must be good--the bed must be on a
+southern slope, where it will benefit by the first warm rays of the spring
+sun; then the soil must be finely pulverized, in order that the tiny
+rootlets may easily force their way downward, finding nourishment ready at
+hand; when the seeds have been planted, in ground well prepared and
+fertilized, they must be watered, cultivated, weeded; and as they develop
+into larger plants, thinned, transplanted, pruned and sprayed. The wise
+gardener considers environment as well as heredity. By sowing choice
+seeds in well prepared soil, he ensures the excellence of his crop.
+
+Modern society may well be compared to a garden. The plants are living,
+moving beings, with some freedom to act on their own initiative. Moreover,
+it is they who make and tend the gardens in which they grow. Like the
+gardener in the story, they must look to environment as well as to
+heredity. The seed bed must be carefully prepared, and the young plants,
+as they appear, must be given all the attention which science makes
+possible. Modern society is a garden of which the products are men and
+women. The sowing, weeding, cultivating--carried forward through social
+institutions--determines by its character whether the race shall decay, as
+other races have done, or progress toward the Super Man.
+
+The science of social gardening--Social Adjustment--has been given a great
+impetus, in recent years, by the increased knowledge of the relative
+influences of heredity and environment in determining the status of the
+individual. This knowledge has led us to a belief in men.
+
+Earlier beliefs conceived of the majority of men as utterly depraved. Some
+indeed were among the elect, but the remainder, born to the lowest depths
+of the social gehenna, were outcasts and pariahs, helpless in this world
+and hopeless in the next. This doctrine of total depravity set at nought
+all progressive effort. Here stands a man--society has called him a
+criminal. Last year he attempted to steal an automobile, less than three
+weeks after his release from serving a two-year sentence for grand
+larceny. To-day he is in court again, charged with entering a lodging
+house and stealing three pairs of trousers and an overcoat. The man is on
+trial for burglary--what shall be the social verdict regarding him?
+
+"Alas," mourns the advocate of total depravity, "God so made him. It is
+not our right to interfere."
+
+"Wait," says the social scientist, "until I investigate the case."
+
+The case is held over while the scientist makes his investigation. After
+careful inquiry, he reports that the young man's criminal record began at
+the age of nine, when he was arrested for stealing bananas from a freight
+car. Locked up with older criminals, he soon learned their tricks. He was
+"nimble" and could "handle himself," so his prison mates taught him the
+science of pocket picking, and initiated him into the gentle art of "shop
+lifting." He was released, after two months of this schooling, and
+slipping out into the big, black city, he tried an experiment. Succeeding,
+he tried again, and yet again. Before the month was out, he was detected
+stealing a silk handkerchief, and was back in prison. There his education
+was perfected, and he entered the world to try once more. From the world
+to jail, from jail to the world--this boy's life history from the age of
+nine, had been one long attempt to learn his trade; fortunately or
+unfortunately, he was somewhat of a bungler, and sooner or later he was
+always caught.
+
+When he was a boy, he sneaked up a dingy court, and three pairs of dirty
+stairs to a landing where, in the rear of a battered tenement, was an
+abode which he had been taught to call home. His father, a dock laborer,
+earned, on the average, about $300 a year. Sometimes he worked steadily,
+day and night, for a week, and earned $25 or $30; then there would be no
+work for ten days or perhaps two weeks; the money would run out; the
+grocer would refuse credit; and the family would be hungry. It was during
+one of these hungry intervals that the nine-year-old urchin made his
+descent on the bananas in the freight car, and received his first jail
+sentence.
+
+His mother, good hearted but woefully ignorant, made the best of things,
+taking in washing, doing odd jobs here and there, tending to her children,
+when opportunity offered, and at other times letting them run the streets.
+
+"There," concludes the social scientist, "is the story of that boy's life.
+His only picture of manhood is an inefficient father who cannot earn
+enough to support his family; his concept of a mother expresses itself in
+good hearted ignorance; his view of society has been secured from the rear
+of a shabby tenement, the curb of a narrow street and a cell in the county
+jail. The seed bed has been neither prepared, watered, nor tended, and
+the young shoot has grown wild."
+
+The social scientist has not been content with an analysis of social
+maladjustment; going further, he has transplanted the young shoots from
+the defective seed bed to better ground. Dr. Bernardo organized a system
+for taking the boy criminals out of the slums of English cities, and
+sending them to farms in Australia, South Africa and Canada. Nearly 50,000
+boys have been thus disposed of. Though in their home cities many of them
+had already entered a criminal life, in their new surroundings less than
+two per cent. of them showed any tendency to revert to their former
+criminal practices. A little tending and transplanting into a congenial
+environment, proved the salvation of these boys, who would otherwise have
+thronged the jails of England.
+
+Careful analysis has convinced the social scientist that, in the absence
+of malformation of the brain, or of some other physical defect, the
+average man is largely made by his environment. As serious physical defect
+is quite rare, being present in less than five per cent. of the
+population; and as only a small percentage of the population, perhaps two
+or three per cent., is above the average in ability, more than nine-tenths
+of the people remain average--shaped by their environment; capable of good
+or of evil, according as the good or evil forces of society influence
+their youth and early maturity.
+
+The eighteenth century philosophers had embodied the same conclusion in
+the doctrine that all men are created free and equal. Victor Hugo, in the
+first half of the nineteenth century, based most of his inspiring novels
+on the theory that in every man there is a divine spark--a
+conscience--which will be developed by a good environment or crushed and
+blackened by a bad one.
+
+Each year added new proofs of the theory of universal capacity, until Ward
+was able to write his _Applied Sociology_, demonstrating that opportunity
+is the key-note of social progress.[16] For, says he, up to the present
+time nine-tenths of the men, and ten-tenths of the women (nineteen
+twentieths of society) have been denied a legitimate opportunity for
+development. Grant this opportunity, and at once, without any change in
+hereditary characteristics, you can increase, nineteen fold, the
+achievements of society.
+
+Ward's estimate may be or may not be exactly correct. His contention that
+universalized opportunity would greatly augment social achievement is,
+however, fundamentally sound. Social Adjustment aims, through the shaping
+social institutions, to provide every individual with an opportunity to
+secure a strong body, a trained mind, an aggressive attitude, the power of
+concentration, and the vision of a goal toward which he is working.[17] In
+short, the object of Social Adjustment is the provision of universal
+opportunity.
+
+The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear many a gem of purest ray serene.
+Even the most gifted individual, thrown into an adverse environment, will
+either fail utterly to develop his powers, or else will develop them so
+incompletely that they can never come to their full fruition. Thomas A.
+Edison cast away on an island in the South Pacific would be useless to his
+fellows. Abraham Lincoln, living among the Apache Indians, would have left
+small impress on the world. A sculptor, to be really great, must go to
+Rome, because it is in Rome that the great works of sculptured art are to
+be found. It is in Rome, furthermore, that the great sculptors work and
+teach. A lawyer can scarcely achieve distinction while practicing in a
+backwoods county court, nor can a surgeon remain proficient in his science
+unless he keep in constant touch with the world of surgery. "I must go to
+the city," cried a woman with an unusual voice. "Here in the country I can
+sing, but I cannot study music." She must, of necessity, go to the city
+because in the city alone exists the stimulus and the example which are
+necessary for the perfection of her art.
+
+A congenial environment is necessary for the perfection of any hereditary
+talent. Lester F. Ward concludes, after an exhaustive analysis of
+self-made men, that such men are the exception. That they exist he must
+admit, but that their abilities would have come to a much more complete
+development in a congenial environment he clearly demonstrates.
+
+The rigorous persecution of the Middle Ages eliminated any save the most
+daring thinkers. Men of science, who presumed to assert facts in
+contradiction of the accepted dogmas of the Church, were ruthlessly
+silenced, hence the ages were very dark. The nineteenth century, on the
+contrary, through its cultivation of science and scientific attainments,
+has reaped a harvest of scientific achievement unparalleled in the history
+of the world. Men to-day enter scientific pursuits for the same reason
+that they formerly entered the military service--because every emphasis is
+laid on scientific endeavor. The nineteenth century scientist is the
+logical outcome of the nineteenth century desires for scientific progress.
+
+The environment shapes the man. Yet, equally, does the man shape the
+environment. A high standard individual may be handicapped by social
+tradition, but, in like manner, progressive social institutions are
+inconceivable in the absence of high standard men and women.
+
+The institutions of a society--its homes, schools, government,
+industry--are created by the past and shaped by the present. Institutions
+are not subjected to sudden changes, yet one generation, animated by the
+effort to realize a high ideal, may reshape the social structure. Can one
+conceive of a paper strewn campus in a college where the spirit is strong?
+Parisians believe in beauty, hence Paris is beautiful. Social institutions
+combine the achievements of the past with the ethics of the present.
+
+"Let me see where you live and I will tell you what you are," is a true
+saying. The social environment, moldable in each generation, is an
+accurate index to the ideals and aspirations of the generation in which it
+exists.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+EDUCATION--THE SCIENCE OF INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT
+
+
+Eugenics provides the hereditary qualities of the Super Man; Social
+Adjustment furnishes the environment in which these qualities are to
+develop; there still remains the development of the individual through
+Education, a word which means, for our purposes, all phases of character
+shaping from birth-day to death-day.
+
+The individual has been rediscovered during the past three centuries. He
+was known in some of the earlier civilizations, but during the Middle Ages
+the place that had seen him knew him no more. He was submerged in the
+group and forced to subordinate his interests to the demands of group
+welfare. The distinctive work of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
+has been a reversal of this enforced individual oblivion and the
+formulation of a demand for individual initiative and activity. The
+individual, pushed forward in politics, in religion, and in commerce has
+freely asserted and successfully maintained his right to consideration,
+until the opportunities of the twentieth century free citizen far exceed
+those of the convention-bound citizen of the middle ages. The twentieth
+century citizen is free because he makes efficient choices. The
+continuance of his freedom depends upon the continued wisdom of his
+choice.
+
+The chief objective point of modern endeavor has been individual freedom
+of choice. The _laissez-faire_ doctrine in commercial relations, democracy
+in politics, the natural philosophy and natural theology of the eighteenth
+century are all expressions of a belief in equality. When men are made
+free to choose, they are placed on a basis of equality, since they have a
+like opportunity to succeed or fail. The man who chooses rightly wins
+success--the man who chooses wrongly fails.
+
+Thus the freedom to choose is for the average man a right of inestimable
+value, because it places in his hands the opportunity to achieve. Rights
+do not, however, come alone. The freeman is bound in his choices to
+recognize the law that rights are always accompanied by duties.
+
+Each right is accompanied by a proportionate responsibility--there is no
+dinner without its dishwashing. To be sure, you may shift the burden of
+dishwashing to the maid, and the burden of voting to the "other fellow,"
+but the responsibility is none the less present. Garbage is still garbage,
+even when thrown into the well, and your responsibilities, shifted to the
+maid and the other voter, return to plague you in the form of a servant
+problem and of vicious politics. Men who have a right to choose have also
+a duty to fulfill, and this right and this duty are inseparable.
+
+The eighteenth century began the discovery of the individual man; the
+nineteenth century--at least the latter half of it--was responsible for
+the discovery of the individual woman. Even to-day in many civilized
+lands, the woman is merely an appendage. Men innumerable write in the
+hotel register "John Edwards and Wife," yet if the truth were told they
+should often write "Jane Edwards and John Edwards," and perhaps sometimes
+"Jane Edwards and husband."
+
+Western civilization, a good unthinking creature, has insisted bravely on
+the development of the individual man, while largely overlooking the
+existence of the individual woman; yet the studies of heredity show very
+clearly that at least as many qualities are inherited from the female as
+from the male. Nay, further, since the female is less specialized, the
+distinctive race qualities are inherited from her, rather than from the
+more specialized male. In short, the Super Man will have a mother as well
+as a father.
+
+The fact that the average man has as many female as he had male ancestors
+is very frequently overlooked. Yet it is a fact that inevitably carries
+with it the imputation, that if his ancestors were thus equally
+apportioned, he must have inherited his qualities from both sexes.
+Therefore, in the production of the Super Man, the qualities of the woman
+are of equal importance with the qualities of the man.
+
+The individual is the goal and Education the means, since Education is
+the science of individual development. Through Education, we shall enable
+the individual to live completely. But what is complete life? How shall we
+compass or define it?
+
+Two laws are laid down as fundamental in nature--the laws of self
+preservation and of self perpetuation. With the development of society,
+and social relations, the individual must recognize himself, not as an
+individual only, but likewise as a unit in a social group. Hence, for him,
+self preservation and self perpetuation necessarily involve group
+preservation and group perpetuation. His code of life must therefore
+formulate itself in this wise--
+
+THE OBJECTS OF ENDEAVOR
+
+                 _Immediate_        _Ultimate_
+                    ----               ----
+  INDIVIDUAL   Self Expression      Super Man
+
+             { Eugenics
+  SOCIAL     { Social Adjustment    Super Race
+             { Education
+
+The individual, for self preservation, demands self expression; for self
+perpetuation he demands that the standard of his children be higher than
+his own. As a member of the social group, he looks to Eugenics, Social
+Adjustment, and Education as the immediate means of raising social
+standards, and the ultimate means of providing a Super Race.
+
+Such are the abstract ideals--how may they be practically applied? How
+shall the individual express, through Eugenics, Social Adjustment, and
+Education his desire for the development of a Super Race?
+
+Do you, sir, enjoy living in the neighborhood of vandals and thieves?
+Well, hardly. One could not be expected to take so frivolous a view of
+life, therefore you will in self defense take every possible precaution to
+suppress vandalism and thievery? Never, my dear sir, never! You must take
+every possible precaution to reduce the spirit of vandalism and of
+thievery. The acts are in themselves unconsequential--they are but the
+product of a diseased mind or an indifferent training. The spirit, here as
+elsewhere, is all important.
+
+Are you a scientist? Do you admire Pasteur and Herbert Spencer? You are a
+"practical" man--see what Edison has done for you. As a statesman, you
+revere Lincoln and Daniel Webster. You cannot, as an artist, overlook the
+portraits of Rembrandt or the water scenes of Ruysdael. You must agree
+with me that these and a thousand others that I might mention--men called
+geniuses by their contemporaries or their descendants--have contributed
+untold worth to the society of which they were a part. They chose rightly.
+They are looked upon, and justly, as the salt of the earth. You admit the
+value of geniuses, in civilization, and you would, of course, do anything
+to increase their number? Then, let me say to you that the first thing for
+you to decide is that your own children shall be neither vandals nor
+thieves. The second thing for you to decide is that they shall, in so far
+as you are able to determine the matter, possess all of your good
+qualities, coupled with the good qualities which you lack, supplied by an
+able mate. In short, you must choose your life partner with a view to the
+elimination of anti-social tendencies, on the one hand, and on the other
+to the development of the qualities which distinguish the Super Man.
+
+How obvious is this statement, yet how haphazard has been the production
+of greatness. Only once in a generation does a man, in his choice of a
+wife, follow the example of John Newcomb. In a truly scientific spirit he
+enumerated on paper the qualities which he possessed; placed opposite them
+the qualities in which he was lacking; and then set out to find the woman
+who should supply his deficiencies. When he had located his future
+helpmeet, playing hymn tunes on an organ in a little red school house, and
+upon further acquaintance, had assured himself that she really possessed
+the needed qualities, he married her, with the determination that their
+first child should be a great mathematician. Their first child was Simon
+Newcomb, one of the leading astronomers of the nineteenth century.
+
+John Newcomb was a village school master, and his wife a village maiden,
+but in their choice they combined two sets of qualities which would
+inevitably produce a Super Man. John Newcomb was a pioneer eugenist. He
+chose a mate with the thought of the future foremost in his mind.
+
+Too often, however, the men of parts follow the example of the brilliant
+professor who married a "social butterfly." "Why in the world did you do
+it?" asked an old friend. "Oh, well," answered the professor, "I felt that
+I had brains enough for both."
+
+True, professor, but according to the Mendelian law of heredity, those
+brains of yours will be halved in each of your children, and quartered in
+each of your grandchildren. Why should not the future be at least as
+brilliant as your own generation?
+
+Human marriage is ordinarily a hit or miss affair. Men and women, inspired
+by the loftiest motives, and animated in most matters by supreme good
+sense, not infrequently grope blindly toward matrimony; often marry
+uncongenially; and finally bring disgrace upon their own heads, and misery
+upon their families. Stevenson, with such marriages in mind, writes to
+the average prospective bridegroom--
+
+"What! you have had one life to manage, and have failed so strangely, and
+now can see nothing wiser than to conjoin with it the management of some
+one else's? Because you have been unfaithful in a very little, you propose
+yourself to be a ruler over ten cities. You are no longer content to be
+your own enemy; you must be your wife's also. God made you, but you marry
+yourself; no one is responsible but you. You have eternally missed your
+way in life, with consequences that you still deplore, and yet you
+masterfully seize your wife's hand, and blindfold, drag her after you to
+ruin. And it is your wife, you observe, whom you select. She, whose
+happiness you most desire, you choose to be your victim. You would
+earnestly warn her from a tottering bridge or bad investment. If she were
+to marry some one else, how you would tremble for her fate! If she were
+only your sister and you thought half as much of her, how doubtfully would
+you entrust her future to a man no better than yourself!"[18]
+
+Here, then, lies the path of eugenic activity for the individual--clear,
+straight, unmistakable. In the first place, he must never transmit to the
+future any defect. If he has a transmissible defect, he must have no
+offspring. This seems but reasonable--an obligation to bring no
+unnecessary misery into a world where so much already exists. But the
+individual--free to choose--must go one step further, and in his
+selection, must seek a mate with the qualities which are complementary to
+his own.
+
+Looked at from the standpoint of society, there is no single choice which
+compares in importance to the choice of a mate; for on that choice depend
+the qualities which this generation will transmit to the next, and from
+which the next generation must create its follower. Furthermore, there is
+no choice which, in modern society, is more completely individual--more
+freed from social interference, than the choice of a life mate. The man in
+choosing his life partner, chooses the future. Civilization hangs
+expectant on his decision. The Super Race, dim and indistinct, may be
+made a living reality by a eugenic choice in the present--a choice for
+which each man and woman who marries is in part responsible. With the
+advance of woman's emancipation, with the increasing range of her
+activity, comes an ever increasing opportunity to exercise such a choice.
+She, as well as the man, may now assist in the determination of the
+future. She as well as the man may now be held accountable for the
+non-appearance of the Super Race.
+
+Does the burden of Eugenic Choice rest heavily upon the shoulders of the
+individual? Does he hesitate to assume the responsibility of the future
+race? The burden of shaping Social Adjustments is no less onerous.
+
+Briefly, then, what changes may the individual make in institutions to
+develop the qualities of the Super Man? The social institutions with which
+the average man comes into the most intimate contact are:
+
+  1. The Home.
+  2. The School.
+  3. The Government.
+
+The home as an institution must provide for the Super Man enough food,
+clothing and shelter to guarantee him a good physique; enough training in
+coöperation and mutual helpfulness to give him the vision of a Super Race;
+and a supply of enthusiasm sufficient to enable him to work with
+increasing energy for the fulfillment of those things in which he
+believes. In order that the home may supply these things, it must have an
+income sufficient to provide all of the necessaries and some of the
+comforts of life. It must further be dominated by a spirit of sympathetic
+democracy.
+
+While the present system of wealth distribution is so grotesquely
+unscientific that men are forced to rear families on incomes that will not
+provide the necessaries, to say nothing of the comforts, of life, no true
+home can be established nor can a Super Race be produced. If the child is
+an asset to the state, the state should support the child, guaranteeing to
+it an income sufficient to provide for its material welfare.
+
+Why prate of home virtue? Why discourse learnedly on the possibilities of
+a developed manhood to a father earning nine dollars a week? If you can
+guarantee such a man an income of three dollars a week for each child, in
+addition to the nine dollars for his wife and himself, you may well air
+your views regarding a Super Race; but until your lowest income is high
+enough to guarantee the necessaries of life to a family of five; or until
+the state guarantees an income to each child in its early life, "You may
+as well go stand upon the beach and bid the main flood bate his usual
+height," as to demand that a man, working for starvation wages, provide a
+home in which Super Men can be reared.
+
+When income has been provided; when there is food for every mouth, warm
+clothing for every back, enough fuel for winter, and a few pennies each
+week for recreation, then indeed you may begin to speak in terms of social
+improvement. Then, and then only, you may tell the father and the mother
+that upon their efforts during the first seven years of their children's
+lives depends the attitude which those children will assume when they go
+out into the world; that the home in which tyranny is unknown, in which
+the family rules the family, will produce the noblest citizens for the
+noblest state; that the home is still the most fundamental institution in
+civilization, the conservator of our ideals, and visions of the better
+things that are to come in the future--these things you may say,
+emphasizing the fact, that without a well rounded home-training in youth,
+even the noblest talents cannot come to their full fruition.
+
+The school is a specialized form of home. In early days, when life was
+simple, and specialization was unknown, education was given almost wholly
+in the home; but with the growth of specialized tasks, the home could no
+longer fulfill its function as educator and the school was introduced.
+Education, whether given in the home or in the school, has as its object a
+complete life. The purpose of education is to enable the pupil to live
+completely--to be a rounded being, in whatever station he may be called
+upon to fill.
+
+Would you mold the school to fit the needs of the children? Then, the
+system of education must be so shaped that children are prepared to live
+their lives completely. They must understand themselves. "Know thyself" is
+a command worthy of their attention. The child's body, in the period of
+change from childhood to adulthood, is an organism of the most delicate
+nature, barely reaching adjustment under the most auspicious conditions,
+and more than frequently failing signally from a lack of knowledge, or
+from the absence of sympathetic understanding. The child--the father of
+the man--must be taught to appreciate the human machine of which he is
+given charge. It is in the school, with its corps of specialists, that
+this work can be most effectively done.
+
+Then, one by one, the school may take up and foster the qualities of the
+Super Man. Physique must come first. It is blatant mockery to speak of
+educating minds that dwell in anĉmic bodies. Every boy and girl has a
+right to a strong, well knit frame, and the school must teach the best
+methods of securing it. Mental grasp--the power to see and judge a
+situation or combination of facts, may also come through the school. In
+fact, the school course, as at present organized, aims to secure that and
+little else. As the science of education advances, the same material which
+now comprises the entire course will be taught in less time and in wiser
+ways, so that the child shall be free to learn some of those other things
+so important to his soul's welfare. Aggressiveness and concentration are
+methods rather than ends, and can be made a part of every game, every
+competition, and every study, so that the child absorbs them as he absorbs
+the atmosphere, without knowing that they become a part of his being.
+Whether the school can instill sympathy and inspire vision is a question
+that the future alone must decide. Both may be given by individual
+teachers, and both may be possible to the school, though, if the home is
+doing its work, these things will come more effectively there than through
+the school. Most or all of the essential qualities of the Super Man can
+and will come through a well organized and properly directed educational
+system.
+
+The government--providing the machinery of state administration,
+furnishing the school, the playground, and the library; affording an
+opportunity for the exercise of citizenship and the expression of those
+advancing ideas which must gradually remold the social institutions of
+each age in response to the demands of the new generation--affords one of
+the most potent forces for the development of the Super Man.
+
+The school is the big home; the government is the big school. The child
+leaves the home, and enters the school; leaves the school and enters the
+state. In the home he is acted upon; in the school he, himself, begins to
+act; but in the government he is the sole actor--he is the state. A home
+must be higher than the children; the school must be more advanced than
+the pupils; but the state reflects exactly the character of its citizens.
+It is in the state that the Super Man, crystallizing his convictions and
+beliefs into the form of legislative enactments, must prepare the way for
+the Super Race.
+
+The Super Race is the produce of heredity, of social environment, and of
+individual development. Heredity supplies the raw material--the
+individual human being, while education and social environment, operating
+upon this raw stuff, determine the course of its development. Steel is not
+made from bee's wax, nor is the Super Man created out of a defective
+heredity. In like manner, since those who are in Rome do as the Romans do,
+the raw material, no matter what its quality, is shaped by its
+surroundings. The old saying "as the twig is bent, the tree's inclined,"
+should be modified in this one particular--the force which bends the twig
+must continue in the tree, else the latter will turn and grow toward the
+sky.
+
+The stock of the Super Man will be secured by the mating of persons
+possessing the Super-Race qualities; yet, reared in an unfavorable
+environment, these qualities cannot produce the highest result.
+
+Neither biologic nor social forces are alone adequate to develop the Super
+Race. Physique, mental capacity, aggressiveness, concentration, sympathy
+and vision are the products of heredity, social environment and training.
+The system of human mating must be perfected and the status of social
+institutions must be raised in order that the individuals produced in each
+generation may attain an additional increment of the qualities which will,
+in the end, produce the Super Race.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE AMERICAN OPPORTUNITY
+
+
+Here, in brief compass, are laid down the general principles upon which a
+nation must rely for the raising of its standard of human excellence. In
+general, we are convinced that the Super Race is possible.
+Specifically--and here is the next point--there are more possibilities for
+the development of the Super Race in the United States to-day than there
+have been in any nation of the past; or than there are in any nation of
+the present. The Super Race is America's distinctive opportunity.
+
+The factors which may play so significant a part in establishing a Super
+Race in the United States are here set down in an order which permits of
+sequential treatment--
+
+  1. Natural resources.
+  2. The stock of the dominant races.
+  3. Leisure.
+  4. The emancipation of women.
+  5. The abandonment of war.
+  6. A knowledge of race making.
+  7. A knowledge of Social Adjustment.
+  8. A widespread educational machinery.
+
+Natural resources are an indispensable element in national progress. A
+congenial climate is a pre-requisite to social development. No permanently
+successful civilization can be erected on the shores of Hudson Bay, or in
+the torrid heat of the Amazon Valley. The temperate zones, with their
+variable climate, and their wide range of vegetable products, seem to
+provide the foundation for the successful civilizations of the immediate
+future. No less necessary to civilization are harbors for the maintenance
+of commerce; and an abundance of minerals, the sinews of industry; and
+most important of all, fertile agricultural land.
+
+In its possession of these natural resources, the United States is
+unexcelled. Its climate, while generally temperate, varies sufficiently to
+give an excellent range of products; harbors and rivers are abundant;
+forests and minerals are scattered everywhere; and the agricultural land,
+rich and well watered, is as extensive and as potentially productive as
+any equivalent area in the world. So far as natural resources provide a
+basis for a Super Race, the United States occupies a position of almost
+unique prominence.
+
+The stock of the dominant races may or may not be a cant phrase.
+Notwithstanding the effective work done by Ripley in his _Races of
+Europe_,[19] an impression still prevails that certain races are, from
+their racial characteristics, specially fitted to dominate others.
+Woodruff, in his _Expansion of Races_,[20] takes this view, strongly
+urging the claim of the northwestern European to the distinction of world
+ruler. Whether race be a matter of supreme or of little concern, in
+determining the development of a Super Race, the United States possesses
+an admirable blending of the western European peoples who now occupy the
+dominant position in the commercial and military affairs of the world. If
+racial stock be a matter of no importance, it requires no emphasis; if, on
+the other hand, it be a significant factor in the creation of the Super
+Race, then the United States holds an enviable position in its racial
+qualities.
+
+Thus the raw materials of nation building--the natural resources and the
+racial qualities, are possessed by the United States in generous
+abundance. Has our use of them tended toward the development of the Super
+Race?
+
+Leisure is an opportunity for the pursuit of a congenial avocation. It
+must be carefully differentiated from the idleness with which it is so
+often considered synonymous. Satan still finds mischief for idle hands.
+The man who idles in leisure time is as likely now as ever in the past to
+find himself breaking several of the commandments. Leisure merely provides
+an opportunity for free choice. Unwisely used, it leads to individual
+dissipation and social degeneracy. Wisely employed, it is a most
+important means for the promotion of social progress.
+
+Most of the great things of the world have been done in leisure time. A
+poet cannot create, nor can a mechanic devise, if he is forced during
+twelve hours each day to struggle for the bare necessities of life. A
+study of the lives of those who have made notable achievements in art,
+science, literature, and diplomacy shows that they were free, for the most
+part, from the bread and butter struggle. They had estates, they were the
+recipients of pensions, but they did not submit to the soul-destroying
+monotony of repeating the same task endlessly through the long reaches of
+a twelve hour day.
+
+Primitive society demands the service of even its immature members.
+Children are adults before their childhood is well begun. Civilization,
+recognizing the possibility of self preservation through lengthened youth,
+has said to the child "Play."
+
+Long youth means long life. Play time--leisure--for the youth is the bone
+and sinew of a high standard maturity. Leisure in youth for play, leisure
+in mature life for reflection and creation--these are two of the most
+precious gifts of civilization to social progress.
+
+The United States has led the nations in providing opportunity for leisure
+time. Labor saving devices have been brought to a higher perfection there
+than in any other part of the world. Nowhere are children kept longer from
+assuming the responsibilities of adult life; in few countries is the
+workday shorter for adults.
+
+Probably no other people in the world can supply themselves with the
+necessaries of life in so short a working time as can the inhabitants of
+the United States. If every able bodied adult engaged for five hours each
+day in gainful activity, enough economic goods could be created to provide
+all the necessaries and many of the comforts of life. The leisure obtained
+through American industry, if rightly directed, may provide for every
+child born a thorough education--an ample opportunity to express the
+qualities which are latent in him--and a thorough preparation for life.
+
+The emancipation of women is another force which may be directed toward
+the improvement of race qualities. Women bear the race in their bodies; at
+least half of the qualities of the offspring are inherited from them; as
+mothers, they educate the children during the first six years of their
+lives, and then, as school teachers and mothers they play the leading part
+in education until the children reach the age of twelve or fourteen. The
+youth of the race is in women's keeping. They shape the child clay. The
+twig is bent, the tree is inclined by women's hands.
+
+The emancipation of woman means her individualization. Both in primitive
+custom and in early law her individuality is merged in that of the man.
+"Wives," wrote Paul, "be obedient unto your husbands, for this is the
+law." Mohammedan women wear veils that they may not be seen; Chinese women
+bind their feet that they may not escape; the women of continental Europe
+spend their lives in ministering to the comfort of their liege lords. They
+are dependent--almost abject. From such a sowing, what must be the
+reaping? Into the hands of these subject creatures, men have committed
+the training of their sons.
+
+Can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit? If women are inferior to men,
+can they be worthy to train their future superiors--their sons? If they
+are of a lower mentality than men, how is it that, in the school as well
+as in the home, men have given into their hands the power to shape the
+destinies of the race?
+
+Would you have your sons trained by a free man or by a slave? Do noble
+civic ideals flow from a citizen of a free commonwealth, or from the
+subjects of a despot? Only the woman who is a human being, with power and
+freedom to choose, may teach the son of a free man. Emancipation has given
+to women the power of choice.
+
+The women of America have been partially emancipated. In some states, they
+may vote, sue for divorce, collect their own wages, hold property, and
+transact business. Everywhere they are filling the high schools and
+colleges; participating in industry and entering the professions. American
+women are independent beings--distinctive units in a great organic
+society.
+
+In so far as the qualities of the Super Man are developed and perfected by
+the teachings of women, they will be more effectually rounded by the
+emancipated woman than by the serf. The mothers of America are prepared to
+teach their sons and daughters because they have been taught to think the
+noblest thoughts and do the strongest things.
+
+The abandonment of war removes one of the most destructive forces of the
+past, because war has always tended to eliminate the best of every race.
+In the flower of their manhood, the noblest died on the field of
+battle--their lives uncompleted; their tasks unfinished--leaving, perhaps,
+no offspring to bear their qualities in the succeeding generation.
+Although the law of nature is the survival of the fittest, "In the red
+field of human history the natural process of selection is often
+reversed."[21] The best perish in war, leaving the less fit to carry
+forward the affairs of state, and to propagate. "The man who is left
+holds in his grasp the history of the future,"[22] and if, as is
+frequently the case, he is the one least fitted to survive, the race is
+constantly breeding from the unfit rather than from the fit. Where the
+human harvest is bad, the nation must perish. So long as war persisted, so
+long as the best left their bones on the battle field, while the worst
+left their descendants to man the state, a bad human harvest was
+inevitable. War ate into the heart of national vitality by destroying the
+nation's best blood.
+
+War, however, has practically ceased. The movement for peace, in which the
+United States, both by precept and practice, is a leader, stands as one of
+the signal achievements of the new century. The abandonment of war has
+laid a basis for the Super Race by permitting the most fit to live and to
+hand on their special qualities to coming generations.
+
+In the United States, as elsewhere in the civilized world, the science of
+race making has recently undergone great development. While the movement
+began in England, it has spread rapidly, until at the present time its
+significance is universally recognized by scientists. The principles of
+artificial selection have been applied in the creation of vegetable and
+animal prodigies; the knowledge of biologic and selective principles is
+wide-spread; and the educated men and women of the United States generally
+understand the potency of these forces.
+
+Important steps have already been taken to prevent the propagation of the
+unfit. Born criminals are in some states deprived of the power of
+reproduction; in most of the states, the marriage of diseased persons is
+prohibited; here and there attempts have been made to prohibit the
+marriage of any suffering from a transmissible defect. On the other hand,
+mentally defective persons are being segregated in institutions--guarded
+against the dangers which beset the men and particularly the women of weak
+mind. During the past two decades great strides have been made in
+educating the American public to a higher standard of health and
+efficiency. Though the science of race making, as such, has not been
+given a prominent place in public discussion, the principles on which race
+making is based have formed an important element in public education. The
+desire to make a Super Race in America is as yet in its infancy, but the
+ground has been thoroughly prepared, and a foundation laid upon which such
+a super-structure of desire for race making can be speedily and
+effectively erected.
+
+Meanwhile, the science of Social Adjustment has occupied the most
+prominent place in American thought. If the American people have
+under-emphasized Eugenics they have over-emphasized Social Adjustment.
+From ocean to ocean, the country has been swept, during the past three
+decades, by a whirlwind of legislation directed toward the adjustment of
+social institutions to human needs. Trusts, factories, food, railroads,
+liquor selling and a hundred other subjects have been kept in the
+foreground of public attention. The American people might almost plead
+guilty to adjustment madness.
+
+From the foundation of the earliest colonies, the basis, in theory at
+least, was laid for the development of the individual. The colonists
+believed in the worth-whileness of men, they lived in an age of natural
+philosophy; they were the products of an effort to secure religious and
+political freedom; they therefore emphasized the individual conscience,
+and the right of the individual to think and act for himself. Each
+individual was a man, to be so regarded, and so honored. Their new life
+was a hard one. Nature presented an aspect on the rocky, untilled New
+England coast different from that in the civilized countries of the old
+world. There was but one way to meet these new conditions--the individual
+must carve out his own future.
+
+Throughout the United States, the watchword of the people has been
+opportunity. Without opportunity, the people perish--hence opportunity
+must stand waiting for each succeeding generation. In the turmoil of
+commercial life, in the ebb and flow of the immigrant tide, the reality
+has been frequently lost; yet the ideal of opportunity remains as firmly
+rooted as ever.
+
+The worth-whileness of men, the social control of the environment, and a
+free opportunity for the development of the individual constitute the
+basis for social advance in the United States. The ideal is firmly rooted;
+the possibility of its realization is an everpresent reality.
+
+With a boundless wealth of natural resources; bulwarked by the stock of
+the dominant races; with abundant leisure; granting freedom and
+individuality to women; foregoing war; cognizant of the principles of race
+making; Social Adjustment and of Education, the American nation is thrown
+into the foreground, as the land for the development of the Super Race.
+The American people have within their grasp the torch of social progress.
+Can they carry it in the van, lighting the dark caverns of the future? Can
+they develop a race of men who shall set a standard for the world--men of
+physical and mental power, efficient, broadly sympathetic, actuated by the
+highest ideals, striving toward a vision of human nobleness?
+
+The answer rests with this and the succeeding generations. Given ten
+talents of opportunity, are we as a nation worthy to be made the rulers
+over ten cities? Provided with the raw stuff of a Super Race, can we mold
+it into "A mightier race than any that has been?" The past worked with
+things: the present works with men. "We stand at the verge of a state of
+culture, which will be that of the depths, not, as heretofore, of the
+surface alone; a stage which will not be merely a culture through mankind,
+but a culture of mankind. For the first time the great fashioners of
+culture will be able to work in marble instead of, as heretofore, being
+forced to work in snow."[23] Bulwarked by this pregnant thought, and
+assured by Ruskin that, "There is as yet no ascertained limit to the
+noblesse of person and mind which the human creature may attain," we press
+forward confidently, advocating and practicing those measures which will
+create the energy, mental grasp, efficiency, sympathy and vision of the
+Super Man and the Super Race.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+[1] JOHN RUSKIN, _Unto this Last_--Essay II.
+
+[2] WILLIAM B. YEATS, _Poetic Works_, Vol. II, p. 407. Macmillan Co., N. Y.
+
+[3] FREDERICK NIETZSCHE, _Thus Spoke Zarathustra_, pp. 5-296. Macmillan
+Co., N. Y.
+
+[4] CARL SNYDER, _The World Machine_. New York, Longmans, Green & Co.,
+1907.
+
+[5] PRESTONIA MANN MARTIN, _Is Mankind Advancing?_ New York, Baker &
+Taylor Co., 1911.
+
+[6] G. BERNARD SHAW, _Man and Super Man_, p. 218-219. N. Y., Brentano's.
+
+[7] HERBERT SPENCER, _The Data of Ethics_. Para. 97. N. Y., D. Appleton &
+Co., 1893.
+
+[8] SAML. Z. BATTEN, _The Redemption of the Unfit_, American Journal of
+Sociology, Vol. 14, p. 242 (1909).
+
+[9] FRANCIS GALTON, _Memoirs of My Life_, p. 311. N. Y., E. P. Dutton,
+1909.
+
+[10] ARNOLD WHITE, _Efficiency and Empire_, p. 97. London, Methuen & Co.,
+1901.
+
+[11] W. C. & C. D. WHETHAM, _The Family and the Nations_, p. 85. N. Y.,
+Longmans, 1909.
+
+[12] GUSTAVE MICHAUD, _Shall We Improve Our Race_, The Popular Science
+Monthly, Vol. 72, p. 77 (1908).
+
+[13] J. A. THOMPSON, _Heredity_, p. 331. N. Y., G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1908.
+
+[14] GUSTAVE MICHAUD, _Shall We Improve Our Race?_ Popular Science
+Monthly, Vol. 72, p. 77 (1908).
+
+[15] J. ARTHUR THOMPSON, _Heredity_, p. 308. N. Y., G. P. Putnam's Sons,
+1908.
+
+[16] LESTER F. WARD, _Applied Sociology_, pp. 224-282. Boston, Ginn & Co.,
+1906.
+
+[17] For a more complete statement of the problem, see _Social
+Adjustment_, SCOTT NEARING, New York: Macmillan Company, 1911.
+
+[18] ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON, _Virginibus Puerisque_.
+
+[19] WM. Z. RIPLEY, _Races of Europe_. N. Y., D. Appleton & Co., 1899.
+
+[20] C. E. WOODRUFF, _The Expansion of Races_. N. Y., Rebman, 1909.
+
+[21] D. S. JORDAN, _The Human Harvest_, p. 54. Boston, American Unitarian
+Association, 1907.
+
+[22] _Ibid_, p. 48.
+
+[23] ELLEN KEY, _Love and Marriage_, p. 53. N. Y., Putnam, 1911.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Super Race: An American Problem, by 
+Scott Nearing
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