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diff --git a/35563-tei/35563-tei.tei b/35563-tei/35563-tei.tei new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0dc1e2c --- /dev/null +++ b/35563-tei/35563-tei.tei @@ -0,0 +1,11836 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> + +<!DOCTYPE TEI.2 SYSTEM "http://www.gutenberg.org/tei/marcello/0.4/dtd/pgtei.dtd" [ + +<!ENTITY u5 "http://www.tei-c.org/Lite/"> + +]> + +<TEI.2 lang="en"> +<teiHeader> + <fileDesc> + <titleStmt> + <title>The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law</title> + <author><name reg="Scanlan, Charles M.">Charles M. Scanlan</name></author> + </titleStmt> + <editionStmt> + <edition n="1">Edition 1</edition> + </editionStmt> + <publicationStmt> + <publisher>Project Gutenberg</publisher> + <date>March 12, 2011</date> + <idno type="etext-no">35563</idno> + <availability> + <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and + with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it + away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg + License online at www.gutenberg.org/license</p> + </availability> + </publicationStmt> + <sourceDesc> + <bibl> + Created electronically. + </bibl> + </sourceDesc> + </fileDesc> + <encodingDesc> + </encodingDesc> + <profileDesc> + <langUsage> + <language id="en"></language> + <language id="la"></language> + </langUsage> + </profileDesc> + <revisionDesc> + <change> + <date value="2011-03-12">March 12, 2011</date> + <respStmt> + <name> + Produced by David King and the Online + Distributed Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. + (This file was produced from images generously made + available by The Internet Archive/Canadian + Libraries.) + </name> + </respStmt> + <item>Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</item> + </change> + </revisionDesc> +</teiHeader> + +<pgExtensions> + <pgStyleSheet> + .boxed { x-class: boxed } + .shaded { x-class: shaded } + .rules { x-class: rules; rules: all } + .indent { margin-left: 2 } + .bold { font-weight: bold } + .italic { font-style: italic } + .smallcaps { font-variant: small-caps } + </pgStyleSheet> + + <pgCharMap formats="txt.iso-8859-1"> + <char id="U0x2014"> + <charName>mdash</charName> + <desc>EM DASH</desc> + <mapping>--</mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2003"> + <charName>emsp</charName> + <desc>EM SPACE</desc> + <mapping> </mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2026"> + <charName>hellip</charName> + <desc>HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS</desc> + <mapping>...</mapping> + </char> + </pgCharMap> +</pgExtensions> + +<text lang="en"> + <front> + <div> + <divGen type="pgheader" /> + </div> + <div> + <divGen type="encodingDesc" /> + </div> + + <div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law</p> + <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">The Law of Church and Grave</p> + <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">By</p> + <p rend="font-size: x-large; text-align: center">Charles M. Scanlan, LL.B.</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">Author of <q>Scanlan's Rules of Order,</q> <q>Law of Fraternities,</q> <q>Law of Hotels,</q> etc.</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">New York, Cincinnati, Chicago</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">Benziger Brothers</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">1909</p> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <head>Contents</head> + <divGen type="toc" /> + </div> + + </front> +<body> + +<pb n='iv'/><anchor id='Pgiv'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Imprimatur</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Nihil Obstat.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Remy Lafort</hi>, +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Censor Librorum</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Imprimatur.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +John M. Farley, +</p> + +<p> +[cross] <hi rend='italic'>Archbishop of New York</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>New York</hi>, January 15, 1909. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Copyright, 1909, by Benziger Brothers.</hi> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='v'/><anchor id='Pgv'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Preface</head> + +<p> +The three learned professions, medicine, +law, and theology, overlap; and a man who +does not know something of the other two +can not be prominent in his own. Laws +relating to Church matters are scattered +through such a vast array of law books +that it would be a burden for a clergyman +to purchase them, and without special training +he would not know where to look for +the law. Therefore a law compendium covering +those subjects relating to Church matters +must be of great value to a clergyman. +</p> + +<p> +There is another view of this subject. +When she was mistress of the world the +laws of the Roman Empire were for the +Roman citizens, particularly the patricians; +the canon law was the law of the Christian +people of conquered countries and the Christian +plebeians of Rome. In the United States +we have the same common law for the President +and the hod-carrier, for the multimillionaire +<pb n='vi'/><anchor id='Pgvi'/> +and the penniless orphan, for the +clergy and the laity. Consequently, in this +practical age a knowledge of the law of the +country with which the clergy come constantly +in contact is expedient, if not necessary. +</p> + +<p> +The poet says: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<lg> +<l><q rend='pre'>What constitutes a state?...</q></l> +<l rend='margin-left: 8'>Men, who their duties know,</l> +<l><q rend='post'>But know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain.</q></l> +</lg> +</quote> + +<p> +To insure harmony and good order, every +Church should obey the laws of the country; +but if any law should impose upon the rights +of the Church in any way, the ruling authorities, +the cardinal and bishops, if the wrong +is national, should unite in a petition to the +United States Congress, clearly stating the +grievance and asking for its redress.<note place='foot'>U. S. Constitution, Amendments, art. i, art. xiv, sec. 1.</note> If +the grievance should be within a State, the +bishop or bishops of the State should present +the matter to the Legislature of the State. +If the President or the Governor has authority +to remedy the matter, go direct to him. +Such was the practice of the wisest of the +Popes.<note place='foot'>Lives of the Popes, Montor, vol. i, p. 94; Life of Leo +XIII, <q>Philippine Question.</q></note> The author never knew of an instance +<pb n='vii'/><anchor id='Pgvii'/> +in which a clergyman having a real +grievance failed in obtaining a full and fair +hearing from the powers that be, from the +President downward. This method seems +to be more in harmony with the relations of +Church and State in a free government, and +more intelligent than to have a convention +of working men, who have little time to +make a study of Church matters, pass resolutions, +the passing of which generally ends +the action of a convention. +</p> + +<p> +In the chapters that follow, the author +has refrained from giving a great multitude +of authorities, but has endeavored to give +such as are sufficient to sustain the text. +For example, under the first section, and +many others, a list of citations covering +several pages might be given. That would +add to the expense of the volume and would +not be within its compass. The book will +better fulfil its purpose by clear, brief statements +of the rules of law, and if a reader +desires to investigate further, the citations +given will guide his way. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Charles M. Scanlan.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Milwaukee, January 23, 1909.</hi> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='013'/><anchor id='Pg013'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter I. Introduction</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_1'/><hi rend='bold'>1.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Law, Religion.</hi>—From the dawn of +the science of law it has been influenced by +religion or antagonism to religion. This is +very evident in the ancient laws of Babylonia, +Egypt, Phenicia, Israel, India, and +Ireland. It would be impossible to make a +study of the law of any of said countries +without gaining a knowledge of its religious +system, whether pagan or otherwise.<note place='foot'>The Science of Jurisprudence, Taylor, p. 506; Historical +Jurisprudence, Lee, p. 328.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_2'/><hi rend='bold'>2.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Religions.</hi>—Ancient nations might be +classified into pagan and those that worshiped +the universal God. However, some +of the nations at one time were pagan and +at other times had a fair conception of the +supernatural. Also, in Egypt, the class of +higher culture and education believed in the +one omnipotent and omniscient Being, but +<pb n='014'/><anchor id='Pg014'/> +the populace, who could be controlled more +readily by flattering them in their notions +and giving their childish conceptions full +sway, worshiped idols.<note place='foot'>Ancient Egypt, Rawlinson, vol. i, p. 323.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_3'/><hi rend='bold'>3.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Authority, Right.</hi>—In those nations +where the ruling authority had the proper +conception of the Almighty, there was a +strong, persistent growth of law upon the +basis of natural right; while in the pagan +nations laws were arbitrary and despotic.<note place='foot'>Historical Jurisprudence, Lee, pp. 98, 164, 274; History +of England, Lingard, vol. i, c. vii; The Science of Jurisprudence, +Taylor, p. 506.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_4'/><hi rend='bold'>4.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Philosophical Foundations.</hi>—The laws +of Greece, down to the time of Plato, were +thoroughly pagan. But, following the philosophical +foundations laid by Plato and +Aristotle, unintentionally and unwittingly +the laws of Greece became imbued with the +spirit of natural law.<note place='foot'>Historical Jurisprudence, Lee, p. 257.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_5'/><hi rend='bold'>5.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Rome, Natural Justice.</hi>—Prior to the +introduction of Grecian law into Rome, the +laws of that nation were pagan. Grecian +law from its introduction to the time of +Octavius was the civilizing element of the +empire. Then it took a turn for the worse, +the element of natural justice being reduced +and the element of arbitrary rule becoming +dominant.<note place='foot'>Historical Jurisprudence, Lee, p. 271.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='015'/><anchor id='Pg015'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_6'/><hi rend='bold'>6.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Canon Law.</hi>—We will now turn to +the first period of canon law, which covers +the early history of the Church up to the +reign of Constantine the Great.<note place='foot'>The Beginnings of Christianity, Shahan, 90.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Canon law is composed of the following +elements: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<lg> +<l>1. Holy Scriptures;</l> +<l>2. Ecclesiastical tradition;</l> +<l>3. Decrees of Councils;</l> +<l>4. Bulls and rescripts of Popes;</l> +<l>5. The writings of the Fathers;</l> +<l>6. Civil law.<note place='foot'>Elements of Ecclesiastical Law, Smith.</note></l> +</lg> +</quote> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_7'/><hi rend='bold'>7.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Early Christians.</hi>—Owing to the persecutions, +the early Christians were, in a +sense, isolated from the State; they held +their property in common, and were governed +in matters among themselves by the +canon law. However, for want of freedom +of discussion and publication, they were +unable, even within a single nation of the +empire, to promulgate a system of canon +law. The foundation of canon law being +laid, its development upon the manumission +of the Church was rapid.<note place='foot'>Historical Jurisprudence, Lee, p. 387; Justinian, Sandar, +p. 21.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_8'/><hi rend='bold'>8.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Persecutions, Defenses.</hi>—During the +religious persecutions the Christians almost +had law forced into them by surgical operations. +<pb n='016'/><anchor id='Pg016'/> +The necessity for their making defenses +in the Roman tribunals induced many +of them to give Roman law a careful study. +Also, the great number of Christians held +for trial on all sorts of accusations made +that branch of the law of the realm very +lucrative for lawyers, and called into the +field many Christians. Incidently, men +studying for the priesthood made a study +of Roman law with a view to avoiding its +machinations and continuing their functions +as clergymen without being caught in the +net of persecution.<note place='foot'>The Beginnings of Christianity, Shahan.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_9'/><hi rend='bold'>9.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Constantine, Blending the Law.</hi>—When +Emperor Constantine became a +Christian (325 A.D.), there was a great +change, and the members of the bar and +judges were mostly Christians. It then became +necessary for students of law to study +the principles of divine right as taught in +the Church, and while the books of the civil +law were read by students for the priesthood, +the Scriptures and the works of the +Fathers were read by the students in law, +thus blending the law of the two realms to +some extent.<note place='foot'>Universal Church History, Alzog.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_10'/><hi rend='bold'>10.</hi> <hi rend='italic'><q>Benefit of the Clergy,</q> Ecclesiastical +Court.</hi>—As the old Roman Empire decayed +<pb n='017'/><anchor id='Pg017'/> +and its power waned, the new one, +<q>The Holy Roman Empire,</q> gradually implanted +itself in southwestern Europe. The +humiliation that the divine law and the +clergy suffered in being brought into the +common courts gave rise to a system of +courts within the Church for the purpose of +enforcing her morals, doctrines, and discipline. +Those courts were established in all +Christian countries and had jurisdiction of +all felonies excepting arson, treason, and a +few other crimes that from time to time +were put under the special jurisdiction of +the state courts. Whenever a clergyman +was arrested for a crime, he pleaded the +<q>benefit of the clergy,</q> and his case was +transferred from the state court to the +ecclesiastical court. Also, when a clergyman +was convicted in the state court of any +crime for which the punishment was death, +he could plead the <q>benefit of the clergy,</q> +which was a protection against his execution.<note place='foot'>Law Dictionary, Bouvier, <q>Benefit of Clergy,</q> <q>Canon +Law</q>; Blackstone, vol. i, p. 460, vol. iii, p. 61.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_11'/><hi rend='bold'>11.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Estates, Guardianship.</hi>—Besides the +jurisdiction already referred to, the ecclesiastical +court had jurisdiction over the settlement +of estates and the guardianship of +<pb n='018'/><anchor id='Pg018'/> +children, which varied in different countries +and was very indefinite in some of +them.<note place='foot'>Blackstone, vol. i, p. 461.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_12'/><hi rend='bold'>12.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Middle Ages, Common Law.</hi>—During +the Middle Ages there was a constant +effort on behalf of the ecclesiastical courts +to extend their jurisdiction, and a counter-effort +on behalf of the state courts to assume +jurisdiction of cases under the ecclesiastical +law. In England, from the conquest of +William the Conqueror to the Reformation, +the extension of the jurisdiction of the +ecclesiastical courts brought the new element +of English common law into the canon +law; and much of the canon law, following +the jurisdiction assumed by the state courts, +became the common law of the kingdom of +England.<note place='foot'>Justinian, Sandar, p. 21; Cyc, vol. viii, p. 366, vol. +xiv, p. 1228; Eq. Jurisprudence, Pomeroy, vol. i, p. 1; +The Science of Jurisprudence, Taylor, p. 255 et seq; Blackstone, +vol. i, pp. 18-20, 63; Kent, vol. i, p. 10; English Constitution, +Creasy.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_13'/><hi rend='bold'>13.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Gratian, Reformation.</hi>—The canon +law reached its full development in the +twelfth century, when Gratian, the Blackstone +of his age, compiled the system, but +it subsequently lost its influence when the +Reformation prevailed.<note place='foot'>Blackstone, vol. i, p. 82, vol. iv, c. 33; The Science of +Jurisprudence, Taylor, p. 337; Conflict of Laws, Wharton, +sec. 172.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='019'/><anchor id='Pg019'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_14'/><hi rend='bold'>14.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Bologna.</hi>—The great school of jurisprudence, +both of canon and civil law, was +located at Bologna, Italy, which reached its +zenith in the thirteenth century. To it students +flocked from Western Europe, and +from it were obtained the professors of law +in the universities of England and other +countries.<note place='foot'>The American Cyclopedia, <q>Bologna.</q></note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_15'/><hi rend='bold'>15.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Church and State.</hi>—In most of the +Christian countries, the Church and State +were united, and many of the judges in the +civil courts were clergymen.<note place='foot'>The Science of Jurisprudence, Taylor, p. 238.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_16'/><hi rend='bold'>16.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>England, Roman Law.</hi>—On account +of England's being subject to Rome in its +earliest age, and afterward because of its +being conquered by France, the Roman law +was pretty thoroughly intermixed with the +native English law in the minor matters of +the people, and governed in the more important +ones.<note place='foot'>Blackstone, vol. i, pp. 18-20, 79, vol. iv, c. 33.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_17'/><hi rend='bold'>17.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>America, English Law, Civil Law.</hi>—The +portions of America that were settled +by the English, which included the original +thirteen colonies, were under the English +law. In Virginia the Episcopal Church, +which was then the church of England, was +made the church of state. Canada and +that portion of the United States formerly +<pb n='020'/><anchor id='Pg020'/> +known as Louisiana were governed by the +civil law of France. Wherever the French +government had no authority or civil officers, +the government was directly under the missionaries +of the Church.<note place='foot'>Commentaries, Kent, vol. i, c. xi, pp. 342, 473, 515, 525-544, +vol. ii, p. 27; Origin and Nature of the Constitution +and Government of U. S., U. S. Sup. Ct. Reps., 9 L. Ed., +873.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_18'/><hi rend='bold'>18.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Religious Tolerance, Established +Church.</hi>—The English law and English +ideals prevailing in the original thirteen colonies,<note place='foot'>Commentaries, Kent, vol. i, p. 472; Blackstone, vol. i, +p. 107.</note> +there was a strong effort made by +many of the delegates to the constitutional +convention to have the Episcopal Church +made the established church of the new republic. +Thomas Jefferson and James Madison +were probably the strongest opponents +of the scheme, and outside of the great Carroll +of Carrollton, they were the most earnest +advocates of religious tolerance. The necessity +for the fathers of this republic to be +united, and their being unable to unite upon +any church, caused the idea of an established +church to be eliminated. Thus was established +in our republic the freedom of conscience +and the guarantee that no one shall +be persecuted on account of his religious +convictions.<note place='foot'>Commentaries, Kent, vol. ii, pp. 35-37; Conflict of +Laws, Wharton (3rd ed.), vol. ii, pp. 1327-8.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='021'/><anchor id='Pg021'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_19'/><hi rend='bold'>19.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Tribunals.</hi>—The ecclesiastical courts +as a part of the state system and the <q>benefit +of the clergy,</q> have been abolished in England +and America. However, as we shall +see further on, tribunals in the nature of the +ecclesiastical court exist in churches and +fraternities of all kinds in the United +States.<note place='foot'>Law of Fraternities, Scanlan, ch. xxiv; Conflict of +Laws, Wharton, sec. 109; Baxter v. McDonald, 155 N. Y., +83; 49 N. E., 667; Morris v. Dart, 67 S. C, 338; 45 S. E., +753; 100 Am. St. R., 734; Terrett v. Taylor, 13 U. S., 43; +3 L. Ed., 650.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='022'/><anchor id='Pg022'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter II. What Is A Church?</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_20'/><hi rend='bold'>20.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Church, Religious Society.</hi>—Bouvier's +definition of <q>Church</q> is: <q>A society +of persons who profess the Christian religion.</q> +Chief Justice Shaw's definition is: +<q>The church is neither a corporation nor a +quasi-corporation, but a body of persons +associated together for certain objects under +the law. An aggregate body of individuals +associated together in connection with a religious +society. The term religious society +may with propriety be applied in a certain +sense to a church as that of religious association, +religious union, or the like; yet in +the sense church was and is used in our law, +it is synonymous with parish or precinct and +designates an incorporated society created +and maintained for the support and maintenance +of public worship. In this, its legal +sense, a church is not a religious society. It +is a separate body formed within such parish +or religious society whose rights and usages +are well known and to a great extent defined +and established by law.</q><note place='foot'>Weld v. May, 9 Cushing, Mass., 181.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='023'/><anchor id='Pg023'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_21'/><hi rend='bold'>21.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Doctrine, Constitution.</hi>—A church +in law is a mere fraternal organization. It +may or may not have a written constitution, +but it must have some central doctrine as its +foundation or constitution.<note place='foot'>Martin v. State, 65 Tenn., 234.</note> Many of the +Protestant denominations claim that the +entire Bible is their constitution. The Jews +may be said to consider the Old Testament +as their constitution. All revealed truths +may be said to be the constitution of the +Catholic Church,<note place='foot'>A Manual of Catholic Theology, Wilhelm and Scannell, +p. xvii, et seq.</note> and when a doctrine concerning +faith or morals is authoritatively +declared by the Church to be a truth, it +becomes a dogma.<note place='foot'>A Catholic Dictionary, Addis and Arnold, <q>Dogma.</q></note> The Apostles' Creed is +an example of several dogmatic truths. The +code of the Church is the Ten Commandments. +A few sects, by a majority vote, +make and change their constitutions at will. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_22'/><hi rend='bold'>22.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>By-Laws.</hi>—By-laws of the different +religious organizations differ widely, from +the decrees of the great councils of the +Catholic Church down to the vote of the +congregation of an independent denomination. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_23'/><hi rend='bold'>23.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Church, Religious Society.</hi>—A +church in one sense is more limited than a +religious society; the latter comprehending +<pb n='024'/><anchor id='Pg024'/> +all the members of the same faith. Even in +the Catholic Church we hear of the Church +of France, the Coptic Church, etc., spoken +of in this sense. And in a still more limited +sense we use the word as a synonym for +parish. However, when the word <q>the</q> is +used before church written with a capital +letter, Catholics understand it to apply to +the Roman Catholic Church in its entirety, +while some non-Catholics apply it to Christendom. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_24'/><hi rend='bold'>24.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Church, Christians, Religion.</hi>—The +missions established in California prior to +its admission into the Union were, in law, +practically independent organizations and +had no legal connection with the Church. +Every society organized for the purpose of +propagating the practice of religion may be +a church in law.<note place='foot'>In re St. Louis Inst. of Christian Science, 27 Mo. App., +633.</note> The courts have made a +distinction between Unitarians, who are +considered Christians, and Deists, Theists, +Free Religionists, and other infidels.<note place='foot'>Hale v. Everett, 53 N. H., 9.</note> A +sect or denomination without a given system +of faith is not recognized as a religion in +law.<note place='foot'>State v. Trustees, 7 Ohio St., 58.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_25'/><hi rend='bold'>25.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Doctrine, Standard.</hi>—To ascertain +the tenets and doctrines of a church, resort +<pb n='025'/><anchor id='Pg025'/> +must be had to history and to prior and contemporary +standard writings of its members +on theology.<note place='foot'>Kniskern v. Lutheran Church, 1 Sandford, N. Y., Ch. +439.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_26'/><hi rend='bold'>26.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Ecclesiastical Corporations, Religious, +Quasi-public Corporations.</hi>—Ecclesiastical +corporations, in the sense in which +the word is used in England, Germany, and +France, are unknown to the United States, +their places being supplied by religious societies +or corporations considered as private +bodies, in contradistinction to public or +quasi-public corporations, such as towns, +villages, cities, counties, and state. Therefore, +the law of private corporations applies +to religious societies and churches. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_27'/><hi rend='bold'>27.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sect, Sectarianism.</hi>—The Supreme +Court of Nevada defines <q>sect</q> as follows: +<q>A religious sect is a body or number of +persons united in tenets, but constituting a +distinct organization or party, by holding +sentiments or doctrines different from those +of other sects or people. In the sense intended +in the constitution, every sect of that +character is <q>sectarian</q> and all members +thereof are sectarians.</q><note place='foot'>State v. Hallock, 16 Nev., 373.</note> In Pennsylvania +the court adopted the definitions given in +the Standard and in Webster's +<pb n='026'/><anchor id='Pg026'/> +dictionaries.<note place='foot'>Stephenson v. Hanyon, 7 Dist. Ct. Rep. Pa., 585.</note> The Supreme Court of Missouri, +citing Webster's and the Century dictionaries, +gave the following additional definition +of sectarianism: <q>Sectarianism includes +adherence to a distinct political party, +as much as to a separate sect.</q><note place='foot'>State v. Board, 134 Mo., 296; 35 S. W., 617.</note> The Presbyterians<note place='foot'>Synod v. State, 2 S. Dak., 366; 50 N. W., 632; 14 L. R. +A., 418.</note> +and the <q>Shakers</q><note place='foot'>Stebbins v. Jennings, 10 Pick., Mass., 172.</note> have been +adjudged sects. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_28'/> +<hi rend='bold'>28.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sectarian.</hi>—<q>Sectarian</q> has received +more contradictory constructions +than any other equally simple word in the +English language. In Wisconsin the <q>King +James</q> Bible was held to be a sectarian +book;<note place='foot'>State v. District Board, 76 Wis., 177; 44 N. W., 967; +20 Am. St. Rep., 41; 7 L. R. A., 330.</note> but in Kentucky it was held that +neither the Douay nor the <q>King James</q> +Bible was a sectarian book.<note place='foot'>Hackett v. Brooksville, 27 Ky. L., 1021; 87 N. W., 792; +69 L. R. A., 592.</note> The Missouri +court extended sectarian so as to apply to +the Republican party.<note place='foot'>State v. Board, 134 Mo., 296; 35 S. W., 617; 56 Am. St. +Rep., 503.</note> In Illinois an industrial +school for girls in which the Catholic +Sisters were employed as teachers, was held +a sectarian institution;<note place='foot'>County v. Industrial School, 125 Ill., 540; 18 N. E., +183; 1 L. R. A., 437; 8 Am. St. Rep., 386.</note> while in Wisconsin, +<pb n='027'/><anchor id='Pg027'/> +the <q>Wisconsin Industrial School for Girls,</q> +a private corporation organized and conducted +by Protestant ladies, has received +appropriations from the State and has had +its reports published at state's expense, as a +non-sectarian institution.<note place='foot'><q>Wis. Industrial School for Girls,</q> Wisconsin Blue +Book. Session Laws of Wis., 1907, p. 1416 (index to +Acts). Wis. Industrial School for Girls v. Clark Co., 103 +Wis., 651; 79 N. W., 422.</note> In New York +the religious garb of the Catholic Sisters +was practically decided to be sectarian;<note place='foot'>O'Connor v. Hendrick, 184 N. Y., 421; 77 N. E., 612.</note> but +in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin it was decided +that the dress of the Sisters was not +sectarian.<note place='foot'>Hysong v. Gallitzen, 164 Pa., 629; 30 At., 482; 44 Am. +St. Rep., 623; 26 L. R. A., 203; Dorner v. School Dist., +118 N. W., 353 (Nov. 27, 1908). A good résumé of the +subject is given in a footnote in 105 Am. St. R., 151.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_29'/><hi rend='bold'>29.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Worship, Services, Mass.</hi>—Any act +of adoration, reverence, praise, thanks, +honor, or veneration given to God, is religious +worship.<note place='foot'>Stafford v. State, 45 So., 673. A Protestant Dictionary, +Wright & Neil, and Webster's Dictionary, <q>Worship.</q> A +Catholic Dictionary, Addis and Arnold, <q>Latria.</q></note> A Sunday-school where the +Bible was read and a hymn sung and a state +temperance camp-meeting where a prayer +was said and hymns were sung, were held to +be places of divine worship.<note place='foot'>Gass's App., 73 Pa., 46; 13 Am. Rep., 726; State v. +Norris, 59 N. H., 536.</note> But a priest's +house where he had a room fitted up for a +<pb n='028'/><anchor id='Pg028'/> +chapel, was held to be not a place of worship.<note place='foot'>St. Joseph's Church v. Assessors, 12 R. I., 19; 34 Am. +R., 597; Gerke v. Purcell, 25 Ohio, 229; Am. & Eng. Ency. +of L., <q>Worship.</q></note> +It is very difficult to draw a line—no matter +what curves you may give it—between the +Protestant system of worship, which consists +of the reading of the Bible, the singing +of hymns, and the reciting of prayers, and +such services in the public schools. Also, +there would seem to be no <emph>legal</emph> difference +between a prayer said or a hymn sung by a +Catholic and a Protestant. As we have no +established church in this country, we have +no standard for prayers, hymns, or music.<note place='foot'>Ante, <ref target='Para_28'>28</ref>; Post, <ref target='Para_346'>346</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +More solemn and impressive than her +prayers adapted for schools is the Mass of +the Catholic Church, defined thus: <q>The +Mass is the unbloody sacrifice of the body +and blood of Christ.</q><note place='foot'>Catholic Catechism.</note> It is defined in 26 +Cyc, 940, as follows: <q>A religious ceremonial +or observance of the Catholic +Church;<note place='foot'>Sherman v. Baker, 20 R. I., 446; 40 At., 11; 40 L. R. +A., 717.</note> a Catholic ceremonial celebrated +by the priest in open church, where all who +choose may be present and participate +therein;<note place='foot'>Webster v. Surghow, 69 N. H., 380; 45 At., 139; 48 +L. R. A., 100.</note> the sacrifice in the sacrament of +<pb n='029'/><anchor id='Pg029'/> +the Eucharist or the consecration and oblation +of the Host.</q><note place='foot'>Coleman v. O'Leary, 114 Ky., 388; 70 S. W., 1068.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_30'/><hi rend='bold'>30.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Parish.</hi>—A parish has two meanings. +In some States it is a minor division +of public territory; but in States where there +is no such division of territory, the State +using instead <q>county</q> or <q>town,</q> a parish +rather applies to the people belonging to a +particular church, who worship at a particular +place. It is in the latter sense in +which a parish should be construed in church +law.<note place='foot'>McEntee v. Bonacum, 66 Neb., 651; 92 N. W., 633.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Parishioner.</hi>—A parishioner must be defined +in harmony with the meaning of the +word <q>parish.</q><note place='foot'>American and English Encyclopedia of Law, <q>Parishoner.</q></note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_31'/><hi rend='bold'>31.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Clergyman.</hi>—A clergyman is a man +in holy orders or one who has been ordained +in accordance with the rules of his church +or denomination.<note place='foot'>Ibid., <q>Minister</q>; 7 Cyc, 189, <q>Clergy.</q></note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_32'/><hi rend='bold'>32.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Minister.</hi>—A minister is one who +acts as, or performs some of the functions +of, a clergyman.<note place='foot'>Ibid.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_33'/><hi rend='bold'>33.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Rector or Pastor.</hi>—A rector or +pastor is a clergyman who has charge of a +parish.<note place='foot'>Ibid.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='030'/><anchor id='Pg030'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_34'/><hi rend='bold'>34.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Religion.</hi>—Religion is still further +distinguished, but not very satisfactorily defined, +for the reason that etymologists have +not agreed upon the derivation of the word. +When the matter was brought before our +courts and it became necessary to give a +definition, the highest court in our country +gave the following: <q>The term <q>religion</q> +has reference to one's views of his relations +to his Creator, and to the obligations they +impose of reverence for His being and character, +and of obedience to His will. It is +often confounded with <hi rend='italic'>cultus</hi> or form of +worship of a particular sect, but it is distinguishable +from the latter.</q><note place='foot'>Davies v. Beason, 133 U. S., 333; 33 L. Ed., 637.</note> One of our +highest courts held that <q>religion,</q> as used +in the trust provision in a will for the purchase +and distribution of religious books or +reading as they shall be deemed best, means +<q>Christian.</q><note place='foot'>Simpson v. Welcome, 72 Me., 496.</note> But the Supreme Court of +another State held that <q>religion</q> is not +equivalent to <q>Christian</q> religion, but +means the religion of any class of men.<note place='foot'>Board v. Minor, 23 Ohio St., 250.</note> +Judge Willis defines <q>religion</q> thus: <q>It is +what a man honestly believes in and approves +of and thinks it his duty to inculcate +<pb n='031'/><anchor id='Pg031'/> +on others whether with regard to this world +or the next; a belief in any system of retribution +by an overruling power. It must, I +think, include the principle of gratitude to +an active power who can confer blessings.</q><note place='foot'>Baxter v. Langley, 38 L. J., M. C., 1.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='032'/><anchor id='Pg032'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter III. Constitutional Law</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_35'/><hi rend='bold'>35.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Religious Tests.</hi>—The constitution +of the United States provides that <q>no religious +test shall ever be required as a qualification +to any office or public trust under +the United States.</q><note place='foot'>Art. vi.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_36'/><hi rend='bold'>36.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Test Oath, Attainder.</hi>—No test oath +of any kind, whether religious or otherwise, +can be required of a citizen of the United +States. Therefore the test oath of Congress +requiring an officer to swear that he never +voluntarily bore arms against the United +States, was held unconstitutional. Exclusion +from any vocation on account of past conduct +is punishment and contrary to the constitution +on the subject of bills of attainder.<note place='foot'>Ex parte Garland, 4 Wallace, 333; 18 L. Ed., 366.</note> +But there is a limitation to this rule to prevent +the open violation of the laws of the +United States or any State under the cloak +of religion.<note place='foot'>Church of Latter-Day Saints v. U. S., 136 U. S., 1; 34 +L. Ed., 478; 140 U. S., 665; 35 L. Ed., 592.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_37'/><hi rend='bold'>37.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Establishment of Religion, Free Exercise.</hi>—The +first amendment to the United +<pb n='033'/><anchor id='Pg033'/> +States constitution provides that <q>Congress +shall make no law respecting an establishment +of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise +thereof.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_38'/><hi rend='bold'>38.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sovereignty, States, Bigamy.</hi>—The +courts have held that this provision applies +to Congress only, and can not be construed +to interfere with the sovereignty of the several +States; that the constitutional guarantee +of religious freedom was not intended to prohibit +legislation against polygamy; and that +section 5352 of the United States Revised +Statutes against bigamy, is constitutional. +Also, that on a trial for bigamy in Utah, a +man who was living in polygamy was not +competent to serve as a juror.<note place='foot'>Reynolds v. United States, 8 Otto, 145; 25 L. Ed., 244.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_39'/><hi rend='bold'>39.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Church of the Latter-Day Saints.</hi>—In +1851 the assembly of the so-called State +of Deseret, which subsequently became the +territory of Utah, incorporated <q>the Church +of the Latter-Day Saints.</q> In 1887 Congress +repealed the act of incorporation and +abrogated the charter, which the Supreme +Court held was within its plenary powers. +The pretense of religious belief can not deprive +Congress of the power to prohibit +polygamy and all other open offenses against +the enlightened sentiments of mankind.<note place='foot'>Church of Latter-Day Saints v. U. S., 136 U. S., 1; 34 +L. Ed., 478; 140 U. S., 665; 35 L. Ed., 592.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='034'/><anchor id='Pg034'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_40'/><hi rend='bold'>40.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Crime, Religion.</hi>—The law prohibiting +any person who is a polygamist or +bigamist, or who teaches, advises, counsels, +or encourages the same, from holding any +office of honor, trust, or profit, is constitutional; +and a crime is none the less so, nor +less odious, because it is sanctioned by what +any particular sect may designate as religion. +A state has the right to legislate for the punishment +of all acts inimical to the peace, good +order, and morals of society.<note place='foot'>Davis v. Beason, 133 U. S., 333; 33 L. Ed., 637.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_41'/><hi rend='bold'>41.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Donation, Hostile, Religion.</hi>—On +the other hand the United States Supreme +Court declared the legal right of donees of a +college to make as a condition of the donation +that all ecclesiastics, missionaries, and +ministers of any sort, should be excluded +from holding any station of duty in the college +or even visiting the same. The condition +being only negatively derogatory and +hostile to the Christian religion, did not +make the devise for the foundation of the +college void.<note place='foot'>Fenelon v. Girard, 2 Howard, 127; 11 L. Ed., 205.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_42'/><hi rend='bold'>42.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Christian Scientist.</hi>—A law requiring +a person to be a physician to treat the +sick, is constitutional; and the defense of a +person who has no license to practise, that +he is a Christian Scientist, is not good. Also, +<pb n='035'/><anchor id='Pg035'/> +a parent must furnish a doctor for his sick +child, notwithstanding that he believes in +prayer cure.<note place='foot'>State v. Marble, 72 Ohio St., 21; 73 N. E., 1063; State +v. Chenoweth, 163 Ind., 94; 71 N. E., 197; People v. Reetz, +127 Mich, 87; 86 N. W., 396; 59 Cen. L. J., 202; 68 L. R. +A., 432.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_43'/><hi rend='bold'>43.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Protestant.</hi>—In the early days, under +the constitution of the State, the courts +of Massachusetts practically held that the +Protestant religion was the religion of that +State.<note place='foot'>Thaxter v. Jones, 4 Mass., 570.</note> Also, the constitution of New +Hampshire referred to different Christians, +and the court in construing the terms <q>Roman +Catholic</q> and <q>Protestant,</q> held that +any one who did not assent to the truth of +Christianity as a distinct system of religion, +could not be classed as either. The court +stated that Mohammedans, Jews, pagans, +and infidels, are neither <q>Catholics</q> nor +<q>Protestants.</q> The term <q>Protestant,</q> as +used in the constitution of New Hampshire, +includes all Christians who deny the authority +of the Pope of Rome. When the children +of Protestant parents renounce that religion, +and voluntarily accept another, they +cease to be Protestants.<note place='foot'>Hale v. Everett, 53 N. H., 9.</note> At present under +the constitution of New Hampshire, the legislature +may authorize towns or parishes to +<pb n='036'/><anchor id='Pg036'/> +provide for the support of Protestant ministers.<note place='foot'>Federal and State Constitutions, Stimson.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_44'/><hi rend='bold'>44.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Hospitals, Sisters, Appropriation.</hi>—In +1864, Providence Hospital, of Washington, +was incorporated by an act of Congress, +for general hospital purposes. In 1897, +$30,000 was appropriated for the District of +Columbia to put up two isolation buildings +in connection with two hospitals in that city, +to be operated as a part of such hospitals. +Providence Hospital was selected as one, and +because it was in charge of Sisters of the +Roman Catholic Church, the right of Congress +to make the appropriation was disputed. +Among other things, Judge Peackham +says: <q>Whether the individuals who +compose the corporation under its charter +happen to be all Roman Catholics, or all +Methodists, or all Presbyterians, or Unitarians, +or members of any other religious +organization, or of no organization at all, is +of not the slightest consequence with reference +to the law of its corporation, nor can +the individual beliefs upon religious matters +of the various incorporators be inquired +into.</q> The appropriation was <q>for two hospital +buildings to be constructed in the discretion +of the commissioners of the District +of Columbia on the grounds of two hospitals +<pb n='037'/><anchor id='Pg037'/> +and to be operated as a part of such hospitals.</q><note place='foot'>Bradford v. Roberts, 175 U. S., 291; 44 L. Ed., 168; 20 +Sup. Ct. R., 121; Municipality of Ponce v. The Roman +Catholic Apostolic Church, 28 Sup. Ct. R., 737 (1908).</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_45'/><hi rend='bold'>45.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Constitution, Rights.</hi>—The provisions +in the constitution do not in any way interfere +with property rights obtained by a +church organization prior to its adoption.<note place='foot'>Terrett v. Taylor, 9 Cranch, 43; 3 L. Ed., 650; Municipality, +etc., v. Church, 28 Sup. Ct. R., 737.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_46'/><hi rend='bold'>46.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Aid, Contracts.</hi>—Under the constitution +of the United States, Congress cannot +make appropriations for nor give aid to any +denomination. Also, similar provisions are +in many of the constitutions of the States. +However, many cases arise out of contracts +which border upon these various rules, and +in some States the constitutional provision of +the State is such that the State Legislature +may legislate concerning religion and give +certain aid and support thereto. Paying rent +to a congregation for a school-room is not +an appropriation or aid to a church contrary +to the constitution.<note place='foot'>Millard v. Board, 19 Ill., 48; Dorner v. Dist., 118 N. W., +353.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_47'/><hi rend='bold'>47.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Protestant Teacher, Tax.</hi>—Formerly +every parish in Massachusetts was obliged +to elect and support a Protestant teacher, +and might erect churches and parsonages. +To provide the expenses thereof, a tax +<pb n='038'/><anchor id='Pg038'/> +might be assessed upon the polls of the +inhabitants.<note place='foot'>Ashby v. Wellington, 25 Mass., 524.</note> Until 1890 New Hampshire +permitted a tax to be levied in towns for religious +purposes. It is still legal under the +New Hampshire constitution to tax the inhabitants +for the purpose of supporting +Protestant teachers, but not to support a +teacher of any other denomination.<note place='foot'>Federal and State Constitutions, Stimson, p. 139; Hale +v. Everett, 53 N. H., 9.</note> A section +of land in every township in Ohio was +set apart for religious societies, in which +they all shared equally.<note place='foot'>State v. Trustees, 11 Ohio, 24.</note> Vermont had a +similar provision.<note place='foot'>First v. Leach, 35 Vt., 108.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_48'/><hi rend='bold'>48.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Office, God.</hi>—The constitutions of +Arkansas, Mississippi, North Carolina, +South Carolina, and Texas, prohibit a man +from holding office who denies the existence +of a Supreme Being; and the constitutions +of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Tennessee, +make all clergymen ineligible to hold +a civil office.<note place='foot'>Federal and State Constitutions, Stimson, p. 139.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_49'/><hi rend='bold'>49.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Religious Liberty, Bible, Religious +Garb, Wages.</hi>—The authorities are not uniform +as to what constitutes a violation of religious +liberty. The question of whether +the reading of the Bible in the public schools +is a violation of the constitution, is an open +<pb n='039'/><anchor id='Pg039'/> +one in some States and in others the courts +have passed upon it, some holding that it is +a violation of the constitution,<note place='foot'>State v. District, 76 Wis., 177; 44 N. W., 967; 20 Am. +St. R., 41; 7 L. R. A., 330.</note> and some +holding that it is not.<note place='foot'>Church v. Bullock, 100 S. W. (Tex.), 1025; Millard v. +Board, 121 Ill., 297; 10 N. E., 669; Hackett v. Brooksville, +27 Ky. L., 1021; 87 S. W., 792; 69 L. R. A., 592; 61 C. +L. J., 49.</note> The weight of authority +seems to permit the reading of the +<q>King James</q> Bible,<note place='foot'>Church v. Bullock, 100 S. W., 1025.</note> and where portions +only are read, as in <q>reading books</q> prepared +for school work, or where the children +are not obliged to be present during the exercises, +the cases seem to be unanimous that +it is not a violation of the constitution.<note place='foot'>Moore v. Monroe, 64 Ia., 367; 20 N. W., 475; 66 L. R. +A., 166; 52 Am. R., 444; Pfeiffer v. Board, 118 Mich., 560; +77 N. W., 250; 42 L. R. A., 536.</note> In +Pennsylvania the court held that while Sisters +in their religious garb might be teachers +in the public schools, they could not give instruction +in the Catholic religion at the +schoolhouse before or after school hours, or +at any other time use the school building for +religious purposes. Also, in Wisconsin the +court decided that while a portion of a parochial +school building might be leased for +public school purposes and the Sisters be employed +therein as teachers, religious exercises +and instructions could not be given in +<pb n='040'/><anchor id='Pg040'/> +such leased premises.<note place='foot'>Hysong v. Gallitzin Borough School, 164 Pa. St., 629; +30 At., 482; 26 L. R. A., 203; Dorner v. School District, +118 N. W., Wis., 353 (Nov. 27, 1908).</note> In New York it +was held not only that Sisters could not wear +their religious garb or pray in school, but +that they could not collect wages for teaching.<note place='foot'>O'Connor v. Hendricks, 96 N. Y. S., 161.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='041'/><anchor id='Pg041'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter IV. Statutory Law</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_50'/><hi rend='bold'>50.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Wisconsin, Mississippi, New York.</hi>—The +statutory law of the different States +of the Union is so varied and the laws of +one State are of so little interest to the people +of another that it would be almost useless +and beyond the boundaries of this work to +give the substance of the various statutes. +In some States there is a limitation upon the +real estate that a church or charitable organization +may hold, and in other States +there is no limitation whatever. Wisconsin, +perhaps, occupies the extreme of greatest +liberality, by not only allowing full freedom +in everything relating to religion and charity, +but it further excepts from the limitation +all rights of alienation of real estate granted +or devised to a charitable association or to +literary or charitable corporations organized +under the law of the State. The State of +Mississippi probably stands at the other extreme +both in the narrowness of its constitution +and statutory law, and prohibits any +<pb n='042'/><anchor id='Pg042'/> +devise or bequest of any personal property +or real estate in favor of any religious or +ecclesiastical corporation or any religious or +ecclesiastical society. Neither does it exempt +a clergyman, physician, or lawyer, +from examination as a witness concerning +information that he obtained in the performance +of his functions or duties as such. Its +judges, however, are more liberal than its +legislators, and I know of no instance in +which a clergyman, physician, or lawyer, as +a witness, was sent to jail for contempt of +court for not divulging information obtained +in his professional capacity. Probably +New York has the most complete code<note place='foot'>Ch. 723, L. 1895.</note> +relating to religious corporations. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_51'/><hi rend='bold'>51.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Real Estate, Parish, Diocese, Taxation.</hi>—It +is very important that a congregation +about to purchase real estate should examine +and understand the statutory law of +the State governing the powers and authority +of the Church as a civil organization. In +some States there is no special law for incorporating +religious societies; while in most +States there are special provisions therefor. +For this reason, I emphasize the fact that no +parish or clergyman is justified in organizing +a congregation or purchasing land without +first knowing the law of that particular +<pb n='043'/><anchor id='Pg043'/> +State. But generally it is best that each congregation +be incorporated and that its property +be held in the name of the corporation, +so that the debts of one corporation will not +embarrass the diocese, and that bequests and +gifts made to a church may be enforced in +the courts. The proceedings to incorporate +are fully stated in the statutes of each State. +One of the things of the utmost importance +is that any notice to be given must be given +strictly as required by law.<note place='foot'>West v. Otteson, 80 Wis., 62; 49 N. W., 24; Ferraria +v. Vasconcellos, 23 Ill., 456; 31 Ill., 25.</note> Another is to +incorporate in the way that avoids taxation.<note place='foot'>Gitzhoffen v. Sisters, 88 Pac., 691; 32 Utah, 46; Trustees +v. B. P. O. E., 122 Wis., 452; 100 N. W., 837.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_52'/><hi rend='bold'>52.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Riot, Damages.</hi>—Under a statute +providing that a person whose property is +destroyed by riot may bring suit against the +county for damages, a corporation for religious +purposes, as well as an individual, has +a right of action.<note place='foot'>Hermits v. County, 7 Pa. L. J., 124.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_53'/><hi rend='bold'>53.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Use, Change, Parsonage, Discipline, +Doctrine, Curate.</hi>—When a fee simple is +acquired by a religious corporation, without +restriction as to quantity, but limiting the +purpose of its use, a subsequent Legislature, +with the consent of the corporation, has +power to change or abrogate altogether the +restrictions as to the use of the land.<note place='foot'>Trustees v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599.</note> And +<pb n='044'/><anchor id='Pg044'/> +the Legislature may empower the church +corporation to convey a house devised to it +for a parsonage with a condition that it be +kept in repair, and invest the proceeds in +other property to be held for the same purpose.<note place='foot'>In re Van Horn, 18 R. I., 389.</note> +A State legislature can not interfere +in church discipline and doctrine, as by legislating +what shall constitute a curate in the +Catholic Church.<note place='foot'>Wardens v. Blanc, 8 Rob, La., 51.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='045'/><anchor id='Pg045'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter V. Unincorporated Church Societies</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_54'/><hi rend='bold'>54.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Partners, Debt, Liability.</hi>—Where +several go into an undertaking without first +being incorporated they are usually liable as +partners, each one being responsible for the +whole debt. In some States the same liability +exists where an attempt has been made +to incorporate, but there was a failure to +comply fully with the law.<note place='foot'>Rutherford v. Hill, 22 Or., 218; 29 Pac., 546; 17 L. R. +A., 549; 56 Cen. L. J., 221; Wechselberg v. Flour, 64 F., 90.</note> There is some +authority freeing the individual members of +a religious society from liability for the +debts of such society,<note place='foot'>Jewett v. Thames Bank, 16 Conn., 511.</note> and holding that an +agent of such society could not bind the society +in their associated capacity by a promissory +note,<note place='foot'>Jeffts v. York, 10 Cushing, 392.</note> but the rule is that the members +of an unincorporated society who actively +incur lawful debts or ratify them after their +creation are personally liable. There are +exceptions to this rule by statute or decisions +<pb n='046'/><anchor id='Pg046'/> +in a few States.<note place='foot'>Allen v. M. E. Church, 127 Ia., 96; 102 N. W., 808; 69 +L. R. A., 255; Sawyer v. Methodist, 18 Vt., 405.</note> Also, the law of personal +liability is settled in England.<note place='foot'>Wise v. Perpetual Trustees, House of Lords, 57 C. L. +J., 104.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_55'/><hi rend='bold'>55.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Pastor, Salary.</hi>—In a late case in +Wisconsin where a pastor had a contract +with his congregation as to his salary, after +the clergyman's death his heirs recovered +the unpaid part of his salary in an action +against a few of the individual members of +the congregation.<note place='foot'>Sheehy v. Blake, 77 Wis., 394; 46 N. W., 537; 69 L. +R. A., 255.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_56'/><hi rend='bold'>56.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Building, Materials.</hi>—The members +of the building committee of an unincorporated +church are liable for materials purchased +by them for the church, notwithstanding +that the seller charged the materials +in the name of the church, and that +at the time that the purchase was made, he +was told that the money for payment was +to be raised by subscription among the congregation.<note place='foot'>Clark v. O'Rourke, 111 Mich., 108; 69 N. W., 147.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_57'/><hi rend='bold'>57.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Management, Disability.</hi>—An unincorporated +society is managed by those who +are competent to transact their own business. +Therefore, it would seem that members +must be men over twenty-one years of +age, and not under legal disability. The +<pb n='047'/><anchor id='Pg047'/> +minor sons in a family who have continued +their attendance at the religious services +until of full age, are considered members.<note place='foot'>Bradford v. Cary, 5 Me., 339; Lynch v. Pfeiffer, 110 +N. Y., 33; 17 N. E., 402; In re St. Luke's, 17 Philadelphia, +261.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_58'/><hi rend='bold'>58.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Shakers, Sect, Catholic Church, +Trustees, Funds.</hi>—Although the sect called +Shakers is not incorporated, yet it has been +allowed to take and hold property for church +purposes.<note place='foot'>Addison v. Brock, 3 Me., 243.</note> In Massachusetts, by statute, a +sect may take and hold property for religious +purposes without incorporation.<note place='foot'>Stebbins v. Jennings, 10 Pickering, 172.</note> The +Roman Catholic Church is a recognized public +corporation by most nations, including +the United States.<note place='foot'>Municipality of Ponce v. Roman Catholic Church, 28 +Sup. Ct. R., 737; 6 Cyc, 915.</note> No individual member +of any such body has any title to the lands +it holds, but the lands are the property of +the society in its aggregate capacity.<note place='foot'>Ferraria v. Vasconcellos, 31 Ill., 25; Mason v. Muncaster, +9 Wheaton, 468; 6 L. Ed., 131.</note> After +property has been acquired, the trustees +have no right to distribute it among the +members, as such power could not be conferred +upon them by a majority vote even +when approved by an order of the court. +The contributors did not intend their funds +to be so disposed of, and if they failed to +attain the use intended, they must be returned +<pb n='048'/><anchor id='Pg048'/> +to the donors, and if not called for, +would escheat to the state.<note place='foot'>Wheaton v. Gates, 18 N. Y., 395.</note> Where an unincorporated +society has purchased property +and taken the title thereto in the name of +one of its members, when it subsequently +incorporates such member may be required +to execute a conveyance to the corporation.<note place='foot'>South v. Yates, 1 Hoff. N. Y., 142; Miller v. Chittendon, +42 Ia., 252; Newmarket v. Smart, 45 N. H., 87; Evangelical +Appeal, 35 Pa. St., 316.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_59'/><hi rend='bold'>59.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Contract, Binding.</hi>—Persons forming +a religious society may make a contract +for the support of its minister by a majority +vote.<note place='foot'>Congregational Society v. Swan, 2 Vt., 222.</note> When such unincorporated society +by a majority vote enters into a contract or +compromises a suit, it is binding upon the +minority.<note place='foot'>Horton v. Baptist Church, 34 Vt., 309.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_60'/><hi rend='bold'>60.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Court, Trust.</hi>—Any member of an +unincorporated society may go into a court +of equity on behalf of himself and others to +enforce the execution of a trust in favor of +the society.<note place='foot'>Associated Reform Church v. Theological Seminary, 4 +N. J. Eq., 77.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_61'/><hi rend='bold'>61.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Societies, Membership, Forfeiture.</hi>—Voluntary +religious societies when not restricted +by their charters or articles of association, +may make by-laws declaring what +shall constitute membership and what shall +<pb n='049'/><anchor id='Pg049'/> +operate as a forfeiture thereof, applicable +to existing as well as to future members. +Where money is voted to be raised by an +assessment to be made at a subsequent +period, a person who was a member of the +religious society at the time that such vote +was passed, but withdraws before the time +of assessment, is not liable to taxation.<note place='foot'>Taylor v. Edison, 4 Cushing, 522.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='050'/><anchor id='Pg050'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter VI. Incorporated Religious Societies</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_62'/><hi rend='bold'>62.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Special Law, General Laws.</hi>—In +most of the States there is a special law +under which congregations may be incorporated. +New York is a good example.<note place='foot'>Laws of 1895, ch. 723; Religious Corporations, Cummings +and Gilbert.</note> +Where such law does not exist, the congregation +may be incorporated under the general +laws. For business reasons each congregation +should be incorporated.<note place='foot'>Heiss v. Vosburg, 59 Wis., 532; 18 N. W., 463.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_63'/><hi rend='bold'>63.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Officers, Discipline, Property.</hi>—When +a church society incorporates it becomes +a private corporation, and the officers +are bound to manage the property in the +most upright and careful manner according +to the discipline of the church.<note place='foot'>Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 323.</note> When a +parish incorporates, the title to the parish +property vests in the corporation, to which +trustees may be compelled to convey it.<note place='foot'>Christian C. v. C., 219 Ill., 503; 76 N. E., 703.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_64'/><hi rend='bold'>64.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Incorporation, Evidence.</hi>—The certificate +of incorporation or charter of a religious +society or a certified copy thereof +<pb n='051'/><anchor id='Pg051'/> +from the public record, is the proper evidence +thereof.<note place='foot'>Jackson v. Legate, 9 Wendell, N. Y., 377.</note> Secondary evidence and +evidence <hi rend='italic'>aliunde</hi> may be competent in some +forums.<note place='foot'>10 Cyc, 235-244.</note> In most States if incorporation is +alleged in the complaint, it need not be +proved unless denied by an affidavit or a +verified answer. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_65'/><hi rend='bold'>65.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Congregation, Members.</hi>—The act +of incorporation applies only to the particular +congregation petitioning for it and does +not extend to other churches, even though +they are a subsequent growth within the +same territory.<note place='foot'>Atty-Gen. v. Dutch, 36 N. Y., 452.</note> Incorporation once established +is presumed to continue.<note place='foot'>Methodist v. Pickett, 23 Barber, 436.</note> When a +new religious society is formed and incorporated, +consisting of individuals from existing +parishes, the members of the new society +from the time of its incorporation cease +to be members of the respective parishes +to which they had belonged.<note place='foot'>Sutton v. Cole, 8 Mass., 96.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_66'/><hi rend='bold'>66.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Temporal Affairs, Management.</hi>—A +majority of a religious corporation at a regularly +called meeting may, by a vote taken, +bind the minority in all temporal affairs.<note place='foot'>Miller v. English, 21 N. J. L., 317.</note> +The character of membership in the religious +corporation may be very different from +<pb n='052'/><anchor id='Pg052'/> +that of membership in the church.<note place='foot'>Enos v. Church, 187 Mass., 40; 72 N. E., 253.</note> The +fact that a member has been declared out of +the church by an ecclesiastical tribunal, may +not affect his rights in the management of +the temporal concerns of the corporation.<note place='foot'>Baptist v. Wetherell, 3 Paige, N. Y., 296; In re Williams, +105 N. Y. S., 1105; Contra: First R. P. Ch. v. Bowden, +10 Abb., N. C., 1.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_67'/><hi rend='bold'>67.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Corporators, Change.</hi>—In isolated +cases here and there it has been held that a +majority of the corporators of a religious +society has the right to change the form of +church government, as from the Congregational +Church to an organization in connection +with the Presbyterian Church.<note place='foot'>Bellports v. Tooker, 29 Barber, N. Y., 256.</note> But +it is a general rule that a majority of the +congregation can act only consistently with +the particular and general laws of the +church organization, but not in violation of +them.<note place='foot'>Sutter v. First, 42 Pa. St., 503.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_68'/><hi rend='bold'>68.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Constitution, Subsequent Laws.</hi>—An +ecclesiastical society formed before the +adoption of the state constitution is not by +that constitution and subsequent laws concerning +religious societies divested of its +legal character.<note place='foot'>Atwater v. Woodbridge, 6 Conn., 223.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_69'/><hi rend='bold'>69.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Name, Change.</hi>—The name of an +ecclesiastical corporation is arbitrary and a +<pb n='053'/><anchor id='Pg053'/> +change or alteration in its name does not +affect its identity.<note place='foot'>Wardens v. Hall, 22 Conn., 125.</note> A charter will not be +granted to a church with a name so like another +church in the same State, that one may +be taken for the other.<note place='foot'>Beach, Private Corporations, vol. i, p. 608.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_70'/><hi rend='bold'>70.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Church, Regular.</hi>—In church organizations +those who adhere to the regular +order of the church, legal and general, +though a minority, are the true congregation +and constitute the corporation if incorporated.<note place='foot'>Free Ch. of Scotland v. Overton, Appeal Cases, House +of Lords, 1904; Winnebrenner v. Colder, 43 Pa. St., 244.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_71'/><hi rend='bold'>71.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Notice, Legal.</hi>—All the proceedings +of a corporation, including notice, must be +in accordance with the constitution and by-laws, +and no business transacted contrary +thereto is legal.<note place='foot'>Rules of Order, Scanlan, c. iii.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_72'/><hi rend='bold'>72.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Control, Secede, Vested Rights.</hi>—The +officers of a church corporation have +control of the business management for all +civil purposes, excepting as otherwise provided +by the articles of organization, charter, +or by-laws of the corporation. However, +the by-laws must not contravene the +laws of the State.<note place='foot'>Christ's Ev. L. C., 5 Pa. Co. Court, 121.</note> A charter was refused +in Pennsylvania which provided that the +<pb n='054'/><anchor id='Pg054'/> +congregation might, by a majority vote, dissolve +or secede from the central body and +divide the property.<note place='foot'>In re Zion, 8 Kulp. Pa., 239.</note> A charter of incorporation +may be amended in harmony with +the principles, discipline, and objects of the +church, but not otherwise.<note place='foot'>In re Hebron, 9 Phil., 609.</note> The fact that +incorporation of a church confers certain +rights and privileges under the charter, such +charter being accepted, does not give the +church corporation any vested rights.<note place='foot'>U. S. v. Church, 5 Utah, 361, 394, and 538; 15 Pac., +473; 16 Pac., 723; 18 Pac., 35.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_73'/><hi rend='bold'>73.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Consolidation, Control, Dissolution.</hi>—So +far as the State law is concerned, two +different denominations may form one corporation;<note place='foot'>Neil v. Vestry, 8 Gill., 116.</note> +or two or more congregations +of the same organization may form one corporation.<note place='foot'>Madison v. Baptist, 26 N. Y., 570; Stokes v. Phelps, +47 Hun., 570.</note> +Where such consolidation is attempted, +the new organization must have +control of all the property.<note place='foot'>German, etc., 9 Pa. Co. C., 12.</note> So long as different +congregations attempting to consolidate +retain their respective identities, they do +not form a single corporation.<note place='foot'>Evenson v. Ellingson, 72 Wis., 242; 39 N. W., 330.</note> It is a general +rule that a corporation may be dissolved +by taking the steps required by law. As +there are various statutory provisions in the +<pb n='055'/><anchor id='Pg055'/> +different States, each case had best be attended +to by an attorney. In some States +there is a provision that where a corporation +fails to carry out its functions for a stated +time, it thereby becomes dissolved. The +omission of a parish for one year to elect +officers, does not necessarily operate as a dissolution +under such statute. In case of dissolution +under a statute of that kind, the +property of the church is not forfeited to the +State.<note place='foot'>Toby v. Wareham, 54 Mass., 440.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_74'/><hi rend='bold'>74.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Debt, Limited.</hi>—The amount of debt +which the trustees of a religious society may +be authorized to create, may be limited by its +constitution.<note place='foot'>Weber v. Zimmerman, 22 Md., 156; Wyncoop v. Cong., +10 La., 185.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_75'/><hi rend='bold'>75.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Conditions, Effect.</hi>—Where $1,000 +was given defendants to erect and maintain +forever a Lutheran church and prohibiting +the grantee from alienating or disposing of +or otherwise changing or encumbering the +land by deed, a mortgage given to secure a +legitimate debt was held valid, as the legal +title was in the corporation and a court of +equity could not refuse to enforce the mortgage +for the payment of an honest debt +under color of protecting a charitable use.<note place='foot'>Magie v. German, 13 N. J. Eq., 77.</note> +But property given a congregation for the +<pb n='056'/><anchor id='Pg056'/> +maintenance of a church that becomes dissolved, +reverts to the heirs as a resulting +trust.<note place='foot'>Esterbrook v. Tillinghast, 71 Mass., 17.</note> A corporation that has been authorized +to purchase land may execute a mortgage +for the purchase money or a part of it +without further authority.<note place='foot'>South v. Clapp, 18 Barber, N. Y., 35.</note> Where by an +ancient agreement a meeting-house was to +remain in a particular place, a vote of the +congregation will not justify pulling it +down, and an action of trespass will lie for +razing it and damages will be given for the +value of the building.<note place='foot'>Tilden v. Metcalf, 2 Day, Conn., 259; Heiss v. Vosburg, +59 Wis., 532; 18 N. W., 518.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_76'/><hi rend='bold'>76.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Suits, Parties.</hi>—When a church is +incorporated, it should be sued in its corporate +name; but when the bishop of the +Catholic church holds the legal title to the +land in litigation, he should be made a +party.<note place='foot'>Keller v. Tracy, 11 Ia., 530.</note> And if there are two sets of officers +contending for control, service of the papers +upon the intruders may not be sufficient. The +safer practice is to serve upon both.<note place='foot'>Verrian v. Methodist, 44 Abbott Pr., 424.</note> A +suit by the trustees of a religious society to +restrain other parties claiming to be trustees +from interfering in the management and +control of the society property, is properly +<pb n='057'/><anchor id='Pg057'/> +brought in the corporate name of the trustees +and not in the name of the State.<note place='foot'>Trustees v. Hoessli, 13 Wis., 348.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_77'/><hi rend='bold'>77.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Incorporation, Sufficient.</hi>—Where +the articles of incorporation were drawn and +signed in the form required by law, excepting +as to the acknowledgment, and were recorded, +and the corporation organized in +good faith, it became a <hi rend='italic'>de facto</hi> corporation +and was sufficient to entitle it to sue to prevent +certain members from perverting the +use of its property.<note place='foot'>Franke v. Mann, 106 Wis., 118; 81 N. W., 1014.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_78'/><hi rend='bold'>78.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Dissolution, Fund.</hi>—The corporation +of a congregation can not by seceding and +a majority vote dissolve the corporation +where it is a part of a superior body.<note place='foot'>Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.</note> But +the courts have plenary powers over corporations +under the United States jurisdiction, +such as territories, and may dissolve a corporation.<note place='foot'>Mormon v. United States, 136 U. S., 1; 33 L. Ed., 639.</note> +The fact that the dissolution is +contrary to, or authorized by church discipline, +makes no difference as to granting the +dissolution, as such discipline can not supersede +the state law.<note place='foot'>In re Methodist, 67 Hun., 86.</note> On dissolution of a religious +corporation, the surplus fund derived +from a legacy should be disposed of in +the manner the court believes to be most in +<pb n='058'/><anchor id='Pg058'/> +harmony with the will of the contributors to +the fund, could they have foreseen the +event.<note place='foot'>In re Union, 6 Abb., N. C., 398.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_79'/><hi rend='bold'>79.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Reorganization.</hi>—A church corporation +may reorganize and be reinstated into +all rights that it formerly had.<note place='foot'>First v. Brownell, 5 Hun., 464.</note> The steps +to be taken to reorganize are usually provided +by statute and should be closely followed. +Upon the reorganization, the old +corporation becomes terminated.<note place='foot'>Evenson v. Ellingson, 72 Wis., 242; 39 N. W., 330.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_80'/><hi rend='bold'>80.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Meetings, Majority, Quorum.</hi>—In +corporate meetings, meetings of boards, and +meetings of committees duly called, a majority +vote of those present determines the +action of the body. If the membership is indefinite, +those who attend such meeting constitute +a quorum; but if the membership is +definite, it requires a majority of the voting +members to constitute a quorum, unless the +law of the State or the constitution (articles +of organization) or by-laws provide a different +number.<note place='foot'>Rules of Order, Scanlan, 20; Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., +328; Sutter v. First, 42 Pa. St., 503.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='059'/><anchor id='Pg059'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter VII. Superior Authority</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_81'/><hi rend='bold'>81.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Protestant, Ministers, Bishop.</hi>—In +most church organizations the authority is +divided into superior and inferior. In countries +where there is an established Protestant +church, the superior authority is first +in the king and queen and secondly in the +bishops. The inferior authority is in the +ministers and secular officers of the church. +Where there is no established church, the +synod or bishop is the superior authority. +Thus decisions of our courts usually apply +to all churches alike. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_82'/><hi rend='bold'>82.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Roman Catholic Church, Pope, Bishops, +Delegated.</hi>—In the Roman Catholic +Church the superior authority is first in the +Pope and secondly in the other bishops. +This superior authority is graded and some +of it may be delegated, as in case of a Papal +delegate. But the general rule that delegated +authority can not be again delegated +by the delegate without special authority +applies to church matters. +</p> + +<pb n='060'/><anchor id='Pg060'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_83'/><hi rend='bold'>83.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Bishop, Discipline, Clergy.</hi>—Within +his diocese the bishop is the executive officer, +the legislature, and the judiciary; but he is +subject to the superior authority of the +Church. The bishop may make laws for his +diocese, subject to the limitation of the general +doctrine and discipline of the Church. +He has original jurisdiction of all causes +arising in his diocese, and may decide them +in the first instance and inflict such penalties, +suspension, or excommunication, in accordance +with the canons of the Church, as +he deems fit. The clergy are subject to his +orders and discipline according to the canon +law. However, without special contract, the +bishop is not civilly liable for the salary of +a priest under him, either while he is actually +in the line of his assigned duties or while +waiting to be assigned.<note place='foot'>Rose v. Vertin, 46 Mich., 457; 9 N. W., 491; Tuigg v. +Sheehan, 101 Pa. St., 363.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_84'/><hi rend='bold'>84.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Local, Secular Matters.</hi>—There is +still another division of superior and inferior +authority: the local corporation or +congregation has nothing whatever to do +with the doctrinal or disciplinary functions +of the Church; but has only such powers +and authority with regard to secular matters +as is provided by the laws of the State +or conferred by the articles of organization, +<pb n='061'/><anchor id='Pg061'/> +charter, and by-laws. Also, unless there is +some other rule to the contrary, only the +male members who are over twenty-one +years of age, have a voice and vote in such +corporation.<note place='foot'>Am. & Eng. Ency. of L., <q>Religious Societies.</q></note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_85'/><hi rend='bold'>85.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Unincorporated, Authority.</hi>—When +a church is not incorporated, all its elections +and proceedings, so far as they are not contrary +to the laws of the State, must be in +accordance with the rules and regulations +of the Church; and the rule that the inferior +authority must give way to the superior +authority in all matters within the limitations +of the constitution and laws of the +organization, prevails.<note place='foot'>Den. v. Bolton, 12 N. J. L., 206.</note> However, courts +are not always clear on the last part of this +rule.<note place='foot'>Bonacum v. Murphy, 65 Neb., 831, and 71 Neb., 463; +98 N. W., 1030; 102 N. W., 267, and 104 N. W., 180.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_86'/><hi rend='bold'>86.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Tribunal, Action, Appeal.</hi>—When +any question arises and is being adjudicated +in the tribunal of the church organization, +either as an original action or on appeal, the +State court will not interfere so long as the +proceedings are in accordance with the rules +and regulations of the church, unless some +vested right to property is in question or +<pb n='062'/><anchor id='Pg062'/> +some one's right as a citizen of the State or +of the United States is being infringed.<note place='foot'>Bonacum v. Murphy, 71 Neb., 463; 104 N. W., 180; +Bowden v. MacLeod, 1 Edw., N. Y., 588.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_87'/><hi rend='bold'>87.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Spiritual Authority, Excommunication.</hi>—Neither +the Pope nor the bishop has +any but spiritual authority within the State.<note place='foot'>Congregation v. Martin, 4 Rob., La., 62.</note> +The law of this country considers excommunication +as expelling from membership; +but does not tolerate interference with civil +or property rights of citizens. Therefore, +major excommunication <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>non tolerati</foreign>, is unlawful +in the United States.<note place='foot'>Fitzgerald v. Robinson, 112 Mass., 371; Grosvenor v. +United States, 118 Mass., 78; Post, 132.</note> However, a +bishop is not liable for any expression of +his opinion as to the extent of his episcopal +authority nor for any act of omission in the +exercise of his spiritual functions.<note place='foot'>Wardens v. Blanc, 8 Rob., La., 51.</note> The +civil courts will not go behind a church +authority to inquire as to excommunication, +but may examine as to the competency of +the tribunal according to the laws of the +denomination.<note place='foot'>Bowldin v. Alexander, 82 U. S., 131; 21 L. Ed., 69.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_88'/><hi rend='bold'>88.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Constitution, Limited, Decisions.</hi>—A +written constitution is not necessary to +prove the connection between a subordinate +and superior ecclesiastical body; but it will +be inferred from the circumstances of the +<pb n='063'/><anchor id='Pg063'/> +case.<note place='foot'>Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.</note> The superior may dissolve or reorganize +an inferior body as a congregation.<note place='foot'>Appeal of McAuley, 77 Pa., 397.</note> +In fact the superior authority, in religious +matters, is plenary, excepting as limited by +the laws of the State and the constitution of +the Church.<note place='foot'>Smith v. Swormstedt, 57 U. S., 288; 14 L. Ed., 942.</note> The decisions of the ecclesiastical +tribunals in all cases on doctrine, +order, and discipline, are conclusive in the +state courts.<note place='foot'>Skilton v. Webster, Bright, Pa., 203; Mt. Helena Bp. +Ch., 79 Miss., 488; 30 So. Rep., 714.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='064'/><anchor id='Pg064'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter VIII. Inferior Authority</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_89'/><hi rend='bold'>89.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Priesthood</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Discipline</hi>.—The inferior +authority in the Church may be said to be +in the priesthood, whose rights and duties +are fixed by the canon law, but who are still +further subject to the reasonable diocesan +rules made by the bishop. The disciplinary +relation of a priest to his bishop is substantially +the same as that of a captain to his +colonel, and implicit obedience in accordance +with the discipline of the Church may be +strictly enforced by the bishop in so far as +it relates to ecclesiastical matters, including +doctrine and discipline, in which the priest +can not resort to the courts of the State, but +must submit to the tribunals of the church.<note place='foot'>Smith v. Swormstedt, 57 U. S., 288; 14 L. Ed., 942.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_90'/><hi rend='bold'>90.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Congregation, Insubordinate, Discipline.</hi>—The +male members of a congregation +are invested with no visitorial or controling +power, but only such authority as is +given under the laws of incorporation.<note place='foot'>Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 323; Papalion v. Manusos, +113 Ill. App., 316.</note> +<pb n='065'/><anchor id='Pg065'/> +Where an inferior organization, as a congregation, +refuses to receive a clergyman +appointed by the bishop, it is an act of insubordination +to the ecclesiastical authority +of the Church and in violation of its discipline, +which authorizes the issuing of a peremptory +mandamus commanding them to +admit the clergyman.<note place='foot'>People v. Steele, 2 Barber, 397.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_91'/><hi rend='bold'>91.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Pastor, Parish, Relation.</hi>—When a +clergyman's connection with a church had +been duly dissolved, he ceased to be pastor +of the church and an arrangement with the +parish to retain his relation as pastor of +such church was nugatory and void.<note place='foot'>Stebbins v. Jennings, 10 Pickering, 172.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_92'/><hi rend='bold'>92.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Clergymen, Citizens.</hi>—Clergymen residing +in an incorporated town are not exempt +from the performance of any duties +required of citizens, unless such exemption +is given by statute.<note place='foot'>Elizabeth City v. Kennedy, Bush, 44, N. C. Law, 89.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_93'/><hi rend='bold'>93.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Doctrine and Discipline, Authority.</hi>—In +all matters concerning doctrine and +discipline of the Church, the inferior authority, +such as ministers, priests, and deacons, +as well as the congregation, must +submit to the decision of the higher authority, +whether bishop, synod, or council.<note place='foot'>Diffendorf v. Reformed Church, 20 Johns., N. Y., 12.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='066'/><anchor id='Pg066'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_94'/><hi rend='bold'>94.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sect, Suit, Property.</hi>—A number of +people formed a congregation and became +incorporated in 1810, the members being +mostly of Presbyterian extraction. This independent +congregation bought and paid for +property, the title vesting in the corporation. +In 1811 the congregation passed resolutions +unanimously that it <q>would be imprudent +and unscriptural</q> to establish a new +religious sect, and voted to join the First +Reformed Dutch Church, which had an +organization of inferior and superior authority. +The congregation was received +into and became a part of the general organization, +and remained so until 1860, +when a majority of the congregation voted +to employ a Methodist minister, and when +his name was submitted to the superior +authority, the <q>classis,</q> he was rejected as +not belonging to the church. Then by a +majority vote, the congregation seceded and +assumed its first name, and thereafter +brought suit for the church property. The +court held that by joining the First Reformed +Dutch Church, the title of the +property vested in the congregation of that +church as represented by its corporation, +and that when the majority seceded and left +the church, they had no right nor title to +any of the property. And the court laid +<pb n='067'/><anchor id='Pg067'/> +down the general rule that a majority of a +church congregation may direct and control +any church matters consistently with the +particular and general laws of the organization +or denomination to which it belongs, +but not in violation of them.<note place='foot'>Sutton v. Trustees, 42 Pa., 503.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_95'/><hi rend='bold'>95.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Priest, Salary.</hi>—The fact that a +bishop who holds the title to all the diocesan +property in his own name in trust appoints +a priest to the parish or as chaplain to a +hospital, does not give the priest a right of +action against the bishop personally for his +salary. The relation of bishop and priest is +not that of employer and employe, but is +that of ecclesiastical superior and inferior.<note place='foot'>Baxter v. McDonald, 155 N. Y., 83; 49 N. E., 667.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_96'/><hi rend='bold'>96.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Curate, Induction, Rector.</hi>—The <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>jus +patronatus</foreign> of the Spanish law has been abrogated +in Louisiana. The wardens of the +church can not compel a bishop to institute +a curate of their appointment, nor is he in +any sense subordinate in his clerical functions +to the wardens of any church within +his diocese.<note place='foot'>Wardens v. Blanc, 8 Rob., 51.</note> In the absence of a positive +rule of the ecclesiastical body, no ceremony +of induction is necessary for the rector of a +parish.<note place='foot'>Young v. Ransom, 31 Barb., 49.</note> A clergyman appointed <q>permanently</q> +to a rectorship holds it for an indefinite +<pb n='068'/><anchor id='Pg068'/> +period during the pleasure of the +contracting parties, and either of the contracting +parties may give the other notice of +termination, and with the concurrence of +the higher ecclesiastical authority of the diocese, +a change may be made.<note place='foot'>Perry v. Wheeler, 75 Ky., 541.</note> It is doubtful, +however, whether in most States a permanent +appointment would not be construed +as a contract for life, determinable only for +good cause.<note place='foot'>Sheldon v. Easton, 4 Mass., 281; Congregation v. +Peres, 42 Tenn., 620; Thompson v. Catholic, 22 Mass., 469.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_97'/><hi rend='bold'>97.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Controversy, Tribunal, Decision.</hi>—When +the clergyman and his parishioners +submit a controversy to an ecclesiastical +tribunal, the decision, if not impeached for +good cause, is justification in the party conforming +to it.<note place='foot'>Proprietors v. Proprietors, 48 Mass., 496.</note> And a minister who submits +to a church tribunal and is ousted after +fair hearing and trial, can not obtain a writ +of mandamus from the civil court to compel +his reinstatement.<note place='foot'>Dempsey v. North, 98 Mich., 444; 57 N. W., 267.</note> Also, after a minister +has been dismissed in due manner by the +tribunal of his denomination, the civil court +will enjoin him from usurping his office.<note place='foot'>Hackett v. Mt. Pleasant, 46 Ark., 291.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_98'/><hi rend='bold'>98.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Priest, Dwelling, Servant.</hi>—A Catholic +priest in charge of a congregation at +the will of the bishop and occupying a dwelling-house +<pb n='069'/><anchor id='Pg069'/> +belonging to the church, is a servant +and not a tenant, and his right to occupancy +ceases with his services.<note place='foot'>Chatard v. O'Donovan, 80 Ind., 20.</note> The law +is different with regard to a Methodist minister +who is in charge of his parish by an +annual conference and can not be ejected +by the congregation or bishop until the +next conference, as he has possession of +the church property without superior authority.<note place='foot'>Brestor v. Burr, 120 N. Y., 427; 8 L. R. A., 710; 24 N. +E., 937.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_99'/><hi rend='bold'>99.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Injunction, Bishop, Priest, Trial.</hi>—On +application for an injunction to restrain +the bishop from passing a sentence against +a priest, the only ground on which a court +can exercise jurisdiction is that the threatened +action of the bishop will affect the civil +rights of the priest.<note place='foot'>Walker v. Wainwright, 16 Barb., 486.</note> A bishop can not remove +a priest without an accusation, hearing, +or trial, and forbid him to exercise any +priestly function where such removal would +cut off the priest's income and destroy his +means of living in his vocation.<note place='foot'>O'Hara v. Stack, 90 Pa., 477.</note> However, +in the same case it was held that a complaint +stating that the bishop failed and neglected +to assign the plaintiff to the exercise of his +office of priest in said diocese to the plaintiff's +<pb n='070'/><anchor id='Pg070'/> +damage, etc., failed to show that any +right of property or civil right was involved +and the priest was non-suited, while in the +former case an injunction was issued +against the bishop.<note place='foot'>Stack v. O'Hara, 98 Pa. St., 213.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_100'/><hi rend='bold'>100.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Confession, Privacy, Authority.</hi>—A +Catholic priest, although about to administer +an office of his religion to a sick person +at the latter's request, has no legal authority, +by virtue of his priestly character, to forcibly +remove from the room a person lawfully +there.<note place='foot'>Cooper v. McKenna, 104 Mass., 284.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_101'/><hi rend='bold'>101.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Debts, Permission, Presumed.</hi>—Notwithstanding +a rule or ecclesiastical law +of the church that a pastor shall not contract +debts in the name or for the sake of the +church without the written permission of +the bishop, such written permission is not +evidence that debts contracted under it are +the legal debts of the bishop. The authority +which bishops delegate to priests is under +the ecclesiastical law and prima facie ecclesiastical +authority, and must be presumed to +be so in the absence of all evidence to the +contrary.<note place='foot'>Leahy v. Williams, 141 Mass., 345.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_102'/><hi rend='bold'>102.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Official Acts, Subscriptions.</hi>—The +official acts of a minister coming in question +incidentally, unless contrary to the statute, +<pb n='071'/><anchor id='Pg071'/> +are as valid as the official acts of any other +officer.<note place='foot'>State v. Winkle, 14 N. H., 480.</note> A clergyman who was engaged to +conduct dedication services and was requested +by the officers of the local corporation +to solicit subscriptions for paying off +the indebtedness of the church, but was not +appointed agent to receive such subscriptions, +had no authority to accept a subscription +for the corporation.<note place='foot'>Methodist v. Sherman, 36 Wis., 404.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_103'/><hi rend='bold'>103.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Exemptions, Clergy.</hi>—The exemptions +given ministers by the statutes of some +States are liberally construed.<note place='foot'>Baldwin v. McKlinch, 1 Me., 102.</note> Without +any statutory exemption, the clergy are +liable for all duties required of other citizens.<note place='foot'>Elizabeth City v. Kennedy, 44 N. C., 89.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_104'/><hi rend='bold'>104.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Minister, Contributions, Deposed.</hi>—No +religious teacher or minister can be enjoined +from receiving voluntary contributions, +although he has been deposed by some +ecclesiastical tribunal.<note place='foot'>Calkins v. Cheney, 92 Ill., 463.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_105'/><hi rend='bold'>105.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Fees, Usages, Excess.</hi>—The fees of +a priest of the Catholic Church are regulated +by the laws and usages of that Church, +and where in this country the pew rent and +collections go for the support of the priest +and the current church expenses, a priest is +<pb n='072'/><anchor id='Pg072'/> +not accountable for the excess of such collections +over these expenditures.<note place='foot'>St. Patrick's v. Daly, 116 Ill., 76; 4 N. E., 241.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_106'/><hi rend='bold'>106.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Salary, Fees.</hi>—Under the act of +March, 1814, incorporating a congregation, +the congregation, being the legal owners and +temporal administrators of the property +which it was authorized to hold, had the +exclusive power to fix the salary of the +parish priest or the tariff of fees for marriages, +burial, etc. No such power could be +exercised under that act by the Pope or any +bishop.<note place='foot'>Congregation v. Martin, 4 Rob., La., 62.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_107'/><hi rend='bold'>107.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Clergyman, Salary.</hi>—Where a clergyman +agreed with a congregation that the +salary should be what could be raised by +subscription, the congregation was bound +to use due diligence in procuring subscriptions, +and as it did so, that was all that the +clergyman could recover.<note place='foot'>Meyer v. Baptist, 38 Vt., 614.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_108'/><hi rend='bold'>108.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Curate, Services.</hi>—In an action by +a curate against a religious corporation for +personal services, the court will not inquire +into the spiritual relations existing between +the parties, but will examine their legal +rights only.<note place='foot'>Congregation v. Martin, 4 Rob., 62.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_109'/><hi rend='bold'>109.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Minister, Dismissal, Money Advanced.</hi>—After +a parish has voted to dismiss +<pb n='073'/><anchor id='Pg073'/> +the minister, it is not competent to prove +irregular conduct or immorality in answer +to his claim for salary, without alleging it +in the vote of dismissal.<note place='foot'>Whittmore v. Fourth, 68 Mass., 306.</note> In Illinois it was +held that a priest who advanced money from +his private resources for improving church +property, had an equitable lien upon the +property for all the money advanced, with +legal interest.<note place='foot'>St. Patrick's v. Daly, 4 N. E., 241; 116 Ill., 76.</note> But in Pennsylvania, where +a priest under the direction of the bishop +built a church in his parish for mission purposes, +and in doing so expended some of his +own money, it was held that in the absence +of proof of any rule or custom of the Catholic +Church making the payment of such expenses +obligatory on the parish, that he +could not recover the money so expended +from his congregation.<note place='foot'>Tuigg v. Treacy, 104 Pa., 493.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='074'/><anchor id='Pg074'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter IX. Membership</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_110'/><hi rend='bold'>110.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Business, Religious Membership.</hi>—Unless +there is some other law or rule to the +contrary, the male members of the congregation +over twenty-one years of age constitute +the business membership of a religious +society.<note place='foot'>Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 323.</note> But the question of membership +of religious societies or congregations is left +to be determined by the rules of the religious +denomination to which they belong.<note place='foot'>Heiss v. Murphy, 40 Wis., 276, 278; Den. v. Pilling, 24 +N. J. L., 653.</note> And +where a condition of membership is that the +person must contribute to the support of the +church and be a communicant, if he is not +a communicant he is not entitled to vote.<note place='foot'>Weckerly v. Geyer, 11 Ser. R. Pa., 35.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_111'/><hi rend='bold'>111.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Regular, Doctrines, Support.</hi>—The +ones who adhere and submit to the regular +order and doctrines of the church, although +a minority, constitute the true congregation.<note place='foot'>Weinbrenner v. Colder, 43 Pa. St., 244.</note> +At least two things must concur to +qualify a person as a voter: first, stated attendance +<pb n='075'/><anchor id='Pg075'/> +at divine worship in the congregation; +and, second, contribution to the +support of the church.<note place='foot'>People v. Tuthil, 31 N. Y., 550.</note> The list of members +kept by the clerk or secretary of the +congregation is evidence of membership.<note place='foot'>Price v. Lyon, 14 Conn., 280.</note> +A person who denies any part of the system +of theology received and taught by the denomination +is not a member of the church.<note place='foot'>Suter v. Spangler, 4 Phil., 331.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_112'/><hi rend='bold'>112.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Factions, Authority.</hi>—Where two +factions of a church, each claiming to be the +church, try members of the other faction, +a court may determine which of the factions +is the authorized authority or that the +action taken by either or both of them is +nugatory for want of authority.<note place='foot'>Smith v. Pedigo, 145 Ind., 36; 32 L. R. A., 836; 33 N. +E., 777.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_113'/><hi rend='bold'>113.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Faith, Burial.</hi>—Whether a person +died in the faith of the Roman Catholic +Church so as to be entitled to burial in its +cemetery, is not a question within the jurisdiction +of civil courts, but must be decided +by the ecclesiastical authorities.<note place='foot'>McGuire v. Trustees, 54 Hun., 207.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_114'/><hi rend='bold'>114.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Rules, Membership.</hi>—Every denomination +has the right to prescribe by +rules, its constitution, or its by-laws, the +conditions of membership; and any one who +<pb n='076'/><anchor id='Pg076'/> +will not subscribe to and practise the doctrines +of the denomination is not a member.<note place='foot'>Church v. Halverson, 42 Minn., 503; 44 N. W., 563; +Day v. Bolton, 12 N. J. L., 206; Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. +L., 653.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_115'/><hi rend='bold'>115.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Minor.</hi>—Where the legal members +of a society that is incorporated consist of +male members of the church of full age, +when minor sons become of age, they become +legal members of the corporation, provided +they remain in the church.<note place='foot'>Osgood v. Bradley, 7 Me., 411.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_116'/><hi rend='bold'>116.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Officers, Non-Members.</hi>—It has +been held that a person may be an officer +or member of the church corporation or its +temporal concerns without being a member +of the denomination.<note place='foot'>Baptist v. Witherell, 24 Am. Dec., 223; 3 The Catholic +Cyclopedia, 755; Contra: First R. P. Ch. v. Bowden, 10 +Abb., N. C, 1. See post <ref target='Para_134'>134</ref>, <ref target='Para_156'>156</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_117'/><hi rend='bold'>117.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Debts, Unincorporated Parish.</hi>—In +Connecticut members of an ecclesiastical +society formed by voluntary association +under the statutes of the State are not individually +liable for the debts of such society.<note place='foot'>Jewett v. Thames, 16 Conn., 511.</note> +But where there is no statute on +the subject, the members of an unincorporated +parish are liable for lawful debts +contracted or ratified by them, and their +property may be levied on for such debts +<pb n='077'/><anchor id='Pg077'/> +incurred or judgments rendered while they +are members of the society.<note place='foot'>Chick v. Trevett, 20 Me., 462; Allen v. M. E. Church, +127 Ia., 96; 102 N. W., 808; 69 L. R. A., 255.</note> The members +of an unincorporated parish may be sued to +recover the salary of a deceased pastor up +to the time of his death.<note place='foot'>Sheehy v. Blake, 72 Wis., 411; 39 N. W., 479; 9 L. R. +A., 564.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_118'/><hi rend='bold'>118.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Execution, Property.</hi>—While an +execution against a territorial parish may +be levied on the property of a member of +the parish, it can not be levied on property +of a person who ceased to be a member before +the levy.<note place='foot'>Chase v. Merrimac, 34 Mass., 564; Bigelow v. Congregation, +15 Vt., 370.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_119'/><hi rend='bold'>119.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Incorporated, Subscriptions.</hi>—The +members of an incorporated poll parish are +not individually liable on a judgment and +execution against the corporation, excepting +on the unpaid subscriptions.<note place='foot'>Richardson v. Butterfield, 60 Mass., 191.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_120'/><hi rend='bold'>120.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Expelled, Merits.</hi>—Mandamus can +not be resorted to to restore a member regularly +expelled from his church, as a court +will not inquire into the merits of the case.<note place='foot'>State v. Hebrew, 31 La. Ann., 205; 33 Am. Rep., 217; +Grosvenor v. United States, 118 Mass., 78; Watson v. Garbin, +54 Mo., 358.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_121'/><hi rend='bold'>121.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Lay Members, Appointed.</hi>—Where +the statute provides that two lay members +of the corporation of a Catholic parish shall +<pb n='078'/><anchor id='Pg078'/> +be appointed annually <q>by the committee of +the congregation,</q> the members of the congregation +have no right to elect said two +members, and those appointed in the proper +manner are lawful officers.<note place='foot'>State v. Getty, 69 Conn., 286; 37 At., 188.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='079'/><anchor id='Pg079'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter X. Heresy And Secession</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_122'/><hi rend='bold'>122.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Mother Church, Control.</hi>—A majority +of the members of a congregation +can not by their vote leave the church and +transfer the property of the congregation +to another church so long as any portion of +the congregation remains faithful to the +mother church of which such congregation +forms a part. Such minority shall retain +control of the property.<note place='foot'>Free Church of Scotland v. Overton, Appeal Cases, +House of Lords, 1904; Fuchs v. Meisel, 102 Mich., 357; +32 L. R. A., 92; 60 N. W., 773.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_123'/><hi rend='bold'>123.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Seceders, Funds.</hi>—Nor can seceders +from a religious denomination retain the +funds in their hands as trustees on the +ground that they were members of the +society when the funds accrued.<note place='foot'>Methodist v. Wood, 5 Ohio, 12.</note> The title +to church property in a divided congregation +is in that part of the congregation +which is acting in harmony with its own +law; and the ecclesiastical laws and principles +which were accepted among them before +the dispute began are the standards for +determining which party is right.<note place='foot'>McGinnis v. Watson, 41 Pa. St., 9.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='080'/><anchor id='Pg080'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_124'/><hi rend='bold'>124.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Society, Foreign Language, Independent.</hi>—The +formation of a society distinct +from the rest of the congregation for +the purpose of instruction in a portion of the +doctrine of the same church in a foreign language +is not a separation from the congregation, +although it has its own minister and +officers.<note place='foot'>German v. Seibert, 3 Pa. St., 282.</note> Where an independent congregation +of one denomination votes unanimously +to go over to another denomination, and the +title to the church property is in the parish +corporation, the seceders take with them the +church property.<note place='foot'>Sutter v. First, 42 Pa. St., 503.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_125'/><hi rend='bold'>125.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Subordinate, Incorporated.</hi>—A religious +society subordinate to church judicatures, +which declares itself independent and +becomes incorporated under the general law +of the state and subsequently purchases +land and takes title in the name of the corporation, +holds such land independently of +such church judicatures.<note place='foot'>Miller v. Gable, 2 Den., N. Y., 492; Eis v. Croze, 149 +Mich., 62; 112 N. W., 943; Dressen v. Brameier, 56 Ia., +756; 9 N. W., 193; Amish v. Gelhaus, 71 Ia., 170; 32 N. +W., 318.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_126'/><hi rend='bold'>126.</hi> <hi rend='italic'><q>Church,</q> Seceders, Debt.</hi>—Where +a religious society amended its constitution +as provided therein, those who adhered to +the amended constitution constituted the +<q>church,</q> and those who refused to do so +<pb n='081'/><anchor id='Pg081'/> +were seceders.<note place='foot'>Lamm v. Cain, 129 Ind., 486; 14 L. R. A., 518.</note> After seceding, a member +of a parish is liable for a debt existing at the +time of his secession.<note place='foot'>Fernald v. Lewis, 6 Me., 264.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_127'/><hi rend='bold'>127.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Bible, Constitution, Withdrawal.</hi>—A +religious organization that takes the +Bible as its constitution can not declare a +member a seceder who interprets it contrary +to the Augsburg Confession of the denomination.<note place='foot'>Trustees v. Henschell, 48 Minn., 494; 51 N. W., 477.</note> +What amounts to a voluntary +withdrawal of members from a religious association, +is a question of law.<note place='foot'>Perry v. Tupper, 74 N. C., 722.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_128'/><hi rend='bold'>128.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Majority, Obligation.</hi>—The fact +that a majority of the members of a religious +corporation secede therefrom by a vote, +does not affect its obligation entered into +prior thereto.<note place='foot'>Wanner v. Emanuel, 174 Pa., 466.</note> Two factions of a church +separating and keeping up different organizations +may both still retain their membership +in the denomination.<note place='foot'>West v. Ottesen, 80 Wis., 62; 49 N. W., 24.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_129'/><hi rend='bold'>129.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Division, Funds.</hi>—Where there is +a division in a denomination by the secession +of a part of the members from the mother +church, the Legislature has no authority to +divide the funds and give a part to the seceding +division.<note place='foot'>Second v. First, 23 Conn., 255.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='082'/><anchor id='Pg082'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_130'/><hi rend='bold'>130.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Methodist, Slaveholding, Non-Slaveholding, +Quarrel, Schism, Secession.</hi>—The +division of the Methodist church into +distinct organizations of slaveholding and +non-slaveholding States, was not a secession +and neither division lost its interest in the +common property.<note place='foot'>Smith v. Swormstedt, 57 U. S., 288; 14 L. Ed., 942.</note> A quarrel in a congregation +growing out of an illegal election +followed by the majority excluding the +minority from the church, is not a schism, +and is no ground for a division of the church +property.<note place='foot'>Nelson v. Benson, 69 Ill., 27; Brown v. Porter, 10 +Mass., 93.</note> The secession of a whole congregation +does not carry with it the church +property; and those who are left and adhere +to the mother church retain control of the +property.<note place='foot'>Page v. Crosby, 41 Mass., 211.</note> When the seceders from one +church join another, they forfeit all claim to +any interest held by the former and lose +identity with it.<note place='foot'>Harper v. Straws, 53 Ky., 48; Hale v. Everett, 53 N. +H., 9; Wiswell v. First, 14 Ohio St., 31; Reorganized v. +Church, 60 Fed., 937; 32 L. R. A., 838; Fernstler v. Seibert, +114 Pa., 196; 6 At., 165.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='083'/><anchor id='Pg083'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XI. Excommunication</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_131'/><hi rend='bold'>131.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Definitions, Minor.</hi>—Excommunication, +as construed in law, is the official announcement +by the superior authority of the +termination of membership in a religious +body and the forfeiture of spiritual privileges +of the church. It is one of the methods +of discipline in the nature of expulsion from +membership in a fraternity, and the fact of +expulsion from a church is conclusive proof +that the person expelled is not a member of +such church. Whether the excommunication +was wrong or not can not be examined +into in the courts of the State, and such expelled +member can not maintain a suit in +relation to church property nor vote for +trustees.<note place='foot'>Shannon v. First, 42 Ky., 253.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_132'/><hi rend='bold'>132.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Major Excommunication.</hi>—As excommunication +<foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>non tolerati</foreign> affects the rights +of citizenship, it is not lawful in England +nor the United States. To say that A. has +been excommunicated in any form, if untrue, +is slander.<note place='foot'>Servatius v. Pichel, 34 Wis., 292; McGrath v. Finn, 16 +Alb. L. J., 186; Morasse v. Borchee, 151 Mass., 567; 25 +N. E., 74.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='084'/><anchor id='Pg084'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_133'/><hi rend='bold'>133.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Vote, Sentence.</hi>—When a vote of +excommunication from a church has been +passed in the Congregational church and the +offender thereby declared no longer a member, +the sentence may be promulgated by +being read in the presence of the congregation +by the pastor.<note place='foot'>Farnsworth v. Storrs, 59 Mass., 412.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_134'/> +<hi rend='bold'>134.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trustees, Disqualified.</hi>—The trustees +of a church who have been excommunicated +are not thereby disqualified in law to +act as trustees.<note place='foot'>Bowldin v. Alexander, 15 Wall., 131; 21 L. Ed., 69; +Ante, sec. 116, post 156.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_135'/><hi rend='bold'>135.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Devise, Void.</hi>—A parent may leave +money to a child payable in yearly instalments +on condition that said child shall continue +to be a member of a particular church +and attend the regular meetings thereof, and +in case he fail so to do that the bequest be +thereupon paid to a missionary society. +Such a devise is not contrary to the constitution +of the State of Wisconsin and is not +void for any other reason.<note place='foot'>In re Paulson's will, 127 Wis., 612; 107 N. W., 484.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_136'/><hi rend='bold'>136.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Fraternity, Excommunicated, Bequest.</hi>—Where +a church member was also a +member of an insurance fraternity connected +with his church, the constitution of +which required that every member of the +fraternity should be and remain a practical +<pb n='085'/><anchor id='Pg085'/> +Roman Catholic, when he was excommunicated +from membership in the church he +thereby forfeited his benefit certificate in +such fraternity.<note place='foot'>Barry v. C. K. of W., 119 Wis., 362; 96 N. W., 797.</note> Also, a condition that a +bequest shall be forfeited if the legatee +should not marry a Protestant wife, the +daughter of Protestant parents who have +always been Protestants, was held to be +valid and not an infringement of any constitutional +right.<note place='foot'>In re Knox, 25 Ch. Div., 542.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_137'/><hi rend='bold'>137.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Action, Expulsion.</hi>—An action can +not be maintained against the parish corporation +for expulsion from the church.<note place='foot'>Harden v. Baptist, 51 Mich., 137; 16 N. W., 311.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_138'/><hi rend='bold'>138.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Forfeiture of Membership</hi>.—Any +member may forfeit his membership in a +church.<note place='foot'>Taylor v. Edison, 58 Mass., 522; Gray v. Christian, 137 +Mass., 329.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_139'/><hi rend='bold'>139.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Insubordination, Expulsion, Hearing.</hi>—The +authorities in the church, under +its rules and discipline, have a right to exclude +members in the church, for insubordination.<note place='foot'>Fulbright v. Higgenbotham, 133 Mo., 668; 34 S. W., 875.</note> +If the church has no rules as to +expulsion of members, the common law prevails, +and a member can not be expelled +without due notice and fair hearing.<note place='foot'>Jones v. State, 28 Neb., 495; 44 N. W., 658; 7 L. R. +A., 325.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='086'/><anchor id='Pg086'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_140'/><hi rend='bold'>140.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Injunction, Mandamus, Sepulture.</hi>—An +injunction will not be granted to prevent +the expulsion of a member contrary to +the charter and by-laws of the denomination; +but if a member be expelled without +warrant of law, he has his remedy by mandamus +for reinstatement.<note place='foot'>Hamel v. German, 1 Weekly Note Cases, 411.</note> A person who +has been expelled can not maintain an action +for restoration in order to enjoy the right +of sepulture, as it is premature.<note place='foot'>State v. Hebrew, 31 La. Ann., 205; 33 Am. Rep., 217.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_141'/><hi rend='bold'>141.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Expulsion, Illegal.</hi>—The attempt of +a minority of a church to expel the majority +of the members and turn over the property +to another denomination is illegal. However, +the same would be true if it were done +by the majority.<note place='foot'>Deadrick v. Lampson, 58 Tenn., 523.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_142'/><hi rend='bold'>142.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Freedom, Faith, Doctrine.</hi>—The +constitution in declaring the freedom of all +men to worship God according to the dictates +of their own consciences, does not give +a church member the right to repudiate the +faith and doctrine on which the church was +founded, and at the same time to insist on +his right to exercise and enjoy the benefits +and privileges of a member of such church.<note place='foot'>Smith v. Pedigo, 145 Ind., 361; 32 L. R. A., 838.</note> +Every person joining a church, impliedly, if +not expressly, agrees to conform to its rules +<pb n='087'/><anchor id='Pg087'/> +and to submit to its authority and discipline.<note place='foot'>Lucas v. Case, 9 Bush, Ky., 297.</note> +A person who has been expelled +from a religious society can not maintain an +action for services rendered the society +while he was a member.<note place='foot'>Grosvenor v. U. S., 118 Mass., 78.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='088'/><anchor id='Pg088'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XII. Elections</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_143'/><hi rend='bold'>143.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Time, Place, Void.</hi>—Where a religious +society that is incorporated holds an +election for trustees, which is held at the +wrong time or place, the election is void.<note place='foot'>Miller v. English, 21 N. J. L., 317; 10 Cyc, 320-328; +Rules of Order, Scanlan, 17.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_144'/><hi rend='bold'>144.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Voting, Communicants, Attendance.</hi>—A +by-law of a church that prohibited +any person whose pew rent was in arrears +more than two years from voting at a church +meeting, is valid and reasonable.<note place='foot'>State v. Crowell, 9 N. J. L., 391; Commonwealth v. +Cain, 5 Ser. & R., Pa., 510.</note> Where a +charter of a religious society allowed only +members being communicants to vote after +they had attained the age of eighteen years, +to entitle a member of the congregation to +vote it was necessary that he should have +taken the sacraments after the age of +eighteen years.<note place='foot'>Wegerle v. Geyer, 11 Ser. & R., Pa., 35.</note> Where the right to vote +was limited to members who contributed not +less than ten shillings annually toward the +support of the church, those who were challenged +for want of complying with the rule +<pb n='089'/><anchor id='Pg089'/> +can not do so after being challenged and +then vote.<note place='foot'>Juker v. Commonwealth, 20 Pa. St., 484; St. Luke's v. +Matthews, 4 Desau, S. C., 578; State v. Crowell, 9 N. J. +L., 391.</note> Stated attendance at divine +worship in the church, congregation, or society, +and contribution to the support of such +church, may be made the tests of the right +of a person to be a voter at an election. The +attendance of a wife or children of the family +is not sufficient to confer the right to +vote on the husband or father.<note place='foot'>People v. Tuthill, 31 N. Y., 550.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_145'/><hi rend='bold'>145.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Voters, Poll List.</hi>—Parol evidence +is admissible to prove the number of persons +entitled to vote in a church society, notwithstanding +that there is a register of +names of the stated hearers in such church +kept by the clerk of the trustees. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_146'/><hi rend='bold'>146.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Notice, Quorum, Majority, Strangers.</hi>—It +is not necessary that a majority of +the members of a religious society be present +to constitute a corporate meeting. Those +present at a regularly called meeting of +which due notice has been given to all the +members, constitute a quorum; and, in the +absence of a rule to the contrary, a majority +of the votes cast carries any question.<note place='foot'>Rules of Order, Scanlan, 18, 20; 10 Cyc, 329.</note> The +presence of strangers, unless they vote, will +not vitiate the proceedings. If they should +<pb n='090'/><anchor id='Pg090'/> +vote, unless their votes determine the election, +it will not be void.<note place='foot'>Madison v. Baptist, 32 Howard's Pr., 335.</note> The casting of a +few illegal votes that would not change the +result of the election does not make it void.<note place='foot'>People v. Tuthill, 31 N. Y., 550.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_147'/><hi rend='bold'>147.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Challenge, Ground.</hi>—The right of +a person to vote at any meeting may be challenged. +The proper time to challenge a +voter is when he offers his vote. After his +vote has been received it can not be thrown +out on the ground that he was disqualified.<note place='foot'>Hart v. Harvey, 32 Barb., N. Y., 55.</note> +A church election for which due notice has +been given, that has been fairly conducted, +and all the requirements of the statute or +rules of the church complied with, is conclusive.<note place='foot'>Alexander v. Bowers, 79 S. W., 342.</note> +Without due notice, all proceedings +are void.<note place='foot'>Rules of Order, Scanlan, 18, 20, 23; People v. Peck, 11 +Wend., N. Y., 604.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_148'/><hi rend='bold'>148.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>By-Laws, Usage.</hi>—If there is no +law of a religious society determining the +mode of conducting an election, the corporation +may provide by-laws therefor; and +if the corporation should fail to make such +by-laws, a long established usage will govern.<note place='foot'>Rules of Order, Scanlan, 9; Gipson v. Morris, 83 S. +W., Tex., 226; McCrary's Am. L. of Elections, secs. 298-300.</note> +Also, if the time an election is to be +held is provided for, but the manner of conducting +<pb n='091'/><anchor id='Pg091'/> +it is not, the meeting may be conducted +according to established usage.<note place='foot'>Juker v. Commonwealth, 20 Pa., 484.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_149'/><hi rend='bold'>149.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Ballot, Hand Vote.</hi>—The vote of a +religious society at an annual meeting for +the election of officers that the officers shall +always be chosen by ballot, does not vitiate +an election of officers by hand vote at a subsequent +annual meeting. But a provision in +the constitution or by-laws requiring a ballot +must be complied with.<note place='foot'>Rules of Order, Scanlan, 23-27; Wardens v. Pope, 8 +Gray, Mass., 140.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_150'/><hi rend='bold'>150.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Hold Over, Successors.</hi>—When the +election of the new trustees is invalid, the old +trustees hold over until there will have been +a valid election of their successors.<note place='foot'>Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.</note> But +where a board that was illegally elected employed +a minister who had no notice of such +illegality, he was entitled to his compensation +according to the contract.<note place='foot'>Vestry v. Matthews, 4 Desau, S. C., 578.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_151'/><hi rend='bold'>151.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Majority, Votes Cast.</hi>—Where the +majority of a congregation protested against +the proposed candidate, but failed to vote for +any one, such candidate who received the +greatest number of votes cast, was lawfully +elected.<note place='foot'>Cooley's Con. Lim., 619; McCrary's Am. L. of Elections, +sec. 197; Rules of Order, Scanlan, 24-27.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='092'/><anchor id='Pg092'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_152'/><hi rend='bold'>152.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>By-Law, Tickets.</hi>—When a by-law +provides that <q>if besides the names there are +other things upon the tickets, such tickets +are not to be counted,</q> a ballot having an +engraved eagle on it should be rejected.<note place='foot'>Commonwealth v. Woelper, 3 Ser. & R., Pa., 29.</note> +However, in a very recent case under a +statute that specifically provided what should +be printed on the general election ballot, and +in addition thereto the Union Labor label +was printed thereon, the court held that +the statute should be strictly construed in +favor of the voter and that the ticket should +be counted.<note place='foot'>In re Peters, 112 N. Y. Sup., 339.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='093'/><anchor id='Pg093'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XIII. Officers</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_153'/><hi rend='bold'>153.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Charter, By-Laws.</hi>—The articles of +organization or the charter which is the +constitution of the corporation may provide +who may be officers of a religious society and +limit their authority. The constitution usually +gives further authority to make by-laws +which are binding on the officers as well as +on the members.<note place='foot'>Gram v. Prussia, 36 N. Y., 161.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_154'/><hi rend='bold'>154.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Unincorporated Church, Incorporated.</hi>—The +officers of an unincorporated +church can only be elected by the members +of the church, unless there is some law of +the State or rule of the church that provides +for appointing them. In an incorporated +congregation, the charter and by-laws of the +corporation determine whether the officers +shall be elected or appointed.<note place='foot'>Wall v. Johnson, 140 Ind., 445; 39 N. E., 251; Simmons +v. Allison, 118 N. C., 763.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_155'/><hi rend='bold'>155.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trustees, Control.</hi>—A statute +passed in 1813 providing that a certificate +of incorporation by the bishop, vicar-general, +pastor of the church, and two others +<pb n='094'/><anchor id='Pg094'/> +selected by them and their successors shall +be a body corporate, does not constitute the +trustees the corporation in place of the congregation +so as to make the acts of a majority +of the trustees binding on the corporation +in the absence of proof of other authority.<note place='foot'>People v. St. Anthony, 109 N. Y., 512; 17 N. E., 408.</note> +Under the statutes of Louisiana +providing for the incorporation of congregations +for the purpose of administration +and revenues, it was held that the corporation +had full control and was responsible to +the congregation alone and could not be controled +by the clergy. The congregation had +the right to elect others in the places of those +amoved by reason of their misuse or abuse +of their powers.<note place='foot'>Congregation v. Martin, 4 Rob., 62; Wardens v. Blanc, +8 Rob., 51; St. Andrew's Ch. v. Schaugnessy, 63 Neb., 792; +89 N. W., 261.</note> And in Massachusetts, +under the law for incorporating Catholic +parishes, no one but the trustees have any +power.<note place='foot'>Enos v. Church, 187 Mass., 40; 72 N. E., 253.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_156'/><hi rend='bold'>156.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Membership, Office.</hi>—Where church +membership is necessary to hold office in the +church corporation, it is a binding condition +precedent.<note place='foot'>Ross v. Crockett, 14 La. Ann., 811.</note> An officer who withdraws or +is expelled from a religious organization +thereby terminates his office.<note place='foot'>Laight v. Noe, 12 Howard's Pr., 497; Contra: In re +Williams, 105 N. Y. S., 1105; Ante, 116, 134.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='095'/><anchor id='Pg095'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_157'/><hi rend='bold'>157.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Certificate of Election.</hi>—A certificate +of election of officers is prima facie +evidence thereof, but the truth may be shown +<foreign rend='italic'>aliunde</foreign> and a wrong certificate may be cancelled +by a judgment of a competent court +on a writ of <foreign rend='italic'>quo warranto</foreign> or proceeding +under a statute of the State. Also, if the +certificate does not conform to the law, it is +insufficient.<note place='foot'>People v. Lacoste, 37 N. Y., 192; Fadness v. Braunberg, +73 Wis., 257; 41 N. W., 84; McCrary on Am. L. of +Elections, secs. 209, 264; 10 Cyc, 347; People v. Nappa, 89 +Mich., 232; 50 N. W., 846.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_158'/><hi rend='bold'>158.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Term, Successors, Contest.</hi>—Where +there is no term of office fixed, the presumption +is that an officer continues as such until +proof to the contrary is established,<note place='foot'>Hendrickson v. Shotwell, 1 N. J. Eq., 577.</note> or until +his successor shall have been elected and +shall have qualified.<note place='foot'>Congregation v. Sperry, 10 Conn., 200; 10 Cyc, 319.</note> Also, the officers +elected for a certain term can not be amoved +by electing new officers before the end of +the term.<note place='foot'>Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.</note> When officers or committees +have been elected <q>for the ensuing year,</q> +they shall hold office until superseded by +their duly elected successors. Where two +sets of officers were elected at a meeting of +a religious corporation and the set that was +elected according to the charter continued +in office by appointment thereafter, it was +<pb n='096'/><anchor id='Pg096'/> +too late for the irregularly elected officers to +make a contest for the offices after the term +for which they had been elected had expired.<note place='foot'>Smith v. Erb, 5 Gill., Md., 437.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_159'/><hi rend='bold'>159.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>By-Laws, Preside.</hi>—At an election +of trustees under by-laws that provide that +certain officers shall preside, if there are no +such officers members may be selected to +preside in their places.<note place='foot'>People v. Peck, 11 Wend., N. Y., 604.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_160'/><hi rend='bold'>160.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Note, Overdraft, Interest.</hi>—The +president and secretary of a church corporation +have no authority to make a promissory +note unless authorized by the board of trustees.<note place='foot'>Catron v. First, 46 Ia., 106; People v. St. Anthony's, +109 N. Y., 512; 17 N. E., 408.</note> +Neither has the treasurer authority +to make an overdraft on a bank with the +action of the trustees.<note place='foot'>Columbia v. Gospel, 127 N. Y., 361.</note> The trustees of a +parish, however, may make a note binding +the congregation for the payment of the +money used in building a church.<note place='foot'>First v. Caughey, 85 Pa., 271.</note> But +when the trustees have an interest in the +transaction, adverse to the congregation, +they are disqualified from acting.<note place='foot'>San Antonia v. Adams, 87 Tex., 125; 26 S. W., 1040; +Hill v. Rich, 119 Mo., 9; 24 S. W., 223.</note> When +trustees had claims against the congregation +which they included with other claims that +<pb n='097'/><anchor id='Pg097'/> +third parties had against the church, they +could not put them in a judgment note so as +to get a lien upon the church property. +When officers do not bind the congregation, +they usually bind themselves.<note place='foot'>Hewitt v. Wheeler, 22 Conn., 577; Devos v. Gray, 22 +Ohio, 159; Klopp v. Moore, 6 Kan., 27; Neil v. Spencer, +5 Ill. App., 461; United v. Vandusen, 37 Wis., 54.</note> The trustees +of an unincorporated church can not +bind it beyond the expressed powers granted +by the members.<note place='foot'>Miller v. Church, 4 Phil., 48.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_161'/><hi rend='bold'>161.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Board, Control.</hi>—When the laws of +the organization give control of matters to +the board of trustees, the majority of the +members of the church can not control the +action of the trustees contrary to the usages +and regulations of the church.<note place='foot'>Brunnenmeyer v. Buhre, 32 Ill., 183.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_162'/><hi rend='bold'>162.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Treasurer, Accepting a Draft.</hi>—A +parish treasurer has no authority under any +condition to bind the corporation by accepting +a draft in favor of a third person. A +treasurer elected for the purpose of receiving +and investing funds in his individual +name, holds such funds as trustee for the +church and is subject as such trustee to a +court of equity. Persons claiming to be +trustees of a church but never getting possession +of their offices or the property of the +church, can not maintain an action against +<pb n='098'/><anchor id='Pg098'/> +other persons who are in possession and +have been duly elected.<note place='foot'>N. Baptist v. Parker, 36 Barb., N. Y., 171.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_163'/><hi rend='bold'>163.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Note, Trustees.</hi>—A church will not +be bound by a note which was executed by +two of its trustees and sent around to other +trustees to sign it, where there was no vote +of the board of trustees at an authorized +meeting to borrow or to execute such note.<note place='foot'>Dennison v. Austin, 15 Wis., 334.</note> +A meeting of a board must be called as required +by law or the by-laws of the organization, +and in the absence of any such all +members must be notified a reasonable time +before the time fixed for holding the meeting. +However, if all the trustees are present +and agree to hold a meeting it is valid; +but it would be well to put such consent in +writing and have all the members sign it.<note place='foot'>United v. Vandusen, 37 Wis., 54; MacLaury v. Hart, +121 N. Y., 636; 24 N. E., 1013.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_164'/><hi rend='bold'>164.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Money, Powers.</hi>—The treasurer of +a congregation has no right to return to +members moving out of the parish a part of +the money paid for the church by them.<note place='foot'>Vestry v. Barksdale, 1 Strobb. Eq., S. C., 197.</note> +Officers of a corporation have no powers +only those conferred upon them by the charter +and by-laws of the corporation or by a +majority vote of a duly called meeting of +the congregation.<note place='foot'>New v. Gress, 89 Ga., 125.</note> When the trustees of a +<pb n='099'/><anchor id='Pg099'/> +church are authorized to execute contracts +for the church, they should act as a body or +delegate the power to one of their number or +ratify the acts of one of their number.<note place='foot'>10 Cyc, 776-9; In re Denny, 156 Ind., 104; 59 N. E., +359; 51 L. R. A., 722.</note> The +individual disjointed action of trustees of a +religious society, at various times and places, +although assented to by a majority, is not +the action of the board, and is not binding +on the society. To make the action of +the board of trustees binding, they must +duly meet and by a vote determine their +action.<note place='foot'>Rules of Order, Scanlan, 21; U. S. v. Balm, 144 U. S., +1; 12 Sup. Ct. R., 507; 36 L. Ed., 321; The Catholic Cyclopedia, +vol. i, 289.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_165'/><hi rend='bold'>165.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>De Facto Officers.</hi>—The acts of <hi rend='italic'>de +facto</hi> officers can not usually be questioned +in a collateral proceeding, such as to set +aside a conveyance, when the merits of the +question do not involve the election.<note place='foot'>Cicotte v. Anciaux, 53 Mich., 227; 18 N. W., 793.</note> Being +elected does not alone make a person a <hi rend='italic'>de +facto</hi> officer; but he must also be acting in +the particular office to which he claims to +have been elected.<note place='foot'>Trustees v. Halverson, 42 Minn., 503; 44 N. W., 663.</note> But one who has +entered into a contract with the officers of a +congregation is estopped from denying their +authority to make such contract.<note place='foot'>Skinner v. Richardson, 76 Wis., 464; 45 N. W., 318; +Dennison v. Auston, 15 Wis., 334.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='100'/><anchor id='Pg100'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_166'/><hi rend='bold'>166.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trustees, Thanks, Charge.</hi>—Where +trustees have taken care of funds without +charge, the only entry kept being a vote of +thanks from time to time, they could not +afterward charge a commission on the +moneys handled by them for such services.<note place='foot'>Vestry v. Barksdale, 1 Strobb. S. C. Eq., 197.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_167'/><hi rend='bold'>167.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Discretion, Excommunication.</hi>—A +court has no authority to control the exercise +of the judgment or discretion of the +officers of a church in the management of its +funds so long as they do not violate its constitution +or by-laws.<note place='foot'>State v. Ahnapee, 99 Wis., 322; 74 N. W., 783.</note> Excommunication +does not always remove an officer of a church +corporation.<note place='foot'>Bowldin v. Alexander, 82 U. S., 131; 21 L. Ed., 69; +The Catholic Cyclopedia, vol. iii, 755, 756.</note> The legal rights of a bishop +in regard to the temporalities of a church +where they are not prescribed by civil law, +must rest, if at all, upon the ecclesiastical +law, which must be determined by evidence.<note place='foot'>Leahy v. Williams, 141 Mass., 345; 6 N. E., 78.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_168'/><hi rend='bold'>168.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Key, Possession, Right.</hi>—Having +the key of a church, is prima facie evidence +of possession, but the right of possession is +a matter of proof.<note place='foot'>People v. Runkel, 8 Johnson, N. Y., 464.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_169'/><hi rend='bold'>169.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Church, Bishop, Debts, Salary of a +Priest.</hi>—Where a church is not itself liable +because it is not incorporated, the Roman +Catholic bishop of the diocese is not personally +<pb n='101'/><anchor id='Pg101'/> +liable for moneys borrowed by the pastors +of such church in the name of the +church, which were partly invested in real +estate which was put in the bishop's name +in the usual manner, although the bishop's +permission was necessary before borrowing +the money, and notwithstanding that the +bishop raised some of the money to pay some +of the debts and the mortgage on the real +estate of the church on his personal security, +and he received part of the borrowed funds +from a dying pastor and handed it over to +his successor.<note place='foot'>Leahy v. Williams, 141 Mass., 345.</note> Also, a bishop is not personally +liable for the salary of a priest whom +he engages. They are fellow servants +working for the Church and not in the relation +of employer and employee any more +than are a general and captain in the same +army.<note place='foot'>Rose v. Vertin, 46 Mich., 457; 9 N. W., 491; Tuigg v. +Sheehan, 101 Pa., 363.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_170'/><hi rend='bold'>170.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Note, Building Committee.</hi>—In an +action on a note given by the pastor of a +church for money borrowed to pay bills for +the erection of the church building, in which +the plaintiff sought to charge the building +committee, and it appeared from the plaintiff's +testimony that the title to the property +was in the bishop and the committee did not +handle any of the funds, but was a shifting +<pb n='102'/><anchor id='Pg102'/> +body to whom the pastor only went for +advice and consultation, it was held that the +plaintiff could not recover.<note place='foot'>Freeport v. Egan, 146 Pa., 106; 23 At., 390.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_171'/><hi rend='bold'>171.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Fraud, Trust.</hi>—Where a <q>prophet</q> +induced members of his organization, by his +fraud and deceit, to convey to him all their +property in discharge of a religious duty and +then refused to account to them, the court +declared the trust closed and divided the +estate among the members in proportion to +the money, property, and labor contributed +by each of them.<note place='foot'>Scott v. Thompson, 21 Ia., 599.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_172'/><hi rend='bold'>172.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Superioress, Money.</hi>—A person +who contributed money for the purpose of +repairing a convent, the money being turned +over to the superioress and the convent not +being incorporated, upon the project being +abandoned subsequently a personal judgment +could not be obtained against the +superioress for the money contributed.<note place='foot'>Emonds v. Termehr, 60 Ia., 92; 14 N. W., 197.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_173'/><hi rend='bold'>173.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Loan, Priest.</hi>—If a man lends +money to a priest for the purpose of paying +a note against the congregation left at the +bank for collection, he can recover the +money so paid from the congregation.<note place='foot'>Wojcienchowski v. Johnknowski, 16 Pa. Sup. Ct., 444.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_174'/><hi rend='bold'>174.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Warden, Wages, Sexton.</hi>—A +church warden who was hired by the trustees +<pb n='103'/><anchor id='Pg103'/> +of a church can not collect his wages +by an action against the priest of the parish.<note place='foot'>Chiniqui v. Delaire, 37 Ill., 237.</note> +A church accepting the services of a +sexton is liable to him therefor, whether +the by-laws were observed in employing him +or not; nor will the fact that any party (as +in this case the Ladies of the Altar Society) +agreed to contribute to his annual salary, +defeat his recovery of the whole from the +church employing him.<note place='foot'>St. Patrick's v. Abst., 76 Ill., 252.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_175'/><hi rend='bold'>175.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sewing Circle, Money.</hi>—A church +may maintain an action against a sewing +circle to require it to pay over money collected +for the benefit of the church.<note place='foot'>First v. Prior, 23 Hun., 271.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='104'/><anchor id='Pg104'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XIV. Meetings</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_176'/><hi rend='bold'>176.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Business, Notice, Meeting.</hi>—Where, +in the transaction of the local business of a +religious society, whether incorporated or +not, meetings of the members shall become +necessary, in order to make such meetings +legal due notice thereof should be given to +every member. The notice should specify +the exact time and place where the meeting +will be held, and no change can be made +except at such time and place. Unless some +other place is specified, the parish church is +the proper place for holding meetings. If +the church should be locked and the key can +not be found, a meeting should be held at +the door or at the nearest practical place to +the church where all the members may assemble, +and then by a majority vote they +may adjourn to any convenient near place +accessible to all the members.<note place='foot'>Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653; Rules of Order, Scanlan, +15-18.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_177'/><hi rend='bold'>177.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Acts, Void, Lawful, Clerk.</hi>—The +acts of a majority of the members of a corporation, +unless done according to law and +<pb n='105'/><anchor id='Pg105'/> +in conformity with the charter and by-laws +of the corporation, are absolutely null and +void.<note place='foot'>German v. Pressler, 17 La. Ann., 127.</note> The only lawful manner by which a +congregation can express itself, is by a +meeting regularly called and held upon due +notice.<note place='foot'>Appeal of McAuley, 77 Pa., 397.</note> The notice of a meeting should be +authorized by the trustees or other authority +of the church, and given to all the members. +The clerk of the board of trustees, unless +authorized to do so, has no authority to sign +the name of the members of the board to a +notice, and a meeting called in that way is +illegal.<note place='foot'>Bethany v. Sperry, 10 Conn., 200.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_178'/><hi rend='bold'>178.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Special Meeting, Notice.</hi>—When a +meeting is special, the notice must state for +what purpose the meeting is called. If it +fails to do so it is void, and unless all the +members are present and consent to the +holding of the meeting, all business transacted +is illegal and void.<note place='foot'>Weber v. Zimmermann, 22 Md., 156.</note> Notice of a special +meeting that states one specific purpose for +which it is called, and then states <q>to transact +any other business that may legally come +before the meeting,</q> is not good for any +purpose except the one specified.<note place='foot'>Downs v. Bowdoin, 149 Mass., 135; 21 N. E., 294.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='106'/><anchor id='Pg106'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_179'/><hi rend='bold'>179.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Meeting, Consent.</hi>—A valid meeting +can not be held by a corporation, unless +notice has been given in conformity with the +laws and rules and regulations of the corporation +or the consent of every person who is +entitled to be present at the holding of such +meeting. In the latter case the consent +should be in writing and signed by all the +members.<note place='foot'>Smith v. Erb., 4 Gill., Md., 437.</note> However, a person who attends +a meeting and takes part in it without objection, +is estopped from raising the question +of notice.<note place='foot'>Helbig v. Rosenberg, 86 Ia., 159; 53 N. W., 111.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_180'/><hi rend='bold'>180.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Notice, Principal Service, Custom.</hi>—When +a rule of a church required notice +of a meeting to be given at the principal +service, a notice given at an earlier service +only, was void.<note place='foot'>Dahl v. Palache, 68 Cal., 248.</note> But where the ordinances +of a church specified that the election of officers +should be at least six days before the +end of their term, and it became the custom +of the church to hold the election on a movable +holiday which sometimes was less than +six days, the election was held valid.<note place='foot'>People v. Runkel, 9 Johnson, 147.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_181'/><hi rend='bold'>181.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Adjournment.</hi>—Where a meeting +was noticed for one day and held on a different +day without notice of adjournment, +all acts done were void and the officers +<pb n='107'/><anchor id='Pg107'/> +elected were neither <hi rend='italic'>de jure</hi> nor <hi rend='italic'>de facto</hi> +officers.<note place='foot'>First v. Hillary, 51 Cal., 155.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_182'/><hi rend='bold'>182.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Proof of the Notice.</hi>—The proper +proof of the notice would be the return of +the officer serving the notice, in some States; +and in others an affidavit of the person who +served the notice. The proof of the services +of a summons would be sufficient unless there +is some other law or rule to the contrary.<note place='foot'>Tuttle v. Cary, 7 Me., 426.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_183'/><hi rend='bold'>183.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Presiding Officer.</hi>—When the laws +of the organization provide who shall preside +at a meeting, but the minister contrary +to such laws and against objections presided +over the majority of the congregation, and +the minority was presided over by the proper +person, and both elected officers, the officers +elected by the minority were the lawful +ones.<note place='foot'>State v. Steward, 6 Houst., Del., 9.</note> However, where a meeting is presided +over without objection by a member +instead of the proper officer, the acts of the +body are lawful.<note place='foot'>Jones v. Cary, 6 Me., 448; Rules of Order, Scanlan, +29-30.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_184'/><hi rend='bold'>184.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Voters, Rules.</hi>—Unless the laws of +the State otherwise provide, every religious +organization has the right to determine who +shall vote at its meetings and elections. If +those provisions are reasonable, they are +<pb n='108'/><anchor id='Pg108'/> +lawful. Under such provisions it has been +repeatedly held that where there are rules +requiring annual subscriptions to the +church,<note place='foot'>State v. Steward, 6 Houst., Del., 359.</note> only those who rented and paid for +pews, or those who paid a certain annual +tax, or those who went to communion, were +entitled to vote.<note place='foot'>Juker v. Commonwealth, 20 Pa., 484; McIlvain v. +Christ's Church, 8 Phil., 507.</note> And where there was no +rule, it was held that one who has not contributed +to the church<note place='foot'>Livingston v. Trinity Church, 45 N. J. L., 230.</note> and persons who +attended church only occasionally and contributed +only when they attended, were not +qualified voters.<note place='foot'>People v. Tuthill, 31 N. Y., 550.</note> In the last case it was +stated that a qualified voter is one who has +attended regularly during the year and has +contributed to the support of the church. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_185'/><hi rend='bold'>185.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Quorum, Majority.</hi>—A quorum of +a congregation usually consists of those +present at a duly called regular meeting, and +a majority of those present is sufficient to +carry questions, unless by rule or law otherwise +provided.<note place='foot'>Madison v. Baptist, 46 N. Y., 131.</note> But where there is a definite +body in a corporation which has established +no other rule, a majority of the members +of the corporation constitute a +quorum.<note place='foot'>Moore v. St. Thomas' Church, 4 Abb., N. Y., 51.</note> Where the minutes of the clerk +<pb n='109'/><anchor id='Pg109'/> +stated that upon due notice the members of +the corporation met, a quorum is presumed.<note place='foot'>Commonwealth v. Woelper, 3 Ser. & R., 29.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_186'/><hi rend='bold'>186.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Votes, Challenge, Inspectors, Casting +Vote.</hi>—The reception of illegal votes +does not invalidate an election unless they +change the result.<note place='foot'>Wardens v. Pope, 74 Mass., 140.</note> If the presiding officer +refuses to allow a qualified voter to vote, the +right may be enforced through civil courts.<note place='foot'>Oakes v. Hill, 6 Weekly Notes, Cas., 346.</note> +When votes have been received without +challenge, it is then too late to raise the objection +that the persons have no right to +vote.<note place='foot'>Hartt v. Harvey, 32 Barb., 55.</note> It is the duty of the inspectors to +determine the qualifications of an elector at +the time that he offers to vote, and before he +votes; and if they decide in the exercise of +their judgment, without malice or improper +motives, the regularity of the election can +not be questioned.<note place='foot'>Weckerly v. Geyer, 11 Ser. & R., 35.</note> When a rule allows the +presiding officer to vote and another rule +states that he shall have the casting vote in +case of a tie vote, he still had the right to +cast the decisive vote.<note place='foot'>People v. Church, 48 Barb., 603.</note> Illegal voting in a +religious society probably is not an indictable +offense, but it is a disorderly act.<note place='foot'>Allen v. Gray, 11 Conn., 95.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='110'/><anchor id='Pg110'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_187'/><hi rend='bold'>187.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Written Notice, Prayer Meeting.</hi>—Where +a five days' written notice is required +to hold church meetings, an oral notice given +on Sunday evening at the prayer meeting is +not sufficient for a meeting on the following +Wednesday. But a vote taken on Sunday to +hire the minister and fix his salary, is not +void.<note place='foot'>Arthur v. Norfield, 49 At., 241; 73 Conn., 718.</note> Churches and benefit societies, such +as insurance fraternities, being charitable +organizations, may do business concerning +such association on Sunday.<note place='foot'>Pepin v. Societies, 23 R. I., 81; 60 L. R. A., 626.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_188'/><hi rend='bold'>188.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Expulsion, Damages.</hi>—A man who +has been wrongfully expelled from a temperance +society for religious reasons may +recover damages therefor.<note place='foot'>Lahiff v. St. Joseph's T. A. B. S., 76 Conn., 648; 65 L. +R. A., 92.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='111'/><anchor id='Pg111'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XV. Church Records</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_189'/><hi rend='bold'>189.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Evidence, Entries, Minutes.</hi>—The +record of the proceedings of a religious society +is evidence as to its doings, both in its +own tribunals and the courts of the State. +Such record consists of entries required to +be made by the laws or rules of the society, +the laws of the State, and the minutes +adopted by the society. Therefore, it is of +the greatest importance that it be kept with +great exactness, omitting nothing that is +important.<note place='foot'>10 Cyc, 1067.</note> Also, the minutes of all the +meetings should be correct before being duly +adopted. All erasures and interlineations +should be certified by the clerk and then +signed by him. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_190'/><hi rend='bold'>190.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Uniformity.</hi>—Every entry required +to be kept by the laws of the State as well +as the rules of the Church, should be kept as +to births, marriages, and death. Every diocese +should have uniform record books in all +parishes and every pastor should keep blanks +printed in the form of a page of the record +book, to issue certificates when required. +</p> + +<pb n='112'/><anchor id='Pg112'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_191'/><hi rend='bold'>191.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Marriage, Death, Baptism, Birth, +Church Records.</hi>—The church records duly +kept in accordance with the discipline of the +church, are admissible in evidence to prove +marriage, death, and baptism. Where the +record is incomplete, as giving the date of +baptism only, it is not admissible in proof of +date of birth. But if it gives the date of +birth, it is <hi rend='italic'>prima facie</hi> proof thereof.<note place='foot'>17 Cyc, 405; 2 Jones on Ev., secs. 522, 523; Conflict of +L., Wharton, vol. ii, sec. 761, pp. 1496-8; Collins v. German, +Am. M. I. Ass., 112 Mo. App., 209; 86 S. W., 891; +Layton v. Kraft, 98 N. Y., 996.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_192'/><hi rend='bold'>192.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Certified Copies.</hi>—Under statutes, +certified copies of the record made by the +custodian thereof are admissible in evidence +in any case where the original would be admissible. +Also, one who had compared a +copy with the original record may testify to +the same. The rule, as given, substantially +prevails under statutes in the following +States: Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, +Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, +Minnesota, Missouri, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, +Rhode Island, and Wisconsin; and +also, in Ontario, Manitoba, and the Dominion +of Canada. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_193'/><hi rend='bold'>193.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Rule of Admissibility.</hi>—A certified +copy of the record of a baptism taken from +a church register by the parish priest, when +admissible at the place where such record is +<pb n='113'/><anchor id='Pg113'/> +kept, as in Ireland, is admissible to prove the +same fact in the State of Missouri.<note place='foot'>Collins v. German, 112 Mo. App., 209; Sandberg v. The +State, 113 Wis., 578; 89 N. W., 504.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_194'/><hi rend='bold'>194.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Proper Record.</hi>—A book kept by a +minister, which contained a regular statement +in proper form of the admission of +members, choice of officers, and transaction +of business of the church, which was the +only book kept by the parish, is the proper +record of the church.<note place='foot'>Sawyer v. Baldwin, 11 Pickering, 492.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_195'/><hi rend='bold'>195.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Name, Record.</hi>—The author would +like to emphasize the importance of correct +records. Frequently we find no Christian +name given in the records of birth, which +practically makes the record worthless. +When a child is born it is entitled to a name, +immediately, which should be given and be +correct. At least the first Christian name +should be correct; a mistake in a middle +name is not material. This is true of deeds +and records of all kinds, but practically of +births, deaths, and marriages.<note place='foot'>Finher v. Hanegen, 59 Ark., 151; 24 L. R. A., 543.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='114'/><anchor id='Pg114'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XVI. Church Tribunals</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_196'/><hi rend='bold'>196.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Jurisdiction, Privileges.</hi>—It is usual +for every fraternity to have a tribunal of its +own for the trial of members who break its +laws or violate its discipline. Within their +jurisdiction, the laws of the State give such +tribunals great privileges and courts show +them great respect. The Freemasons, the +Knights of Columbus, etc., and most of the +churches, have such courts.<note place='foot'>Mt. Zion v. Whitmore, 83 Ia., 138; 49 N. W., 846; 13 +L. R. A., 198.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_197'/><hi rend='bold'>197.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trial, Property, Priest.</hi>—In most of +the States a court will not interfere with the +fair trial of a church tribunal. Neither will +the court entertain a controversy concerning +the title or right of possession of real or personal +property excepting at the instance of +some person claiming a right thereto derived +from or recognized by the law of the State +or of the United States.<note place='foot'>Bonacum v. Murphy, 65 Neb., 831; 98 N. W., 1030; 71 +Neb., 463; 102 N. W., 267; 104 ib., 180; Nance v. Busby, +91 Tenn., 303; 18 S. W., 874; 15 L. R. A., 801.</note> But when the +bishop has deprived a subordinate priest of +his authority to officiate as such, he may +<pb n='115'/><anchor id='Pg115'/> +enjoin the priest from making use of the +church property.<note place='foot'>Bonacum v. Harrington, 65 Neb., 831; 91 N. W., 886.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_198'/><hi rend='bold'>198.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Doubt, Legal Rights.</hi>—The foregoing +rule has some doubt cast on it in Delaware +and Massachusetts. The investigation +of a dispute between members of a church +by a committee according to church regulations, +consented to by the parties, in which +both take part, can have no effect on their +legal rights. If the State law provides for +cases of the kind, it is superior and must be +submitted to. Also, an award or proceeding +of a committee is not evidence for or against +either party. However, any statement made, +or admissions of the parties, if not of a recognized +confidential nature, may be given in +evidence on the trial in a court of the State.<note place='foot'>Tubbs v. Lynch, 4 Harr., Del., 521.</note> +The judgment of a mutual ecclesiastical +council legally convoked will not bind either +party rejecting it.<note place='foot'>Sterns v. Bedford, 21 Pickering, 114.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_199'/><hi rend='bold'>199.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Bishop, Priest, Redress.</hi>—When a +bishop removes a priest in the regular way +according to the rules and discipline of his +church, the priest has no redress.<note place='foot'>O'Donovan v. Chatard, 97 Ind., 421.</note> Also, +when a priest has submitted his case to the +church tribunal according to the discipline +of his church, he must abide by its decision, +<pb n='116'/><anchor id='Pg116'/> +excepting where his civil rights or property +rights as a citizen are involved, when he may +appeal to the laws of the land.<note place='foot'>Baxter v. McDonald, 155 N. Y., 83; 49 N. E., 667.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_200'/><hi rend='bold'>200.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trial, Counsel.</hi>—The question +whether a minister on trial in a church tribunal +is entitled to be heard by counsel or +attorneys depends upon the laws of the +church, and it can not be said as a matter of +law that he is entitled to counsel.<note place='foot'>Gibbs v. Gilead, 38 Conn., 153.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_201'/><hi rend='bold'>201.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Removal, Suspension, Trial.</hi>—In +the United States under the laws and discipline +of the Catholic Church a priest may +be removed from the charge of a congregation +at the pleasure of the bishop, without +trial; but he can not be suspended from his +priestly functions without specific accusation +and trial.<note place='foot'>Stack v. O'Hara, 98 Pa., 213.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_202'/><hi rend='bold'>202.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Charges, Fair Trial, Hearsay Evidence.</hi>—When +a clergyman or officer is to be +removed or a member of the congregation is +to be excommunicated, it is necessary to +fully state the charges against him and give +him an opportunity for a fair trial according +to the laws and rules of the religious society +before rendering final judgment. All the +allegations of the complaint should be made +upon positive knowledge of the complainant +<pb n='117'/><anchor id='Pg117'/> +or upon evidence that is admissible to prove +the case in court. Rumor or gossip, known +as mere hearsay evidence, is not sufficient to +base a charge against the character of any +one.<note place='foot'>29 Cyc, 204, and <q>Religious Societies</q>; Am. & Eng. Cyc. +of L., <q>Religious Societies</q> and <q>Beneficial Societies</q>; 2 +Benefit Societies & L. Insurance, Bacon, secs. 400a and +450a.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_203'/><hi rend='bold'>203.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trial, Testimony, Slander.</hi>—A +church judgment, where there has been a +full and fair trial or when members submit +to the church tribunal, and the judgment has +only been rebuke, censure, suspension, or excommunication, +is usually upheld by the +courts; and when the testimony given on +such trial is concerning immoral or scandalous +conduct or crime, if those taking part +act in good faith and within the scope of the +authority of the church, they are protected +by law and not liable to an action for damages +for libel or slander.<note place='foot'>Farnsworth v. Storrs, 59 Mass., 412.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_204'/><hi rend='bold'>204.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Remedies, Secular Courts.</hi>—In +cases involving church doctrine and discipline +only, all remedies within the church +must be exhausted by a member before the +secular courts will interfere, if they will interfere +at all.<note place='foot'>Hatfield v. Delong, 24 Ind. App., 343; 51 L. R. A., 751; +Ryan v. Cudahy, 157 Ill., 108; 41 N. E., 760; 49 L. R. A., +353.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='118'/><anchor id='Pg118'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_205'/><hi rend='bold'>205.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Notice, Waiver.</hi>—When the laws +of the church provide the tribunal and procedure, +if the person proceeded against +avoids the service of the notice or refuses to +submit to the court, the notice of trial required +to be served might thereby be considered +waived and the tribunal might proceed +with the trial in the absence of the accused.<note place='foot'>Sampsell v. Esher, 26 Weekly Law Bulletin, Ohio, 156.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_206'/><hi rend='bold'>206.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Appeal, Decision, Limitation.</hi>—The +right to appeal from one court to another of +higher jurisdiction is generally recognized.<note place='foot'>Day v. Robinson, 12 N. J. L., 206.</note> +If after trial in the lower tribunal of the +Church, an appeal is taken, the decision on +the appeal is binding upon the parties and +also upon the inferior tribunal.<note place='foot'>Diffendorf v. Reformed Church, 20 Johnson, N. Y., 12.</note> In the +Anglican and some other churches, there is +no limitation as to time when offenses +against the discipline of the church may be +inquired into.<note place='foot'>Chase v. Cheney, 58 Ill., 509.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The Catholic Church has a limitation as +to prescriptive rights, to-wit: <q>Three years +in case of movable property; ten years in +case of a right, or of immovable property, +<foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>inter praesentes</foreign>; twenty years in the same +case, <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>inter absentes</foreign>.</q><note place='foot'>Catholic Dictionary, Addis & Arnold, <q>Prescription.</q></note> Also, there are limitations +in canonical cases, varying from one +<pb n='119'/><anchor id='Pg119'/> +to twenty years.<note place='foot'>Legal Formulary, Baart, 462.</note> There is no statute of +limitation on lawful debts. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_207'/><hi rend='bold'>207.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Procedure, Judge, Juror, Witness.</hi>—If +there are no rules of procedure prescribed +by the church tribunal, the proper +practice is to follow the State courts; as, for +example, where the State law forbids an +officer of the court who has an interest in +the proceeding to sit as judge or juror, the +same would apply to the church tribunal, it +being the common law of the land. Also, in +States where a person who is interested in a +matter is not a competent witness, in the +absence of a different rule in the church, the +same rule would apply in the church +tribunal.<note place='foot'>Juker v. Commonwealth, 20 Pa. St., 484.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_208'/><hi rend='bold'>208.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Catholic Discipline.</hi>—A church +member has no right to sue any one in holy +orders in the civil court without leave. That +is, a layman or priest should obtain leave of +the bishop to sue a priest. In some countries +it is ground for excommunication to violate +the rule. This rule is analogous to the general +rule that a sovereign state can not be +sued without its consent.<note place='foot'>Beers v. Arkansas, 20 How., U. S., 527; 15 L. Ed., 991.</note> In this country, +where there is no ecclesiastical court recognized +in law, leave is rarely asked.<note place='foot'>See <q>Benefit of the Clergy</q> and <q>Forum Ecclesiasticum,</q> +in The Catholic Cyclopedia and in the Catholic Dictionary.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='120'/><anchor id='Pg120'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XVII. State Courts</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_209'/><hi rend='bold'>209.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Decision, Ecclesiastical Matter.</hi>—The +decision of the highest tribunal of the +church on a purely ecclesiastical matter will +not be disturbed by civil courts unless it is in +open defiance and express violation of the +constitution of such body.<note place='foot'>Kuns v. Robinson, 154 Ill., 394; 40 N. E., 343; Brundage +v. Deardorf, 55 Fed., 839; Watson v. Jones, 80 U. S., 679; +20 L. Ed., 666; Bird v. St. Mark's, 62 Ia., 567; 17 N. W., +747; Perry v. Wheeler, 75 Ky., 541; Powers v. Bundy, 45 +Neb., 208; 63 N. W., 476; Connit v. Reformed, 54 N. Y., +551; Harrison v. Hoyle, 24 Ohio St., 254; Krecker v. +Shirey, 163 Pa., 534; 30 At., 540.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_210'/><hi rend='bold'>210.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Right of Property, Civil Rights.</hi>—Where +there are several church tribunals +one above another, when the highest tribunal +having jurisdiction of the case has decided a +question as to the right of property, a civil +court will accept such decision of the church +tribunal as conclusive.<note place='foot'>Watson v. Jones, 80 U. S., 679; 20 L. Ed., 666.</note> The courts give +way to the usages and regulations of the +church so far as they are not inconsistent +with the constitution and laws of the State.<note place='foot'>Prickett v. Wells, 117 Mo., 502; 24 S. W., 52; Pounder +v. Ash, 36 Neb., 564; 54 N. W., 847.</note> +As far as civil rights are concerned, the +<pb n='121'/><anchor id='Pg121'/> +statute of limitations may be pleaded even +where those rights are founded upon some +law or rule of the denomination.<note place='foot'>Atty-Gen. v. Fed., 69 Mass., 1.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_211'/><hi rend='bold'>211.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Creed, Factions, Property, Management.</hi>—The +supreme court exercises no +ecclesiastical jurisdiction, but accepts what +the highest ecclesiastical authority in each +church promulgates as the faith and practice +of that church, and will not determine +for itself what that faith or creed is in order +to establish the rights of respective factions +in the church to the church property. But a +majority of a congregation that secedes +from the church and forms a new organization +can not claim any of the property.<note place='foot'>Mt. Helen v. Jones, 79 Miss., 488; 30 So., 714.</note> The +civil courts will not interfere with church +management so far as concerns the spiritual +discipline of the members, but where civil +rights of property are involved, the courts +may determine them.<note place='foot'>Prickett v. Wells, 117 Mo., 502; 24 S. W., 52.</note> The civil rights of a +religious society or its members are within +the jurisdiction of the State courts.<note place='foot'>Ferraria v. Vasconcellos, 31 Ill., 25.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_212'/><hi rend='bold'>212.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trust, Court of Equity.</hi>—A conveyance +in trust for the use of a church +vests the use in the church and it will be +protected by a court of equity.<note place='foot'>Garten v. Penick, 68 Ky., 110.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='122'/><anchor id='Pg122'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_213'/><hi rend='bold'>213.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Injunction, Closing Church, Paying +Money, Disturbances.</hi>—A court of equity +will issue an injunction against the trustees +of a church from wrongfully closing it or +keeping it closed even against a small minority.<note place='foot'>Brunnenmeyer v. Buhre, 31 Ill., 183.</note> +Church property vested in trustees of +a religious body is held under trust and a +court of equity has jurisdiction to enforce +the trust.<note place='foot'>Lawson v. Kolbenson, 61 Ill., 405.</note> A court of equity may restrain +the trustees of a church from paying money +to a duly deposed minister.<note place='foot'>Robertson v. Bullions, 11 N. Y., 243.</note> But a court of +equity will not interfere to quell religious +disturbances when no question as to property +or civil rights is involved. The board +of trustees of a church can not remove a +priest against the will of the congregation.<note place='foot'>Papalion v. Manusos, 113 Ill. App., 316.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_214'/><hi rend='bold'>214.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Suits, Parties.</hi>—Where a number +of persons have contributed to the erection +of a church, it is not necessary for all who +contribute to join in an action to restrain a +sale of the property for mercantile purposes.<note place='foot'>Avery v. Baker, 27 Neb., 388; 43 N. W., 174.</note> +Any member of a church not incorporated +may come into a court of equity in +behalf of himself and others and enforce the +execution of a trust in favor of the church.<note place='foot'>Trustees v. Trustees, 4 N. J. Eq., 77.</note> +The same rule would apply to a church +<pb n='123'/><anchor id='Pg123'/> +where any one in authority is violating the +law.<note place='foot'>Nash v. Sutton, 117 N. C., 231; 23 S. E., 178; Wiswell +v. First, 14 Ohio St., 31.</note> If several congregations of a diocese +are interested in litigation, to hold all the +property of the diocese liable for the debt of +a parish, each congregation is entitled to be +made a party.<note place='foot'>Mannix v. Purcell, 46 Ohio St., 102.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_215'/><hi rend='bold'>215.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Complaint.</hi>—A complaint that the +plaintiffs hold one doctrinal standard and the +defendants another is sufficiently definite +without explaining the difference between +the two.<note place='foot'>Baker v. Ducker, 79 Cal., 365; 21 Pac., 764.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_216'/><hi rend='bold'>216.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Church Tribunal, Courts.</hi>—Courts +are reluctant to interfere in the church doctrine +or discipline or inquire into the regularity +of the proceedings of the church tribunal. +When such tribunal has deposed a +pastor or expelled a member, it is final. +However, in contracts, property rights, and +civil rights of a citizen, the courts take jurisdiction. +It is no defense to a pastor's expulsion +that there is salary due him.<note place='foot'>Morris v. Dart, 67 S. C., 338; 45 S. E., 753; 100 Am. +St. Rep., 734.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_217'/><hi rend='bold'>217.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Unincorporated Congregation, Actions, +Interest.</hi>—An unincorporated congregation +may be sued on contract in its associate +capacity, though no persons are named +<pb n='124'/><anchor id='Pg124'/> +as trustees or committeeman.<note place='foot'>Phipps v. Jones, 20 Pa., 260.</note> In all actions +by or against a congregation the civil +courts will not permit suits to be brought by +complainants who have no interest either +legal or equitable in the temporalities of the +church.<note place='foot'>Dolan v. City, 4 Gill., 394.</note> A suit against a society of Shakers +consisting of indefinite membership with +changing additions, withdrawals, and deaths, +whose property is held in common without +any individual interest, may properly be +brought in equity as the remedy at law would +be inadequate.<note place='foot'>Shakers v. Watson, 68 Fed., 730.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_218'/><hi rend='bold'>218.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Blasphemy, Sabbath, Lord's Prayer, +Bible.</hi>—Christianity is a part of the common +law of the United States; it is on this +ground that blasphemy and violation of the +Sabbath are made criminal offenses and that +the Lord's Prayer and the Bible are used in +the schools.<note place='foot'>61 Cen. L. J., 49 and 55; 57 C. L. J., 201.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='125'/><anchor id='Pg125'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XVIII. Evidence</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_219'/><hi rend='bold'>219.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Judicial Notice.</hi>—A church takes +judicial notice without proof of its own +rules, laws, and doctrines. Every other fact +should be proved according to the rules of +evidence of the church, and in the absence +of a church rule the following rules of the +courts of this country should prevail: +</p> + +<p> +1. Nothing should be admitted in evidence +unless it directly proves or disproves +an evidentiary fact forming a link of a chain +of facts that will prove a fact in issue. +</p> + +<p> +2. It is sufficient to prove the substance +of the issue, unless the exact word or thing +forms the issue. +</p> + +<p> +3. The burden of proof is on the one +who asserts the fact, whether it is stated +affirmatively or negatively, and its proof is +necessary to his making a case. +</p> + +<p> +4. The best evidence that the case in its +nature affords must be produced. +</p> + +<p> +5. Mere hearsay evidence shall not be +allowed, excepting: +</p> + +<pb n='126'/><anchor id='Pg126'/> + +<p> +(a) Matters of public or general interest. +</p> + +<p> +(b) Declaration against interest. +</p> + +<p> +(c) Dying declarations. +</p> + +<p> +(d) The testimony of witnesses since +dead or absent. +</p> + +<p> +(e) Admissions. +</p> + +<p> +(f) Confessions. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_220'/><hi rend='bold'>220.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Competent Witness.</hi>—Everybody +who has the use of reason and understands +the import of an oath is a competent witness. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_221'/><hi rend='bold'>221.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Confessions, Secret Societies.</hi>—At +common law, confessions were admissible; +but there is no case in the United States +since 1813 where the court has sent a priest +to jail for contempt for refusing to disclose +a confession, and no case in which a priest +disclosed a confession. Immediately after +a priest was committed for contempt for refusing +to divulge the secrets of the confessional, +in 1813, New York enacted the following +law: <q>No minister of the gospel, or +priest of any denomination whatsoever, +shall be allowed to disclose any confession +made to him in his professional character, +in the course of discipline enjoined by the +rules or practice of such denomination.</q> A +similar law has been adopted in the following +States and Territories: Alabama, Arizona, +California, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, +<pb n='127'/><anchor id='Pg127'/> +Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, +Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, +New York, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah, +Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and +Hawaii. The secrets of a secret society are +not privileged, and a member as a witness +must answer all relevant questions in court.<note place='foot'>Owens v. Frank, 7 Wyoming, 457; 53 Pac., 282; 47 +Cen. L. J., 221.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_222'/><hi rend='bold'>222.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Privilege, Answer.</hi>—When a question +concerning a matter privileged is put, +the priest should say: <q>I claim my privilege +as a clergyman and ask the court not to require +me to answer</q>; <q>Whatever he said +concerning the matter, was said to me in the +confessional as a priest</q>; <q>I talked with him +about the matter only in my professional +capacity as a priest and confessor</q>; <q>I did +not speak to him about the matter except +in my confidential capacity as priest;</q> or a +similar statement that sets up the clergyman's +privilege without giving facts. A +clergyman should not say: <q>He confessed +it to me,</q> or <q>He told it to me in confession,</q> +or give any other answer that implies +what was said in confession, as jurors are +always watching for a hint of what was +said. Neither should the priest say, <q>I refuse +to answer,</q> without stating that he +refuses because of his privilege as a clergyman. +<pb n='128'/><anchor id='Pg128'/> +The trial judge or the attorneys trying +the case may put proper questions to +determine whether the information was +given the witness in the confessional or in +his capacity as confessor.<note place='foot'>Evidence, Jones, vol. iii, p. 776.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_223'/><hi rend='bold'>223.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Admissions, False Statements.</hi>—Admissions +or statements made to a clergyman +not in his capacity of confidential adviser +or in the course of discipline, are not +privileged.<note place='foot'>Gillooley v. State, 58 Ind., 182.</note> Neither are false statements +made to a committee investigating charges; +but all statements made to such a committee +or an officer of the church, unless false and +made with malice, are privileged.<note place='foot'>Knight v. Lee, 80 Ind., 201.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_224'/><hi rend='bold'>224.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Anonymous Letter, Clergyman.</hi>—Where +a priest received an anonymous letter +alleged to have been written by a defendant, +which he read to her, he was not +disqualified from testifying that she was +excited and that she stated she had no idea +how the fire started, and that the letter was +unknown to her, etc.<note place='foot'>Colbert v. State, 125 Wis., 423; 104 N. W., 61.</note> The mere fact that a +communication is made to a clergyman does +not make it privileged. It is privileged only +when made in confidence of the relation and +under such circumstances as to imply that +it should forever remain a secret in the +<pb n='129'/><anchor id='Pg129'/> +breast of the confidential adviser.<note place='foot'>Hills v. State, 61 Neb., 589; 85 N. W., 836.</note> When +a matter is privileged, it is not left to the +witness whether or not he shall testify concerning +it; but he can not testify without +the consent of the other party.<note place='foot'>Bevins v. Kline, 21 Ind., 37.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_225'/><hi rend='bold'>225.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Voire Dire.</hi>—Where a priest made +a preliminary examination of a woman to +ascertain her mental capacity to make a confession, +her answers in such preliminary +examination were admissible in a contest on +a will; but her confession was not admissible.<note place='foot'>In re Thomas, 54 Cal., 509.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_226'/><hi rend='bold'>226.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>England, Confession.</hi>—The rule is +now accorded priests in England, but was +not formerly. Where a priest turned a +watch over to its owner, the court ordered +him, under pain of contempt, to tell where +he got the watch.<note place='foot'>Rex. v. Hoy, 2 F. & F., 4.</note> But in another case it +was held that a priest need not divulge the +confession of a defendant who was held for +crime.<note place='foot'>Rex. v. Griffen, 6 Cox, C. C., 219.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_227'/><hi rend='bold'>227.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>United States, Rules.</hi>—In the United +States courts, the rule prevails that such +confidential communications to a priest shall +not be divulged.<note place='foot'>Mutual v. Robinson, 19 U. S. App., 266; State v. Morgan, +196 Mo., 177; 95 S. W., 402.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='130'/><anchor id='Pg130'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_228'/><hi rend='bold'>228.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Presumptions, Usage.</hi>—The usage +of a church or the laws of its organization +as a religious society, if they are to be considered +in deciding legal controversies, must +be proved as facts.<note place='foot'>Katzer v. City, 104 Wis., 16; 79 N. W., 745; 80 N. +W., 41.</note> In the absence of +proof, it will be presumed that subordinate +bodies, as congregations, can not dissolve +their connection with the principal organization +without permission.<note place='foot'>Vasconcellos v. Ferraria, 27 Ill., 237.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_229'/><hi rend='bold'>229.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Funeral Expenses.</hi>—Witnesses' +opinions as to the reasonable amount for +burial or as to the cost of a funeral being +reasonable, are not binding on a court or +jury. The station of a man, the property +that he leaves, the life that he has followed, +all should be considered by the court. The +whims and notions of societies and others +are of minor consideration. Those who +make funeral expenses that are not allowed +by the court must pay them.<note place='foot'>Foley v. Brocksmit, 119 Ia., 457; 93 N. W., 344; 97 Am. +St. R., 324; 60 L. R. A., 571; 18 Cyc, 437-9.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='131'/><anchor id='Pg131'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XIX. Contracts</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_230'/><hi rend='bold'>230.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Business, Religious Service.</hi>—A +church organization has the legal right to +make any contract concerning its own +affairs that is not prohibited by its by-laws +or its charter, subject to all laws of legal +contracts in the business world. When the +consideration is a religious service duly performed, +there seems to be no objection to it. +Therefore, a minister may collect for +preaching a sermon, attending the sick, or +saying prayers, or performing any other +religious service. But an incorporated +church has no authority to enter into a contract +for an ulterior purpose, such as the +employment of a vessel for the purpose of +an excursion.<note place='foot'>Harriman v. First, 63 Ga., 186.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_231'/><hi rend='bold'>231.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Incorporated Body.</hi>—The only way +a religious society that is incorporated can +make a contract is by a vote of the aggregate +body or of the board of trustees, or +through an agent authorized by a vote of +one body or the other.<note place='foot'>Methodist v. Sherman, 36 Wis., 404.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='132'/><anchor id='Pg132'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_232'/><hi rend='bold'>232.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Mortgage, Deficiency Judgment.</hi>—Where +a mortgage had been foreclosed +against church property before the congregation +was incorporated, a deficiency judgment +can not be rendered against such +church corporation.<note place='foot'>St. Patrick's v. Daly, 116 Ill., 76; 4 N. E., 241.</note> But where a congregation +was incorporated after a debt had +been incurred and took charge of the property, +it assumed the debt.<note place='foot'>Eager v. Inhabitants, 10 Mass., 430.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_233'/><hi rend='bold'>233.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Building Contracts.</hi>—The taking +part in a meeting by voting and appointing +committees to make contracts will bind those +taking part in all contracts made in accordance +with the directions of such meeting. +In some States the individuals are held only +to the amount that each subscribes, but in +other States each individual is liable for the +entire debt.<note place='foot'>Barnes v. Perrine, 9 Barb., N. Y., 202; Sheehy v. Blake, +77 Wis., 394; 46 N. W., 537; 69 L. R. A., 255; Cutler v. +Thomas, 25 Vt., 13; Allen v. M. E. Church, 127 Ia., 96; +102 N. W., 808; 69 L. R. A., 255 Note.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_234'/><hi rend='bold'>234.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Individual Promise, Subscriptions, +Signature.</hi>—An individual promise to give +a donation to charity, can not be enforced.<note place='foot'>9 Cyc, 331.</note> +But subscriptions to build a church or other +charitable institution or to pay the salary of +a clergyman when signed by more than one +person, have been held binding in some +<pb n='133'/><anchor id='Pg133'/> +cases on the disputed rule of a-promise-for-a-promise +consideration.<note place='foot'>45 Cent. Dig., 7.</note> In the foregoing +cases the donor might revoke his subscription +or in case of his death his estate would +not be liable.<note place='foot'>45 Cent. Dig., 38.</note> However, when expenses +have been made or steps taken in the carrying +out of the object of the subscriptions, +the general rule is that the subscriptions become +binding contracts.<note place='foot'>45 Cent. Dig., 14.</note> If the object of +the subscriptions be abandoned or changed +without the consent of the subscriber, he is +thereby released. A promissory note given +for the subscription, unless negotiated for +value in due course of trade, does not change +the foregoing rules.<note place='foot'>45 Cent. Dig., 1-54; Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, <q>Subscriptions.</q></note> Where many persons +subscribed to build a church and some of +them failed to pay, one who paid brought +an action on behalf of himself and others +and collected the unpaid subscriptions.<note place='foot'>Legal Maxims, Broom, 745; Hodges v. Nalty, 104 Wis., +464; 80 N. W., 726.</note> +The defendant Nalty signed <q>Nalty Family, +$1,000,</q> but he was held personally liable.<note place='foot'>Hodges v. Nalty, 113 Wis., 557; 89 N. W., 535; Hodges +v. O'Brien, 113 Wis., 97; 88 N. W., 901.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_235'/><hi rend='bold'>235.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Special Purpose, Suit.</hi>—When +money is subscribed for a special purpose, +as for rebuilding a church, it belongs to the +<pb n='134'/><anchor id='Pg134'/> +church organization; and in a suit to recover +the money the action should be brought in +the name of the corporation, if incorporated, +and if not incorporated it should be brought +in the name of the interested party.<note place='foot'>Barnes v. Perine, 9 Bar., N. Y., 202.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_236'/><hi rend='bold'>236.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Promise, Consideration.</hi>—A promise +made by the owner of land to a trustee +for the benefit of a religious society, that +he would convey the land to such society if +it would build a church thereon, is a good +and lawful consideration; and after work +was begun on the church, the contract was +enforceable in a court of equity.<note place='foot'>Macon v. Shepard, 2 Humphrey, Tenn., 335.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='135'/><anchor id='Pg135'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XX. Pews</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_237'/><hi rend='bold'>237.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sold, Rented.</hi>—Prior to the Reformation +pews were not sold nor rented and +every member had the right to sit wherever +he pleased in the body of the church. After +the Reformation, the ordinary or bishop was +granted the right of <q>faculty</q> to rent or sell +pews.<note place='foot'>O'Hear v. De Goesbriand, 33 Vt., 593; 80 Am. Dec., 662.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_238'/><hi rend='bold'>238.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Incorporeal Hereditament.</hi>—The +English title in a pew is in the nature of a +right of way through another's land; it is +an incorporeal hereditament. In the absence +of express law, the title to pews in +this country is said to be in the nature of +real estate, and in fact not very different +from the English title.<note place='foot'>Bates v. Sperrell, 10 Mass., 323; Hodges v. Green, 28 +Vt., 358; Pres. v. Andrus, 21 N. J. L., 225.</note> In some States the +title is made personal property by statute.<note place='foot'>Church v. Wells, 24 Pa., 249.</note> +And in others the courts have inquired into +the law of the church and adjudged the +title accordingly.<note place='foot'>O'Hear v. De Goesbriand, 33 Vt., 593; 80 Am. Dec., 662.</note> The general rule is that +<pb n='136'/><anchor id='Pg136'/> +the owner of a pew simply has an easement.<note place='foot'>Proprietors v. Roswell, 66 Me., 400; Sohier v. Trinity, +109 Mass., 1; Aylward v. O'Brien, 160 Mass., 118; 35 N. +E., 313; 22 L. R. A., 206.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_239'/><hi rend='bold'>239.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Catholic Church, Pew Rights.</hi>—In +the Catholic Church, by the canon law, the +ownership in or control over a pew is forbidden +to laymen. Notwithstanding that, if +the party holding the title violates the rule +of the church by giving a deed to the pew-holder, +the courts would probably sustain +his title.<note place='foot'>Aylward v. O'Brien, 160 Mass., 118; 35 N. E., 313; 22 +L. R. A., 206; O'Hear v. De Goesbriand, 33 Vt., 593; 80 +Am. Dec., 662.</note> However, as the clergy can +neither rent nor sell pews without becoming +subject to the law of the land and the jurisdiction +of our courts, it is important to know +what the law of the State is. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_240'/><hi rend='bold'>240.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Land, Use, Rent Pews.</hi>—Where +land was conveyed in trust to the bishop of +a diocese and his successors for the erection +of a church for the use of a congregation, +the right to rent pews vested under the deed +and laws of the Catholic Church in the +parish priest and not in the trustees afterward +elected, as the parish priest was the +agent of the bishop.<note place='foot'>Smith v. Bonhoff, 2 Mich., 115.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_241'/><hi rend='bold'>241.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trustees, Sale in Perpetuity.</hi>—Without +authority of law the trustees of a +<pb n='137'/><anchor id='Pg137'/> +church can not make an absolute sale in perpetuity +of a pew without any reservation of +rent.<note place='foot'>Vorhees v. Presbyterian, 8 Barb., 135.</note> The sale of a pew in a church will +be determined in a case according to the +particular facts.<note place='foot'>Price v. Lyon, 14 Conn., 280.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_242'/><hi rend='bold'>242.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Pew, Right to Occupy, Conditions.</hi>—A +grant of a church pew in perpetuity +does not give the owner an absolute right +of property as a grant of land in fee; but +gives only a right to sit therein, although +he may maintain an action in court for protection +of his rights.<note place='foot'>Baptist v. Witherell, 3 Paige, N. Y., 296; 24 Am. Dec., +223.</note> In Vermont a pewholder +has only the right to occupy his seat +during religious services and holds it subject +to the superior right of the society owning +the pew.<note place='foot'>Perrin v. Granger, 33 Vt., 101.</note> A condition in the deed to +a pew that a holder about to leave the congregation +shall offer it to the society for a +certain price, is not invalid.<note place='foot'>French v. Old, 106 Mass., 479.</note> Where a +pewholder held his pew by a certain agreement +and after the church had been remodeled +he bought a different pew, the conditions +attached to the first pew did not apply +to the last.<note place='foot'>Curry v. First, 2 Pittsburg, 105.</note> Pews owned by the occupant +pass to the heirs as real estate instead of +<pb n='138'/><anchor id='Pg138'/> +going to the executors as personal property +in States where the title is in the nature of +the title to real estate.<note place='foot'>Succession of Gambla, 23 La. Ann., 9.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_243'/><hi rend='bold'>243.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Tax, Assessment.</hi>—A tax assessed +upon the pew of a religious corporation in +part for purposes not specifically named in +a deed of the pew, which alone gives the +power to make such an assessment and +which strictly defines and limits such power, +is invalid <hi rend='italic'>in toto</hi>.<note place='foot'>First v. Braydon, 91 Mass., 248.</note> The right to make an +assessment on pews must be founded upon +law, else it can not be enforced.<note place='foot'>Downs v. Bowdoin, 149 Mass., 135; 21 N. E., 294.</note> When a +congregation sells pews at auction rent free +for the purpose of building a church, it has +no power thereafter to assess the pews for +the salary of the minister.<note place='foot'>Trustees v. Quackenbush, 10 Johnson, 217.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_244'/><hi rend='bold'>244.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Pewholders' Rights.</hi>—A pewholder +has the exclusive right to occupy his pew +when the house is used for the purpose for +which it was erected; but he can not convert +his pew to other purposes not contemplated.<note place='foot'>Kellogg v. Dickenson, 18 Vt., 266.</note> +If he has paid his pew-rent according +to agreement, he is entitled to use +his pew on all occasions when the house is +occupied, even when it is open for purposes +different from those mentioned in the conveyance +<pb n='139'/><anchor id='Pg139'/> +thereof; and he has the right to exclude +all others from his pew by fastening +the door or otherwise, and any one who +enters his pew knowing the facts, is a trespasser +and liable to an action for damages.<note place='foot'>Jackson v. Rounsville, 5 Metcalf, Mass., 127.</note> +The owner of a pew has no right to put an +offensive covering thereon nor use his pew +in any way to the annoyance of the congregation +or not in keeping with the place and +conditions. By placing anything offensive +about his pew, he may be liable for maintaining +a nuisance, and such offensive thing +may be removed; but, as far as possible, it +must be removed without damaging the +pewholder's property.<note place='foot'>Murray v. Cargill, 32 Me., 517; Gay v. Baker, 17 Mass., +435; Shaw v. Beveridge, 3 Hill, N. Y., 26; Perrin v. +Granger, 33 Vt., 101.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_245'/><hi rend='bold'>245.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Rebuilding, Remodeling.</hi>—An injunction +was granted on the bill of pewholders, +restraining the authorities of the +church from pulling it down, as they +were going to use the materials in the +erection of a new church on a different +site. On the answer, the injunction was +dissolved on the ground that if the complainants +had rights which would be violated, +there was a remedy at law and that +the nature and extent of the injury were +not such as called for the interposition of +<pb n='140'/><anchor id='Pg140'/> +a court of equity by injunction.<note place='foot'>Vanhorn v. Tailmadge, 8 N. J. Eq., 108.</note> Where +a parish abandons an old church and builds +a new one it does not become liable to any +pewholder for damages by reason thereof +unless it has acted wantonly or intentionally +to injure the pewholder.<note place='foot'>Fassett v. Boylston, 19 Pickering, Mass., 361.</note> But when it becomes +necessary for the purpose of repairing +or remodeling a church, to destroy old pews, +a pew built by a member under contract with +the church can not be removed or destroyed +without compensation.<note place='foot'>Kimball v. Rowley, 24 Pickering, Mass., 347.</note> Pew rights are +subject to the right of the parish to pull +down and rebuild a church either as a matter +of necessity or expediency, but in the +latter case the owner of a pew is entitled to +payment.<note place='foot'>Aylward v. O'Brien, 160 Mass., 118; 35 N. E., 313; 22 +L. R. A., 206; Van Houten v. Trustees, 17 N. J. Eq., 126.</note> A pewholder has only the right +to occupy his pew during public worship, +and when the church has become so out of +repair that it can not be used for public worship, +the owner of a pew can recover only +nominal damages for injuries to his pew.<note place='foot'>Howard v. Stevens, 47 Vt., 262.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_246'/><hi rend='bold'>246.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Selling Pew on Execution.</hi>—In an +action to recover the value of a pew sold at +auction, the merits of the case will be tried +according to the law of the land.<note place='foot'>Stoddard v. Vestry, 2 Gill. & J., Md., 227.</note> It is +<pb n='141'/><anchor id='Pg141'/> +doubtful whether a pew in a church can be +sold for private debts of the pewholder.<note place='foot'>City v. McIntyre, 8 Rob., La., 467.</note> +It depends somewhat upon the title and +State law of exemptions.<note place='foot'>Sargent v. Pierce, 43 Mass., 80.</note> To render an +attachment of a pew valid, it is not necessary +for the officer to come in sight of the +pew or even to enter the church.<note place='foot'>Perrin v. Leverett, 13 Mass., 128.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_247'/><hi rend='bold'>247.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Members, Pew.</hi>—Members of the +congregation may be required to pay for a +pew or sitting in the church, and where a +priest ejected a member from the church because +he would not rent a pew, he was sustained +by the court.<note place='foot'>Crowley v. Miller, 19 N. Y. Weekly Dig., 262.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_248'/><hi rend='bold'>248.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Free Church, Seats, Lease.</hi>—The +trustees of a free church may assign seats +and forcibly remove one from a seat without +authority.<note place='foot'>Sheldon v. Vail, 28 Hun., 354.</note> Where a pew is real estate, +a pewholder may acquire the right to it by +prescription in the usual way.<note place='foot'>Price v. Lyons, 14 Conn., 280.</note> Where +pews are not rented and the members support +the church by voluntary subscriptions, +they have equal right to the occupancy of +the pews. But where the church builds the +pews and rents them, a man paying rent for +a pew holds it under lease in the nature of +a lease to real estate. However, he does +<pb n='142'/><anchor id='Pg142'/> +not obtain all the rights of a lessee of land, +and in many cases a rule of the church governs +the holding of pews, which will be +observed by the State courts.<note place='foot'>Perrin v. Granger, 33 Vt., 101.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_249'/><hi rend='bold'>249.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Executors, Pew-Rent.</hi>—The executors +of a pew owner are not bound to pay +pew-rent accrued after the owner's death. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_250'/><hi rend='bold'>250.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Voting, Pew-Rent, Arrears.</hi>—Where +a church is incorporated and by its charter +or the laws of the State it has authority to +make reasonable by-laws, a by-law which +prohibits any person from voting whose +pew-rent is in arrears for more than two +years, is valid.<note place='foot'>Commonwealth v. Cain, 5 Srg. & R., Pa., 510.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='143'/><anchor id='Pg143'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXI. Property</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_251'/><hi rend='bold'>251.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Unincorporated, Trustee.</hi>—The +question whether an unincorporated religious +society may take a gift or devise, is +determined by the law of domicile.<note place='foot'>In re Bullock, 6 Dem. Sur., 335; Heiss v. Murphy, 40 +Wis., 276; Ruth v. Oberbrunner, 40 Wis., 238.</note> Generally +an unincorporated religious association +can not hold property in its assumed name, +but it must be held by conveyance in trust +to a trustee named.<note place='foot'>Ruth v. Oberbrunner, 40 Wis., 238; Goesele v. Bimeler, +55 U. S., 589; 14 L. Ed., 554; Van Houten v. Trustees, 17 +N. J. Eq., 126.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_252'/><hi rend='bold'>252.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Charter, By-Laws.</hi>—When the +charter or by-laws of a church corporation +provide that they may be altered, such +changes may, after the execution and delivery +of a deed, immediately adhere to the +title.<note place='foot'>Winnepesaukee v. Gordon, 63 N. H., 505; 3 At., 426.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_253'/><hi rend='bold'>253.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Suits, Corporation, Members.</hi>—Cases +may occur in which the corporation +in its corporate capacity, or the society in +its collective capacity, may be a plaintiff or +a defendant in a suit between it and one or +<pb n='144'/><anchor id='Pg144'/> +more members of the religious society in +their individual capacity or in their collective +capacity, in a quasi-conspiracy or concerning +other torturous acts, or a collective +contract.<note place='foot'>Bethel v. Carmack, 2 Md., Ch., 143; Tartar v. Gibbs, +24 Md., 323.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_254'/><hi rend='bold'>254.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Deed, Court, Title.</hi>—A deed made +in pursuance of an order of a court having +jurisdiction passes good title.<note place='foot'>Lynch v. Pfeiffer, 110 N. Y., 33; 17 N. E., 402.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_255'/><hi rend='bold'>255.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Subscription, Lots.</hi>—Any one may +convey title to a church as his part of the +subscription by merely marking it on a plat +made by him, as lots donated to such +church.<note place='foot'>Enos v. Chestnut, 88 Ill., 590.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_256'/><hi rend='bold'>256.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Misnomer, Identity.</hi>—The misnomer +of a religious society or corporation +will not invalidate a mortgage where the +identity of the society can be clearly shown.<note place='foot'>Walwrath v. Camel, 28 Mich., 111.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_257'/><hi rend='bold'>257.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Adverse Possession, Color of Title.</hi>—A +religious corporation may obtain title +to land by adverse possession. The length +of such possession is determined by the laws +of the State, the usual period being twenty +years.<note place='foot'>Harpending v. Reformed, 41 U. S., 455; 10 L. Ed., 1029.</note> Unless the laws of the State require +it, color of title at the time of asserting adverse +possession need not be shown.<note place='foot'>Inhabitants v. Catholics, 40 Mass., 139; People v. Trinity, +22 N. Y., 44.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='145'/><anchor id='Pg145'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_258'/><hi rend='bold'>258.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sale, Restrictions.</hi>—In some States +when not restricted by the laws of the organization +the parish corporation may sell +the premises in order to pay the church +debts. However, it is not a common law +right.<note place='foot'>Lynch v. Pfeiffer, 110 N. Y., 33; 17 N. E., 402; Eggleston +v. Doolittle, 33 Conn., 396.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_259'/><hi rend='bold'>259.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Deed.</hi>—A deed to <q>The Evangelical +Order of Christians</q> was sufficiently +definite for a valid conveyance.<note place='foot'>Tomlin v. Blunt, 31 Ill. App., 234.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_260'/><hi rend='bold'>260.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Error.</hi>—A clerical error in the +name of the grantee will not make a deed +void. However, when such error has been +discovered, it should be corrected.<note place='foot'>Centenary v. Parker, 43 N. J. Eq., 307; 12 At., 142.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_261'/><hi rend='bold'>261.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Mortgage, Bishop, Debts.</hi>—The +archbishop of a church to which property +is bequeathed, can not mortgage it without +authority from the church or under the +law.<note place='foot'>Levasseur v. Martin, 11 La. Ann., 684.</note> Also, the bishop of a diocese to +whom land had been conveyed in trust for +a particular congregation, could not execute +a valid mortgage thereon to secure his own +indebtedness.<note place='foot'>O'Donnell v. Holden, 21 Weekly Law Bulletin, 254.</note> But a religious society in +the absence of prohibitionary legislation, +has power to mortgage its property to secure +its debts.<note place='foot'>Walwrath v. Camel, 28 Mich., 111.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='146'/><anchor id='Pg146'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_262'/><hi rend='bold'>262.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Deed, Trust, Fee.</hi>—A deed of land +to a Catholic bishop and his heirs and assigns +forever in trust for a Catholic parish +for the purpose of a free burial ground, +gave the bishop an estate in fee.<note place='foot'>Fitzpatrick v. Fitzgerald, 79 Mass., 400.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_263'/><hi rend='bold'>263.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Debts, Creditors.</hi>—A committee of +a religious society authorized to sell lands +to raise money to pay its general debts, is +not authorized to execute a mortgage for +the purpose of securing various creditors +holding claims; and the defect in such mortgage +is not cured by a vote at a subsequent +meeting to which the committee made a report +of its action.<note place='foot'>Hubbard v. German, 34 Ia., 31.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_264'/><hi rend='bold'>264.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Mortgage or Sale, Notice, Consent.</hi>—Whenever +there is to be a mortgage or +sale of the church property, if it is to be +done by the corporation, it must be done +strictly in accordance with the charter and +laws of the corporation, and if those do not +provide therefor, every member should receive +a reasonable notice to attend a meeting +of the congregation and the question should +be submitted to such meeting and a vote +taken thereon. If all the proceedings are +regular and the proper officers (president +and secretary) of the corporation be authorized +<pb n='147'/><anchor id='Pg147'/> +to make a conveyance, it is good in law.<note place='foot'>In re First, 106 N. Y., 251; 12 N. E., 626; Wiswell v. +First, 14 Ohio St., 31.</note> +However, if the irregular acts of officers or +members of a congregation are subsequently +ratified in a lawful manner, they become +binding.<note place='foot'>Scott v. First, 50 Mich., 528; 15 N. W., 891.</note> When consent of the court is +required, it must be obtained.<note place='foot'>In re First, 106 N. Y., 251; 12 N. E., 626.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_265'/><hi rend='bold'>265.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Title, Taxes, Judicial Notice.</hi>—If +the title is in the bishop in fee in accordance +with church law it is not <q>owned by any +religious association</q> and is liable for taxes. +The laws of the Catholic Church are not +the subject of judicial notice, but must be +alleged and proved as any other fact.<note place='foot'>Katzer v. City of Milwaukee, 104 Wis., 16; 79 N. W., +745; 80 N. W., 41.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_266'/><hi rend='bold'>266.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Title, Diocese, Rule.</hi>—Where the +title to the property of the diocese was in +the bishop for the use of the church and +subsequently the diocese was incorporated, +the bishop was not divested of title and it +was still necessary to have the property conveyed +by deed.<note place='foot'>Beckwith v. St. Phillip's Parish, 69 Ga., 564.</note> In some other States, however, +the contrary rule prevails.<note place='foot'>Miller v. Chittenden, 2 Ia., 315; 4 Ia., 252; Schenectady +v. Veeder, 4 Wendell, N. Y., 494.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_267'/><hi rend='bold'>267.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Priest, Deed, Funds.</hi>—Where it +was claimed that a priest purchased lands +and took the deed in his own name and paid +<pb n='148'/><anchor id='Pg148'/> +therefor with funds belonging to the congregation, +the conveyance will not be decreed +by the court only upon the clearest +and most satisfactory evidence.<note place='foot'>St. Patrick's v. Daly, 116 Ill., 76.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_268'/><hi rend='bold'>268.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Monks, Missions, Title.</hi>—The fact +that the monks or priests were at the head +of the missions in California when it was +acquired by the United States, does not +prove that the Catholic Church had universal +ownership of the property.<note place='foot'>Nobilli v. Redman, 6 Cal., 325.</note> The +acts of Congress giving the city of San Antonio +authority to sell public lands, was intended, +no doubt, to dispose of mission property, +but it was held not to affect the Catholic +Church, the title to which had been confirmed +by another act of Congress.<note place='foot'>San Antonio v. Odin, 15 Tex., 539.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_269'/><hi rend='bold'>269.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Texan Revolution, Land.</hi>—At the +time of the Texan Revolution, a Catholic +church held no real estate of perfect title, +but enjoyed only the use of the land that it +possessed and continued so to occupy after +the admission of Texas into the Union.<note place='foot'>Blair v. Odin, 3 Tex., 288.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_270'/><hi rend='bold'>270.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Priest, Agent, Deed.</hi>—The priest +in charge of a congregation is the agent of +the archbishop, and where the title to the +real estate is conveyed by absolute deed to +the bishop, the congregation, against the +<pb n='149'/><anchor id='Pg149'/> +protest of the priest and without obtaining +leave from the bishop, has no right to tear +down a church for the purpose of rebuilding +or repairing it.<note place='foot'>Heiss v. Vosburg, 59 Wis., 532; 18 N. W., 463.</note> And a priest in charge +of mission property may maintain in his +name an action to recover its possession.<note place='foot'>Santillan v. Moses, 1 Cal., 92.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_271'/><hi rend='bold'>271.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Devise, Uncertainty.</hi>—A devise of +property <q>to the Roman Catholic Orphans</q> +of a certain diocese, making the bishop of +the diocese executor of the will and giving +him power to sell the property and use the +proceeds for the benefit of the Roman +Catholic orphans, is void for uncertainty.<note place='foot'>Heiss v. Murphy, 40 Wis., 276.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_272'/><hi rend='bold'>272.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Donor, Ambiguous Provision.</hi>—The +religious convictions of the donor may +be shown for the purpose of construing an +ambiguous provision of a deed or will.<note place='foot'>Robertson v. Bullions, 11 N. Y., 243.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_273'/><hi rend='bold'>273.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trust, Evidence.</hi>—Without any +trust being declared in writing, parol evidence +can not be allowed to prove that the +Catholic Church and parsonage is held in +trust for the congregation by the bishop of +the diocese, notwithstanding that the +moneys for purchasing the lands and putting +up such buildings were collected by +subscriptions and contributions made to the +priest in charge under the law, usage, and +<pb n='150'/><anchor id='Pg150'/> +polity of the Roman Catholic Church.<note place='foot'>Hennessey v. Walsh, 55 N. H., 515.</note> At +common law land may be granted to pious +uses before there is a grantee to take it. In +the meantime, the title is in abeyance.<note place='foot'>Pawlet v. Clarke, 13 U. S., 292; 3 L. Ed., 735.</note> +Where the title to parsonage lands is in the +minister as a sole corporation, on his death +the title remains in abeyance until a successor +is appointed.<note place='foot'>Cheever v. Pierson, 33 Mass., 266.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_274'/><hi rend='bold'>274.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Money, Control.</hi>—Money raised by +a Catholic congregation for the purpose of +building a church does not come under the +absolute control of the bishop or priest, +although put into the hands of the latter for +safe keeping. It is subject to the control of +the congregation, although the members of +the congregation refused to obey the command +of the bishop of the diocese to consolidate +with another church to which the +priest was removed.<note place='foot'>Amish v. Gelhaus, 71 Ia., 170; 32 N. W., 318.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_275'/><hi rend='bold'>275.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Church, Building, Removing.</hi>—Where +subscriptions were secured to build +a church at a particular place as a memorial +to a certain person, a congregation may be +enjoined from tearing down the building +and removing it to another place.<note place='foot'>Cushman v. Church, 162 Pa., 280; 29 At., 472.</note> But a +court of equity will not prevent the removal +<pb n='151'/><anchor id='Pg151'/> +of a church where a majority of the congregation +favors it, although a legal meeting +had not been held to determine the +matter.<note place='foot'>Kulinsky v. Dambrowski, 29 Wis., 109.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_276'/><hi rend='bold'>276.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Church, Use, Division.</hi>—A church +guild that erected a building adjoining a +church for parish purposes, with the assent +of the congregation, can not deny the authority +of the church and use the building +for other purposes.<note place='foot'>Reed v. Church, 6 Pa. Co. Ct., 76.</note> But if members are +improperly excluded from the use of the +church property they must appeal to the +courts for redress and can not resort to acts +of trespass to gain entrance into a church.<note place='foot'>Fulbright v. Higgenbotham, 133 Mo., 668; 34 S. W., +875; People v. Runkel, 9 Johnson, 147; Central v. Patterson, +30 N. Y. Supp., 248; Unangst v. Shortz, 5 Horton, +Pa., 506.</note> +A court of equity will compel persons having +charge of the temporalities of a church, +whether incorporated or not, to faithfully +perform their trust and to prevent the diversion +of the property from its original +purposes. The court will not interfere in +strictly religious matters.<note place='foot'>Bowden v. MacLeod, 1 Edw., N. Y., 588; Gable v. Miller, +10 Paige, N. Y., 627; Wilson v. Johns, 2 Rich., S. C., +Eq., 192; Ferraria v. Vasconcellos, 31 Ill., 25.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_277'/><hi rend='bold'>277.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Spanish Territory.</hi>—When Alabama +was a part of Spanish territory, a deed +of land <q>to His Catholic Majesty for the +<pb n='152'/><anchor id='Pg152'/> +purpose of building thereon a parochial +church and dwelling-house for the officiating +priest,</q> the money being paid out of the +royal treasury, did not constitute the King +of Spain a trustee for the church or transfer +to the church in equity a title to the +lots.<note place='foot'>Antones v. Eslava's heirs, 9 Port., 527.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_278'/><hi rend='bold'>278.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trust, Purposes, Doctrines.</hi>—When +a conveyance of a lot is made to certain +persons of a religious society and their +successors in trust for religious purposes, +all the members become beneficiaries in equal +degree notwithstanding some of them may +have contributed larger sums than others.<note place='foot'>Ferraria v. Vasconcellos, 31 Ill., 25; Brunnenmeyer v. +Buhre, 32 Ill., 183.</note> +Land conveyed to a church for valuable consideration +belongs to the church, whatever +change may take place in its religious doctrines; +and if a minority secedes on the +ground that they are the ones who retain the +original tenets of the church, they can not +take with them either the whole or pro rata +share of the church property.<note place='foot'>Organ v. Seaford, 1 Dev., N. C. Eq., 453; Post 290, 319.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_279'/><hi rend='bold'>279.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Control, Revenues.</hi>—The trustees +of a corporation of a church or of a religious +society have entire control over the revenues +of such body.<note place='foot'>Gram v. Prussia, 36 N. Y., 161; Reformed v. Draper, 97 +Mass., 349.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='153'/><anchor id='Pg153'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_280'/><hi rend='bold'>280.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Leave to Purchase, Title, Canons +of the Church.</hi>—A congregation wanted to +buy a church and priest's house, but the +archbishop refused leave to purchase, but +granted permission to keep the premises for +religious purposes for a time. The members +formed a society and bought and took +title in the name of the <q>Lithuanian Benefit +Society of St. Anthony.</q> Then the archbishop +wrote them a letter requiring the +deed of the premises to be put in his name, +which the congregation refused to do. A +part of the congregation brought a suit in +equity to enforce the transfer from the society +to the archbishop. The court held +that if the congregation was under the +church and acknowledged its authority, the +title must be settled by the canons of the +church; otherwise, the majority of the congregation, +in a duly called meeting, should +determine where the title should be vested.<note place='foot'>Dochkus v. Lithuanian, 206 Pa., 25; 55 At., 779.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_281'/><hi rend='bold'>281.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Cemetery, Authority.</hi>—When a +congregation that had title to a cemetery +for many years entrusted the management +and sale of the lots to the priest, he had +thereby authority to create servitudes, such +as alleys to lots, which become binding on +the congregation and all third persons.<note place='foot'>Burke v. Wall, 29 La. Ann., 38.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='154'/><anchor id='Pg154'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_282'/><hi rend='bold'>282.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Real Estate, Purpose.</hi>—A church +has no power to acquire and hold real estate +for any purpose other than that of promoting +the object of its creation, and any contract +entered into for a purchase of real +estate as a matter of speculation is <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>ultra +vires</foreign> and void.<note place='foot'>Thompson v. West, 59 Neb., 677; 82 N. W., 13; 49 L. +R. A., 337.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_283'/><hi rend='bold'>283.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Limitation, Lands.</hi>—A statute of +the State prohibiting a religious society +from holding more than twenty acres, applies +to a single parish or congregation and +not to the entire denomination when it consists +of more than one congregation.<note place='foot'>Morgan v. Leslie, Wright, O., 144.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_284'/><hi rend='bold'>284.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Conditions, Bequest, Deed, Time.</hi>—Where +property has been devised for a +particular purpose or on certain conditions +attached thereto, the law may be invoked to +protect the fund according to the bequest.<note place='foot'>Consistory v. Brandow, 52 Barb., N. Y., 228.</note> +And where a deed contained a clause that +the lots should never be sold nor used in any +other way except for the benefit of a specified +Protestant Church, although the deed +contained no clause of forfeiture, when the +congregation sold the property the grantor +was entitled to have the deed set aside and +the title re-vested in himself.<note place='foot'>Grisson v. Hill, 17 Ark., 483.</note> And a grant +<pb n='155'/><anchor id='Pg155'/> +made upon condition that a church be +erected thereon, prevents the grantee from +conveying it for other purposes without the +consent of the grantor or his heirs.<note place='foot'>Scott v. Stipe, 12 Ind., 74; Mills v. Davison, 54 N. J. +Eq., 659; 35 At., 1072; 35 L. R. A., 113.</note> But +where a devise was made on condition that +a church be built on the property within +three years, the provision being a condition +subsequent, a court has the right to extend +the time.<note place='foot'>Appeal of Tappen, 52 Conn., 412.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_285'/><hi rend='bold'>285.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Will, Forfeiture.</hi>—The provision in +a will or deed that land shall be used for +purposes of a certain church, may create a +trust for the benefit of the church only and +not a condition the breach of which would +work a forfeiture.<note place='foot'>Neely v. Hoskins, 84 Me., 386; 24 At., 882.</note> When a condition is +put in a deed that it shall be forever used as +a burial ground for the interment of bodies, +it is doubtful whether the grantor and +grantee together may change the uses of the +property. Therefore, it is important in +taking deeds to cemeteries to have no condition +whatever, unless such conditions are +desired.<note place='foot'>Second v. Dugan, 65 Md., 460; 5 At., 415.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_286'/><hi rend='bold'>286.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Condition, Quit-Claim.</hi>—After conveying +land upon a specified condition, the +grantor then gave a quit-claim deed, and the +<pb n='156'/><anchor id='Pg156'/> +court held that that relieved the grant from +the condition.<note place='foot'>Craig v. Inhabitants, 58 Me., 479.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_287'/><hi rend='bold'>287.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Bishop, Trust, Successors.</hi>—A +deed of land to the bishop of a church for a +Protestant Episcopal church in fee simple, +created a trust and on the death of such +bishop the title passed to his successors.<note place='foot'>Beckwith v. St. Phillip's Church, 68 Ga., 564.</note> +Where a grantee in a deed absolute on its +face, is in fact archbishop of the Roman +Catholic Church for his diocese, its canons +and decrees regulating the mode of acquiring +and holding church property are competent +evidence to show that the property is +so held in trust for purposes for public worship +and other charitable uses. And property +so held by a Catholic bishop in trust for +the diocese, or in trust for a congregation, +school, cemetery, or asylum, for the separate +use of each, is not chargeable with any part +of the expenses of another one or for improving +the church property generally in the +diocese.<note place='foot'>Mannix v. Purcell, 46 Ohio St., 102; 19 N. E., 572; 2 L. +R. A., 753.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_288'/><hi rend='bold'>288.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trustees, Vacancy.</hi>—When land is +conveyed to certain persons as trustees of a +church and their successors lawfully appointed, +a court of equity will not step in to +fill a vacancy but will leave that to be filled +<pb n='157'/><anchor id='Pg157'/> +by the church in accordance with its discipline.<note place='foot'>Draper v. Minor, 36 Mo., 290.</note> +But an attempt to sell real estate of +a religious society against the provisions of +its charter, will be prevented by a court of +equity.<note place='foot'>Burton's Appeal, 57 Pa. St., 213.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_289'/><hi rend='bold'>289.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Church, Majority, Change.</hi>—When +property is conveyed to a church having a +well-known doctrine, faith, and practice, a +majority of the members has not the authority +or power by reason of a change of religious +views to carry the property thus dedicated +to a new and different doctrine.<note place='foot'>Smith v. Pedigo, 145 Ind., 361; 33 N. E., 777; 44 N. E., +363; 32 L. R. A., 838.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_290'/><hi rend='bold'>290.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Title, Harmony, Division.</hi>—The +title to church property in a divided congregation +is in that part of the congregation +which acts in harmony with the law of the +denomination; and the ecclesiastical laws +and principles which were accepted among +them before the dispute began, are the standard +for determining which party is right.<note place='foot'>Free Ch. of Scotland v. Overton, Appeal Cases, House of +Lords, 1904; McGinnis v. Watson, 41 Pa. St., 9; Ante, 278.</note> +In other cases the division of church property, +where there is a division of the congregation, +depends upon its particular facts.<note place='foot'>First v. Rauss, 21 Conn., 160; Watson v. Jones, 13 +Wallace, 679; 20 L. Ed., 666.</note> +Where $400 was bequeathed to a Lutheran +<pb n='158'/><anchor id='Pg158'/> +congregation in S——, there being at the +time of the making of the will but one Lutheran +congregation in the place, but subsequently +a majority of the trustees and members +with the pastor left the church and +built a new one, the old church continued +vested with the title to the property and all +its funds.<note place='foot'>App. v. Lutheran, 6 Pa. St., 201.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_291'/><hi rend='bold'>291.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Perversion, Misuse, Suit.</hi>—Unless +there is substantial departure from the purpose +of the trust which amounts to a perversion +of it, a court of equity will not interfere +to prevent the misuse or abuse of a +trust of a religious nature. In actions in the +State court, if the church is not incorporated, +an action should be brought in the names of +the members collectively, and if they are too +numerous to be all named, the suit may be +brought in the name of one or more of them +for the whole. The same rules apply to religious +societies when sued. However, in +some dioceses, particularly in the Catholic +Church, the title to the church property is +in the bishop and he thereby becomes an interested +party who must be made either a +plaintiff or a defendant.<note place='foot'>Keller v. Tracy, 11 Ia., 530; Happy v. Morton, 33 Ill., +398; Leftwig v. Thornton, 18 Ia., 56.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_292'/><hi rend='bold'>292.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Rights, Contracts, Torts, Crimes.</hi>—Vested +property rights, contracts, torts, +<pb n='159'/><anchor id='Pg159'/> +and crimes, are usually subject to the laws +of the State and the control and judgment +of a church tribunal is seldom final. While +the State courts have no ecclesiastical jurisdiction +and can not revise or question ordinary +acts of church discipline, they have the +power to adjudicate conflicting claims of +parties to the church property or the use +of it.<note place='foot'>Watson v. Jones, 13 Wallace, 679; 20 L. Ed., 666.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_293'/><hi rend='bold'>293.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Cemetery, Assessments.</hi>—Where a +lot was bought for the purpose of building a +church but was used for a cemetery, and a +church was built at another place and the +deed to the lot was taken in the name of the +trustees, the pastor and a member of the +church corporation were not the proper +parties to bring an action to restrain the +State from selling the lot to pay the assessments +for pavement, as they had no legal or +equitable interest for the protection of which +they could claim the interposition of a court +of equity.<note place='foot'>Dolan v. Mayor, 4 Gill., Md., 394.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_294'/><hi rend='bold'>294.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Burned, Revert, Vested.</hi>—The fact +that a church on lands donated to the parish, +on condition of sustaining the church, +burned down, the title did not revert to the +grantor's heirs.<note place='foot'>Goode v. McPherson, 51 Mo., 126.</note> Also land granted a bishop +for church uses, vested immediately in him +<pb n='160'/><anchor id='Pg160'/> +and was not forfeited because it was not +used for church purposes.<note place='foot'>Olcott v. Gabert, 86 Tex., 121; 23 S. W., 985.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_295'/><hi rend='bold'>295.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Abandoned, Revert.</hi>—Land granted +to trustees and their successors forever in +trust to erect a Methodist church, according +to its rules and discipline, which was used +for such church for a long time and then +abandoned and sold to parties who converted +it into a blacksmith shop, did not thereupon +revert in the absence of a provision to that +effect.<note place='foot'>Strong v. Doty, 32 Wis., 381.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_296'/><hi rend='bold'>296.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Uses and Trusts.</hi>—The chapter of +the Wisconsin statutes on religious societies, +although not included in the same title as +the chapter abolishing all uses and trusts +excepting as therein created, was not intended +to prohibit the trusts expressly authorized +by the former.<note place='foot'>Fadness v. Braunburg, 73 Wis., 257; 41 N. W., 84.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_297'/><hi rend='bold'>297.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trust Funds, Account.</hi>—Where a +member of the church received funds to invest +in his own name for the benefit of the +church, he will be obliged in a court of equity +to give full account for the money and its +profits.<note place='foot'>Weld v. May, 9 Cushing, Mass., 181.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_298'/><hi rend='bold'>298.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Fund, Diverted, Split.</hi>—A fund +created for a particular purpose, as the education +of children in the faith and doctrines +<pb n='161'/><anchor id='Pg161'/> +of a denomination at the time the fund is +created, can not be diverted from its original +object.<note place='foot'>Field v. Field, 9 Wendell, N. Y., 394; Stokes v. Dale, +14 N. Y., 901.</note> Neither can such a fund be split +up when a congregation is divided, but must +be retained as created.<note place='foot'>Hendrickson v. Shotwell, 1 N. J. Eq., 577; Calkins v. +Cheney, 92 Ill., 463; Park v. Chaplain, 96 Ia., 55; 64 N. +W., 674.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_299'/><hi rend='bold'>299.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Church, Personalty.</hi>—A church removed +from its foundation and put on rollers +was severed from the realty and became personal +property.<note place='foot'>Beech v. Allen, 7 Hun., 441.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_300'/><hi rend='bold'>300.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Lease, Purposes.</hi>—A religious literary +society and scientific corporation has +power to lease part of a building owned by +it for theatrical and operatic purposes.<note place='foot'>Catholic v. Gibbons, 3 Weekly Law Bulletin, 581.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_301'/><hi rend='bold'>301.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Salary, Lien, Equity.</hi>—The church +building and the land on which it stands have +been held subject to the payment of a debt +due for the salary of a pastor of the congregation +owning such property.<note place='foot'>Lyons v. Planters, 86 Ga., 485.</note> A contractor +is entitled to a lien on the church +property for work done on the building.<note place='foot'>African v. Duru, 19 La. Ann., 302; Harrisburg v. Washburn, +29 Oregon, 150; 44 Pac., 390.</note> +A person who became liable for the debts of +the congregation incurred in the purchase +of church property, obtained relief in equity +<pb n='162'/><anchor id='Pg162'/> +by subjecting the church property to a +sale.<note place='foot'>Lynn v. Carson, 32 Grat., Va., 170.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_302'/><hi rend='bold'>302.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Bankruptcy, Creditors.</hi>—There is +no provision of law for a church corporation +to make an assignment in bankruptcy. However, +the church corporation may be sued +and a receiver appointed to take possession +of the property and sequester the assets.<note place='foot'>Proprietor v. Butler, 56 Mass., 597.</note> +But where assignments in bankruptcy and a +sale and conveyance of church property are +lawful, the church property may be assigned +for the benefit of the creditors.<note place='foot'>DeRuyter v. St. Peter's, 3 N. Y., 238.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_303'/><hi rend='bold'>303.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Jurisdiction, Process.</hi>—In order to +obtain jurisdiction where there are contentions +between various persons claiming to be +officers, the only safe rule is to serve the +process on all those who are in the offices or +claim the offices upon the occupants of which +the papers must be served.<note place='foot'>Perrian v. Methodist, 4 Abbot's Pr., N. Y., 424; +Unangst v. Shortz, 5 Horton, Pa. St., 506; Trustees v. +Hoessli, 13 Wis., 348.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_304'/><hi rend='bold'>304.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>States, Property, Restrictions.</hi>—Some +States restrict the quantity and use of +property that a religious society or church +may hold. Other States have no restrictions; +but nearly all the States have some +statutory law on the subject, which is +changed so frequently that it would be useless +<pb n='163'/><anchor id='Pg163'/> +to give the provisions of such law in +this work.<note place='foot'>Miller v. Chittenden, 2 Ia., 315; Church v. Grace, 68 +N. Y., 570; Gilmer v. Stone, 120 U. S., 586; 30 L. Ed., +734; Kinney v. Kinney's Executors, 86 Ky., 610; 6 S. W., +593.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_305'/><hi rend='bold'>305.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Land, Limitation.</hi>—A statute of +Illinois relating to Catholic societies contains +no limitations on property rights, but +it was held that the general law applied, and +that an organization having ten acres could +not acquire additional land by devise. A +conveyance of land to a corporation after it +has taken all the land allowed by law, is +void.<note place='foot'>St. Peter's v. German, 104 Ill., 440.</note> In Kentucky where a church is limited +to fifty acres and a devise was made to +a church for the benefit of foreign missions, +it was held valid under a statute providing +that all devises for relief of aged, impotent, +poor people, churches, or for any other +charitable or humane purposes, shall be +valid.<note place='foot'>Kinney v. Kinney's Executors, 86 Ky., 610; 6 S. W., +593.</note> Maryland's peculiar law by which +leave must be obtained from the Legislature +for a conveyance of more than two acres of +land, has been construed to give the Legislature +authority to ratify a conveyance that +otherwise would be void under the statute.<note place='foot'>Trustees v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599.</note> +Also, it was held in the same case that a +church might acquire more land, but that +<pb n='164'/><anchor id='Pg164'/> +it would be restricted with regard to its use. +A statute prohibiting a religious society +from holding more than twenty acres of +land applied to a single religious society and +not to the denomination.<note place='foot'>Morgan v. Leslie, Wright, 144.</note> Where the territorial +law provided that no religious corporation +should hold real estate of greater +value than $50,000, a receiver was appointed +for the Mormon corporation.<note place='foot'>U. S. v. Church, 5 Utah, 361; 15 Pac., 473.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_306'/><hi rend='bold'>306.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Corporations, Bequests.</hi>—Foreign +religious corporations may be entitled to recover +bequests made to them in some States; +but the general rule is that a foreign religious +society has no better right to take property +by devise than a domestic corporation.<note place='foot'>In re Ticknor's estate, 13 Mich., 44; Levy v. Levy, 33 +N. Y., 97.</note> +When the statute requires a conveyance to +specify the purpose for which a religious +society takes land, the failure to so specify +renders the deed void.<note place='foot'>Trustees v. Hilkin, 84 Md., 170; 35 At., 9.</note> But the Young +Men's Christian Association was declared +not within the limitation because it was not +formed for pecuniary benefit and profit and +was not under the control of any one denomination +nor formed for religious worship.<note place='foot'>Hamsher v. Hamsher, 132 Ill., 273; 23 N. E., 1123; 8 +L. R. A., 556.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='165'/><anchor id='Pg165'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_307'/><hi rend='bold'>307.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Collateral Attack.</hi>—A devise of +land to a religious society which will increase +the title beyond the amount that is allowed +by statute, can not be attacked collaterally +by a private individual.<note place='foot'>Hanson v. Little Sisters, 79 Md., 434; 32 At., 1052; +Jones v. Habersham, 107 U. S., 174; 27 L. Ed., 401.</note> It is for the State +and not for the individual to make inquiry +into excess on the part of a religious society +in its accumulation.<note place='foot'>Church v. Grace, 68 N. Y., 570.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='166'/><anchor id='Pg166'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXII. Religious Services</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_308'/><hi rend='bold'>308.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Worship, Discipline, Innovations.</hi>—The +denomination itself, according to its +rules and regulations, determines what +services shall form a part of its public worship. +The inferior authority in the church +has no right to violate the discipline by innovations. +Whether or not devotional singing +may be accompanied with instrumental +music, must be determined by those who administer +the discipline of the church.<note place='foot'>Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 323.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_309'/><hi rend='bold'>309.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Doctrines, Temporal Affairs.</hi>—The +fact that the congregation sells the pews +does not give the owners the right to determine +what doctrines shall be preached in +the church, nor who shall preach them.<note place='foot'>Trinitarian v. Union, 61 N. H., 384.</note> A +majority of a local church can not change +the faith of the church against the protest +of the minority.<note place='foot'>Smith v. Pedigo, 145 Ind., 361; 44 N. E., 363; 32 L. R. +A., 838.</note> The corporation of the +congregation is governed by the majority +only in temporal affairs.<note place='foot'>Miller v. English, 21 N. J. L., 317.</note> However, some +<pb n='167'/><anchor id='Pg167'/> +of the Protestant churches are so independent +that a vote of the congregation may +transfer them from one denomination to +another.<note place='foot'>Petot v. Tucker, 21 N. Y., 267.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_310'/><hi rend='bold'>310.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Contributions, Presbyterians, Methodists.</hi>—Where +certain persons by contributions +built a church and the title was taken +and held by the Presbyterians who permitted +all other denominations to hold services +therein, all of which was a condition of the +subscriptions for establishing the church, +when the Presbyterians sold out to the Methodists +and they held it for their own exclusive +use, those who contributed the money +had the right to resort to the court to enforce +their rights to worship in such church.<note place='foot'>Ludlam v. Higbee, 11 N. J. Eq., 342.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_311'/><hi rend='bold'>311.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>True Religion, Courts.</hi>—Ordinarily +the civil courts do not interfere where +there is a question as to which of two or +more parties is adhering to the true religious +teaching of the denomination. If no +question of property or civil rights arises, +the court will not interfere.<note place='foot'>Happy v. Morton, 33 Ill., 398.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_312'/><hi rend='bold'>312.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Heresy, Injunction.</hi>—Where a minister +did not preach the doctrine and the +entire system of Calvinistic theology received +and taught by that denomination, he +<pb n='168'/><anchor id='Pg168'/> +had no right to the pulpit of the church, and +the court granted an injunction against his +officiating therein.<note place='foot'>Sutor v. Spangler, 4 Phil., 331.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_313'/><hi rend='bold'>313.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Bequest, Sects, Condition.</hi>—Where +a bequest was made to erect a place of worship +with the privilege for other sects to +worship therein and forever to be used as +such, the trustees in whom the title vested +had no authority to sell without the consent +of the grantor or his heirs; and the congregation +having sold the church property and +it having been thereafter used for a store, +the grantor's heirs had a right of entry for +condition broken.<note place='foot'>Scott v. Stipe, 12 Ind., 74.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_314'/><hi rend='bold'>314.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sexton, Undertaker, Authorities.</hi>—The +sexton who has charge of the church +property may lawfully remove from the +church an undertaker who, after being +warned to desist and leave, persists in conducting +the funeral in violation of rules prescribed +by the authorities of the church.<note place='foot'>Commonwealth v. Dougherty, 107 Mass., 243.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='169'/><anchor id='Pg169'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXIII. Bequests, Devises, And Gifts</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_315'/><hi rend='bold'>315.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Statutes, Wills.</hi>—In some States a +religious society can not take under a will, +and a bequest of money to a church is void.<note place='foot'>In re Wright's estate, Myr. Prob., 213 Cal.</note> +In Connecticut any devise to a religious corporation +not expressly authorized by statute, +is void.<note place='foot'>Green v. Dennis, 6 Conn., 293; Ferguson v. Hedges, 1 +Harr., 524.</note> In Maryland leave to devise land +to a religious society must be obtained from +the Legislature.<note place='foot'>Murphy v. Dallam, 1 Bland, 529.</note> In all the States it is +safest to consult and carefully follow the +statute in drawing a will. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_316'/><hi rend='bold'>316.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Masses, Alabama.</hi>—Formerly as a +rule of the English common law, it was held +that bequests and devises for the purpose of +having Masses said for the soul of the deceased, +were void as superstitious uses; but +under Article 1 of the Amendments to the +United States Constitution, and under similar +provisions in the constitutions of the +several States, the English rule does not +prevail in the United States. However, Alabama +<pb n='170'/><anchor id='Pg170'/> +adopted the English rule.<note place='foot'>Festorazzi v. St. Joseph's, 104 Ala., 327; 18 So., 394; +25 L. R. A., 360; Ex parte Schuler, 134 Mass., 436; Seiber's +Appeal, 9 At., Pa., 863; Holland v. Alcock, 108 N. Y., +312; 16 N. E., 305.</note> By reading +the foot-note to the Alabama case, it will +be found that a majority of the States hold +that such bequests are lawful.<note place='foot'>Festorazzi v. St. Joseph's, 104 Ala., 327; 18 So., 394; +25 L. R. A., 360.</note> Even in +Alabama if the bequest had been to a clergyman +or a certain person and accompanied by +a request to say Masses, the court might +have allowed it.<note place='foot'>McHugh v. McCole, 97 Wis., 166; 72 N. W., 352.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_317'/><hi rend='bold'>317.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Name, Bequest, Corporation.</hi>—A +mistake in a name does not render a bequest +or a gift void if the person intended can be +identified.<note place='foot'>Wilson v. Perry, 29 W. Va., 169; 1 S. E., 302.</note> Also, a devise may be made to +a corporation not yet organized and when it +is organized the gift or devise will vest. +During the interim, it will remain in abeyance.<note place='foot'>Jones v. Habersham, 107 U. S., 174; 27 L. Ed., 401.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_318'/><hi rend='bold'>318.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Clergyman, Undue Influence.</hi>—A +clergyman who is a grantee in a deed from a +parishioner, although deriving no benefit +therefrom, has the burden of showing good +faith in the transaction as the law presumes +that he is guilty of undue influence. This +presumption is further strengthened by +proof of the enfeebled condition of the +<pb n='171'/><anchor id='Pg171'/> +grantor by age and illness and his susceptibleness +to influence. Where the property +conveyed in trust for the parish was greatly +in excess of its needs, the deed was set +aside.<note place='foot'>Good v. Zook, 116 Ia., 582; 88 N. W., 376.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_319'/><hi rend='bold'>319.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Contest, Secession.</hi>—In case of a +devise to a church which is claimed by two +societies, it is the duty of the court to decide +in favor of those who adhere to the ecclesiastical +government of the church which was +in operation at the time the trust was declared.<note place='foot'>Trustees v. Sturgeon, 9 Pa. St., 321.</note> +However, to maintain such action +it must be brought by the proper parties.<note place='foot'>Scott v. Curle, 9 B. Mon., 17; Ante, 278, 290.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_320'/><hi rend='bold'>320.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Bequests, Membership.</hi>—Bequests +left to individuals on condition that they +shall remain members of a certain church, +can be obtained only by complying with such +condition.<note place='foot'>In re Paulson's will, 127 Wis., 612; 107 N. W., 484.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_321'/><hi rend='bold'>321.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Conditions, Religious Tenets.</hi>—In +order to determine the conditions of a trust +the religious tenets of the donor may be +shown to aid in construction of ambiguous +provisions.<note place='foot'>Robertson v. Bullions, 11 N. Y., 243.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_322'/><hi rend='bold'>322.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Name, Uncertainty.</hi>—A bequest to +Georgetown University, in the District of +Columbia, which was incorporated under the +<pb n='172'/><anchor id='Pg172'/> +name of <q>The President and Directors of +Georgetown College,</q> is not void for uncertainty, +as the only institution of learning in +the District of Columbia is Georgetown +College.<note place='foot'>62 Cen. L. J., 167.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_323'/><hi rend='bold'>323.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Future Uses, Uncertainty.</hi>—A devise +to a foundling or eleemosynary institution, +whenever the Christians should create +one which the trustees approved, is valid.<note place='foot'>Ould v. Washington, 95 U. S., 303; 24 L. Ed., 450.</note> +And a devise to the <q>First Christian church +erected or to be erected in the village of Telfairville, +in Burke county, or to such persons +as may become trustees of the same,</q> is +good as a charitable bequest.<note place='foot'>Jones v. Habersham, 107 U. S., 174; 27 L. Ed., 401.</note> A bequest to +a priest to hold in trust and pay over to the +Sisters for the Poor, is valid.<note place='foot'>Darcy v. Kelley, 153 Mass., 433; 26 N. E., 1110.</note> A bequest +for the care of a tombstone is valid in some +States and not in others without a statutory +provision.<note place='foot'>Bronson v. Strouse, 57 Conn., 147; 17 At., 699.</note> A bequest to the bishop <q>to be +by him used for Roman Catholic charitable +institutions in his diocese,</q> sufficiently describes +the beneficiaries and is good.<note place='foot'>Tichenor v. Brewer's, 98 Ky., 349; 33 S. W., 86.</note> Also, +a bequest to Bishop England <q>in trust for +the Ladies of the Ursuline Order residing +in Charleston in the State of South Carolina,</q> +was held for <q>The Ladies of the Ursuline +<pb n='173'/><anchor id='Pg173'/> +Community of the city of Charleston.</q><note place='foot'>Banker v. Phelan, 4 Barb., 80.</note> +A bequest for Masses <q>to a Roman Catholic +priest that shall succeed me in this place,</q> +was held void for uncertainty.<note place='foot'>Bowers v. Fromm, Add., Pa., 362.</note> A bequest +in trust to a bishop by name to sell and give +the proceeds to a society named, is not a +devise to the society, but to the bishop in +trust.<note place='foot'>Germania v. Baltes, 113 Ill., 29.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_324'/><hi rend='bold'>324.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Education, Priesthood.</hi>—A devise +or bequest to a clergyman of property to be +used for the education of poor Catholic boys +for the priesthood, was sustained in court as +sufficiently definite for performance.<note place='foot'>McDonald v. Shaw, 98 S. W., 952.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_325'/><hi rend='bold'>325.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Charitable Trust, Cy-Pres.</hi>—Equity +will not allow a charitable trust to fail for +want of a trustee, but will appoint one.<note place='foot'>Beaty v. Kurtz, 27 U. S., 566; 7 L. Ed., 521.</note> +The doctrine of <foreign rend='italic'>cy-pres</foreign> as applied to charitable +gifts and trusts, is not in force in Alabama, +Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, +Maryland, Iowa, New York, North Carolina, +nor Wisconsin; but seems to prevail in +California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Missouri, +Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_326'/><hi rend='bold'>326.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Error, Ambiguity.</hi>—Great latitude +is allowed in charitable bequests, devises, +and gifts, in proving <foreign rend='italic'>aliunde</foreign> the beneficiary +<pb n='174'/><anchor id='Pg174'/> +intended where there is error in the name or +a latent ambiguity.<note place='foot'>Heiss v. Murphy, 40 Wis., 276; Fadness v. Braunburg, +73 Wis., 257; 41 N. W., 84.</note> The religion of the +testator will be considered in proving intention. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_327'/><hi rend='bold'>327.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Dissolution, Resulting Trust.</hi>—On +dissolution of a religious society, the money +collected or derived from the sale of property +goes back as a resulting trust to the +contributors.<note place='foot'>Coe v. Washington, 149 Mass., 543; 21 N. E., 966.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_328'/><hi rend='bold'>328.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Charity, Institutions.</hi>—To determine +what is a charitable trust, devise, or +gift, it is necessary to particularly bear in +mind the most comprehensive definition of +charity. Legacies for schools, churches, +libraries, cemeteries, the poor, hospitals, and +numerous other eleemosynary institutions, +have been sustained under charitable bequests +when they otherwise would have +failed.<note place='foot'>Clark v. Brown, 108 S. W., 421, Tex.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='175'/><anchor id='Pg175'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXIV. Taxation</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_329'/><hi rend='bold'>329.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Purposes, Exempt.</hi>—Only church +property that is actually used for church or +charitable purposes, is exempt from taxation. +Property held for its increase or profit +is not exempt.<note place='foot'>Parker v. Quinn, 23 Utah, 332; 64 Pac., 961.</note> Land bought for a church +on which no work on the church is yet begun, +is not exempt from taxation.<note place='foot'>All Saints v. Brookline, 59 N. E., 1003, Mass.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_330'/><hi rend='bold'>330.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Lot Isolated, Not Exempt.</hi>—A lot +isolated from the other property of the +church of a congregation, is not exempt because +the congregation intends to build a +church thereon in the future, and actually +did build a church thereon two years later.<note place='foot'>Green v. Outagamie, 76 Wis., 587; 45 N. W., 536.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_331'/><hi rend='bold'>331.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Bishop's Residence, Hospital.</hi>—Real +property the title to which is in the +archbishop in fee in accordance with the +discipline of the Catholic Church, is not +owned by a religious association so as to +exempt it from taxation. The records do +not show a trust for the diocese nor any +other beneficiary. A court will not take +<pb n='176'/><anchor id='Pg176'/> +judicial notice of the laws of the Catholic +Church.<note place='foot'>Katzer v. City, 104 Wis., 16; 80 N. W., 41.</note> But property used as a hospital +to care for the sick and wounded of all races +and religions indiscriminately, with or without +pay according to the ability of the +patient, is a benevolent institution engaged +in a work of charity, and comes under the +law of tax exemption.<note place='foot'>St. Joseph Hospital v. Ashland, 96 Wis., 636; 72 N. +W., 43.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_332'/><hi rend='bold'>332.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Parsonage, Rented.</hi>—A parsonage +owned by a congregation and used only as a +residence for the clergyman is not exempt +because of some part of it being also used +for alleged religious services, to-wit: morning +prayers of the children before school, a +sewing society, and a meeting place for Sunday-school +teachers.<note place='foot'>Ramsey v. Church, 45 Minn., 229; 47 N. W., 783.</note> However, a house and +lot rented and kept by the minister was exempt +from taxation.<note place='foot'>Gray v. Lafayette, 65 Wis., 567; 27 N. W., 311.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_333'/><hi rend='bold'>333.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Masonic Order, Charity, Elks.</hi>—A +charity which is confined exclusively to the +members of the Masonic Order and their +families or to the widows and children of +deceased members or those who are directly +or indirectly connected with the society, is +not purely a public charity within the provisions +of the constitution relating to the +<pb n='177'/><anchor id='Pg177'/> +exemption of institutions of purely public +charity from taxation.<note place='foot'>Newport v. Masonic, 108 Ky., 333; 56 S. W., 405; 49 +L. R. A., 252.</note> And property held +by the Elks for entertainment and to promote +social intercourse was held not exempt.<note place='foot'>Trustees v. City, 122 Wis., 452; 100 N. W., 837.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_334'/><hi rend='bold'>334.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Supporting Church, Mississippi.</hi>—In +the early ages of the States several of +them had laws for taxing all the property +in parishes laid out by the State for the +support of Protestant churches. Gradually +these laws were eliminated and at the present +time there is probably no State excepting +Mississippi that uses money for the support +of a church. Maine changed her laws in +1821, and other States followed from time +to time.<note place='foot'>Dahl v. Kimball, 6 Me., 171.</note> While those taxes were collected, +no land within the parish was exempt in +some States and in others the property of a +non-resident was exempt.<note place='foot'>Turner v. Inhabitants, 16 Mass., 208; Goodell Mfg. Co. +v. Trask, 28 Mass., 514.</note> In New Hampshire +and Pennsylvania, a person could not +be compelled to pay the taxes to a denomination +of which he was not a member.<note place='foot'>Muzzy v. Wilkins, Smith, 1; Ebau v. Hendell, 5 Watts, +43; 30 Am. Dec., 291.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_335'/><hi rend='bold'>335.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Appropriations, Contracts, Rent.</hi>—Under +the constitution of the United States, +<pb n='178'/><anchor id='Pg178'/> +Congress can not make appropriations nor +give aid to any denomination. Also, similar +provisions are in many of the constitutions +of the States. However, many cases arise +out of contracts, which border upon these +various rules, and in some States the constitutional +provision of the State is such that +the State Legislature may legislate concerning +religions and give certain aid and support +thereto. Paying rent to a congregation +for a school-room is not an appropriation or +aid to a church contrary to the constitution.<note place='foot'>Miller v. Board, 19 Ill. App., 48; Municipality of Ponce +v. R. C. A. Ch., 28 Sup. Ct. R., 737; Reuben Quick-Bear +v. Leupp, 28 Sup. Ct. Repr., 690; Dorner v. Dist., 118 N. +W., 353.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='179'/><anchor id='Pg179'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXV. Eleemosynary Institutions</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_336'/><hi rend='bold'>336.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Poor, Institutions, Negligence.</hi>—As +hospitals, homes for the poor, and other +eleemosynary institutions are supported by +money given to charity, it would be a diversion +of the trust funds if such institutions +could be compelled to pay damages for negligence +causing personal injury or death. +The general rule is that the person causing +the injury may be liable, but not the institution.<note place='foot'>53 Cen. L. J., 224.</note> +However, a charitable institution has +been held liable for negligence of its manager +to notify a nurse of the contagious +nature of a case assigned to her.<note place='foot'>Hewitt v. Woman's, 73 N. H., 556; 64 At., 190.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_337'/><hi rend='bold'>337.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Surgeon, Gratuitous Services.</hi>—A +charitable medical institution is not liable for +the negligence of its surgeon in operating +upon a patient gratuitously where such institution +exercises due care in employing a +surgeon deemed competent. The fact that +besides such gratuitous services, medicine is +taught therein for tuition fees and patients +who are able to pay are charged a small fee +<pb n='180'/><anchor id='Pg180'/> +for room, board, nursing, etc., but no fee +from the patient to the doctor, does not +change it from a charitable institution.<note place='foot'>Collins v. New York, 69 N. Y. Supp., 106.</note> +However, a hospital that is an adjunct to +a medical school is liable.<note place='foot'>Louisville v. Hammock, 106 S. W., Ky., 219; 14 L. R. +A., N. S., 784.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_338'/><hi rend='bold'>338.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Charitable Institution.</hi>—An institution +that limits its benefactions to the +members of a particular denomination is, +in the absence of a statute to the contrary, +a charitable institution.<note place='foot'>Indianapolis v. Grant, 25 Ind., 518.</note> This rule has exceptions.<note place='foot'>Newport v. Masonic, 108 Ky., 333; 56 S. W., 405; 49 +L. R. A., 252.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_339'/><hi rend='bold'>339.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Charter, Real Estate.</hi>—The trustees +of a religious, literary, or other benevolent +society, can not, irrespective of the powers +granted by its charter, purchase and hold +real estate under trusts of their own creation +which will protect their property from creditors.<note place='foot'>McGee v. German, 13 N. J. Eq., 77.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_340'/><hi rend='bold'>340.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Mortmain, Title, Trust.</hi>—The +statute of mortmain was never in force in +Pennsylvania, so a religious corporation can +hold the legal title to land in trust for the +heir-at-law of a testator who has devised it +to the corporation in trust for uses that +<pb n='181'/><anchor id='Pg181'/> +were void under the English law.<note place='foot'>Miller v. Lerch, Wall. Jr., Pa., 210.</note> The only +States that have statutes of mortmain are +Mississippi and North Carolina. Yet in +those States the statutes are somewhat different +from the law of England. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_341'/><hi rend='bold'>341.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Public Institutions, Support.</hi>—Benevolent +and charitable institutions under +a church are not public institutions, and +moneys can not be appropriated for their +support.<note place='foot'>St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys v. Brown, 45 +Md., 310.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_342'/><hi rend='bold'>342.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Nuns, Vows, Property.</hi>—When +joining a society of nuns, one of the vows +taken was that all property should be held +in common and whatever property was received +after taking the vows should belong +to the society. A person who left the order +was not concluded from making claim for +her property.<note place='foot'>White v. Price, 108 N. Y., 661; 15 N. E., 427.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='182'/><anchor id='Pg182'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXVI. Schools</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_343'/><hi rend='bold'>343.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Parent, Education, State, Parochial +Schools.</hi>—The right of the parent to use +judgment as to the proper necessaries of his +child, including board, lodging, and education, +is generally conceded. However, there +must be no abuse of these parental rights, as +the child also has rights that even a parent +can not infringe. Therefore, the State may +require a reasonable opportunity for the education +of every child; and if the parent can +not give it on account of his poverty, it is in +the power of the State to take his child in +charge and furnish him an education. The +right of the State to make laws requiring a +parent to send his child to school between +certain ages, as from four to twenty-one +years, is well settled. The question of the +parent's being obliged to send his child to +the public schools or being forbidden to send +his child to a private or parochial school, is +not settled in some States; but it is being +settled in favor of the parent. The Kentucky +constitution contains this provision: +<q>... nor shall any man be compelled to +<pb n='183'/><anchor id='Pg183'/> +send his child to any school to which he may +be conscientiously opposed.</q><note place='foot'>Sec. 5, Ky. Constitution; Contra: N. H. Constitution, +art. 6.</note> The right of +the State to supervise or inspect private and +parochial schools under the police power of +the State can not be questioned.<note place='foot'>Donahue v. Richards, 38 Me., 376; State v. Baily, 157 +Ind., 324; 61 N. E., 730; 54 Cen. L. J., 142.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_344'/><hi rend='bold'>344.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Orphan Asylums, School Moneys.</hi>—In +1850 the New York Legislature enacted +a law as follows: <q>The schools of the several +incorporated orphan asylums within the +State other than those in the city of New +York, shall participate in the distribution +of the school moneys in the same manner +and to the same extent in proportion to the +number of children educated therein, as the +common schools in their respective cities and +districts.</q> The court ruled that moneys devoted +by the constitution to the State for the +support of common schools could not be distributed +under the act, for the reason that +such asylums are not public schools; but +moneys from other sources might be paid +for the education of such orphan children +in proportion to their number to those educated +in the common schools of their respective +cities and districts.<note place='foot'>St. Patrick's v. Rochester, 34 How. Pr., 227.</note> The schools +kept by the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum +<pb n='184'/><anchor id='Pg184'/> +Society of the city of Brooklyn, are not +common schools within the meaning of the +constitution, and a provision of law that +such schools should share in the distribution +of school moneys raised by the State was +void.<note place='foot'>People v. Board, 13 Barb., N. Y., 400.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_345'/><hi rend='bold'>345.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Contract, Direct Payment, Lease.</hi>—No +school of any denomination or sect is +entitled to public moneys for its support, +either by contract for the education of students +therein or by direct payment from the +government.<note place='foot'>Synod v. State, 2 S. Dak., 366; 50 N. W., 632; 14 L. +R. A., 418.</note> A school conducted by the +Catholic Church in which religious instruction +is given to Catholic children is a sectarian +institution within the constitutional +provision against using public funds for +sectarian purposes; but public school money +expended for such a school conducted by +this school district could not be recovered +by suit against the school officers.<note place='foot'>State v. Hallock, 16 Nev., 373; Dorner v. School Dist., +118 N. W., Wis., 353 (Nov. 27, 1908).</note> Also, +a school maintained as a charity under direction +of trustees elected by the town where +they must be of a certain religion, is not +entitled to public moneys.<note place='foot'>Jenkins v. Andover, 103 Mass., 94.</note> But the lease of +a part of a parochial school building or the +basement of a church for public school purposed +<pb n='185'/><anchor id='Pg185'/> +does not violate the law.<note place='foot'>Millard v. Board, 121 Ill., 297; 10 N. E., 669; Dorner v. +School Dist., 118 N. W., Wis., 353.</note> In the +States of Maine, Iowa, Massachusetts, Illinois, +Ohio, Kansas, and Texas, the reading +of the King James Bible and the singing of +hymns and saying prayers have been held +not sectarian.<note place='foot'>Church v. Bullock, 100 S. W., Tex., 1025; Donahue v. +Richards, 38 Me., 379; 56 C. L. J., 81.</note> But in Wisconsin, the court +ruled the other way.<note place='foot'>State v. Board, 76 Wis., 177; 44 N. W., 967; 7 L. R. A., +330; 53 Am. R., 282; 14 L. R. A., 419; Dorner v. School +Dist., 118 N. W., Wis., 353 (Nov. 27, 1908).</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_346'/> +<hi rend='bold'>346.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Teacher, Lord's Prayer, Exercise.</hi>—<q>A +public school teacher, who, for the +purpose of quieting the pupils and preparing +them for their regular studies, repeats the +Lord's Prayer and the Twenty-second +Psalm as a morning exercise, without comment +or remark, in which none of the pupils +are required to participate, is not conducting +a form of religious worship or giving +sectarian or religious instruction.</q><note place='foot'>Billard v. Board, 69 Kan., 53; 76 Pac., 422; 66 L. R. +A., 166.</note> Substantially +the same rule applies in Pennsylvania.<note place='foot'>Stevenson v. Hanyon, 7 Pa. Co. Ct., 585; State v. +Board, 76 Wis., 177; 44 N. W., 967; 7 L. R. A., 330; State +v. Scheve, 65 Neb., 853; 91 N. W., 846; 59 L. R. A., 927.</note> +However, similar religious exercises +conducted by Catholic teachers have +<pb n='186'/><anchor id='Pg186'/> +generally been held sectarian and not permissible +in public schools.<note place='foot'>Dorner v. School District, 118 N. W., Wis., 353 (Nov. +27, 1908); County v. Industrial School, 125 Ill., 540; 18 +N. E., 183; 1 L. R. A., 437; 8 Am. St. Rep., 386; O'Connor +v. Hendrick, 184 N. Y., 421; 77 N. E., 612.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_347'/><hi rend='bold'>347.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Ohio, Directors, Bible.</hi>—The constitution +of the State of Ohio does not +enjoin nor require religious instruction or +the reading of religious books in the public +schools. The board of directors of a district +has charge of the instruction and books +to be used therein, and their official discretion +will not be interfered with. Therefore, +they were authorized to have the Bible read +at the opening of the school.<note place='foot'>Board v. Minor, 23 Ohio, 250; Campanas v. Calderhead, +17 Mont., 548; 44 Pac., 83; 36 L. R. A., 277.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_348'/><hi rend='bold'>348.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Public School, Bible, Prayer.</hi>—The +committee having control of a public school +may make a rule requiring the school to be +opened by reading from the Bible and +prayer every morning, and that each child +shall bow the head during such prayers; +that any scholar shall be excused from bowing +the head whose parents request it; and +when any scholar refuses to obey such rule +and his parents refuse to request that he +shall be excused, the committee may exclude +such scholar from the school.<note place='foot'>Spiller v. Woburn, 12 Allen, Mass., 127.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='187'/><anchor id='Pg187'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_349'/><hi rend='bold'>349.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Text-Books, State.</hi>—The State has +the power to grant authority to the State +Board of Education to select and prescribe +text-books to be used in the public schools +of the State.<note place='foot'>School Commissioners v. State Board, 26 Md., 505.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_350'/><hi rend='bold'>350.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Bible, Conscience, Constitution.</hi>—The +parent of a child expelled from the +public school can not maintain an action +against the school committee by whose orders +it was done. In the same case it was +held that a rule requiring every scholar to +read a particular version of the Bible, +though it may be against the conscience of +some to do so, does not violate the letter or +spirit of the constitution.<note place='foot'>Donahue v. Richards, 38 Me., 379; 56 Cen. L. J., 81.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_351'/><hi rend='bold'>351.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Schoolhouse, Sunday-School Purposes.</hi>—The +inhabitants of a school district +have no right to use the schoolhouse for religious +meeting on Sunday against the objection +of any taxpayer in the district, notwithstanding +that the officers of the district +granted such right. A taxpayer may obtain +an injunction against such use, although the +injury to him be very slight, as he has no +other remedy.<note place='foot'>Scofield v. State, 27 Conn., 499.</note> A district school board can +not authorize the use of the schoolhouse for +any other than school purposes.<note place='foot'>School v. Arnold, 21 Wis., 657.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='188'/><anchor id='Pg188'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_352'/><hi rend='bold'>352.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Child, Immoral Character.</hi>—The +school committee in order to maintain purity +and discipline, may exclude therefrom a +child whom they deem to be of licentious +or immoral character, although such character +is not manifested in acts of licentiousness +or immorality within the school.<note place='foot'>Sherman v. Charleston, 8 Cushing, Mass., 160; State v. +Board, 116 N. W., 232; 67 Cen. L. J., 241.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_353'/><hi rend='bold'>353.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Parents, Studies, Teacher.</hi>—The +requirement of a teacher that a scholar in +grammar shall write English composition is +a reasonable one, and refusal to comply +therewith in the absence of a request from +his parents that he be excused therefrom, +will justify the expulsion of a scholar from +school.<note place='foot'>Guernsey v. Pitkin, 32 Vt., 224.</note> But when a parent selects certain +studies that the law provides to be taught +for his child to study, the teacher has no +right to insist that the child shall take some +other study and inflict punishment to enforce +obedience.<note place='foot'>Wood v. Morrow, 35 Wis., 59.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_354'/><hi rend='bold'>354.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Chastisement, Cruel.</hi>—The chastisement +of a scholar by the schoolmaster +must not be excessive or cruel, but it should +be reasonably proportioned to the offense +and within the bounds of moderation.<note place='foot'>Anderson v. State, 3 Head, Tenn., 455.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='189'/><anchor id='Pg189'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_355'/><hi rend='bold'>355.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Schoolmaster, Authority.</hi>—Although +a schoolmaster has in general no +right to punish a pupil for misconduct after +the dismissal of the school for the day and +the return of the pupil to his home, yet he +may on the pupil's return to school punish +him for any misbehavior, though committed +out of school, which has a direct and immediate +tendency to injure the school and to +subvert the master's authority. The fact +that the master acted in good faith will not +excuse him from damages for the punishment +of a scholar where the punishment is +clearly excessive and unnecessary. However, +where there is a reasonable doubt the +master should have the benefit of it.<note place='foot'>Lander v. Seaver, 32 Vt., 114.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_356'/><hi rend='bold'>356.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Force, Assistance.</hi>—And where a +scholar in school hours places himself in the +desk of the instructor and refuses to leave it +on the request of the master, the master may +immediately use such force and call to his +assistance such aid from another person as +may be necessary to remove the scholar. +The same rule would apply to any one who +is not a scholar and intrudes upon the +school.<note place='foot'>Stevens v. Fassett, 27 Me., 266.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_357'/><hi rend='bold'>357.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>White, Unmarried.</hi>—Before the +adoption of the fourteenth amendment it +<pb n='190'/><anchor id='Pg190'/> +was necessary in most States that in addition +to the child being under twenty-one +years of age, he must be of white blood and +unmarried.<note place='foot'>Draper v. Cambridge, 20 Ind., 268.</note> In Ohio, negroes, Indians, +and children of less than half white blood, +were not entitled to the benefit of the school +fund; and even where this would entirely +exclude from school children not sufficient +to form a district, still it was held that +such children could not attend the white +school.<note place='foot'>Lane v. Baker, 12 Ohio St., 237; State v. City, 19 Ohio, +178; Van Camp v. Board, 9 Ohio St., 406.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_358'/><hi rend='bold'>358.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Facilities, the Constitution.</hi>—So +long as abundant facilities are given for the +education of all the children of a district, it +is not a violation of the constitution of the +United States to keep negro and white +people separated. The same rule applies to +courts.<note place='foot'>Ex parte Plessy, 45 La. Ann., 80; 11 So., 948; 16 Sup. +Ct. R., 1138; 163 U. S., 537; 41 L. Ed., 256; 18 L. R. A., +639.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_359'/><hi rend='bold'>359.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Residents, Public Schools.</hi>—Children +in a German Protestant orphan asylum +are not <q>children, wards, or apprentices +of actual residents</q> in the district of the +asylum, and therefore are not entitled to +enter the public schools of the district.<note place='foot'>State v. School Directors, 10 Ohio St., 448.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='191'/><anchor id='Pg191'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_360'/><hi rend='bold'>360.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Board, Majority.</hi>—Two of the +three members of a school board have no +authority to act by themselves, and their individual +agreement to dismiss a teacher is +void. A school board can only act at a duly +called meeting of the board, and then the +majority vote duly taken decides.<note place='foot'>Jackson v. Hampden, 16 Me., 184.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='192'/><anchor id='Pg192'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXVII. Parent And Child</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_361'/><hi rend='bold'>361.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Custody, Maternal Relatives, Father.</hi>—A +parent is entitled to the care and custody +of his child if he is competent to transact +his own business and not otherwise +unsuitable. And the mere fact that the +maternal relatives who have had the care of +the child from its birth have become attached +to it and desire to continue to care +for it and are able to secure it better advantages +than its parent, does not render +the parent unsuitable to have its care and +custody within the meaning of the statute. +Also, the want of a sympathetic nature or +cold reserve in a parent or the fact that he +is away on business a great deal of the time, +is not sufficient to render him unsuitable. +But the right of the father may be lost or +forfeited by his ill-conduct, gross ill-treatment, +cruelty, or abandonment, or when his +conduct and life are such as are injurious to +the morals and interest of his child. When +the father dies or forfeits his right for +reasons already given, the mother, if alive, +succeeds to all those rights, subject, however, +<pb n='193'/><anchor id='Pg193'/> +to the same conditions as the father. +And in the case of a child of tender years, +the good of the child has to be regarded as +the predominant consideration.<note place='foot'>Markwell v. Pereles, 95 Wis., 406 and 424; 69 N. W., +798 and 984.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_362'/><hi rend='bold'>362.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Mother, Illegitimate, Father.</hi>—The +mother has a right to the care and custody +of her illegitimate child to the same extent +that a parent has to his legitimate child.<note place='foot'>Perry v. State, 113 Ga., 936; 39 S. E., 315.</note> +The putative father on the mother's death +succeeds to the mother's rights as against +the maternal relatives and may secure the +custody of the child by <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>habeas corpus</foreign>. This +rule is different from the one that prevailed +in the Roman law.<note place='foot'>Aycock v. Harrington, 84 Miss., 204; 36 So., 245; 65 +L. R. A., 689.</note> However, when the +father has given bond for the care, support, +and education of an illegitimate child, his +right to the custody of the child may be +superior.<note place='foot'>Wright v. Bennett, 7 Ill., 587.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_363'/><hi rend='bold'>363.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Legitimatized.</hi>—And when under a +statute a child is legitimatized by acknowledgment +or subsequent marriage, the father +has the better right to its custody.<note place='foot'>Graham v. Bennett, 2 Cal., 503.</note> Usually +there are many provisions in the statutes of +the various States which substantially provide +<pb n='194'/><anchor id='Pg194'/> +for the rights, relative and otherwise, +of the parents and child in such cases. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_364'/><hi rend='bold'>364.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Punishment, Instrument, Murder.</hi>—A +parent or a person <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>in foro domestico</foreign> +or <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>in loco parentis</foreign> may give reasonable corrective +punishment with a fit instrument +to a child. But if a parent or master whips +a child so that it dies, he is guilty of manslaughter. +And if he uses lethal instruments +of punishment, he is guilty of murder.<note place='foot'>State v. Harris, 63 N. C., 1.</note> +Where a mother in anger threw a +poker at one child and hit and killed another +child, she was guilty of manslaughter.<note place='foot'>Rex. v. Canon, 7 Car. and P., 438.</note> The +punishment always becomes unlawful when +it is excessive, and drunkenness is no excuse.<note place='foot'>Rex. v. Griffen, 6 Cox. C. C., 402.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_365'/><hi rend='bold'>365.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Guardian, Religion, Courts.</hi>—In +England where a child was taken from the +testamentary guardian, who after the death +of the testator changed her religion from a +Protestant to a Catholic, it was held thereby +to be incompetent to continue as guardian.<note place='foot'>F. v. F., 1 Ch. (1902), 688.</note> +And in New York it was held that +where the father and mother were Catholics, +the guardian must endeavor to bring +the children up in that faith, as a guardian +will not be permitted to proselyte wards.<note place='foot'>In re Jacques, 82 N. Y. Sup., 986.</note> +<pb n='195'/><anchor id='Pg195'/> +But where a father who was a Catholic +allowed his child to be brought up by a maternal +aunt who was a Protestant, until the +child was fourteen years of age, the father +was not then entitled to the child's custody +for the purpose of having it instructed in +his own faith.<note place='foot'>In re Marshall, 33 N. Y. S., 104.</note> Courts will not interfere +with the religion of a child, but will allow +it to be brought up in the religion of its +parents; however, the best interests of the +child will be considered by the court without +conceding everything else to its religion.<note place='foot'>Kennedy v. Borah, 226 Ill., 243; 80 N. E., 767.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_366'/><hi rend='bold'>366.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Convent, Consent.</hi>—A daughter +under age who entered a convent to become +a nun without the consent of her mother, +may, on a writ of <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>habeas corpus</foreign> on the petition +of her mother, be required to leave the +convent and return to her home.<note place='foot'>Prieto v. Alphonso, 52 La. Ann., 631; 27 So., 153.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_367'/><hi rend='bold'>367.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Adoption, Rights, Duties.</hi>—Persons +of suitable age and circumstances to enter +the marital relations, may adopt a child. +When a married couple do not unite in +adopting a child, the consent of the non-adopting +spouse must be obtained. Also, +if the child's parents are living, their consent +is necessary unless they have lost their +paternal rights by abandonment or divorce. +<pb n='196'/><anchor id='Pg196'/> +The decree of adoption may be set aside for +good cause. The adopted parent has all the +rights over and duties toward the person of +the adopted child that a natural parent has, +including necessaries and religious training. +Usually the child inherits from the adopted +parents, but the adopted parents do not inherit +from the child. The statutes on adoption +are not the same in the several States, +but they cover the subject and must be +strictly followed.<note place='foot'>Clarkson v. Hatton, 143 Mo., 47; 44 S. W., 761; 65 Am. +St. R., 635; Matter of Johnson, 98 Cal., 531; 33 Pac., 260; +21 L. R. A., 380; Schlitz v. Roenitz, 86 Wis., 31; 56 N. W., +194; 39 Am. St. R., 873; 21 L. R. A., 482; Markwell v. +Pereles, 95 Wis., 406; 69 N. W., 798; 67 Cen. L. J., 197.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_368'/><hi rend='bold'>368.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Infancy, Manumission, Marriage.</hi>—At +common law a person is an infant until +he is twenty-one years of age. Statutes +have modified that rule so that girls in some +States, and both girls and boys in others, +may contract marriage at an earlier age +without the parental consent. Generally, +an infant can not contract marriage without +the consent of the living parent or guardian +unless the child has been manumitted. +Where the boy was under the age of consent, +but he falsely told the priest that he +was of full age, his father had the marriage +annulled.<note place='foot'>Elliott v. Elliott, 77 Wis., 634; 46 N. W., 806; 57 L. +R. A., 155; 10 L. R. A., 568.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='197'/><anchor id='Pg197'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXVIII. Husband And Wife</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_369'/><hi rend='bold'>369.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Custody, Father.</hi>—A husband is entitled +to the custody of his wife against +her father, and where a son-in-law killed +his father-in-law in resisting the latter from +taking his daughter out of his (the son-in-law's) +house, the court held that it could not +be more than manslaughter; and if it were +necessary to kill to protect and maintain his +wife, the defendant was not guilty.<note place='foot'>Cole v. State, 75 S. W., 527; 45 Tex.; Cr. App., 225; +57 Cen. L. J., 341.</note> But +for good cause and without malice a parent +may advise his child to leave spouse.<note place='foot'>Mutter v. Senibbs, 79 N. E., 762, Mass.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_370'/><hi rend='bold'>370.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Corrective Authority, Services, +Domicile.</hi>—In America a husband gains no +right to corrective authority over his wife. +He can neither whip her nor use abusive +language to her. The same rule applies to +the wife, as they stand equal before the +law.<note place='foot'>Commonwealth v. McAfee, 108 Mass., 458.</note> However, a husband is entitled to all +the services of his wife and a promise to pay +her extra for housework can not be +<pb n='198'/><anchor id='Pg198'/> +enforced.<note place='foot'>Tuttle v. Sutts, 96 Pac., 260.</note> Also, the husband has the right to +determine their place of domicile, and if the +wife unreasonably refuses to accompany her +husband, it is desertion, for which he may +obtain a divorce.<note place='foot'>Gleason v. Gleason, 4 Wis., 64; 14 Cyc, 846.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='199'/><anchor id='Pg199'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXIX. Indians</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_371'/><hi rend='bold'>371.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Indians, Citizens, Wards.</hi>—There +are a great number of statutory provisions +concerning Indians, both in the United +States statutes and in the statutes of the +several States, most of which are not of +great importance at the present time, as the +Indians are confined to a few States. When +they become citizens of the State in which +they reside, their status is the same as other +citizens; but so long as they remain in their +tribal relations they are taken care of as +wards of the Union. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_372'/><hi rend='bold'>372.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Schools, Cemeteries, Churches.</hi>—In +Oklahoma there are schools provided for +them. When a tribe cedes 160 acres to the +United States, it will give it a school for ten +years, and as much longer as it deems necessary. +Also, the Indians may have their own +cemeteries, schools, and churches, where the +Indians belong to the tribes, and they are +allowed lands therefor.<note place='foot'>32 St. At. L., 636 and 645.</note> In other States, +under the general law, the money of Indian +<pb n='200'/><anchor id='Pg200'/> +minors may be held in the treasury by the +Secretary of the Interior and paid to parents +and guardians in such sums and at such +times as the Secretary in his discretion may +determine.<note place='foot'>Chap. 1402, U. S. Laws of 1904.</note> There is no doubt that out of +those moneys, parents might pay for their +children at private schools.<note place='foot'>Quick-Bear v. Leupp, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep., 690 (1908).</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_373'/><hi rend='bold'>373.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Inspectors, Duties.</hi>—Under the +United States laws, inspectors are appointed +to visit Indian agencies and investigate all +matters concerning them and to examine all +contracts and accounts with the Indians and +make report thereon to the Secretary of the +Interior. The contracts for support of religion, +schools, and charitable institutions, +come under their duties.<note place='foot'>Sec. 2045, U. S. Statutes.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_374'/><hi rend='bold'>374.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>President, Trades.</hi>—The President +may cause Indians to be instructed in trades +and agriculture and have them taught the +elementary branches.<note place='foot'>Secs. 2071 and 2072, U. S. Statutes, and Chap. 188, +Laws of 1895.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_375'/><hi rend='bold'>375.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Commissioner, School, Rations, +Bible, Sectarian.</hi>—Another officer of great +importance is the Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, who has most to do with the education +and schools of the Indians.<note place='foot'>26 St. At. L., 1014.</note> He may +require parents and guardians to send children +<pb n='201'/><anchor id='Pg201'/> +to school and withhold rations from +them for failure so to do. Also, there is +a fund under the control of the United +States as trustee, with which he may make +contracts for the education of Indian children +at private schools.<note place='foot'>Quick-Bear v. Leupp, 28 Sup. Ct. Repr., 690; 27 St. L., +628 and 635.</note> However, the +jurisdiction of the commissioner over Indian +children does not extend to those off +the reservation.<note place='foot'>In re Lehah-puc-ka-chee, 98 Fed., 429.</note> Among other provisions +of the United States statutes is the following: +<q>The Christian Bible may be taught +in the native language of the Indians if in +the judgment of the persons in charge of +the school it may be deemed conducive to +the moral welfare and instruction of the +pupils in such schools.</q><note place='foot'>Chap. 503, Laws of 1888.</note> The Bible continues +its position among the Indians, but +appropriations for the Church are cut off +by the following provision: <q>It is hereby +declared to be the settled policy of the government +to hereafter make no appropriations +whatever for education in any sectarian +school.</q><note place='foot'>Chap. 3, Laws of 1897.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='202'/><anchor id='Pg202'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXX. Juvenile Courts</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_376'/><hi rend='bold'>376.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Reformatories, Object, Liberty.</hi>—During +the past few years juvenile courts +have been created for the purpose of committing +children to reformatories. The proceedings +are not criminal actions, but of an +equitable nature.<note place='foot'>61 Cen. L. J., 101, 289; 62 Cen. L. J., 215, 219.</note> However, as the object +is to deprive the child of its liberty, the +statute must be strictly construed and followed.<note place='foot'>McCann v. County, 6 Mont., 297.</note> +An infant can not waive a right.<note place='foot'>Hubbard v. Railway, 104 Wis., 160; 80 N. W., 454.</note> +If a child has been wrongfully committed +or is wrongfully detained, the proper remedy +for his discharge is a writ of <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>habeas +corpus</foreign>.<note place='foot'>Hochheimer on Custody of Infants, sec. 54; People v. +Turner, 55 Ill., 280; People v. Park, 41 N. Y., 21, 33.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='203'/><anchor id='Pg203'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXXI. Libel And Slander</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_377'/><hi rend='bold'>377.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Confidential, Tribunal, Malice.</hi>—The +rule is that all confidential statements +made to an officer or a tribunal of the church +concerning a member in the course of +church discipline and for the good of the +church, if not made with malice, are privileged, +and no action for libel or slander can +be maintained therefor.<note place='foot'>Kleizer v. Symes, 40 Ind., 562; Etchison v, Pergeson, +88 Ga., 620; 15 S. E., 680; Lucas v. Case, 72 (9 Bush) Ky., +297; York v. Pease, 68 Mass., 288; Piper v. Woolman, 43 +Neb., 280; 61 N. W., 588; O'Donahue v. McGovern, 23 +Wendell, N. Y., 26; Servatius v. Pichel, 34 Wis., 292.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_378'/><hi rend='bold'>378.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Member, Officer, Councils.</hi>—But +slanderous or libelous statements made concerning +a person not a member of the church +or made concerning a member of the church +to another member who is not either an +officer or in the councils of the church, are +actionable and the person making or publishing +such statements is liable for damages. +Also, a person who repeats a libel or +slander may be liable as though he were the +originator.<note place='foot'>Combes v. Rose, 8 Blackf., 155; Servatius v. Pichel, 34 +Wis., 292; Etchison v. Pergeson, 88 Ga., 620; 15 S. E., 680.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='204'/><anchor id='Pg204'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_379'/><hi rend='bold'>379.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Official Communication, Privileged.</hi>—An +official communication between authorities +of the church or an authority and +a member of the church concerning a church +matter or church members and not made in +malice, is privileged.<note place='foot'>Gardener v. Anderson, Fed. Case, 5220; Rector v. +Smith, 11 Ia., 302.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_380'/><hi rend='bold'>380.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Priest, Pastoral Duties.</hi>—Where a +priest published from the altar that <q>Peter +Servatius is excommunicated, because he +laid hands on the priest to put him out of +the church, and he has no more benefit of +the prayers of the church. I will not pray +for him, and consider him a lost sheep and +withdraw all my pastoral blessings from +him. If he die, the burial rights of the +church will be denied him,</q> such remarks +were held defamatory, unless they were +spoken in the proper discharge of the priest's +clerical and pastoral duties and without +malice; and the case should have been submitted +on the evidence to a jury.<note place='foot'>See <q>Excommunication,</q> ante. Servatius v. Pichel, 34 +Wis., 292; 11 L. R. A., 592.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_381'/><hi rend='bold'>381.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Church Record, Excommunication.</hi>—An +entry of a church record that <q>A report +raised and circulated by A. B. against +Brother C., stating that he made him pay +a note twice, and proved by A. B. as false,</q> +<pb n='205'/><anchor id='Pg205'/> +is libelous.<note place='foot'>Shelton v. Nause, 46 Ky., 128.</note> But an entry of excommunication +of a member made in the record and +shown to other members, is not libelous, the +latter being properly a part of the record +and the former extraneous.<note place='foot'>Fawcett v. Charles, 13 Wendell, 473.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_382'/><hi rend='bold'>382.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Will, Libel, Action.</hi>—The will of a +priest contained a statement that a relative +had received $300 from him for clothing, +maintenance, education, etc., and promised +to repay it, but paid no part of it. Then +testator bequeathed said $300 to two legatees +to collect for their own use. The relative +filed a petition asking the estate of the priest +to be held liable for a libel in the sum of +$50,000 and the court held that as the right +of action did not accrue until after the death +of the testator, there was a right of action +against the estate. As the case never got +beyond the probate court, its authority is +doubtful.<note place='foot'>54 Cen. L. J., 313.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_383'/><hi rend='bold'>383.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Language, Insane, Good Faith.</hi>—Unless +the language is used by the bishop +in the line of his duty, a statement that a +priest is irresponsible and insane, that he +was removed from his position of priest for +good reason, and that he has been guilty +of ecclesiastical disobedience, is slanderous +<pb n='206'/><anchor id='Pg206'/> +<foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>per se</foreign>. To make a communication between +a bishop and priest privileged it must have +been spoken in good faith and in belief that +the speaking of it came within the discharge +of the bishop's duty.<note place='foot'>Hellstern v. Katzer, 103 Wis., 391; 79 N. W., 429.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_384'/><hi rend='bold'>384.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Rector, Bigamy, Tobacco, Liquor.</hi>—In +a case where the rector of an Episcopal +church called upon a man charged with +bigamy and after a private conversation the +minister wrote a letter to the district attorney +on behalf of the prisoner, it was held +not privileged because it was not made in +confidence of the relation and was not kept +as a secret.<note place='foot'>Hills v. State, 61 Neb., 589; 85 N. W., 836.</note> A letter from a church member +of one congregation to the elders of +another congregation advising them of the +unfitness of a clergyman appointed to the +latter parish, and stating that he used tobacco +and liquor, that he was an untruthful +man, and that his family was no credit to +the community, was quasi-privileged; and +in the absence of proof that the charges were +false and malicious was not actionable.<note place='foot'>Konkle v. Haven, 140 Mich., 472; 103 N. W., 850.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_385'/><hi rend='bold'>385.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Newspapers, Criticisms, Priest.</hi>—A +newspaper has a right to publish criticisms +of the conduct of a priest in certain +services held in his church if no false statement +<pb n='207'/><anchor id='Pg207'/> +of facts is given, since such conduct is +a proper subject of discussion; and if such +article contains a statement that if certain +published accounts of the conduct of the +priest are true he acted in an improper manner, +etc., it is not libelous because such facts +are not true, as it is not an affirmation of the +truth thereof. Where the alleged libel was +published in a foreign language and the correctness +of the translation was disputed, it +was an error for the judge to instruct the +jury that if the translation introduced in evidence +was correct, the defendant was liable, +since plaintiff's right to recover should not +be made to depend on the absolute accuracy +of the translation.<note place='foot'>Klos v. Zahorik, 113 Ia., 161; 84 N. W., 1046.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_386'/><hi rend='bold'>386.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Clergyman, Discipline, Tribunals, +Testimony, Argument.</hi>—What a clergyman +says in the administration of the discipline +of the church or what is said in tribunals +to enforce discipline of the church, including +testimony and legitimate argument within +the scope of the case, if said in good faith +and without malice, is not actionable in the +civil courts.<note place='foot'>Libel and Slander, Townsend, secs. 233, 234; 25 Cyc, +390, 398, 411.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_387'/><hi rend='bold'>387.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Physical Discipline, Imprisonment, +Courts.</hi>—A clergyman who claims to have +been slandered by a parishioner can not administer +<pb n='208'/><anchor id='Pg208'/> +physical discipline nor put the +offender under restraint without leaving +himself liable for damages for assault and +battery or false imprisonment. If the clergyman +desires to treat the charge as a +church matter, he must go into the church +tribunal; otherwise, his proper course is to +bring an action for slander in the State +court.<note place='foot'>Grace v. Dempsey, 75 Wis., 313; 43 N. W., 1127; Grace +v. McArthur, 76 Wis., 641; 45 N. W., 518.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_388'/><hi rend='bold'>388.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sermon, False Statement, Crime.</hi>—A +clergyman may, by words used in a sermon, +slander a member of his congregation. +However, if he makes no false statement +and does not falsely or maliciously charge a +crime, what he says in the way of discipline +is privileged.<note place='foot'>25 Cyc, 390, 398.</note> The meaning of the words +<q>she is a dirty, vile woman,</q> can not be extended +by innuendo.<note place='foot'>62 Cen. L. J., 180.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_389'/><hi rend='bold'>389.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Charges, Robbed, Hypocrite.</hi>—Charges +that a person has robbed a church +or has stolen from a church, are actionable.<note place='foot'>Libel and Slander, Townsend, p. 182 (notes).</note> +Also, charging a person with being a hypocrite +and using the cloak of religion for unworthy +purposes, is slanderous.<note place='foot'>Libel and Slander, Townsend, sec. 177; 25 Cyc, 398; +Edwards v. Bell, 8 Moore, 467.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='209'/><anchor id='Pg209'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_390'/><hi rend='bold'>390.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Investigation, Probable Cause.</hi>—When +a member of a church consents to an +investigation on complaint before a person +who is not a member, if the complaint was +made on probable cause and not under the +pretence of exposing the defendant to scorn +or obloquy, he could not subsequently bring +an action for libel.<note place='foot'>Remington v. Congdon, 2 Pickering, 315; Bradley v. +Heath, 12 Pickering, 163.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_391'/><hi rend='bold'>391.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sacraments.</hi>—To publish of a person +that he has been deprived of the sacraments +of the church to which he belongs, is +libelous.<note place='foot'>McConckle v. Binns, 5 Binns, Pa., 340.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_392'/><hi rend='bold'>392.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Obituary, Tolling Bell.</hi>—To falsely +and maliciously publish an obituary notice of +a person living, is good ground for an action +for libel.<note place='foot'>MacBride v. Allis, 9 Rich., S. C., 313.</note> However, a complaint that a +church tolled its bell to announce the death +of a member, and did report him dead when +he was actually living, and that it was all +done for the purpose of annoying, harassing, +and vexing the person and his family, +was held not sufficient to support an action +for libel. The latter case is doubtful law.<note place='foot'>State v. Riggs, 22 Vt., 322.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_393'/><hi rend='bold'>393.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Newspaper, Profane Swearer.</hi>—A +newspaper in a notice of the death of a +church member has the right to state that +<pb n='210'/><anchor id='Pg210'/> +he was a profane swearer, if such was the +case.<note place='foot'>Commonwealth v. Batchelder, Thach., Mass., Cr. Cas., +191.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_394'/><hi rend='bold'>394.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Business or Property, Special Damages.</hi>—A +company incorporated for the purpose +of transacting business which would +include hospitals, schools, and industrial institutions, +may maintain an action for libel +the same as an individual for any words +affecting its business or property, if special +damages are alleged and proved.<note place='foot'>Shoe & L. v. Thompson, 18 Abbot's Pr., N. Y., 413.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_395'/><hi rend='bold'>395.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Justification, Repeating.</hi>—It is no +justification that libelous matter had been +previously published by a third person, that +the name of such person was disclosed at the +time of repeating the libel, and that the person +who was repeating it believed all the +statements in the libel to be true.<note place='foot'>Sans v. Joerris, 14 Wis., 663.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='211'/><anchor id='Pg211'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXXII. Crimes</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_396'/><hi rend='bold'>396.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sins, Crimes, Discipline.</hi>—Crimes +are offenses against the civil law. The fact +that the church organization may try and +punish a member for sinning, or acquit +him, has nothing whatever to do with the +administration of the criminal law of the +State. Therefore, a member may be arrested +and tried for any offense before or +after the ecclesiastical tribunal has taken +action in the matter. But there are certain +crimes of a religious nature of which +the civil law assumes jurisdiction and punishes, +such as blasphemy,<note place='foot'>5 Cyc, 715; <q>Disorderly Conduct,</q> 14 Cyc, 467.</note> disturbing religious +meetings,<note place='foot'>14 Cyc, 540.</note> etc. Most of those laws are +statutory and depend wholly upon the +statute of the State where the crime is committed. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_397'/><hi rend='bold'>397.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Profane Language, Smoking, Disturbance.</hi>—Rude +behavior or profane language +if audible,<note place='foot'>Williams v. State, 83 Ala., 78; 3 So., 616.</note> smoking in the church or +during services,<note place='foot'>Hull v. State, 120 Ind., 153; 22 N. E., 117.</note> cracking and eating nuts +<pb n='212'/><anchor id='Pg212'/> +in church,<note place='foot'>Hunt v. State, 3 Tex., 116.</note> and fighting near the church so +as to disturb the services, are violations of +the law.<note place='foot'>State v. Kirby, 108 N. C., 772; 12 S. E., 1045.</note> A father's taking his child out of +the church with violence is a disturbance of +the meeting.<note place='foot'>Commonwealth v. Sigman, 2 Clark, Pa., 36.</note> The disturbance of any member +of the congregation assembled for religious +worship is a violation of law.<note place='foot'>State v. Wright, 41 Ark., 410; Tanner v. State, 126 Ga., +77; 54 S. E., 914.</note> A +sentence of $100 fine or one year's imprisonment +in the penitentiary, is not excessive or +cruel or unusual punishment on conviction +for disturbing a meeting.<note place='foot'>State v. Shepherd, 54 S. C., 178; 32 S. E., 146; 14 Cyc, +467, 540.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_398'/><hi rend='bold'>398.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sunday-School, Church.</hi>—An ordinary +Sunday-school where the Bible and religious +precepts are taught, is a church +within the law.<note place='foot'>Martin v. State, 65 Tenn., 234.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_399'/><hi rend='bold'>399.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Private School.</hi>—A person may be +punished under the statute for wilfully disturbing +a private school kept in a district +schoolhouse for instruction in the art of +writing.<note place='foot'>State v. Leighton, 35 Me., 195.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_400'/><hi rend='bold'>400.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Disturbing a Religious Meeting.</hi>—Under +a statute against disturbing a religious +meeting, it has been held that it should +<pb n='213'/><anchor id='Pg213'/> +define what disturbance is punishable.<note place='foot'>Marvin v. State, 19 Ind., 181.</note> +Also, mere want of attention or observance +of ceremonies, as standing or kneeling at +times, is not a violation of the law.<note place='foot'>Brown v. State, 46 Ala., 175.</note> +Neither is singing out of time, unless done +purposely,<note place='foot'>State v. Turkhaw, 69 N. C., 215.</note> nor performing a proper duty, +such as objecting to a silenced clergyman's +conducting the services.<note place='foot'>Richardson v. State, 5 Tex. App., 470.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_401'/><hi rend='bold'>401.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Common Law, Offense, Statutory +Law.</hi>—If there is no statutory provision, in +those States where the common law prevailed +before the admission of the State to +the Union the offense is punishable under the +common law.<note place='foot'>U. S. v. Brooks, 4 Cranch, C. C., 427.</note> And even in States where +there is a statutory law on the subject, a +person may be convicted at common law.<note place='foot'>People v. Crowley, 23 Hun., 412; McLane v. Mallock, +7 Ind., 525.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_402'/><hi rend='bold'>402.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Services, Violation, Time.</hi>—The +nature of the services and the discipline of +the denomination may determine whether +there is a violation of the law. Usually the +disturbance may occur at any place the congregation +is assembled, and at any time +when any part of the congregation is assembled +for religious services or business.<note place='foot'>Kinney v. State, 38 Ala., 224; State v. Lusk, 68 Ind., +264; State v. Edwards, 32 Mo., 548; Tanner v. State, 126 +Ga., 77; 54 S. E., 914.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='214'/><anchor id='Pg214'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_403'/><hi rend='bold'>403.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Force, Priest, Preserve Order.</hi>—A +congregation may use sufficient force to remove +a disturber.<note place='foot'>MacLean v. Mallock, 7 Ind., 525.</note> A Catholic priest who +is the conductor of religious services and +master of ceremonies within his church has +the right to preserve order and to remove +by force, if necessary, any person who disturbs +his services.<note place='foot'>Wall v. Lee, 34 N. Y., 141.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_404'/><hi rend='bold'>404.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Interrupt, Liquors, Traffic.</hi>—There +are statutes in most of the States making it +a penal offense to interrupt or molest any +assembly or meeting of the people for religious +worship, or to sell intoxicating +liquors or other articles of traffic within a +certain distance of any camp-meeting or +other religious assembly, except at a place +of business regularly established prior to +such meeting or assembly and not with intent +of evading the provisions of the law.<note place='foot'>Meyer v. Baker, 120 Ill., 567; 12 N. E., 79; Commonwealth +v. Bearse, 132 Mass., 542; 42 Am. R., 450; West v. +State, 28 Tenn., 66; Cramer v. Marks, 64 Pa. St., 151.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_405'/><hi rend='bold'>405.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Theory, Blasphemy, Crime.</hi>—On +the theory that the United States is a Christian +nation, blasphemy is held to be a crime.<note place='foot'>5 Cyc, 713; Commonwealth v. Linn, 158 Pa., 22; 27 +At., 843; 22 L. R. A., 353.</note> +Infidels naturally claim that it interferes +with their rights. However, there is no +more interference with the private rights of +<pb n='215'/><anchor id='Pg215'/> +the infidel than there is with the private +right of the Mormon who is forbidden to +violate the laws of the country by having a +plurality of wives; and it has been held that +any words importing imprecation for divine +vengeance may constitute profane cursing or +blasphemy.<note place='foot'>Gaines v. State, 75 Tenn., 410; Holcombe v. Cornish, +8 Conn., 375; Bodenheimer v. State, 60 Ark., 10; 28 S. W., +507.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_406'/><hi rend='bold'>406.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Religion, God, Ridicule, Virgin.</hi>—Words +vilifying the Christian religion,<note place='foot'>State v. Chandler, 2 Har., Del., 553.</note> denying +God or the final judgment,<note place='foot'>Commonwealth v. Kneeland, 37 Mass. (20 Pick), 206.</note> and profane +ridicule of the Holy Scriptures or of +Christ,<note place='foot'>People v. Ruggles, 8 Johnson, 225.</note> are usually punishable. Also, the +use of vile words applied to the Virgin Mary +is blasphemy.<note place='foot'>State v. Chandler, 2 Harr., Del., 553.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_407'/><hi rend='bold'>407.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Profanity, Proof, Excuse.</hi>—The +profanity must be in the hearing of some +person.<note place='foot'>State v. Pepper, 68 N. C., 259.</note> Every time a person profanely +swears by taking the name of God in vain is +a separate offense.<note place='foot'>Odell v. Garnett, 4 Blackf., Ind., 549.</note> The prisoner's confession +is sufficient proof; otherwise the prosecution +must show that the offense was committed +and some one heard the words. +</p> + +<pb n='216'/><anchor id='Pg216'/> + +<p> +Drunkenness is no excuse.<note place='foot'>People v. Porter, 2 Park, N. Y. Cr., 14.</note> Punishment by +fine or imprisonment is not in violation of +the constitution of the State or of the United +States.<note place='foot'>State v. Chandler, 2 Harr., Del., 553; Commonwealth +v. Kneeland, Thach., Mass. Cr. Cas., 346.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_408'/><hi rend='bold'>408.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sunday, Business, Fishing.</hi>—The +offenses against the Sunday law are so +numerous that it would be almost impossible +to review them within the limits of this work. +Of course, the carrying on of a man's ordinary +business is a violation of the Sabbath +laws. But in some States selling cigars,<note place='foot'>Miller v. State, 76 Ind., 310.</note> +a butcher selling meat,<note place='foot'>Petty v. State, 58 Ark., 1; 22 S. W., 654.</note> and even selling +soda water,<note place='foot'>Splane v. Commonwealth, 12 At., Pa., 431.</note> and ice cream,<note place='foot'>Commonwealth v. Keiten, 1 Monag., 368.</note> as well as +fishing, traveling, driving, using a slot machine,<note place='foot'>Cain v. Daly, 74 S. C, 480; 55 S. E., 110.</note> +and almost every other imaginable +act excepting going to church, has at some +time and in some State been declared a violation +of the law, and a penalty imposed +therefor. +</p> + +<p> +In California,<note place='foot'>Ex parte Jentisch, 112 Cal., 468; 44 Pac., 803.</note> Tennessee,<note place='foot'>State v. Lorey, 66 Tenn., 95.</note> and Washington,<note place='foot'>State v. Krech, 10 Wash., 166; 38 Pac., 1001.</note> +men may be shaved on Sunday. In +<pb n='217'/><anchor id='Pg217'/> +some other States it has been held that running +a barber shop on Sunday is a violation +of the law.<note place='foot'>People v. Havenor, 149 N. Y., 195; 43 N. E., 541; 3 L. +R. A., 689; State v. Dolan, 13 Idaho, 693; 92 Pac., 995; +14 L. R. A., N. S., 1259.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_409'/><hi rend='bold'>409.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Charity, Necessity, Benefit, Pleasure.</hi>—However, +doing works of charity and +works of necessity usually are exempt. +What is a work of necessity is a question of +law. Charity includes whatever proceeds +from the sense of moral duty or a feeling +of kindness and humanity, and is intended +wholly for the purpose of the relief or comfort +of another, and not for one's benefit or +pleasure.<note place='foot'>Flag v. Inhabitants, 58 Mass., 243; Doyle v. Lynn, 118 +Mass., 195.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_410'/><hi rend='bold'>410.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Contracts, Marriage, Notice.</hi>—The +common law made no distinction between +Sunday and any other day as to making contracts, +but it prohibited holding court. In +this country the statutory law invariably +prohibits any but works of necessity or charity +to be done on Sunday. But marriage settlements,<note place='foot'>Hayden v. Mitchell, 103 Ga., 431; 30 S. E., 287.</note> +publication of statutory notices +on Sunday,<note place='foot'>Roth v. Hacks, 68 Mo. App., 283.</note> and promises to marry, have +been held legal.<note place='foot'>Hofer v. Cowan, 55 Cen. L. J., 290.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='218'/><anchor id='Pg218'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_411'/><hi rend='bold'>411.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Funeral, Physician, Subscriptions.</hi>—To +attend a funeral, to employ an undertaker, +or a physician, on Sunday, has been +tested in the courts, and finally decided to +be works of necessity or charity and not a +violation of the Sunday law. Also, subscriptions +made for church purposes and in +works of charity on Sunday have been held +legal and binding.<note place='foot'>Byrant v. Watson, 127 Ind., 42; 26 N. E., 687; Allen +v. Duffy, 43 Mich., 1; 4 N. W., 427; 11 L. R. A., 63; Dale +v. Knapp, 98 Pa., 389.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_412'/><hi rend='bold'>412.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Jews, Seventh-Day Observers.</hi>—In +several of the States it has been held that +Jews and Seventh-Day observers of the Sabbath +must obey the Sunday law.<note place='foot'>Society v. Commonwealth, 52 Pa., 125; Parker v. State, +84 Tenn., 476.</note> However, +in many States there is a statute expressly +exempting people who keep the seventh +day of the week; but still they sometimes +have a provision, unless <q>he shall wilfully +disturb thereby some other person or +some religious assembly on said day.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_413'/><hi rend='bold'>413.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Societies, Secular Work.</hi>—Business +meetings of benevolent and church societies +for benevolent or church work may be held +on Sunday. Even the constitution of such +societies may be amended on Sunday. However, +secular work that does not come strictly +<pb n='219'/><anchor id='Pg219'/> +under the functions of such societies would +be unlawful.<note place='foot'>McCabe v. Father Matthews, 24 Hun., 149; People v. +Young, 67 Barb., 357.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_414'/><hi rend='bold'>414.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sunday, Begins, Ends.</hi>—Usually +people believe they know what the word Sunday +means, when it begins, and when it +ends. Christianity usually recognizes the +time from midnight to midnight as Sunday, +and that is the usual time recognized +by law.<note place='foot'>Philadelphia v. Lehman, 56 Md., 209; Kroer v. People, +78 Ill., 294.</note> But the solar day only,<note place='foot'>Fox v. Abel, 2 Conn., 541.</note> or from +midnight to sunset,<note place='foot'>Bryant v. Inhabitants, 30 Me., 193; Tracy v. Jenks, 32 +Mass., 465.</note> give us a variety which +may not be complete. Also, we have the +further anomaly of a note made at 2 o'clock +on Saturday night, being held valid.<note place='foot'>Carpenter v. Crane, 1 Root, Conn., 98.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_415'/><hi rend='bold'>415.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Religious Liberty, Law.</hi>—The constitutional +guarantee of religious liberty is +not violated by enforcing the Sunday law.<note place='foot'>Judefinde v. State, 78 Md., 510; 28 At., 405; 22 L. R. +A., 721, note.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_416'/><hi rend='bold'>416.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Necessaries, Doctor.</hi>—As a parent +or husband is obliged to furnish necessaries +for his children and wife, when medical +treatment becomes necessary, he is liable for +manslaughter for failure to do his duty, even +in case of religious disbelief in the efficacy +of medicine. Courts are not inclined to +<pb n='220'/><anchor id='Pg220'/> +make any distinction as to religious belief, +and the prevailing rule in this country is +that the parent is liable if he negligently +allows his child to die when it might have +been saved by the services of a doctor.<note place='foot'>55 Cen. L. J., 44; 56 Cen. L. J., 261; State v. Cheneworth, +163 Ind., 94; 71 N. E., 197; 59 Cen. L. J., 202.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_417'/><hi rend='bold'>417.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Christian Healer, Consent.</hi>—A +Christian healer can not be held liable except +under a State law. One who consents to +treatment has no action for damages unless +there is a failure to exercise the care and +skill of a Christian Scientist. This rule +might not apply to one incompetent to consent +to a contract.<note place='foot'>Speed v. Tomlinson, 73 N. H., 46; 59 At., 376; 68 L. +R. A., 432.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_418'/><hi rend='bold'>418.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Politics.</hi>—A minister who had been +expelled by his congregation for voting the +Democratic ticket, had some of the members +of the church arrested under the election +laws for intimidating a voter. The court +held that as he <q>suffered no pecuniary loss, +personal injury, or physical restraint,</q> no +crime was committed.<note place='foot'>State v. Rodgers, 128 N. C., 576; 38 S. E., 34.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_419'/><hi rend='bold'>419.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Mail, Obscene Language.</hi>—Under +the United States postal laws against sending +<q>obscene, lewd or lascivious</q> books or +papers through the mail, a person can not +be convicted without proof that the matter is +<pb n='221'/><anchor id='Pg221'/> +obscene, lewd, and lascivious, as the word +<q>or</q> should be construed to mean <q>and.</q> +Also, the court held that a newspaper article +on the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception +written in coarse and obscene language +that offended the religious sentiments of the +people, but had no tendency to induce sexual +immorality, did not render the newspaper +unmailable nor the publisher guilty under +the United States statutes. The court says: +<q>Those parts of the article most relied upon +to sustain the charge, though ostensibly a +discussion of a religious subject, are couched +in language not quite suitable for insertion +in a judicial opinion, however well adjusted +to such applause as might be expected from +taste of a certain degree of degradation.</q><note place='foot'>U. S. v. Moore, 104 Fed., 78.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_420'/><hi rend='bold'>420.</hi> <hi rend='italic'><q>Fair,</q> Chances, Gambling.</hi>—A +church <q>fair</q> at which chances are sold, +drawings had, or any game of chance permitted, +is illegal and may be punished as +gambling.<note place='foot'>Constant v. Rector, 4 Daly, 1.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='222'/><anchor id='Pg222'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXXIII. Cemeteries</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_421'/><hi rend='bold'>421.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Statutes, Land.</hi>—There are sufficient +statutory provisions on cemeteries to make a +large book, and the frequent changes made +in such laws render a full statement of the +law impossible. The statutes against locating +cemeteries near cities, dwellings, etc., +should be carefully examined before buying +land therefor.<note place='foot'>Frederickson v. W. R. Cem. Ass., 133 Wis., 502; 113 +N. W., 1023.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_422'/><hi rend='bold'>422.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>United States, Jurisdiction.</hi>—The +jurisdiction over the United States cemeteries +is in the State where the cemeteries +are located unless such jurisdiction has been +ceded to the United States.<note place='foot'>14 Op. Atty-Gen., 27; secs. 4780-4782, U. S. Statutes; +16 Op. Atty-Gen., 13.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_423'/><hi rend='bold'>423.</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Tombstones, Soldiers</hi>.—The United +States will erect tombstones at the graves of +soldiers who served in the Civil War, in all +cemeteries where their graves are unmarked. +Wherever the United States has jurisdiction +over cemeteries, it has made it a criminal +offense punishable by fine or imprisonment +to deface a tombstone.<note place='foot'>20 St. at L., 281.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='223'/><anchor id='Pg223'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_424'/><hi rend='bold'>424.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Indigent Soldiers, Tombstones.</hi>—Most +of the States have statutes providing +for the burial of indigent soldiers and for +putting tombstones at their graves. The +attention of relatives of deceased soldiers +should be called to it. +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_425'/><hi rend='bold'>425.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>State Authority.</hi>—The State Legislature +has authority to control cemeteries or +delegate that authority to some one else, +and afterward to transfer it to a different +person.<note place='foot'>Sohier v. Trinity Ch., 109 Mass., 1; City v. Town, 82 +Wis., 374; 52 N. W., 425.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_426'/><hi rend='bold'>426.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Maryland, Two Acres.</hi>—Although +the declaration of rights of the State of +Maryland restricted the sale of lands for a +cemetery for a church to two acres, the +Legislature has power to grant leave to a +cemetery association to take title to more land. +And where the trustees bought twelve acres +of land for a burial ground and a subsequent +act of the Legislature authorized the enlargement +of the cemetery not to exceed +twenty-five acres, the title to the excess of +the valid purchase was ratified and the title +vested in the trustees.<note place='foot'>Trustees v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_427'/><hi rend='bold'>427.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Consent, Application.</hi>—Where a +statute provides that no cemetery shall be +laid out without first obtaining the consent +of the municipal authorities thereto, a written +<pb n='224'/><anchor id='Pg224'/> +communication signed by the officers of +an incorporated society is sufficient application; +and a motion granting consent adopted +by the city council is sufficient action on its +part to comply with the statute.<note place='foot'>Porch v. St. Bridget's, 81 Wis., 599; 51 N. W., 1007.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_428'/><hi rend='bold'>428.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Charter, Ground, Members.</hi>—An +application for a charter to incorporate a +cemetery need not specifically locate the +ground.<note place='foot'>In re Highland, 4 Pa. Dist. Rep., 653.</note> The charter or the articles of incorporation, +or by-laws made under them, +generally determines who shall be members +of the corporation. And where every owner +of a lot signing the constitution and by-laws +becomes a member, the trustees can not vote +on the unsold lots.<note place='foot'>Commonwealth v. Fisher, 7 Phil., 264; Bourland v. +Springdale, 158 Ill., 458; 42 N. E., 86.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_429'/><hi rend='bold'>429.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Police Power, Trespass, Burial.</hi>—Under +our laws the State, by reason of its +police power, has control over the cemeteries +within it. However, that power has generally +been very favorably exercised. Laws +both civil and criminal have been enacted +to protect cemeteries from invasion and trespass +and to protect tombstones from injury.<note place='foot'>City v. Watson, 56 N. J. L., 667; 24 L. R. A., 843; 49 +Cen. L. J., 307.</note> +When authorized by the Legislature a city +may make a by-law prohibiting burial within +its limits, notwithstanding that the cemetery +<pb n='225'/><anchor id='Pg225'/> +has been constantly used for over one hundred +years.<note place='foot'>Coates v. City, 7 Cowan, N. Y., 585; Humphrey v. +Frost, 109 N. C., 132; 13 S. E., 793; City v. Austin, 87 +Tex., 330; 28 S. W., 528; 47 Am. St. R., 114.</note> Also, the city has authority +to protect and regulate the use of a cemetery.<note place='foot'>Stockton v. City, 42 N. J. Eq., 531; 9 At., 203; First v. +Meyers, 5 Okla., 819; 50 Pac., 70; 38 L. R. A., 329.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_430'/><hi rend='bold'>430.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Dwelling, Limits.</hi>—Most of the +States provide that no cemetery shall be laid +out within a certain limit of a dwelling. +But after the cemetery is established a man +can not have it moved when he puts up a +dwelling within the limits or where he consented +to the cemetery at the time it was +established.<note place='foot'>Steams v. Manchester, 63 N. H., 390; Henry v. Trustees, +48 Ohio, 671; 30 N. E., 1122.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_431'/><hi rend='bold'>431.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Well, Pollution.</hi>—And where a man +had built a dwelling near a cemetery, it was +not good ground for him to prevent the enlargement +of the cemetery by showing that +it might destroy his well. The court questions +whether there is any legal ground for +complaint for the pollution of subterranean +waters when caused by the proper use without +negligence of the adjacent premises.<note place='foot'>Upjohn v. Board, 46 Mich., 542; 9 N. W., 845.</note> +Additional lands may be obtained under the +law of eminent domain by condemnation.<note place='foot'>Edwards v. Stonington, 20 Conn., 466.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='226'/><anchor id='Pg226'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_432'/><hi rend='bold'>432.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Exempt, Execution, Mortgage.</hi>—The +statutes in most of the States exempt +the tombstones and lots in a cemetery from +sale on execution.<note place='foot'>Oakland v. People, 93 Tex., 569; 57 S. W., 27; 55 L. +R. A., 503.</note> Also, a cemetery lot +can not be sold under mortgage after bodies +have been buried therein, as any one may be +arrested for desecration of graves.<note place='foot'>Louisville v. Nevin, 73 Ky., 549; First v. Hazel, 63 +Neb., 844; 89 N. W., 378.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_433'/><hi rend='bold'>433.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Public, Regulation.</hi>—The right to +bury in a public cemetery is a privilege or +license that is subject to municipal regulation, +and revocable whenever the public +necessity requires it.<note place='foot'>Page v. Simons, 63 N. H., 17.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_434'/><hi rend='bold'>434.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Nuisance, Public Health, Disease.</hi>—A +cemetery is not a nuisance <hi rend='italic'>per se</hi>, but +if it is proved that the burial of dead bodies +in a certain cemetery does injure the public +health and is a fruitful source of transmission +of disease, the State may prohibit such +burial at certain places within cities or adjacent +to dwellings. But unless authorized +by the Legislature a council has no right by +ordinance to provide that no one shall be +buried within half a mile of any habitation +or public thoroughfare.<note place='foot'>Wygant v. McLaughlin, 39 Or., 429; 64 Pac., 867; 54 +L. R. A., 636; 53 Cen. L. J., 48.</note> And where the +<pb n='227'/><anchor id='Pg227'/> +Legislature authorized a city to remove the +bodies interred and allow streets through +the land, it had authority to do so.<note place='foot'>Trustees v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599; Close +v. Glenwood, 107 U. S., 466; 2 Sup. Ct. R., 267; 27 L. Ed., +408; Matter of Bd. of Street Opening, 133 N. Y., 329; 31 +N. E., 102; 28 Am. St. R., 640; 16 L. R. A., 180.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_435'/><hi rend='bold'>435.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Devise, Easement, Rules.</hi>—The +general rule of law is that a man can not +devise away a cemetery lot in which members +of his family are buried. He owns only +a license or at the most an easement which +is subject to the rules of the cemetery association +and the police power of the State. +However, there are some exceptions.<note place='foot'>In re Waldron, 26 R. I., 84; 58 At., 453; 67 L. R. A., +118; Wright v. Hollywood, 112 Ga., 884; 38 S. E., 94; 52 +L. R. A., 621.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_436'/><hi rend='bold'>436.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Conditions.</hi>—A condition in a deed +that the lot can not be sold, assigned, or +transferred without consent of the cemetery +corporation, is as good and binding as in any +other conveyance of real estate.<note place='foot'>Perkins v. Mass., 138 Mass., 361.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_437'/><hi rend='bold'>437.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Inherits, Right.</hi>—Where a son inherits +from his father the right to burial in +a cemetery lot, he has the right to remove +and inter therein the bodies of his grandmother +and sister who had been buried elsewhere.<note place='foot'>Wright v. Hollywood, 112 Ga., 884; 38 S. E., 94.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='228'/><anchor id='Pg228'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_438'/><hi rend='bold'>438.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Certificate.</hi>—A certificate was issued +for the burial of Dennis Coppers in the +following form: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<lg> +<l><q rend='pre'>Office of Calvary Cemetery,</q></l> +<l>New York, December 1, 1873.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +RECEIVED from Mr. Dennis Coppers, +seventy-five dollars, being the amount of +purchase money of a plot of ground 8 feet +by 8 feet, in Calvary Cemetery. +</p> + +<lg> +<l>D. BRENNAN,</l> +<l>Superintendent of Calvary Cemetery.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +<q rend='post'>4 Graves, 5, 6, 7, 8, Plot D, Section 7, +Range 35.</q> +</p> +</quote> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_439'/><hi rend='bold'>439.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Freemason, Title, Right.</hi>—Prior to +1879, the mother, wife, and other relatives +of Coppers, who were Roman Catholics, +were buried in the lot covered by the deed +given in the last paragraph. Coppers, who +was a Freemason, died in August, 1879, and +his funeral services were held under the +auspices of the Masons from an Episcopal +church, as directed in his will. The rules +and doctrines of the Church forbid the +burial in consecrated ground of the body of +one who was not a Roman Catholic or who +was a member of the Masonic fraternity. +The Church authorities refused to allow +Coppers to be buried in the cemetery, and +application was made by his relatives for a +<pb n='229'/><anchor id='Pg229'/> +writ of mandamus to compel his interment +therein, they having deposited the necessary +money to pay all the expenses. The court +held that the certificate delivered to Coppers +was not a conveyance nor a grant and did +not vest title to the land in him, and that the +cemetery could not be compelled to execute +and deliver to him an absolute conveyance of +the lot. His only right under the certificate +was the use of the lot for burial purposes +subject to and in conformity with the established +rules and by-laws of the corporation +in so far as they were not in violation of +any law. It is the tacit understanding, +when a person applies for a burial lot in a +cemetery of the Catholic Church, that he is +either a Catholic and as such is eligible to +be buried therein, or that he applies in behalf +of those who are in communion with +the Church.<note place='foot'>People v. Trustees, 21 Hun., 184; McGuire v. St. Pat. +C. C., 3 N. Y. Sup., 781; Baltimore v. Manning, 72 Md., +116; 19 At., 599.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_440'/><hi rend='bold'>440.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Lots, Fee.</hi>—If the cemetery association +sells 400 lots to one man and makes +a conveyance in fee thereof, it is bound +thereby.<note place='foot'>Palmer v. Cypress, 122 N. Y., 429; 25 N. E., 983.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_441'/><hi rend='bold'>441.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Deed, Privilege, Heirs and Assigns.</hi>—No +formal deed is necessary to confer exclusive +right to the use of a cemetery lot for +<pb n='230'/><anchor id='Pg230'/> +burial purposes.<note place='foot'>Conger v. Weyant, 55 Hun., 605.</note> And certificates of lots +issued by a corporation convey no title to +the land, as they are not in the form necessary +to constitute a conveyance of land. +Their only effect is to grant the privilege of +interment so long as the ground continues +to be used for the purposes of burial.<note place='foot'>Baltimore v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599.</note> A +deed of a cemetery lot <q>to him, his heirs, and +assigns forever,</q> gives only an easement in +the freehold, and does not give title to the +soil, and is subject to changes made necessary +by altered circumstances.<note place='foot'>Went v. Methodist, 80 Hun., 266; Adams v. First, 148 +Mich., 140; 111 N. W., 757; 11 L. R. A., N. S., 509.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_442'/><hi rend='bold'>442.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Access, Purposes.</hi>—Title to a cemetery +lot gives the right of access to it for +the usual purposes, including putting up +monuments.<note place='foot'>Lakin v. Ames, 64 Mass., 198.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_443'/><hi rend='bold'>443.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Monuments, Inscriptions, Drunkenness, +Non-Baptized, Strangers.</hi>—The +plaintiff obtained from the defendant a deed, +which, among other things, contained the +following conditions: <q>that such lot shall +not be transferred without the consent of +the trustees; shall be subject to the regulations +made, or to be made, in the care and +management of such cemetery by the trustees, +who shall also have the right to prevent +<pb n='231'/><anchor id='Pg231'/> +the erection of offensive and improper monuments +or inscriptions thereon, and shall retain +the right to enter any lot for the removal +of anything objectionable; that no remains +shall be deposited therein for hire; +and that persons dying in drunkenness, duel, +or by self-destruction, non-baptized, non-Catholic, +or otherwise opposed to the Catholic +Church, shall not be therein interred.</q> +The plaintiff had buried his father and one +of his children in the lot, and brought his +wife's remains there for burial. Upon the +arrival of the funeral, two small coffins of +strangers, one of which bore the name <q>John +McDonald,</q> which the grave-digger had +taken up, were at the side of the grave. +There was nothing to show how those bodies +came to be buried there. The plaintiff +brought suit for damages against the cemetery +association. The court held that the +cemetery association was liable and that the +defense that it was a public charitable organization +could not be sustained.<note place='foot'>Donnelly v. Boston, 146 Mass., 163; 15 N. E., 505.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_444'/><hi rend='bold'>444.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Use, Forfeited.</hi>—When a deed is +made of land for the use of a cemetery only, +it will be forfeited by using it for a school.<note place='foot'>Rawson v. School, 89 Mass., 299.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_445'/><hi rend='bold'>445.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>By-Laws, Member, Burial.</hi>—Where +a by-law of a church association provides +<pb n='232'/><anchor id='Pg232'/> +that any member who pays one dollar to +have his name entered in the record shall +be entitled to a burial lot, a member who +had paid one dollar to the committee of the +church before the adoption of such by-law +but had ceased to be a member of +the congregation, has no right to a burial +lot.<note place='foot'>St. Johns v. Haans, 31 Pa. St., 9.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_446'/><hi rend='bold'>446.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Adverse Possession.</hi>—If the original +title to a cemetery is defective, the title +may become good by adverse possession.<note place='foot'>Dangerfield v. Williams, 26 App., S. C., 508.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_447'/><hi rend='bold'>447.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Improvements.</hi>—The owner of a +lot, unless some rule of the cemetery association +or law of the State is to the contrary, +may improve it as he sees fit so long +as he does not injure the property rights of +another.<note place='foot'>Silverwood v. Latrobe, 68 Md., 620; 13 At., 161.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_448'/><hi rend='bold'>448.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trespass, Injunction.</hi>—An action +for damages <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>quara clausum fregit</foreign>, can be +maintained by a relative against any one +who trespasses upon a grave of a person +lawfully interred.<note place='foot'>Bessimer v. Jenkins, 111 Ala., 135; 18 So., 565; 66 Am. +St. R., 26.</note> Also, a relative may +enjoin by suit in equity, on behalf of himself +and others equally interested, interference +with graves in his cemetery lot.<note place='foot'>Davidson v. Reed, 111 Ill., 167; 53 Am. R., 613; Boyce +v. Kalbough, 47 Md., 334.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='233'/><anchor id='Pg233'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_449'/><hi rend='bold'>449.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Roads, Alleys.</hi>—Most of the laws +relating to highways apply to cemetery +roads and alleys, excepting that when a +road or alley in a cemetery is vacated the +land reverts to the cemetery instead of becoming +parts of the adjoining lots.<note place='foot'>Burke v. Wall, 29 La. Ann., 38; Seymour v. Page, 33 +Conn., 61; Perkins v. Mass., 138 Mass., 361.</note> In +most of the States a road can not be laid +out through or take a part of a cemetery.<note place='foot'>Hyde Park v. Oakwoods, 119 Ill., 141; 7 N. E., 627; +Matter of Bd. of Street Opening, 133 N.Y., 329; 31 N. E., +102; 28 Am. St. E., 640 L. R. A., 180.</note> +But a public highway may be established +through a cemetery by user, the same as +over other lands.<note place='foot'>Eastern v. City of Louisville, 13 Ky. L. Rep., 279; 15 +S. W., 1117.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_450'/><hi rend='bold'>450.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Abandoned, Bodies.</hi>—When a cemetery +has been abandoned, those who have +relatives buried there may incorporate it for +preservation.<note place='foot'>Burke v. Wall, 29 La. Ann., 38; Appeal of Gumbert, +110 Pa. St., 496; 1 At, 437.</note> Also, a corporation may +change its cemetery and remove the bodies +interred therein.<note place='foot'>In re Reformed, 7 Howard's Pr., 476; Scoville v. MacMahon, +62 Conn., 378; 26 At., 479.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_451'/><hi rend='bold'>451.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Two-Family Lot, Control.</hi>—Where +a lot is owned jointly by two families, one +burying in the north half and the other in +the south half, the family burying in the +north half can not prevent the burial of a +<pb n='234'/><anchor id='Pg234'/> +member of the other family in the south half, +if entitled to be buried in that cemetery.<note place='foot'>Antrim v. Malsbury, 43 N.J. Eq., 288; 13 At., 180.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_452'/><hi rend='bold'>452.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Burying Dogs, Removal.</hi>—A person +who has a lot in a cemetery has no right +to bury any but human bodies therein, and +one who has buried a pet dog in her lot may +be compelled to remove it.<note place='foot'>Hertle v. Riddell, Ky., 106 S. W., 282; 15 L. R. A., N. +S., 796.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_453'/><hi rend='bold'>453.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Stranger, Protest, Kin.</hi>—One member +of a family can not authorize the burial +of a stranger in a family lot where his +parents are buried and against the protest of +any other relative of equal or nearer degree +of kin.<note place='foot'>Lewis v. Walker, 165 Pa. St., 30; 30 At., 500.</note> When an owner of a lot has consented +to the burial of a body therein, he +can not afterward remove the body or deface +the tombstone, and to do so would be a criminal +offense.<note place='foot'>State v. Wilson, 94 N. C., 1015.</note> When a lot is sold to one person, +the cemetery association has the right +to limit interments to members of the family +owning the lot. However, where there is +nothing concerning it in the laws or rules of +the association, it might be different.<note place='foot'>Farelly v. Metairie, 42 La. Ann., 28; 10 So., 386; Commonwealth +v. Maria, 2 Weekly Notes Cases, 244.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_454'/><hi rend='bold'>454.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Association, Bishop, Stipulation, +Certificate, License, Revocable.</hi>—The Germans +of Cincinnati formed an association +<pb n='235'/><anchor id='Pg235'/> +and purchased ten acres of land for a cemetery +<q>for German immigrants, their families, +and relatives, of Cincinnati and its vicinity, +who might be members of the Catholic +Church and in accordance with the doctrine, +discipline, usage, and ceremonies of the +same.</q> They incorporated with fifteen trustees +to be elected annually. Before he would +bless the cemetery, the bishop required and +the committee stipulated with him in writing +the following: That the rules of the Catholic +Church should always be faithfully observed +in this chiefly: First, that no one +should be buried in the ground who had not +been baptized or who died out of communion +of the Catholic Church, to which the +bishop or in his absence the clergy of the +German Catholic Church or churches, +should be the judge; second, that no poor +person should be denied a place therein because +his parents were unwilling to pay; +third, that any money accrued from the +ground should be expended for pious uses +and specifically for the relief of the German +Catholic poor; fourth, that the remains of +persons interred in Catharine Street burial-ground +might be removed to the new +ground. The bishop subsequently closed +the cemetery as a place for burial of Catholics +because the congregation had violated +<pb n='236'/><anchor id='Pg236'/> +the stipulation: <q>First, by admitting those +to burial who died out of the communion of +the Catholic Church; second, by refusing to +poor persons the right of burial; third, by +expending the funds of the association in +other than pious uses and relief of the poor.</q> +The court held that the corporation had authority +to determine that the cemetery +should continue to be used as such, but the +conditions might be enforced by any one interested.<note place='foot'>Hullman v. Honcomp, 5 Ohio St., 237.</note> +Also the question was brought +before the court in a case where a man had +fallen away from the Church, and the court +held that the certificate was a mere license +giving no property rights, and revocable; +and that the question as to whether the party +to be buried therein was in communion with +the Church, was one over which the Church +itself had exclusive jurisdiction.<note place='foot'>MacGuire v. St. Patrick's, 54 Hun., 207.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_455'/><hi rend='bold'>455.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Rules, Diocese.</hi>—One who buys the +privilege of burying his dead in a cemetery +acquires no general right of property, but +only a right to use the grounds as a place of +interment, and the rules governing a cemetery +in force at the time the privilege is +acquired measure the extent of the use. +Where a rule of the church having charge +of the cemetery forbids the burial of non-Catholics +<pb n='237'/><anchor id='Pg237'/> +therein, the bishop of the diocese +and the local priest, who according to the +usage of the church were vested with control, +had authority and power to restrain a +holder of a lot from interring the body of +his son who was not in communion with the +church at the time of his death, and who +committed suicide.<note place='foot'>Dwenger v. Geary, 113 Ind., 106; 14 N. E., 903; Nance +v. Busby, 91 Tenn., 303; 15 L. R. A., 801.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_456'/><hi rend='bold'>456.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Negroes, Indians.</hi>—The fact that a +man is a negro, Indian, or other racial +human being, is not good ground to prevent +his burial in a cemetery.<note place='foot'>Mt. Maria v. Commonwealth, 81 Pa. St., 235; 22 Am. +Rep., 743; Cemetery Co. v. Walker, 29 Ky. L. R., 1252; +97 S. W., 34; 7 L. R. A., N. S., 155.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_457'/><hi rend='bold'>457.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Will, Body, Custody.</hi>—Where no +disposition of a body has been made by will, +the surviving husband, or wife, or next of +kin, has the right to the body for the purpose +of burial. But the right of the surviving +wife or husband, if they were living together +at the time of the death of deceased, +is paramount to that of the next of kin.<note place='foot'>Larson v. Chase, 47 Minn., 307; 50 N. W., 238; 14 L. +R. A., 85; 28 Am. St. R., 370; Pettigrew v. P., 207 Pa., 313; +56 At., 878; 64 L. R. A., 179.</note> A +right to the custody of the body of a deceased +relative and to decide upon the final +place of burial where the deceased is unmarried, +<pb n='238'/><anchor id='Pg238'/> +is in his next of kin, and this right +will be protected by the courts.<note place='foot'>McEntee v. Bonacum, 66 Neb., 651; 92 N. W., 633; 66 +L. R. A., 440.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_458'/><hi rend='bold'>458.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Non-Residence, Burial.</hi>—Non-residence +does not divest a person of the right +to burial with his relatives.<note place='foot'>Hook v. Joyce, 94 Ky., 450; 22 S. W., 651; 21 L. R. +A., 96.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_459'/><hi rend='bold'>459.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>State, Vacate, Equity, Rule.</hi>—The +State may require the removal of the bodies +and vacate a cemetery without compensation +to lot owners in some extraordinary cases of +eminent domain or as a health measure.<note place='foot'>Columbus v. C., 82 Wis., 334; 52 N. W., 425; 16 L. R. +A., 695; Mt. Hope v. Boston, 158 Mass., 509; 33 N. E., +695; 35 Am. St. R., 515; Kincaid's Appeal, 66 Pa. St., 411; +5 Am. R., 377; Bessimer v. Jenkins, 111 Ala., 135; 56 Am. +St. R., 26; 18 So., 565.</note> +Courts of equity exercise some discretion in +cases that do not fall within this rule.<note place='foot'>Wilson v. Reed, 68 At., 37, N. H.; Wormley v. Wormley, +207 Ill., 411; 60 N. E., 865; 3 L. R. A., N. S., 481.</note> But +the superintendent of a cemetery has no +right to remove a child without the consent +of the father who owns the lot.<note place='foot'>Thirkfield v. Mountain, 12 Utah, 76; 41 Pac., 564; +Wright v. Hollywood, 112 Ga., 884; 38 S. E., 94; 52 L. R. +A., 621.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_460'/><hi rend='bold'>460.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Consent, Bishop, Removal.</hi>—With +the consent of deceased's husband before the +funeral, the father of deceased paid for the +lot in which his daughter wished to be +buried with her parents. Her mother being +dissatisfied with the location, the lot was +<pb n='239'/><anchor id='Pg239'/> +subsequently exchanged for another in the +same cemetery; but after preliminary arrangements +had been made, the son-in-law +applied to a court of equity for a writ restraining +the father and the bishop from +removing the body. The bishop answered +that he was willing to conform to any order +of the court. The court held that by acceding +to his wife's request and allowing her +father to bury her in the first instance, and +by standing mute while the arrangements +for the removal of the body were being +made, the husband had no right thereafter +to prevent the removal of his wife's body.<note place='foot'>Toppin v. Moriarty, 59 N. J. Eq., 115; 44 At., 469; 50 +Cen. L. J., 21.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_461'/><hi rend='bold'>461.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Court, Remove, Consent.</hi>—In a +proper case a court may grant a decree to +remove the body of a relative from one cemetery +to another.<note place='foot'>Cohen v. Cong., 99 N. Y. S., 732.</note> Otherwise no one has +the right to exhume or remove a body without +the consent of those having charge of +the cemetery and of those having the right +of burial, as consort or the next of kin. In +some States the offense is a felony.<note place='foot'>Feeley v. Andrews, 191 Mass., 313; 77 N. E., 766; State +v. McLean, 121 N. C., 589; 28 S. E., 140; 42 L. R. A., 721.</note> In +Nebraska, at least, those who have the legal +right to bury a relative may remove his body +<pb n='240'/><anchor id='Pg240'/> +from one Catholic cemetery to another without +the consent of the bishop.<note place='foot'>McEntee v. Bonacum, 66 Neb., 651; 92 N. W., 633; 66 +L. R. A., 440.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_462'/><hi rend='bold'>462.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Crime, Fraud, Exhume, Autopsy.</hi>—In +an action on an insurance policy where +there is evidence of fraud, as death by +poison, a court may order a body exhumed +for examination, although the person having +the right to control the burial of the body is +not a party to the suit.<note place='foot'>Mutual, etc., v. Griesa, 156 F., 398.</note> Public officials +have the right to disinter a body to ascertain +whether a crime has been committed.<note place='foot'>Hayes v. State, 112 Wis., 304; 87 N. W., 1076.</note> But +without a coroner's inquest or consent of the +surviving consort or next of kin, a doctor +has no right to perform an autopsy.<note place='foot'>14 L. R. A., 85; Young v. College of Physicians, 81 +Md., 358; 32 At., 177; 31 L. R. A., 540; Meyers v. Clarke, +28 Ky. L., 1000; 90 S. W., 1049; 5 L. R. A., N. S., 727.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_463'/><hi rend='bold'>463.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Tort, Corpse.</hi>—The general rule is +that an action of tort may be maintained by +the widow or next of kin for the mutilation +of a corpse or even for negligently exposing +it to the elements.<note place='foot'>Lindh v. Ry., 99 Minn., 408; 109 N. W., 823; 7 L. R. +A., N. S., 1018.</note> In a few cases the right +has been denied.<note place='foot'>Long v. Ry., 15 Oklahoma, 512; 86 Pac., 289; 6 L. R. +A., N. S., 883; Griffith v. Charlotte, 23 S. C., 25; 55 Am. +Rep., 1.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_464'/><hi rend='bold'>464.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Custodian, Burial, Mutilation.</hi>—In +the absence of a widow, a son is the lawful +<pb n='241'/><anchor id='Pg241'/> +custodian of the body of his deceased father +for preservation, representation, and burial, +and may maintain an action for unlawful +mutilation thereof. The sense of outrage +and mental suffering resulting directly from +the wilful mutilation of the body of a parent, +is a proper independent element of compensatory +damages.<note place='foot'>Koerber v. Patek, 123 Wis., 453; 102 N. W., 40; Thompson +v. State, 105 Tenn., 177; 58 S. W., 213; 80 Am. St. R., +875; 51 L. R. A., 883.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_465'/><hi rend='bold'>465.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Property in a Corpse, Mummy, Executors.</hi>—The +question of property in a +corpse has been generally denied. However, +in case of a mummy which has become an +object of curiosity, the case may be different. +Where a testator ordered his body +burned and the executor presented a bill for +£321 for doing so, the court disallowed it on +the ground that when a man is dead his next +of kin or executors have the right to dispose +of his body; but that as it is not property, a +man has no right to bequeath it for a particular +purpose.<note place='foot'>Williams v. Williams, 20 Ch. Div., 659.</note> Also, where a man was +in jail and died during his imprisonment and +the jailer refused to give up the body until +the debt was paid, the court held that there +was no property in the corpse, and therefore +there could be no lien upon it and he +must surrender it.<note place='foot'>Reg. v. Fox, 2 Q. B., 246.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='242'/><anchor id='Pg242'/> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_466'/><hi rend='bold'>466.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Rights, Duties, Body, Will.</hi>—While +there is no property in a dead body so that it +may be sold, there are rights and duties out +of which may arise tort and criminal actions. +The question of the right of a man to dispose +of his body by will is not well settled in this +country.<note place='foot'>52 Cen. L. J., 141.</note> There are many cases that hold +that a person has the right to make a binding +testamentary disposition of his own body +after death.<note place='foot'>O'Donnell v. Slack, 123 Cal., 285; 55 Pacific, 906; 43 +L. R. A., 388; Neighbors v. Neighbors, 23 Ky. L., 1433; +65 S. W., 607; Larson v. Chase, 47 Minn., 307; 50 N. W., +238; 14 L. R. A., 85.</note> But on the contrary it has +been held that one can not by his will confer +any right as to the disposition of his body.<note place='foot'>Enos v. Snyder, 131 Cal., 68; 63 Pac., 170; 82 Am. St. +R., 330; 53 L. R. A., 21.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_467'/><hi rend='bold'>467.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Monument, Fence.</hi>—Giving the right +to bury in one's cemetery lot carries with it +the right to erect a monument; but it does not +carry with it the right to fence the cemetery +lot or interfere with other graves therein. +Therefore, the monument must be of such +size and so located and erected as not to interfere +with the rights of others.<note place='foot'>Thompson v. Deeds, 93 Ia., 228; 61 N. W., 842.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_468'/><hi rend='bold'>468.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Tombstone, Mother-in-Law.</hi>—A +husband has the right to remove a tombstone +that his mother-in-law put over his wife's +grave, and put up one of his own choice +<pb n='243'/><anchor id='Pg243'/> +instead.<note place='foot'>Durrell v. Haywood, 75 Mass., 248.</note> The general rule is that vaults and +tombstones are personal property and may +be removed <q>in good faith and with care +and decency</q> by the next of kin.<note place='foot'>Boham v. Loeb, 107 Ala., 604; 18 So., 300; Hamilton v. +State, 30 Ind., 482; Partridge v. First, 39 Md., 631; Fletcher +v. Evans, 140 Mass., 24; 2 N. E., 837.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_469'/><hi rend='bold'>469.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Trees, Authority.</hi>—It is a criminal +offense to cut trees in a cemetery without +right or authority.<note place='foot'>Commonwealth v. Viall, 84 Mass., 512.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_470'/><hi rend='bold'>470.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Charitable, Institution, Negligence.</hi>—A +Catholic cemetery without capital stock +or shares and paying no profits nor dividends, +does not come under the head of a +charitable institution so as to relieve it from +liability for negligence.<note place='foot'>Donnelly v. Boston, 146 Mass., 163; 15 N. E., 505.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_471'/><hi rend='bold'>471.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Equity, Repair, Injuries.</hi>—A cemetery +association may by bill in equity be +forced to keep walks and drives in good repair +and consequently is liable for injuries +resulting from its negligence.<note place='foot'>Houston v. Drew, 13 Tex. Cir. App., 536; 36 S. W., 802.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='244'/><anchor id='Pg244'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter XXXIV. Miscellaneous</head> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_472'/><hi rend='bold'>472.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Societies, Law.</hi>—Religious societies +organized in connection with a church or +congregation are in law civil societies and +not ecclesiastical corporations, and are governed +by the law of the land. Therefore, +the law of fraternities fully covers all questions +that arise in such societies. The subject +is too comprehensive to be treated at any +length here.<note place='foot'>Robertson v. Bullions, 11 N. Y., 243.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_473'/><hi rend='bold'>473.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Society, Bishop.</hi>—A society may +expel a member on due notice and a fair +trial. The refusal of the bishop to recognize +a fraternity organized as a Roman Catholic +society, does not prevent the society and its +officers from exercising the powers of a +religious corporation conferred by law nor +prohibit its members from maintaining their +religious worship.<note place='foot'>Canadian v. Palmenter, 180 Mass., 415; 62 N. E., 740.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_474'/><hi rend='bold'>474.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Priest, Doorkeeper, Policemen, Arrest.</hi>—A +priest who was in charge of a +parish and had control of the temporalities +consisting of pew-rents, Sunday and other +<pb n='245'/><anchor id='Pg245'/> +collections, graveyard, church, school, fees, +and donations, on account of disorderly behavior +of members issued tickets to those +to be admitted and ordered a doorkeeper to +prevent others from entering the church. A +woman without a ticket and talking loudly, +endeavored to force her way into the church, +although there were several policemen on +duty who attempted to stop her. She was +arrested and her husband brought suit for +false imprisonment. The court held that a +clergyman has a right to keep disturbers out +of the church and that the doorkeepers have +a right to use sufficient force to carry out +the orders of the priest; but when a doorkeeper +went beyond those orders by causing +the arrest of the woman, he was not acting +within the apparent scope of his employment +and the priest was not liable.<note place='foot'>Barabasz v. Kabat, 86 Md., 23; 37 At., 720.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_475'/><hi rend='bold'>475.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Saloon, Church, License.</hi>—A man +owned premises that had been occupied as +a saloon from 1894. In 1896 the New York +law prohibiting saloons to be licensed within +200 feet of a church, except places where +liquor traffic had been carried on prior to +that time, was passed. In 1898 a church +was built within 200 feet of the saloon in +question. After the building of the church, +the saloon was vacated for about ten days +<pb n='246'/><anchor id='Pg246'/> +during a change of saloonkeepers, and an +action was brought to revoke the license of +the new saloonkeeper. The court held that +the incidental interruption of the business +did not bring the place within the prohibition +of the law, and that the license could +not be revoked.<note place='foot'>In re Hawkins, 165 N. Y., 188; 58 N. E., 884.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_476'/><hi rend='bold'>476.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Y. M. C. A.</hi>—The Y. M. C. A. on +account of giving lunches, lectures, and +having a gymnasium, for which charges are +made, is not a charitable institution so as to +be exempt from liability in case of negligence. +Property is exempt only when used +for exempt purposes exclusively.<note place='foot'>Chapin v. Holyoke, 165 Mass., 280; 42 N. E., 1130; Am. +& Eng. Cyc. of L., <q>Taxation.</q></note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_477'/><hi rend='bold'>477.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Students, Vote, Residence.</hi>—Students +at a seminary studying for the priesthood +do not thereby lose their residence at +their homes and are not entitled to vote +where a college is located. The fact that +they intend to remain for four years, become +clergymen, and then go to wherever they +may be called, does not give them the right +of residence, and there is no distinction between +them and any other students away +from home at school.<note place='foot'>In re Barry, 164 N. Y., 18; 58 N. E., 12.</note> However, a student +of full age might become a voter in the college +<pb n='247'/><anchor id='Pg247'/> +precinct if he has no other fixed domicile.<note place='foot'>American Law of Electors, McCrary, sec. 41.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_478'/><hi rend='bold'>478.</hi> <hi rend='italic'><q>My Wife, Anna Jones,</q> Divorce, +Insurance.</hi>—A bequest or devise to <q>my +wife, Anna Jones,</q> is not changed by a divorce +without some evidence to prove that +the testator did not intend his divorced wife +to share in his estate, unless the judgment +of divorce made a division of the property. +The same is true of a policy of insurance or +benefit certificate. However, there are exceptions +that weaken the rule and make its +application in some States uncertain.<note place='foot'>Lansing v. Haynes, 95 Mich., 16; 54 N. W., 699; Baacke +v. Baacke, 50 Neb., 18; 69 N., 303; Jones, Jr., estate, 211 +Pa., 364; 60 At., 915; 69 L. R. A., 940; White v. B. of +A. Y., 124 Ia., 293; 99 N. W., 1071; 66 L. R. A., 164.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_479'/><hi rend='bold'>479.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Bells, Sick, Injunction.</hi>—On the +complaint of an injured person, a court will +issue an injunction restraining the ringing +of church, convent, or other bells, at unusual +hours or when their noise is injurious to the +sick, or when their vibration affects other +premises. As the law of nuisances applies +in such cases, an exact statement of when +the court should issue the injunction or +whether the injunction should be temporary +or perpetual, can not be given; but when +the personal or property rights of others +<pb n='248'/><anchor id='Pg248'/> +are affected, an injunction may be granted. +The fact that the bells are chimes or part +of a clock does not change the rule.<note place='foot'>Rogers v. Elliott, 146 Mass., 349; 15 N. E., 768; Davis +v. Sawyer, 133 Mass., 289; 43 Am. R., 519; Harrison v. +St. Mark's, 12 Phil., 259; Soltau v. DeHeld, 9 Eng. L. & +E., 104; Leete v. Pilgrim Cong. Ch., 14 Mo. App., 590.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_480'/><hi rend='bold'>480.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Marriage, Impediments, Recording.</hi>—Legal +marriage may be contracted only +between unmarried persons not related +within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity +or affinity, of lawful age and sufficient +mental and physical capacity. Statutes +vary greatly. In some States affinity is not +considered a legal objection and first cousins +may marry; in others, both are prohibited +and other limitations of relationship, race, +and color are fixed, and registration of the +clergymen and licenses to wed are required. +Also, the clergyman must report the marriage +promptly to the proper office. Fines, +penalties, and imprisonment are usually provided +for violating the law. Informal +marriages may or may not be voidable or +void.<note place='foot'>Osborne v. Osborne, New York, Sept. 12, 1908; Landry +v. Bellanger, 45 So., 956; 15 L. R. A., N. S., 463; Lawson +v. Lawson, 30 Tex. Civ. App., 43; 69 S. W., 246; +Schmitt v. Schneider, 109 Ga., 628; 35 S. E., 145.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_481'/><hi rend='bold'>481.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Charivari, Wedding Pranks.</hi>—Charivari, +assaults, and disorderly conduct +are unlawful at all times, and can not be +<pb n='249'/><anchor id='Pg249'/> +justified by custom.<note place='foot'>14 Cyc, 466.</note> A newly wedded man +who was serenaded (charivaried) by his +neighbors by firing guns, blowing horns, +beating pans, rattling horse-fiddles, etc., +after ordering the rioters off fired into the +crowd and wounded one of them. On trial +for assault with intent to kill, the groom was +acquitted. Shooting might not be justifiable +in cases where less potent agencies, +such as a horsewhip or dogs, are sufficient, +or where the immediate protection of person +or property does not call for it. The law +should be invoked when no exigency for +force exists.<note place='foot'>Minagham v. State, 77 Wis., 643; 46 N. W., 894; Gilmore +v. Fuller, 198 Ill., 130; 65 N. E., 84.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_482'/><hi rend='bold'>482.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Infallibility of Courts.</hi>—When a +question of law at issue in a case is duly +presented to a supreme court which is the +court of last resort, its decision thereon becomes +<q>the law of the case</q> and is thereafter +binding upon the court itself and all +the courts inferior to it; and no matter how +often that identical case may come before +the court on subsequent appeals, the questions +already decided therein will not be reconsidered. +It is interesting to compare this +principle of our courts with Papal +<pb n='250'/><anchor id='Pg250'/> +infallibility.<note place='foot'>Am. & Eng. Ency. of L., <q>Stara decisis,</q> <q>Res judicata</q>; +67 Central L. Journal, 255; Pautz v. Plankinton, +126 Wis., 37; 105 N. W., 482; Whittaker v. Mich. M. L. +Ins. Co., 83 N. E., 899.</note> Courts do not always adhere to the +rule.<note place='foot'>Bonacum v. Murphy, 71 Neb., 463; 104 N. W., 180.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<anchor id='Para_483'/><hi rend='bold'>483.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Money Stolen, Bailed or Loaned, +Insolvency, Gifts.</hi>—Property stolen by A. +or left with him as bailee to be returned in +specie, can not be given away by him for +charity. Also, when a man is insolvent he +has no right to give away any of his property.<note place='foot'>U. S. Bankruptcy Act, sec. 1, sub-sec. 25.</note> +That has been the rule of law since +Coke laid down the maxim: <q>A man must +be just before he is generous.</q> One is insolvent +when his debts exceed the value of +his unexempt property.<note place='foot'>20 Cyc, 457.</note> When an insolvent +debtor makes a gift, a creditor may +sue and recover from the donee; or in a +proper case the creditor may force the +debtor into bankruptcy to recover the gift.<note place='foot'>20 Cyc, 1243; Insolvent Corporations, Wait, sec. 637.</note> +The want of knowledge or good faith of the +donee is immaterial and no defense to an +action to recover the property.<note place='foot'>20 Cyc, 469.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='251'/><anchor id='Pg251'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Index</head> + +<p> +The References Are To The Sections. +</p> + +<lg> +<l>A</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Abandoned cemetery, <ref target='Para_449'>449</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>property reverts, <ref target='Para_295'>295</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Accepting a draft, officer, <ref target='Para_162'>162</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Access to cemetery, right of, <ref target='Para_442'>442</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Account, officers must, <ref target='Para_297'>297</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Action in church tribunal, <ref target='Para_86'>86</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>for expulsion, <ref target='Para_137'>137</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>unincorporated party, <ref target='Para_217'>217</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slander by deceased, <ref target='Para_382'>382</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Acts of majority, when void, <ref target='Para_177'>177</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Adjournment, <ref target='Para_181'>181</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Adoption of children, <ref target='Para_367'>367</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Adoration, <ref target='Para_29'>29</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Adverse possession, cemetery, <ref target='Para_446'>446</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>church property, <ref target='Para_257'>257</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aid from Government, <ref target='Para_46'>46</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Agent, priest of bishop, <ref target='Para_270'>270</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alabama, bequest for Masses, <ref target='Para_316'>316</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ambiguity, proof clearing, <ref target='Para_326'>326</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ambiguous provision, proof, <ref target='Para_272'>272</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>America, civil and common law, <ref target='Para_17'>17</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Anonymous letter not privileged, <ref target='Para_224'>224</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Answer of priest as witness, <ref target='Para_222'>222</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Appeal, church tribunal, <ref target='Para_86'>86</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>right of, <ref target='Para_206'>206</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Application, for cemetery, <ref target='Para_427'>427</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Appointed officers, <ref target='Para_121'>121</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Appropriation for hospital, <ref target='Para_44'>44</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>can not be from taxes, <ref target='Para_335'>335</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>indirect, <ref target='Para_335'>335</ref>, <ref target='Para_46'>46</ref>, <ref target='Para_28'>28</ref>, <ref target='Para_375'>375</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Argument when privileged, <ref target='Para_387'>387</ref>, <ref target='Para_386'>386</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arrears, pew rent, membership, <ref target='Para_250'>250</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arrest, authority, damages, <ref target='Para_474'>474</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Assault and battery, <ref target='Para_387'>387</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Assessment, of pews, <ref target='Para_243'>243</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of cemetery void, <ref target='Para_293'>293</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Assistance to enforce order, <ref target='Para_356'>356</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Association, discipline, bishop, <ref target='Para_454'>454</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Attainder, not lawful, <ref target='Para_36'>36</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Attendance, test of membership, <ref target='Para_144'>144</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Authority in ancient nations, <ref target='Para_3'>3</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>inferior must obey, <ref target='Para_85'>85</ref>, <ref target='Para_93'>93</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>use of force by priest, <ref target='Para_100'>100</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>court may decide contested, <ref target='Para_112'>112</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of priest as to cemetery, <ref target='Para_281'>281</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of sexton in church, <ref target='Para_314'>314</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of teacher outside of school, <ref target='Para_355'>355</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to cut trees in cemetery, <ref target='Para_469'>469</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Autopsy, authority to make, <ref target='Para_462'>462</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>B</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bankruptcy, church, <ref target='Para_302'>302</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bailee, gift of, <ref target='Para_483'>483</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>donor, <ref target='Para_483'>483</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ballot'/> +<l>Ballot, when required, <ref target='Para_149'>149</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='252'/><anchor id='Pg252'/> + +<lg> +<l>Baptism, how to record, <ref target='Para_191'>191</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bells, ringing a nuisance, <ref target='Para_479'>479</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Benefit, work for, on Sunday, <ref target='Para_409'>409</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Benefit of the Clergy,</q> <ref target='Para_10'>10</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bequest, legatees, religion, <ref target='Para_136'>136</ref>, <ref target='Para_320'>320</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>purpose of enforceable, <ref target='Para_284'>284</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>laws of state control, <ref target='Para_306'>306</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consent of heirs to change, <ref target='Para_313'>313</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mistake may not defeat, <ref target='Para_317'>317</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Birth, how record kept, <ref target='Para_191'>191</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Bible'/> +<l>Bible in schools, <ref target='Para_29'>29</ref>, <ref target='Para_49'>49</ref>, <ref target='Para_218'>218</ref>, <ref target='Para_347'>347</ref>, <ref target='Para_348'>348</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>constitution of sect, <ref target='Para_127'>127</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>constitutional rights, <ref target='Para_350'>350</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Indian schools, <ref target='Para_375'>375</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bigamy, unconstitutional, <ref target='Para_38'>38</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>charge of, slander, <ref target='Para_384'>384</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bishop, superior authority, <ref target='Para_81'>81</ref>, <ref target='Para_83'>83</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>subject to Pope, <ref target='Para_82'>82</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>discipline of priest, <ref target='Para_99'>99</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>church debts, <ref target='Para_169'>169</ref>, <ref target='Para_261'>261</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>removal of priest, <ref target='Para_199'>199</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>deed of church land, <ref target='Para_287'>287</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>control over cemetery, <ref target='Para_454'>454</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>removal of bodies, <ref target='Para_460'>460</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>societies, control of, <ref target='Para_473'>473</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bishop's residence, taxes, <ref target='Para_331'>331</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Blasphemy, a crime, <ref target='Para_405'>405</ref>, <ref target='Para_218'>218</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Blessed Virgin, <ref target='Para_406'>406</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Board acts as body only, <ref target='Para_360'>360</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>authority outside of school, <ref target='Para_355'>355</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bodies, change of cemeteries, <ref target='Para_450'>450</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>custody of deed, <ref target='Para_457'>457</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>disposing by will, <ref target='Para_466'>466</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>property in, <ref target='Para_465'>465</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bologna, law school of, <ref target='Para_14'>14</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Burned church, land title, <ref target='Para_294'>294</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Building, liability of members, <ref target='Para_56'>56</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>subscriptions for, <ref target='Para_275'>275</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>committee, liability, <ref target='Para_170'>170</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>contracts, liability, <ref target='Para_233'>233</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Burial, right of, <ref target='Para_113'>113</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>regulations, <ref target='Para_429'>429</ref>, <ref target='Para_445'>445</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>non-resident, <ref target='Para_458'>458</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>right to control, <ref target='Para_464'>464</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Burying dogs in cemetery, <ref target='Para_452'>452</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Business, religion, <ref target='Para_110'>110</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>notice of meeting, <ref target='Para_176'>176</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>law will enforce, <ref target='Para_230'>230</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Sunday, <ref target='Para_408'>408</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>or property, libel of, <ref target='Para_394'>394</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>By-laws of sects and church, <ref target='Para_22'>22</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>govern elections, <ref target='Para_148'>148</ref>, <ref target='Para_152'>152</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>subject to state law, <ref target='Para_153'>153</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>control officers, <ref target='Para_153'>153</ref>, <ref target='Para_159'>159</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>amending, <ref target='Para_252'>252</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of cemetery association, <ref target='Para_445'>445</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>C</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>California missions, <ref target='Para_268'>268</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Canon Law, analysis, <ref target='Para_6'>6</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Canons of the church, title, <ref target='Para_280'>280</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Casting vote, chairman, <ref target='Para_186'>186</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Catholic Church, corporation, <ref target='Para_58'>58</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>control of pews in, <ref target='Para_239'>239</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>free pews, reformation, <ref target='Para_237'>237</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>discipline, suits, <ref target='Para_208'>208</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cemetery, authority over, <ref target='Para_281'>281</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>assessment for taxes, <ref target='Para_293'>293</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Indian, <ref target='Para_372'>372</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Certificate, cemetery lot, <ref target='Para_438'>438</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>conditions of, <ref target='Para_454'>454</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of election, effect of, <ref target='Para_157'>157</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Certified copies as evidence, <ref target='Para_192'>192</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Challenge of voter, <ref target='Para_147'>147</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>waiver of, <ref target='Para_186'>186</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Chances,</q> <q>fairs,</q> unlawful, <ref target='Para_420'>420</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='253'/><anchor id='Pg253'/> + +<lg> +<l>Change of use of land, <ref target='Para_53'>53</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of church government, <ref target='Para_67'>67</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>name of church, <ref target='Para_69'>69</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>doctrine, membership, <ref target='Para_289'>289</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burial place, <ref target='Para_450'>450</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Charge for services, <ref target='Para_166'>166</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Charges against member, <ref target='Para_202'>202</ref>, <ref target='Para_389'>389</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Charitable institutions, <ref target='Para_333'>333</ref>, <ref target='Para_338'>338</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>liability, <ref target='Para_470'>470</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>trust, trustee, <ref target='Para_325'>325</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Charity, definition of, <ref target='Para_328'>328</ref>, <ref target='Para_409'>409</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Elks, Masons, <ref target='Para_333'>333</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of debtor, <ref target='Para_483'>483</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Charivari, unlawful, <ref target='Para_481'>481</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Charter limits corporation, <ref target='Para_153'>153</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by-laws under, <ref target='Para_252'>252</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>real estate, <ref target='Para_339'>339</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of cemetery, <ref target='Para_428'>428</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chastisement, by teacher, <ref target='Para_354'>354</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Child, rights, duties, <ref target='Para_361'>361</ref>, <ref target='Para_370'>370</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expelling from school, <ref target='Para_352'>352</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>religion of, <ref target='Para_365'>365</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>out of school, <ref target='Para_352'>352</ref>, <ref target='Para_355'>355</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Christian Healer,</q> consent to <ref target='Para_417'>417</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Christian Scientist,</q> manslaughter, <ref target='Para_42'>42</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Christians, who, are, <ref target='Para_24'>24</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Church, definition, <ref target='Para_20'>20</ref>, <ref target='Para_23'>23</ref>, <ref target='Para_24'>24</ref>, <ref target='Para_398'>398</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>secession, heresy, <ref target='Para_70'>70</ref>, <ref target='Para_126'>126</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>debts of, bishop, <ref target='Para_169'>169</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>removal of, authority, <ref target='Para_275'>275</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buildings, use of, <ref target='Para_276'>276</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>majority control, <ref target='Para_289'>289</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Indian churches, <ref target='Para_372'>372</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>personal property, when, <ref target='Para_299'>299</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and state, <ref target='Para_15'>15</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>records, evidence, <ref target='Para_191'>191</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>births, baptisms, <ref target='Para_191'>191</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>when libelous, <ref target='Para_381'>381</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>tribunals, authority, <ref target='Para_216'>216</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Church of Latter Day Saints,</q> <ref target='Para_39'>39</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Citizens, clergy as, <ref target='Para_92'>92</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Indians, states, <ref target='Para_371'>371</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Civil rights, procedure, <ref target='Para_207'>207</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>state protects, <ref target='Para_210'>210</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>law, Florida, Louisiana, <ref target='Para_17'>17</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clerk of church board, authority, <ref target='Para_177'>177</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clergy, bishop may change, <ref target='Para_83'>83</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>exemptions of, <ref target='Para_103'>103</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>salaries, <ref target='Para_106'>106</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clergyman, definition, <ref target='Para_31'>31</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>duties and rights, <ref target='Para_92'>92</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>privileged evidence, <ref target='Para_224'>224</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>undue influence, <ref target='Para_318'>318</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>disciplinary rights, <ref target='Para_386'>386</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Closing church, <ref target='Para_213'>213</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Color of title, possession, <ref target='Para_257'>257</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Collateral attack, <ref target='Para_307'>307</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Commissioner of Indian schools, <ref target='Para_375'>375</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Common law and the church, <ref target='Para_12'>12</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>crimes under, <ref target='Para_401'>401</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Communicants, membership, <ref target='Para_144'>144</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Competent witness, <ref target='Para_220'>220</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Complaint, allegations, <ref target='Para_215'>215</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Conditions, <ref target='Para_436'>436</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Confessions, privacy, <ref target='Para_100'>100</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>not evidence, <ref target='Para_221'>221</ref>, <ref target='Para_226'>226</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>non-sacramental, <ref target='Para_223'>223</ref>, <ref target='Para_224'>224</ref>, <ref target='Para_225'>225</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>witness, privilege, <ref target='Para_222'>222</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Confidential communications, libel, <ref target='Para_377'>377</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Congregation, authority in, <ref target='Para_65'>65</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>insubordinate, <ref target='Para_90'>90</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Conscience, Bible, law, <ref target='Para_350'>350</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Consent, to hold meeting, <ref target='Para_179'>179</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to sell or mortgage, <ref target='Para_264'>264</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>daughter becoming nun, <ref target='Para_366'>366</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to <q>Christian Healer,</q> <ref target='Para_417'>417</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to location of cemetery, <ref target='Para_427'>427</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bishop's to remove body, <ref target='Para_460'>460</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>court may, <ref target='Para_461'>461</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Consideration, good, <ref target='Para_234'>234</ref>, <ref target='Para_236'>236</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='254'/><anchor id='Pg254'/> + +<lg> +<l>Constantine, Christians, <ref target='Para_9'>9</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constitution of a church, <ref target='Para_21'>21</ref>, <ref target='Para_81'>81</ref>, <ref target='Para_88'>88</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of U. S. and Church, <ref target='Para_45'>45</ref>, <ref target='Para_68'>68</ref>, <ref target='Para_127'>127</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>members, Bible, <ref target='Para_127'>127</ref>, <ref target='Para_350'>350</ref>, <ref target='Para_358'>358</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Consolidation of churches, <ref target='Para_73'>73</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Contests, how settled, <ref target='Para_158'>158</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>suit for bequest, <ref target='Para_319'>319</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to hold meeting, <ref target='Para_179'>179</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Contracts, with churches, <ref target='Para_46'>46</ref>, <ref target='Para_335'>335</ref>, <ref target='Para_345'>345</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>binding members, <ref target='Para_59'>59</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>State courts enforce, <ref target='Para_292'>292</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Sunday, <ref target='Para_410'>410</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Contributions to deposed priest, <ref target='Para_104'>104</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>right to enjoy, <ref target='Para_310'>310</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Control of business of church, <ref target='Para_72'>72</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>vests in corporation, <ref target='Para_73'>73</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>doctrine and discipline, <ref target='Para_122'>122</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>under state law, <ref target='Para_155'>155</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>board of trustees, <ref target='Para_161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Para_279'>279</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>societies' collections, <ref target='Para_274'>274</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cemetery, joint lot, <ref target='Para_451'>451</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Controversy, submission of, <ref target='Para_97'>97</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Convent, consent of parents, <ref target='Para_366'>366</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Conditions, what are binding, <ref target='Para_75'>75</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>pews, lease, sale, <ref target='Para_242'>242</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bequests, deeds, <ref target='Para_284'>284</ref>, <ref target='Para_313'>313</ref>, <ref target='Para_321'>321</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>quit claim of heirs, <ref target='Para_286'>286</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Corporation, members, <ref target='Para_253'>253</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bequests to religious, <ref target='Para_306'>306</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>name, error, <ref target='Para_317'>317</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Corpse, burial, mutilation, <ref target='Para_463'>463</ref>, <ref target='Para_466'>466</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Corrective authority over wife, <ref target='Para_370'>370</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Councils of Church, <ref target='Para_378'>378</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Counsel in church tribunal, <ref target='Para_200'>200</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Courts, state, <ref target='Para_60'>60</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>church and state, <ref target='Para_216'>216</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>do not decide doctrine, <ref target='Para_311'>311</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>religion of child, <ref target='Para_365'>365</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Court of equity, church title, <ref target='Para_212'>212</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Creditors, securing, <ref target='Para_263'>263</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>gifts of debtor, <ref target='Para_483'>483</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bankruptcy, <ref target='Para_302'>302</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Creed, state courts, <ref target='Para_211'>211</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Crime, polygamy, <ref target='Para_40'>40</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>church tribunal, <ref target='Para_292'>292</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>charging, slander, <ref target='Para_388'>388</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sins distinguished, <ref target='Para_396'>396</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>blasphemy is a, <ref target='Para_405'>405</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>autopsy to detect, <ref target='Para_462'>462</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Criticisms of clergy, <ref target='Para_385'>385</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cruel chastisement unlawful, <ref target='Para_354'>354</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Curate, appointment of, <ref target='Para_53'>53</ref>, <ref target='Para_96'>96</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>salary of, <ref target='Para_108'>108</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Custody of children, <ref target='Para_361'>361</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of wife, <ref target='Para_369'>369</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of corpse, <ref target='Para_457'>457</ref>, <ref target='Para_464'>464</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Custom of church, meetings, <ref target='Para_180'>180</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cy-pres doctrine abrogated, <ref target='Para_325'>325</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>D</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Damages, property destroyed in riot, <ref target='Para_52'>52</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expulsion from society, <ref target='Para_188'>188</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Death, record, proof, <ref target='Para_191'>191</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Debts, unincorporated body, <ref target='Para_54'>54</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>may be limited by law, <ref target='Para_74'>74</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>permission to incur, <ref target='Para_101'>101</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>individual liability, <ref target='Para_117'>117</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>seceders liable for, <ref target='Para_126'>126</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bishop's liability, <ref target='Para_169'>169</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mortgage, <ref target='Para_261'>261</ref>, <ref target='Para_263'>263</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>power to settle, <ref target='Para_263'>263</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Decisions of church court, <ref target='Para_88'>88</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in submitted case, <ref target='Para_97'>97</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>appeal from church, <ref target='Para_206'>206</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>final in doctrine, <ref target='Para_209'>209</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deed by order of court, <ref target='Para_254'>254</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>description of grantee, <ref target='Para_259'>259</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to bishop, effect, <ref target='Para_262'>262</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in priest's name, <ref target='Para_267'>267</ref>, <ref target='Para_270'>270</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>conditions in, <ref target='Para_284'>284</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cemetery lot, <ref target='Para_41'>41</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>form cemetery deed, <ref target='Para_438'>438</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='255'/><anchor id='Pg255'/> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>De facto</hi> officers, acts, <ref target='Para_165'>165</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Defenses, law, canon law, <ref target='Para_8'>8</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deficiency judgment, <ref target='Para_232'>232</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Definitions, <ref target='Para_20'>20</ref>, <ref target='Para_34'>34</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>excommunication, <ref target='Para_131'>131</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Delegated authority, <ref target='Para_82'>82</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deposed clergymen, donations to, <ref target='Para_104'>104</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Devise on condition of faith, <ref target='Para_135'>135</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>uncertainty of, <ref target='Para_271'>271</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of cemetery lot, <ref target='Para_435'>435</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Diocese, state law in, <ref target='Para_51'>51</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>title of church, <ref target='Para_266'>266</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>rules for cemeteries, <ref target='Para_455'>455</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Directors and Bible, <ref target='Para_347'>347</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Direct payment of tax to church, <ref target='Para_345'>345</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Disability of members, <ref target='Para_57'>57</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Discretion of officers, <ref target='Para_167'>167</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Disease from cemetery, <ref target='Para_434'>434</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Discipline and officers, <ref target='Para_63'>63</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bishop may enforce, <ref target='Para_83'>83</ref>, <ref target='Para_89'>89</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>members subject to, <ref target='Para_90'>90</ref>, <ref target='Para_381'>381</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>inferior authority, <ref target='Para_308'>308</ref>, <ref target='Para_381'>381</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>tribunals of church, <ref target='Para_386'>386</ref>, <ref target='Para_396'>396</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>physical, unlawful, <ref target='Para_387'>387</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dismissal of clergyman, <ref target='Para_109'>109</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Disqualified to hold office, <ref target='Para_134'>134</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dissolution of congregation, <ref target='Para_73'>73</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>funds of church, <ref target='Para_78'>78</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>resulting trust, <ref target='Para_327'>327</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Disturbances at church, <ref target='Para_213'>213</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>crime, punishment, <ref target='Para_397'>397</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Disturbing a religious meeting, <ref target='Para_400'>400</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Diverted trust fund, <ref target='Para_298'>298</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Division of church, <ref target='Para_129'>129</ref>, <ref target='Para_276'>276</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>title to property, <ref target='Para_290'>290</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Divorce, legacy, insurance, <ref target='Para_478'>478</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Doctor, necessary, <ref target='Para_416'>416</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Doctrine of church, <ref target='Para_21'>21</ref>, <ref target='Para_25'>25</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>change of effect, <ref target='Para_53'>53</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>condition in deed, <ref target='Para_278'>278</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>pewholders must not dictate, <ref target='Para_309'>309</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>discipline, <ref target='Para_93'>93</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dog, burying in cemetery, <ref target='Para_452'>452</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Domicile of family, <ref target='Para_370'>370</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Donation conditioned, <ref target='Para_41'>41</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Donor, religion, proof, <ref target='Para_272'>272</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Doorkeeper, exceeding order, <ref target='Para_474'>474</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Drunkenness, dying in, <ref target='Para_443'>443</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Duties of adopted parents, <ref target='Para_367'>367</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Indian inspectors, <ref target='Para_373'>373</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to bury dead, <ref target='Para_466'>466</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dwelling, priest as servant, <ref target='Para_98'>98</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of family husband's, <ref target='Para_370'>370</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cemetery near, <ref target='Para_430'>430</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>E</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Early Christians, law, <ref target='Para_7'>7</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Easement, title, cemetery lot, <ref target='Para_435'>435</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ecclesiastical corporations, <ref target='Para_26'>26</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>court, <ref target='Para_10'>10</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>matters, courts, <ref target='Para_209'>209</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Education for priesthood, <ref target='Para_324'>324</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of children, control, <ref target='Para_343'>343</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Elks, <ref target='Para_333'>333</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>England and Roman law, <ref target='Para_16'>16</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>confession privileged, <ref target='Para_226'>226</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>English law, <ref target='Para_17'>17</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Entries in church records, <ref target='Para_189'>189</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Equity, priest's salary, <ref target='Para_301'>301</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cemetery, corpses, <ref target='Para_459'>459</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cemetery repairs, <ref target='Para_471'>471</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Error in deed, <ref target='Para_260'>260</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>latent in devise, <ref target='Para_326'>326</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Established church, <ref target='Para_18'>18</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Establishment of religion, <ref target='Para_37'>37</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Estates, ecclesiastical courts, <ref target='Para_11'>11</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='256'/><anchor id='Pg256'/> + +<lg> +<l>Evidence of incorporation, <ref target='Para_64'>64</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>parish books, <ref target='Para_189'>189</ref>, <ref target='Para_191'>191</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>certified copies, <ref target='Para_192'>192</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>parol evidence, <ref target='Para_273'>273</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>privileged questions, <ref target='Para_221'>221</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Excommunication, authority, <ref target='Para_87'>87</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>minor is lawful, <ref target='Para_87'>87</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>non-tolerati</hi> is unlawful, <ref target='Para_87'>87</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>legal effect, <ref target='Para_167'>167</ref>, <ref target='Para_136'>136</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>libel and slander, <ref target='Para_381'>381</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Excuse, drunkenness, <ref target='Para_407'>407</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Executors, pew rent, <ref target='Para_249'>249</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>custody of corpse, <ref target='Para_465'>465</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Exemptions to clergy, attachment, execution, <ref target='Para_118'>118</ref>, <ref target='Para_432'>432</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Exempt church property, <ref target='Para_329'>329</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>execution, <ref target='Para_432'>432</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Exhume, crime, fraud, <ref target='Para_462'>462</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Expelled, excommunicated, <ref target='Para_87'>87</ref>, <ref target='Para_120'>120</ref>, <ref target='Para_167'>167</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Expulsion, right of church, <ref target='Para_137'>137</ref>, <ref target='Para_139'>139</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>minority, <ref target='Para_141'>141</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>from society, <ref target='Para_188'>188</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Exercise, religion in school, <ref target='Para_29'>29</ref>, <ref target='Para_346'>346</ref>; see <q><ref target='Index-Bible'>Bible</ref>.</q></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>F</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Facilities for negro education, <ref target='Para_358'>358</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Factions trying each other, <ref target='Para_112'>112</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>property of, <ref target='Para_211'>211</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Fairs</q> are unlawful, <ref target='Para_420'>420</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fair trial is natural right, <ref target='Para_202'>202</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Faith, dying in, burial, <ref target='Para_113'>113</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>member must conform, <ref target='Para_142'>142</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>False statements, slander, <ref target='Para_223'>223</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>imprisonment, <ref target='Para_387'>387</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by clergymen, libel, <ref target='Para_388'>388</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Family domicile, <ref target='Para_370'>370</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Father, duties and rights, <ref target='Para_361'>361</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>custody of child, <ref target='Para_361'>361</ref>, <ref target='Para_362'>362</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>married child, <ref target='Para_369'>369</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fee, title in, when, <ref target='Para_262'>262</ref>, <ref target='Para_440'>440</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fees of priest, <ref target='Para_105'>105</ref>, <ref target='Para_106'>106</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fence in cemetery, <ref target='Para_467'>467</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fishing on Sunday, <ref target='Para_408'>408</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Force to subdue pupil, <ref target='Para_356'>356</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to expel disturber, <ref target='Para_403'>403</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>remove trespasser, <ref target='Para_248'>248</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Foreign language, <ref target='Para_124'>124</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Forfeiture of membership, <ref target='Para_61'>61</ref>, <ref target='Para_138'>138</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>provision in will as to, <ref target='Para_285'>285</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by use excepted, <ref target='Para_444'>444</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fraternity, members' faith, <ref target='Para_136'>136</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>excommunication of member, <ref target='Para_136'>136</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fraud, false <q>prophet</q>, <ref target='Para_171'>171</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>insurance, autopsy, <ref target='Para_462'>462</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Free church seats, regulation, <ref target='Para_248'>248</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Freedom of worship, <ref target='Para_142'>142</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Free exercise of religion, <ref target='Para_37'>37</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Freemason, burial of, <ref target='Para_439'>439</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Funds, of church, <ref target='Para_58'>58</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>dissolved church, <ref target='Para_78'>78</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>division of unlawful, <ref target='Para_129'>129</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>lien on, for money paid, <ref target='Para_267'>267</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diverting from use, <ref target='Para_298'>298</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Funeral expenses, <ref target='Para_229'>229</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>on Sunday, <ref target='Para_411'>411</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Future uses, devise, <ref target='Para_323'>323</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>G</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gambling, <ref target='Para_420'>420</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>General laws, corporations, <ref target='Para_62'>62</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gifts of a bankrupt, <ref target='Para_483'>483</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>God, belief, public office, <ref target='Para_48'>48</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>crimes against, <ref target='Para_406'>406</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Good faith, libel, slander, <ref target='Para_383'>383</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gratian, jurist, <ref target='Para_13'>13</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gratuitous services, <ref target='Para_337'>337</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Guardianship, ecclesiastical, <ref target='Para_11'>11</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>religion of ward, <ref target='Para_365'>365</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='257'/><anchor id='Pg257'/> + +<lg> +<l>H</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Harmony, want of, <ref target='Para_290'>290</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hearing, fair trial, <ref target='Para_139'>139</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>evidence, <ref target='Para_202'>202</ref>, <ref target='Para_219'>219</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hearsay evidence, <ref target='Para_202'>202</ref>, <ref target='Para_219'>219</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Heirs and assigns, cemetery, <ref target='Para_441'>441</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Heresy, legal status, <ref target='Para_312'>312</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hold over officers, <ref target='Para_150'>150</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hospitals, public money, <ref target='Para_44'>44</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>not taxable, <ref target='Para_331'>331</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hostile to religion, <ref target='Para_41'>41</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hypocrite, slander, <ref target='Para_389'>389</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>I</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Identity of name or party, <ref target='Para_256'>256</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Illegal action, void, <ref target='Para_141'>141</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Illegitimate, custody, <ref target='Para_362'>362</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Immoral character, child, <ref target='Para_352'>352</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Impediments, marriage, <ref target='Para_480'>480</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Imprisonment, false, <ref target='Para_387'>387</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Improvements, cemetery lot, <ref target='Para_447'>447</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Income perquisites, <ref target='Para_105'>105</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Incorporated, liability, <ref target='Para_119'>119</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>powers, purposes, <ref target='Para_125'>125</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>charter, by-laws, <ref target='Para_154'>154</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Incorporation of church, <ref target='Para_62'>62</ref>, <ref target='Para_64'>64</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>congregation, <ref target='Para_65'>65</ref>, <ref target='Para_77'>77</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Incorporeal hereditament, pew, <ref target='Para_238'>238</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Independent society, status, <ref target='Para_124'>124</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Indians, wards, citizens, <ref target='Para_371'>371</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Indigent soldiers, tombstones, <ref target='Para_424'>424</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Induction, informal, <ref target='Para_96'>96</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Infallibility, judges, <ref target='Para_482'>482</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>comparisons, <ref target='Para_482'>482</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Infancy, marriage, convent, <ref target='Para_366'>366</ref>, <ref target='Para_368'>368</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Inherits, right of burial, <ref target='Para_437'>437</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Injunction, <ref target='Para_479'>479</ref>, <ref target='Para_448'>448</ref>, <ref target='Para_312'>312</ref>, <ref target='Para_213'>213</ref>, <ref target='Para_140'>140</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Injuries, liability, <ref target='Para_471'>471</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Innovations of doctrine, <ref target='Para_308'>308</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Insane, libel, slander, <ref target='Para_383'>383</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Inscriptions, offensive, <ref target='Para_443'>443</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Inspectors of election, <ref target='Para_186'>186</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Indian schools, <ref target='Para_373'>373</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Institutions, charitable, <ref target='Para_328'>328</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>damage suits, <ref target='Para_336'>336</ref>, <ref target='Para_470'>470</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>public and private, <ref target='Para_341'>341</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Instrument of punishment, <ref target='Para_364'>364</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Insubordinate, discipline, <ref target='Para_90'>90</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Insubordination, trial, <ref target='Para_139'>139</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Insurance, divorce, <ref target='Para_478'>478</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Interest, adverse of officer, <ref target='Para_160'>160</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>must have to sue, <ref target='Para_217'>217</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Interrupt religious service, <ref target='Para_404'>404</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>J</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jews, constitution, <ref target='Para_12'>12</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Sunday, Sabbath, <ref target='Para_412'>412</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Judge of church court, <ref target='Para_207'>207</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>may question witness, <ref target='Para_222'>222</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Judicial notice, <ref target='Para_219'>219</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>not of church law, <ref target='Para_265'>265</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jurisdiction, church court, <ref target='Para_196'>196</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>notice of trial, <ref target='Para_303'>303</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>U. S. cemeteries, <ref target='Para_422'>422</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Juror of church court, <ref target='Para_207'>207</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Justification, libel, slander, <ref target='Para_395'>395</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>K</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Key, evidence of possession, <ref target='Para_169'>169</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kin, cemetery rights, <ref target='Para_437'>437</ref>, <ref target='Para_441'>441</ref>, <ref target='Para_449'>449</ref>, <ref target='Para_453'>453</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>custody of corpse, <ref target='Para_457'>457</ref>, <ref target='Para_463'>463</ref>, <ref target='Para_464'>464</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>damages for mutilation, <ref target='Para_463'>463</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>L</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Land, vested titles, <ref target='Para_240'>240</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Texan church, <ref target='Para_269'>269</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>quantity limitation, <ref target='Para_283'>283</ref>, <ref target='Para_305'>305</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Language, libel, slander, <ref target='Para_383'>383</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='258'/><anchor id='Pg258'/> + +<lg> +<l>Law and religion, <ref target='Para_1'>1</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>religious liberty, <ref target='Para_415'>415</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lay members, officers, <ref target='Para_121'>121</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lease of pews, <ref target='Para_248'>248</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>exempt property, <ref target='Para_300'>300</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>with government, <ref target='Para_345'>345</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Leave to purchase, <ref target='Para_280'>280</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Legal notice, <ref target='Para_71'>71</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>rights, church courts, <ref target='Para_198'>198</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Legatee, uncertain, <ref target='Para_271'>271</ref>, <ref target='Para_322'>322</ref>, <ref target='Para_323'>323</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Legitimatized child, <ref target='Para_363'>363</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Liability of individuals, <ref target='Para_54'>54</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Libel and slander, <ref target='Para_377'>377</ref>, <ref target='Para_382'>382</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>what may be, <ref target='Para_377'>377</ref>, <ref target='Para_395'>395</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Liberty, juvenile, <ref target='Para_376'>376</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>License to do an act, <ref target='Para_454'>454</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>revoking, resisting, <ref target='Para_475'>475</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lien for purchase money, <ref target='Para_301'>301</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Limits of cemetery, <ref target='Para_430'>430</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Limited debt by by-laws, <ref target='Para_74'>74</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>authority of inferior, <ref target='Para_88'>88</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Limitation, statutes of, <ref target='Para_206'>206</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land holding, <ref target='Para_283'>283</ref>, <ref target='Para_305'>305</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Liquor, libel and slander, <ref target='Para_384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>near religious meeting, <ref target='Para_404'>404</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Loan to priest for church, <ref target='Para_173'>173</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Local corporation, power, <ref target='Para_84'>84</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lord's Prayer, schools, <ref target='Para_346'>346</ref>, <ref target='Para_218'>218</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lots given as subscription, <ref target='Para_255'>255</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cemetery, title, <ref target='Para_440'>440</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lots isolated, taxed, <ref target='Para_330'>330</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>M</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mail, prohibited, <ref target='Para_419'>419</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Major excommunication, <ref target='Para_132'>132</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Majority, what is, <ref target='Para_80'>80</ref>, <ref target='Para_146'>146</ref>, <ref target='Para_151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Para_185'>185</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>unlawful acts, <ref target='Para_128'>128</ref>, <ref target='Para_151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Para_289'>289</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>board, committee, <ref target='Para_360'>360</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Malice, libel and slander, <ref target='Para_377'>377</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Management, corporation, <ref target='Para_57'>57</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>temporal affairs, <ref target='Para_66'>66</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>factions, <ref target='Para_211'>211</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mandamus, when issued, <ref target='Para_140'>140</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Manumission of child, <ref target='Para_368'>368</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Marriage, record of, <ref target='Para_191'>191</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>infants, consent, <ref target='Para_368'>368</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Sunday promise, <ref target='Para_410'>410</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>impediments, <ref target='Para_480'>480</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>public school pupil, <ref target='Para_357'>357</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maryland, cemetery law, <ref target='Para_426'>426</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mass defined, <ref target='Para_29'>29</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Masses, bequests for, <ref target='Para_316'>316</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Masonic Order, charity, <ref target='Para_333'>333</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Materials, liability, <ref target='Para_56'>56</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maternal relatives, child, <ref target='Para_361'>361</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Meetings of corporation, <ref target='Para_80'>80</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>notice, time, place, <ref target='Para_176'>176</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consent, <ref target='Para_60'>60</ref>, <ref target='Para_179'>179</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Members, corporation, <ref target='Para_65'>65</ref>, <ref target='Para_253'>253</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slander of, <ref target='Para_378'>378</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cemetery owners, <ref target='Para_428'>428</ref>, <ref target='Para_445'>445</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Membership in church, <ref target='Para_114'>114</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>society members, <ref target='Para_61'>61</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>officers, <ref target='Para_156'>156</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>condition, bequest, <ref target='Para_320'>320</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Methodist division, <ref target='Para_130'>130</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>coalition, <ref target='Para_310'>310</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Presbyterians, <ref target='Para_310'>310</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Middle Ages, growth of law, <ref target='Para_12'>12</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Minister, definition, <ref target='Para_32'>32</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>authority of Protestant, <ref target='Para_81'>81</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>deposed, <ref target='Para_104'>104</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>dismissal of, <ref target='Para_109'>109</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Minor, not church voter, <ref target='Para_115'>115</ref> (see infant);</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ex-communication, <ref target='Para_87'>87</ref>, <ref target='Para_131'>131</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Minutes, evidence, how kept, <ref target='Para_189'>189</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Misnomer, proof, <ref target='Para_256'>256</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Missions, California, <ref target='Para_268'>268</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mississippi, bigotry, <ref target='Para_50'>50</ref>, <ref target='Para_334'>334</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='259'/><anchor id='Pg259'/> + +<lg> +<l>Mistake, in deed or will, <ref target='Para_317'>317</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Misuse of property, <ref target='Para_291'>291</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Money, officers, <ref target='Para_164'>164</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>stolen title, gift, <ref target='Para_483'>483</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>responsibility for, <ref target='Para_172'>172</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>gift to charity, <ref target='Para_483'>483</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sewing circle, <ref target='Para_175'>175</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>congregation, <ref target='Para_274'>274</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>advanced by priest, <ref target='Para_109'>109</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Monks, land, <ref target='Para_268'>268</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Monuments, free, <ref target='Para_423'>423</ref>, <ref target='Para_424'>424</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>offensive, <ref target='Para_443'>443</ref>, <ref target='Para_467'>467</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>injuring, <ref target='Para_421'>421</ref>, <ref target='Para_423'>423</ref>, <ref target='Para_429'>429</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mortgage, foreclosure, <ref target='Para_232'>232</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bishop's authority, <ref target='Para_261'>261</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cemetery lot, <ref target='Para_432'>432</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>church property, <ref target='Para_264'>264</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mortmain, where in force, <ref target='Para_340'>340</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mother, child, <ref target='Para_362'>362</ref>, <ref target='Para_366'>366</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mother Church, heresy, <ref target='Para_122'>122</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mother-in-law, tombstone, <ref target='Para_468'>468</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mummy, property in, <ref target='Para_465'>465</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Murder, correcting child, <ref target='Para_364'>364</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mutilation of corpse, <ref target='Para_462'>462</ref>, <ref target='Para_463'>463</ref>, <ref target='Para_464'>464</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>My wife, Anna Jones,</q> will, insurance, <ref target='Para_478'>478</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>N</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Name, change of corporate, <ref target='Para_69'>69</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>importance, record, <ref target='Para_195'>195</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>error in bequest or deed, <ref target='Para_317'>317</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Natural Justice, influence, <ref target='Para_5'>5</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Necessaries, what are, <ref target='Para_416'>416</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Necessity, work of, <ref target='Para_409'>409</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Negligence, liability, <ref target='Para_336'>336</ref>, <ref target='Para_470'>470</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Negroes, burial of, <ref target='Para_456'>456</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Newspaper, criticism of priest, <ref target='Para_385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>criticism of dead, <ref target='Para_393'>393</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>New York church law, <ref target='Para_50'>50</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Non-baptized, burial, <ref target='Para_443'>443</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Non-members, burial of, <ref target='Para_443'>443</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>officers, <ref target='Para_116'>116</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Non-residence, right of burial, <ref target='Para_458'>458</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Non-slave-holding, Methodists, <ref target='Para_130'>130</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Note, authority to make, <ref target='Para_160'>160</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>when church bound, <ref target='Para_163'>163</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>signers bound, <ref target='Para_170'>170</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Notice, legal, <ref target='Para_71'>71</ref>, <ref target='Para_176'>176</ref>, <ref target='Para_264'>264</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>due notice necessary, <ref target='Para_146'>146</ref>, <ref target='Para_176'>176</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>special meeting, <ref target='Para_178'>178</ref>, <ref target='Para_264'>264</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>service of, <ref target='Para_180'>180</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>waiver of, <ref target='Para_205'>205</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>given on Sunday, <ref target='Para_410'>410</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nuns, individual property, <ref target='Para_342'>342</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nuisance, cemetery, <ref target='Para_434'>434</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>O</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Obituary, libel, <ref target='Para_392'>392</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Object of juvenile courts, <ref target='Para_376'>376</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Obscene language, mail, <ref target='Para_419'>419</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Offense at common law, <ref target='Para_401'>401</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>under statutes, <ref target='Para_396'>396</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Office, religious qualifications, <ref target='Para_48'>48</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>membership qualifications, <ref target='Para_156'>156</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Officers, duties, rights, <ref target='Para_63'>63</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>non-members, <ref target='Para_156'>156</ref>, <ref target='Para_116'>116</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>libel, <ref target='Para_392'>392</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Official communication, libel, <ref target='Para_379'>379</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ohio, Bible, <ref target='Para_347'>347</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Overdraft, authority, <ref target='Para_160'>160</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Orphan asylums, public money, <ref target='Para_344'>344</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>P</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Parent and child, duties, rights, <ref target='Para_343'>343</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>direct studies, <ref target='Para_353'>353</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Parish, definition, <ref target='Para_30'>30</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>incorporating, <ref target='Para_51'>51</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>pastor's relation, <ref target='Para_91'>91</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='260'/><anchor id='Pg260'/> + +<lg> +<l>Parishioner, definition, <ref target='Para_30'>30</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Parsonage, use, <ref target='Para_53'>53</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>rented, taxes, <ref target='Para_332'>332</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Parochial schools, <ref target='Para_343'>343</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Partners, unincorporated church, <ref target='Para_54'>54</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Parties to suits, <ref target='Para_76'>76</ref>, <ref target='Para_214'>214</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pastoral duties, slander, <ref target='Para_380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pastor, liability for salary, <ref target='Para_55'>55</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>relations terminated, <ref target='Para_91'>91</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Paying money to deposed clergy, <ref target='Para_213'>213</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Permission from superior, <ref target='Para_101'>101</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Personalty, church on rollers, <ref target='Para_299'>299</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Perversion of property, <ref target='Para_291'>291</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Persecutions, promoted law, <ref target='Para_8'>8</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pew, right to occupy, <ref target='Para_242'>242</ref>, <ref target='Para_244'>244</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>removal from, <ref target='Para_247'>247</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pew rent of deceased, <ref target='Para_249'>249</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>qualification of voter, <ref target='Para_250'>250</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pew rights, <ref target='Para_231'>231-250</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Philosophical foundations of law, <ref target='Para_4'>4</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Physician, Sunday, <ref target='Para_411'>411</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Christian Scientist, <ref target='Para_42'>42</ref>, <ref target='Para_417'>417</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>furnishing for family, <ref target='Para_416'>416</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Place, notice of meeting, <ref target='Para_143'>143</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Police power, cemeteries, <ref target='Para_429'>429</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Politics, minister, arrest, <ref target='Para_418'>418</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Poll list of church voters, <ref target='Para_145'>145</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Policemen, arrest, <ref target='Para_474'>474</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pollution of water, <ref target='Para_431'>431</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pope, superior authority, <ref target='Para_82'>82</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Possession, key indicates, <ref target='Para_168'>168</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Powers of corporation, <ref target='Para_164'>164</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Prayer in school, <ref target='Para_348'>348</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>meeting, notice, <ref target='Para_187'>187</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Presbyterians and Methodists, <ref target='Para_310'>310</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Preserve order, priest, <ref target='Para_403'>403</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Preside, who may, <ref target='Para_159'>159</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>President, Indians, trade, <ref target='Para_374'>374</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Presumptions, church law, <ref target='Para_228'>228</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Presiding officer, <ref target='Para_183'>183</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Presumed authority, <ref target='Para_101'>101</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Priest, bishop not liable for salary, <ref target='Para_98'>98</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>fellow-servant of bishop, <ref target='Para_95'>95</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>semi-servant, <ref target='Para_98'>98</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>removal, trial, <ref target='Para_99'>99</ref>, <ref target='Para_199'>199</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>borrowing money for church, <ref target='Para_173'>173</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>possession of, <ref target='Para_98'>98</ref>, <ref target='Para_197'>197</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>deed in priest's name, <ref target='Para_267'>267</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>agent of bishop, <ref target='Para_270'>270</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>excommunication, slander, <ref target='Para_380'>380</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>newspaper criticism, <ref target='Para_385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>using force, order, <ref target='Para_403'>403</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>excluding disorderlies, <ref target='Para_474'>474</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>witness, privilege, <ref target='Para_221'>221</ref>, <ref target='Para_222'>222</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>answers, <ref target='Para_222'>222</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>suits by and against, <ref target='Para_208'>208</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Priesthood, discipline, <ref target='Para_89'>89</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bequest to educate for, <ref target='Para_324'>324</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Principal service, notice, <ref target='Para_180'>180</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Private school, disturbing, <ref target='Para_399'>399</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Privacy, confessor, <ref target='Para_100'>100</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Privileges of church court, <ref target='Para_196'>196</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>witness, <ref target='Para_221'>221</ref>, <ref target='Para_222'>222</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cemetery, <ref target='Para_441'>441</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Privileged, confessions, <ref target='Para_221'>221</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>official communications, <ref target='Para_379'>379</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Probable cause, slander, arrest, <ref target='Para_390'>390</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Procedure in church court, <ref target='Para_207'>207</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Process to obtain jurisdiction, <ref target='Para_303'>303</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Profanity, a crime, <ref target='Para_407'>407</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='261'/><anchor id='Pg261'/> + +<lg> +<l>Profane language in church, <ref target='Para_397'>397</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>swearer, libel, <ref target='Para_393'>393</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Promise, consideration, <ref target='Para_234'>234</ref>, <ref target='Para_236'>236</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Proof of the notice, <ref target='Para_182'>182</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>crime, <ref target='Para_407'>407</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Proper record in parish, <ref target='Para_194'>194</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Property, title in whom, <ref target='Para_63'>63</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>confiscation, <ref target='Para_94'>94</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>execution against, <ref target='Para_118'>118</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>custody of, <ref target='Para_197'>197</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>factions, <ref target='Para_211'>211</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>restrictions on amount, <ref target='Para_304'>304</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of nuns, <ref target='Para_342'>342</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in a corpse, <ref target='Para_465'>465</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Protest against burial, <ref target='Para_453'>453</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Protestant, who is a, <ref target='Para_43'>43</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>New Hampshire, <ref target='Para_43'>43</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>superior authority, <ref target='Para_81'>81</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>services in schools, <ref target='Para_29'>29</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>teacher, taxes for, <ref target='Para_47'>47</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Public institutions, support, <ref target='Para_341'>341</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cemeteries, <ref target='Para_433'>433</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>school Bible, <ref target='Para_348'>348</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>religious services in, <ref target='Para_29'>29</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>residence of pupils, <ref target='Para_359'>359</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>health, cemetery, <ref target='Para_434'>434</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Punishment in school, <ref target='Para_354'>354</ref>, <ref target='Para_355'>355</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by parent, <ref target='Para_364'>364</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Purposes of a gift or bequest, <ref target='Para_278'>278</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>acquired for church, <ref target='Para_282'>282</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>leased lands, <ref target='Para_300'>300</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>exempt from taxes, <ref target='Para_329'>329</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Q</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Quarrel, secession, <ref target='Para_130'>130</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Quasi-public corporations, <ref target='Para_26'>26</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Quit-claim, conditions, <ref target='Para_286'>286</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Quorum, number necessary, <ref target='Para_80'>80</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>who counted, <ref target='Para_146'>146</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>majority, <ref target='Para_185'>185</ref>, <ref target='Para_80'>80</ref>, <ref target='Para_146'>146</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>R</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rations for Indian schools, <ref target='Para_375'>375</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Real estate taxes, <ref target='Para_51'>51</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>purposes, held for, <ref target='Para_282'>282</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>changing purpose, <ref target='Para_339'>339</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rebuilding, pewholders, <ref target='Para_245'>245</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rector or pastor, <ref target='Para_33'>33</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rector, induction, <ref target='Para_96'>96</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>charges against, <ref target='Para_384'>384</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Record, keeping, <ref target='Para_195'>195</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Recording marriage, <ref target='Para_480'>480</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Redress of priest, dismissal, <ref target='Para_199'>199</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Reformation and law, <ref target='Para_13'>13</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>pews rented, sold, <ref target='Para_237'>237</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Reformatories, juvenile courts, <ref target='Para_376'>376</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Regular church organization, <ref target='Para_70'>70</ref>, <ref target='Para_111'>111</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Regulation of cemeteries, <ref target='Para_433'>433</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Relation of pastor to parish, <ref target='Para_91'>91</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Relatives, abandoned cemetery, <ref target='Para_449'>449</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Religion, ancient, <ref target='Para_2'>2</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>corporations, <ref target='Para_26'>26</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>definition, <ref target='Para_34'>34</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Christian, <ref target='Para_24'>24</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>influence on law, <ref target='Para_1'>1</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>crime under, <ref target='Para_40'>40</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>anti-religion, freedom, <ref target='Para_41'>41</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>guardian proselyte, <ref target='Para_365'>365</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>crimes against, <ref target='Para_406'>406</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Religious garb, <ref target='Para_28'>28</ref>, <ref target='Para_49'>49</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>liberty, <ref target='Para_18'>18</ref>, <ref target='Para_28'>28</ref>, <ref target='Para_49'>49</ref>, <ref target='Para_415'>415</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>membership, <ref target='Para_110'>110</ref>, <ref target='Para_111'>111</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>service, consideration, <ref target='Para_230'>230</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>tests, <ref target='Para_35'>35</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>tolerance, <ref target='Para_18'>18</ref>, <ref target='Para_28'>28</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>society, <ref target='Para_20'>20</ref>, <ref target='Para_23'>23</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>worship, <ref target='Para_29'>29</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Remedies in church court, <ref target='Para_204'>204</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Remodeling, pewholders, <ref target='Para_245'>245</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Removal, of clergy, <ref target='Para_201'>201</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of animal carcasses, <ref target='Para_452'>452</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of building, <ref target='Para_275'>275</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of corpse, <ref target='Para_460'>460</ref>, <ref target='Para_461'>461</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rented pews, <ref target='Para_237'>237</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>parsonage, <ref target='Para_332'>332</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>priest's rights, <ref target='Para_240'>240</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Repair of cemetery, <ref target='Para_471'>471</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Repeating slander, <ref target='Para_395'>395</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='262'/><anchor id='Pg262'/> + +<lg> +<l>Residence of students, <ref target='Para_477'>477</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Res judicata</hi>, <ref target='Para_482'>482</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Restrictions on property, <ref target='Para_304'>304</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>corporation, <ref target='Para_249'>249</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Residents of district, <ref target='Para_359'>359</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Resulting trust, <ref target='Para_327'>327</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Revenues of parish, <ref target='Para_279'>279</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Revert, lands when, <ref target='Para_294'>294</ref>, <ref target='Para_295'>295</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Revocable license, <ref target='Para_454'>454</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Reorganization of corporation, <ref target='Para_79'>79</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ridicule of holy beings, <ref target='Para_406'>406</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Right, natural, law, <ref target='Para_3'>3</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>constitutional, <ref target='Para_43'>43</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>possession, key, <ref target='Para_168'>168</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>vested property, <ref target='Para_292'>292</ref>, <ref target='Para_210'>210</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>adoption, child, <ref target='Para_367'>367</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burial, <ref target='Para_437'>437</ref>, <ref target='Para_439'>439</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>custody of corpse, <ref target='Para_466'>466</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to occupy a pew, <ref target='Para_242'>242</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Riot, county liable, <ref target='Para_52'>52</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Robbed,</q> libel, slander, <ref target='Para_389'>389</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rome, source of law, <ref target='Para_5'>5</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Roman Catholic Church, <ref target='Para_82'>82</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Roman law in England, <ref target='Para_16'>16</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rules of church, <ref target='Para_114'>114</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>voters in church, <ref target='Para_184'>184</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>evidence, <ref target='Para_193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Para_219'>219-229</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>title in name of bishop, <ref target='Para_266'>266</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocesan, cemeteries, <ref target='Para_455'>455</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>S</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sabbath, violation of, <ref target='Para_218'>218</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sacraments, slander, <ref target='Para_391'>391</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Salary, priest's, <ref target='Para_55'>55</ref>, <ref target='Para_95'>95</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>lien for, <ref target='Para_301'>301</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sale in perpetuity, of pew, <ref target='Para_241'>241</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of church property, <ref target='Para_258'>258</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Saloon near church, <ref target='Para_475'>475</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Schism, secession, <ref target='Para_130'>130</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>School, Indian, <ref target='Para_372'>372</ref>, <ref target='Para_375'>375</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>public, <ref target='Para_343'>343</ref>, <ref target='Para_344'>344</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>parochial, <ref target='Para_343'>343</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>house, church, <ref target='Para_351'>351</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>master, authority, <ref target='Para_355'>355</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>moneys, orphanages, <ref target='Para_344'>344</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Seats, free, <ref target='Para_248'>248</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Secession, result, <ref target='Para_72'>72</ref>, <ref target='Para_130'>130</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>property, funds, <ref target='Para_123'>123</ref>, <ref target='Para_319'>319</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>debts of church, <ref target='Para_126'>126</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Secret societies, <ref target='Para_221'>221</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sect, definitions, <ref target='Para_27'>27</ref>, <ref target='Para_58'>58</ref>, <ref target='Para_94'>94</ref>, <ref target='Para_313'>313</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sectarianism, <ref target='Para_27'>27</ref>, <ref target='Para_28'>28</ref>, <ref target='Para_29'>29</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sectarian, <ref target='Para_28'>28</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bible, <ref target='Para_375'>375</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Secular courts and church, <ref target='Para_204'>204</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>matters, doctrinal, <ref target='Para_84'>84</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>work, Sunday, <ref target='Para_413'>413</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Selling pew on execution, <ref target='Para_246'>246</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sentence, publishing libel, <ref target='Para_133'>133</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sepulture, right of, <ref target='Para_140'>140</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sermon, slander, <ref target='Para_388'>388</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Servant, priest of bishop, <ref target='Para_98'>98</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Services, pay for, <ref target='Para_108'>108</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>wife's in home, <ref target='Para_370'>370</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>divine, disorder, <ref target='Para_402'>402</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>religious, <ref target='Para_29'>29</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Seventh-Day observers, <ref target='Para_412'>412</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sewing circle, moneys, <ref target='Para_175'>175</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sexton, salary, <ref target='Para_174'>174</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>authority in church, <ref target='Para_314'>314</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Shakers, property of, <ref target='Para_58'>58</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sick, bells disturbing, <ref target='Para_479'>479</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Signature, <q>Nalty Family,</q> <ref target='Para_234'>234</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sins and crimes, <ref target='Para_396'>396</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sisters, hospital, public money, <ref target='Para_44'>44</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Slander at trial, <ref target='Para_203'>203</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Slave-holding, Methodists, <ref target='Para_130'>130</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Smoking in church, <ref target='Para_397'>397</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Societies, members, <ref target='Para_61'>61</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>distinct from congregation, <ref target='Para_124'>124</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Sunday meetings, <ref target='Para_413'>413</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>governed by laws, <ref target='Para_472'>472</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bishop's control of, <ref target='Para_473'>473</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>secret, <ref target='Para_221'>221</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sold pews, <ref target='Para_237'>237</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Soldiers' tombstones, <ref target='Para_423'>423</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sovereignty, meaning, <ref target='Para_38'>38</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Spanish territory, church, <ref target='Para_277'>277</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='263'/><anchor id='Pg263'/> + +<lg> +<l>Special damages, slander, <ref target='Para_394'>394</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Special law, incorporation, <ref target='Para_62'>62</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>meeting, notice, <ref target='Para_178'>178</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>purpose, money given for, <ref target='Para_235'>235</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Spiritual authority, <ref target='Para_87'>87</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Standard of doctrine, <ref target='Para_25'>25</ref>, <ref target='Para_29'>29</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Stara decisis</hi>, <ref target='Para_482'>482</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>State authority, cemeteries, <ref target='Para_425'>425</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>States, each sovereign, <ref target='Para_38'>38</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>restrictions in church lands, <ref target='Para_304'>304</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>education, books, <ref target='Para_343'>343</ref>, <ref target='Para_349'>349</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cemeteries, <ref target='Para_459'>459</ref>, <ref target='Para_421'>421</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Statutes, wills, bequests, <ref target='Para_315'>315</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cemeteries, <ref target='Para_421'>421</ref>, <ref target='Para_426'>426</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stipulation, cemetery, <ref target='Para_454'>454</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Strangers, voting, <ref target='Para_146'>146</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burial in cemetery, <ref target='Para_443'>443</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>stranger in lot, <ref target='Para_453'>453</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Students, voters, where, <ref target='Para_477'>477</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Studies, control of school, <ref target='Para_353'>353</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Subordinate organization, <ref target='Para_125'>125</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Subsequent laws to constitution, <ref target='Para_68'>68</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Subscriptions, right to solicit, <ref target='Para_102'>102</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>unpaid, liability, <ref target='Para_119'>119</ref>, <ref target='Para_234'>234</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consideration, <ref target='Para_234'>234</ref>, <ref target='Para_236'>236</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>lot given as, <ref target='Para_255'>255</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Sunday, <ref target='Para_411'>411</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>special purpose of, <ref target='Para_235'>235</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Successors, officers, <ref target='Para_150'>150</ref>, <ref target='Para_158'>158</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bishop's, <ref target='Para_287'>287</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Suits, parties, <ref target='Para_76'>76</ref>, <ref target='Para_217'>217</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>must have right, <ref target='Para_76'>76</ref>, <ref target='Para_94'>94</ref>, <ref target='Para_235'>235</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in name of one for others, <ref target='Para_214'>214</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>prevent perverted use, <ref target='Para_291'>291</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>priest, <ref target='Para_208'>208</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sunday, services in school, <ref target='Para_351'>351</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>violations of, <ref target='Para_408'>408</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>when begins and ends, <ref target='Para_414'>414</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sunday school, church, <ref target='Para_29'>29</ref>, <ref target='Para_398'>398</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Superioress, liability, <ref target='Para_172'>172</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Supporting church, state, <ref target='Para_334'>334</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Support, test of membership, <ref target='Para_111'>111</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Suspension by bishop, <ref target='Para_201'>201</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Surgeon at hospital, <ref target='Para_337'>337</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>T</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tax to support Protestantism, <ref target='Para_47'>47</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>on pews, <ref target='Para_243'>243</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>incorporation, <ref target='Para_51'>51</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Taxes, bishop's residence, <ref target='Para_265'>265</ref>, <ref target='Para_331'>331</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Teacher, religious exercise, <ref target='Para_346'>346</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>studies of pupils, <ref target='Para_353'>353</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Temporal affairs, corporation, <ref target='Para_66'>66</ref>, <ref target='Para_309'>309</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Term of office, <ref target='Para_158'>158</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Testimony, church court, <ref target='Para_203'>203</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>on trial privileged, <ref target='Para_386'>386</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Test oath, unconstitutional, <ref target='Para_36'>36</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Texan Revolution, church, <ref target='Para_269'>269</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Text-books, board controls, <ref target='Para_349'>349</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Thanks as pay, <ref target='Para_166'>166</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Theory of church crimes, <ref target='Para_405'>405</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Time of meeting, <ref target='Para_143'>143</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>condition, deed, gift, <ref target='Para_284'>284</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>disturbance of meeting, <ref target='Para_402'>402</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Title, deed, <ref target='Para_254'>254</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>adverse possession, <ref target='Para_257'>257</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>proof of, <ref target='Para_265'>265</ref>, <ref target='Para_266'>266</ref>, <ref target='Para_280'>280</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>monks in California, <ref target='Para_268'>268</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>divided church, <ref target='Para_290'>290</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mortmain, <ref target='Para_340'>340</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cemetery lot, <ref target='Para_439'>439</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tobacco, use of, slander, <ref target='Para_384'>384</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tolling bell, slander, <ref target='Para_392'>392</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>when nuisance, <ref target='Para_479'>479</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='264'/><anchor id='Pg264'/> + +<lg> +<l>Tombstones, <ref target='Para_423'>423</ref>, <ref target='Para_424'>424</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>right to put up, <ref target='Para_468'>468</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Torts, church courts, <ref target='Para_292'>292</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>corpse, mutilating, <ref target='Para_463'>463</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trades taught Indians, <ref target='Para_374'>374</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Traffic, disturbing meeting, <ref target='Para_404'>404</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Treasurer, authority of, <ref target='Para_162'>162</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trees, cutting in cemetery, <ref target='Para_469'>469</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trespass in cemetery, <ref target='Para_429'>429</ref>, <ref target='Para_448'>448</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tribunals, church, <ref target='Para_19'>19</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>decision of, <ref target='Para_97'>97</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>procedure privileged, <ref target='Para_377'>377</ref>, <ref target='Para_386'>386</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trial, injunction against, <ref target='Para_99'>99</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>church, lawful, <ref target='Para_197'>197</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>counsel for parties, <ref target='Para_200'>200</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>judgment, <ref target='Para_201'>201</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>proceedings privileged, <ref target='Para_203'>203</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>True religion, <ref target='Para_2'>2</ref>, <ref target='Para_311'>311</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trust, enforcing, <ref target='Para_60'>60</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>fraud creating, <ref target='Para_171'>171</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>courts of equity, <ref target='Para_212'>212</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sale in perpetuity, <ref target='Para_241'>241</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bishop, land, <ref target='Para_262'>262</ref>, <ref target='Para_287'>287</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>evidence of, <ref target='Para_273'>273</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>vests in whom, <ref target='Para_278'>278</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>distinguished, <ref target='Para_296'>296</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>holding for others, <ref target='Para_340'>340</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trustees of church, <ref target='Para_58'>58</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>disqualified, <ref target='Para_134'>134</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>duties and powers, <ref target='Para_58'>58</ref>, <ref target='Para_155'>155</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>note by trustees, <ref target='Para_163'>163</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>compensation of, <ref target='Para_166'>166</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bequests to, <ref target='Para_251'>251</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>vacancies, how filled, <ref target='Para_288'>288</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trust funds, <ref target='Para_297'>297</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Two-family lot in cemetery, <ref target='Para_451'>451</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>U</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Uncertainty, legatees, <ref target='Para_271'>271</ref>, <ref target='Para_322'>322</ref>, <ref target='Para_323'>323</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Undertaker, duties, rights, <ref target='Para_314'>314</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Undue influence of clergy, <ref target='Para_318'>318</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Uniformity, <ref target='Para_190'>190</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Unincorporated church, <ref target='Para_85'>85</ref>, <ref target='Para_117'>117</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>liability of members, <ref target='Para_251'>251</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>who may manage, <ref target='Para_154'>154</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Unincorporated congregation, <ref target='Para_217'>217</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>parish, <ref target='Para_117'>117</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>United States, <ref target='Para_422'>422</ref>, <ref target='Para_227'>227</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Usages, pew rent, perquisites, <ref target='Para_105'>105</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>election, <ref target='Para_148'>148</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>proof of church, <ref target='Para_228'>228</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Use, special by deed or devise, <ref target='Para_53'>53</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>for church, pews, <ref target='Para_240'>240</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of parish buildings, <ref target='Para_276'>276</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>distinguished, <ref target='Para_296'>296</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>forfeited, how, <ref target='Para_444'>444</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>V</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vacancy in office, <ref target='Para_288'>288</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vacate cemetery, <ref target='Para_459'>459</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vested rights, <ref target='Para_294'>294</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>forfeiture, <ref target='Para_72'>72</ref>, <ref target='Para_294'>294</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Violation of discipline, <ref target='Para_402'>402</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Virgin, Blessed, mail, <ref target='Para_406'>406</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Void, devise or gift, <ref target='Para_135'>135</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>elections, <ref target='Para_143'>143</ref>, <ref target='Para_177'>177</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Voire dire examination, <ref target='Para_222'>222</ref>, <ref target='Para_225'>225</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vote of excommunication, <ref target='Para_133'>133</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>students at college, <ref target='Para_477'>477</ref>. (See <q><ref target='Index-Ballot'>Ballot</ref>,</q> <q>Usage.</q>)</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Voters, qualifications, <ref target='Para_144'>144</ref>, <ref target='Para_184'>184</ref>, <ref target='Para_250'>250</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>poll list of, <ref target='Para_145'>145</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>challenge of, <ref target='Para_186'>186</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Votes, cast, majority, <ref target='Para_151'>151</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>inspectors, <ref target='Para_186'>186</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>illegal, effect, <ref target='Para_186'>186</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vows, property rights, <ref target='Para_342'>342</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>W</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wages of Sisters, <ref target='Para_49'>49</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of sexton, <ref target='Para_174'>174</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Waiver of notice, <ref target='Para_205'>205</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>challenge, <ref target='Para_186'>186</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Warden, wages, <ref target='Para_174'>174</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>authority, <ref target='Para_174'>174</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='265'/><anchor id='Pg265'/> + +<lg> +<l>Wards, Indians are, <ref target='Para_371'>371</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>religion of, <ref target='Para_365'>365</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wedding pranks, unlawful, <ref target='Para_481'>481</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Well, cemetery polluting, <ref target='Para_431'>431</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>White children, public schools, <ref target='Para_357'>357</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Will, conditions, <ref target='Para_285'>285</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>under statutes, <ref target='Para_315'>315</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slander by will, <ref target='Para_382'>382</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>disposing of corpse, <ref target='Para_457'>457</ref>, <ref target='Para_466'>466</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wisconsin's statutes, <ref target='Para_50'>50</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wisconsin Industrial School for Girls, <ref target='Para_28'>28</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Withdrawal from church, <ref target='Para_127'>127</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Witness in church trial, <ref target='Para_207'>207</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>civil courts, <ref target='Para_222'>222</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Worship, who determines, <ref target='Para_308'>308</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>religious, <ref target='Para_29'>29</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Written notice required, <ref target='Para_187'>187</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Y</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Y. M. C. A., taxes, <ref target='Para_476'>476</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +</div> + +<pb n='267'/><anchor id='Pg267'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<head>Books Of Doctrine, Instruction, Devotion, Meditation, Biography, +Novels, Juveniles, Etc. Published By Benziger Brothers</head> + +<p> +Books not marked <hi rend='italic'>net</hi> will be sent postpaid on receipt of the advertised +price. Books marked <hi rend='italic'>net</hi> are such where ten per cent must be added for +postage. Thus a book advertised at <hi rend='italic'>net</hi> $1.00 will be sent postpaid on receipt +of $1.10. +</p> + +<p> +Doctrine, Instruction, Etc. +</p> + +<lg> +<l>ABANDONMENT; or, Absolute Surrender of Self to Divine +Providence. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Caussade</hi>, S.J. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 0 50</l> +<l>ADORATION OF THE BLESSED SACRAMENT, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tesnière.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>ANECDOTES AND EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE +CATHOLIC CATECHISM. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Spirago.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 50</l> +<l>ANGELS OF THE SANCTUARY. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Musser.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 0 15</l> +<l>APOSTLES' CREED. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Müller</hi>, C.SS.R. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 10</l> +<l>ART OF PROFITING BY OUR FAULTS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>St. Francis de +Sales</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 0 50</l> +<l>AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ST. 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Edition in +two volumes. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 3 00</l> +<l>GLORIES OF THE SACRED HEART. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hausherr, S.J.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>GOD, CHRIST, AND THE CHURCH. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hammer, O.F.M.</hi> 2 00</l> +<l>GOFFINE'S DEVOUT INSTRUCTIONS. 1 00</l> +<l>GREAT ENCYCLICAL LETTERS OF POPE LEO XIII. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 2 50</l> +<l>GREAT MEANS OF SALVATION. <hi rend='smallcaps'>St. Alphonsus Liguori.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 50</l> +<l>GREETINGS TO THE CHRIST-CHILD. 0 60</l> +<l>GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CATHOLIC +SCHOOL SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Burns.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 75</l> +<l>GUIDE FOR SACRISTANS. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 0 85</l> +<l>HANDBOOK OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Wilmers.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 50</l> +<l>HARMONY OF THE RELIGIOUS LIFE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Heuser.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 25</l> +<l>HEAVEN OPEN TO SOULS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Semple, S.J.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 2 00</l> +<l>HELP FOR THE POOR SOULS, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ackermann.</hi> 0 60</l> +<l>HELPS TO A SPIRITUAL LIFE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Schneider.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>HIDDEN TREASURE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>St. Leonard.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>HISTORY OF ECONOMICS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Dewe.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 50</l> +<l>HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE IN ROME. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Brann.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 2 00</l> +<l>HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Alzog.</hi> 3 vols. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 8 00</l> +<l>HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Businger-Brennan.</hi> 2 00</l> +<l>HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Brueck.</hi> 2 vols. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 3 00</l> +<l>HISTORY OF THE MASS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>O'Brien.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 25</l> +<l>HISTORY OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Gasquet.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>HOLINESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Kempf-Breymann.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 75</l> +<pb n='269'/><anchor id='Pg269'/> +<l>HOLY BIBLE, THE. Ordinary Edition, Cloth, 1.25, and in +finer bindings up to 5.00. India Paper Edition, 3.50 to 6 00</l> +<l>HOLY EUCHARIST. <hi rend='smallcaps'>St. Alphonsus Liguori.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 50</l> +<l>HOLY HOUR, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Keiley.</hi> 0 15</l> +<l>HOLY HOUR OF ADORATION. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Stang.</hi> 0 60</l> +<l>HOLY MASS, <hi rend='smallcaps'>St. Alphonsus Liguori.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 50</l> +<l>HOLY VIATICUM OF LIFE AS OF DEATH. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Dever.</hi> Paper, +0.25; Cloth, 0 60</l> +<l>HOW TO COMFORT THE SICK. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Krebs</hi>, C.SS.R. 0 50</l> +<l>HOW TO MAKE THE MISSION. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Dominican Father.</hi> Paper, 0 10</l> +<l>IMITATION OF CHRIST. See <q>Following of Christ.</q></l> +<l>IMITATION OF THE SACRED HEART. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Arnoudt.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>INCARNATION, BIRTH AND INFANCY OF JESUS CHRIST. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>St. Alphonsus Liguori.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 50</l> +<l>IN HEAVEN WE KNOW OUR OWN. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Blot</hi>, S.J. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 0 60</l> +<l>INDEX TO WORKS OF ST. ALPHONSUS LIGUORI. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Geiermann</hi>, +C.SS.R. Paper. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 0 10</l> +<l>INSTRUCTIONS ON THE COMMANDMENTS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>St. Alphonsus +Liguori.</hi> Cloth. 0 50</l> +<l>INTERIOR OF JESUS AND MARY. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Grou</hi>, S.J. 2 vols. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 2 00</l> +<l>INTRODUCTION TO A DEVOUT LIFE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>St. Francis de Sales.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>LADY, A. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bugg.</hi> 0 75</l> +<l>LAWS OF THE KING. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Religious</hi> H. C. J. 0 35</l> +<l>LESSONS OF THE SAVIOUR. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Religious</hi> H. C. J. 0 35</l> +<l>LETTERS OF ST. ALPHONSUS LIGUORI. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Grimm</hi>, C.SS.R. +5 vols., each, <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 50</l> +<l>LIFE OF MOTHER GUERIN. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 2 00</l> +<l>LIFE OF BLESSED MARGARET MARY ALACOQUE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bougaud.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>LIFE OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Rohner-Brennan.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>LIFE OF CHRIST. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Businger-Brennan.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 10 00</l> +<l>LIFE OF CHRIST. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cochem-Hammer.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>LIFE OF CHRIST. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Businger.</hi> 2 00</l> +<l>LIFE OF HIS HOLINESS POPE PIUS X. 2 00</l> +<l>LIFE OF MADEMOISELLE LE GRAS. 0 50</l> +<l>LIFE OF ST. CATHARINE OF SIENNA. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aymé</hi>. 1 00</l> +<l>LIFE OF ST. IGNATIUS LOYOLA. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Genelli</hi>, S.J. 0 50</l> +<l>LIFE OF SISTER ANNE KATHARINE EMMERICH. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Wegener-McGowan.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 75</l> +<l>LITTLE ALTAR BOY'S MANUAL. 0 20</l> +<l>LITTLE LIVES OF THE SAINTS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Berthold.</hi> 0 60</l> +<l>LITTLE MANUAL OF ST. ANTHONY. 0 15</l> +<l>LITTLE MANUAL OF ST. JOSEPH. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lings.</hi> 0 15</l> +<l>LITTLE MANUAL OF ST. RITA. <hi rend='smallcaps'>McGrath.</hi> Cloth, 0.50; +Leather, 0 85</l> +<l>LITTLE MASS BOOK, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lynch.</hi> Paper, 0 05</l> +<l>LITTLE MONTH OF MAY. 0 35</l> +<l>LITTLE MONTH OF THE SOULS IN PURGATORY. 0 35</l> +<l>LITTLE OFFICE OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY. Edition +in Latin and English. Cloth, <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 0.75 and in finer bindings +up to <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1.50. Edition in Latin only, Cloth, <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 0.60 +and in finer bindings up to <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 50</l> +<l>LITTLE OFFICE OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION. +Paper, 0 05</l> +<l>LITTLE PICTORIAL LIVES OF THE SAINTS. 1 25</l> +<l>LIVES OF THE SAINTS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Butler.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>LOURDES. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Clarke</hi>, S.J. 0 50</l> +<l>MANUAL OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE AND CHRISTIAN PERFECTION, +A. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Henry</hi>, C.SS.R. 0 50</l> +<l>MANUAL OF THEOLOGY FOR THE LAITY. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Geiermann.</hi> +C.SS.R. Paper, 0.30; Cloth, 0 60</l> +<l>MANUAL OF THE HOLY EUCHARIST. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lasance.</hi> 0 85</l> +<l>MANUAL OF THE HOLY NAME. 0 50</l> +<l>MANUAL OF THE SACRED HEART. 0 35</l> +<l>MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hammer</hi>, O.F.M. 2 00</l> +<l>MARY THE QUEEN. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Religious</hi> H. C. 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Per doz. 0 35</l> +<l>MEANS OF GRACE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Brennan.</hi> 3 00</l> +<l>MEDITATIONS FOR ALL THE DAYS OF THE YEAR. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hamon</hi>, S.S. 5 vols. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 5 00</l> +<l>MEDITATIONS FOR EVERY DAY IN THE YEAR. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Baxter.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 50</l> +<l>MEDITATIONS FOR EVERY DAY IN THE YEAR. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Vercruysse</hi>, +S.J. 2 vols. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 3 50</l> +<l>MEDITATIONS FOR EVERY DAY IN THE MONTH. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nepveu-Ryan.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>MEDITATIONS ON THE LAST WORDS FROM THE CROSS. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Perraud.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 0 50</l> +<l>MEDITATIONS ON THE LIFE, THE TEACHING, AND +THE PASSION OF JESUS CHRIST. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ilg-Clarke.</hi> 2 vols. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 3 50</l> +<l>MEDITATIONS ON THE MYSTERIES OF OUR HOLY +FAITH. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Barraud</hi>, S.J. 2 vols. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 3 00</l> +<l>MEDITATIONS ON THE PASSION OF OUR LORD. 0 50</l> +<l>MEDITATIONS ON THE SUFFERINGS OF JESUS +CHRIST. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Perinaldo.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>MIDDLE AGES. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Shahan.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 2 00</l> +<l>MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS OF ST. 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(Poems.) <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hill.</hi> C.P. 1 25</l> +<l>MARIE OF THE HOUSE D'ANTERS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Earls.</hi> S.J. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 35</l> +<l>MELCHIOR OF BOSTON. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Earls.</hi> S.J. 1 00</l> +<l>MIGHTY FRIEND, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>L'Ermite.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 35</l> +<l>MIRROR OF SHALOTT. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Benson.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 35</l> +<l>MISS ERIN, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Francis.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>MONK'S PARDON, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Navery.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>MR. BILLY BUTTONS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lecky.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>MY LADY BEATRICE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cooke.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>NOT A JUDGMENT. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Keon.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>ON PATROL WITH A BOUNDARY RIDER. 0 50</l> +<l>ONLY ANNE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Clarke.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 35</l> +<l>OTHER MISS LISLE, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Martin.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>OUT OF BONDAGE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Holt.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>OUTLAW OF CAMARGUE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lamothe.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>PASSING SHADOWS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yorke.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>PAT. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hinkson.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 35</l> +<l>PERE MONNIER'S WARD. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lecky.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>PILKINGTON HEIR, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sadlier.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>PRISONERS' YEARS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Clarke.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 35</l> +<l>PRODIGAL'S DAUGHTER, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bugg.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>PROPHET'S WIFE, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Browne.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>RED INN OF ST. LYPHAR. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sadlier.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>REST HOUSE, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Clarke.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 35</l> +<l>ROAD BEYOND THE TOWN, AND OTHER POEMS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Earls.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>ROSE OF THE WORLD. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Martin.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>ROUND TABLE OF AMERICAN CATHOLIC NOVELISTS. 0 50</l> +<l>ROUND TABLE OF FRENCH CATHOLIC NOVELISTS. 0 50</l> +<l>ROUND TABLE OF GERMAN CATHOLIC NOVELISTS. 0 50</l> +<l>ROUND TABLE OF IRISH AND ENGLISH CATHOLIC +NOVELISTS. 0 50</l> +<l>RULER OF THE KINGDOM, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Keon.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>SECRET CITADEL, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Clarke.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 35</l> +<l>SECRET OF THE GREEN VASE, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cooke.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>SENIOR LIEUTENANT'S WAGER, THE, AND OTHER +STORIES. 0 50</l> +<l>SHADOW OF EVERSLEIGH, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lansdowne.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>SHIELD OF SILENCE, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Henry-Ruffin.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 35</l> +<l>SO AS BY FIRE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Connor.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>SOGGARTH AROON, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guinan.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>SON OF SIRO, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Copus.</hi> S.J. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 35</l> +<l>STORY OF CECILIA. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hinkson.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 35</l> +<l>STREET SCENES IN DIFFERENT LANDS. 0 50</l> +<l>STUORE. (Stories.) <hi rend='smallcaps'>Earls.</hi> S.J. 1 00</l> +<l>TEMPEST OF THE HEART, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Gray.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>TEST OF COURAGE, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ross.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>THAT MAN'S DAUGHTER. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ross.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>THEIR CHOICE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Skinner.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>THROUGH THE DESERT. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sienkiewicz.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 35</l> +<l>TRAIL OF THE DRAGON, THE, AND OTHER STORIES. 0 50</l> +<l>TRAINING OF SILAS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Devine.</hi> 1</l> +<pb n='274'/><anchor id='Pg274'/> +<l>TRUE STORY OF MASTER GERARD. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sadlier.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>TURN OF THE TIDE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Gray.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>UNBIDDEN GUEST, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cooke.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>UNDER THE CEDARS AND THE STARS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sheehan.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 50</l> +<l>UNRAVELLING OF A TANGLE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Taggart.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>UP IN ARDMUIRLAND. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Barrett.</hi> O.S.B. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 25</l> +<l>VOCATION OF EDWARD CONWAY. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Egan.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>WARGRAVE TRUST, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Reid.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>WAY THAT LED BEYOND, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Harrison.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>WEDDING BELLS OF GLENDALOUGH. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Earls.</hi> S.J. <hi rend='italic'>net</hi>, 1 35</l> +<l>WEST AND THE GREAT PETRIFIED FOREST, THE. 0 50</l> +<l>WHEN LOVE IS STRONG. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Keon.</hi> 1 25</l> +<l>WINNING OF THE NEW WEST, THE. 0 50</l> +<l>WOMAN OF FORTUNE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Reid.</hi> 1 25</l> +</lg> + +<p> +JUVENILES +</p> + +<lg> +<l>ADVENTURE WITH THE APACHES. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ferry.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>ALTHEA. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nirdlinger.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>AS GOLD IN THE FURNACE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Copus.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>AS TRUE AS GOLD. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mannix.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>BELL FOUNDRY. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Schaching.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>BERKLEYS, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Wight.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>BEST FOOT FORWARD, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Finn.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>BETWEEN FRIENDS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aumerle.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>BISTOURI. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Melandri.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>BLISSLYVANIA POST-OFFICE, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Taggart.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>BOB O'LINK. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>BROWNIE AND I. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aumerle.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>BUNT AND BILL. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mulholland.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>BY BRANSCOME RIVER. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Taggart.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>CAMP BY COPPER RIVER. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Spalding.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>CAPTAIN TED. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>CAVE BY THE BEACH FORK. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Spalding.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>CHARLIE CHITTYWICK. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bearne.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>CHILDREN OF CUPA. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mannix.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>CHILDREN OF THE LOG CABIN. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Delamare.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>CLARE LORAINE. <q><hi rend='smallcaps'>Lee.</hi></q> 0 50</l> +<l>CLAUDE LIGHTFOOT. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Finn.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>COLLEGE BOY, A. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yorke.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>CUPA REVISITED. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mannix.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>CUPID OF CAMPION. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Finn.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>DADDY DAN. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>DEAR FRIENDS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nirdlinger.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>DIMPLING'S SUCCESS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mulholland.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>ETHELRED PRESTON. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Finn.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>EVERY-DAY GIRL, AN. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Crowley.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>FAIRY OF THE SNOWS, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Finn.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>FIVE BIRDS IN A NEST. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Delamare.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>FIVE O'CLOCK STORIES. 0 75</l> +<l>FLOWER OF THE FLOCK, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Egan.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>FOR THE WHITE ROSE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hinkson.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>FRED'S LITTLE DAUGHTER. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Smith.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>FREDDY CARR'S ADVENTURES. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Garrold.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>FREDDY CARR AND HIS FRIENDS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Garrold.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>GOLDEN LILY, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hinkson.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>GREAT CAPTAIN, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hinkson.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>GUILD BOYS' PLAY AT RIDINGDALE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bearne.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>HALDEMAN CHILDREN, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mannix.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>HARMONY FLATS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Whitmire.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>HARRY DEE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Finn.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>HARRY RUSSELL. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Copus.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>HEIR OF DREAMS, AN. <hi rend='smallcaps'>O'Malley.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>HIS FIRST AND LAST APPEARANCE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Finn.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>HOSTAGE OF WAR, A. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bonesteel.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>HOW THEY WORKED THEIR WAY. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Egan.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>IN QUEST OF ADVENTURE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mannix.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>IN QUEST OF THE GOLDEN CHEST. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Barton.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>JACK. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Religious.</hi>H. C. J. 0 35</l> +<l>JACK HILDRETH ON THE NILE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Taggart.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>JACK-O'-LANTERN. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>JUNIORS OF ST. BEDE'S. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bryson.</hi> 0 50</l> +<pb n='275'/><anchor id='Pg275'/> +<l>JUVENILE ROUND TABLE First Series, Second Series, Third +Series. Each 1 00</l> +<l>KLONDIKE PICNIC, A. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Donnelly.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>LEGENDS AND STORIES OF THE HOLY CHILD JESUS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Lutz.</hi> 0 75</l> +<l>LITTLE APOSTLE ON CRUTCHES. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Delamare.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>LITTLE GIRL FROM BACK EAST. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Roberts.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>LITTLE LADY OF THE HALL. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ryeman.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>LITTLE MARSHALLS AT THE LAKE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nixon-Roulet.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>LITTLE MISSY. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>LOYAL BLUE AND ROYAL SCARLET. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Taggart.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>MAD KNIGHT, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Schaching.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>MADCAP SET AT ST. ANNE'S. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Brunowe.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>MAKING OF MORTLAKE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Copus.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>MARKS OF THE BEAR CLAWS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Spalding.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>MARY TRACY'S FORTUNE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sadlier.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>MELOR OF THE SILVER HAND. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bearne.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>MILLY AVELING. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Smith.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>MIRALDA. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Johnston.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>MORE FIVE O'CLOCK STORIES. 0 75</l> +<l>MOSTLY BOYS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Finn.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>MYSTERIOUS DOORWAY. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sadlier.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>MYSTERY OF CLEVERLY. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Barton.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>MYSTERY OF HORNBY HALL. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sadlier.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>NAN NOBODY. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>NED RIEDER. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Wehs.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>NEW BOYS AT RIDINGDALE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bearne.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>NEW SCHOLAR AT ST. ANNE'S. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Brunowe.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>OLD CHARLMONT'S SEED-BED. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Smith.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>OLD MILL ON THE WITHROSE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Spalding.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>ON THE OLD CAMPING GROUND. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mannix.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>OUR LADY'S LUTENIST. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bearne.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>PANCHO AND PANCHITA. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mannix.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>PAULINE ARCHER. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sadlier.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>PERCY WYNN. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Finn.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>PERIL OF DIONYSIO, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mannix.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>PETRONILLA, AND OTHER STORIES. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Donnelly.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>PICKLE AND PEPPER. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Dorsey.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>PILGRIM FROM IRELAND. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Carnot.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>PLAYWATER PLOT, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>POLLY DAY'S ISLAND. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Roberts.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>POVERINA. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Buckenham.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>QUEEN'S PAGE, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hinkson.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>QUEEN'S PROMISE, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>QUEST OF MARY SELWYN. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Clementia.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>RACE FOR COPPER ISLAND. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Spalding.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>RECRUIT TOMMY COLLINS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bonesteel.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>RIDINGDALE FLOWER SHOW. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bearne.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>ROMANCE OF THE SILVER SHOON. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bearne.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>ST. CUTHBERT'S. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Copus.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>SANDY JOE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>SEA-GULL'S ROCK. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sandeau.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>SEVEN LITTLE MARSHALLS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nixon-Roulet.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>SHADOWS LIFTED. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Copus.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>SHEER PLUCK. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bearne.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>SHERIFF OF THE BEECH FORK. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Spalding.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>SHIPMATES. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>STRONG-ARM OF AVALON. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>SUGAR CAMP AND AFTER. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Spalding.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>SUMMER AT WOODVILLE, A. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sadlier.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>TALES AND LEGENDS OF THE MIDDLE AGES. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Capella.</hi> 0 75</l> +<l>TALISMAN, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sadlier.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>TAMING OF POLLY, THE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Dorsey.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>THAT FOOTBALL GAME. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Finn.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>THAT OFFICE BOY. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Finn.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>THREE LITTLE GIRLS, AND ESPECIALLY ONE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Taggart.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>TOLD IN THE TWILIGHT. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Salome.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>TOM LOSELY: BOY. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Copus.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>TOM PLAYFAIR. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Finn.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>TOM'S LUCK-POT. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>TOORALLADDY. By <hi rend='smallcaps'>Julia C. Walsh.</hi> 0 35</l> +<pb n='276'/><anchor id='Pg276'/> +<l>TRANSPLANTING OF TESSIE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>TREASURE OF NUGGET MOUNTAIN. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Taggart.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>TWO LITTLE GIRLS. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mack.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>UNCLE FRANK'S MARY. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Clementia.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>UPS AND DOWNS OF MARJORIE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Waggaman.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>VIOLIN MAKER, THE. Adapted by <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sara Trainer Smith.</hi> 0 35</l> +<l>WAYWARD WINIFRED. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sadlier.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>WINNETOU, THE APACHE KNIGHT. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Taggart.</hi> 0 50</l> +<l>WITCH OF RIDINGDALE. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bearne.</hi> 1 00</l> +<l>YOUNG COLOR GUARD. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bonesteel.</hi> 0 35</l> +</lg> + +</div> + +</body> +<back rend="page-break-before: right"> + <div id="footnotes"> + <index index="toc" /> + <index index="pdf" /> + <head>Footnotes</head> + <divGen type="footnotes"/> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before: right"> + <divGen type="pgfooter" /> + </div> +</back> +</text> +</TEI.2> |