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Scanlan</p></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost + and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, + give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project + Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this + eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law + +Author: Charles M. Scanlan + +Release Date: March 12, 2011 [Ebook #35563] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CLERGYMAN'S HAND-BOOK OF LAW*** +</pre></div> + </div> + <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + + </div> + + <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">The Law of Church and Grave</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style="font-size: 120%">By</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Charles M. Scanlan, LL.B.</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Author of <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“Scanlan's Rules of Order,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“Law of Fraternities,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: center">“Law of Hotels,”</span> etc.</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">New York, Cincinnati, Chicago</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Benziger Brothers</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1909</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc1">Imprimatur</a></li><li><a href="#toc3">Preface</a></li><li><a href="#toc5">Chapter I. Introduction</a></li><li><a href="#toc7">Chapter II. What Is A Church?</a></li><li><a href="#toc9">Chapter III. Constitutional Law</a></li><li><a href="#toc11">Chapter IV. Statutory Law</a></li><li><a href="#toc13">Chapter V. Unincorporated Church Societies</a></li><li><a href="#toc15">Chapter VI. Incorporated Religious Societies</a></li><li><a href="#toc17">Chapter VII. Superior Authority</a></li><li><a href="#toc19">Chapter VIII. Inferior Authority</a></li><li><a href="#toc21">Chapter IX. Membership</a></li><li><a href="#toc23">Chapter X. Heresy And Secession</a></li><li><a href="#toc25">Chapter XI. Excommunication</a></li><li><a href="#toc27">Chapter XII. Elections</a></li><li><a href="#toc29">Chapter XIII. Officers</a></li><li><a href="#toc31">Chapter XIV. Meetings</a></li><li><a href="#toc33">Chapter XV. Church Records</a></li><li><a href="#toc35">Chapter XVI. Church Tribunals</a></li><li><a href="#toc37">Chapter XVII. State Courts</a></li><li><a href="#toc39">Chapter XVIII. Evidence</a></li><li><a href="#toc41">Chapter XIX. Contracts</a></li><li><a href="#toc43">Chapter XX. Pews</a></li><li><a href="#toc45">Chapter XXI. Property</a></li><li><a href="#toc47">Chapter XXII. Religious Services</a></li><li><a href="#toc49">Chapter XXIII. Bequests, Devises, And Gifts</a></li><li><a href="#toc51">Chapter XXIV. Taxation</a></li><li><a href="#toc53">Chapter XXV. Eleemosynary Institutions</a></li><li><a href="#toc55">Chapter XXVI. Schools</a></li><li><a href="#toc57">Chapter XXVII. Parent And Child</a></li><li><a href="#toc59">Chapter XXVIII. Husband And Wife</a></li><li><a href="#toc61">Chapter XXIX. Indians</a></li><li><a href="#toc63">Chapter XXX. Juvenile Courts</a></li><li><a href="#toc65">Chapter XXXI. Libel And Slander</a></li><li><a href="#toc67">Chapter XXXII. Crimes</a></li><li><a href="#toc69">Chapter XXXIII. Cemeteries</a></li><li><a href="#toc71">Chapter XXXIV. Miscellaneous</a></li><li><a href="#toc73">Index</a></li><li><a href="#toc75">Footnotes</a></li></ul> + </div> + + </div> +<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pageiv">[pg iv]</span><a name="Pgiv" id="Pgiv" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> +<a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Imprimatur</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nihil Obstat.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Remy Lafort</span></span>, +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Censor Librorum</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Imprimatur.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +John M. Farley, +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +[cross] <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Archbishop of New York</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">New York</span></span>, January 15, 1909. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Copyright, 1909, by Benziger Brothers.</span></span> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagev">[pg v]</span><a name="Pgv" id="Pgv" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> +<a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Preface</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The three learned professions, medicine, +law, and theology, overlap; and a man who +does not know something of the other two +can not be prominent in his own. Laws +relating to Church matters are scattered +through such a vast array of law books +that it would be a burden for a clergyman +to purchase them, and without special training +he would not know where to look for +the law. Therefore a law compendium covering +those subjects relating to Church matters +must be of great value to a clergyman. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There is another view of this subject. +When she was mistress of the world the +laws of the Roman Empire were for the +Roman citizens, particularly the patricians; +the canon law was the law of the Christian +people of conquered countries and the Christian +plebeians of Rome. In the United States +we have the same common law for the President +and the hod-carrier, for the multimillionaire +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevi">[pg vi]</span><a name="Pgvi" id="Pgvi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and the penniless orphan, for the +clergy and the laity. Consequently, in this +practical age a knowledge of the law of the +country with which the clergy come constantly +in contact is expedient, if not necessary. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The poet says: +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">What constitutes a state?...</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 7.20em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Men, who their duties know,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">But know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To insure harmony and good order, every +Church should obey the laws of the country; +but if any law should impose upon the rights +of the Church in any way, the ruling authorities, +the cardinal and bishops, if the wrong +is national, should unite in a petition to the +United States Congress, clearly stating the +grievance and asking for its redress.<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> If +the grievance should be within a State, the +bishop or bishops of the State should present +the matter to the Legislature of the State. +If the President or the Governor has authority +to remedy the matter, go direct to him. +Such was the practice of the wisest of the +Popes.<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> The author never knew of an instance +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevii">[pg vii]</span><a name="Pgvii" id="Pgvii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in which a clergyman having a real +grievance failed in obtaining a full and fair +hearing from the powers that be, from the +President downward. This method seems +to be more in harmony with the relations of +Church and State in a free government, and +more intelligent than to have a convention +of working men, who have little time to +make a study of Church matters, pass resolutions, +the passing of which generally ends +the action of a convention. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the chapters that follow, the author +has refrained from giving a great multitude +of authorities, but has endeavored to give +such as are sufficient to sustain the text. +For example, under the first section, and +many others, a list of citations covering +several pages might be given. That would +add to the expense of the volume and would +not be within its compass. The book will +better fulfil its purpose by clear, brief statements +of the rules of law, and if a reader +desires to investigate further, the citations +given will guide his way. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Charles M. Scanlan.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Milwaukee, January 23, 1909.</span></span> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> +<a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter I. Introduction</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_1" id="Para_1" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">1.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Law, Religion.</span></span>—From the dawn of +the science of law it has been influenced by +religion or antagonism to religion. This is +very evident in the ancient laws of Babylonia, +Egypt, Phenicia, Israel, India, and +Ireland. It would be impossible to make a +study of the law of any of said countries +without gaining a knowledge of its religious +system, whether pagan or otherwise.<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_2" id="Para_2" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">2.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religions.</span></span>—Ancient nations might be +classified into pagan and those that worshiped +the universal God. However, some +of the nations at one time were pagan and +at other times had a fair conception of the +supernatural. Also, in Egypt, the class of +higher culture and education believed in the +one omnipotent and omniscient Being, but +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the populace, who could be controlled more +readily by flattering them in their notions +and giving their childish conceptions full +sway, worshiped idols.<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_3" id="Para_3" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">3.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Authority, Right.</span></span>—In those nations +where the ruling authority had the proper +conception of the Almighty, there was a +strong, persistent growth of law upon the +basis of natural right; while in the pagan +nations laws were arbitrary and despotic.<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_4" id="Para_4" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">4.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Philosophical Foundations.</span></span>—The laws +of Greece, down to the time of Plato, were +thoroughly pagan. But, following the philosophical +foundations laid by Plato and +Aristotle, unintentionally and unwittingly +the laws of Greece became imbued with the +spirit of natural law.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_5" id="Para_5" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">5.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Natural Justice.</span></span>—Prior to the +introduction of Grecian law into Rome, the +laws of that nation were pagan. Grecian +law from its introduction to the time of +Octavius was the civilizing element of the +empire. Then it took a turn for the worse, +the element of natural justice being reduced +and the element of arbitrary rule becoming +dominant.<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_6" id="Para_6" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">6.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canon Law.</span></span>—We will now turn to +the first period of canon law, which covers +the early history of the Church up to the +reign of Constantine the Great.<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Canon law is composed of the following +elements: +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">1. Holy Scriptures;</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">2. Ecclesiastical tradition;</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">3. Decrees of Councils;</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">4. Bulls and rescripts of Popes;</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">5. The writings of the Fathers;</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">6. Civil law.</span><a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a></div> +</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_7" id="Para_7" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">7.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early Christians.</span></span>—Owing to the persecutions, +the early Christians were, in a +sense, isolated from the State; they held +their property in common, and were governed +in matters among themselves by the +canon law. However, for want of freedom +of discussion and publication, they were +unable, even within a single nation of the +empire, to promulgate a system of canon +law. The foundation of canon law being +laid, its development upon the manumission +of the Church was rapid.<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_8" id="Para_8" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">8.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Persecutions, Defenses.</span></span>—During the +religious persecutions the Christians almost +had law forced into them by surgical operations. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The necessity for their making defenses +in the Roman tribunals induced many +of them to give Roman law a careful study. +Also, the great number of Christians held +for trial on all sorts of accusations made +that branch of the law of the realm very +lucrative for lawyers, and called into the +field many Christians. Incidently, men +studying for the priesthood made a study +of Roman law with a view to avoiding its +machinations and continuing their functions +as clergymen without being caught in the +net of persecution.<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_9" id="Para_9" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">9.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Constantine, Blending the Law.</span></span>—When +Emperor Constantine became a +Christian (325 A.D.), there was a great +change, and the members of the bar and +judges were mostly Christians. It then became +necessary for students of law to study +the principles of divine right as taught in +the Church, and while the books of the civil +law were read by students for the priesthood, +the Scriptures and the works of the +Fathers were read by the students in law, +thus blending the law of the two realms to +some extent.<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_10" id="Para_10" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">10.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-style: italic">“</span><span style="font-style: italic">Benefit of the Clergy,</span><span style="font-style: italic">”</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> Ecclesiastical +Court.</span></span>—As the old Roman Empire decayed +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and its power waned, the new one, +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Holy Roman Empire,”</span> gradually implanted +itself in southwestern Europe. The +humiliation that the divine law and the +clergy suffered in being brought into the +common courts gave rise to a system of +courts within the Church for the purpose of +enforcing her morals, doctrines, and discipline. +Those courts were established in all +Christian countries and had jurisdiction of +all felonies excepting arson, treason, and a +few other crimes that from time to time +were put under the special jurisdiction of +the state courts. Whenever a clergyman +was arrested for a crime, he pleaded the +<span class="tei tei-q">“benefit of the clergy,”</span> and his case was +transferred from the state court to the +ecclesiastical court. Also, when a clergyman +was convicted in the state court of any +crime for which the punishment was death, +he could plead the <span class="tei tei-q">“benefit of the clergy,”</span> +which was a protection against his execution.<a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_11" id="Para_11" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">11.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Estates, Guardianship.</span></span>—Besides the +jurisdiction already referred to, the ecclesiastical +court had jurisdiction over the settlement +of estates and the guardianship of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +children, which varied in different countries +and was very indefinite in some of +them.<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_12" id="Para_12" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">12.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Middle Ages, Common Law.</span></span>—During +the Middle Ages there was a constant +effort on behalf of the ecclesiastical courts +to extend their jurisdiction, and a counter-effort +on behalf of the state courts to assume +jurisdiction of cases under the ecclesiastical +law. In England, from the conquest of +William the Conqueror to the Reformation, +the extension of the jurisdiction of the +ecclesiastical courts brought the new element +of English common law into the canon +law; and much of the canon law, following +the jurisdiction assumed by the state courts, +became the common law of the kingdom of +England.<a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_13" id="Para_13" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">13.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gratian, Reformation.</span></span>—The canon +law reached its full development in the +twelfth century, when Gratian, the Blackstone +of his age, compiled the system, but +it subsequently lost its influence when the +Reformation prevailed.<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href="#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_14" id="Para_14" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">14.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bologna.</span></span>—The great school of jurisprudence, +both of canon and civil law, was +located at Bologna, Italy, which reached its +zenith in the thirteenth century. To it students +flocked from Western Europe, and +from it were obtained the professors of law +in the universities of England and other +countries.<a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href="#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_15" id="Para_15" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">15.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church and State.</span></span>—In most of the +Christian countries, the Church and State +were united, and many of the judges in the +civil courts were clergymen.<a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_16" id="Para_16" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">16.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England, Roman Law.</span></span>—On account +of England's being subject to Rome in its +earliest age, and afterward because of its +being conquered by France, the Roman law +was pretty thoroughly intermixed with the +native English law in the minor matters of +the people, and governed in the more important +ones.<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href="#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_17" id="Para_17" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">17.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">America, English Law, Civil Law.</span></span>—The +portions of America that were settled +by the English, which included the original +thirteen colonies, were under the English +law. In Virginia the Episcopal Church, +which was then the church of England, was +made the church of state. Canada and +that portion of the United States formerly +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +known as Louisiana were governed by the +civil law of France. Wherever the French +government had no authority or civil officers, +the government was directly under the missionaries +of the Church.<a id="noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_18" id="Para_18" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">18.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religious Tolerance, Established +Church.</span></span>—The English law and English +ideals prevailing in the original thirteen colonies,<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href="#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a> +there was a strong effort made by +many of the delegates to the constitutional +convention to have the Episcopal Church +made the established church of the new republic. +Thomas Jefferson and James Madison +were probably the strongest opponents +of the scheme, and outside of the great Carroll +of Carrollton, they were the most earnest +advocates of religious tolerance. The necessity +for the fathers of this republic to be +united, and their being unable to unite upon +any church, caused the idea of an established +church to be eliminated. Thus was established +in our republic the freedom of conscience +and the guarantee that no one shall +be persecuted on account of his religious +convictions.<a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_19" id="Para_19" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">19.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribunals.</span></span>—The ecclesiastical courts +as a part of the state system and the <span class="tei tei-q">“benefit +of the clergy,”</span> have been abolished in England +and America. However, as we shall +see further on, tribunals in the nature of the +ecclesiastical court exist in churches and +fraternities of all kinds in the United +States.<a id="noteref_23" name="noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> +<a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter II. What Is A Church?</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_20" id="Para_20" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">20.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church, Religious Society.</span></span>—Bouvier's +definition of <span class="tei tei-q">“Church”</span> is: <span class="tei tei-q">“A society +of persons who profess the Christian religion.”</span> +Chief Justice Shaw's definition is: +<span class="tei tei-q">“The church is neither a corporation nor a +quasi-corporation, but a body of persons +associated together for certain objects under +the law. An aggregate body of individuals +associated together in connection with a religious +society. The term religious society +may with propriety be applied in a certain +sense to a church as that of religious association, +religious union, or the like; yet in +the sense church was and is used in our law, +it is synonymous with parish or precinct and +designates an incorporated society created +and maintained for the support and maintenance +of public worship. In this, its legal +sense, a church is not a religious society. It +is a separate body formed within such parish +or religious society whose rights and usages +are well known and to a great extent defined +and established by law.”</span><a id="noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_21" id="Para_21" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">21.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Doctrine, Constitution.</span></span>—A church +in law is a mere fraternal organization. It +may or may not have a written constitution, +but it must have some central doctrine as its +foundation or constitution.<a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href="#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a> Many of the +Protestant denominations claim that the +entire Bible is their constitution. The Jews +may be said to consider the Old Testament +as their constitution. All revealed truths +may be said to be the constitution of the +Catholic Church,<a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> and when a doctrine concerning +faith or morals is authoritatively +declared by the Church to be a truth, it +becomes a dogma.<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href="#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> The Apostles' Creed is +an example of several dogmatic truths. The +code of the Church is the Ten Commandments. +A few sects, by a majority vote, +make and change their constitutions at will. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_22" id="Para_22" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">22.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">By-Laws.</span></span>—By-laws of the different +religious organizations differ widely, from +the decrees of the great councils of the +Catholic Church down to the vote of the +congregation of an independent denomination. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_23" id="Para_23" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">23.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church, Religious Society.</span></span>—A +church in one sense is more limited than a +religious society; the latter comprehending +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +all the members of the same faith. Even in +the Catholic Church we hear of the Church +of France, the Coptic Church, etc., spoken +of in this sense. And in a still more limited +sense we use the word as a synonym for +parish. However, when the word <span class="tei tei-q">“the”</span> is +used before church written with a capital +letter, Catholics understand it to apply to +the Roman Catholic Church in its entirety, +while some non-Catholics apply it to Christendom. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_24" id="Para_24" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">24.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church, Christians, Religion.</span></span>—The +missions established in California prior to +its admission into the Union were, in law, +practically independent organizations and +had no legal connection with the Church. +Every society organized for the purpose of +propagating the practice of religion may be +a church in law.<a id="noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a> The courts have made a +distinction between Unitarians, who are +considered Christians, and Deists, Theists, +Free Religionists, and other infidels.<a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> A +sect or denomination without a given system +of faith is not recognized as a religion in +law.<a id="noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_25" id="Para_25" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">25.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Doctrine, Standard.</span></span>—To ascertain +the tenets and doctrines of a church, resort +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +must be had to history and to prior and contemporary +standard writings of its members +on theology.<a id="noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_26" id="Para_26" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">26.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ecclesiastical Corporations, Religious, +Quasi-public Corporations.</span></span>—Ecclesiastical +corporations, in the sense in which +the word is used in England, Germany, and +France, are unknown to the United States, +their places being supplied by religious societies +or corporations considered as private +bodies, in contradistinction to public or +quasi-public corporations, such as towns, +villages, cities, counties, and state. Therefore, +the law of private corporations applies +to religious societies and churches. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_27" id="Para_27" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">27.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sect, Sectarianism.</span></span>—The Supreme +Court of Nevada defines <span class="tei tei-q">“sect”</span> as follows: +<span class="tei tei-q">“A religious sect is a body or number of +persons united in tenets, but constituting a +distinct organization or party, by holding +sentiments or doctrines different from those +of other sects or people. In the sense intended +in the constitution, every sect of that +character is <span class="tei tei-q">‘sectarian’</span> and all members +thereof are sectarians.”</span><a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href="#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> In Pennsylvania +the court adopted the definitions given in +the Standard and in Webster's +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +dictionaries.<a id="noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href="#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> The Supreme Court of Missouri, +citing Webster's and the Century dictionaries, +gave the following additional definition +of sectarianism: <span class="tei tei-q">“Sectarianism includes +adherence to a distinct political party, +as much as to a separate sect.”</span><a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34" href="#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> The Presbyterians<a id="noteref_35" name="noteref_35" href="#note_35"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a> +and the <span class="tei tei-q">“Shakers”</span><a id="noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href="#note_36"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a> have been +adjudged sects. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_28" id="Para_28" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">28.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sectarian.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Sectarian”</span> has received +more contradictory constructions +than any other equally simple word in the +English language. In Wisconsin the <span class="tei tei-q">“King +James”</span> Bible was held to be a sectarian +book;<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href="#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> but in Kentucky it was held that +neither the Douay nor the <span class="tei tei-q">“King James”</span> +Bible was a sectarian book.<a id="noteref_38" name="noteref_38" href="#note_38"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a> The Missouri +court extended sectarian so as to apply to +the Republican party.<a id="noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href="#note_39"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a> In Illinois an industrial +school for girls in which the Catholic +Sisters were employed as teachers, was held +a sectarian institution;<a id="noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href="#note_40"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> while in Wisconsin, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the <span class="tei tei-q">“Wisconsin Industrial School for Girls,”</span> +a private corporation organized and conducted +by Protestant ladies, has received +appropriations from the State and has had +its reports published at state's expense, as a +non-sectarian institution.<a id="noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a> In New York +the religious garb of the Catholic Sisters +was practically decided to be sectarian;<a id="noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href="#note_42"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> but +in Pennsylvania and Wisconsin it was decided +that the dress of the Sisters was not +sectarian.<a id="noteref_43" name="noteref_43" href="#note_43"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_29" id="Para_29" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">29.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Worship, Services, Mass.</span></span>—Any act +of adoration, reverence, praise, thanks, +honor, or veneration given to God, is religious +worship.<a id="noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href="#note_44"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> A Sunday-school where the +Bible was read and a hymn sung and a state +temperance camp-meeting where a prayer +was said and hymns were sung, were held to +be places of divine worship.<a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href="#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a> But a priest's +house where he had a room fitted up for a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +chapel, was held to be not a place of worship.<a id="noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href="#note_46"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> +It is very difficult to draw a line—no matter +what curves you may give it—between the +Protestant system of worship, which consists +of the reading of the Bible, the singing +of hymns, and the reciting of prayers, and +such services in the public schools. Also, +there would seem to be no <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">legal</span></em> difference +between a prayer said or a hymn sung by a +Catholic and a Protestant. As we have no +established church in this country, we have +no standard for prayers, hymns, or music.<a id="noteref_47" name="noteref_47" href="#note_47"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +More solemn and impressive than her +prayers adapted for schools is the Mass of +the Catholic Church, defined thus: <span class="tei tei-q">“The +Mass is the unbloody sacrifice of the body +and blood of Christ.”</span><a id="noteref_48" name="noteref_48" href="#note_48"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a> It is defined in 26 +Cyc, 940, as follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“A religious ceremonial +or observance of the Catholic +Church;<a id="noteref_49" name="noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> a Catholic ceremonial celebrated +by the priest in open church, where all who +choose may be present and participate +therein;<a id="noteref_50" name="noteref_50" href="#note_50"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> the sacrifice in the sacrament of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the Eucharist or the consecration and oblation +of the Host.”</span><a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href="#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_30" id="Para_30" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">30.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Parish.</span></span>—A parish has two meanings. +In some States it is a minor division +of public territory; but in States where there +is no such division of territory, the State +using instead <span class="tei tei-q">“county”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“town,”</span> a parish +rather applies to the people belonging to a +particular church, who worship at a particular +place. It is in the latter sense in +which a parish should be construed in church +law.<a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href="#note_52"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Parishioner.</span></span>—A parishioner must be defined +in harmony with the meaning of the +word <span class="tei tei-q">“parish.”</span><a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53" href="#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_31" id="Para_31" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">31.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clergyman.</span></span>—A clergyman is a man +in holy orders or one who has been ordained +in accordance with the rules of his church +or denomination.<a id="noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href="#note_54"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_32" id="Para_32" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">32.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Minister.</span></span>—A minister is one who +acts as, or performs some of the functions +of, a clergyman.<a id="noteref_55" name="noteref_55" href="#note_55"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_33" id="Para_33" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">33.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rector or Pastor.</span></span>—A rector or +pastor is a clergyman who has charge of a +parish.<a id="noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href="#note_56"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_34" id="Para_34" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">34.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion.</span></span>—Religion is still further +distinguished, but not very satisfactorily defined, +for the reason that etymologists have +not agreed upon the derivation of the word. +When the matter was brought before our +courts and it became necessary to give a +definition, the highest court in our country +gave the following: <span class="tei tei-q">“The term <span class="tei tei-q">‘religion’</span> +has reference to one's views of his relations +to his Creator, and to the obligations they +impose of reverence for His being and character, +and of obedience to His will. It is +often confounded with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cultus</span></span> or form of +worship of a particular sect, but it is distinguishable +from the latter.”</span><a id="noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href="#note_57"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a> One of our +highest courts held that <span class="tei tei-q">“religion,”</span> as used +in the trust provision in a will for the purchase +and distribution of religious books or +reading as they shall be deemed best, means +<span class="tei tei-q">“Christian.”</span><a id="noteref_58" name="noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a> But the Supreme Court of +another State held that <span class="tei tei-q">“religion”</span> is not +equivalent to <span class="tei tei-q">“Christian”</span> religion, but +means the religion of any class of men.<a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" href="#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a> +Judge Willis defines <span class="tei tei-q">“religion”</span> thus: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is +what a man honestly believes in and approves +of and thinks it his duty to inculcate +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +on others whether with regard to this world +or the next; a belief in any system of retribution +by an overruling power. It must, I +think, include the principle of gratitude to +an active power who can confer blessings.”</span><a id="noteref_60" name="noteref_60" href="#note_60"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> +<a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter III. Constitutional Law</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_35" id="Para_35" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">35.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religious Tests.</span></span>—The constitution +of the United States provides that <span class="tei tei-q">“no religious +test shall ever be required as a qualification +to any office or public trust under +the United States.”</span><a id="noteref_61" name="noteref_61" href="#note_61"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_36" id="Para_36" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">36.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Test Oath, Attainder.</span></span>—No test oath +of any kind, whether religious or otherwise, +can be required of a citizen of the United +States. Therefore the test oath of Congress +requiring an officer to swear that he never +voluntarily bore arms against the United +States, was held unconstitutional. Exclusion +from any vocation on account of past conduct +is punishment and contrary to the constitution +on the subject of bills of attainder.<a id="noteref_62" name="noteref_62" href="#note_62"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a> +But there is a limitation to this rule to prevent +the open violation of the laws of the +United States or any State under the cloak +of religion.<a id="noteref_63" name="noteref_63" href="#note_63"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_37" id="Para_37" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">37.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Establishment of Religion, Free Exercise.</span></span>—The +first amendment to the United +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +States constitution provides that <span class="tei tei-q">“Congress +shall make no law respecting an establishment +of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise +thereof.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_38" id="Para_38" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">38.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sovereignty, States, Bigamy.</span></span>—The +courts have held that this provision applies +to Congress only, and can not be construed +to interfere with the sovereignty of the several +States; that the constitutional guarantee +of religious freedom was not intended to prohibit +legislation against polygamy; and that +section 5352 of the United States Revised +Statutes against bigamy, is constitutional. +Also, that on a trial for bigamy in Utah, a +man who was living in polygamy was not +competent to serve as a juror.<a id="noteref_64" name="noteref_64" href="#note_64"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_39" id="Para_39" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">39.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church of the Latter-Day Saints.</span></span>—In +1851 the assembly of the so-called State +of Deseret, which subsequently became the +territory of Utah, incorporated <span class="tei tei-q">“the Church +of the Latter-Day Saints.”</span> In 1887 Congress +repealed the act of incorporation and +abrogated the charter, which the Supreme +Court held was within its plenary powers. +The pretense of religious belief can not deprive +Congress of the power to prohibit +polygamy and all other open offenses against +the enlightened sentiments of mankind.<a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href="#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_40" id="Para_40" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">40.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Crime, Religion.</span></span>—The law prohibiting +any person who is a polygamist or +bigamist, or who teaches, advises, counsels, +or encourages the same, from holding any +office of honor, trust, or profit, is constitutional; +and a crime is none the less so, nor +less odious, because it is sanctioned by what +any particular sect may designate as religion. +A state has the right to legislate for the punishment +of all acts inimical to the peace, good +order, and morals of society.<a id="noteref_66" name="noteref_66" href="#note_66"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_41" id="Para_41" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">41.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Donation, Hostile, Religion.</span></span>—On +the other hand the United States Supreme +Court declared the legal right of donees of a +college to make as a condition of the donation +that all ecclesiastics, missionaries, and +ministers of any sort, should be excluded +from holding any station of duty in the college +or even visiting the same. The condition +being only negatively derogatory and +hostile to the Christian religion, did not +make the devise for the foundation of the +college void.<a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" href="#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_42" id="Para_42" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">42.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Christian Scientist.</span></span>—A law requiring +a person to be a physician to treat the +sick, is constitutional; and the defense of a +person who has no license to practise, that +he is a Christian Scientist, is not good. Also, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +a parent must furnish a doctor for his sick +child, notwithstanding that he believes in +prayer cure.<a id="noteref_68" name="noteref_68" href="#note_68"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_43" id="Para_43" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">43.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Protestant.</span></span>—In the early days, under +the constitution of the State, the courts +of Massachusetts practically held that the +Protestant religion was the religion of that +State.<a id="noteref_69" name="noteref_69" href="#note_69"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a> Also, the constitution of New +Hampshire referred to different Christians, +and the court in construing the terms <span class="tei tei-q">“Roman +Catholic”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“Protestant,”</span> held that +any one who did not assent to the truth of +Christianity as a distinct system of religion, +could not be classed as either. The court +stated that Mohammedans, Jews, pagans, +and infidels, are neither <span class="tei tei-q">“Catholics”</span> nor +<span class="tei tei-q">“Protestants.”</span> The term <span class="tei tei-q">“Protestant,”</span> as +used in the constitution of New Hampshire, +includes all Christians who deny the authority +of the Pope of Rome. When the children +of Protestant parents renounce that religion, +and voluntarily accept another, they +cease to be Protestants.<a id="noteref_70" name="noteref_70" href="#note_70"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a> At present under +the constitution of New Hampshire, the legislature +may authorize towns or parishes to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +provide for the support of Protestant ministers.<a id="noteref_71" name="noteref_71" href="#note_71"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_44" id="Para_44" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">44.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hospitals, Sisters, Appropriation.</span></span>—In +1864, Providence Hospital, of Washington, +was incorporated by an act of Congress, +for general hospital purposes. In 1897, +$30,000 was appropriated for the District of +Columbia to put up two isolation buildings +in connection with two hospitals in that city, +to be operated as a part of such hospitals. +Providence Hospital was selected as one, and +because it was in charge of Sisters of the +Roman Catholic Church, the right of Congress +to make the appropriation was disputed. +Among other things, Judge Peackham +says: <span class="tei tei-q">“Whether the individuals who +compose the corporation under its charter +happen to be all Roman Catholics, or all +Methodists, or all Presbyterians, or Unitarians, +or members of any other religious +organization, or of no organization at all, is +of not the slightest consequence with reference +to the law of its corporation, nor can +the individual beliefs upon religious matters +of the various incorporators be inquired +into.”</span> The appropriation was <span class="tei tei-q">“for two hospital +buildings to be constructed in the discretion +of the commissioners of the District +of Columbia on the grounds of two hospitals +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and to be operated as a part of such hospitals.”</span><a id="noteref_72" name="noteref_72" href="#note_72"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_45" id="Para_45" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">45.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Constitution, Rights.</span></span>—The provisions +in the constitution do not in any way interfere +with property rights obtained by a +church organization prior to its adoption.<a id="noteref_73" name="noteref_73" href="#note_73"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_46" id="Para_46" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">46.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aid, Contracts.</span></span>—Under the constitution +of the United States, Congress cannot +make appropriations for nor give aid to any +denomination. Also, similar provisions are +in many of the constitutions of the States. +However, many cases arise out of contracts +which border upon these various rules, and +in some States the constitutional provision of +the State is such that the State Legislature +may legislate concerning religion and give +certain aid and support thereto. Paying rent +to a congregation for a school-room is not +an appropriation or aid to a church contrary +to the constitution.<a id="noteref_74" name="noteref_74" href="#note_74"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_47" id="Para_47" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">47.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Protestant Teacher, Tax.</span></span>—Formerly +every parish in Massachusetts was obliged +to elect and support a Protestant teacher, +and might erect churches and parsonages. +To provide the expenses thereof, a tax +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +might be assessed upon the polls of the +inhabitants.<a id="noteref_75" name="noteref_75" href="#note_75"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a> Until 1890 New Hampshire +permitted a tax to be levied in towns for religious +purposes. It is still legal under the +New Hampshire constitution to tax the inhabitants +for the purpose of supporting +Protestant teachers, but not to support a +teacher of any other denomination.<a id="noteref_76" name="noteref_76" href="#note_76"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a> A section +of land in every township in Ohio was +set apart for religious societies, in which +they all shared equally.<a id="noteref_77" name="noteref_77" href="#note_77"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a> Vermont had a +similar provision.<a id="noteref_78" name="noteref_78" href="#note_78"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_48" id="Para_48" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">48.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Office, God.</span></span>—The constitutions of +Arkansas, Mississippi, North Carolina, +South Carolina, and Texas, prohibit a man +from holding office who denies the existence +of a Supreme Being; and the constitutions +of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Tennessee, +make all clergymen ineligible to hold +a civil office.<a id="noteref_79" name="noteref_79" href="#note_79"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_49" id="Para_49" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">49.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religious Liberty, Bible, Religious +Garb, Wages.</span></span>—The authorities are not uniform +as to what constitutes a violation of religious +liberty. The question of whether +the reading of the Bible in the public schools +is a violation of the constitution, is an open +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +one in some States and in others the courts +have passed upon it, some holding that it is +a violation of the constitution,<a id="noteref_80" name="noteref_80" href="#note_80"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a> and some +holding that it is not.<a id="noteref_81" name="noteref_81" href="#note_81"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a> The weight of authority +seems to permit the reading of the +<span class="tei tei-q">“King James”</span> Bible,<a id="noteref_82" name="noteref_82" href="#note_82"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a> and where portions +only are read, as in <span class="tei tei-q">“reading books”</span> prepared +for school work, or where the children +are not obliged to be present during the exercises, +the cases seem to be unanimous that +it is not a violation of the constitution.<a id="noteref_83" name="noteref_83" href="#note_83"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a> In +Pennsylvania the court held that while Sisters +in their religious garb might be teachers +in the public schools, they could not give instruction +in the Catholic religion at the +schoolhouse before or after school hours, or +at any other time use the school building for +religious purposes. Also, in Wisconsin the +court decided that while a portion of a parochial +school building might be leased for +public school purposes and the Sisters be employed +therein as teachers, religious exercises +and instructions could not be given in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +such leased premises.<a id="noteref_84" name="noteref_84" href="#note_84"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">84</span></span></a> In New York it +was held not only that Sisters could not wear +their religious garb or pray in school, but +that they could not collect wages for teaching.<a id="noteref_85" name="noteref_85" href="#note_85"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">85</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> +<a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter IV. Statutory Law</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_50" id="Para_50" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">50.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wisconsin, Mississippi, New York.</span></span>—The +statutory law of the different States +of the Union is so varied and the laws of +one State are of so little interest to the people +of another that it would be almost useless +and beyond the boundaries of this work to +give the substance of the various statutes. +In some States there is a limitation upon the +real estate that a church or charitable organization +may hold, and in other States +there is no limitation whatever. Wisconsin, +perhaps, occupies the extreme of greatest +liberality, by not only allowing full freedom +in everything relating to religion and charity, +but it further excepts from the limitation +all rights of alienation of real estate granted +or devised to a charitable association or to +literary or charitable corporations organized +under the law of the State. The State of +Mississippi probably stands at the other extreme +both in the narrowness of its constitution +and statutory law, and prohibits any +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +devise or bequest of any personal property +or real estate in favor of any religious or +ecclesiastical corporation or any religious or +ecclesiastical society. Neither does it exempt +a clergyman, physician, or lawyer, +from examination as a witness concerning +information that he obtained in the performance +of his functions or duties as such. Its +judges, however, are more liberal than its +legislators, and I know of no instance in +which a clergyman, physician, or lawyer, as +a witness, was sent to jail for contempt of +court for not divulging information obtained +in his professional capacity. Probably +New York has the most complete code<a id="noteref_86" name="noteref_86" href="#note_86"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">86</span></span></a> +relating to religious corporations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_51" id="Para_51" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">51.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Real Estate, Parish, Diocese, Taxation.</span></span>—It +is very important that a congregation +about to purchase real estate should examine +and understand the statutory law of +the State governing the powers and authority +of the Church as a civil organization. In +some States there is no special law for incorporating +religious societies; while in most +States there are special provisions therefor. +For this reason, I emphasize the fact that no +parish or clergyman is justified in organizing +a congregation or purchasing land without +first knowing the law of that particular +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +State. But generally it is best that each congregation +be incorporated and that its property +be held in the name of the corporation, +so that the debts of one corporation will not +embarrass the diocese, and that bequests and +gifts made to a church may be enforced in +the courts. The proceedings to incorporate +are fully stated in the statutes of each State. +One of the things of the utmost importance +is that any notice to be given must be given +strictly as required by law.<a id="noteref_87" name="noteref_87" href="#note_87"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">87</span></span></a> Another is to +incorporate in the way that avoids taxation.<a id="noteref_88" name="noteref_88" href="#note_88"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">88</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_52" id="Para_52" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">52.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Riot, Damages.</span></span>—Under a statute +providing that a person whose property is +destroyed by riot may bring suit against the +county for damages, a corporation for religious +purposes, as well as an individual, has +a right of action.<a id="noteref_89" name="noteref_89" href="#note_89"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">89</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_53" id="Para_53" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">53.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Use, Change, Parsonage, Discipline, +Doctrine, Curate.</span></span>—When a fee simple is +acquired by a religious corporation, without +restriction as to quantity, but limiting the +purpose of its use, a subsequent Legislature, +with the consent of the corporation, has +power to change or abrogate altogether the +restrictions as to the use of the land.<a id="noteref_90" name="noteref_90" href="#note_90"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">90</span></span></a> And +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the Legislature may empower the church +corporation to convey a house devised to it +for a parsonage with a condition that it be +kept in repair, and invest the proceeds in +other property to be held for the same purpose.<a id="noteref_91" name="noteref_91" href="#note_91"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">91</span></span></a> +A State legislature can not interfere +in church discipline and doctrine, as by legislating +what shall constitute a curate in the +Catholic Church.<a id="noteref_92" name="noteref_92" href="#note_92"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">92</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> +<a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter V. Unincorporated Church Societies</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_54" id="Para_54" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">54.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Partners, Debt, Liability.</span></span>—Where +several go into an undertaking without first +being incorporated they are usually liable as +partners, each one being responsible for the +whole debt. In some States the same liability +exists where an attempt has been made +to incorporate, but there was a failure to +comply fully with the law.<a id="noteref_93" name="noteref_93" href="#note_93"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">93</span></span></a> There is some +authority freeing the individual members of +a religious society from liability for the +debts of such society,<a id="noteref_94" name="noteref_94" href="#note_94"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">94</span></span></a> and holding that an +agent of such society could not bind the society +in their associated capacity by a promissory +note,<a id="noteref_95" name="noteref_95" href="#note_95"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">95</span></span></a> but the rule is that the members +of an unincorporated society who actively +incur lawful debts or ratify them after their +creation are personally liable. There are +exceptions to this rule by statute or decisions +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in a few States.<a id="noteref_96" name="noteref_96" href="#note_96"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">96</span></span></a> Also, the law of personal +liability is settled in England.<a id="noteref_97" name="noteref_97" href="#note_97"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">97</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_55" id="Para_55" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">55.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pastor, Salary.</span></span>—In a late case in +Wisconsin where a pastor had a contract +with his congregation as to his salary, after +the clergyman's death his heirs recovered +the unpaid part of his salary in an action +against a few of the individual members of +the congregation.<a id="noteref_98" name="noteref_98" href="#note_98"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">98</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_56" id="Para_56" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">56.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Building, Materials.</span></span>—The members +of the building committee of an unincorporated +church are liable for materials purchased +by them for the church, notwithstanding +that the seller charged the materials +in the name of the church, and that +at the time that the purchase was made, he +was told that the money for payment was +to be raised by subscription among the congregation.<a id="noteref_99" name="noteref_99" href="#note_99"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">99</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_57" id="Para_57" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">57.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Management, Disability.</span></span>—An unincorporated +society is managed by those who +are competent to transact their own business. +Therefore, it would seem that members +must be men over twenty-one years of +age, and not under legal disability. The +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +minor sons in a family who have continued +their attendance at the religious services +until of full age, are considered members.<a id="noteref_100" name="noteref_100" href="#note_100"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">100</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_58" id="Para_58" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">58.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shakers, Sect, Catholic Church, +Trustees, Funds.</span></span>—Although the sect called +Shakers is not incorporated, yet it has been +allowed to take and hold property for church +purposes.<a id="noteref_101" name="noteref_101" href="#note_101"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">101</span></span></a> In Massachusetts, by statute, a +sect may take and hold property for religious +purposes without incorporation.<a id="noteref_102" name="noteref_102" href="#note_102"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">102</span></span></a> The +Roman Catholic Church is a recognized public +corporation by most nations, including +the United States.<a id="noteref_103" name="noteref_103" href="#note_103"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">103</span></span></a> No individual member +of any such body has any title to the lands +it holds, but the lands are the property of +the society in its aggregate capacity.<a id="noteref_104" name="noteref_104" href="#note_104"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">104</span></span></a> After +property has been acquired, the trustees +have no right to distribute it among the +members, as such power could not be conferred +upon them by a majority vote even +when approved by an order of the court. +The contributors did not intend their funds +to be so disposed of, and if they failed to +attain the use intended, they must be returned +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to the donors, and if not called for, +would escheat to the state.<a id="noteref_105" name="noteref_105" href="#note_105"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">105</span></span></a> Where an unincorporated +society has purchased property +and taken the title thereto in the name of +one of its members, when it subsequently +incorporates such member may be required +to execute a conveyance to the corporation.<a id="noteref_106" name="noteref_106" href="#note_106"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">106</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_59" id="Para_59" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">59.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contract, Binding.</span></span>—Persons forming +a religious society may make a contract +for the support of its minister by a majority +vote.<a id="noteref_107" name="noteref_107" href="#note_107"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">107</span></span></a> When such unincorporated society +by a majority vote enters into a contract or +compromises a suit, it is binding upon the +minority.<a id="noteref_108" name="noteref_108" href="#note_108"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">108</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_60" id="Para_60" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">60.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Court, Trust.</span></span>—Any member of an +unincorporated society may go into a court +of equity on behalf of himself and others to +enforce the execution of a trust in favor of +the society.<a id="noteref_109" name="noteref_109" href="#note_109"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">109</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_61" id="Para_61" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">61.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Societies, Membership, Forfeiture.</span></span>—Voluntary +religious societies when not restricted +by their charters or articles of association, +may make by-laws declaring what +shall constitute membership and what shall +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +operate as a forfeiture thereof, applicable +to existing as well as to future members. +Where money is voted to be raised by an +assessment to be made at a subsequent +period, a person who was a member of the +religious society at the time that such vote +was passed, but withdraws before the time +of assessment, is not liable to taxation.<a id="noteref_110" name="noteref_110" href="#note_110"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">110</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> +<a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VI. Incorporated Religious Societies</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_62" id="Para_62" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">62.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Special Law, General Laws.</span></span>—In +most of the States there is a special law +under which congregations may be incorporated. +New York is a good example.<a id="noteref_111" name="noteref_111" href="#note_111"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">111</span></span></a> +Where such law does not exist, the congregation +may be incorporated under the general +laws. For business reasons each congregation +should be incorporated.<a id="noteref_112" name="noteref_112" href="#note_112"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">112</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_63" id="Para_63" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">63.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Officers, Discipline, Property.</span></span>—When +a church society incorporates it becomes +a private corporation, and the officers +are bound to manage the property in the +most upright and careful manner according +to the discipline of the church.<a id="noteref_113" name="noteref_113" href="#note_113"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">113</span></span></a> When a +parish incorporates, the title to the parish +property vests in the corporation, to which +trustees may be compelled to convey it.<a id="noteref_114" name="noteref_114" href="#note_114"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">114</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_64" id="Para_64" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">64.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Incorporation, Evidence.</span></span>—The certificate +of incorporation or charter of a religious +society or a certified copy thereof +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +from the public record, is the proper evidence +thereof.<a id="noteref_115" name="noteref_115" href="#note_115"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">115</span></span></a> Secondary evidence and +evidence <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">aliunde</span></span> may be competent in some +forums.<a id="noteref_116" name="noteref_116" href="#note_116"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">116</span></span></a> In most States if incorporation is +alleged in the complaint, it need not be +proved unless denied by an affidavit or a +verified answer. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_65" id="Para_65" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">65.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Congregation, Members.</span></span>—The act +of incorporation applies only to the particular +congregation petitioning for it and does +not extend to other churches, even though +they are a subsequent growth within the +same territory.<a id="noteref_117" name="noteref_117" href="#note_117"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">117</span></span></a> Incorporation once established +is presumed to continue.<a id="noteref_118" name="noteref_118" href="#note_118"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">118</span></span></a> When a +new religious society is formed and incorporated, +consisting of individuals from existing +parishes, the members of the new society +from the time of its incorporation cease +to be members of the respective parishes +to which they had belonged.<a id="noteref_119" name="noteref_119" href="#note_119"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">119</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_66" id="Para_66" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">66.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Temporal Affairs, Management.</span></span>—A +majority of a religious corporation at a regularly +called meeting may, by a vote taken, +bind the minority in all temporal affairs.<a id="noteref_120" name="noteref_120" href="#note_120"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">120</span></span></a> +The character of membership in the religious +corporation may be very different from +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +that of membership in the church.<a id="noteref_121" name="noteref_121" href="#note_121"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">121</span></span></a> The +fact that a member has been declared out of +the church by an ecclesiastical tribunal, may +not affect his rights in the management of +the temporal concerns of the corporation.<a id="noteref_122" name="noteref_122" href="#note_122"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">122</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_67" id="Para_67" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">67.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Corporators, Change.</span></span>—In isolated +cases here and there it has been held that a +majority of the corporators of a religious +society has the right to change the form of +church government, as from the Congregational +Church to an organization in connection +with the Presbyterian Church.<a id="noteref_123" name="noteref_123" href="#note_123"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">123</span></span></a> But +it is a general rule that a majority of the +congregation can act only consistently with +the particular and general laws of the +church organization, but not in violation of +them.<a id="noteref_124" name="noteref_124" href="#note_124"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">124</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_68" id="Para_68" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">68.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Constitution, Subsequent Laws.</span></span>—An +ecclesiastical society formed before the +adoption of the state constitution is not by +that constitution and subsequent laws concerning +religious societies divested of its +legal character.<a id="noteref_125" name="noteref_125" href="#note_125"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">125</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_69" id="Para_69" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">69.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Name, Change.</span></span>—The name of an +ecclesiastical corporation is arbitrary and a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +change or alteration in its name does not +affect its identity.<a id="noteref_126" name="noteref_126" href="#note_126"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">126</span></span></a> A charter will not be +granted to a church with a name so like another +church in the same State, that one may +be taken for the other.<a id="noteref_127" name="noteref_127" href="#note_127"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">127</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_70" id="Para_70" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">70.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church, Regular.</span></span>—In church organizations +those who adhere to the regular +order of the church, legal and general, +though a minority, are the true congregation +and constitute the corporation if incorporated.<a id="noteref_128" name="noteref_128" href="#note_128"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">128</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_71" id="Para_71" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">71.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notice, Legal.</span></span>—All the proceedings +of a corporation, including notice, must be +in accordance with the constitution and by-laws, +and no business transacted contrary +thereto is legal.<a id="noteref_129" name="noteref_129" href="#note_129"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">129</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_72" id="Para_72" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">72.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Control, Secede, Vested Rights.</span></span>—The +officers of a church corporation have +control of the business management for all +civil purposes, excepting as otherwise provided +by the articles of organization, charter, +or by-laws of the corporation. However, +the by-laws must not contravene the +laws of the State.<a id="noteref_130" name="noteref_130" href="#note_130"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">130</span></span></a> A charter was refused +in Pennsylvania which provided that the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +congregation might, by a majority vote, dissolve +or secede from the central body and +divide the property.<a id="noteref_131" name="noteref_131" href="#note_131"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">131</span></span></a> A charter of incorporation +may be amended in harmony with +the principles, discipline, and objects of the +church, but not otherwise.<a id="noteref_132" name="noteref_132" href="#note_132"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">132</span></span></a> The fact that +incorporation of a church confers certain +rights and privileges under the charter, such +charter being accepted, does not give the +church corporation any vested rights.<a id="noteref_133" name="noteref_133" href="#note_133"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">133</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_73" id="Para_73" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">73.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Consolidation, Control, Dissolution.</span></span>—So +far as the State law is concerned, two +different denominations may form one corporation;<a id="noteref_134" name="noteref_134" href="#note_134"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">134</span></span></a> +or two or more congregations +of the same organization may form one corporation.<a id="noteref_135" name="noteref_135" href="#note_135"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">135</span></span></a> +Where such consolidation is attempted, +the new organization must have +control of all the property.<a id="noteref_136" name="noteref_136" href="#note_136"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">136</span></span></a> So long as different +congregations attempting to consolidate +retain their respective identities, they do +not form a single corporation.<a id="noteref_137" name="noteref_137" href="#note_137"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">137</span></span></a> It is a general +rule that a corporation may be dissolved +by taking the steps required by law. As +there are various statutory provisions in the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +different States, each case had best be attended +to by an attorney. In some States +there is a provision that where a corporation +fails to carry out its functions for a stated +time, it thereby becomes dissolved. The +omission of a parish for one year to elect +officers, does not necessarily operate as a dissolution +under such statute. In case of dissolution +under a statute of that kind, the +property of the church is not forfeited to the +State.<a id="noteref_138" name="noteref_138" href="#note_138"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">138</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_74" id="Para_74" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">74.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Debt, Limited.</span></span>—The amount of debt +which the trustees of a religious society may +be authorized to create, may be limited by its +constitution.<a id="noteref_139" name="noteref_139" href="#note_139"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">139</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_75" id="Para_75" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">75.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Conditions, Effect.</span></span>—Where $1,000 +was given defendants to erect and maintain +forever a Lutheran church and prohibiting +the grantee from alienating or disposing of +or otherwise changing or encumbering the +land by deed, a mortgage given to secure a +legitimate debt was held valid, as the legal +title was in the corporation and a court of +equity could not refuse to enforce the mortgage +for the payment of an honest debt +under color of protecting a charitable use.<a id="noteref_140" name="noteref_140" href="#note_140"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">140</span></span></a> +But property given a congregation for the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +maintenance of a church that becomes dissolved, +reverts to the heirs as a resulting +trust.<a id="noteref_141" name="noteref_141" href="#note_141"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">141</span></span></a> A corporation that has been authorized +to purchase land may execute a mortgage +for the purchase money or a part of it +without further authority.<a id="noteref_142" name="noteref_142" href="#note_142"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">142</span></span></a> Where by an +ancient agreement a meeting-house was to +remain in a particular place, a vote of the +congregation will not justify pulling it +down, and an action of trespass will lie for +razing it and damages will be given for the +value of the building.<a id="noteref_143" name="noteref_143" href="#note_143"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">143</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_76" id="Para_76" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">76.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Suits, Parties.</span></span>—When a church is +incorporated, it should be sued in its corporate +name; but when the bishop of the +Catholic church holds the legal title to the +land in litigation, he should be made a +party.<a id="noteref_144" name="noteref_144" href="#note_144"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">144</span></span></a> And if there are two sets of officers +contending for control, service of the papers +upon the intruders may not be sufficient. The +safer practice is to serve upon both.<a id="noteref_145" name="noteref_145" href="#note_145"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">145</span></span></a> A +suit by the trustees of a religious society to +restrain other parties claiming to be trustees +from interfering in the management and +control of the society property, is properly +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +brought in the corporate name of the trustees +and not in the name of the State.<a id="noteref_146" name="noteref_146" href="#note_146"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">146</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_77" id="Para_77" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">77.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Incorporation, Sufficient.</span></span>—Where +the articles of incorporation were drawn and +signed in the form required by law, excepting +as to the acknowledgment, and were recorded, +and the corporation organized in +good faith, it became a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">de facto</span></span> corporation +and was sufficient to entitle it to sue to prevent +certain members from perverting the +use of its property.<a id="noteref_147" name="noteref_147" href="#note_147"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">147</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_78" id="Para_78" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">78.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dissolution, Fund.</span></span>—The corporation +of a congregation can not by seceding and +a majority vote dissolve the corporation +where it is a part of a superior body.<a id="noteref_148" name="noteref_148" href="#note_148"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">148</span></span></a> But +the courts have plenary powers over corporations +under the United States jurisdiction, +such as territories, and may dissolve a corporation.<a id="noteref_149" name="noteref_149" href="#note_149"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">149</span></span></a> +The fact that the dissolution is +contrary to, or authorized by church discipline, +makes no difference as to granting the +dissolution, as such discipline can not supersede +the state law.<a id="noteref_150" name="noteref_150" href="#note_150"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">150</span></span></a> On dissolution of a religious +corporation, the surplus fund derived +from a legacy should be disposed of in +the manner the court believes to be most in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +harmony with the will of the contributors to +the fund, could they have foreseen the +event.<a id="noteref_151" name="noteref_151" href="#note_151"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">151</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_79" id="Para_79" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">79.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reorganization.</span></span>—A church corporation +may reorganize and be reinstated into +all rights that it formerly had.<a id="noteref_152" name="noteref_152" href="#note_152"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">152</span></span></a> The steps +to be taken to reorganize are usually provided +by statute and should be closely followed. +Upon the reorganization, the old +corporation becomes terminated.<a id="noteref_153" name="noteref_153" href="#note_153"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">153</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_80" id="Para_80" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">80.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Meetings, Majority, Quorum.</span></span>—In +corporate meetings, meetings of boards, and +meetings of committees duly called, a majority +vote of those present determines the +action of the body. If the membership is indefinite, +those who attend such meeting constitute +a quorum; but if the membership is +definite, it requires a majority of the voting +members to constitute a quorum, unless the +law of the State or the constitution (articles +of organization) or by-laws provide a different +number.<a id="noteref_154" name="noteref_154" href="#note_154"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">154</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> +<a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VII. Superior Authority</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_81" id="Para_81" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">81.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Protestant, Ministers, Bishop.</span></span>—In +most church organizations the authority is +divided into superior and inferior. In countries +where there is an established Protestant +church, the superior authority is first +in the king and queen and secondly in the +bishops. The inferior authority is in the +ministers and secular officers of the church. +Where there is no established church, the +synod or bishop is the superior authority. +Thus decisions of our courts usually apply +to all churches alike. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_82" id="Para_82" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">82.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roman Catholic Church, Pope, Bishops, +Delegated.</span></span>—In the Roman Catholic +Church the superior authority is first in the +Pope and secondly in the other bishops. +This superior authority is graded and some +of it may be delegated, as in case of a Papal +delegate. But the general rule that delegated +authority can not be again delegated +by the delegate without special authority +applies to church matters. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_83" id="Para_83" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">83.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bishop, Discipline, Clergy.</span></span>—Within +his diocese the bishop is the executive officer, +the legislature, and the judiciary; but he is +subject to the superior authority of the +Church. The bishop may make laws for his +diocese, subject to the limitation of the general +doctrine and discipline of the Church. +He has original jurisdiction of all causes +arising in his diocese, and may decide them +in the first instance and inflict such penalties, +suspension, or excommunication, in accordance +with the canons of the Church, as +he deems fit. The clergy are subject to his +orders and discipline according to the canon +law. However, without special contract, the +bishop is not civilly liable for the salary of +a priest under him, either while he is actually +in the line of his assigned duties or while +waiting to be assigned.<a id="noteref_155" name="noteref_155" href="#note_155"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">155</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_84" id="Para_84" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">84.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Local, Secular Matters.</span></span>—There is +still another division of superior and inferior +authority: the local corporation or +congregation has nothing whatever to do +with the doctrinal or disciplinary functions +of the Church; but has only such powers +and authority with regard to secular matters +as is provided by the laws of the State +or conferred by the articles of organization, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +charter, and by-laws. Also, unless there is +some other rule to the contrary, only the +male members who are over twenty-one +years of age, have a voice and vote in such +corporation.<a id="noteref_156" name="noteref_156" href="#note_156"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">156</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_85" id="Para_85" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">85.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unincorporated, Authority.</span></span>—When +a church is not incorporated, all its elections +and proceedings, so far as they are not contrary +to the laws of the State, must be in +accordance with the rules and regulations +of the Church; and the rule that the inferior +authority must give way to the superior +authority in all matters within the limitations +of the constitution and laws of the +organization, prevails.<a id="noteref_157" name="noteref_157" href="#note_157"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">157</span></span></a> However, courts +are not always clear on the last part of this +rule.<a id="noteref_158" name="noteref_158" href="#note_158"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">158</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_86" id="Para_86" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">86.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribunal, Action, Appeal.</span></span>—When +any question arises and is being adjudicated +in the tribunal of the church organization, +either as an original action or on appeal, the +State court will not interfere so long as the +proceedings are in accordance with the rules +and regulations of the church, unless some +vested right to property is in question or +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +some one's right as a citizen of the State or +of the United States is being infringed.<a id="noteref_159" name="noteref_159" href="#note_159"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">159</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_87" id="Para_87" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">87.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spiritual Authority, Excommunication.</span></span>—Neither +the Pope nor the bishop has +any but spiritual authority within the State.<a id="noteref_160" name="noteref_160" href="#note_160"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">160</span></span></a> +The law of this country considers excommunication +as expelling from membership; +but does not tolerate interference with civil +or property rights of citizens. Therefore, +major excommunication <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">non tolerati</span></span>, is unlawful +in the United States.<a id="noteref_161" name="noteref_161" href="#note_161"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">161</span></span></a> However, a +bishop is not liable for any expression of +his opinion as to the extent of his episcopal +authority nor for any act of omission in the +exercise of his spiritual functions.<a id="noteref_162" name="noteref_162" href="#note_162"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">162</span></span></a> The +civil courts will not go behind a church +authority to inquire as to excommunication, +but may examine as to the competency of +the tribunal according to the laws of the +denomination.<a id="noteref_163" name="noteref_163" href="#note_163"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">163</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_88" id="Para_88" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">88.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Constitution, Limited, Decisions.</span></span>—A +written constitution is not necessary to +prove the connection between a subordinate +and superior ecclesiastical body; but it will +be inferred from the circumstances of the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +case.<a id="noteref_164" name="noteref_164" href="#note_164"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">164</span></span></a> The superior may dissolve or reorganize +an inferior body as a congregation.<a id="noteref_165" name="noteref_165" href="#note_165"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">165</span></span></a> +In fact the superior authority, in religious +matters, is plenary, excepting as limited by +the laws of the State and the constitution of +the Church.<a id="noteref_166" name="noteref_166" href="#note_166"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">166</span></span></a> The decisions of the ecclesiastical +tribunals in all cases on doctrine, +order, and discipline, are conclusive in the +state courts.<a id="noteref_167" name="noteref_167" href="#note_167"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">167</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> +<a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VIII. Inferior Authority</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_89" id="Para_89" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">89.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Priesthood</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Discipline</span></span>.—The inferior +authority in the Church may be said to be +in the priesthood, whose rights and duties +are fixed by the canon law, but who are still +further subject to the reasonable diocesan +rules made by the bishop. The disciplinary +relation of a priest to his bishop is substantially +the same as that of a captain to his +colonel, and implicit obedience in accordance +with the discipline of the Church may be +strictly enforced by the bishop in so far as +it relates to ecclesiastical matters, including +doctrine and discipline, in which the priest +can not resort to the courts of the State, but +must submit to the tribunals of the church.<a id="noteref_168" name="noteref_168" href="#note_168"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">168</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_90" id="Para_90" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">90.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Congregation, Insubordinate, Discipline.</span></span>—The +male members of a congregation +are invested with no visitorial or controling +power, but only such authority as is +given under the laws of incorporation.<a id="noteref_169" name="noteref_169" href="#note_169"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">169</span></span></a> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Where an inferior organization, as a congregation, +refuses to receive a clergyman +appointed by the bishop, it is an act of insubordination +to the ecclesiastical authority +of the Church and in violation of its discipline, +which authorizes the issuing of a peremptory +mandamus commanding them to +admit the clergyman.<a id="noteref_170" name="noteref_170" href="#note_170"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">170</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_91" id="Para_91" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">91.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pastor, Parish, Relation.</span></span>—When a +clergyman's connection with a church had +been duly dissolved, he ceased to be pastor +of the church and an arrangement with the +parish to retain his relation as pastor of +such church was nugatory and void.<a id="noteref_171" name="noteref_171" href="#note_171"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">171</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_92" id="Para_92" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">92.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clergymen, Citizens.</span></span>—Clergymen residing +in an incorporated town are not exempt +from the performance of any duties +required of citizens, unless such exemption +is given by statute.<a id="noteref_172" name="noteref_172" href="#note_172"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">172</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_93" id="Para_93" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">93.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Doctrine and Discipline, Authority.</span></span>—In +all matters concerning doctrine and +discipline of the Church, the inferior authority, +such as ministers, priests, and deacons, +as well as the congregation, must +submit to the decision of the higher authority, +whether bishop, synod, or council.<a id="noteref_173" name="noteref_173" href="#note_173"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">173</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_94" id="Para_94" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">94.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sect, Suit, Property.</span></span>—A number of +people formed a congregation and became +incorporated in 1810, the members being +mostly of Presbyterian extraction. This independent +congregation bought and paid for +property, the title vesting in the corporation. +In 1811 the congregation passed resolutions +unanimously that it <span class="tei tei-q">“would be imprudent +and unscriptural”</span> to establish a new +religious sect, and voted to join the First +Reformed Dutch Church, which had an +organization of inferior and superior authority. +The congregation was received +into and became a part of the general organization, +and remained so until 1860, +when a majority of the congregation voted +to employ a Methodist minister, and when +his name was submitted to the superior +authority, the <span class="tei tei-q">“classis,”</span> he was rejected as +not belonging to the church. Then by a +majority vote, the congregation seceded and +assumed its first name, and thereafter +brought suit for the church property. The +court held that by joining the First Reformed +Dutch Church, the title of the +property vested in the congregation of that +church as represented by its corporation, +and that when the majority seceded and left +the church, they had no right nor title to +any of the property. And the court laid +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +down the general rule that a majority of a +church congregation may direct and control +any church matters consistently with the +particular and general laws of the organization +or denomination to which it belongs, +but not in violation of them.<a id="noteref_174" name="noteref_174" href="#note_174"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">174</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_95" id="Para_95" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">95.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Priest, Salary.</span></span>—The fact that a +bishop who holds the title to all the diocesan +property in his own name in trust appoints +a priest to the parish or as chaplain to a +hospital, does not give the priest a right of +action against the bishop personally for his +salary. The relation of bishop and priest is +not that of employer and employe, but is +that of ecclesiastical superior and inferior.<a id="noteref_175" name="noteref_175" href="#note_175"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">175</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_96" id="Para_96" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">96.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curate, Induction, Rector.</span></span>—The <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">jus +patronatus</span></span> of the Spanish law has been abrogated +in Louisiana. The wardens of the +church can not compel a bishop to institute +a curate of their appointment, nor is he in +any sense subordinate in his clerical functions +to the wardens of any church within +his diocese.<a id="noteref_176" name="noteref_176" href="#note_176"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">176</span></span></a> In the absence of a positive +rule of the ecclesiastical body, no ceremony +of induction is necessary for the rector of a +parish.<a id="noteref_177" name="noteref_177" href="#note_177"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">177</span></span></a> A clergyman appointed <span class="tei tei-q">“permanently”</span> +to a rectorship holds it for an indefinite +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +period during the pleasure of the +contracting parties, and either of the contracting +parties may give the other notice of +termination, and with the concurrence of +the higher ecclesiastical authority of the diocese, +a change may be made.<a id="noteref_178" name="noteref_178" href="#note_178"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">178</span></span></a> It is doubtful, +however, whether in most States a permanent +appointment would not be construed +as a contract for life, determinable only for +good cause.<a id="noteref_179" name="noteref_179" href="#note_179"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">179</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_97" id="Para_97" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">97.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Controversy, Tribunal, Decision.</span></span>—When +the clergyman and his parishioners +submit a controversy to an ecclesiastical +tribunal, the decision, if not impeached for +good cause, is justification in the party conforming +to it.<a id="noteref_180" name="noteref_180" href="#note_180"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">180</span></span></a> And a minister who submits +to a church tribunal and is ousted after +fair hearing and trial, can not obtain a writ +of mandamus from the civil court to compel +his reinstatement.<a id="noteref_181" name="noteref_181" href="#note_181"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">181</span></span></a> Also, after a minister +has been dismissed in due manner by the +tribunal of his denomination, the civil court +will enjoin him from usurping his office.<a id="noteref_182" name="noteref_182" href="#note_182"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">182</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_98" id="Para_98" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">98.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Priest, Dwelling, Servant.</span></span>—A Catholic +priest in charge of a congregation at +the will of the bishop and occupying a dwelling-house +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +belonging to the church, is a servant +and not a tenant, and his right to occupancy +ceases with his services.<a id="noteref_183" name="noteref_183" href="#note_183"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">183</span></span></a> The law +is different with regard to a Methodist minister +who is in charge of his parish by an +annual conference and can not be ejected +by the congregation or bishop until the +next conference, as he has possession of +the church property without superior authority.<a id="noteref_184" name="noteref_184" href="#note_184"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">184</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_99" id="Para_99" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">99.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Injunction, Bishop, Priest, Trial.</span></span>—On +application for an injunction to restrain +the bishop from passing a sentence against +a priest, the only ground on which a court +can exercise jurisdiction is that the threatened +action of the bishop will affect the civil +rights of the priest.<a id="noteref_185" name="noteref_185" href="#note_185"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">185</span></span></a> A bishop can not remove +a priest without an accusation, hearing, +or trial, and forbid him to exercise any +priestly function where such removal would +cut off the priest's income and destroy his +means of living in his vocation.<a id="noteref_186" name="noteref_186" href="#note_186"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">186</span></span></a> However, +in the same case it was held that a complaint +stating that the bishop failed and neglected +to assign the plaintiff to the exercise of his +office of priest in said diocese to the plaintiff's +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +damage, etc., failed to show that any +right of property or civil right was involved +and the priest was non-suited, while in the +former case an injunction was issued +against the bishop.<a id="noteref_187" name="noteref_187" href="#note_187"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">187</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_100" id="Para_100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">100.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Confession, Privacy, Authority.</span></span>—A +Catholic priest, although about to administer +an office of his religion to a sick person +at the latter's request, has no legal authority, +by virtue of his priestly character, to forcibly +remove from the room a person lawfully +there.<a id="noteref_188" name="noteref_188" href="#note_188"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">188</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_101" id="Para_101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">101.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Debts, Permission, Presumed.</span></span>—Notwithstanding +a rule or ecclesiastical law +of the church that a pastor shall not contract +debts in the name or for the sake of the +church without the written permission of +the bishop, such written permission is not +evidence that debts contracted under it are +the legal debts of the bishop. The authority +which bishops delegate to priests is under +the ecclesiastical law and prima facie ecclesiastical +authority, and must be presumed to +be so in the absence of all evidence to the +contrary.<a id="noteref_189" name="noteref_189" href="#note_189"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">189</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_102" id="Para_102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">102.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Official Acts, Subscriptions.</span></span>—The +official acts of a minister coming in question +incidentally, unless contrary to the statute, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +are as valid as the official acts of any other +officer.<a id="noteref_190" name="noteref_190" href="#note_190"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">190</span></span></a> A clergyman who was engaged to +conduct dedication services and was requested +by the officers of the local corporation +to solicit subscriptions for paying off +the indebtedness of the church, but was not +appointed agent to receive such subscriptions, +had no authority to accept a subscription +for the corporation.<a id="noteref_191" name="noteref_191" href="#note_191"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">191</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_103" id="Para_103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">103.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Exemptions, Clergy.</span></span>—The exemptions +given ministers by the statutes of some +States are liberally construed.<a id="noteref_192" name="noteref_192" href="#note_192"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">192</span></span></a> Without +any statutory exemption, the clergy are +liable for all duties required of other citizens.<a id="noteref_193" name="noteref_193" href="#note_193"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">193</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_104" id="Para_104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">104.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Minister, Contributions, Deposed.</span></span>—No +religious teacher or minister can be enjoined +from receiving voluntary contributions, +although he has been deposed by some +ecclesiastical tribunal.<a id="noteref_194" name="noteref_194" href="#note_194"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">194</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_105" id="Para_105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">105.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fees, Usages, Excess.</span></span>—The fees of +a priest of the Catholic Church are regulated +by the laws and usages of that Church, +and where in this country the pew rent and +collections go for the support of the priest +and the current church expenses, a priest is +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +not accountable for the excess of such collections +over these expenditures.<a id="noteref_195" name="noteref_195" href="#note_195"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">195</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_106" id="Para_106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">106.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Salary, Fees.</span></span>—Under the act of +March, 1814, incorporating a congregation, +the congregation, being the legal owners and +temporal administrators of the property +which it was authorized to hold, had the +exclusive power to fix the salary of the +parish priest or the tariff of fees for marriages, +burial, etc. No such power could be +exercised under that act by the Pope or any +bishop.<a id="noteref_196" name="noteref_196" href="#note_196"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">196</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_107" id="Para_107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">107.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clergyman, Salary.</span></span>—Where a clergyman +agreed with a congregation that the +salary should be what could be raised by +subscription, the congregation was bound +to use due diligence in procuring subscriptions, +and as it did so, that was all that the +clergyman could recover.<a id="noteref_197" name="noteref_197" href="#note_197"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">197</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_108" id="Para_108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">108.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curate, Services.</span></span>—In an action by +a curate against a religious corporation for +personal services, the court will not inquire +into the spiritual relations existing between +the parties, but will examine their legal +rights only.<a id="noteref_198" name="noteref_198" href="#note_198"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">198</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_109" id="Para_109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">109.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Minister, Dismissal, Money Advanced.</span></span>—After +a parish has voted to dismiss +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the minister, it is not competent to prove +irregular conduct or immorality in answer +to his claim for salary, without alleging it +in the vote of dismissal.<a id="noteref_199" name="noteref_199" href="#note_199"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">199</span></span></a> In Illinois it was +held that a priest who advanced money from +his private resources for improving church +property, had an equitable lien upon the +property for all the money advanced, with +legal interest.<a id="noteref_200" name="noteref_200" href="#note_200"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">200</span></span></a> But in Pennsylvania, where +a priest under the direction of the bishop +built a church in his parish for mission purposes, +and in doing so expended some of his +own money, it was held that in the absence +of proof of any rule or custom of the Catholic +Church making the payment of such expenses +obligatory on the parish, that he +could not recover the money so expended +from his congregation.<a id="noteref_201" name="noteref_201" href="#note_201"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">201</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> +<a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter IX. Membership</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_110" id="Para_110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">110.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Business, Religious Membership.</span></span>—Unless +there is some other law or rule to the +contrary, the male members of the congregation +over twenty-one years of age constitute +the business membership of a religious +society.<a id="noteref_202" name="noteref_202" href="#note_202"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">202</span></span></a> But the question of membership +of religious societies or congregations is left +to be determined by the rules of the religious +denomination to which they belong.<a id="noteref_203" name="noteref_203" href="#note_203"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">203</span></span></a> And +where a condition of membership is that the +person must contribute to the support of the +church and be a communicant, if he is not +a communicant he is not entitled to vote.<a id="noteref_204" name="noteref_204" href="#note_204"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">204</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_111" id="Para_111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">111.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Regular, Doctrines, Support.</span></span>—The +ones who adhere and submit to the regular +order and doctrines of the church, although +a minority, constitute the true congregation.<a id="noteref_205" name="noteref_205" href="#note_205"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">205</span></span></a> +At least two things must concur to +qualify a person as a voter: first, stated attendance +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +at divine worship in the congregation; +and, second, contribution to the +support of the church.<a id="noteref_206" name="noteref_206" href="#note_206"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">206</span></span></a> The list of members +kept by the clerk or secretary of the +congregation is evidence of membership.<a id="noteref_207" name="noteref_207" href="#note_207"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">207</span></span></a> +A person who denies any part of the system +of theology received and taught by the denomination +is not a member of the church.<a id="noteref_208" name="noteref_208" href="#note_208"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">208</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_112" id="Para_112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">112.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Factions, Authority.</span></span>—Where two +factions of a church, each claiming to be the +church, try members of the other faction, +a court may determine which of the factions +is the authorized authority or that the +action taken by either or both of them is +nugatory for want of authority.<a id="noteref_209" name="noteref_209" href="#note_209"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">209</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_113" id="Para_113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">113.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Faith, Burial.</span></span>—Whether a person +died in the faith of the Roman Catholic +Church so as to be entitled to burial in its +cemetery, is not a question within the jurisdiction +of civil courts, but must be decided +by the ecclesiastical authorities.<a id="noteref_210" name="noteref_210" href="#note_210"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">210</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_114" id="Para_114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">114.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rules, Membership.</span></span>—Every denomination +has the right to prescribe by +rules, its constitution, or its by-laws, the +conditions of membership; and any one who +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +will not subscribe to and practise the doctrines +of the denomination is not a member.<a id="noteref_211" name="noteref_211" href="#note_211"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">211</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_115" id="Para_115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">115.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Minor.</span></span>—Where the legal members +of a society that is incorporated consist of +male members of the church of full age, +when minor sons become of age, they become +legal members of the corporation, provided +they remain in the church.<a id="noteref_212" name="noteref_212" href="#note_212"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">212</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_116" id="Para_116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">116.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Officers, Non-Members.</span></span>—It has +been held that a person may be an officer +or member of the church corporation or its +temporal concerns without being a member +of the denomination.<a id="noteref_213" name="noteref_213" href="#note_213"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">213</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_117" id="Para_117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">117.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Debts, Unincorporated Parish.</span></span>—In +Connecticut members of an ecclesiastical +society formed by voluntary association +under the statutes of the State are not individually +liable for the debts of such society.<a id="noteref_214" name="noteref_214" href="#note_214"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">214</span></span></a> +But where there is no statute on +the subject, the members of an unincorporated +parish are liable for lawful debts +contracted or ratified by them, and their +property may be levied on for such debts +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +incurred or judgments rendered while they +are members of the society.<a id="noteref_215" name="noteref_215" href="#note_215"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">215</span></span></a> The members +of an unincorporated parish may be sued to +recover the salary of a deceased pastor up +to the time of his death.<a id="noteref_216" name="noteref_216" href="#note_216"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">216</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_118" id="Para_118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">118.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Execution, Property.</span></span>—While an +execution against a territorial parish may +be levied on the property of a member of +the parish, it can not be levied on property +of a person who ceased to be a member before +the levy.<a id="noteref_217" name="noteref_217" href="#note_217"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">217</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_119" id="Para_119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">119.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Incorporated, Subscriptions.</span></span>—The +members of an incorporated poll parish are +not individually liable on a judgment and +execution against the corporation, excepting +on the unpaid subscriptions.<a id="noteref_218" name="noteref_218" href="#note_218"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">218</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_120" id="Para_120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">120.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Expelled, Merits.</span></span>—Mandamus can +not be resorted to to restore a member regularly +expelled from his church, as a court +will not inquire into the merits of the case.<a id="noteref_219" name="noteref_219" href="#note_219"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">219</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_121" id="Para_121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">121.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lay Members, Appointed.</span></span>—Where +the statute provides that two lay members +of the corporation of a Catholic parish shall +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +be appointed annually <span class="tei tei-q">“by the committee of +the congregation,”</span> the members of the congregation +have no right to elect said two +members, and those appointed in the proper +manner are lawful officers.<a id="noteref_220" name="noteref_220" href="#note_220"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">220</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> +<a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter X. Heresy And Secession</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_122" id="Para_122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">122.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mother Church, Control.</span></span>—A majority +of the members of a congregation +can not by their vote leave the church and +transfer the property of the congregation +to another church so long as any portion of +the congregation remains faithful to the +mother church of which such congregation +forms a part. Such minority shall retain +control of the property.<a id="noteref_221" name="noteref_221" href="#note_221"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">221</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_123" id="Para_123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">123.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seceders, Funds.</span></span>—Nor can seceders +from a religious denomination retain the +funds in their hands as trustees on the +ground that they were members of the +society when the funds accrued.<a id="noteref_222" name="noteref_222" href="#note_222"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">222</span></span></a> The title +to church property in a divided congregation +is in that part of the congregation +which is acting in harmony with its own +law; and the ecclesiastical laws and principles +which were accepted among them before +the dispute began are the standards for +determining which party is right.<a id="noteref_223" name="noteref_223" href="#note_223"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">223</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_124" id="Para_124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">124.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Society, Foreign Language, Independent.</span></span>—The +formation of a society distinct +from the rest of the congregation for +the purpose of instruction in a portion of the +doctrine of the same church in a foreign language +is not a separation from the congregation, +although it has its own minister and +officers.<a id="noteref_224" name="noteref_224" href="#note_224"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">224</span></span></a> Where an independent congregation +of one denomination votes unanimously +to go over to another denomination, and the +title to the church property is in the parish +corporation, the seceders take with them the +church property.<a id="noteref_225" name="noteref_225" href="#note_225"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">225</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_125" id="Para_125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">125.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Subordinate, Incorporated.</span></span>—A religious +society subordinate to church judicatures, +which declares itself independent and +becomes incorporated under the general law +of the state and subsequently purchases +land and takes title in the name of the corporation, +holds such land independently of +such church judicatures.<a id="noteref_226" name="noteref_226" href="#note_226"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">226</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_126" id="Para_126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">126.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-style: italic">“</span><span style="font-style: italic">Church,</span><span style="font-style: italic">”</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> Seceders, Debt.</span></span>—Where +a religious society amended its constitution +as provided therein, those who adhered to +the amended constitution constituted the +<span class="tei tei-q">“church,”</span> and those who refused to do so +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +were seceders.<a id="noteref_227" name="noteref_227" href="#note_227"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">227</span></span></a> After seceding, a member +of a parish is liable for a debt existing at the +time of his secession.<a id="noteref_228" name="noteref_228" href="#note_228"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">228</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_127" id="Para_127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">127.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bible, Constitution, Withdrawal.</span></span>—A +religious organization that takes the +Bible as its constitution can not declare a +member a seceder who interprets it contrary +to the Augsburg Confession of the denomination.<a id="noteref_229" name="noteref_229" href="#note_229"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">229</span></span></a> +What amounts to a voluntary +withdrawal of members from a religious association, +is a question of law.<a id="noteref_230" name="noteref_230" href="#note_230"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">230</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_128" id="Para_128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">128.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Majority, Obligation.</span></span>—The fact +that a majority of the members of a religious +corporation secede therefrom by a vote, +does not affect its obligation entered into +prior thereto.<a id="noteref_231" name="noteref_231" href="#note_231"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">231</span></span></a> Two factions of a church +separating and keeping up different organizations +may both still retain their membership +in the denomination.<a id="noteref_232" name="noteref_232" href="#note_232"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">232</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_129" id="Para_129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">129.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Division, Funds.</span></span>—Where there is +a division in a denomination by the secession +of a part of the members from the mother +church, the Legislature has no authority to +divide the funds and give a part to the seceding +division.<a id="noteref_233" name="noteref_233" href="#note_233"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">233</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_130" id="Para_130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">130.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Methodist, Slaveholding, Non-Slaveholding, +Quarrel, Schism, Secession.</span></span>—The +division of the Methodist church into +distinct organizations of slaveholding and +non-slaveholding States, was not a secession +and neither division lost its interest in the +common property.<a id="noteref_234" name="noteref_234" href="#note_234"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">234</span></span></a> A quarrel in a congregation +growing out of an illegal election +followed by the majority excluding the +minority from the church, is not a schism, +and is no ground for a division of the church +property.<a id="noteref_235" name="noteref_235" href="#note_235"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">235</span></span></a> The secession of a whole congregation +does not carry with it the church +property; and those who are left and adhere +to the mother church retain control of the +property.<a id="noteref_236" name="noteref_236" href="#note_236"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">236</span></span></a> When the seceders from one +church join another, they forfeit all claim to +any interest held by the former and lose +identity with it.<a id="noteref_237" name="noteref_237" href="#note_237"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">237</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a> +<a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XI. Excommunication</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_131" id="Para_131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">131.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Definitions, Minor.</span></span>—Excommunication, +as construed in law, is the official announcement +by the superior authority of the +termination of membership in a religious +body and the forfeiture of spiritual privileges +of the church. It is one of the methods +of discipline in the nature of expulsion from +membership in a fraternity, and the fact of +expulsion from a church is conclusive proof +that the person expelled is not a member of +such church. Whether the excommunication +was wrong or not can not be examined +into in the courts of the State, and such expelled +member can not maintain a suit in +relation to church property nor vote for +trustees.<a id="noteref_238" name="noteref_238" href="#note_238"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">238</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_132" id="Para_132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">132.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Major Excommunication.</span></span>—As excommunication +<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">non tolerati</span></span> affects the rights +of citizenship, it is not lawful in England +nor the United States. To say that A. has +been excommunicated in any form, if untrue, +is slander.<a id="noteref_239" name="noteref_239" href="#note_239"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">239</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_133" id="Para_133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">133.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vote, Sentence.</span></span>—When a vote of +excommunication from a church has been +passed in the Congregational church and the +offender thereby declared no longer a member, +the sentence may be promulgated by +being read in the presence of the congregation +by the pastor.<a id="noteref_240" name="noteref_240" href="#note_240"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">240</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_134" id="Para_134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">134.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trustees, Disqualified.</span></span>—The trustees +of a church who have been excommunicated +are not thereby disqualified in law to +act as trustees.<a id="noteref_241" name="noteref_241" href="#note_241"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">241</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_135" id="Para_135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">135.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Devise, Void.</span></span>—A parent may leave +money to a child payable in yearly instalments +on condition that said child shall continue +to be a member of a particular church +and attend the regular meetings thereof, and +in case he fail so to do that the bequest be +thereupon paid to a missionary society. +Such a devise is not contrary to the constitution +of the State of Wisconsin and is not +void for any other reason.<a id="noteref_242" name="noteref_242" href="#note_242"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">242</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_136" id="Para_136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">136.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fraternity, Excommunicated, Bequest.</span></span>—Where +a church member was also a +member of an insurance fraternity connected +with his church, the constitution of +which required that every member of the +fraternity should be and remain a practical +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Roman Catholic, when he was excommunicated +from membership in the church he +thereby forfeited his benefit certificate in +such fraternity.<a id="noteref_243" name="noteref_243" href="#note_243"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">243</span></span></a> Also, a condition that a +bequest shall be forfeited if the legatee +should not marry a Protestant wife, the +daughter of Protestant parents who have +always been Protestants, was held to be +valid and not an infringement of any constitutional +right.<a id="noteref_244" name="noteref_244" href="#note_244"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">244</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_137" id="Para_137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">137.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Action, Expulsion.</span></span>—An action can +not be maintained against the parish corporation +for expulsion from the church.<a id="noteref_245" name="noteref_245" href="#note_245"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">245</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_138" id="Para_138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">138.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Forfeiture of Membership</span></span>.—Any +member may forfeit his membership in a +church.<a id="noteref_246" name="noteref_246" href="#note_246"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">246</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_139" id="Para_139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">139.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Insubordination, Expulsion, Hearing.</span></span>—The +authorities in the church, under +its rules and discipline, have a right to exclude +members in the church, for insubordination.<a id="noteref_247" name="noteref_247" href="#note_247"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">247</span></span></a> +If the church has no rules as to +expulsion of members, the common law prevails, +and a member can not be expelled +without due notice and fair hearing.<a id="noteref_248" name="noteref_248" href="#note_248"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">248</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_140" id="Para_140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">140.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Injunction, Mandamus, Sepulture.</span></span>—An +injunction will not be granted to prevent +the expulsion of a member contrary to +the charter and by-laws of the denomination; +but if a member be expelled without +warrant of law, he has his remedy by mandamus +for reinstatement.<a id="noteref_249" name="noteref_249" href="#note_249"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">249</span></span></a> A person who +has been expelled can not maintain an action +for restoration in order to enjoy the right +of sepulture, as it is premature.<a id="noteref_250" name="noteref_250" href="#note_250"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">250</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_141" id="Para_141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">141.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Expulsion, Illegal.</span></span>—The attempt of +a minority of a church to expel the majority +of the members and turn over the property +to another denomination is illegal. However, +the same would be true if it were done +by the majority.<a id="noteref_251" name="noteref_251" href="#note_251"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">251</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_142" id="Para_142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">142.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Freedom, Faith, Doctrine.</span></span>—The +constitution in declaring the freedom of all +men to worship God according to the dictates +of their own consciences, does not give +a church member the right to repudiate the +faith and doctrine on which the church was +founded, and at the same time to insist on +his right to exercise and enjoy the benefits +and privileges of a member of such church.<a id="noteref_252" name="noteref_252" href="#note_252"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">252</span></span></a> +Every person joining a church, impliedly, if +not expressly, agrees to conform to its rules +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and to submit to its authority and discipline.<a id="noteref_253" name="noteref_253" href="#note_253"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">253</span></span></a> +A person who has been expelled +from a religious society can not maintain an +action for services rendered the society +while he was a member.<a id="noteref_254" name="noteref_254" href="#note_254"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">254</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> +<a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XII. Elections</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_143" id="Para_143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">143.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Time, Place, Void.</span></span>—Where a religious +society that is incorporated holds an +election for trustees, which is held at the +wrong time or place, the election is void.<a id="noteref_255" name="noteref_255" href="#note_255"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">255</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_144" id="Para_144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">144.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voting, Communicants, Attendance.</span></span>—A +by-law of a church that prohibited +any person whose pew rent was in arrears +more than two years from voting at a church +meeting, is valid and reasonable.<a id="noteref_256" name="noteref_256" href="#note_256"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">256</span></span></a> Where a +charter of a religious society allowed only +members being communicants to vote after +they had attained the age of eighteen years, +to entitle a member of the congregation to +vote it was necessary that he should have +taken the sacraments after the age of +eighteen years.<a id="noteref_257" name="noteref_257" href="#note_257"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">257</span></span></a> Where the right to vote +was limited to members who contributed not +less than ten shillings annually toward the +support of the church, those who were challenged +for want of complying with the rule +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +can not do so after being challenged and +then vote.<a id="noteref_258" name="noteref_258" href="#note_258"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">258</span></span></a> Stated attendance at divine +worship in the church, congregation, or society, +and contribution to the support of such +church, may be made the tests of the right +of a person to be a voter at an election. The +attendance of a wife or children of the family +is not sufficient to confer the right to +vote on the husband or father.<a id="noteref_259" name="noteref_259" href="#note_259"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">259</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_145" id="Para_145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">145.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voters, Poll List.</span></span>—Parol evidence +is admissible to prove the number of persons +entitled to vote in a church society, notwithstanding +that there is a register of +names of the stated hearers in such church +kept by the clerk of the trustees. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_146" id="Para_146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">146.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notice, Quorum, Majority, Strangers.</span></span>—It +is not necessary that a majority of +the members of a religious society be present +to constitute a corporate meeting. Those +present at a regularly called meeting of +which due notice has been given to all the +members, constitute a quorum; and, in the +absence of a rule to the contrary, a majority +of the votes cast carries any question.<a id="noteref_260" name="noteref_260" href="#note_260"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">260</span></span></a> The +presence of strangers, unless they vote, will +not vitiate the proceedings. If they should +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +vote, unless their votes determine the election, +it will not be void.<a id="noteref_261" name="noteref_261" href="#note_261"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">261</span></span></a> The casting of a +few illegal votes that would not change the +result of the election does not make it void.<a id="noteref_262" name="noteref_262" href="#note_262"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">262</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_147" id="Para_147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">147.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Challenge, Ground.</span></span>—The right of +a person to vote at any meeting may be challenged. +The proper time to challenge a +voter is when he offers his vote. After his +vote has been received it can not be thrown +out on the ground that he was disqualified.<a id="noteref_263" name="noteref_263" href="#note_263"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">263</span></span></a> +A church election for which due notice has +been given, that has been fairly conducted, +and all the requirements of the statute or +rules of the church complied with, is conclusive.<a id="noteref_264" name="noteref_264" href="#note_264"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">264</span></span></a> +Without due notice, all proceedings +are void.<a id="noteref_265" name="noteref_265" href="#note_265"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">265</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_148" id="Para_148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">148.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">By-Laws, Usage.</span></span>—If there is no +law of a religious society determining the +mode of conducting an election, the corporation +may provide by-laws therefor; and +if the corporation should fail to make such +by-laws, a long established usage will govern.<a id="noteref_266" name="noteref_266" href="#note_266"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">266</span></span></a> +Also, if the time an election is to be +held is provided for, but the manner of conducting +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +it is not, the meeting may be conducted +according to established usage.<a id="noteref_267" name="noteref_267" href="#note_267"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">267</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_149" id="Para_149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">149.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ballot, Hand Vote.</span></span>—The vote of a +religious society at an annual meeting for +the election of officers that the officers shall +always be chosen by ballot, does not vitiate +an election of officers by hand vote at a subsequent +annual meeting. But a provision in +the constitution or by-laws requiring a ballot +must be complied with.<a id="noteref_268" name="noteref_268" href="#note_268"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">268</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_150" id="Para_150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">150.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hold Over, Successors.</span></span>—When the +election of the new trustees is invalid, the old +trustees hold over until there will have been +a valid election of their successors.<a id="noteref_269" name="noteref_269" href="#note_269"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">269</span></span></a> But +where a board that was illegally elected employed +a minister who had no notice of such +illegality, he was entitled to his compensation +according to the contract.<a id="noteref_270" name="noteref_270" href="#note_270"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">270</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_151" id="Para_151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">151.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Majority, Votes Cast.</span></span>—Where the +majority of a congregation protested against +the proposed candidate, but failed to vote for +any one, such candidate who received the +greatest number of votes cast, was lawfully +elected.<a id="noteref_271" name="noteref_271" href="#note_271"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">271</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_152" id="Para_152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">152.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">By-Law, Tickets.</span></span>—When a by-law +provides that <span class="tei tei-q">“if besides the names there are +other things upon the tickets, such tickets +are not to be counted,”</span> a ballot having an +engraved eagle on it should be rejected.<a id="noteref_272" name="noteref_272" href="#note_272"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">272</span></span></a> +However, in a very recent case under a +statute that specifically provided what should +be printed on the general election ballot, and +in addition thereto the Union Labor label +was printed thereon, the court held that +the statute should be strictly construed in +favor of the voter and that the ticket should +be counted.<a id="noteref_273" name="noteref_273" href="#note_273"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">273</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a> +<a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XIII. Officers</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_153" id="Para_153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">153.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charter, By-Laws.</span></span>—The articles of +organization or the charter which is the +constitution of the corporation may provide +who may be officers of a religious society and +limit their authority. The constitution usually +gives further authority to make by-laws +which are binding on the officers as well as +on the members.<a id="noteref_274" name="noteref_274" href="#note_274"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">274</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_154" id="Para_154" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">154.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unincorporated Church, Incorporated.</span></span>—The +officers of an unincorporated +church can only be elected by the members +of the church, unless there is some law of +the State or rule of the church that provides +for appointing them. In an incorporated +congregation, the charter and by-laws of the +corporation determine whether the officers +shall be elected or appointed.<a id="noteref_275" name="noteref_275" href="#note_275"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">275</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_155" id="Para_155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">155.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trustees, Control.</span></span>—A statute +passed in 1813 providing that a certificate +of incorporation by the bishop, vicar-general, +pastor of the church, and two others +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +selected by them and their successors shall +be a body corporate, does not constitute the +trustees the corporation in place of the congregation +so as to make the acts of a majority +of the trustees binding on the corporation +in the absence of proof of other authority.<a id="noteref_276" name="noteref_276" href="#note_276"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">276</span></span></a> +Under the statutes of Louisiana +providing for the incorporation of congregations +for the purpose of administration +and revenues, it was held that the corporation +had full control and was responsible to +the congregation alone and could not be controled +by the clergy. The congregation had +the right to elect others in the places of those +amoved by reason of their misuse or abuse +of their powers.<a id="noteref_277" name="noteref_277" href="#note_277"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">277</span></span></a> And in Massachusetts, +under the law for incorporating Catholic +parishes, no one but the trustees have any +power.<a id="noteref_278" name="noteref_278" href="#note_278"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">278</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_156" id="Para_156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">156.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Membership, Office.</span></span>—Where church +membership is necessary to hold office in the +church corporation, it is a binding condition +precedent.<a id="noteref_279" name="noteref_279" href="#note_279"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">279</span></span></a> An officer who withdraws or +is expelled from a religious organization +thereby terminates his office.<a id="noteref_280" name="noteref_280" href="#note_280"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">280</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_157" id="Para_157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">157.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Certificate of Election.</span></span>—A certificate +of election of officers is prima facie +evidence thereof, but the truth may be shown +<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">aliunde</span></span> and a wrong certificate may be cancelled +by a judgment of a competent court +on a writ of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">quo warranto</span></span> or proceeding +under a statute of the State. Also, if the +certificate does not conform to the law, it is +insufficient.<a id="noteref_281" name="noteref_281" href="#note_281"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">281</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_158" id="Para_158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">158.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Term, Successors, Contest.</span></span>—Where +there is no term of office fixed, the presumption +is that an officer continues as such until +proof to the contrary is established,<a id="noteref_282" name="noteref_282" href="#note_282"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">282</span></span></a> or until +his successor shall have been elected and +shall have qualified.<a id="noteref_283" name="noteref_283" href="#note_283"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">283</span></span></a> Also, the officers +elected for a certain term can not be amoved +by electing new officers before the end of +the term.<a id="noteref_284" name="noteref_284" href="#note_284"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">284</span></span></a> When officers or committees +have been elected <span class="tei tei-q">“for the ensuing year,”</span> +they shall hold office until superseded by +their duly elected successors. Where two +sets of officers were elected at a meeting of +a religious corporation and the set that was +elected according to the charter continued +in office by appointment thereafter, it was +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +too late for the irregularly elected officers to +make a contest for the offices after the term +for which they had been elected had expired.<a id="noteref_285" name="noteref_285" href="#note_285"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">285</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_159" id="Para_159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">159.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">By-Laws, Preside.</span></span>—At an election +of trustees under by-laws that provide that +certain officers shall preside, if there are no +such officers members may be selected to +preside in their places.<a id="noteref_286" name="noteref_286" href="#note_286"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">286</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_160" id="Para_160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">160.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Note, Overdraft, Interest.</span></span>—The +president and secretary of a church corporation +have no authority to make a promissory +note unless authorized by the board of trustees.<a id="noteref_287" name="noteref_287" href="#note_287"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">287</span></span></a> +Neither has the treasurer authority +to make an overdraft on a bank with the +action of the trustees.<a id="noteref_288" name="noteref_288" href="#note_288"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">288</span></span></a> The trustees of a +parish, however, may make a note binding +the congregation for the payment of the +money used in building a church.<a id="noteref_289" name="noteref_289" href="#note_289"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">289</span></span></a> But +when the trustees have an interest in the +transaction, adverse to the congregation, +they are disqualified from acting.<a id="noteref_290" name="noteref_290" href="#note_290"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">290</span></span></a> When +trustees had claims against the congregation +which they included with other claims that +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +third parties had against the church, they +could not put them in a judgment note so as +to get a lien upon the church property. +When officers do not bind the congregation, +they usually bind themselves.<a id="noteref_291" name="noteref_291" href="#note_291"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">291</span></span></a> The trustees +of an unincorporated church can not +bind it beyond the expressed powers granted +by the members.<a id="noteref_292" name="noteref_292" href="#note_292"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">292</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_161" id="Para_161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">161.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Board, Control.</span></span>—When the laws of +the organization give control of matters to +the board of trustees, the majority of the +members of the church can not control the +action of the trustees contrary to the usages +and regulations of the church.<a id="noteref_293" name="noteref_293" href="#note_293"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">293</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_162" id="Para_162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">162.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Treasurer, Accepting a Draft.</span></span>—A +parish treasurer has no authority under any +condition to bind the corporation by accepting +a draft in favor of a third person. A +treasurer elected for the purpose of receiving +and investing funds in his individual +name, holds such funds as trustee for the +church and is subject as such trustee to a +court of equity. Persons claiming to be +trustees of a church but never getting possession +of their offices or the property of the +church, can not maintain an action against +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +other persons who are in possession and +have been duly elected.<a id="noteref_294" name="noteref_294" href="#note_294"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">294</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_163" id="Para_163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">163.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Note, Trustees.</span></span>—A church will not +be bound by a note which was executed by +two of its trustees and sent around to other +trustees to sign it, where there was no vote +of the board of trustees at an authorized +meeting to borrow or to execute such note.<a id="noteref_295" name="noteref_295" href="#note_295"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">295</span></span></a> +A meeting of a board must be called as required +by law or the by-laws of the organization, +and in the absence of any such all +members must be notified a reasonable time +before the time fixed for holding the meeting. +However, if all the trustees are present +and agree to hold a meeting it is valid; +but it would be well to put such consent in +writing and have all the members sign it.<a id="noteref_296" name="noteref_296" href="#note_296"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">296</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_164" id="Para_164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">164.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Money, Powers.</span></span>—The treasurer of +a congregation has no right to return to +members moving out of the parish a part of +the money paid for the church by them.<a id="noteref_297" name="noteref_297" href="#note_297"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">297</span></span></a> +Officers of a corporation have no powers +only those conferred upon them by the charter +and by-laws of the corporation or by a +majority vote of a duly called meeting of +the congregation.<a id="noteref_298" name="noteref_298" href="#note_298"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">298</span></span></a> When the trustees of a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +church are authorized to execute contracts +for the church, they should act as a body or +delegate the power to one of their number or +ratify the acts of one of their number.<a id="noteref_299" name="noteref_299" href="#note_299"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">299</span></span></a> The +individual disjointed action of trustees of a +religious society, at various times and places, +although assented to by a majority, is not +the action of the board, and is not binding +on the society. To make the action of +the board of trustees binding, they must +duly meet and by a vote determine their +action.<a id="noteref_300" name="noteref_300" href="#note_300"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">300</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_165" id="Para_165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">165.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Facto Officers.</span></span>—The acts of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">de +facto</span></span> officers can not usually be questioned +in a collateral proceeding, such as to set +aside a conveyance, when the merits of the +question do not involve the election.<a id="noteref_301" name="noteref_301" href="#note_301"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">301</span></span></a> Being +elected does not alone make a person a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">de +facto</span></span> officer; but he must also be acting in +the particular office to which he claims to +have been elected.<a id="noteref_302" name="noteref_302" href="#note_302"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">302</span></span></a> But one who has +entered into a contract with the officers of a +congregation is estopped from denying their +authority to make such contract.<a id="noteref_303" name="noteref_303" href="#note_303"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">303</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_166" id="Para_166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">166.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trustees, Thanks, Charge.</span></span>—Where +trustees have taken care of funds without +charge, the only entry kept being a vote of +thanks from time to time, they could not +afterward charge a commission on the +moneys handled by them for such services.<a id="noteref_304" name="noteref_304" href="#note_304"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">304</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_167" id="Para_167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">167.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Discretion, Excommunication.</span></span>—A +court has no authority to control the exercise +of the judgment or discretion of the +officers of a church in the management of its +funds so long as they do not violate its constitution +or by-laws.<a id="noteref_305" name="noteref_305" href="#note_305"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">305</span></span></a> Excommunication +does not always remove an officer of a church +corporation.<a id="noteref_306" name="noteref_306" href="#note_306"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">306</span></span></a> The legal rights of a bishop +in regard to the temporalities of a church +where they are not prescribed by civil law, +must rest, if at all, upon the ecclesiastical +law, which must be determined by evidence.<a id="noteref_307" name="noteref_307" href="#note_307"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">307</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_168" id="Para_168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">168.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Key, Possession, Right.</span></span>—Having +the key of a church, is prima facie evidence +of possession, but the right of possession is +a matter of proof.<a id="noteref_308" name="noteref_308" href="#note_308"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">308</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_169" id="Para_169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">169.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church, Bishop, Debts, Salary of a +Priest.</span></span>—Where a church is not itself liable +because it is not incorporated, the Roman +Catholic bishop of the diocese is not personally +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +liable for moneys borrowed by the pastors +of such church in the name of the +church, which were partly invested in real +estate which was put in the bishop's name +in the usual manner, although the bishop's +permission was necessary before borrowing +the money, and notwithstanding that the +bishop raised some of the money to pay some +of the debts and the mortgage on the real +estate of the church on his personal security, +and he received part of the borrowed funds +from a dying pastor and handed it over to +his successor.<a id="noteref_309" name="noteref_309" href="#note_309"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">309</span></span></a> Also, a bishop is not personally +liable for the salary of a priest whom +he engages. They are fellow servants +working for the Church and not in the relation +of employer and employee any more +than are a general and captain in the same +army.<a id="noteref_310" name="noteref_310" href="#note_310"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">310</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_170" id="Para_170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">170.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Note, Building Committee.</span></span>—In an +action on a note given by the pastor of a +church for money borrowed to pay bills for +the erection of the church building, in which +the plaintiff sought to charge the building +committee, and it appeared from the plaintiff's +testimony that the title to the property +was in the bishop and the committee did not +handle any of the funds, but was a shifting +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +body to whom the pastor only went for +advice and consultation, it was held that the +plaintiff could not recover.<a id="noteref_311" name="noteref_311" href="#note_311"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">311</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_171" id="Para_171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">171.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fraud, Trust.</span></span>—Where a <span class="tei tei-q">“prophet”</span> +induced members of his organization, by his +fraud and deceit, to convey to him all their +property in discharge of a religious duty and +then refused to account to them, the court +declared the trust closed and divided the +estate among the members in proportion to +the money, property, and labor contributed +by each of them.<a id="noteref_312" name="noteref_312" href="#note_312"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">312</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_172" id="Para_172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">172.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Superioress, Money.</span></span>—A person +who contributed money for the purpose of +repairing a convent, the money being turned +over to the superioress and the convent not +being incorporated, upon the project being +abandoned subsequently a personal judgment +could not be obtained against the +superioress for the money contributed.<a id="noteref_313" name="noteref_313" href="#note_313"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">313</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_173" id="Para_173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">173.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Loan, Priest.</span></span>—If a man lends +money to a priest for the purpose of paying +a note against the congregation left at the +bank for collection, he can recover the +money so paid from the congregation.<a id="noteref_314" name="noteref_314" href="#note_314"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">314</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_174" id="Para_174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">174.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Warden, Wages, Sexton.</span></span>—A +church warden who was hired by the trustees +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of a church can not collect his wages +by an action against the priest of the parish.<a id="noteref_315" name="noteref_315" href="#note_315"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">315</span></span></a> +A church accepting the services of a +sexton is liable to him therefor, whether +the by-laws were observed in employing him +or not; nor will the fact that any party (as +in this case the Ladies of the Altar Society) +agreed to contribute to his annual salary, +defeat his recovery of the whole from the +church employing him.<a id="noteref_316" name="noteref_316" href="#note_316"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">316</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_175" id="Para_175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">175.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sewing Circle, Money.</span></span>—A church +may maintain an action against a sewing +circle to require it to pay over money collected +for the benefit of the church.<a id="noteref_317" name="noteref_317" href="#note_317"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">317</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a> +<a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XIV. Meetings</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_176" id="Para_176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">176.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Business, Notice, Meeting.</span></span>—Where, +in the transaction of the local business of a +religious society, whether incorporated or +not, meetings of the members shall become +necessary, in order to make such meetings +legal due notice thereof should be given to +every member. The notice should specify +the exact time and place where the meeting +will be held, and no change can be made +except at such time and place. Unless some +other place is specified, the parish church is +the proper place for holding meetings. If +the church should be locked and the key can +not be found, a meeting should be held at +the door or at the nearest practical place to +the church where all the members may assemble, +and then by a majority vote they +may adjourn to any convenient near place +accessible to all the members.<a id="noteref_318" name="noteref_318" href="#note_318"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">318</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_177" id="Para_177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">177.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Acts, Void, Lawful, Clerk.</span></span>—The +acts of a majority of the members of a corporation, +unless done according to law and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in conformity with the charter and by-laws +of the corporation, are absolutely null and +void.<a id="noteref_319" name="noteref_319" href="#note_319"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">319</span></span></a> The only lawful manner by which a +congregation can express itself, is by a +meeting regularly called and held upon due +notice.<a id="noteref_320" name="noteref_320" href="#note_320"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">320</span></span></a> The notice of a meeting should be +authorized by the trustees or other authority +of the church, and given to all the members. +The clerk of the board of trustees, unless +authorized to do so, has no authority to sign +the name of the members of the board to a +notice, and a meeting called in that way is +illegal.<a id="noteref_321" name="noteref_321" href="#note_321"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">321</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_178" id="Para_178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">178.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Special Meeting, Notice.</span></span>—When a +meeting is special, the notice must state for +what purpose the meeting is called. If it +fails to do so it is void, and unless all the +members are present and consent to the +holding of the meeting, all business transacted +is illegal and void.<a id="noteref_322" name="noteref_322" href="#note_322"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">322</span></span></a> Notice of a special +meeting that states one specific purpose for +which it is called, and then states <span class="tei tei-q">“to transact +any other business that may legally come +before the meeting,”</span> is not good for any +purpose except the one specified.<a id="noteref_323" name="noteref_323" href="#note_323"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">323</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_179" id="Para_179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">179.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Meeting, Consent.</span></span>—A valid meeting +can not be held by a corporation, unless +notice has been given in conformity with the +laws and rules and regulations of the corporation +or the consent of every person who is +entitled to be present at the holding of such +meeting. In the latter case the consent +should be in writing and signed by all the +members.<a id="noteref_324" name="noteref_324" href="#note_324"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">324</span></span></a> However, a person who attends +a meeting and takes part in it without objection, +is estopped from raising the question +of notice.<a id="noteref_325" name="noteref_325" href="#note_325"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">325</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_180" id="Para_180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">180.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notice, Principal Service, Custom.</span></span>—When +a rule of a church required notice +of a meeting to be given at the principal +service, a notice given at an earlier service +only, was void.<a id="noteref_326" name="noteref_326" href="#note_326"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">326</span></span></a> But where the ordinances +of a church specified that the election of officers +should be at least six days before the +end of their term, and it became the custom +of the church to hold the election on a movable +holiday which sometimes was less than +six days, the election was held valid.<a id="noteref_327" name="noteref_327" href="#note_327"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">327</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_181" id="Para_181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">181.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adjournment.</span></span>—Where a meeting +was noticed for one day and held on a different +day without notice of adjournment, +all acts done were void and the officers +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +elected were neither <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">de jure</span></span> nor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">de facto</span></span> +officers.<a id="noteref_328" name="noteref_328" href="#note_328"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">328</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_182" id="Para_182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">182.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Proof of the Notice.</span></span>—The proper +proof of the notice would be the return of +the officer serving the notice, in some States; +and in others an affidavit of the person who +served the notice. The proof of the services +of a summons would be sufficient unless there +is some other law or rule to the contrary.<a id="noteref_329" name="noteref_329" href="#note_329"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">329</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_183" id="Para_183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">183.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Presiding Officer.</span></span>—When the laws +of the organization provide who shall preside +at a meeting, but the minister contrary +to such laws and against objections presided +over the majority of the congregation, and +the minority was presided over by the proper +person, and both elected officers, the officers +elected by the minority were the lawful +ones.<a id="noteref_330" name="noteref_330" href="#note_330"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">330</span></span></a> However, where a meeting is presided +over without objection by a member +instead of the proper officer, the acts of the +body are lawful.<a id="noteref_331" name="noteref_331" href="#note_331"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">331</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_184" id="Para_184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">184.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voters, Rules.</span></span>—Unless the laws of +the State otherwise provide, every religious +organization has the right to determine who +shall vote at its meetings and elections. If +those provisions are reasonable, they are +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +lawful. Under such provisions it has been +repeatedly held that where there are rules +requiring annual subscriptions to the +church,<a id="noteref_332" name="noteref_332" href="#note_332"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">332</span></span></a> only those who rented and paid for +pews, or those who paid a certain annual +tax, or those who went to communion, were +entitled to vote.<a id="noteref_333" name="noteref_333" href="#note_333"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">333</span></span></a> And where there was no +rule, it was held that one who has not contributed +to the church<a id="noteref_334" name="noteref_334" href="#note_334"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">334</span></span></a> and persons who +attended church only occasionally and contributed +only when they attended, were not +qualified voters.<a id="noteref_335" name="noteref_335" href="#note_335"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">335</span></span></a> In the last case it was +stated that a qualified voter is one who has +attended regularly during the year and has +contributed to the support of the church. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_185" id="Para_185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">185.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quorum, Majority.</span></span>—A quorum of +a congregation usually consists of those +present at a duly called regular meeting, and +a majority of those present is sufficient to +carry questions, unless by rule or law otherwise +provided.<a id="noteref_336" name="noteref_336" href="#note_336"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">336</span></span></a> But where there is a definite +body in a corporation which has established +no other rule, a majority of the members +of the corporation constitute a +quorum.<a id="noteref_337" name="noteref_337" href="#note_337"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">337</span></span></a> Where the minutes of the clerk +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +stated that upon due notice the members of +the corporation met, a quorum is presumed.<a id="noteref_338" name="noteref_338" href="#note_338"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">338</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_186" id="Para_186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">186.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Votes, Challenge, Inspectors, Casting +Vote.</span></span>—The reception of illegal votes +does not invalidate an election unless they +change the result.<a id="noteref_339" name="noteref_339" href="#note_339"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">339</span></span></a> If the presiding officer +refuses to allow a qualified voter to vote, the +right may be enforced through civil courts.<a id="noteref_340" name="noteref_340" href="#note_340"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">340</span></span></a> +When votes have been received without +challenge, it is then too late to raise the objection +that the persons have no right to +vote.<a id="noteref_341" name="noteref_341" href="#note_341"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">341</span></span></a> It is the duty of the inspectors to +determine the qualifications of an elector at +the time that he offers to vote, and before he +votes; and if they decide in the exercise of +their judgment, without malice or improper +motives, the regularity of the election can +not be questioned.<a id="noteref_342" name="noteref_342" href="#note_342"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">342</span></span></a> When a rule allows the +presiding officer to vote and another rule +states that he shall have the casting vote in +case of a tie vote, he still had the right to +cast the decisive vote.<a id="noteref_343" name="noteref_343" href="#note_343"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">343</span></span></a> Illegal voting in a +religious society probably is not an indictable +offense, but it is a disorderly act.<a id="noteref_344" name="noteref_344" href="#note_344"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">344</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_187" id="Para_187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">187.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Written Notice, Prayer Meeting.</span></span>—Where +a five days' written notice is required +to hold church meetings, an oral notice given +on Sunday evening at the prayer meeting is +not sufficient for a meeting on the following +Wednesday. But a vote taken on Sunday to +hire the minister and fix his salary, is not +void.<a id="noteref_345" name="noteref_345" href="#note_345"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">345</span></span></a> Churches and benefit societies, such +as insurance fraternities, being charitable +organizations, may do business concerning +such association on Sunday.<a id="noteref_346" name="noteref_346" href="#note_346"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">346</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_188" id="Para_188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">188.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Expulsion, Damages.</span></span>—A man who +has been wrongfully expelled from a temperance +society for religious reasons may +recover damages therefor.<a id="noteref_347" name="noteref_347" href="#note_347"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">347</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a> +<a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XV. Church Records</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_189" id="Para_189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">189.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Evidence, Entries, Minutes.</span></span>—The +record of the proceedings of a religious society +is evidence as to its doings, both in its +own tribunals and the courts of the State. +Such record consists of entries required to +be made by the laws or rules of the society, +the laws of the State, and the minutes +adopted by the society. Therefore, it is of +the greatest importance that it be kept with +great exactness, omitting nothing that is +important.<a id="noteref_348" name="noteref_348" href="#note_348"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">348</span></span></a> Also, the minutes of all the +meetings should be correct before being duly +adopted. All erasures and interlineations +should be certified by the clerk and then +signed by him. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_190" id="Para_190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">190.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uniformity.</span></span>—Every entry required +to be kept by the laws of the State as well +as the rules of the Church, should be kept as +to births, marriages, and death. Every diocese +should have uniform record books in all +parishes and every pastor should keep blanks +printed in the form of a page of the record +book, to issue certificates when required. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_191" id="Para_191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">191.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Marriage, Death, Baptism, Birth, +Church Records.</span></span>—The church records duly +kept in accordance with the discipline of the +church, are admissible in evidence to prove +marriage, death, and baptism. Where the +record is incomplete, as giving the date of +baptism only, it is not admissible in proof of +date of birth. But if it gives the date of +birth, it is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">prima facie</span></span> proof thereof.<a id="noteref_349" name="noteref_349" href="#note_349"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">349</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_192" id="Para_192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">192.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Certified Copies.</span></span>—Under statutes, +certified copies of the record made by the +custodian thereof are admissible in evidence +in any case where the original would be admissible. +Also, one who had compared a +copy with the original record may testify to +the same. The rule, as given, substantially +prevails under statutes in the following +States: Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, +Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, +Minnesota, Missouri, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, +Rhode Island, and Wisconsin; and +also, in Ontario, Manitoba, and the Dominion +of Canada. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_193" id="Para_193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">193.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rule of Admissibility.</span></span>—A certified +copy of the record of a baptism taken from +a church register by the parish priest, when +admissible at the place where such record is +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +kept, as in Ireland, is admissible to prove the +same fact in the State of Missouri.<a id="noteref_350" name="noteref_350" href="#note_350"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">350</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_194" id="Para_194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">194.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Proper Record.</span></span>—A book kept by a +minister, which contained a regular statement +in proper form of the admission of +members, choice of officers, and transaction +of business of the church, which was the +only book kept by the parish, is the proper +record of the church.<a id="noteref_351" name="noteref_351" href="#note_351"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">351</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_195" id="Para_195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">195.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Name, Record.</span></span>—The author would +like to emphasize the importance of correct +records. Frequently we find no Christian +name given in the records of birth, which +practically makes the record worthless. +When a child is born it is entitled to a name, +immediately, which should be given and be +correct. At least the first Christian name +should be correct; a mistake in a middle +name is not material. This is true of deeds +and records of all kinds, but practically of +births, deaths, and marriages.<a id="noteref_352" name="noteref_352" href="#note_352"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">352</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a> +<a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XVI. Church Tribunals</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_196" id="Para_196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">196.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jurisdiction, Privileges.</span></span>—It is usual +for every fraternity to have a tribunal of its +own for the trial of members who break its +laws or violate its discipline. Within their +jurisdiction, the laws of the State give such +tribunals great privileges and courts show +them great respect. The Freemasons, the +Knights of Columbus, etc., and most of the +churches, have such courts.<a id="noteref_353" name="noteref_353" href="#note_353"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">353</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_197" id="Para_197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">197.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trial, Property, Priest.</span></span>—In most of +the States a court will not interfere with the +fair trial of a church tribunal. Neither will +the court entertain a controversy concerning +the title or right of possession of real or personal +property excepting at the instance of +some person claiming a right thereto derived +from or recognized by the law of the State +or of the United States.<a id="noteref_354" name="noteref_354" href="#note_354"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">354</span></span></a> But when the +bishop has deprived a subordinate priest of +his authority to officiate as such, he may +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +enjoin the priest from making use of the +church property.<a id="noteref_355" name="noteref_355" href="#note_355"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">355</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_198" id="Para_198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">198.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Doubt, Legal Rights.</span></span>—The foregoing +rule has some doubt cast on it in Delaware +and Massachusetts. The investigation +of a dispute between members of a church +by a committee according to church regulations, +consented to by the parties, in which +both take part, can have no effect on their +legal rights. If the State law provides for +cases of the kind, it is superior and must be +submitted to. Also, an award or proceeding +of a committee is not evidence for or against +either party. However, any statement made, +or admissions of the parties, if not of a recognized +confidential nature, may be given in +evidence on the trial in a court of the State.<a id="noteref_356" name="noteref_356" href="#note_356"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">356</span></span></a> +The judgment of a mutual ecclesiastical +council legally convoked will not bind either +party rejecting it.<a id="noteref_357" name="noteref_357" href="#note_357"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">357</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_199" id="Para_199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">199.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bishop, Priest, Redress.</span></span>—When a +bishop removes a priest in the regular way +according to the rules and discipline of his +church, the priest has no redress.<a id="noteref_358" name="noteref_358" href="#note_358"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">358</span></span></a> Also, +when a priest has submitted his case to the +church tribunal according to the discipline +of his church, he must abide by its decision, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +excepting where his civil rights or property +rights as a citizen are involved, when he may +appeal to the laws of the land.<a id="noteref_359" name="noteref_359" href="#note_359"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">359</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_200" id="Para_200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">200.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trial, Counsel.</span></span>—The question +whether a minister on trial in a church tribunal +is entitled to be heard by counsel or +attorneys depends upon the laws of the +church, and it can not be said as a matter of +law that he is entitled to counsel.<a id="noteref_360" name="noteref_360" href="#note_360"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">360</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_201" id="Para_201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">201.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Removal, Suspension, Trial.</span></span>—In +the United States under the laws and discipline +of the Catholic Church a priest may +be removed from the charge of a congregation +at the pleasure of the bishop, without +trial; but he can not be suspended from his +priestly functions without specific accusation +and trial.<a id="noteref_361" name="noteref_361" href="#note_361"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">361</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_202" id="Para_202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">202.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charges, Fair Trial, Hearsay Evidence.</span></span>—When +a clergyman or officer is to be +removed or a member of the congregation is +to be excommunicated, it is necessary to +fully state the charges against him and give +him an opportunity for a fair trial according +to the laws and rules of the religious society +before rendering final judgment. All the +allegations of the complaint should be made +upon positive knowledge of the complainant +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +or upon evidence that is admissible to prove +the case in court. Rumor or gossip, known +as mere hearsay evidence, is not sufficient to +base a charge against the character of any +one.<a id="noteref_362" name="noteref_362" href="#note_362"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">362</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_203" id="Para_203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">203.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trial, Testimony, Slander.</span></span>—A +church judgment, where there has been a +full and fair trial or when members submit +to the church tribunal, and the judgment has +only been rebuke, censure, suspension, or excommunication, +is usually upheld by the +courts; and when the testimony given on +such trial is concerning immoral or scandalous +conduct or crime, if those taking part +act in good faith and within the scope of the +authority of the church, they are protected +by law and not liable to an action for damages +for libel or slander.<a id="noteref_363" name="noteref_363" href="#note_363"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">363</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_204" id="Para_204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">204.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Remedies, Secular Courts.</span></span>—In +cases involving church doctrine and discipline +only, all remedies within the church +must be exhausted by a member before the +secular courts will interfere, if they will interfere +at all.<a id="noteref_364" name="noteref_364" href="#note_364"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">364</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_205" id="Para_205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">205.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notice, Waiver.</span></span>—When the laws +of the church provide the tribunal and procedure, +if the person proceeded against +avoids the service of the notice or refuses to +submit to the court, the notice of trial required +to be served might thereby be considered +waived and the tribunal might proceed +with the trial in the absence of the accused.<a id="noteref_365" name="noteref_365" href="#note_365"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">365</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_206" id="Para_206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">206.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Appeal, Decision, Limitation.</span></span>—The +right to appeal from one court to another of +higher jurisdiction is generally recognized.<a id="noteref_366" name="noteref_366" href="#note_366"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">366</span></span></a> +If after trial in the lower tribunal of the +Church, an appeal is taken, the decision on +the appeal is binding upon the parties and +also upon the inferior tribunal.<a id="noteref_367" name="noteref_367" href="#note_367"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">367</span></span></a> In the +Anglican and some other churches, there is +no limitation as to time when offenses +against the discipline of the church may be +inquired into.<a id="noteref_368" name="noteref_368" href="#note_368"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">368</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Catholic Church has a limitation as +to prescriptive rights, to-wit: <span class="tei tei-q">“Three years +in case of movable property; ten years in +case of a right, or of immovable property, +<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">inter praesentes</span></span>; twenty years in the same +case, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">inter absentes</span></span>.”</span><a id="noteref_369" name="noteref_369" href="#note_369"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">369</span></span></a> Also, there are limitations +in canonical cases, varying from one +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to twenty years.<a id="noteref_370" name="noteref_370" href="#note_370"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">370</span></span></a> There is no statute of +limitation on lawful debts. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_207" id="Para_207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">207.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Procedure, Judge, Juror, Witness.</span></span>—If +there are no rules of procedure prescribed +by the church tribunal, the proper +practice is to follow the State courts; as, for +example, where the State law forbids an +officer of the court who has an interest in +the proceeding to sit as judge or juror, the +same would apply to the church tribunal, it +being the common law of the land. Also, in +States where a person who is interested in a +matter is not a competent witness, in the +absence of a different rule in the church, the +same rule would apply in the church +tribunal.<a id="noteref_371" name="noteref_371" href="#note_371"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">371</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_208" id="Para_208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">208.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Catholic Discipline.</span></span>—A church +member has no right to sue any one in holy +orders in the civil court without leave. That +is, a layman or priest should obtain leave of +the bishop to sue a priest. In some countries +it is ground for excommunication to violate +the rule. This rule is analogous to the general +rule that a sovereign state can not be +sued without its consent.<a id="noteref_372" name="noteref_372" href="#note_372"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">372</span></span></a> In this country, +where there is no ecclesiastical court recognized +in law, leave is rarely asked.<a id="noteref_373" name="noteref_373" href="#note_373"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">373</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc37" id="toc37"></a> +<a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XVII. State Courts</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_209" id="Para_209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">209.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Decision, Ecclesiastical Matter.</span></span>—The +decision of the highest tribunal of the +church on a purely ecclesiastical matter will +not be disturbed by civil courts unless it is in +open defiance and express violation of the +constitution of such body.<a id="noteref_374" name="noteref_374" href="#note_374"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">374</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_210" id="Para_210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">210.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Right of Property, Civil Rights.</span></span>—Where +there are several church tribunals +one above another, when the highest tribunal +having jurisdiction of the case has decided a +question as to the right of property, a civil +court will accept such decision of the church +tribunal as conclusive.<a id="noteref_375" name="noteref_375" href="#note_375"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">375</span></span></a> The courts give +way to the usages and regulations of the +church so far as they are not inconsistent +with the constitution and laws of the State.<a id="noteref_376" name="noteref_376" href="#note_376"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">376</span></span></a> +As far as civil rights are concerned, the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +statute of limitations may be pleaded even +where those rights are founded upon some +law or rule of the denomination.<a id="noteref_377" name="noteref_377" href="#note_377"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">377</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_211" id="Para_211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">211.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Creed, Factions, Property, Management.</span></span>—The +supreme court exercises no +ecclesiastical jurisdiction, but accepts what +the highest ecclesiastical authority in each +church promulgates as the faith and practice +of that church, and will not determine +for itself what that faith or creed is in order +to establish the rights of respective factions +in the church to the church property. But a +majority of a congregation that secedes +from the church and forms a new organization +can not claim any of the property.<a id="noteref_378" name="noteref_378" href="#note_378"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">378</span></span></a> The +civil courts will not interfere with church +management so far as concerns the spiritual +discipline of the members, but where civil +rights of property are involved, the courts +may determine them.<a id="noteref_379" name="noteref_379" href="#note_379"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">379</span></span></a> The civil rights of a +religious society or its members are within +the jurisdiction of the State courts.<a id="noteref_380" name="noteref_380" href="#note_380"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">380</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_212" id="Para_212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">212.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trust, Court of Equity.</span></span>—A conveyance +in trust for the use of a church +vests the use in the church and it will be +protected by a court of equity.<a id="noteref_381" name="noteref_381" href="#note_381"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">381</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_213" id="Para_213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">213.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Injunction, Closing Church, Paying +Money, Disturbances.</span></span>—A court of equity +will issue an injunction against the trustees +of a church from wrongfully closing it or +keeping it closed even against a small minority.<a id="noteref_382" name="noteref_382" href="#note_382"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">382</span></span></a> +Church property vested in trustees of +a religious body is held under trust and a +court of equity has jurisdiction to enforce +the trust.<a id="noteref_383" name="noteref_383" href="#note_383"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">383</span></span></a> A court of equity may restrain +the trustees of a church from paying money +to a duly deposed minister.<a id="noteref_384" name="noteref_384" href="#note_384"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">384</span></span></a> But a court of +equity will not interfere to quell religious +disturbances when no question as to property +or civil rights is involved. The board +of trustees of a church can not remove a +priest against the will of the congregation.<a id="noteref_385" name="noteref_385" href="#note_385"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">385</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_214" id="Para_214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">214.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Suits, Parties.</span></span>—Where a number +of persons have contributed to the erection +of a church, it is not necessary for all who +contribute to join in an action to restrain a +sale of the property for mercantile purposes.<a id="noteref_386" name="noteref_386" href="#note_386"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">386</span></span></a> +Any member of a church not incorporated +may come into a court of equity in +behalf of himself and others and enforce the +execution of a trust in favor of the church.<a id="noteref_387" name="noteref_387" href="#note_387"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">387</span></span></a> +The same rule would apply to a church +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +where any one in authority is violating the +law.<a id="noteref_388" name="noteref_388" href="#note_388"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">388</span></span></a> If several congregations of a diocese +are interested in litigation, to hold all the +property of the diocese liable for the debt of +a parish, each congregation is entitled to be +made a party.<a id="noteref_389" name="noteref_389" href="#note_389"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">389</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_215" id="Para_215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">215.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Complaint.</span></span>—A complaint that the +plaintiffs hold one doctrinal standard and the +defendants another is sufficiently definite +without explaining the difference between +the two.<a id="noteref_390" name="noteref_390" href="#note_390"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">390</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_216" id="Para_216" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">216.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church Tribunal, Courts.</span></span>—Courts +are reluctant to interfere in the church doctrine +or discipline or inquire into the regularity +of the proceedings of the church tribunal. +When such tribunal has deposed a +pastor or expelled a member, it is final. +However, in contracts, property rights, and +civil rights of a citizen, the courts take jurisdiction. +It is no defense to a pastor's expulsion +that there is salary due him.<a id="noteref_391" name="noteref_391" href="#note_391"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">391</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_217" id="Para_217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">217.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unincorporated Congregation, Actions, +Interest.</span></span>—An unincorporated congregation +may be sued on contract in its associate +capacity, though no persons are named +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +as trustees or committeeman.<a id="noteref_392" name="noteref_392" href="#note_392"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">392</span></span></a> In all actions +by or against a congregation the civil +courts will not permit suits to be brought by +complainants who have no interest either +legal or equitable in the temporalities of the +church.<a id="noteref_393" name="noteref_393" href="#note_393"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">393</span></span></a> A suit against a society of Shakers +consisting of indefinite membership with +changing additions, withdrawals, and deaths, +whose property is held in common without +any individual interest, may properly be +brought in equity as the remedy at law would +be inadequate.<a id="noteref_394" name="noteref_394" href="#note_394"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">394</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_218" id="Para_218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">218.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Blasphemy, Sabbath, Lord's Prayer, +Bible.</span></span>—Christianity is a part of the common +law of the United States; it is on this +ground that blasphemy and violation of the +Sabbath are made criminal offenses and that +the Lord's Prayer and the Bible are used in +the schools.<a id="noteref_395" name="noteref_395" href="#note_395"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">395</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc39" id="toc39"></a> +<a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XVIII. Evidence</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_219" id="Para_219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">219.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Judicial Notice.</span></span>—A church takes +judicial notice without proof of its own +rules, laws, and doctrines. Every other fact +should be proved according to the rules of +evidence of the church, and in the absence +of a church rule the following rules of the +courts of this country should prevail: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. Nothing should be admitted in evidence +unless it directly proves or disproves +an evidentiary fact forming a link of a chain +of facts that will prove a fact in issue. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. It is sufficient to prove the substance +of the issue, unless the exact word or thing +forms the issue. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. The burden of proof is on the one +who asserts the fact, whether it is stated +affirmatively or negatively, and its proof is +necessary to his making a case. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. The best evidence that the case in its +nature affords must be produced. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. Mere hearsay evidence shall not be +allowed, excepting: +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(a) Matters of public or general interest. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(b) Declaration against interest. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(c) Dying declarations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(d) The testimony of witnesses since +dead or absent. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(e) Admissions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(f) Confessions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_220" id="Para_220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">220.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Competent Witness.</span></span>—Everybody +who has the use of reason and understands +the import of an oath is a competent witness. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_221" id="Para_221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">221.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Confessions, Secret Societies.</span></span>—At +common law, confessions were admissible; +but there is no case in the United States +since 1813 where the court has sent a priest +to jail for contempt for refusing to disclose +a confession, and no case in which a priest +disclosed a confession. Immediately after +a priest was committed for contempt for refusing +to divulge the secrets of the confessional, +in 1813, New York enacted the following +law: <span class="tei tei-q">“No minister of the gospel, or +priest of any denomination whatsoever, +shall be allowed to disclose any confession +made to him in his professional character, +in the course of discipline enjoined by the +rules or practice of such denomination.”</span> A +similar law has been adopted in the following +States and Territories: Alabama, Arizona, +California, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, +Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, +New York, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah, +Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and +Hawaii. The secrets of a secret society are +not privileged, and a member as a witness +must answer all relevant questions in court.<a id="noteref_396" name="noteref_396" href="#note_396"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">396</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_222" id="Para_222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">222.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Privilege, Answer.</span></span>—When a question +concerning a matter privileged is put, +the priest should say: <span class="tei tei-q">“I claim my privilege +as a clergyman and ask the court not to require +me to answer”</span>; <span class="tei tei-q">“Whatever he said +concerning the matter, was said to me in the +confessional as a priest”</span>; <span class="tei tei-q">“I talked with him +about the matter only in my professional +capacity as a priest and confessor”</span>; <span class="tei tei-q">“I did +not speak to him about the matter except +in my confidential capacity as priest;”</span> or a +similar statement that sets up the clergyman's +privilege without giving facts. A +clergyman should not say: <span class="tei tei-q">“He confessed +it to me,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“He told it to me in confession,”</span> +or give any other answer that implies +what was said in confession, as jurors are +always watching for a hint of what was +said. Neither should the priest say, <span class="tei tei-q">“I refuse +to answer,”</span> without stating that he +refuses because of his privilege as a clergyman. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The trial judge or the attorneys trying +the case may put proper questions to +determine whether the information was +given the witness in the confessional or in +his capacity as confessor.<a id="noteref_397" name="noteref_397" href="#note_397"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">397</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_223" id="Para_223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">223.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Admissions, False Statements.</span></span>—Admissions +or statements made to a clergyman +not in his capacity of confidential adviser +or in the course of discipline, are not +privileged.<a id="noteref_398" name="noteref_398" href="#note_398"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">398</span></span></a> Neither are false statements +made to a committee investigating charges; +but all statements made to such a committee +or an officer of the church, unless false and +made with malice, are privileged.<a id="noteref_399" name="noteref_399" href="#note_399"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">399</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_224" id="Para_224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">224.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anonymous Letter, Clergyman.</span></span>—Where +a priest received an anonymous letter +alleged to have been written by a defendant, +which he read to her, he was not +disqualified from testifying that she was +excited and that she stated she had no idea +how the fire started, and that the letter was +unknown to her, etc.<a id="noteref_400" name="noteref_400" href="#note_400"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">400</span></span></a> The mere fact that a +communication is made to a clergyman does +not make it privileged. It is privileged only +when made in confidence of the relation and +under such circumstances as to imply that +it should forever remain a secret in the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +breast of the confidential adviser.<a id="noteref_401" name="noteref_401" href="#note_401"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">401</span></span></a> When +a matter is privileged, it is not left to the +witness whether or not he shall testify concerning +it; but he can not testify without +the consent of the other party.<a id="noteref_402" name="noteref_402" href="#note_402"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">402</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_225" id="Para_225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">225.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voire Dire.</span></span>—Where a priest made +a preliminary examination of a woman to +ascertain her mental capacity to make a confession, +her answers in such preliminary +examination were admissible in a contest on +a will; but her confession was not admissible.<a id="noteref_403" name="noteref_403" href="#note_403"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">403</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_226" id="Para_226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">226.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">England, Confession.</span></span>—The rule is +now accorded priests in England, but was +not formerly. Where a priest turned a +watch over to its owner, the court ordered +him, under pain of contempt, to tell where +he got the watch.<a id="noteref_404" name="noteref_404" href="#note_404"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">404</span></span></a> But in another case it +was held that a priest need not divulge the +confession of a defendant who was held for +crime.<a id="noteref_405" name="noteref_405" href="#note_405"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">405</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_227" id="Para_227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">227.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">United States, Rules.</span></span>—In the United +States courts, the rule prevails that such +confidential communications to a priest shall +not be divulged.<a id="noteref_406" name="noteref_406" href="#note_406"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">406</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_228" id="Para_228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">228.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Presumptions, Usage.</span></span>—The usage +of a church or the laws of its organization +as a religious society, if they are to be considered +in deciding legal controversies, must +be proved as facts.<a id="noteref_407" name="noteref_407" href="#note_407"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">407</span></span></a> In the absence of +proof, it will be presumed that subordinate +bodies, as congregations, can not dissolve +their connection with the principal organization +without permission.<a id="noteref_408" name="noteref_408" href="#note_408"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">408</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_229" id="Para_229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">229.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Funeral Expenses.</span></span>—Witnesses' +opinions as to the reasonable amount for +burial or as to the cost of a funeral being +reasonable, are not binding on a court or +jury. The station of a man, the property +that he leaves, the life that he has followed, +all should be considered by the court. The +whims and notions of societies and others +are of minor consideration. Those who +make funeral expenses that are not allowed +by the court must pay them.<a id="noteref_409" name="noteref_409" href="#note_409"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">409</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc41" id="toc41"></a> +<a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XIX. Contracts</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_230" id="Para_230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">230.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Business, Religious Service.</span></span>—A +church organization has the legal right to +make any contract concerning its own +affairs that is not prohibited by its by-laws +or its charter, subject to all laws of legal +contracts in the business world. When the +consideration is a religious service duly performed, +there seems to be no objection to it. +Therefore, a minister may collect for +preaching a sermon, attending the sick, or +saying prayers, or performing any other +religious service. But an incorporated +church has no authority to enter into a contract +for an ulterior purpose, such as the +employment of a vessel for the purpose of +an excursion.<a id="noteref_410" name="noteref_410" href="#note_410"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">410</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_231" id="Para_231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">231.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Incorporated Body.</span></span>—The only way +a religious society that is incorporated can +make a contract is by a vote of the aggregate +body or of the board of trustees, or +through an agent authorized by a vote of +one body or the other.<a id="noteref_411" name="noteref_411" href="#note_411"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">411</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_232" id="Para_232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">232.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mortgage, Deficiency Judgment.</span></span>—Where +a mortgage had been foreclosed +against church property before the congregation +was incorporated, a deficiency judgment +can not be rendered against such +church corporation.<a id="noteref_412" name="noteref_412" href="#note_412"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">412</span></span></a> But where a congregation +was incorporated after a debt had +been incurred and took charge of the property, +it assumed the debt.<a id="noteref_413" name="noteref_413" href="#note_413"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">413</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_233" id="Para_233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">233.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Building Contracts.</span></span>—The taking +part in a meeting by voting and appointing +committees to make contracts will bind those +taking part in all contracts made in accordance +with the directions of such meeting. +In some States the individuals are held only +to the amount that each subscribes, but in +other States each individual is liable for the +entire debt.<a id="noteref_414" name="noteref_414" href="#note_414"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">414</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_234" id="Para_234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">234.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Individual Promise, Subscriptions, +Signature.</span></span>—An individual promise to give +a donation to charity, can not be enforced.<a id="noteref_415" name="noteref_415" href="#note_415"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">415</span></span></a> +But subscriptions to build a church or other +charitable institution or to pay the salary of +a clergyman when signed by more than one +person, have been held binding in some +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +cases on the disputed rule of a-promise-for-a-promise +consideration.<a id="noteref_416" name="noteref_416" href="#note_416"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">416</span></span></a> In the foregoing +cases the donor might revoke his subscription +or in case of his death his estate would +not be liable.<a id="noteref_417" name="noteref_417" href="#note_417"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">417</span></span></a> However, when expenses +have been made or steps taken in the carrying +out of the object of the subscriptions, +the general rule is that the subscriptions become +binding contracts.<a id="noteref_418" name="noteref_418" href="#note_418"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">418</span></span></a> If the object of +the subscriptions be abandoned or changed +without the consent of the subscriber, he is +thereby released. A promissory note given +for the subscription, unless negotiated for +value in due course of trade, does not change +the foregoing rules.<a id="noteref_419" name="noteref_419" href="#note_419"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">419</span></span></a> Where many persons +subscribed to build a church and some of +them failed to pay, one who paid brought +an action on behalf of himself and others +and collected the unpaid subscriptions.<a id="noteref_420" name="noteref_420" href="#note_420"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">420</span></span></a> +The defendant Nalty signed <span class="tei tei-q">“Nalty Family, +$1,000,”</span> but he was held personally liable.<a id="noteref_421" name="noteref_421" href="#note_421"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">421</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_235" id="Para_235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">235.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Special Purpose, Suit.</span></span>—When +money is subscribed for a special purpose, +as for rebuilding a church, it belongs to the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +church organization; and in a suit to recover +the money the action should be brought in +the name of the corporation, if incorporated, +and if not incorporated it should be brought +in the name of the interested party.<a id="noteref_422" name="noteref_422" href="#note_422"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">422</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_236" id="Para_236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">236.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Promise, Consideration.</span></span>—A promise +made by the owner of land to a trustee +for the benefit of a religious society, that +he would convey the land to such society if +it would build a church thereon, is a good +and lawful consideration; and after work +was begun on the church, the contract was +enforceable in a court of equity.<a id="noteref_423" name="noteref_423" href="#note_423"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">423</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc43" id="toc43"></a> +<a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XX. Pews</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_237" id="Para_237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">237.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sold, Rented.</span></span>—Prior to the Reformation +pews were not sold nor rented and +every member had the right to sit wherever +he pleased in the body of the church. After +the Reformation, the ordinary or bishop was +granted the right of <span class="tei tei-q">“faculty”</span> to rent or sell +pews.<a id="noteref_424" name="noteref_424" href="#note_424"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">424</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_238" id="Para_238" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">238.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Incorporeal Hereditament.</span></span>—The +English title in a pew is in the nature of a +right of way through another's land; it is +an incorporeal hereditament. In the absence +of express law, the title to pews in +this country is said to be in the nature of +real estate, and in fact not very different +from the English title.<a id="noteref_425" name="noteref_425" href="#note_425"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">425</span></span></a> In some States the +title is made personal property by statute.<a id="noteref_426" name="noteref_426" href="#note_426"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">426</span></span></a> +And in others the courts have inquired into +the law of the church and adjudged the +title accordingly.<a id="noteref_427" name="noteref_427" href="#note_427"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">427</span></span></a> The general rule is that +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the owner of a pew simply has an easement.<a id="noteref_428" name="noteref_428" href="#note_428"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">428</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_239" id="Para_239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">239.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Catholic Church, Pew Rights.</span></span>—In +the Catholic Church, by the canon law, the +ownership in or control over a pew is forbidden +to laymen. Notwithstanding that, if +the party holding the title violates the rule +of the church by giving a deed to the pew-holder, +the courts would probably sustain +his title.<a id="noteref_429" name="noteref_429" href="#note_429"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">429</span></span></a> However, as the clergy can +neither rent nor sell pews without becoming +subject to the law of the land and the jurisdiction +of our courts, it is important to know +what the law of the State is. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_240" id="Para_240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">240.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Land, Use, Rent Pews.</span></span>—Where +land was conveyed in trust to the bishop of +a diocese and his successors for the erection +of a church for the use of a congregation, +the right to rent pews vested under the deed +and laws of the Catholic Church in the +parish priest and not in the trustees afterward +elected, as the parish priest was the +agent of the bishop.<a id="noteref_430" name="noteref_430" href="#note_430"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">430</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_241" id="Para_241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">241.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trustees, Sale in Perpetuity.</span></span>—Without +authority of law the trustees of a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +church can not make an absolute sale in perpetuity +of a pew without any reservation of +rent.<a id="noteref_431" name="noteref_431" href="#note_431"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">431</span></span></a> The sale of a pew in a church will +be determined in a case according to the +particular facts.<a id="noteref_432" name="noteref_432" href="#note_432"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">432</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_242" id="Para_242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">242.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pew, Right to Occupy, Conditions.</span></span>—A +grant of a church pew in perpetuity +does not give the owner an absolute right +of property as a grant of land in fee; but +gives only a right to sit therein, although +he may maintain an action in court for protection +of his rights.<a id="noteref_433" name="noteref_433" href="#note_433"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">433</span></span></a> In Vermont a pewholder +has only the right to occupy his seat +during religious services and holds it subject +to the superior right of the society owning +the pew.<a id="noteref_434" name="noteref_434" href="#note_434"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">434</span></span></a> A condition in the deed to +a pew that a holder about to leave the congregation +shall offer it to the society for a +certain price, is not invalid.<a id="noteref_435" name="noteref_435" href="#note_435"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">435</span></span></a> Where a +pewholder held his pew by a certain agreement +and after the church had been remodeled +he bought a different pew, the conditions +attached to the first pew did not apply +to the last.<a id="noteref_436" name="noteref_436" href="#note_436"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">436</span></span></a> Pews owned by the occupant +pass to the heirs as real estate instead of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +going to the executors as personal property +in States where the title is in the nature of +the title to real estate.<a id="noteref_437" name="noteref_437" href="#note_437"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">437</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_243" id="Para_243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">243.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tax, Assessment.</span></span>—A tax assessed +upon the pew of a religious corporation in +part for purposes not specifically named in +a deed of the pew, which alone gives the +power to make such an assessment and +which strictly defines and limits such power, +is invalid <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in toto</span></span>.<a id="noteref_438" name="noteref_438" href="#note_438"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">438</span></span></a> The right to make an +assessment on pews must be founded upon +law, else it can not be enforced.<a id="noteref_439" name="noteref_439" href="#note_439"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">439</span></span></a> When a +congregation sells pews at auction rent free +for the purpose of building a church, it has +no power thereafter to assess the pews for +the salary of the minister.<a id="noteref_440" name="noteref_440" href="#note_440"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">440</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_244" id="Para_244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">244.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pewholders' Rights.</span></span>—A pewholder +has the exclusive right to occupy his pew +when the house is used for the purpose for +which it was erected; but he can not convert +his pew to other purposes not contemplated.<a id="noteref_441" name="noteref_441" href="#note_441"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">441</span></span></a> +If he has paid his pew-rent according +to agreement, he is entitled to use +his pew on all occasions when the house is +occupied, even when it is open for purposes +different from those mentioned in the conveyance +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +thereof; and he has the right to exclude +all others from his pew by fastening +the door or otherwise, and any one who +enters his pew knowing the facts, is a trespasser +and liable to an action for damages.<a id="noteref_442" name="noteref_442" href="#note_442"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">442</span></span></a> +The owner of a pew has no right to put an +offensive covering thereon nor use his pew +in any way to the annoyance of the congregation +or not in keeping with the place and +conditions. By placing anything offensive +about his pew, he may be liable for maintaining +a nuisance, and such offensive thing +may be removed; but, as far as possible, it +must be removed without damaging the +pewholder's property.<a id="noteref_443" name="noteref_443" href="#note_443"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">443</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_245" id="Para_245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">245.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rebuilding, Remodeling.</span></span>—An injunction +was granted on the bill of pewholders, +restraining the authorities of the +church from pulling it down, as they +were going to use the materials in the +erection of a new church on a different +site. On the answer, the injunction was +dissolved on the ground that if the complainants +had rights which would be violated, +there was a remedy at law and that +the nature and extent of the injury were +not such as called for the interposition of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +a court of equity by injunction.<a id="noteref_444" name="noteref_444" href="#note_444"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">444</span></span></a> Where +a parish abandons an old church and builds +a new one it does not become liable to any +pewholder for damages by reason thereof +unless it has acted wantonly or intentionally +to injure the pewholder.<a id="noteref_445" name="noteref_445" href="#note_445"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">445</span></span></a> But when it becomes +necessary for the purpose of repairing +or remodeling a church, to destroy old pews, +a pew built by a member under contract with +the church can not be removed or destroyed +without compensation.<a id="noteref_446" name="noteref_446" href="#note_446"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">446</span></span></a> Pew rights are +subject to the right of the parish to pull +down and rebuild a church either as a matter +of necessity or expediency, but in the +latter case the owner of a pew is entitled to +payment.<a id="noteref_447" name="noteref_447" href="#note_447"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">447</span></span></a> A pewholder has only the right +to occupy his pew during public worship, +and when the church has become so out of +repair that it can not be used for public worship, +the owner of a pew can recover only +nominal damages for injuries to his pew.<a id="noteref_448" name="noteref_448" href="#note_448"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">448</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_246" id="Para_246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">246.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Selling Pew on Execution.</span></span>—In an +action to recover the value of a pew sold at +auction, the merits of the case will be tried +according to the law of the land.<a id="noteref_449" name="noteref_449" href="#note_449"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">449</span></span></a> It is +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +doubtful whether a pew in a church can be +sold for private debts of the pewholder.<a id="noteref_450" name="noteref_450" href="#note_450"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">450</span></span></a> +It depends somewhat upon the title and +State law of exemptions.<a id="noteref_451" name="noteref_451" href="#note_451"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">451</span></span></a> To render an +attachment of a pew valid, it is not necessary +for the officer to come in sight of the +pew or even to enter the church.<a id="noteref_452" name="noteref_452" href="#note_452"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">452</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_247" id="Para_247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">247.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Members, Pew.</span></span>—Members of the +congregation may be required to pay for a +pew or sitting in the church, and where a +priest ejected a member from the church because +he would not rent a pew, he was sustained +by the court.<a id="noteref_453" name="noteref_453" href="#note_453"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">453</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_248" id="Para_248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">248.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Free Church, Seats, Lease.</span></span>—The +trustees of a free church may assign seats +and forcibly remove one from a seat without +authority.<a id="noteref_454" name="noteref_454" href="#note_454"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">454</span></span></a> Where a pew is real estate, +a pewholder may acquire the right to it by +prescription in the usual way.<a id="noteref_455" name="noteref_455" href="#note_455"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">455</span></span></a> Where +pews are not rented and the members support +the church by voluntary subscriptions, +they have equal right to the occupancy of +the pews. But where the church builds the +pews and rents them, a man paying rent for +a pew holds it under lease in the nature of +a lease to real estate. However, he does +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +not obtain all the rights of a lessee of land, +and in many cases a rule of the church governs +the holding of pews, which will be +observed by the State courts.<a id="noteref_456" name="noteref_456" href="#note_456"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">456</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_249" id="Para_249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">249.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Executors, Pew-Rent.</span></span>—The executors +of a pew owner are not bound to pay +pew-rent accrued after the owner's death. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_250" id="Para_250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">250.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voting, Pew-Rent, Arrears.</span></span>—Where +a church is incorporated and by its charter +or the laws of the State it has authority to +make reasonable by-laws, a by-law which +prohibits any person from voting whose +pew-rent is in arrears for more than two +years, is valid.<a id="noteref_457" name="noteref_457" href="#note_457"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">457</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc45" id="toc45"></a> +<a name="pdf46" id="pdf46"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXI. Property</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_251" id="Para_251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">251.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unincorporated, Trustee.</span></span>—The +question whether an unincorporated religious +society may take a gift or devise, is +determined by the law of domicile.<a id="noteref_458" name="noteref_458" href="#note_458"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">458</span></span></a> Generally +an unincorporated religious association +can not hold property in its assumed name, +but it must be held by conveyance in trust +to a trustee named.<a id="noteref_459" name="noteref_459" href="#note_459"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">459</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_252" id="Para_252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">252.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charter, By-Laws.</span></span>—When the +charter or by-laws of a church corporation +provide that they may be altered, such +changes may, after the execution and delivery +of a deed, immediately adhere to the +title.<a id="noteref_460" name="noteref_460" href="#note_460"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">460</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_253" id="Para_253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">253.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Suits, Corporation, Members.</span></span>—Cases +may occur in which the corporation +in its corporate capacity, or the society in +its collective capacity, may be a plaintiff or +a defendant in a suit between it and one or +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +more members of the religious society in +their individual capacity or in their collective +capacity, in a quasi-conspiracy or concerning +other torturous acts, or a collective +contract.<a id="noteref_461" name="noteref_461" href="#note_461"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">461</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_254" id="Para_254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">254.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deed, Court, Title.</span></span>—A deed made +in pursuance of an order of a court having +jurisdiction passes good title.<a id="noteref_462" name="noteref_462" href="#note_462"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">462</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_255" id="Para_255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">255.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Subscription, Lots.</span></span>—Any one may +convey title to a church as his part of the +subscription by merely marking it on a plat +made by him, as lots donated to such +church.<a id="noteref_463" name="noteref_463" href="#note_463"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">463</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_256" id="Para_256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">256.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Misnomer, Identity.</span></span>—The misnomer +of a religious society or corporation +will not invalidate a mortgage where the +identity of the society can be clearly shown.<a id="noteref_464" name="noteref_464" href="#note_464"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">464</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_257" id="Para_257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">257.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adverse Possession, Color of Title.</span></span>—A +religious corporation may obtain title +to land by adverse possession. The length +of such possession is determined by the laws +of the State, the usual period being twenty +years.<a id="noteref_465" name="noteref_465" href="#note_465"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">465</span></span></a> Unless the laws of the State require +it, color of title at the time of asserting adverse +possession need not be shown.<a id="noteref_466" name="noteref_466" href="#note_466"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">466</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_258" id="Para_258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">258.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sale, Restrictions.</span></span>—In some States +when not restricted by the laws of the organization +the parish corporation may sell +the premises in order to pay the church +debts. However, it is not a common law +right.<a id="noteref_467" name="noteref_467" href="#note_467"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">467</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_259" id="Para_259" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">259.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deed.</span></span>—A deed to <span class="tei tei-q">“The Evangelical +Order of Christians”</span> was sufficiently +definite for a valid conveyance.<a id="noteref_468" name="noteref_468" href="#note_468"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">468</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_260" id="Para_260" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">260.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Error.</span></span>—A clerical error in the +name of the grantee will not make a deed +void. However, when such error has been +discovered, it should be corrected.<a id="noteref_469" name="noteref_469" href="#note_469"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">469</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_261" id="Para_261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">261.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mortgage, Bishop, Debts.</span></span>—The +archbishop of a church to which property +is bequeathed, can not mortgage it without +authority from the church or under the +law.<a id="noteref_470" name="noteref_470" href="#note_470"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">470</span></span></a> Also, the bishop of a diocese to +whom land had been conveyed in trust for +a particular congregation, could not execute +a valid mortgage thereon to secure his own +indebtedness.<a id="noteref_471" name="noteref_471" href="#note_471"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">471</span></span></a> But a religious society in +the absence of prohibitionary legislation, +has power to mortgage its property to secure +its debts.<a id="noteref_472" name="noteref_472" href="#note_472"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">472</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_262" id="Para_262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">262.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deed, Trust, Fee.</span></span>—A deed of land +to a Catholic bishop and his heirs and assigns +forever in trust for a Catholic parish +for the purpose of a free burial ground, +gave the bishop an estate in fee.<a id="noteref_473" name="noteref_473" href="#note_473"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">473</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_263" id="Para_263" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">263.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Debts, Creditors.</span></span>—A committee of +a religious society authorized to sell lands +to raise money to pay its general debts, is +not authorized to execute a mortgage for +the purpose of securing various creditors +holding claims; and the defect in such mortgage +is not cured by a vote at a subsequent +meeting to which the committee made a report +of its action.<a id="noteref_474" name="noteref_474" href="#note_474"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">474</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_264" id="Para_264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">264.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mortgage or Sale, Notice, Consent.</span></span>—Whenever +there is to be a mortgage or +sale of the church property, if it is to be +done by the corporation, it must be done +strictly in accordance with the charter and +laws of the corporation, and if those do not +provide therefor, every member should receive +a reasonable notice to attend a meeting +of the congregation and the question should +be submitted to such meeting and a vote +taken thereon. If all the proceedings are +regular and the proper officers (president +and secretary) of the corporation be authorized +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to make a conveyance, it is good in law.<a id="noteref_475" name="noteref_475" href="#note_475"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">475</span></span></a> +However, if the irregular acts of officers or +members of a congregation are subsequently +ratified in a lawful manner, they become +binding.<a id="noteref_476" name="noteref_476" href="#note_476"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">476</span></span></a> When consent of the court is +required, it must be obtained.<a id="noteref_477" name="noteref_477" href="#note_477"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">477</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_265" id="Para_265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">265.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Title, Taxes, Judicial Notice.</span></span>—If +the title is in the bishop in fee in accordance +with church law it is not <span class="tei tei-q">“owned by any +religious association”</span> and is liable for taxes. +The laws of the Catholic Church are not +the subject of judicial notice, but must be +alleged and proved as any other fact.<a id="noteref_478" name="noteref_478" href="#note_478"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">478</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_266" id="Para_266" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">266.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Title, Diocese, Rule.</span></span>—Where the +title to the property of the diocese was in +the bishop for the use of the church and +subsequently the diocese was incorporated, +the bishop was not divested of title and it +was still necessary to have the property conveyed +by deed.<a id="noteref_479" name="noteref_479" href="#note_479"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">479</span></span></a> In some other States, however, +the contrary rule prevails.<a id="noteref_480" name="noteref_480" href="#note_480"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">480</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_267" id="Para_267" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">267.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Priest, Deed, Funds.</span></span>—Where it +was claimed that a priest purchased lands +and took the deed in his own name and paid +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +therefor with funds belonging to the congregation, +the conveyance will not be decreed +by the court only upon the clearest +and most satisfactory evidence.<a id="noteref_481" name="noteref_481" href="#note_481"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">481</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_268" id="Para_268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">268.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monks, Missions, Title.</span></span>—The fact +that the monks or priests were at the head +of the missions in California when it was +acquired by the United States, does not +prove that the Catholic Church had universal +ownership of the property.<a id="noteref_482" name="noteref_482" href="#note_482"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">482</span></span></a> The +acts of Congress giving the city of San Antonio +authority to sell public lands, was intended, +no doubt, to dispose of mission property, +but it was held not to affect the Catholic +Church, the title to which had been confirmed +by another act of Congress.<a id="noteref_483" name="noteref_483" href="#note_483"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">483</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_269" id="Para_269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">269.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Texan Revolution, Land.</span></span>—At the +time of the Texan Revolution, a Catholic +church held no real estate of perfect title, +but enjoyed only the use of the land that it +possessed and continued so to occupy after +the admission of Texas into the Union.<a id="noteref_484" name="noteref_484" href="#note_484"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">484</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_270" id="Para_270" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">270.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Priest, Agent, Deed.</span></span>—The priest +in charge of a congregation is the agent of +the archbishop, and where the title to the +real estate is conveyed by absolute deed to +the bishop, the congregation, against the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +protest of the priest and without obtaining +leave from the bishop, has no right to tear +down a church for the purpose of rebuilding +or repairing it.<a id="noteref_485" name="noteref_485" href="#note_485"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">485</span></span></a> And a priest in charge +of mission property may maintain in his +name an action to recover its possession.<a id="noteref_486" name="noteref_486" href="#note_486"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">486</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_271" id="Para_271" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">271.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Devise, Uncertainty.</span></span>—A devise of +property <span class="tei tei-q">“to the Roman Catholic Orphans”</span> +of a certain diocese, making the bishop of +the diocese executor of the will and giving +him power to sell the property and use the +proceeds for the benefit of the Roman +Catholic orphans, is void for uncertainty.<a id="noteref_487" name="noteref_487" href="#note_487"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">487</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_272" id="Para_272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">272.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Donor, Ambiguous Provision.</span></span>—The +religious convictions of the donor may +be shown for the purpose of construing an +ambiguous provision of a deed or will.<a id="noteref_488" name="noteref_488" href="#note_488"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">488</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_273" id="Para_273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">273.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trust, Evidence.</span></span>—Without any +trust being declared in writing, parol evidence +can not be allowed to prove that the +Catholic Church and parsonage is held in +trust for the congregation by the bishop of +the diocese, notwithstanding that the +moneys for purchasing the lands and putting +up such buildings were collected by +subscriptions and contributions made to the +priest in charge under the law, usage, and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +polity of the Roman Catholic Church.<a id="noteref_489" name="noteref_489" href="#note_489"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">489</span></span></a> At +common law land may be granted to pious +uses before there is a grantee to take it. In +the meantime, the title is in abeyance.<a id="noteref_490" name="noteref_490" href="#note_490"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">490</span></span></a> +Where the title to parsonage lands is in the +minister as a sole corporation, on his death +the title remains in abeyance until a successor +is appointed.<a id="noteref_491" name="noteref_491" href="#note_491"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">491</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_274" id="Para_274" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">274.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Money, Control.</span></span>—Money raised by +a Catholic congregation for the purpose of +building a church does not come under the +absolute control of the bishop or priest, +although put into the hands of the latter for +safe keeping. It is subject to the control of +the congregation, although the members of +the congregation refused to obey the command +of the bishop of the diocese to consolidate +with another church to which the +priest was removed.<a id="noteref_492" name="noteref_492" href="#note_492"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">492</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_275" id="Para_275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">275.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church, Building, Removing.</span></span>—Where +subscriptions were secured to build +a church at a particular place as a memorial +to a certain person, a congregation may be +enjoined from tearing down the building +and removing it to another place.<a id="noteref_493" name="noteref_493" href="#note_493"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">493</span></span></a> But a +court of equity will not prevent the removal +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of a church where a majority of the congregation +favors it, although a legal meeting +had not been held to determine the +matter.<a id="noteref_494" name="noteref_494" href="#note_494"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">494</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_276" id="Para_276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">276.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church, Use, Division.</span></span>—A church +guild that erected a building adjoining a +church for parish purposes, with the assent +of the congregation, can not deny the authority +of the church and use the building +for other purposes.<a id="noteref_495" name="noteref_495" href="#note_495"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">495</span></span></a> But if members are +improperly excluded from the use of the +church property they must appeal to the +courts for redress and can not resort to acts +of trespass to gain entrance into a church.<a id="noteref_496" name="noteref_496" href="#note_496"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">496</span></span></a> +A court of equity will compel persons having +charge of the temporalities of a church, +whether incorporated or not, to faithfully +perform their trust and to prevent the diversion +of the property from its original +purposes. The court will not interfere in +strictly religious matters.<a id="noteref_497" name="noteref_497" href="#note_497"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">497</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_277" id="Para_277" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">277.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spanish Territory.</span></span>—When Alabama +was a part of Spanish territory, a deed +of land <span class="tei tei-q">“to His Catholic Majesty for the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +purpose of building thereon a parochial +church and dwelling-house for the officiating +priest,”</span> the money being paid out of the +royal treasury, did not constitute the King +of Spain a trustee for the church or transfer +to the church in equity a title to the +lots.<a id="noteref_498" name="noteref_498" href="#note_498"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">498</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_278" id="Para_278" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">278.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trust, Purposes, Doctrines.</span></span>—When +a conveyance of a lot is made to certain +persons of a religious society and their +successors in trust for religious purposes, +all the members become beneficiaries in equal +degree notwithstanding some of them may +have contributed larger sums than others.<a id="noteref_499" name="noteref_499" href="#note_499"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">499</span></span></a> +Land conveyed to a church for valuable consideration +belongs to the church, whatever +change may take place in its religious doctrines; +and if a minority secedes on the +ground that they are the ones who retain the +original tenets of the church, they can not +take with them either the whole or pro rata +share of the church property.<a id="noteref_500" name="noteref_500" href="#note_500"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">500</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_279" id="Para_279" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">279.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Control, Revenues.</span></span>—The trustees +of a corporation of a church or of a religious +society have entire control over the revenues +of such body.<a id="noteref_501" name="noteref_501" href="#note_501"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">501</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_280" id="Para_280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">280.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Leave to Purchase, Title, Canons +of the Church.</span></span>—A congregation wanted to +buy a church and priest's house, but the +archbishop refused leave to purchase, but +granted permission to keep the premises for +religious purposes for a time. The members +formed a society and bought and took +title in the name of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Lithuanian Benefit +Society of St. Anthony.”</span> Then the archbishop +wrote them a letter requiring the +deed of the premises to be put in his name, +which the congregation refused to do. A +part of the congregation brought a suit in +equity to enforce the transfer from the society +to the archbishop. The court held +that if the congregation was under the +church and acknowledged its authority, the +title must be settled by the canons of the +church; otherwise, the majority of the congregation, +in a duly called meeting, should +determine where the title should be vested.<a id="noteref_502" name="noteref_502" href="#note_502"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">502</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_281" id="Para_281" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">281.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cemetery, Authority.</span></span>—When a +congregation that had title to a cemetery +for many years entrusted the management +and sale of the lots to the priest, he had +thereby authority to create servitudes, such +as alleys to lots, which become binding on +the congregation and all third persons.<a id="noteref_503" name="noteref_503" href="#note_503"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">503</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_282" id="Para_282" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">282.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Real Estate, Purpose.</span></span>—A church +has no power to acquire and hold real estate +for any purpose other than that of promoting +the object of its creation, and any contract +entered into for a purchase of real +estate as a matter of speculation is <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ultra +vires</span></span> and void.<a id="noteref_504" name="noteref_504" href="#note_504"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">504</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_283" id="Para_283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">283.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Limitation, Lands.</span></span>—A statute of +the State prohibiting a religious society +from holding more than twenty acres, applies +to a single parish or congregation and +not to the entire denomination when it consists +of more than one congregation.<a id="noteref_505" name="noteref_505" href="#note_505"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">505</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_284" id="Para_284" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">284.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Conditions, Bequest, Deed, Time.</span></span>—Where +property has been devised for a +particular purpose or on certain conditions +attached thereto, the law may be invoked to +protect the fund according to the bequest.<a id="noteref_506" name="noteref_506" href="#note_506"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">506</span></span></a> +And where a deed contained a clause that +the lots should never be sold nor used in any +other way except for the benefit of a specified +Protestant Church, although the deed +contained no clause of forfeiture, when the +congregation sold the property the grantor +was entitled to have the deed set aside and +the title re-vested in himself.<a id="noteref_507" name="noteref_507" href="#note_507"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">507</span></span></a> And a grant +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +made upon condition that a church be +erected thereon, prevents the grantee from +conveying it for other purposes without the +consent of the grantor or his heirs.<a id="noteref_508" name="noteref_508" href="#note_508"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">508</span></span></a> But +where a devise was made on condition that +a church be built on the property within +three years, the provision being a condition +subsequent, a court has the right to extend +the time.<a id="noteref_509" name="noteref_509" href="#note_509"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">509</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_285" id="Para_285" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">285.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Will, Forfeiture.</span></span>—The provision in +a will or deed that land shall be used for +purposes of a certain church, may create a +trust for the benefit of the church only and +not a condition the breach of which would +work a forfeiture.<a id="noteref_510" name="noteref_510" href="#note_510"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">510</span></span></a> When a condition is +put in a deed that it shall be forever used as +a burial ground for the interment of bodies, +it is doubtful whether the grantor and +grantee together may change the uses of the +property. Therefore, it is important in +taking deeds to cemeteries to have no condition +whatever, unless such conditions are +desired.<a id="noteref_511" name="noteref_511" href="#note_511"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">511</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_286" id="Para_286" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">286.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Condition, Quit-Claim.</span></span>—After conveying +land upon a specified condition, the +grantor then gave a quit-claim deed, and the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +court held that that relieved the grant from +the condition.<a id="noteref_512" name="noteref_512" href="#note_512"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">512</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_287" id="Para_287" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">287.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bishop, Trust, Successors.</span></span>—A +deed of land to the bishop of a church for a +Protestant Episcopal church in fee simple, +created a trust and on the death of such +bishop the title passed to his successors.<a id="noteref_513" name="noteref_513" href="#note_513"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">513</span></span></a> +Where a grantee in a deed absolute on its +face, is in fact archbishop of the Roman +Catholic Church for his diocese, its canons +and decrees regulating the mode of acquiring +and holding church property are competent +evidence to show that the property is +so held in trust for purposes for public worship +and other charitable uses. And property +so held by a Catholic bishop in trust for +the diocese, or in trust for a congregation, +school, cemetery, or asylum, for the separate +use of each, is not chargeable with any part +of the expenses of another one or for improving +the church property generally in the +diocese.<a id="noteref_514" name="noteref_514" href="#note_514"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">514</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_288" id="Para_288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">288.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trustees, Vacancy.</span></span>—When land is +conveyed to certain persons as trustees of a +church and their successors lawfully appointed, +a court of equity will not step in to +fill a vacancy but will leave that to be filled +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +by the church in accordance with its discipline.<a id="noteref_515" name="noteref_515" href="#note_515"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">515</span></span></a> +But an attempt to sell real estate of +a religious society against the provisions of +its charter, will be prevented by a court of +equity.<a id="noteref_516" name="noteref_516" href="#note_516"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">516</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_289" id="Para_289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">289.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church, Majority, Change.</span></span>—When +property is conveyed to a church having a +well-known doctrine, faith, and practice, a +majority of the members has not the authority +or power by reason of a change of religious +views to carry the property thus dedicated +to a new and different doctrine.<a id="noteref_517" name="noteref_517" href="#note_517"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">517</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_290" id="Para_290" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">290.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Title, Harmony, Division.</span></span>—The +title to church property in a divided congregation +is in that part of the congregation +which acts in harmony with the law of the +denomination; and the ecclesiastical laws +and principles which were accepted among +them before the dispute began, are the standard +for determining which party is right.<a id="noteref_518" name="noteref_518" href="#note_518"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">518</span></span></a> +In other cases the division of church property, +where there is a division of the congregation, +depends upon its particular facts.<a id="noteref_519" name="noteref_519" href="#note_519"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">519</span></span></a> +Where $400 was bequeathed to a Lutheran +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +congregation in S——, there being at the +time of the making of the will but one Lutheran +congregation in the place, but subsequently +a majority of the trustees and members +with the pastor left the church and +built a new one, the old church continued +vested with the title to the property and all +its funds.<a id="noteref_520" name="noteref_520" href="#note_520"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">520</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_291" id="Para_291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">291.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Perversion, Misuse, Suit.</span></span>—Unless +there is substantial departure from the purpose +of the trust which amounts to a perversion +of it, a court of equity will not interfere +to prevent the misuse or abuse of a +trust of a religious nature. In actions in the +State court, if the church is not incorporated, +an action should be brought in the names of +the members collectively, and if they are too +numerous to be all named, the suit may be +brought in the name of one or more of them +for the whole. The same rules apply to religious +societies when sued. However, in +some dioceses, particularly in the Catholic +Church, the title to the church property is +in the bishop and he thereby becomes an interested +party who must be made either a +plaintiff or a defendant.<a id="noteref_521" name="noteref_521" href="#note_521"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">521</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_292" id="Para_292" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">292.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rights, Contracts, Torts, Crimes.</span></span>—Vested +property rights, contracts, torts, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and crimes, are usually subject to the laws +of the State and the control and judgment +of a church tribunal is seldom final. While +the State courts have no ecclesiastical jurisdiction +and can not revise or question ordinary +acts of church discipline, they have the +power to adjudicate conflicting claims of +parties to the church property or the use +of it.<a id="noteref_522" name="noteref_522" href="#note_522"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">522</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_293" id="Para_293" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">293.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cemetery, Assessments.</span></span>—Where a +lot was bought for the purpose of building a +church but was used for a cemetery, and a +church was built at another place and the +deed to the lot was taken in the name of the +trustees, the pastor and a member of the +church corporation were not the proper +parties to bring an action to restrain the +State from selling the lot to pay the assessments +for pavement, as they had no legal or +equitable interest for the protection of which +they could claim the interposition of a court +of equity.<a id="noteref_523" name="noteref_523" href="#note_523"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">523</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_294" id="Para_294" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">294.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Burned, Revert, Vested.</span></span>—The fact +that a church on lands donated to the parish, +on condition of sustaining the church, +burned down, the title did not revert to the +grantor's heirs.<a id="noteref_524" name="noteref_524" href="#note_524"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">524</span></span></a> Also land granted a bishop +for church uses, vested immediately in him +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and was not forfeited because it was not +used for church purposes.<a id="noteref_525" name="noteref_525" href="#note_525"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">525</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_295" id="Para_295" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">295.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Abandoned, Revert.</span></span>—Land granted +to trustees and their successors forever in +trust to erect a Methodist church, according +to its rules and discipline, which was used +for such church for a long time and then +abandoned and sold to parties who converted +it into a blacksmith shop, did not thereupon +revert in the absence of a provision to that +effect.<a id="noteref_526" name="noteref_526" href="#note_526"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">526</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_296" id="Para_296" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">296.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Uses and Trusts.</span></span>—The chapter of +the Wisconsin statutes on religious societies, +although not included in the same title as +the chapter abolishing all uses and trusts +excepting as therein created, was not intended +to prohibit the trusts expressly authorized +by the former.<a id="noteref_527" name="noteref_527" href="#note_527"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">527</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_297" id="Para_297" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">297.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trust Funds, Account.</span></span>—Where a +member of the church received funds to invest +in his own name for the benefit of the +church, he will be obliged in a court of equity +to give full account for the money and its +profits.<a id="noteref_528" name="noteref_528" href="#note_528"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">528</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_298" id="Para_298" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">298.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fund, Diverted, Split.</span></span>—A fund +created for a particular purpose, as the education +of children in the faith and doctrines +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of a denomination at the time the fund is +created, can not be diverted from its original +object.<a id="noteref_529" name="noteref_529" href="#note_529"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">529</span></span></a> Neither can such a fund be split +up when a congregation is divided, but must +be retained as created.<a id="noteref_530" name="noteref_530" href="#note_530"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">530</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_299" id="Para_299" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">299.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church, Personalty.</span></span>—A church removed +from its foundation and put on rollers +was severed from the realty and became personal +property.<a id="noteref_531" name="noteref_531" href="#note_531"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">531</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_300" id="Para_300" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">300.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lease, Purposes.</span></span>—A religious literary +society and scientific corporation has +power to lease part of a building owned by +it for theatrical and operatic purposes.<a id="noteref_532" name="noteref_532" href="#note_532"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">532</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_301" id="Para_301" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">301.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Salary, Lien, Equity.</span></span>—The church +building and the land on which it stands have +been held subject to the payment of a debt +due for the salary of a pastor of the congregation +owning such property.<a id="noteref_533" name="noteref_533" href="#note_533"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">533</span></span></a> A contractor +is entitled to a lien on the church +property for work done on the building.<a id="noteref_534" name="noteref_534" href="#note_534"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">534</span></span></a> +A person who became liable for the debts of +the congregation incurred in the purchase +of church property, obtained relief in equity +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +by subjecting the church property to a +sale.<a id="noteref_535" name="noteref_535" href="#note_535"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">535</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_302" id="Para_302" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">302.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bankruptcy, Creditors.</span></span>—There is +no provision of law for a church corporation +to make an assignment in bankruptcy. However, +the church corporation may be sued +and a receiver appointed to take possession +of the property and sequester the assets.<a id="noteref_536" name="noteref_536" href="#note_536"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">536</span></span></a> +But where assignments in bankruptcy and a +sale and conveyance of church property are +lawful, the church property may be assigned +for the benefit of the creditors.<a id="noteref_537" name="noteref_537" href="#note_537"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">537</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_303" id="Para_303" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">303.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jurisdiction, Process.</span></span>—In order to +obtain jurisdiction where there are contentions +between various persons claiming to be +officers, the only safe rule is to serve the +process on all those who are in the offices or +claim the offices upon the occupants of which +the papers must be served.<a id="noteref_538" name="noteref_538" href="#note_538"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">538</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_304" id="Para_304" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">304.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">States, Property, Restrictions.</span></span>—Some +States restrict the quantity and use of +property that a religious society or church +may hold. Other States have no restrictions; +but nearly all the States have some +statutory law on the subject, which is +changed so frequently that it would be useless +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to give the provisions of such law in +this work.<a id="noteref_539" name="noteref_539" href="#note_539"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">539</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_305" id="Para_305" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">305.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Land, Limitation.</span></span>—A statute of +Illinois relating to Catholic societies contains +no limitations on property rights, but +it was held that the general law applied, and +that an organization having ten acres could +not acquire additional land by devise. A +conveyance of land to a corporation after it +has taken all the land allowed by law, is +void.<a id="noteref_540" name="noteref_540" href="#note_540"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">540</span></span></a> In Kentucky where a church is limited +to fifty acres and a devise was made to +a church for the benefit of foreign missions, +it was held valid under a statute providing +that all devises for relief of aged, impotent, +poor people, churches, or for any other +charitable or humane purposes, shall be +valid.<a id="noteref_541" name="noteref_541" href="#note_541"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">541</span></span></a> Maryland's peculiar law by which +leave must be obtained from the Legislature +for a conveyance of more than two acres of +land, has been construed to give the Legislature +authority to ratify a conveyance that +otherwise would be void under the statute.<a id="noteref_542" name="noteref_542" href="#note_542"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">542</span></span></a> +Also, it was held in the same case that a +church might acquire more land, but that +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +it would be restricted with regard to its use. +A statute prohibiting a religious society +from holding more than twenty acres of +land applied to a single religious society and +not to the denomination.<a id="noteref_543" name="noteref_543" href="#note_543"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">543</span></span></a> Where the territorial +law provided that no religious corporation +should hold real estate of greater +value than $50,000, a receiver was appointed +for the Mormon corporation.<a id="noteref_544" name="noteref_544" href="#note_544"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">544</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_306" id="Para_306" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">306.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Corporations, Bequests.</span></span>—Foreign +religious corporations may be entitled to recover +bequests made to them in some States; +but the general rule is that a foreign religious +society has no better right to take property +by devise than a domestic corporation.<a id="noteref_545" name="noteref_545" href="#note_545"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">545</span></span></a> +When the statute requires a conveyance to +specify the purpose for which a religious +society takes land, the failure to so specify +renders the deed void.<a id="noteref_546" name="noteref_546" href="#note_546"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">546</span></span></a> But the Young +Men's Christian Association was declared +not within the limitation because it was not +formed for pecuniary benefit and profit and +was not under the control of any one denomination +nor formed for religious worship.<a id="noteref_547" name="noteref_547" href="#note_547"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">547</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_307" id="Para_307" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">307.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Collateral Attack.</span></span>—A devise of +land to a religious society which will increase +the title beyond the amount that is allowed +by statute, can not be attacked collaterally +by a private individual.<a id="noteref_548" name="noteref_548" href="#note_548"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">548</span></span></a> It is for the State +and not for the individual to make inquiry +into excess on the part of a religious society +in its accumulation.<a id="noteref_549" name="noteref_549" href="#note_549"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">549</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc47" id="toc47"></a> +<a name="pdf48" id="pdf48"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXII. Religious Services</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_308" id="Para_308" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">308.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Worship, Discipline, Innovations.</span></span>—The +denomination itself, according to its +rules and regulations, determines what +services shall form a part of its public worship. +The inferior authority in the church +has no right to violate the discipline by innovations. +Whether or not devotional singing +may be accompanied with instrumental +music, must be determined by those who administer +the discipline of the church.<a id="noteref_550" name="noteref_550" href="#note_550"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">550</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_309" id="Para_309" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">309.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Doctrines, Temporal Affairs.</span></span>—The +fact that the congregation sells the pews +does not give the owners the right to determine +what doctrines shall be preached in +the church, nor who shall preach them.<a id="noteref_551" name="noteref_551" href="#note_551"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">551</span></span></a> A +majority of a local church can not change +the faith of the church against the protest +of the minority.<a id="noteref_552" name="noteref_552" href="#note_552"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">552</span></span></a> The corporation of the +congregation is governed by the majority +only in temporal affairs.<a id="noteref_553" name="noteref_553" href="#note_553"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">553</span></span></a> However, some +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of the Protestant churches are so independent +that a vote of the congregation may +transfer them from one denomination to +another.<a id="noteref_554" name="noteref_554" href="#note_554"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">554</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_310" id="Para_310" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">310.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contributions, Presbyterians, Methodists.</span></span>—Where +certain persons by contributions +built a church and the title was taken +and held by the Presbyterians who permitted +all other denominations to hold services +therein, all of which was a condition of the +subscriptions for establishing the church, +when the Presbyterians sold out to the Methodists +and they held it for their own exclusive +use, those who contributed the money +had the right to resort to the court to enforce +their rights to worship in such church.<a id="noteref_555" name="noteref_555" href="#note_555"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">555</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_311" id="Para_311" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">311.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">True Religion, Courts.</span></span>—Ordinarily +the civil courts do not interfere where +there is a question as to which of two or +more parties is adhering to the true religious +teaching of the denomination. If no +question of property or civil rights arises, +the court will not interfere.<a id="noteref_556" name="noteref_556" href="#note_556"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">556</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_312" id="Para_312" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">312.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Heresy, Injunction.</span></span>—Where a minister +did not preach the doctrine and the +entire system of Calvinistic theology received +and taught by that denomination, he +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +had no right to the pulpit of the church, and +the court granted an injunction against his +officiating therein.<a id="noteref_557" name="noteref_557" href="#note_557"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">557</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_313" id="Para_313" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">313.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bequest, Sects, Condition.</span></span>—Where +a bequest was made to erect a place of worship +with the privilege for other sects to +worship therein and forever to be used as +such, the trustees in whom the title vested +had no authority to sell without the consent +of the grantor or his heirs; and the congregation +having sold the church property and +it having been thereafter used for a store, +the grantor's heirs had a right of entry for +condition broken.<a id="noteref_558" name="noteref_558" href="#note_558"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">558</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_314" id="Para_314" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">314.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sexton, Undertaker, Authorities.</span></span>—The +sexton who has charge of the church +property may lawfully remove from the +church an undertaker who, after being +warned to desist and leave, persists in conducting +the funeral in violation of rules prescribed +by the authorities of the church.<a id="noteref_559" name="noteref_559" href="#note_559"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">559</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc49" id="toc49"></a> +<a name="pdf50" id="pdf50"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXIII. Bequests, Devises, And Gifts</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_315" id="Para_315" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">315.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Statutes, Wills.</span></span>—In some States a +religious society can not take under a will, +and a bequest of money to a church is void.<a id="noteref_560" name="noteref_560" href="#note_560"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">560</span></span></a> +In Connecticut any devise to a religious corporation +not expressly authorized by statute, +is void.<a id="noteref_561" name="noteref_561" href="#note_561"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">561</span></span></a> In Maryland leave to devise land +to a religious society must be obtained from +the Legislature.<a id="noteref_562" name="noteref_562" href="#note_562"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">562</span></span></a> In all the States it is +safest to consult and carefully follow the +statute in drawing a will. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_316" id="Para_316" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">316.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Masses, Alabama.</span></span>—Formerly as a +rule of the English common law, it was held +that bequests and devises for the purpose of +having Masses said for the soul of the deceased, +were void as superstitious uses; but +under Article 1 of the Amendments to the +United States Constitution, and under similar +provisions in the constitutions of the +several States, the English rule does not +prevail in the United States. However, Alabama +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +adopted the English rule.<a id="noteref_563" name="noteref_563" href="#note_563"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">563</span></span></a> By reading +the foot-note to the Alabama case, it will +be found that a majority of the States hold +that such bequests are lawful.<a id="noteref_564" name="noteref_564" href="#note_564"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">564</span></span></a> Even in +Alabama if the bequest had been to a clergyman +or a certain person and accompanied by +a request to say Masses, the court might +have allowed it.<a id="noteref_565" name="noteref_565" href="#note_565"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">565</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_317" id="Para_317" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">317.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Name, Bequest, Corporation.</span></span>—A +mistake in a name does not render a bequest +or a gift void if the person intended can be +identified.<a id="noteref_566" name="noteref_566" href="#note_566"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">566</span></span></a> Also, a devise may be made to +a corporation not yet organized and when it +is organized the gift or devise will vest. +During the interim, it will remain in abeyance.<a id="noteref_567" name="noteref_567" href="#note_567"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">567</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_318" id="Para_318" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">318.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clergyman, Undue Influence.</span></span>—A +clergyman who is a grantee in a deed from a +parishioner, although deriving no benefit +therefrom, has the burden of showing good +faith in the transaction as the law presumes +that he is guilty of undue influence. This +presumption is further strengthened by +proof of the enfeebled condition of the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +grantor by age and illness and his susceptibleness +to influence. Where the property +conveyed in trust for the parish was greatly +in excess of its needs, the deed was set +aside.<a id="noteref_568" name="noteref_568" href="#note_568"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">568</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_319" id="Para_319" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">319.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contest, Secession.</span></span>—In case of a +devise to a church which is claimed by two +societies, it is the duty of the court to decide +in favor of those who adhere to the ecclesiastical +government of the church which was +in operation at the time the trust was declared.<a id="noteref_569" name="noteref_569" href="#note_569"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">569</span></span></a> +However, to maintain such action +it must be brought by the proper parties.<a id="noteref_570" name="noteref_570" href="#note_570"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">570</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_320" id="Para_320" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">320.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bequests, Membership.</span></span>—Bequests +left to individuals on condition that they +shall remain members of a certain church, +can be obtained only by complying with such +condition.<a id="noteref_571" name="noteref_571" href="#note_571"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">571</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_321" id="Para_321" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">321.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Conditions, Religious Tenets.</span></span>—In +order to determine the conditions of a trust +the religious tenets of the donor may be +shown to aid in construction of ambiguous +provisions.<a id="noteref_572" name="noteref_572" href="#note_572"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">572</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_322" id="Para_322" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">322.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Name, Uncertainty.</span></span>—A bequest to +Georgetown University, in the District of +Columbia, which was incorporated under the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +name of <span class="tei tei-q">“The President and Directors of +Georgetown College,”</span> is not void for uncertainty, +as the only institution of learning in +the District of Columbia is Georgetown +College.<a id="noteref_573" name="noteref_573" href="#note_573"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">573</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_323" id="Para_323" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">323.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Future Uses, Uncertainty.</span></span>—A devise +to a foundling or eleemosynary institution, +whenever the Christians should create +one which the trustees approved, is valid.<a id="noteref_574" name="noteref_574" href="#note_574"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">574</span></span></a> +And a devise to the <span class="tei tei-q">“First Christian church +erected or to be erected in the village of Telfairville, +in Burke county, or to such persons +as may become trustees of the same,”</span> is +good as a charitable bequest.<a id="noteref_575" name="noteref_575" href="#note_575"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">575</span></span></a> A bequest to +a priest to hold in trust and pay over to the +Sisters for the Poor, is valid.<a id="noteref_576" name="noteref_576" href="#note_576"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">576</span></span></a> A bequest +for the care of a tombstone is valid in some +States and not in others without a statutory +provision.<a id="noteref_577" name="noteref_577" href="#note_577"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">577</span></span></a> A bequest to the bishop <span class="tei tei-q">“to be +by him used for Roman Catholic charitable +institutions in his diocese,”</span> sufficiently describes +the beneficiaries and is good.<a id="noteref_578" name="noteref_578" href="#note_578"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">578</span></span></a> Also, +a bequest to Bishop England <span class="tei tei-q">“in trust for +the Ladies of the Ursuline Order residing +in Charleston in the State of South Carolina,”</span> +was held for <span class="tei tei-q">“The Ladies of the Ursuline +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Community of the city of Charleston.”</span><a id="noteref_579" name="noteref_579" href="#note_579"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">579</span></span></a> +A bequest for Masses <span class="tei tei-q">“to a Roman Catholic +priest that shall succeed me in this place,”</span> +was held void for uncertainty.<a id="noteref_580" name="noteref_580" href="#note_580"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">580</span></span></a> A bequest +in trust to a bishop by name to sell and give +the proceeds to a society named, is not a +devise to the society, but to the bishop in +trust.<a id="noteref_581" name="noteref_581" href="#note_581"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">581</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_324" id="Para_324" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">324.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Education, Priesthood.</span></span>—A devise +or bequest to a clergyman of property to be +used for the education of poor Catholic boys +for the priesthood, was sustained in court as +sufficiently definite for performance.<a id="noteref_582" name="noteref_582" href="#note_582"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">582</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_325" id="Para_325" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">325.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charitable Trust, Cy-Pres.</span></span>—Equity +will not allow a charitable trust to fail for +want of a trustee, but will appoint one.<a id="noteref_583" name="noteref_583" href="#note_583"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">583</span></span></a> +The doctrine of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">cy-pres</span></span> as applied to charitable +gifts and trusts, is not in force in Alabama, +Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, +Maryland, Iowa, New York, North Carolina, +nor Wisconsin; but seems to prevail in +California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Missouri, +Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_326" id="Para_326" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">326.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Error, Ambiguity.</span></span>—Great latitude +is allowed in charitable bequests, devises, +and gifts, in proving <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">aliunde</span></span> the beneficiary +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +intended where there is error in the name or +a latent ambiguity.<a id="noteref_584" name="noteref_584" href="#note_584"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">584</span></span></a> The religion of the +testator will be considered in proving intention. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_327" id="Para_327" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">327.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dissolution, Resulting Trust.</span></span>—On +dissolution of a religious society, the money +collected or derived from the sale of property +goes back as a resulting trust to the +contributors.<a id="noteref_585" name="noteref_585" href="#note_585"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">585</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_328" id="Para_328" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">328.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charity, Institutions.</span></span>—To determine +what is a charitable trust, devise, or +gift, it is necessary to particularly bear in +mind the most comprehensive definition of +charity. Legacies for schools, churches, +libraries, cemeteries, the poor, hospitals, and +numerous other eleemosynary institutions, +have been sustained under charitable bequests +when they otherwise would have +failed.<a id="noteref_586" name="noteref_586" href="#note_586"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">586</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc51" id="toc51"></a> +<a name="pdf52" id="pdf52"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXIV. Taxation</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_329" id="Para_329" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">329.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Purposes, Exempt.</span></span>—Only church +property that is actually used for church or +charitable purposes, is exempt from taxation. +Property held for its increase or profit +is not exempt.<a id="noteref_587" name="noteref_587" href="#note_587"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">587</span></span></a> Land bought for a church +on which no work on the church is yet begun, +is not exempt from taxation.<a id="noteref_588" name="noteref_588" href="#note_588"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">588</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_330" id="Para_330" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">330.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lot Isolated, Not Exempt.</span></span>—A lot +isolated from the other property of the +church of a congregation, is not exempt because +the congregation intends to build a +church thereon in the future, and actually +did build a church thereon two years later.<a id="noteref_589" name="noteref_589" href="#note_589"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">589</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_331" id="Para_331" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">331.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bishop's Residence, Hospital.</span></span>—Real +property the title to which is in the +archbishop in fee in accordance with the +discipline of the Catholic Church, is not +owned by a religious association so as to +exempt it from taxation. The records do +not show a trust for the diocese nor any +other beneficiary. A court will not take +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +judicial notice of the laws of the Catholic +Church.<a id="noteref_590" name="noteref_590" href="#note_590"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">590</span></span></a> But property used as a hospital +to care for the sick and wounded of all races +and religions indiscriminately, with or without +pay according to the ability of the +patient, is a benevolent institution engaged +in a work of charity, and comes under the +law of tax exemption.<a id="noteref_591" name="noteref_591" href="#note_591"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">591</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_332" id="Para_332" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">332.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Parsonage, Rented.</span></span>—A parsonage +owned by a congregation and used only as a +residence for the clergyman is not exempt +because of some part of it being also used +for alleged religious services, to-wit: morning +prayers of the children before school, a +sewing society, and a meeting place for Sunday-school +teachers.<a id="noteref_592" name="noteref_592" href="#note_592"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">592</span></span></a> However, a house and +lot rented and kept by the minister was exempt +from taxation.<a id="noteref_593" name="noteref_593" href="#note_593"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">593</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_333" id="Para_333" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">333.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Masonic Order, Charity, Elks.</span></span>—A +charity which is confined exclusively to the +members of the Masonic Order and their +families or to the widows and children of +deceased members or those who are directly +or indirectly connected with the society, is +not purely a public charity within the provisions +of the constitution relating to the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +exemption of institutions of purely public +charity from taxation.<a id="noteref_594" name="noteref_594" href="#note_594"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">594</span></span></a> And property held +by the Elks for entertainment and to promote +social intercourse was held not exempt.<a id="noteref_595" name="noteref_595" href="#note_595"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">595</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_334" id="Para_334" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">334.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Supporting Church, Mississippi.</span></span>—In +the early ages of the States several of +them had laws for taxing all the property +in parishes laid out by the State for the +support of Protestant churches. Gradually +these laws were eliminated and at the present +time there is probably no State excepting +Mississippi that uses money for the support +of a church. Maine changed her laws in +1821, and other States followed from time +to time.<a id="noteref_596" name="noteref_596" href="#note_596"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">596</span></span></a> While those taxes were collected, +no land within the parish was exempt in +some States and in others the property of a +non-resident was exempt.<a id="noteref_597" name="noteref_597" href="#note_597"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">597</span></span></a> In New Hampshire +and Pennsylvania, a person could not +be compelled to pay the taxes to a denomination +of which he was not a member.<a id="noteref_598" name="noteref_598" href="#note_598"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">598</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_335" id="Para_335" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">335.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Appropriations, Contracts, Rent.</span></span>—Under +the constitution of the United States, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Congress can not make appropriations nor +give aid to any denomination. Also, similar +provisions are in many of the constitutions +of the States. However, many cases arise +out of contracts, which border upon these +various rules, and in some States the constitutional +provision of the State is such that +the State Legislature may legislate concerning +religions and give certain aid and support +thereto. Paying rent to a congregation +for a school-room is not an appropriation or +aid to a church contrary to the constitution.<a id="noteref_599" name="noteref_599" href="#note_599"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">599</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc53" id="toc53"></a> +<a name="pdf54" id="pdf54"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXV. Eleemosynary Institutions</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_336" id="Para_336" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">336.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Poor, Institutions, Negligence.</span></span>—As +hospitals, homes for the poor, and other +eleemosynary institutions are supported by +money given to charity, it would be a diversion +of the trust funds if such institutions +could be compelled to pay damages for negligence +causing personal injury or death. +The general rule is that the person causing +the injury may be liable, but not the institution.<a id="noteref_600" name="noteref_600" href="#note_600"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">600</span></span></a> +However, a charitable institution has +been held liable for negligence of its manager +to notify a nurse of the contagious +nature of a case assigned to her.<a id="noteref_601" name="noteref_601" href="#note_601"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">601</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_337" id="Para_337" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">337.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Surgeon, Gratuitous Services.</span></span>—A +charitable medical institution is not liable for +the negligence of its surgeon in operating +upon a patient gratuitously where such institution +exercises due care in employing a +surgeon deemed competent. The fact that +besides such gratuitous services, medicine is +taught therein for tuition fees and patients +who are able to pay are charged a small fee +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +for room, board, nursing, etc., but no fee +from the patient to the doctor, does not +change it from a charitable institution.<a id="noteref_602" name="noteref_602" href="#note_602"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">602</span></span></a> +However, a hospital that is an adjunct to +a medical school is liable.<a id="noteref_603" name="noteref_603" href="#note_603"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">603</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_338" id="Para_338" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">338.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charitable Institution.</span></span>—An institution +that limits its benefactions to the +members of a particular denomination is, +in the absence of a statute to the contrary, +a charitable institution.<a id="noteref_604" name="noteref_604" href="#note_604"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">604</span></span></a> This rule has exceptions.<a id="noteref_605" name="noteref_605" href="#note_605"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">605</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_339" id="Para_339" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">339.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charter, Real Estate.</span></span>—The trustees +of a religious, literary, or other benevolent +society, can not, irrespective of the powers +granted by its charter, purchase and hold +real estate under trusts of their own creation +which will protect their property from creditors.<a id="noteref_606" name="noteref_606" href="#note_606"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">606</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_340" id="Para_340" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">340.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mortmain, Title, Trust.</span></span>—The +statute of mortmain was never in force in +Pennsylvania, so a religious corporation can +hold the legal title to land in trust for the +heir-at-law of a testator who has devised it +to the corporation in trust for uses that +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +were void under the English law.<a id="noteref_607" name="noteref_607" href="#note_607"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">607</span></span></a> The only +States that have statutes of mortmain are +Mississippi and North Carolina. Yet in +those States the statutes are somewhat different +from the law of England. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_341" id="Para_341" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">341.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Public Institutions, Support.</span></span>—Benevolent +and charitable institutions under +a church are not public institutions, and +moneys can not be appropriated for their +support.<a id="noteref_608" name="noteref_608" href="#note_608"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">608</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_342" id="Para_342" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">342.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nuns, Vows, Property.</span></span>—When +joining a society of nuns, one of the vows +taken was that all property should be held +in common and whatever property was received +after taking the vows should belong +to the society. A person who left the order +was not concluded from making claim for +her property.<a id="noteref_609" name="noteref_609" href="#note_609"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">609</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc55" id="toc55"></a> +<a name="pdf56" id="pdf56"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXVI. Schools</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_343" id="Para_343" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">343.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Parent, Education, State, Parochial +Schools.</span></span>—The right of the parent to use +judgment as to the proper necessaries of his +child, including board, lodging, and education, +is generally conceded. However, there +must be no abuse of these parental rights, as +the child also has rights that even a parent +can not infringe. Therefore, the State may +require a reasonable opportunity for the education +of every child; and if the parent can +not give it on account of his poverty, it is in +the power of the State to take his child in +charge and furnish him an education. The +right of the State to make laws requiring a +parent to send his child to school between +certain ages, as from four to twenty-one +years, is well settled. The question of the +parent's being obliged to send his child to +the public schools or being forbidden to send +his child to a private or parochial school, is +not settled in some States; but it is being +settled in favor of the parent. The Kentucky +constitution contains this provision: +<span class="tei tei-q">“... nor shall any man be compelled to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +send his child to any school to which he may +be conscientiously opposed.”</span><a id="noteref_610" name="noteref_610" href="#note_610"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">610</span></span></a> The right of +the State to supervise or inspect private and +parochial schools under the police power of +the State can not be questioned.<a id="noteref_611" name="noteref_611" href="#note_611"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">611</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_344" id="Para_344" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">344.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orphan Asylums, School Moneys.</span></span>—In +1850 the New York Legislature enacted +a law as follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“The schools of the several +incorporated orphan asylums within the +State other than those in the city of New +York, shall participate in the distribution +of the school moneys in the same manner +and to the same extent in proportion to the +number of children educated therein, as the +common schools in their respective cities and +districts.”</span> The court ruled that moneys devoted +by the constitution to the State for the +support of common schools could not be distributed +under the act, for the reason that +such asylums are not public schools; but +moneys from other sources might be paid +for the education of such orphan children +in proportion to their number to those educated +in the common schools of their respective +cities and districts.<a id="noteref_612" name="noteref_612" href="#note_612"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">612</span></span></a> The schools +kept by the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Society of the city of Brooklyn, are not +common schools within the meaning of the +constitution, and a provision of law that +such schools should share in the distribution +of school moneys raised by the State was +void.<a id="noteref_613" name="noteref_613" href="#note_613"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">613</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_345" id="Para_345" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">345.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contract, Direct Payment, Lease.</span></span>—No +school of any denomination or sect is +entitled to public moneys for its support, +either by contract for the education of students +therein or by direct payment from the +government.<a id="noteref_614" name="noteref_614" href="#note_614"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">614</span></span></a> A school conducted by the +Catholic Church in which religious instruction +is given to Catholic children is a sectarian +institution within the constitutional +provision against using public funds for +sectarian purposes; but public school money +expended for such a school conducted by +this school district could not be recovered +by suit against the school officers.<a id="noteref_615" name="noteref_615" href="#note_615"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">615</span></span></a> Also, +a school maintained as a charity under direction +of trustees elected by the town where +they must be of a certain religion, is not +entitled to public moneys.<a id="noteref_616" name="noteref_616" href="#note_616"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">616</span></span></a> But the lease of +a part of a parochial school building or the +basement of a church for public school purposed +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +does not violate the law.<a id="noteref_617" name="noteref_617" href="#note_617"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">617</span></span></a> In the +States of Maine, Iowa, Massachusetts, Illinois, +Ohio, Kansas, and Texas, the reading +of the King James Bible and the singing of +hymns and saying prayers have been held +not sectarian.<a id="noteref_618" name="noteref_618" href="#note_618"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">618</span></span></a> But in Wisconsin, the court +ruled the other way.<a id="noteref_619" name="noteref_619" href="#note_619"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">619</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_346" id="Para_346" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">346.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Teacher, Lord's Prayer, Exercise.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“A +public school teacher, who, for the +purpose of quieting the pupils and preparing +them for their regular studies, repeats the +Lord's Prayer and the Twenty-second +Psalm as a morning exercise, without comment +or remark, in which none of the pupils +are required to participate, is not conducting +a form of religious worship or giving +sectarian or religious instruction.”</span><a id="noteref_620" name="noteref_620" href="#note_620"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">620</span></span></a> Substantially +the same rule applies in Pennsylvania.<a id="noteref_621" name="noteref_621" href="#note_621"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">621</span></span></a> +However, similar religious exercises +conducted by Catholic teachers have +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +generally been held sectarian and not permissible +in public schools.<a id="noteref_622" name="noteref_622" href="#note_622"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">622</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_347" id="Para_347" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">347.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ohio, Directors, Bible.</span></span>—The constitution +of the State of Ohio does not +enjoin nor require religious instruction or +the reading of religious books in the public +schools. The board of directors of a district +has charge of the instruction and books +to be used therein, and their official discretion +will not be interfered with. Therefore, +they were authorized to have the Bible read +at the opening of the school.<a id="noteref_623" name="noteref_623" href="#note_623"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">623</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_348" id="Para_348" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">348.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Public School, Bible, Prayer.</span></span>—The +committee having control of a public school +may make a rule requiring the school to be +opened by reading from the Bible and +prayer every morning, and that each child +shall bow the head during such prayers; +that any scholar shall be excused from bowing +the head whose parents request it; and +when any scholar refuses to obey such rule +and his parents refuse to request that he +shall be excused, the committee may exclude +such scholar from the school.<a id="noteref_624" name="noteref_624" href="#note_624"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">624</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_349" id="Para_349" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">349.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Text-Books, State.</span></span>—The State has +the power to grant authority to the State +Board of Education to select and prescribe +text-books to be used in the public schools +of the State.<a id="noteref_625" name="noteref_625" href="#note_625"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">625</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_350" id="Para_350" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">350.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bible, Conscience, Constitution.</span></span>—The +parent of a child expelled from the +public school can not maintain an action +against the school committee by whose orders +it was done. In the same case it was +held that a rule requiring every scholar to +read a particular version of the Bible, +though it may be against the conscience of +some to do so, does not violate the letter or +spirit of the constitution.<a id="noteref_626" name="noteref_626" href="#note_626"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">626</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_351" id="Para_351" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">351.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schoolhouse, Sunday-School Purposes.</span></span>—The +inhabitants of a school district +have no right to use the schoolhouse for religious +meeting on Sunday against the objection +of any taxpayer in the district, notwithstanding +that the officers of the district +granted such right. A taxpayer may obtain +an injunction against such use, although the +injury to him be very slight, as he has no +other remedy.<a id="noteref_627" name="noteref_627" href="#note_627"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">627</span></span></a> A district school board can +not authorize the use of the schoolhouse for +any other than school purposes.<a id="noteref_628" name="noteref_628" href="#note_628"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">628</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_352" id="Para_352" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">352.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Child, Immoral Character.</span></span>—The +school committee in order to maintain purity +and discipline, may exclude therefrom a +child whom they deem to be of licentious +or immoral character, although such character +is not manifested in acts of licentiousness +or immorality within the school.<a id="noteref_629" name="noteref_629" href="#note_629"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">629</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_353" id="Para_353" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">353.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Parents, Studies, Teacher.</span></span>—The +requirement of a teacher that a scholar in +grammar shall write English composition is +a reasonable one, and refusal to comply +therewith in the absence of a request from +his parents that he be excused therefrom, +will justify the expulsion of a scholar from +school.<a id="noteref_630" name="noteref_630" href="#note_630"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">630</span></span></a> But when a parent selects certain +studies that the law provides to be taught +for his child to study, the teacher has no +right to insist that the child shall take some +other study and inflict punishment to enforce +obedience.<a id="noteref_631" name="noteref_631" href="#note_631"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">631</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_354" id="Para_354" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">354.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chastisement, Cruel.</span></span>—The chastisement +of a scholar by the schoolmaster +must not be excessive or cruel, but it should +be reasonably proportioned to the offense +and within the bounds of moderation.<a id="noteref_632" name="noteref_632" href="#note_632"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">632</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_355" id="Para_355" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">355.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schoolmaster, Authority.</span></span>—Although +a schoolmaster has in general no +right to punish a pupil for misconduct after +the dismissal of the school for the day and +the return of the pupil to his home, yet he +may on the pupil's return to school punish +him for any misbehavior, though committed +out of school, which has a direct and immediate +tendency to injure the school and to +subvert the master's authority. The fact +that the master acted in good faith will not +excuse him from damages for the punishment +of a scholar where the punishment is +clearly excessive and unnecessary. However, +where there is a reasonable doubt the +master should have the benefit of it.<a id="noteref_633" name="noteref_633" href="#note_633"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">633</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_356" id="Para_356" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">356.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Force, Assistance.</span></span>—And where a +scholar in school hours places himself in the +desk of the instructor and refuses to leave it +on the request of the master, the master may +immediately use such force and call to his +assistance such aid from another person as +may be necessary to remove the scholar. +The same rule would apply to any one who +is not a scholar and intrudes upon the +school.<a id="noteref_634" name="noteref_634" href="#note_634"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">634</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_357" id="Para_357" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">357.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">White, Unmarried.</span></span>—Before the +adoption of the fourteenth amendment it +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was necessary in most States that in addition +to the child being under twenty-one +years of age, he must be of white blood and +unmarried.<a id="noteref_635" name="noteref_635" href="#note_635"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">635</span></span></a> In Ohio, negroes, Indians, +and children of less than half white blood, +were not entitled to the benefit of the school +fund; and even where this would entirely +exclude from school children not sufficient +to form a district, still it was held that +such children could not attend the white +school.<a id="noteref_636" name="noteref_636" href="#note_636"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">636</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_358" id="Para_358" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">358.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Facilities, the Constitution.</span></span>—So +long as abundant facilities are given for the +education of all the children of a district, it +is not a violation of the constitution of the +United States to keep negro and white +people separated. The same rule applies to +courts.<a id="noteref_637" name="noteref_637" href="#note_637"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">637</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_359" id="Para_359" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">359.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Residents, Public Schools.</span></span>—Children +in a German Protestant orphan asylum +are not <span class="tei tei-q">“children, wards, or apprentices +of actual residents”</span> in the district of the +asylum, and therefore are not entitled to +enter the public schools of the district.<a id="noteref_638" name="noteref_638" href="#note_638"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">638</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_360" id="Para_360" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">360.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Board, Majority.</span></span>—Two of the +three members of a school board have no +authority to act by themselves, and their individual +agreement to dismiss a teacher is +void. A school board can only act at a duly +called meeting of the board, and then the +majority vote duly taken decides.<a id="noteref_639" name="noteref_639" href="#note_639"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">639</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc57" id="toc57"></a> +<a name="pdf58" id="pdf58"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXVII. Parent And Child</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_361" id="Para_361" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">361.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Custody, Maternal Relatives, Father.</span></span>—A +parent is entitled to the care and custody +of his child if he is competent to transact +his own business and not otherwise +unsuitable. And the mere fact that the +maternal relatives who have had the care of +the child from its birth have become attached +to it and desire to continue to care +for it and are able to secure it better advantages +than its parent, does not render +the parent unsuitable to have its care and +custody within the meaning of the statute. +Also, the want of a sympathetic nature or +cold reserve in a parent or the fact that he +is away on business a great deal of the time, +is not sufficient to render him unsuitable. +But the right of the father may be lost or +forfeited by his ill-conduct, gross ill-treatment, +cruelty, or abandonment, or when his +conduct and life are such as are injurious to +the morals and interest of his child. When +the father dies or forfeits his right for +reasons already given, the mother, if alive, +succeeds to all those rights, subject, however, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to the same conditions as the father. +And in the case of a child of tender years, +the good of the child has to be regarded as +the predominant consideration.<a id="noteref_640" name="noteref_640" href="#note_640"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">640</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_362" id="Para_362" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">362.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mother, Illegitimate, Father.</span></span>—The +mother has a right to the care and custody +of her illegitimate child to the same extent +that a parent has to his legitimate child.<a id="noteref_641" name="noteref_641" href="#note_641"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">641</span></span></a> +The putative father on the mother's death +succeeds to the mother's rights as against +the maternal relatives and may secure the +custody of the child by <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">habeas corpus</span></span>. This +rule is different from the one that prevailed +in the Roman law.<a id="noteref_642" name="noteref_642" href="#note_642"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">642</span></span></a> However, when the +father has given bond for the care, support, +and education of an illegitimate child, his +right to the custody of the child may be +superior.<a id="noteref_643" name="noteref_643" href="#note_643"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">643</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_363" id="Para_363" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">363.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Legitimatized.</span></span>—And when under a +statute a child is legitimatized by acknowledgment +or subsequent marriage, the father +has the better right to its custody.<a id="noteref_644" name="noteref_644" href="#note_644"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">644</span></span></a> Usually +there are many provisions in the statutes of +the various States which substantially provide +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +for the rights, relative and otherwise, +of the parents and child in such cases. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_364" id="Para_364" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">364.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Punishment, Instrument, Murder.</span></span>—A +parent or a person <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in foro domestico</span></span> +or <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in loco parentis</span></span> may give reasonable corrective +punishment with a fit instrument +to a child. But if a parent or master whips +a child so that it dies, he is guilty of manslaughter. +And if he uses lethal instruments +of punishment, he is guilty of murder.<a id="noteref_645" name="noteref_645" href="#note_645"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">645</span></span></a> +Where a mother in anger threw a +poker at one child and hit and killed another +child, she was guilty of manslaughter.<a id="noteref_646" name="noteref_646" href="#note_646"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">646</span></span></a> The +punishment always becomes unlawful when +it is excessive, and drunkenness is no excuse.<a id="noteref_647" name="noteref_647" href="#note_647"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">647</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_365" id="Para_365" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">365.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Guardian, Religion, Courts.</span></span>—In +England where a child was taken from the +testamentary guardian, who after the death +of the testator changed her religion from a +Protestant to a Catholic, it was held thereby +to be incompetent to continue as guardian.<a id="noteref_648" name="noteref_648" href="#note_648"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">648</span></span></a> +And in New York it was held that +where the father and mother were Catholics, +the guardian must endeavor to bring +the children up in that faith, as a guardian +will not be permitted to proselyte wards.<a id="noteref_649" name="noteref_649" href="#note_649"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">649</span></span></a> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +But where a father who was a Catholic +allowed his child to be brought up by a maternal +aunt who was a Protestant, until the +child was fourteen years of age, the father +was not then entitled to the child's custody +for the purpose of having it instructed in +his own faith.<a id="noteref_650" name="noteref_650" href="#note_650"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">650</span></span></a> Courts will not interfere +with the religion of a child, but will allow +it to be brought up in the religion of its +parents; however, the best interests of the +child will be considered by the court without +conceding everything else to its religion.<a id="noteref_651" name="noteref_651" href="#note_651"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">651</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_366" id="Para_366" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">366.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Convent, Consent.</span></span>—A daughter +under age who entered a convent to become +a nun without the consent of her mother, +may, on a writ of <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">habeas corpus</span></span> on the petition +of her mother, be required to leave the +convent and return to her home.<a id="noteref_652" name="noteref_652" href="#note_652"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">652</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_367" id="Para_367" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">367.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adoption, Rights, Duties.</span></span>—Persons +of suitable age and circumstances to enter +the marital relations, may adopt a child. +When a married couple do not unite in +adopting a child, the consent of the non-adopting +spouse must be obtained. Also, +if the child's parents are living, their consent +is necessary unless they have lost their +paternal rights by abandonment or divorce. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The decree of adoption may be set aside for +good cause. The adopted parent has all the +rights over and duties toward the person of +the adopted child that a natural parent has, +including necessaries and religious training. +Usually the child inherits from the adopted +parents, but the adopted parents do not inherit +from the child. The statutes on adoption +are not the same in the several States, +but they cover the subject and must be +strictly followed.<a id="noteref_653" name="noteref_653" href="#note_653"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">653</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_368" id="Para_368" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">368.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Infancy, Manumission, Marriage.</span></span>—At +common law a person is an infant until +he is twenty-one years of age. Statutes +have modified that rule so that girls in some +States, and both girls and boys in others, +may contract marriage at an earlier age +without the parental consent. Generally, +an infant can not contract marriage without +the consent of the living parent or guardian +unless the child has been manumitted. +Where the boy was under the age of consent, +but he falsely told the priest that he +was of full age, his father had the marriage +annulled.<a id="noteref_654" name="noteref_654" href="#note_654"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">654</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc59" id="toc59"></a> +<a name="pdf60" id="pdf60"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXVIII. Husband And Wife</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_369" id="Para_369" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">369.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Custody, Father.</span></span>—A husband is entitled +to the custody of his wife against +her father, and where a son-in-law killed +his father-in-law in resisting the latter from +taking his daughter out of his (the son-in-law's) +house, the court held that it could not +be more than manslaughter; and if it were +necessary to kill to protect and maintain his +wife, the defendant was not guilty.<a id="noteref_655" name="noteref_655" href="#note_655"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">655</span></span></a> But +for good cause and without malice a parent +may advise his child to leave spouse.<a id="noteref_656" name="noteref_656" href="#note_656"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">656</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_370" id="Para_370" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">370.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Corrective Authority, Services, +Domicile.</span></span>—In America a husband gains no +right to corrective authority over his wife. +He can neither whip her nor use abusive +language to her. The same rule applies to +the wife, as they stand equal before the +law.<a id="noteref_657" name="noteref_657" href="#note_657"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">657</span></span></a> However, a husband is entitled to all +the services of his wife and a promise to pay +her extra for housework can not be +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +enforced.<a id="noteref_658" name="noteref_658" href="#note_658"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">658</span></span></a> Also, the husband has the right to +determine their place of domicile, and if the +wife unreasonably refuses to accompany her +husband, it is desertion, for which he may +obtain a divorce.<a id="noteref_659" name="noteref_659" href="#note_659"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">659</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc61" id="toc61"></a> +<a name="pdf62" id="pdf62"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXIX. Indians</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_371" id="Para_371" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">371.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indians, Citizens, Wards.</span></span>—There +are a great number of statutory provisions +concerning Indians, both in the United +States statutes and in the statutes of the +several States, most of which are not of +great importance at the present time, as the +Indians are confined to a few States. When +they become citizens of the State in which +they reside, their status is the same as other +citizens; but so long as they remain in their +tribal relations they are taken care of as +wards of the Union. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_372" id="Para_372" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">372.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schools, Cemeteries, Churches.</span></span>—In +Oklahoma there are schools provided for +them. When a tribe cedes 160 acres to the +United States, it will give it a school for ten +years, and as much longer as it deems necessary. +Also, the Indians may have their own +cemeteries, schools, and churches, where the +Indians belong to the tribes, and they are +allowed lands therefor.<a id="noteref_660" name="noteref_660" href="#note_660"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">660</span></span></a> In other States, +under the general law, the money of Indian +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +minors may be held in the treasury by the +Secretary of the Interior and paid to parents +and guardians in such sums and at such +times as the Secretary in his discretion may +determine.<a id="noteref_661" name="noteref_661" href="#note_661"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">661</span></span></a> There is no doubt that out of +those moneys, parents might pay for their +children at private schools.<a id="noteref_662" name="noteref_662" href="#note_662"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">662</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_373" id="Para_373" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">373.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inspectors, Duties.</span></span>—Under the +United States laws, inspectors are appointed +to visit Indian agencies and investigate all +matters concerning them and to examine all +contracts and accounts with the Indians and +make report thereon to the Secretary of the +Interior. The contracts for support of religion, +schools, and charitable institutions, +come under their duties.<a id="noteref_663" name="noteref_663" href="#note_663"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">663</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_374" id="Para_374" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">374.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">President, Trades.</span></span>—The President +may cause Indians to be instructed in trades +and agriculture and have them taught the +elementary branches.<a id="noteref_664" name="noteref_664" href="#note_664"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">664</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_375" id="Para_375" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">375.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Commissioner, School, Rations, +Bible, Sectarian.</span></span>—Another officer of great +importance is the Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, who has most to do with the education +and schools of the Indians.<a id="noteref_665" name="noteref_665" href="#note_665"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">665</span></span></a> He may +require parents and guardians to send children +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to school and withhold rations from +them for failure so to do. Also, there is +a fund under the control of the United +States as trustee, with which he may make +contracts for the education of Indian children +at private schools.<a id="noteref_666" name="noteref_666" href="#note_666"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">666</span></span></a> However, the +jurisdiction of the commissioner over Indian +children does not extend to those off +the reservation.<a id="noteref_667" name="noteref_667" href="#note_667"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">667</span></span></a> Among other provisions +of the United States statutes is the following: +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Christian Bible may be taught +in the native language of the Indians if in +the judgment of the persons in charge of +the school it may be deemed conducive to +the moral welfare and instruction of the +pupils in such schools.”</span><a id="noteref_668" name="noteref_668" href="#note_668"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">668</span></span></a> The Bible continues +its position among the Indians, but +appropriations for the Church are cut off +by the following provision: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is hereby +declared to be the settled policy of the government +to hereafter make no appropriations +whatever for education in any sectarian +school.”</span><a id="noteref_669" name="noteref_669" href="#note_669"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">669</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc63" id="toc63"></a> +<a name="pdf64" id="pdf64"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXX. Juvenile Courts</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_376" id="Para_376" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">376.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reformatories, Object, Liberty.</span></span>—During +the past few years juvenile courts +have been created for the purpose of committing +children to reformatories. The proceedings +are not criminal actions, but of an +equitable nature.<a id="noteref_670" name="noteref_670" href="#note_670"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">670</span></span></a> However, as the object +is to deprive the child of its liberty, the +statute must be strictly construed and followed.<a id="noteref_671" name="noteref_671" href="#note_671"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">671</span></span></a> +An infant can not waive a right.<a id="noteref_672" name="noteref_672" href="#note_672"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">672</span></span></a> +If a child has been wrongfully committed +or is wrongfully detained, the proper remedy +for his discharge is a writ of <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">habeas +corpus</span></span>.<a id="noteref_673" name="noteref_673" href="#note_673"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">673</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc65" id="toc65"></a> +<a name="pdf66" id="pdf66"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXXI. Libel And Slander</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_377" id="Para_377" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">377.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Confidential, Tribunal, Malice.</span></span>—The +rule is that all confidential statements +made to an officer or a tribunal of the church +concerning a member in the course of +church discipline and for the good of the +church, if not made with malice, are privileged, +and no action for libel or slander can +be maintained therefor.<a id="noteref_674" name="noteref_674" href="#note_674"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">674</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_378" id="Para_378" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">378.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Member, Officer, Councils.</span></span>—But +slanderous or libelous statements made concerning +a person not a member of the church +or made concerning a member of the church +to another member who is not either an +officer or in the councils of the church, are +actionable and the person making or publishing +such statements is liable for damages. +Also, a person who repeats a libel or +slander may be liable as though he were the +originator.<a id="noteref_675" name="noteref_675" href="#note_675"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">675</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_379" id="Para_379" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">379.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Official Communication, Privileged.</span></span>—An +official communication between authorities +of the church or an authority and +a member of the church concerning a church +matter or church members and not made in +malice, is privileged.<a id="noteref_676" name="noteref_676" href="#note_676"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">676</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_380" id="Para_380" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">380.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Priest, Pastoral Duties.</span></span>—Where a +priest published from the altar that <span class="tei tei-q">“Peter +Servatius is excommunicated, because he +laid hands on the priest to put him out of +the church, and he has no more benefit of +the prayers of the church. I will not pray +for him, and consider him a lost sheep and +withdraw all my pastoral blessings from +him. If he die, the burial rights of the +church will be denied him,”</span> such remarks +were held defamatory, unless they were +spoken in the proper discharge of the priest's +clerical and pastoral duties and without +malice; and the case should have been submitted +on the evidence to a jury.<a id="noteref_677" name="noteref_677" href="#note_677"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">677</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_381" id="Para_381" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">381.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church Record, Excommunication.</span></span>—An +entry of a church record that <span class="tei tei-q">“A report +raised and circulated by A. B. against +Brother C., stating that he made him pay +a note twice, and proved by A. B. as false,”</span> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +is libelous.<a id="noteref_678" name="noteref_678" href="#note_678"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">678</span></span></a> But an entry of excommunication +of a member made in the record and +shown to other members, is not libelous, the +latter being properly a part of the record +and the former extraneous.<a id="noteref_679" name="noteref_679" href="#note_679"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">679</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_382" id="Para_382" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">382.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Will, Libel, Action.</span></span>—The will of a +priest contained a statement that a relative +had received $300 from him for clothing, +maintenance, education, etc., and promised +to repay it, but paid no part of it. Then +testator bequeathed said $300 to two legatees +to collect for their own use. The relative +filed a petition asking the estate of the priest +to be held liable for a libel in the sum of +$50,000 and the court held that as the right +of action did not accrue until after the death +of the testator, there was a right of action +against the estate. As the case never got +beyond the probate court, its authority is +doubtful.<a id="noteref_680" name="noteref_680" href="#note_680"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">680</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_383" id="Para_383" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">383.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Language, Insane, Good Faith.</span></span>—Unless +the language is used by the bishop +in the line of his duty, a statement that a +priest is irresponsible and insane, that he +was removed from his position of priest for +good reason, and that he has been guilty +of ecclesiastical disobedience, is slanderous +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">per se</span></span>. To make a communication between +a bishop and priest privileged it must have +been spoken in good faith and in belief that +the speaking of it came within the discharge +of the bishop's duty.<a id="noteref_681" name="noteref_681" href="#note_681"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">681</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_384" id="Para_384" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">384.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rector, Bigamy, Tobacco, Liquor.</span></span>—In +a case where the rector of an Episcopal +church called upon a man charged with +bigamy and after a private conversation the +minister wrote a letter to the district attorney +on behalf of the prisoner, it was held +not privileged because it was not made in +confidence of the relation and was not kept +as a secret.<a id="noteref_682" name="noteref_682" href="#note_682"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">682</span></span></a> A letter from a church member +of one congregation to the elders of +another congregation advising them of the +unfitness of a clergyman appointed to the +latter parish, and stating that he used tobacco +and liquor, that he was an untruthful +man, and that his family was no credit to +the community, was quasi-privileged; and +in the absence of proof that the charges were +false and malicious was not actionable.<a id="noteref_683" name="noteref_683" href="#note_683"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">683</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_385" id="Para_385" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">385.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Newspapers, Criticisms, Priest.</span></span>—A +newspaper has a right to publish criticisms +of the conduct of a priest in certain +services held in his church if no false statement +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of facts is given, since such conduct is +a proper subject of discussion; and if such +article contains a statement that if certain +published accounts of the conduct of the +priest are true he acted in an improper manner, +etc., it is not libelous because such facts +are not true, as it is not an affirmation of the +truth thereof. Where the alleged libel was +published in a foreign language and the correctness +of the translation was disputed, it +was an error for the judge to instruct the +jury that if the translation introduced in evidence +was correct, the defendant was liable, +since plaintiff's right to recover should not +be made to depend on the absolute accuracy +of the translation.<a id="noteref_684" name="noteref_684" href="#note_684"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">684</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_386" id="Para_386" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">386.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clergyman, Discipline, Tribunals, +Testimony, Argument.</span></span>—What a clergyman +says in the administration of the discipline +of the church or what is said in tribunals +to enforce discipline of the church, including +testimony and legitimate argument within +the scope of the case, if said in good faith +and without malice, is not actionable in the +civil courts.<a id="noteref_685" name="noteref_685" href="#note_685"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">685</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_387" id="Para_387" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">387.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Physical Discipline, Imprisonment, +Courts.</span></span>—A clergyman who claims to have +been slandered by a parishioner can not administer +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +physical discipline nor put the +offender under restraint without leaving +himself liable for damages for assault and +battery or false imprisonment. If the clergyman +desires to treat the charge as a +church matter, he must go into the church +tribunal; otherwise, his proper course is to +bring an action for slander in the State +court.<a id="noteref_686" name="noteref_686" href="#note_686"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">686</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_388" id="Para_388" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">388.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sermon, False Statement, Crime.</span></span>—A +clergyman may, by words used in a sermon, +slander a member of his congregation. +However, if he makes no false statement +and does not falsely or maliciously charge a +crime, what he says in the way of discipline +is privileged.<a id="noteref_687" name="noteref_687" href="#note_687"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">687</span></span></a> The meaning of the words +<span class="tei tei-q">“she is a dirty, vile woman,”</span> can not be extended +by innuendo.<a id="noteref_688" name="noteref_688" href="#note_688"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">688</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_389" id="Para_389" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">389.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charges, Robbed, Hypocrite.</span></span>—Charges +that a person has robbed a church +or has stolen from a church, are actionable.<a id="noteref_689" name="noteref_689" href="#note_689"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">689</span></span></a> +Also, charging a person with being a hypocrite +and using the cloak of religion for unworthy +purposes, is slanderous.<a id="noteref_690" name="noteref_690" href="#note_690"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">690</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_390" id="Para_390" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">390.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Investigation, Probable Cause.</span></span>—When +a member of a church consents to an +investigation on complaint before a person +who is not a member, if the complaint was +made on probable cause and not under the +pretence of exposing the defendant to scorn +or obloquy, he could not subsequently bring +an action for libel.<a id="noteref_691" name="noteref_691" href="#note_691"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">691</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_391" id="Para_391" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">391.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sacraments.</span></span>—To publish of a person +that he has been deprived of the sacraments +of the church to which he belongs, is +libelous.<a id="noteref_692" name="noteref_692" href="#note_692"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">692</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_392" id="Para_392" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">392.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Obituary, Tolling Bell.</span></span>—To falsely +and maliciously publish an obituary notice of +a person living, is good ground for an action +for libel.<a id="noteref_693" name="noteref_693" href="#note_693"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">693</span></span></a> However, a complaint that a +church tolled its bell to announce the death +of a member, and did report him dead when +he was actually living, and that it was all +done for the purpose of annoying, harassing, +and vexing the person and his family, +was held not sufficient to support an action +for libel. The latter case is doubtful law.<a id="noteref_694" name="noteref_694" href="#note_694"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">694</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_393" id="Para_393" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">393.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Newspaper, Profane Swearer.</span></span>—A +newspaper in a notice of the death of a +church member has the right to state that +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +he was a profane swearer, if such was the +case.<a id="noteref_695" name="noteref_695" href="#note_695"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">695</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_394" id="Para_394" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">394.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Business or Property, Special Damages.</span></span>—A +company incorporated for the purpose +of transacting business which would +include hospitals, schools, and industrial institutions, +may maintain an action for libel +the same as an individual for any words +affecting its business or property, if special +damages are alleged and proved.<a id="noteref_696" name="noteref_696" href="#note_696"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">696</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_395" id="Para_395" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">395.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Justification, Repeating.</span></span>—It is no +justification that libelous matter had been +previously published by a third person, that +the name of such person was disclosed at the +time of repeating the libel, and that the person +who was repeating it believed all the +statements in the libel to be true.<a id="noteref_697" name="noteref_697" href="#note_697"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">697</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc67" id="toc67"></a> +<a name="pdf68" id="pdf68"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXXII. Crimes</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_396" id="Para_396" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">396.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sins, Crimes, Discipline.</span></span>—Crimes +are offenses against the civil law. The fact +that the church organization may try and +punish a member for sinning, or acquit +him, has nothing whatever to do with the +administration of the criminal law of the +State. Therefore, a member may be arrested +and tried for any offense before or +after the ecclesiastical tribunal has taken +action in the matter. But there are certain +crimes of a religious nature of which +the civil law assumes jurisdiction and punishes, +such as blasphemy,<a id="noteref_698" name="noteref_698" href="#note_698"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">698</span></span></a> disturbing religious +meetings,<a id="noteref_699" name="noteref_699" href="#note_699"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">699</span></span></a> etc. Most of those laws are +statutory and depend wholly upon the +statute of the State where the crime is committed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_397" id="Para_397" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">397.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Profane Language, Smoking, Disturbance.</span></span>—Rude +behavior or profane language +if audible,<a id="noteref_700" name="noteref_700" href="#note_700"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">700</span></span></a> smoking in the church or +during services,<a id="noteref_701" name="noteref_701" href="#note_701"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">701</span></span></a> cracking and eating nuts +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in church,<a id="noteref_702" name="noteref_702" href="#note_702"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">702</span></span></a> and fighting near the church so +as to disturb the services, are violations of +the law.<a id="noteref_703" name="noteref_703" href="#note_703"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">703</span></span></a> A father's taking his child out of +the church with violence is a disturbance of +the meeting.<a id="noteref_704" name="noteref_704" href="#note_704"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">704</span></span></a> The disturbance of any member +of the congregation assembled for religious +worship is a violation of law.<a id="noteref_705" name="noteref_705" href="#note_705"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">705</span></span></a> A +sentence of $100 fine or one year's imprisonment +in the penitentiary, is not excessive or +cruel or unusual punishment on conviction +for disturbing a meeting.<a id="noteref_706" name="noteref_706" href="#note_706"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">706</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_398" id="Para_398" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">398.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sunday-School, Church.</span></span>—An ordinary +Sunday-school where the Bible and religious +precepts are taught, is a church +within the law.<a id="noteref_707" name="noteref_707" href="#note_707"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">707</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_399" id="Para_399" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">399.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Private School.</span></span>—A person may be +punished under the statute for wilfully disturbing +a private school kept in a district +schoolhouse for instruction in the art of +writing.<a id="noteref_708" name="noteref_708" href="#note_708"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">708</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_400" id="Para_400" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">400.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Disturbing a Religious Meeting.</span></span>—Under +a statute against disturbing a religious +meeting, it has been held that it should +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +define what disturbance is punishable.<a id="noteref_709" name="noteref_709" href="#note_709"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">709</span></span></a> +Also, mere want of attention or observance +of ceremonies, as standing or kneeling at +times, is not a violation of the law.<a id="noteref_710" name="noteref_710" href="#note_710"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">710</span></span></a> +Neither is singing out of time, unless done +purposely,<a id="noteref_711" name="noteref_711" href="#note_711"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">711</span></span></a> nor performing a proper duty, +such as objecting to a silenced clergyman's +conducting the services.<a id="noteref_712" name="noteref_712" href="#note_712"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">712</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_401" id="Para_401" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">401.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Common Law, Offense, Statutory +Law.</span></span>—If there is no statutory provision, in +those States where the common law prevailed +before the admission of the State to +the Union the offense is punishable under the +common law.<a id="noteref_713" name="noteref_713" href="#note_713"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">713</span></span></a> And even in States where +there is a statutory law on the subject, a +person may be convicted at common law.<a id="noteref_714" name="noteref_714" href="#note_714"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">714</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_402" id="Para_402" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">402.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Services, Violation, Time.</span></span>—The +nature of the services and the discipline of +the denomination may determine whether +there is a violation of the law. Usually the +disturbance may occur at any place the congregation +is assembled, and at any time +when any part of the congregation is assembled +for religious services or business.<a id="noteref_715" name="noteref_715" href="#note_715"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">715</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_403" id="Para_403" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">403.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Force, Priest, Preserve Order.</span></span>—A +congregation may use sufficient force to remove +a disturber.<a id="noteref_716" name="noteref_716" href="#note_716"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">716</span></span></a> A Catholic priest who +is the conductor of religious services and +master of ceremonies within his church has +the right to preserve order and to remove +by force, if necessary, any person who disturbs +his services.<a id="noteref_717" name="noteref_717" href="#note_717"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">717</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_404" id="Para_404" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">404.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Interrupt, Liquors, Traffic.</span></span>—There +are statutes in most of the States making it +a penal offense to interrupt or molest any +assembly or meeting of the people for religious +worship, or to sell intoxicating +liquors or other articles of traffic within a +certain distance of any camp-meeting or +other religious assembly, except at a place +of business regularly established prior to +such meeting or assembly and not with intent +of evading the provisions of the law.<a id="noteref_718" name="noteref_718" href="#note_718"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">718</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_405" id="Para_405" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">405.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Theory, Blasphemy, Crime.</span></span>—On +the theory that the United States is a Christian +nation, blasphemy is held to be a crime.<a id="noteref_719" name="noteref_719" href="#note_719"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">719</span></span></a> +Infidels naturally claim that it interferes +with their rights. However, there is no +more interference with the private rights of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the infidel than there is with the private +right of the Mormon who is forbidden to +violate the laws of the country by having a +plurality of wives; and it has been held that +any words importing imprecation for divine +vengeance may constitute profane cursing or +blasphemy.<a id="noteref_720" name="noteref_720" href="#note_720"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">720</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_406" id="Para_406" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">406.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion, God, Ridicule, Virgin.</span></span>—Words +vilifying the Christian religion,<a id="noteref_721" name="noteref_721" href="#note_721"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">721</span></span></a> denying +God or the final judgment,<a id="noteref_722" name="noteref_722" href="#note_722"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">722</span></span></a> and profane +ridicule of the Holy Scriptures or of +Christ,<a id="noteref_723" name="noteref_723" href="#note_723"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">723</span></span></a> are usually punishable. Also, the +use of vile words applied to the Virgin Mary +is blasphemy.<a id="noteref_724" name="noteref_724" href="#note_724"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">724</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_407" id="Para_407" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">407.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Profanity, Proof, Excuse.</span></span>—The +profanity must be in the hearing of some +person.<a id="noteref_725" name="noteref_725" href="#note_725"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">725</span></span></a> Every time a person profanely +swears by taking the name of God in vain is +a separate offense.<a id="noteref_726" name="noteref_726" href="#note_726"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">726</span></span></a> The prisoner's confession +is sufficient proof; otherwise the prosecution +must show that the offense was committed +and some one heard the words. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Drunkenness is no excuse.<a id="noteref_727" name="noteref_727" href="#note_727"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">727</span></span></a> Punishment by +fine or imprisonment is not in violation of +the constitution of the State or of the United +States.<a id="noteref_728" name="noteref_728" href="#note_728"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">728</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_408" id="Para_408" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">408.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sunday, Business, Fishing.</span></span>—The +offenses against the Sunday law are so +numerous that it would be almost impossible +to review them within the limits of this work. +Of course, the carrying on of a man's ordinary +business is a violation of the Sabbath +laws. But in some States selling cigars,<a id="noteref_729" name="noteref_729" href="#note_729"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">729</span></span></a> +a butcher selling meat,<a id="noteref_730" name="noteref_730" href="#note_730"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">730</span></span></a> and even selling +soda water,<a id="noteref_731" name="noteref_731" href="#note_731"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">731</span></span></a> and ice cream,<a id="noteref_732" name="noteref_732" href="#note_732"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">732</span></span></a> as well as +fishing, traveling, driving, using a slot machine,<a id="noteref_733" name="noteref_733" href="#note_733"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">733</span></span></a> +and almost every other imaginable +act excepting going to church, has at some +time and in some State been declared a violation +of the law, and a penalty imposed +therefor. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In California,<a id="noteref_734" name="noteref_734" href="#note_734"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">734</span></span></a> Tennessee,<a id="noteref_735" name="noteref_735" href="#note_735"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">735</span></span></a> and Washington,<a id="noteref_736" name="noteref_736" href="#note_736"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">736</span></span></a> +men may be shaved on Sunday. In +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +some other States it has been held that running +a barber shop on Sunday is a violation +of the law.<a id="noteref_737" name="noteref_737" href="#note_737"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">737</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_409" id="Para_409" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">409.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charity, Necessity, Benefit, Pleasure.</span></span>—However, +doing works of charity and +works of necessity usually are exempt. +What is a work of necessity is a question of +law. Charity includes whatever proceeds +from the sense of moral duty or a feeling +of kindness and humanity, and is intended +wholly for the purpose of the relief or comfort +of another, and not for one's benefit or +pleasure.<a id="noteref_738" name="noteref_738" href="#note_738"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">738</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_410" id="Para_410" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">410.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contracts, Marriage, Notice.</span></span>—The +common law made no distinction between +Sunday and any other day as to making contracts, +but it prohibited holding court. In +this country the statutory law invariably +prohibits any but works of necessity or charity +to be done on Sunday. But marriage settlements,<a id="noteref_739" name="noteref_739" href="#note_739"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">739</span></span></a> +publication of statutory notices +on Sunday,<a id="noteref_740" name="noteref_740" href="#note_740"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">740</span></span></a> and promises to marry, have +been held legal.<a id="noteref_741" name="noteref_741" href="#note_741"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">741</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_411" id="Para_411" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">411.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Funeral, Physician, Subscriptions.</span></span>—To +attend a funeral, to employ an undertaker, +or a physician, on Sunday, has been +tested in the courts, and finally decided to +be works of necessity or charity and not a +violation of the Sunday law. Also, subscriptions +made for church purposes and in +works of charity on Sunday have been held +legal and binding.<a id="noteref_742" name="noteref_742" href="#note_742"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">742</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_412" id="Para_412" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">412.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jews, Seventh-Day Observers.</span></span>—In +several of the States it has been held that +Jews and Seventh-Day observers of the Sabbath +must obey the Sunday law.<a id="noteref_743" name="noteref_743" href="#note_743"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">743</span></span></a> However, +in many States there is a statute expressly +exempting people who keep the seventh +day of the week; but still they sometimes +have a provision, unless <span class="tei tei-q">“he shall wilfully +disturb thereby some other person or +some religious assembly on said day.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_413" id="Para_413" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">413.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Societies, Secular Work.</span></span>—Business +meetings of benevolent and church societies +for benevolent or church work may be held +on Sunday. Even the constitution of such +societies may be amended on Sunday. However, +secular work that does not come strictly +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +under the functions of such societies would +be unlawful.<a id="noteref_744" name="noteref_744" href="#note_744"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">744</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_414" id="Para_414" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">414.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sunday, Begins, Ends.</span></span>—Usually +people believe they know what the word Sunday +means, when it begins, and when it +ends. Christianity usually recognizes the +time from midnight to midnight as Sunday, +and that is the usual time recognized +by law.<a id="noteref_745" name="noteref_745" href="#note_745"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">745</span></span></a> But the solar day only,<a id="noteref_746" name="noteref_746" href="#note_746"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">746</span></span></a> or from +midnight to sunset,<a id="noteref_747" name="noteref_747" href="#note_747"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">747</span></span></a> give us a variety which +may not be complete. Also, we have the +further anomaly of a note made at 2 o'clock +on Saturday night, being held valid.<a id="noteref_748" name="noteref_748" href="#note_748"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">748</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_415" id="Para_415" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">415.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religious Liberty, Law.</span></span>—The constitutional +guarantee of religious liberty is +not violated by enforcing the Sunday law.<a id="noteref_749" name="noteref_749" href="#note_749"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">749</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_416" id="Para_416" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">416.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Necessaries, Doctor.</span></span>—As a parent +or husband is obliged to furnish necessaries +for his children and wife, when medical +treatment becomes necessary, he is liable for +manslaughter for failure to do his duty, even +in case of religious disbelief in the efficacy +of medicine. Courts are not inclined to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +make any distinction as to religious belief, +and the prevailing rule in this country is +that the parent is liable if he negligently +allows his child to die when it might have +been saved by the services of a doctor.<a id="noteref_750" name="noteref_750" href="#note_750"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">750</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_417" id="Para_417" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">417.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Christian Healer, Consent.</span></span>—A +Christian healer can not be held liable except +under a State law. One who consents to +treatment has no action for damages unless +there is a failure to exercise the care and +skill of a Christian Scientist. This rule +might not apply to one incompetent to consent +to a contract.<a id="noteref_751" name="noteref_751" href="#note_751"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">751</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_418" id="Para_418" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">418.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Politics.</span></span>—A minister who had been +expelled by his congregation for voting the +Democratic ticket, had some of the members +of the church arrested under the election +laws for intimidating a voter. The court +held that as he <span class="tei tei-q">“suffered no pecuniary loss, +personal injury, or physical restraint,”</span> no +crime was committed.<a id="noteref_752" name="noteref_752" href="#note_752"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">752</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_419" id="Para_419" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">419.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mail, Obscene Language.</span></span>—Under +the United States postal laws against sending +<span class="tei tei-q">“obscene, lewd or lascivious”</span> books or +papers through the mail, a person can not +be convicted without proof that the matter is +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +obscene, lewd, and lascivious, as the word +<span class="tei tei-q">“or”</span> should be construed to mean <span class="tei tei-q">“and.”</span> +Also, the court held that a newspaper article +on the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception +written in coarse and obscene language +that offended the religious sentiments of the +people, but had no tendency to induce sexual +immorality, did not render the newspaper +unmailable nor the publisher guilty under +the United States statutes. The court says: +<span class="tei tei-q">“Those parts of the article most relied upon +to sustain the charge, though ostensibly a +discussion of a religious subject, are couched +in language not quite suitable for insertion +in a judicial opinion, however well adjusted +to such applause as might be expected from +taste of a certain degree of degradation.”</span><a id="noteref_753" name="noteref_753" href="#note_753"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">753</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_420" id="Para_420" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">420.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-style: italic">“</span><span style="font-style: italic">Fair,</span><span style="font-style: italic">”</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> Chances, Gambling.</span></span>—A +church <span class="tei tei-q">“fair”</span> at which chances are sold, +drawings had, or any game of chance permitted, +is illegal and may be punished as +gambling.<a id="noteref_754" name="noteref_754" href="#note_754"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">754</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc69" id="toc69"></a> +<a name="pdf70" id="pdf70"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXXIII. Cemeteries</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_421" id="Para_421" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">421.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Statutes, Land.</span></span>—There are sufficient +statutory provisions on cemeteries to make a +large book, and the frequent changes made +in such laws render a full statement of the +law impossible. The statutes against locating +cemeteries near cities, dwellings, etc., +should be carefully examined before buying +land therefor.<a id="noteref_755" name="noteref_755" href="#note_755"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">755</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_422" id="Para_422" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">422.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">United States, Jurisdiction.</span></span>—The +jurisdiction over the United States cemeteries +is in the State where the cemeteries +are located unless such jurisdiction has been +ceded to the United States.<a id="noteref_756" name="noteref_756" href="#note_756"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">756</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_423" id="Para_423" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">423.</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tombstones, Soldiers</span></span>.—The United +States will erect tombstones at the graves of +soldiers who served in the Civil War, in all +cemeteries where their graves are unmarked. +Wherever the United States has jurisdiction +over cemeteries, it has made it a criminal +offense punishable by fine or imprisonment +to deface a tombstone.<a id="noteref_757" name="noteref_757" href="#note_757"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">757</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_424" id="Para_424" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">424.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indigent Soldiers, Tombstones.</span></span>—Most +of the States have statutes providing +for the burial of indigent soldiers and for +putting tombstones at their graves. The +attention of relatives of deceased soldiers +should be called to it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_425" id="Para_425" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">425.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">State Authority.</span></span>—The State Legislature +has authority to control cemeteries or +delegate that authority to some one else, +and afterward to transfer it to a different +person.<a id="noteref_758" name="noteref_758" href="#note_758"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">758</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_426" id="Para_426" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">426.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Maryland, Two Acres.</span></span>—Although +the declaration of rights of the State of +Maryland restricted the sale of lands for a +cemetery for a church to two acres, the +Legislature has power to grant leave to a +cemetery association to take title to more land. +And where the trustees bought twelve acres +of land for a burial ground and a subsequent +act of the Legislature authorized the enlargement +of the cemetery not to exceed +twenty-five acres, the title to the excess of +the valid purchase was ratified and the title +vested in the trustees.<a id="noteref_759" name="noteref_759" href="#note_759"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">759</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_427" id="Para_427" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">427.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Consent, Application.</span></span>—Where a +statute provides that no cemetery shall be +laid out without first obtaining the consent +of the municipal authorities thereto, a written +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +communication signed by the officers of +an incorporated society is sufficient application; +and a motion granting consent adopted +by the city council is sufficient action on its +part to comply with the statute.<a id="noteref_760" name="noteref_760" href="#note_760"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">760</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_428" id="Para_428" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">428.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charter, Ground, Members.</span></span>—An +application for a charter to incorporate a +cemetery need not specifically locate the +ground.<a id="noteref_761" name="noteref_761" href="#note_761"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">761</span></span></a> The charter or the articles of incorporation, +or by-laws made under them, +generally determines who shall be members +of the corporation. And where every owner +of a lot signing the constitution and by-laws +becomes a member, the trustees can not vote +on the unsold lots.<a id="noteref_762" name="noteref_762" href="#note_762"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">762</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_429" id="Para_429" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">429.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Police Power, Trespass, Burial.</span></span>—Under +our laws the State, by reason of its +police power, has control over the cemeteries +within it. However, that power has generally +been very favorably exercised. Laws +both civil and criminal have been enacted +to protect cemeteries from invasion and trespass +and to protect tombstones from injury.<a id="noteref_763" name="noteref_763" href="#note_763"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">763</span></span></a> +When authorized by the Legislature a city +may make a by-law prohibiting burial within +its limits, notwithstanding that the cemetery +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +has been constantly used for over one hundred +years.<a id="noteref_764" name="noteref_764" href="#note_764"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">764</span></span></a> Also, the city has authority +to protect and regulate the use of a cemetery.<a id="noteref_765" name="noteref_765" href="#note_765"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">765</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_430" id="Para_430" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">430.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dwelling, Limits.</span></span>—Most of the +States provide that no cemetery shall be laid +out within a certain limit of a dwelling. +But after the cemetery is established a man +can not have it moved when he puts up a +dwelling within the limits or where he consented +to the cemetery at the time it was +established.<a id="noteref_766" name="noteref_766" href="#note_766"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">766</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_431" id="Para_431" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">431.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Well, Pollution.</span></span>—And where a man +had built a dwelling near a cemetery, it was +not good ground for him to prevent the enlargement +of the cemetery by showing that +it might destroy his well. The court questions +whether there is any legal ground for +complaint for the pollution of subterranean +waters when caused by the proper use without +negligence of the adjacent premises.<a id="noteref_767" name="noteref_767" href="#note_767"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">767</span></span></a> +Additional lands may be obtained under the +law of eminent domain by condemnation.<a id="noteref_768" name="noteref_768" href="#note_768"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">768</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_432" id="Para_432" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">432.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Exempt, Execution, Mortgage.</span></span>—The +statutes in most of the States exempt +the tombstones and lots in a cemetery from +sale on execution.<a id="noteref_769" name="noteref_769" href="#note_769"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">769</span></span></a> Also, a cemetery lot +can not be sold under mortgage after bodies +have been buried therein, as any one may be +arrested for desecration of graves.<a id="noteref_770" name="noteref_770" href="#note_770"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">770</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_433" id="Para_433" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">433.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Public, Regulation.</span></span>—The right to +bury in a public cemetery is a privilege or +license that is subject to municipal regulation, +and revocable whenever the public +necessity requires it.<a id="noteref_771" name="noteref_771" href="#note_771"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">771</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_434" id="Para_434" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">434.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nuisance, Public Health, Disease.</span></span>—A +cemetery is not a nuisance <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">per se</span></span>, but +if it is proved that the burial of dead bodies +in a certain cemetery does injure the public +health and is a fruitful source of transmission +of disease, the State may prohibit such +burial at certain places within cities or adjacent +to dwellings. But unless authorized +by the Legislature a council has no right by +ordinance to provide that no one shall be +buried within half a mile of any habitation +or public thoroughfare.<a id="noteref_772" name="noteref_772" href="#note_772"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">772</span></span></a> And where the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Legislature authorized a city to remove the +bodies interred and allow streets through +the land, it had authority to do so.<a id="noteref_773" name="noteref_773" href="#note_773"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">773</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_435" id="Para_435" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">435.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Devise, Easement, Rules.</span></span>—The +general rule of law is that a man can not +devise away a cemetery lot in which members +of his family are buried. He owns only +a license or at the most an easement which +is subject to the rules of the cemetery association +and the police power of the State. +However, there are some exceptions.<a id="noteref_774" name="noteref_774" href="#note_774"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">774</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_436" id="Para_436" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">436.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Conditions.</span></span>—A condition in a deed +that the lot can not be sold, assigned, or +transferred without consent of the cemetery +corporation, is as good and binding as in any +other conveyance of real estate.<a id="noteref_775" name="noteref_775" href="#note_775"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">775</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_437" id="Para_437" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">437.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inherits, Right.</span></span>—Where a son inherits +from his father the right to burial in +a cemetery lot, he has the right to remove +and inter therein the bodies of his grandmother +and sister who had been buried elsewhere.<a id="noteref_776" name="noteref_776" href="#note_776"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">776</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_438" id="Para_438" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">438.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Certificate.</span></span>—A certificate was issued +for the burial of Dennis Coppers in the +following form: +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Office of Calvary Cemetery,</span></span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">New York, December 1, 1873.</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +RECEIVED from Mr. Dennis Coppers, +seventy-five dollars, being the amount of +purchase money of a plot of ground 8 feet +by 8 feet, in Calvary Cemetery. +</span></p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">D. BRENNAN,</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Superintendent of Calvary Cemetery.</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">4 Graves, 5, 6, 7, 8, Plot D, Section 7, +Range 35.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_439" id="Para_439" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">439.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Freemason, Title, Right.</span></span>—Prior to +1879, the mother, wife, and other relatives +of Coppers, who were Roman Catholics, +were buried in the lot covered by the deed +given in the last paragraph. Coppers, who +was a Freemason, died in August, 1879, and +his funeral services were held under the +auspices of the Masons from an Episcopal +church, as directed in his will. The rules +and doctrines of the Church forbid the +burial in consecrated ground of the body of +one who was not a Roman Catholic or who +was a member of the Masonic fraternity. +The Church authorities refused to allow +Coppers to be buried in the cemetery, and +application was made by his relatives for a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +writ of mandamus to compel his interment +therein, they having deposited the necessary +money to pay all the expenses. The court +held that the certificate delivered to Coppers +was not a conveyance nor a grant and did +not vest title to the land in him, and that the +cemetery could not be compelled to execute +and deliver to him an absolute conveyance of +the lot. His only right under the certificate +was the use of the lot for burial purposes +subject to and in conformity with the established +rules and by-laws of the corporation +in so far as they were not in violation of +any law. It is the tacit understanding, +when a person applies for a burial lot in a +cemetery of the Catholic Church, that he is +either a Catholic and as such is eligible to +be buried therein, or that he applies in behalf +of those who are in communion with +the Church.<a id="noteref_777" name="noteref_777" href="#note_777"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">777</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_440" id="Para_440" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">440.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lots, Fee.</span></span>—If the cemetery association +sells 400 lots to one man and makes +a conveyance in fee thereof, it is bound +thereby.<a id="noteref_778" name="noteref_778" href="#note_778"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">778</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_441" id="Para_441" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">441.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deed, Privilege, Heirs and Assigns.</span></span>—No +formal deed is necessary to confer exclusive +right to the use of a cemetery lot for +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +burial purposes.<a id="noteref_779" name="noteref_779" href="#note_779"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">779</span></span></a> And certificates of lots +issued by a corporation convey no title to +the land, as they are not in the form necessary +to constitute a conveyance of land. +Their only effect is to grant the privilege of +interment so long as the ground continues +to be used for the purposes of burial.<a id="noteref_780" name="noteref_780" href="#note_780"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">780</span></span></a> A +deed of a cemetery lot <span class="tei tei-q">“to him, his heirs, and +assigns forever,”</span> gives only an easement in +the freehold, and does not give title to the +soil, and is subject to changes made necessary +by altered circumstances.<a id="noteref_781" name="noteref_781" href="#note_781"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">781</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_442" id="Para_442" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">442.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Access, Purposes.</span></span>—Title to a cemetery +lot gives the right of access to it for +the usual purposes, including putting up +monuments.<a id="noteref_782" name="noteref_782" href="#note_782"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">782</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_443" id="Para_443" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">443.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monuments, Inscriptions, Drunkenness, +Non-Baptized, Strangers.</span></span>—The +plaintiff obtained from the defendant a deed, +which, among other things, contained the +following conditions: <span class="tei tei-q">“that such lot shall +not be transferred without the consent of +the trustees; shall be subject to the regulations +made, or to be made, in the care and +management of such cemetery by the trustees, +who shall also have the right to prevent +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the erection of offensive and improper monuments +or inscriptions thereon, and shall retain +the right to enter any lot for the removal +of anything objectionable; that no remains +shall be deposited therein for hire; +and that persons dying in drunkenness, duel, +or by self-destruction, non-baptized, non-Catholic, +or otherwise opposed to the Catholic +Church, shall not be therein interred.”</span> +The plaintiff had buried his father and one +of his children in the lot, and brought his +wife's remains there for burial. Upon the +arrival of the funeral, two small coffins of +strangers, one of which bore the name <span class="tei tei-q">“John +McDonald,”</span> which the grave-digger had +taken up, were at the side of the grave. +There was nothing to show how those bodies +came to be buried there. The plaintiff +brought suit for damages against the cemetery +association. The court held that the +cemetery association was liable and that the +defense that it was a public charitable organization +could not be sustained.<a id="noteref_783" name="noteref_783" href="#note_783"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">783</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_444" id="Para_444" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">444.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Use, Forfeited.</span></span>—When a deed is +made of land for the use of a cemetery only, +it will be forfeited by using it for a school.<a id="noteref_784" name="noteref_784" href="#note_784"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">784</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_445" id="Para_445" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">445.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">By-Laws, Member, Burial.</span></span>—Where +a by-law of a church association provides +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +that any member who pays one dollar to +have his name entered in the record shall +be entitled to a burial lot, a member who +had paid one dollar to the committee of the +church before the adoption of such by-law +but had ceased to be a member of +the congregation, has no right to a burial +lot.<a id="noteref_785" name="noteref_785" href="#note_785"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">785</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_446" id="Para_446" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">446.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adverse Possession.</span></span>—If the original +title to a cemetery is defective, the title +may become good by adverse possession.<a id="noteref_786" name="noteref_786" href="#note_786"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">786</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_447" id="Para_447" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">447.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Improvements.</span></span>—The owner of a +lot, unless some rule of the cemetery association +or law of the State is to the contrary, +may improve it as he sees fit so long +as he does not injure the property rights of +another.<a id="noteref_787" name="noteref_787" href="#note_787"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">787</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_448" id="Para_448" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">448.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trespass, Injunction.</span></span>—An action +for damages <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">quara clausum fregit</span></span>, can be +maintained by a relative against any one +who trespasses upon a grave of a person +lawfully interred.<a id="noteref_788" name="noteref_788" href="#note_788"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">788</span></span></a> Also, a relative may +enjoin by suit in equity, on behalf of himself +and others equally interested, interference +with graves in his cemetery lot.<a id="noteref_789" name="noteref_789" href="#note_789"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">789</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_449" id="Para_449" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">449.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Roads, Alleys.</span></span>—Most of the laws +relating to highways apply to cemetery +roads and alleys, excepting that when a +road or alley in a cemetery is vacated the +land reverts to the cemetery instead of becoming +parts of the adjoining lots.<a id="noteref_790" name="noteref_790" href="#note_790"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">790</span></span></a> In +most of the States a road can not be laid +out through or take a part of a cemetery.<a id="noteref_791" name="noteref_791" href="#note_791"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">791</span></span></a> +But a public highway may be established +through a cemetery by user, the same as +over other lands.<a id="noteref_792" name="noteref_792" href="#note_792"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">792</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_450" id="Para_450" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">450.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Abandoned, Bodies.</span></span>—When a cemetery +has been abandoned, those who have +relatives buried there may incorporate it for +preservation.<a id="noteref_793" name="noteref_793" href="#note_793"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">793</span></span></a> Also, a corporation may +change its cemetery and remove the bodies +interred therein.<a id="noteref_794" name="noteref_794" href="#note_794"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">794</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_451" id="Para_451" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">451.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Two-Family Lot, Control.</span></span>—Where +a lot is owned jointly by two families, one +burying in the north half and the other in +the south half, the family burying in the +north half can not prevent the burial of a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +member of the other family in the south half, +if entitled to be buried in that cemetery.<a id="noteref_795" name="noteref_795" href="#note_795"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">795</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_452" id="Para_452" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">452.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Burying Dogs, Removal.</span></span>—A person +who has a lot in a cemetery has no right +to bury any but human bodies therein, and +one who has buried a pet dog in her lot may +be compelled to remove it.<a id="noteref_796" name="noteref_796" href="#note_796"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">796</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_453" id="Para_453" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">453.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Stranger, Protest, Kin.</span></span>—One member +of a family can not authorize the burial +of a stranger in a family lot where his +parents are buried and against the protest of +any other relative of equal or nearer degree +of kin.<a id="noteref_797" name="noteref_797" href="#note_797"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">797</span></span></a> When an owner of a lot has consented +to the burial of a body therein, he +can not afterward remove the body or deface +the tombstone, and to do so would be a criminal +offense.<a id="noteref_798" name="noteref_798" href="#note_798"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">798</span></span></a> When a lot is sold to one person, +the cemetery association has the right +to limit interments to members of the family +owning the lot. However, where there is +nothing concerning it in the laws or rules of +the association, it might be different.<a id="noteref_799" name="noteref_799" href="#note_799"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">799</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_454" id="Para_454" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">454.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Association, Bishop, Stipulation, +Certificate, License, Revocable.</span></span>—The Germans +of Cincinnati formed an association +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and purchased ten acres of land for a cemetery +<span class="tei tei-q">“for German immigrants, their families, +and relatives, of Cincinnati and its vicinity, +who might be members of the Catholic +Church and in accordance with the doctrine, +discipline, usage, and ceremonies of the +same.”</span> They incorporated with fifteen trustees +to be elected annually. Before he would +bless the cemetery, the bishop required and +the committee stipulated with him in writing +the following: That the rules of the Catholic +Church should always be faithfully observed +in this chiefly: First, that no one +should be buried in the ground who had not +been baptized or who died out of communion +of the Catholic Church, to which the +bishop or in his absence the clergy of the +German Catholic Church or churches, +should be the judge; second, that no poor +person should be denied a place therein because +his parents were unwilling to pay; +third, that any money accrued from the +ground should be expended for pious uses +and specifically for the relief of the German +Catholic poor; fourth, that the remains of +persons interred in Catharine Street burial-ground +might be removed to the new +ground. The bishop subsequently closed +the cemetery as a place for burial of Catholics +because the congregation had violated +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the stipulation: <span class="tei tei-q">“First, by admitting those +to burial who died out of the communion of +the Catholic Church; second, by refusing to +poor persons the right of burial; third, by +expending the funds of the association in +other than pious uses and relief of the poor.”</span> +The court held that the corporation had authority +to determine that the cemetery +should continue to be used as such, but the +conditions might be enforced by any one interested.<a id="noteref_800" name="noteref_800" href="#note_800"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">800</span></span></a> +Also the question was brought +before the court in a case where a man had +fallen away from the Church, and the court +held that the certificate was a mere license +giving no property rights, and revocable; +and that the question as to whether the party +to be buried therein was in communion with +the Church, was one over which the Church +itself had exclusive jurisdiction.<a id="noteref_801" name="noteref_801" href="#note_801"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">801</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_455" id="Para_455" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">455.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rules, Diocese.</span></span>—One who buys the +privilege of burying his dead in a cemetery +acquires no general right of property, but +only a right to use the grounds as a place of +interment, and the rules governing a cemetery +in force at the time the privilege is +acquired measure the extent of the use. +Where a rule of the church having charge +of the cemetery forbids the burial of non-Catholics +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +therein, the bishop of the diocese +and the local priest, who according to the +usage of the church were vested with control, +had authority and power to restrain a +holder of a lot from interring the body of +his son who was not in communion with the +church at the time of his death, and who +committed suicide.<a id="noteref_802" name="noteref_802" href="#note_802"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">802</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_456" id="Para_456" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">456.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Negroes, Indians.</span></span>—The fact that a +man is a negro, Indian, or other racial +human being, is not good ground to prevent +his burial in a cemetery.<a id="noteref_803" name="noteref_803" href="#note_803"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">803</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_457" id="Para_457" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">457.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Will, Body, Custody.</span></span>—Where no +disposition of a body has been made by will, +the surviving husband, or wife, or next of +kin, has the right to the body for the purpose +of burial. But the right of the surviving +wife or husband, if they were living together +at the time of the death of deceased, +is paramount to that of the next of kin.<a id="noteref_804" name="noteref_804" href="#note_804"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">804</span></span></a> A +right to the custody of the body of a deceased +relative and to decide upon the final +place of burial where the deceased is unmarried, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +is in his next of kin, and this right +will be protected by the courts.<a id="noteref_805" name="noteref_805" href="#note_805"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">805</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_458" id="Para_458" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">458.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Non-Residence, Burial.</span></span>—Non-residence +does not divest a person of the right +to burial with his relatives.<a id="noteref_806" name="noteref_806" href="#note_806"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">806</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_459" id="Para_459" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">459.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">State, Vacate, Equity, Rule.</span></span>—The +State may require the removal of the bodies +and vacate a cemetery without compensation +to lot owners in some extraordinary cases of +eminent domain or as a health measure.<a id="noteref_807" name="noteref_807" href="#note_807"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">807</span></span></a> +Courts of equity exercise some discretion in +cases that do not fall within this rule.<a id="noteref_808" name="noteref_808" href="#note_808"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">808</span></span></a> But +the superintendent of a cemetery has no +right to remove a child without the consent +of the father who owns the lot.<a id="noteref_809" name="noteref_809" href="#note_809"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">809</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_460" id="Para_460" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">460.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Consent, Bishop, Removal.</span></span>—With +the consent of deceased's husband before the +funeral, the father of deceased paid for the +lot in which his daughter wished to be +buried with her parents. Her mother being +dissatisfied with the location, the lot was +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +subsequently exchanged for another in the +same cemetery; but after preliminary arrangements +had been made, the son-in-law +applied to a court of equity for a writ restraining +the father and the bishop from +removing the body. The bishop answered +that he was willing to conform to any order +of the court. The court held that by acceding +to his wife's request and allowing her +father to bury her in the first instance, and +by standing mute while the arrangements +for the removal of the body were being +made, the husband had no right thereafter +to prevent the removal of his wife's body.<a id="noteref_810" name="noteref_810" href="#note_810"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">810</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_461" id="Para_461" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">461.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Court, Remove, Consent.</span></span>—In a +proper case a court may grant a decree to +remove the body of a relative from one cemetery +to another.<a id="noteref_811" name="noteref_811" href="#note_811"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">811</span></span></a> Otherwise no one has +the right to exhume or remove a body without +the consent of those having charge of +the cemetery and of those having the right +of burial, as consort or the next of kin. In +some States the offense is a felony.<a id="noteref_812" name="noteref_812" href="#note_812"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">812</span></span></a> In +Nebraska, at least, those who have the legal +right to bury a relative may remove his body +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +from one Catholic cemetery to another without +the consent of the bishop.<a id="noteref_813" name="noteref_813" href="#note_813"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">813</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_462" id="Para_462" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">462.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Crime, Fraud, Exhume, Autopsy.</span></span>—In +an action on an insurance policy where +there is evidence of fraud, as death by +poison, a court may order a body exhumed +for examination, although the person having +the right to control the burial of the body is +not a party to the suit.<a id="noteref_814" name="noteref_814" href="#note_814"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">814</span></span></a> Public officials +have the right to disinter a body to ascertain +whether a crime has been committed.<a id="noteref_815" name="noteref_815" href="#note_815"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">815</span></span></a> But +without a coroner's inquest or consent of the +surviving consort or next of kin, a doctor +has no right to perform an autopsy.<a id="noteref_816" name="noteref_816" href="#note_816"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">816</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_463" id="Para_463" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">463.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tort, Corpse.</span></span>—The general rule is +that an action of tort may be maintained by +the widow or next of kin for the mutilation +of a corpse or even for negligently exposing +it to the elements.<a id="noteref_817" name="noteref_817" href="#note_817"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">817</span></span></a> In a few cases the right +has been denied.<a id="noteref_818" name="noteref_818" href="#note_818"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">818</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_464" id="Para_464" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">464.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Custodian, Burial, Mutilation.</span></span>—In +the absence of a widow, a son is the lawful +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +custodian of the body of his deceased father +for preservation, representation, and burial, +and may maintain an action for unlawful +mutilation thereof. The sense of outrage +and mental suffering resulting directly from +the wilful mutilation of the body of a parent, +is a proper independent element of compensatory +damages.<a id="noteref_819" name="noteref_819" href="#note_819"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">819</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_465" id="Para_465" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">465.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Property in a Corpse, Mummy, Executors.</span></span>—The +question of property in a +corpse has been generally denied. However, +in case of a mummy which has become an +object of curiosity, the case may be different. +Where a testator ordered his body +burned and the executor presented a bill for +£321 for doing so, the court disallowed it on +the ground that when a man is dead his next +of kin or executors have the right to dispose +of his body; but that as it is not property, a +man has no right to bequeath it for a particular +purpose.<a id="noteref_820" name="noteref_820" href="#note_820"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">820</span></span></a> Also, where a man was +in jail and died during his imprisonment and +the jailer refused to give up the body until +the debt was paid, the court held that there +was no property in the corpse, and therefore +there could be no lien upon it and he +must surrender it.<a id="noteref_821" name="noteref_821" href="#note_821"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">821</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_466" id="Para_466" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">466.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rights, Duties, Body, Will.</span></span>—While +there is no property in a dead body so that it +may be sold, there are rights and duties out +of which may arise tort and criminal actions. +The question of the right of a man to dispose +of his body by will is not well settled in this +country.<a id="noteref_822" name="noteref_822" href="#note_822"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">822</span></span></a> There are many cases that hold +that a person has the right to make a binding +testamentary disposition of his own body +after death.<a id="noteref_823" name="noteref_823" href="#note_823"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">823</span></span></a> But on the contrary it has +been held that one can not by his will confer +any right as to the disposition of his body.<a id="noteref_824" name="noteref_824" href="#note_824"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">824</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_467" id="Para_467" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">467.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monument, Fence.</span></span>—Giving the right +to bury in one's cemetery lot carries with it +the right to erect a monument; but it does not +carry with it the right to fence the cemetery +lot or interfere with other graves therein. +Therefore, the monument must be of such +size and so located and erected as not to interfere +with the rights of others.<a id="noteref_825" name="noteref_825" href="#note_825"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">825</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_468" id="Para_468" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">468.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tombstone, Mother-in-Law.</span></span>—A +husband has the right to remove a tombstone +that his mother-in-law put over his wife's +grave, and put up one of his own choice +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +instead.<a id="noteref_826" name="noteref_826" href="#note_826"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">826</span></span></a> The general rule is that vaults and +tombstones are personal property and may +be removed <span class="tei tei-q">“in good faith and with care +and decency”</span> by the next of kin.<a id="noteref_827" name="noteref_827" href="#note_827"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">827</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_469" id="Para_469" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">469.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trees, Authority.</span></span>—It is a criminal +offense to cut trees in a cemetery without +right or authority.<a id="noteref_828" name="noteref_828" href="#note_828"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">828</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_470" id="Para_470" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">470.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charitable, Institution, Negligence.</span></span>—A +Catholic cemetery without capital stock +or shares and paying no profits nor dividends, +does not come under the head of a +charitable institution so as to relieve it from +liability for negligence.<a id="noteref_829" name="noteref_829" href="#note_829"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">829</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_471" id="Para_471" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">471.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Equity, Repair, Injuries.</span></span>—A cemetery +association may by bill in equity be +forced to keep walks and drives in good repair +and consequently is liable for injuries +resulting from its negligence.<a id="noteref_830" name="noteref_830" href="#note_830"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">830</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc71" id="toc71"></a> +<a name="pdf72" id="pdf72"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter XXXIV. Miscellaneous</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_472" id="Para_472" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">472.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Societies, Law.</span></span>—Religious societies +organized in connection with a church or +congregation are in law civil societies and +not ecclesiastical corporations, and are governed +by the law of the land. Therefore, +the law of fraternities fully covers all questions +that arise in such societies. The subject +is too comprehensive to be treated at any +length here.<a id="noteref_831" name="noteref_831" href="#note_831"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">831</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_473" id="Para_473" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">473.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Society, Bishop.</span></span>—A society may +expel a member on due notice and a fair +trial. The refusal of the bishop to recognize +a fraternity organized as a Roman Catholic +society, does not prevent the society and its +officers from exercising the powers of a +religious corporation conferred by law nor +prohibit its members from maintaining their +religious worship.<a id="noteref_832" name="noteref_832" href="#note_832"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">832</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_474" id="Para_474" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">474.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Priest, Doorkeeper, Policemen, Arrest.</span></span>—A +priest who was in charge of a +parish and had control of the temporalities +consisting of pew-rents, Sunday and other +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +collections, graveyard, church, school, fees, +and donations, on account of disorderly behavior +of members issued tickets to those +to be admitted and ordered a doorkeeper to +prevent others from entering the church. A +woman without a ticket and talking loudly, +endeavored to force her way into the church, +although there were several policemen on +duty who attempted to stop her. She was +arrested and her husband brought suit for +false imprisonment. The court held that a +clergyman has a right to keep disturbers out +of the church and that the doorkeepers have +a right to use sufficient force to carry out +the orders of the priest; but when a doorkeeper +went beyond those orders by causing +the arrest of the woman, he was not acting +within the apparent scope of his employment +and the priest was not liable.<a id="noteref_833" name="noteref_833" href="#note_833"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">833</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_475" id="Para_475" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">475.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saloon, Church, License.</span></span>—A man +owned premises that had been occupied as +a saloon from 1894. In 1896 the New York +law prohibiting saloons to be licensed within +200 feet of a church, except places where +liquor traffic had been carried on prior to +that time, was passed. In 1898 a church +was built within 200 feet of the saloon in +question. After the building of the church, +the saloon was vacated for about ten days +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +during a change of saloonkeepers, and an +action was brought to revoke the license of +the new saloonkeeper. The court held that +the incidental interruption of the business +did not bring the place within the prohibition +of the law, and that the license could +not be revoked.<a id="noteref_834" name="noteref_834" href="#note_834"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">834</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_476" id="Para_476" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">476.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Y. M. C. A.</span></span>—The Y. M. C. A. on +account of giving lunches, lectures, and +having a gymnasium, for which charges are +made, is not a charitable institution so as to +be exempt from liability in case of negligence. +Property is exempt only when used +for exempt purposes exclusively.<a id="noteref_835" name="noteref_835" href="#note_835"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">835</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_477" id="Para_477" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">477.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Students, Vote, Residence.</span></span>—Students +at a seminary studying for the priesthood +do not thereby lose their residence at +their homes and are not entitled to vote +where a college is located. The fact that +they intend to remain for four years, become +clergymen, and then go to wherever they +may be called, does not give them the right +of residence, and there is no distinction between +them and any other students away +from home at school.<a id="noteref_836" name="noteref_836" href="#note_836"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">836</span></span></a> However, a student +of full age might become a voter in the college +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +precinct if he has no other fixed domicile.<a id="noteref_837" name="noteref_837" href="#note_837"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">837</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_478" id="Para_478" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">478.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-style: italic">“</span><span style="font-style: italic">My Wife, Anna Jones,</span><span style="font-style: italic">”</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> Divorce, +Insurance.</span></span>—A bequest or devise to <span class="tei tei-q">“my +wife, Anna Jones,”</span> is not changed by a divorce +without some evidence to prove that +the testator did not intend his divorced wife +to share in his estate, unless the judgment +of divorce made a division of the property. +The same is true of a policy of insurance or +benefit certificate. However, there are exceptions +that weaken the rule and make its +application in some States uncertain.<a id="noteref_838" name="noteref_838" href="#note_838"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">838</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_479" id="Para_479" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">479.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bells, Sick, Injunction.</span></span>—On the +complaint of an injured person, a court will +issue an injunction restraining the ringing +of church, convent, or other bells, at unusual +hours or when their noise is injurious to the +sick, or when their vibration affects other +premises. As the law of nuisances applies +in such cases, an exact statement of when +the court should issue the injunction or +whether the injunction should be temporary +or perpetual, can not be given; but when +the personal or property rights of others +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +are affected, an injunction may be granted. +The fact that the bells are chimes or part +of a clock does not change the rule.<a id="noteref_839" name="noteref_839" href="#note_839"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">839</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_480" id="Para_480" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">480.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Marriage, Impediments, Recording.</span></span>—Legal +marriage may be contracted only +between unmarried persons not related +within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity +or affinity, of lawful age and sufficient +mental and physical capacity. Statutes +vary greatly. In some States affinity is not +considered a legal objection and first cousins +may marry; in others, both are prohibited +and other limitations of relationship, race, +and color are fixed, and registration of the +clergymen and licenses to wed are required. +Also, the clergyman must report the marriage +promptly to the proper office. Fines, +penalties, and imprisonment are usually provided +for violating the law. Informal +marriages may or may not be voidable or +void.<a id="noteref_840" name="noteref_840" href="#note_840"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">840</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_481" id="Para_481" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">481.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Charivari, Wedding Pranks.</span></span>—Charivari, +assaults, and disorderly conduct +are unlawful at all times, and can not be +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +justified by custom.<a id="noteref_841" name="noteref_841" href="#note_841"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">841</span></span></a> A newly wedded man +who was serenaded (charivaried) by his +neighbors by firing guns, blowing horns, +beating pans, rattling horse-fiddles, etc., +after ordering the rioters off fired into the +crowd and wounded one of them. On trial +for assault with intent to kill, the groom was +acquitted. Shooting might not be justifiable +in cases where less potent agencies, +such as a horsewhip or dogs, are sufficient, +or where the immediate protection of person +or property does not call for it. The law +should be invoked when no exigency for +force exists.<a id="noteref_842" name="noteref_842" href="#note_842"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">842</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_482" id="Para_482" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">482.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Infallibility of Courts.</span></span>—When a +question of law at issue in a case is duly +presented to a supreme court which is the +court of last resort, its decision thereon becomes +<span class="tei tei-q">“the law of the case”</span> and is thereafter +binding upon the court itself and all +the courts inferior to it; and no matter how +often that identical case may come before +the court on subsequent appeals, the questions +already decided therein will not be reconsidered. +It is interesting to compare this +principle of our courts with Papal +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +infallibility.<a id="noteref_843" name="noteref_843" href="#note_843"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">843</span></span></a> Courts do not always adhere to the +rule.<a id="noteref_844" name="noteref_844" href="#note_844"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">844</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<a name="Para_483" id="Para_483" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-weight: 700">483.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Money Stolen, Bailed or Loaned, +Insolvency, Gifts.</span></span>—Property stolen by A. +or left with him as bailee to be returned in +specie, can not be given away by him for +charity. Also, when a man is insolvent he +has no right to give away any of his property.<a id="noteref_845" name="noteref_845" href="#note_845"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">845</span></span></a> +That has been the rule of law since +Coke laid down the maxim: <span class="tei tei-q">“A man must +be just before he is generous.”</span> One is insolvent +when his debts exceed the value of +his unexempt property.<a id="noteref_846" name="noteref_846" href="#note_846"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">846</span></span></a> When an insolvent +debtor makes a gift, a creditor may +sue and recover from the donee; or in a +proper case the creditor may force the +debtor into bankruptcy to recover the gift.<a id="noteref_847" name="noteref_847" href="#note_847"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">847</span></span></a> +The want of knowledge or good faith of the +donee is immaterial and no defense to an +action to recover the property.<a id="noteref_848" name="noteref_848" href="#note_848"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">848</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc73" id="toc73"></a> +<a name="pdf74" id="pdf74"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Index</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The References Are To The Sections. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">A</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Abandoned cemetery, <a href="#Para_449" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">449</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">property reverts, <a href="#Para_295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Accepting a draft, officer, <a href="#Para_162" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Access to cemetery, right of, <a href="#Para_442" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">442</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Account, officers must, <a href="#Para_297" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">297</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Action in church tribunal, <a href="#Para_86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">for expulsion, <a href="#Para_137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">unincorporated party, <a href="#Para_217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slander by deceased, <a href="#Para_382" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">382</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Acts of majority, when void, <a href="#Para_177" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Adjournment, <a href="#Para_181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Adoption of children, <a href="#Para_367" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Adoration, <a href="#Para_29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Adverse possession, cemetery, <a href="#Para_446" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">446</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">church property, <a href="#Para_257" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Aid from Government, <a href="#Para_46" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Agent, priest of bishop, <a href="#Para_270" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Alabama, bequest for Masses, <a href="#Para_316" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ambiguity, proof clearing, <a href="#Para_326" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">326</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ambiguous provision, proof, <a href="#Para_272" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">272</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">America, civil and common law, <a href="#Para_17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Anonymous letter not privileged, <a href="#Para_224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Answer of priest as witness, <a href="#Para_222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Appeal, church tribunal, <a href="#Para_86" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">right of, <a href="#Para_206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Application, for cemetery, <a href="#Para_427" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">427</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Appointed officers, <a href="#Para_121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Appropriation for hospital, <a href="#Para_44" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">can not be from taxes, <a href="#Para_335" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">335</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">indirect, <a href="#Para_335" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">335</a>, <a href="#Para_46" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a>, <a href="#Para_28" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>, <a href="#Para_375" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">375</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Argument when privileged, <a href="#Para_387" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a>, <a href="#Para_386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Arrears, pew rent, membership, <a href="#Para_250" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Arrest, authority, damages, <a href="#Para_474" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">474</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Assault and battery, <a href="#Para_387" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Assessment, of pews, <a href="#Para_243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of cemetery void, <a href="#Para_293" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Assistance to enforce order, <a href="#Para_356" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">356</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Association, discipline, bishop, <a href="#Para_454" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">454</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Attainder, not lawful, <a href="#Para_36" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Attendance, test of membership, <a href="#Para_144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Authority in ancient nations, <a href="#Para_3" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">inferior must obey, <a href="#Para_85" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Para_93" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">use of force by priest, <a href="#Para_100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">court may decide contested, <a href="#Para_112" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of priest as to cemetery, <a href="#Para_281" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of sexton in church, <a href="#Para_314" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">314</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of teacher outside of school, <a href="#Para_355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">to cut trees in cemetery, <a href="#Para_469" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">469</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Autopsy, authority to make, <a href="#Para_462" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">462</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">B</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bankruptcy, church, <a href="#Para_302" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">302</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bailee, gift of, <a href="#Para_483" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">483</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">donor, <a href="#Para_483" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">483</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<a name="Index-Ballot" id="Index-Ballot" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ballot, when required, <a href="#Para_149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Baptism, how to record, <a href="#Para_191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bells, ringing a nuisance, <a href="#Para_479" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">479</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Benefit, work for, on Sunday, <a href="#Para_409" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">409</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Benefit of the Clergy,”</span> <a href="#Para_10" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bequest, legatees, religion, <a href="#Para_136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>, <a href="#Para_320" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">320</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">purpose of enforceable, <a href="#Para_284" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">laws of state control, <a href="#Para_306" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">306</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">consent of heirs to change, <a href="#Para_313" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mistake may not defeat, <a href="#Para_317" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Birth, how record kept, <a href="#Para_191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<a name="Index-Bible" id="Index-Bible" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bible in schools, <a href="#Para_29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>, <a href="#Para_49" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Para_218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>, <a href="#Para_347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>, <a href="#Para_348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">constitution of sect, <a href="#Para_127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">constitutional rights, <a href="#Para_350" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">350</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Indian schools, <a href="#Para_375" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">375</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bigamy, unconstitutional, <a href="#Para_38" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">charge of, slander, <a href="#Para_384" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">384</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bishop, superior authority, <a href="#Para_81" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>, <a href="#Para_83" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">subject to Pope, <a href="#Para_82" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">discipline of priest, <a href="#Para_99" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">church debts, <a href="#Para_169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Para_261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">removal of priest, <a href="#Para_199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">deed of church land, <a href="#Para_287" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">control over cemetery, <a href="#Para_454" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">454</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">removal of bodies, <a href="#Para_460" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">460</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">societies, control of, <a href="#Para_473" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">473</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bishop's residence, taxes, <a href="#Para_331" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">331</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Blasphemy, a crime, <a href="#Para_405" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a>, <a href="#Para_218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Blessed Virgin, <a href="#Para_406" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">406</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Board acts as body only, <a href="#Para_360" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">360</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">authority outside of school, <a href="#Para_355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bodies, change of cemeteries, <a href="#Para_450" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">450</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">custody of deed, <a href="#Para_457" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">457</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">disposing by will, <a href="#Para_466" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">466</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">property in, <a href="#Para_465" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">465</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bologna, law school of, <a href="#Para_14" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Burned church, land title, <a href="#Para_294" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">294</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Building, liability of members, <a href="#Para_56" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">subscriptions for, <a href="#Para_275" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">committee, liability, <a href="#Para_170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">contracts, liability, <a href="#Para_233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Burial, right of, <a href="#Para_113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">regulations, <a href="#Para_429" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">429</a>, <a href="#Para_445" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">445</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">non-resident, <a href="#Para_458" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">458</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">right to control, <a href="#Para_464" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">464</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Burying dogs in cemetery, <a href="#Para_452" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">452</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Business, religion, <a href="#Para_110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">notice of meeting, <a href="#Para_176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">law will enforce, <a href="#Para_230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sunday, <a href="#Para_408" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">408</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">or property, libel of, <a href="#Para_394" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">394</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">By-laws of sects and church, <a href="#Para_22" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">govern elections, <a href="#Para_148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a>, <a href="#Para_152" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">subject to state law, <a href="#Para_153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">control officers, <a href="#Para_153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Para_159" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">amending, <a href="#Para_252" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of cemetery association, <a href="#Para_445" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">445</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">C</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">California missions, <a href="#Para_268" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">268</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Canon Law, analysis, <a href="#Para_6" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Canons of the church, title, <a href="#Para_280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Casting vote, chairman, <a href="#Para_186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Catholic Church, corporation, <a href="#Para_58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">control of pews in, <a href="#Para_239" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">free pews, reformation, <a href="#Para_237" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">discipline, suits, <a href="#Para_208" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cemetery, authority over, <a href="#Para_281" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">assessment for taxes, <a href="#Para_293" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">293</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Indian, <a href="#Para_372" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">372</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Certificate, cemetery lot, <a href="#Para_438" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">438</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">conditions of, <a href="#Para_454" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">454</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of election, effect of, <a href="#Para_157" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Certified copies as evidence, <a href="#Para_192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Challenge of voter, <a href="#Para_147" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">147</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">waiver of, <a href="#Para_186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Chances,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“fairs,”</span> unlawful, <a href="#Para_420" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">420</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Change of use of land, <a href="#Para_53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of church government, <a href="#Para_67" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">name of church, <a href="#Para_69" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">doctrine, membership, <a href="#Para_289" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">burial place, <a href="#Para_450" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">450</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Charge for services, <a href="#Para_166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Charges against member, <a href="#Para_202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>, <a href="#Para_389" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">389</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Charitable institutions, <a href="#Para_333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a>, <a href="#Para_338" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">338</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">liability, <a href="#Para_470" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">470</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">trust, trustee, <a href="#Para_325" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">325</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Charity, definition of, <a href="#Para_328" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">328</a>, <a href="#Para_409" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">409</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Elks, Masons, <a href="#Para_333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of debtor, <a href="#Para_483" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">483</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Charivari, unlawful, <a href="#Para_481" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">481</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Charter limits corporation, <a href="#Para_153" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">by-laws under, <a href="#Para_252" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">real estate, <a href="#Para_339" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">339</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of cemetery, <a href="#Para_428" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">428</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Chastisement, by teacher, <a href="#Para_354" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">354</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Child, rights, duties, <a href="#Para_361" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">361</a>, <a href="#Para_370" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">370</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">expelling from school, <a href="#Para_352" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">352</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">religion of, <a href="#Para_365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">out of school, <a href="#Para_352" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">352</a>, <a href="#Para_355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Christian Healer,”</span> consent to <a href="#Para_417" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">417</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Christian Scientist,”</span> manslaughter, <a href="#Para_42" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Christians, who, are, <a href="#Para_24" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Church, definition, <a href="#Para_20" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>, <a href="#Para_23" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Para_24" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a>, <a href="#Para_398" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">398</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">secession, heresy, <a href="#Para_70" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a>, <a href="#Para_126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">debts of, bishop, <a href="#Para_169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">removal of, authority, <a href="#Para_275" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">buildings, use of, <a href="#Para_276" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">majority control, <a href="#Para_289" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Indian churches, <a href="#Para_372" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">372</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">personal property, when, <a href="#Para_299" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">299</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">and state, <a href="#Para_15" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">records, evidence, <a href="#Para_191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">births, baptisms, <a href="#Para_191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">when libelous, <a href="#Para_381" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">381</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tribunals, authority, <a href="#Para_216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Church of Latter Day Saints,”</span> <a href="#Para_39" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Citizens, clergy as, <a href="#Para_92" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Indians, states, <a href="#Para_371" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Civil rights, procedure, <a href="#Para_207" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">state protects, <a href="#Para_210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">law, Florida, Louisiana, <a href="#Para_17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Clerk of church board, authority, <a href="#Para_177" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Clergy, bishop may change, <a href="#Para_83" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">exemptions of, <a href="#Para_103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">salaries, <a href="#Para_106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Clergyman, definition, <a href="#Para_31" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">31</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">duties and rights, <a href="#Para_92" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">privileged evidence, <a href="#Para_224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">undue influence, <a href="#Para_318" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">318</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">disciplinary rights, <a href="#Para_386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Closing church, <a href="#Para_213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Color of title, possession, <a href="#Para_257" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Collateral attack, <a href="#Para_307" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">307</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Commissioner of Indian schools, <a href="#Para_375" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">375</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Common law and the church, <a href="#Para_12" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">crimes under, <a href="#Para_401" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Communicants, membership, <a href="#Para_144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Competent witness, <a href="#Para_220" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Complaint, allegations, <a href="#Para_215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Conditions, <a href="#Para_436" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">436</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Confessions, privacy, <a href="#Para_100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">not evidence, <a href="#Para_221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>, <a href="#Para_226" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">non-sacramental, <a href="#Para_223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>, <a href="#Para_224" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a>, <a href="#Para_225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">witness, privilege, <a href="#Para_222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Confidential communications, libel, <a href="#Para_377" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">377</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Congregation, authority in, <a href="#Para_65" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">insubordinate, <a href="#Para_90" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Conscience, Bible, law, <a href="#Para_350" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">350</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Consent, to hold meeting, <a href="#Para_179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">to sell or mortgage, <a href="#Para_264" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">daughter becoming nun, <a href="#Para_366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">to <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Christian Healer,”</span> <a href="#Para_417" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">417</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">to location of cemetery, <a href="#Para_427" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">427</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bishop's to remove body, <a href="#Para_460" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">460</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">court may, <a href="#Para_461" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">461</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Consideration, good, <a href="#Para_234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>, <a href="#Para_236" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Constantine, Christians, <a href="#Para_9" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Constitution of a church, <a href="#Para_21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Para_81" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>, <a href="#Para_88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of U. S. and Church, <a href="#Para_45" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">45</a>, <a href="#Para_68" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a>, <a href="#Para_127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">members, Bible, <a href="#Para_127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>, <a href="#Para_350" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">350</a>, <a href="#Para_358" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">358</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Consolidation of churches, <a href="#Para_73" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Contests, how settled, <a href="#Para_158" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">suit for bequest, <a href="#Para_319" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">319</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">to hold meeting, <a href="#Para_179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Contracts, with churches, <a href="#Para_46" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a>, <a href="#Para_335" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">335</a>, <a href="#Para_345" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">345</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">binding members, <a href="#Para_59" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">State courts enforce, <a href="#Para_292" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sunday, <a href="#Para_410" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">410</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Contributions to deposed priest, <a href="#Para_104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">right to enjoy, <a href="#Para_310" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">310</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Control of business of church, <a href="#Para_72" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">vests in corporation, <a href="#Para_73" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">doctrine and discipline, <a href="#Para_122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">under state law, <a href="#Para_155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">board of trustees, <a href="#Para_161" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Para_279" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">societies' collections, <a href="#Para_274" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">274</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cemetery, joint lot, <a href="#Para_451" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">451</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Controversy, submission of, <a href="#Para_97" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Convent, consent of parents, <a href="#Para_366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Conditions, what are binding, <a href="#Para_75" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">pews, lease, sale, <a href="#Para_242" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bequests, deeds, <a href="#Para_284" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a>, <a href="#Para_313" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a>, <a href="#Para_321" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">321</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">quit claim of heirs, <a href="#Para_286" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Corporation, members, <a href="#Para_253" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bequests to religious, <a href="#Para_306" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">306</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">name, error, <a href="#Para_317" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Corpse, burial, mutilation, <a href="#Para_463" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">463</a>, <a href="#Para_466" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">466</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Corrective authority over wife, <a href="#Para_370" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">370</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Councils of Church, <a href="#Para_378" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">378</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Counsel in church tribunal, <a href="#Para_200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Courts, state, <a href="#Para_60" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">church and state, <a href="#Para_216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">do not decide doctrine, <a href="#Para_311" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">religion of child, <a href="#Para_365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Court of equity, church title, <a href="#Para_212" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Creditors, securing, <a href="#Para_263" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">263</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gifts of debtor, <a href="#Para_483" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">483</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bankruptcy, <a href="#Para_302" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">302</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Creed, state courts, <a href="#Para_211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Crime, polygamy, <a href="#Para_40" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">church tribunal, <a href="#Para_292" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">charging, slander, <a href="#Para_388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sins distinguished, <a href="#Para_396" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">396</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">blasphemy is a, <a href="#Para_405" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">autopsy to detect, <a href="#Para_462" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">462</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Criticisms of clergy, <a href="#Para_385" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cruel chastisement unlawful, <a href="#Para_354" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">354</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Curate, appointment of, <a href="#Para_53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>, <a href="#Para_96" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">salary of, <a href="#Para_108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Custody of children, <a href="#Para_361" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">361</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of wife, <a href="#Para_369" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of corpse, <a href="#Para_457" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">457</a>, <a href="#Para_464" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">464</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Custom of church, meetings, <a href="#Para_180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cy-pres doctrine abrogated, <a href="#Para_325" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">325</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">D</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Damages, property destroyed in riot, <a href="#Para_52" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">expulsion from society, <a href="#Para_188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Death, record, proof, <a href="#Para_191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Debts, unincorporated body, <a href="#Para_54" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">may be limited by law, <a href="#Para_74" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">permission to incur, <a href="#Para_101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">individual liability, <a href="#Para_117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">seceders liable for, <a href="#Para_126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bishop's liability, <a href="#Para_169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mortgage, <a href="#Para_261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>, <a href="#Para_263" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">263</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">power to settle, <a href="#Para_263" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">263</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Decisions of church court, <a href="#Para_88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in submitted case, <a href="#Para_97" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">appeal from church, <a href="#Para_206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">final in doctrine, <a href="#Para_209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Deed by order of court, <a href="#Para_254" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">description of grantee, <a href="#Para_259" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">to bishop, effect, <a href="#Para_262" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in priest's name, <a href="#Para_267" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a>, <a href="#Para_270" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">conditions in, <a href="#Para_284" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cemetery lot, <a href="#Para_41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">form cemetery deed, <a href="#Para_438" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">438</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">De facto</span></span> officers, acts, <a href="#Para_165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Defenses, law, canon law, <a href="#Para_8" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Deficiency judgment, <a href="#Para_232" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Definitions, <a href="#Para_20" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>, <a href="#Para_34" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">excommunication, <a href="#Para_131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Delegated authority, <a href="#Para_82" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Deposed clergymen, donations to, <a href="#Para_104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Devise on condition of faith, <a href="#Para_135" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">uncertainty of, <a href="#Para_271" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">271</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of cemetery lot, <a href="#Para_435" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">435</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Diocese, state law in, <a href="#Para_51" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">title of church, <a href="#Para_266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rules for cemeteries, <a href="#Para_455" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">455</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Directors and Bible, <a href="#Para_347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Direct payment of tax to church, <a href="#Para_345" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">345</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Disability of members, <a href="#Para_57" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Discretion of officers, <a href="#Para_167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Disease from cemetery, <a href="#Para_434" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">434</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Discipline and officers, <a href="#Para_63" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bishop may enforce, <a href="#Para_83" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>, <a href="#Para_89" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">members subject to, <a href="#Para_90" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Para_381" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">381</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">inferior authority, <a href="#Para_308" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">308</a>, <a href="#Para_381" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">381</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tribunals of church, <a href="#Para_386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a>, <a href="#Para_396" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">396</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">physical, unlawful, <a href="#Para_387" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dismissal of clergyman, <a href="#Para_109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Disqualified to hold office, <a href="#Para_134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dissolution of congregation, <a href="#Para_73" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">funds of church, <a href="#Para_78" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">resulting trust, <a href="#Para_327" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">327</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Disturbances at church, <a href="#Para_213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">crime, punishment, <a href="#Para_397" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Disturbing a religious meeting, <a href="#Para_400" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">400</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Diverted trust fund, <a href="#Para_298" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">298</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Division of church, <a href="#Para_129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>, <a href="#Para_276" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">title to property, <a href="#Para_290" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">290</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Divorce, legacy, insurance, <a href="#Para_478" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">478</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Doctor, necessary, <a href="#Para_416" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">416</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Doctrine of church, <a href="#Para_21" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Para_25" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">change of effect, <a href="#Para_53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">condition in deed, <a href="#Para_278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">pewholders must not dictate, <a href="#Para_309" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">discipline, <a href="#Para_93" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dog, burying in cemetery, <a href="#Para_452" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">452</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Domicile of family, <a href="#Para_370" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">370</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Donation conditioned, <a href="#Para_41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Donor, religion, proof, <a href="#Para_272" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">272</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Doorkeeper, exceeding order, <a href="#Para_474" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">474</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Drunkenness, dying in, <a href="#Para_443" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Duties of adopted parents, <a href="#Para_367" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Indian inspectors, <a href="#Para_373" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">373</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">to bury dead, <a href="#Para_466" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">466</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dwelling, priest as servant, <a href="#Para_98" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of family husband's, <a href="#Para_370" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">370</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cemetery near, <a href="#Para_430" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">430</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">E</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Early Christians, law, <a href="#Para_7" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Easement, title, cemetery lot, <a href="#Para_435" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">435</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ecclesiastical corporations, <a href="#Para_26" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">court, <a href="#Para_10" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">matters, courts, <a href="#Para_209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Education for priesthood, <a href="#Para_324" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">324</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of children, control, <a href="#Para_343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Elks, <a href="#Para_333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">England and Roman law, <a href="#Para_16" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">confession privileged, <a href="#Para_226" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">English law, <a href="#Para_17" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Entries in church records, <a href="#Para_189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Equity, priest's salary, <a href="#Para_301" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cemetery, corpses, <a href="#Para_459" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">459</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cemetery repairs, <a href="#Para_471" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">471</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Error in deed, <a href="#Para_260" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">latent in devise, <a href="#Para_326" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">326</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Established church, <a href="#Para_18" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Establishment of religion, <a href="#Para_37" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Estates, ecclesiastical courts, <a href="#Para_11" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Evidence of incorporation, <a href="#Para_64" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">parish books, <a href="#Para_189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>, <a href="#Para_191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">certified copies, <a href="#Para_192" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">parol evidence, <a href="#Para_273" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">privileged questions, <a href="#Para_221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Excommunication, authority, <a href="#Para_87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">minor is lawful, <a href="#Para_87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">non-tolerati</span></span> is unlawful, <a href="#Para_87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">legal effect, <a href="#Para_167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>, <a href="#Para_136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">libel and slander, <a href="#Para_381" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">381</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Excuse, drunkenness, <a href="#Para_407" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Executors, pew rent, <a href="#Para_249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">custody of corpse, <a href="#Para_465" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">465</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Exemptions to clergy, attachment, execution, <a href="#Para_118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>, <a href="#Para_432" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">432</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Exempt church property, <a href="#Para_329" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">329</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">execution, <a href="#Para_432" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">432</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Exhume, crime, fraud, <a href="#Para_462" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">462</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Expelled, excommunicated, <a href="#Para_87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Para_120" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>, <a href="#Para_167" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Expulsion, right of church, <a href="#Para_137" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a>, <a href="#Para_139" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">minority, <a href="#Para_141" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">from society, <a href="#Para_188" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Exercise, religion in school, <a href="#Para_29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>, <a href="#Para_346" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">346</a>; see <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“<a href="#Index-Bible" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Bible</a>.”</span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">F</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Facilities for negro education, <a href="#Para_358" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">358</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Factions trying each other, <a href="#Para_112" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">property of, <a href="#Para_211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Fairs”</span> are unlawful, <a href="#Para_420" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">420</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fair trial is natural right, <a href="#Para_202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Faith, dying in, burial, <a href="#Para_113" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">member must conform, <a href="#Para_142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">False statements, slander, <a href="#Para_223" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">imprisonment, <a href="#Para_387" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">by clergymen, libel, <a href="#Para_388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Family domicile, <a href="#Para_370" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">370</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Father, duties and rights, <a href="#Para_361" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">361</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">custody of child, <a href="#Para_361" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">361</a>, <a href="#Para_362" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">362</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">married child, <a href="#Para_369" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">369</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fee, title in, when, <a href="#Para_262" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a>, <a href="#Para_440" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">440</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fees of priest, <a href="#Para_105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>, <a href="#Para_106" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fence in cemetery, <a href="#Para_467" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">467</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fishing on Sunday, <a href="#Para_408" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">408</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Force to subdue pupil, <a href="#Para_356" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">356</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">to expel disturber, <a href="#Para_403" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">403</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">remove trespasser, <a href="#Para_248" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Foreign language, <a href="#Para_124" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Forfeiture of membership, <a href="#Para_61" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>, <a href="#Para_138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">provision in will as to, <a href="#Para_285" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">by use excepted, <a href="#Para_444" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">444</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fraternity, members' faith, <a href="#Para_136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">excommunication of member, <a href="#Para_136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fraud, false <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“prophet”</span>, <a href="#Para_171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">insurance, autopsy, <a href="#Para_462" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">462</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Free church seats, regulation, <a href="#Para_248" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Freedom of worship, <a href="#Para_142" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Free exercise of religion, <a href="#Para_37" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Freemason, burial of, <a href="#Para_439" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">439</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Funds, of church, <a href="#Para_58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dissolved church, <a href="#Para_78" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">division of unlawful, <a href="#Para_129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">lien on, for money paid, <a href="#Para_267" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">diverting from use, <a href="#Para_298" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">298</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Funeral expenses, <a href="#Para_229" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">on Sunday, <a href="#Para_411" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">411</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Future uses, devise, <a href="#Para_323" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">323</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">G</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gambling, <a href="#Para_420" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">420</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">General laws, corporations, <a href="#Para_62" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gifts of a bankrupt, <a href="#Para_483" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">483</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">God, belief, public office, <a href="#Para_48" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">crimes against, <a href="#Para_406" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">406</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Good faith, libel, slander, <a href="#Para_383" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">383</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gratian, jurist, <a href="#Para_13" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gratuitous services, <a href="#Para_337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Guardianship, ecclesiastical, <a href="#Para_11" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">religion of ward, <a href="#Para_365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">H</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Harmony, want of, <a href="#Para_290" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">290</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hearing, fair trial, <a href="#Para_139" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">evidence, <a href="#Para_202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>, <a href="#Para_219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hearsay evidence, <a href="#Para_202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>, <a href="#Para_219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Heirs and assigns, cemetery, <a href="#Para_441" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">441</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Heresy, legal status, <a href="#Para_312" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">312</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hold over officers, <a href="#Para_150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hospitals, public money, <a href="#Para_44" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">not taxable, <a href="#Para_331" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">331</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hostile to religion, <a href="#Para_41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hypocrite, slander, <a href="#Para_389" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">389</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Identity of name or party, <a href="#Para_256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Illegal action, void, <a href="#Para_141" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Illegitimate, custody, <a href="#Para_362" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">362</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Immoral character, child, <a href="#Para_352" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">352</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Impediments, marriage, <a href="#Para_480" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">480</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Imprisonment, false, <a href="#Para_387" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">387</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Improvements, cemetery lot, <a href="#Para_447" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">447</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Income perquisites, <a href="#Para_105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Incorporated, liability, <a href="#Para_119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">powers, purposes, <a href="#Para_125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">charter, by-laws, <a href="#Para_154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Incorporation of church, <a href="#Para_62" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>, <a href="#Para_64" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">congregation, <a href="#Para_65" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>, <a href="#Para_77" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Incorporeal hereditament, pew, <a href="#Para_238" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Independent society, status, <a href="#Para_124" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Indians, wards, citizens, <a href="#Para_371" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Indigent soldiers, tombstones, <a href="#Para_424" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">424</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Induction, informal, <a href="#Para_96" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Infallibility, judges, <a href="#Para_482" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">482</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">comparisons, <a href="#Para_482" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">482</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Infancy, marriage, convent, <a href="#Para_366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a>, <a href="#Para_368" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">368</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Inherits, right of burial, <a href="#Para_437" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">437</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Injunction, <a href="#Para_479" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">479</a>, <a href="#Para_448" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">448</a>, <a href="#Para_312" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">312</a>, <a href="#Para_213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>, <a href="#Para_140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Injuries, liability, <a href="#Para_471" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">471</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Innovations of doctrine, <a href="#Para_308" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">308</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Insane, libel, slander, <a href="#Para_383" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">383</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Inscriptions, offensive, <a href="#Para_443" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Inspectors of election, <a href="#Para_186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of Indian schools, <a href="#Para_373" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">373</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Institutions, charitable, <a href="#Para_328" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">328</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">damage suits, <a href="#Para_336" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">336</a>, <a href="#Para_470" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">470</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">public and private, <a href="#Para_341" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Instrument of punishment, <a href="#Para_364" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">364</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Insubordinate, discipline, <a href="#Para_90" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Insubordination, trial, <a href="#Para_139" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Insurance, divorce, <a href="#Para_478" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">478</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Interest, adverse of officer, <a href="#Para_160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">must have to sue, <a href="#Para_217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Interrupt religious service, <a href="#Para_404" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">404</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">J</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jews, constitution, <a href="#Para_12" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sunday, Sabbath, <a href="#Para_412" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">412</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Judge of church court, <a href="#Para_207" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">may question witness, <a href="#Para_222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Judicial notice, <a href="#Para_219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">not of church law, <a href="#Para_265" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jurisdiction, church court, <a href="#Para_196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">notice of trial, <a href="#Para_303" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">303</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">U. S. cemeteries, <a href="#Para_422" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">422</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Juror of church court, <a href="#Para_207" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Justification, libel, slander, <a href="#Para_395" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">K</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Key, evidence of possession, <a href="#Para_169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kin, cemetery rights, <a href="#Para_437" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">437</a>, <a href="#Para_441" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">441</a>, <a href="#Para_449" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">449</a>, <a href="#Para_453" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">453</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">custody of corpse, <a href="#Para_457" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">457</a>, <a href="#Para_463" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">463</a>, <a href="#Para_464" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">464</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">damages for mutilation, <a href="#Para_463" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">463</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">L</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Land, vested titles, <a href="#Para_240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Texan church, <a href="#Para_269" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">269</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">quantity limitation, <a href="#Para_283" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>, <a href="#Para_305" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Language, libel, slander, <a href="#Para_383" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">383</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Law and religion, <a href="#Para_1" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">1</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">religious liberty, <a href="#Para_415" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">415</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lay members, officers, <a href="#Para_121" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">121</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lease of pews, <a href="#Para_248" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">exempt property, <a href="#Para_300" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">300</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">with government, <a href="#Para_345" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">345</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Leave to purchase, <a href="#Para_280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Legal notice, <a href="#Para_71" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rights, church courts, <a href="#Para_198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Legatee, uncertain, <a href="#Para_271" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">271</a>, <a href="#Para_322" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">322</a>, <a href="#Para_323" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">323</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Legitimatized child, <a href="#Para_363" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">363</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Liability of individuals, <a href="#Para_54" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Libel and slander, <a href="#Para_377" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">377</a>, <a href="#Para_382" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">382</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">what may be, <a href="#Para_377" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">377</a>, <a href="#Para_395" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Liberty, juvenile, <a href="#Para_376" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">376</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">License to do an act, <a href="#Para_454" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">454</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">revoking, resisting, <a href="#Para_475" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">475</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lien for purchase money, <a href="#Para_301" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Limits of cemetery, <a href="#Para_430" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">430</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Limited debt by by-laws, <a href="#Para_74" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">authority of inferior, <a href="#Para_88" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Limitation, statutes of, <a href="#Para_206" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land holding, <a href="#Para_283" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>, <a href="#Para_305" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">305</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Liquor, libel and slander, <a href="#Para_384" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">384</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">near religious meeting, <a href="#Para_404" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">404</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Loan to priest for church, <a href="#Para_173" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Local corporation, power, <a href="#Para_84" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lord's Prayer, schools, <a href="#Para_346" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">346</a>, <a href="#Para_218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lots given as subscription, <a href="#Para_255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cemetery, title, <a href="#Para_440" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">440</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lots isolated, taxed, <a href="#Para_330" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">330</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">M</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mail, prohibited, <a href="#Para_419" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Major excommunication, <a href="#Para_132" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Majority, what is, <a href="#Para_80" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#Para_146" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a>, <a href="#Para_151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#Para_185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">unlawful acts, <a href="#Para_128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a>, <a href="#Para_151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>, <a href="#Para_289" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">289</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">board, committee, <a href="#Para_360" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">360</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Malice, libel and slander, <a href="#Para_377" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">377</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Management, corporation, <a href="#Para_57" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">temporal affairs, <a href="#Para_66" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">factions, <a href="#Para_211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mandamus, when issued, <a href="#Para_140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Manumission of child, <a href="#Para_368" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">368</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Marriage, record of, <a href="#Para_191" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">infants, consent, <a href="#Para_368" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">368</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sunday promise, <a href="#Para_410" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">410</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">impediments, <a href="#Para_480" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">480</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">public school pupil, <a href="#Para_357" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">357</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Maryland, cemetery law, <a href="#Para_426" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">426</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mass defined, <a href="#Para_29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Masses, bequests for, <a href="#Para_316" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">316</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Masonic Order, charity, <a href="#Para_333" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">333</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Materials, liability, <a href="#Para_56" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Maternal relatives, child, <a href="#Para_361" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">361</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Meetings of corporation, <a href="#Para_80" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">notice, time, place, <a href="#Para_176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">consent, <a href="#Para_60" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>, <a href="#Para_179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Members, corporation, <a href="#Para_65" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a>, <a href="#Para_253" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slander of, <a href="#Para_378" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">378</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cemetery owners, <a href="#Para_428" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">428</a>, <a href="#Para_445" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">445</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Membership in church, <a href="#Para_114" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">society members, <a href="#Para_61" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">officers, <a href="#Para_156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">condition, bequest, <a href="#Para_320" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">320</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Methodist division, <a href="#Para_130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">coalition, <a href="#Para_310" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">310</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Presbyterians, <a href="#Para_310" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">310</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Middle Ages, growth of law, <a href="#Para_12" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Minister, definition, <a href="#Para_32" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">authority of Protestant, <a href="#Para_81" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">deposed, <a href="#Para_104" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dismissal of, <a href="#Para_109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Minor, not church voter, <a href="#Para_115" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a> (see infant);</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ex-communication, <a href="#Para_87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>, <a href="#Para_131" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Minutes, evidence, how kept, <a href="#Para_189" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Misnomer, proof, <a href="#Para_256" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">256</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Missions, California, <a href="#Para_268" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">268</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mississippi, bigotry, <a href="#Para_50" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>, <a href="#Para_334" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">334</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mistake, in deed or will, <a href="#Para_317" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Misuse of property, <a href="#Para_291" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Money, officers, <a href="#Para_164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">stolen title, gift, <a href="#Para_483" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">483</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">responsibility for, <a href="#Para_172" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">gift to charity, <a href="#Para_483" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">483</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sewing circle, <a href="#Para_175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">congregation, <a href="#Para_274" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">274</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">advanced by priest, <a href="#Para_109" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">109</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Monks, land, <a href="#Para_268" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">268</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Monuments, free, <a href="#Para_423" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">423</a>, <a href="#Para_424" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">424</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">offensive, <a href="#Para_443" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443</a>, <a href="#Para_467" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">467</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">injuring, <a href="#Para_421" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">421</a>, <a href="#Para_423" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">423</a>, <a href="#Para_429" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">429</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mortgage, foreclosure, <a href="#Para_232" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bishop's authority, <a href="#Para_261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cemetery lot, <a href="#Para_432" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">432</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">church property, <a href="#Para_264" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mortmain, where in force, <a href="#Para_340" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">340</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mother, child, <a href="#Para_362" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">362</a>, <a href="#Para_366" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">366</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mother Church, heresy, <a href="#Para_122" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mother-in-law, tombstone, <a href="#Para_468" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">468</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mummy, property in, <a href="#Para_465" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">465</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Murder, correcting child, <a href="#Para_364" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">364</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mutilation of corpse, <a href="#Para_462" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">462</a>, <a href="#Para_463" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">463</a>, <a href="#Para_464" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">464</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“My wife, Anna Jones,”</span> will, insurance, <a href="#Para_478" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">478</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">N</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Name, change of corporate, <a href="#Para_69" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">importance, record, <a href="#Para_195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">error in bequest or deed, <a href="#Para_317" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">317</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Natural Justice, influence, <a href="#Para_5" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Necessaries, what are, <a href="#Para_416" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">416</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Necessity, work of, <a href="#Para_409" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">409</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Negligence, liability, <a href="#Para_336" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">336</a>, <a href="#Para_470" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">470</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Negroes, burial of, <a href="#Para_456" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">456</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Newspaper, criticism of priest, <a href="#Para_385" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">criticism of dead, <a href="#Para_393" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New York church law, <a href="#Para_50" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Non-baptized, burial, <a href="#Para_443" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Non-members, burial of, <a href="#Para_443" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">officers, <a href="#Para_116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Non-residence, right of burial, <a href="#Para_458" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">458</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Non-slave-holding, Methodists, <a href="#Para_130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Note, authority to make, <a href="#Para_160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">when church bound, <a href="#Para_163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">signers bound, <a href="#Para_170" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Notice, legal, <a href="#Para_71" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Para_176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>, <a href="#Para_264" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">due notice necessary, <a href="#Para_146" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a>, <a href="#Para_176" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">special meeting, <a href="#Para_178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a>, <a href="#Para_264" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">service of, <a href="#Para_180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">waiver of, <a href="#Para_205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">given on Sunday, <a href="#Para_410" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">410</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Nuns, individual property, <a href="#Para_342" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">342</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Nuisance, cemetery, <a href="#Para_434" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">434</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">O</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Obituary, libel, <a href="#Para_392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Object of juvenile courts, <a href="#Para_376" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">376</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Obscene language, mail, <a href="#Para_419" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">419</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Offense at common law, <a href="#Para_401" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">401</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">under statutes, <a href="#Para_396" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">396</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Office, religious qualifications, <a href="#Para_48" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">membership qualifications, <a href="#Para_156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Officers, duties, rights, <a href="#Para_63" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">non-members, <a href="#Para_156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a>, <a href="#Para_116" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">libel, <a href="#Para_392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Official communication, libel, <a href="#Para_379" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">379</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ohio, Bible, <a href="#Para_347" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">347</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Overdraft, authority, <a href="#Para_160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Orphan asylums, public money, <a href="#Para_344" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">344</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">P</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Parent and child, duties, rights, <a href="#Para_343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">direct studies, <a href="#Para_353" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Parish, definition, <a href="#Para_30" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">incorporating, <a href="#Para_51" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">pastor's relation, <a href="#Para_91" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Parishioner, definition, <a href="#Para_30" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Parsonage, use, <a href="#Para_53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rented, taxes, <a href="#Para_332" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">332</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Parochial schools, <a href="#Para_343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Partners, unincorporated church, <a href="#Para_54" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Parties to suits, <a href="#Para_76" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>, <a href="#Para_214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pastoral duties, slander, <a href="#Para_380" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">380</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pastor, liability for salary, <a href="#Para_55" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">relations terminated, <a href="#Para_91" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Paying money to deposed clergy, <a href="#Para_213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Permission from superior, <a href="#Para_101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Personalty, church on rollers, <a href="#Para_299" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">299</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Perversion of property, <a href="#Para_291" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Persecutions, promoted law, <a href="#Para_8" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pew, right to occupy, <a href="#Para_242" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a>, <a href="#Para_244" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">removal from, <a href="#Para_247" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pew rent of deceased, <a href="#Para_249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">qualification of voter, <a href="#Para_250" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pew rights, <a href="#Para_231" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231-250</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Philosophical foundations of law, <a href="#Para_4" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Physician, Sunday, <a href="#Para_411" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">411</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Christian Scientist, <a href="#Para_42" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a>, <a href="#Para_417" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">417</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">furnishing for family, <a href="#Para_416" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">416</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Place, notice of meeting, <a href="#Para_143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Police power, cemeteries, <a href="#Para_429" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">429</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Politics, minister, arrest, <a href="#Para_418" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">418</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Poll list of church voters, <a href="#Para_145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Policemen, arrest, <a href="#Para_474" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">474</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pollution of water, <a href="#Para_431" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">431</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pope, superior authority, <a href="#Para_82" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Possession, key indicates, <a href="#Para_168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Powers of corporation, <a href="#Para_164" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Prayer in school, <a href="#Para_348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">meeting, notice, <a href="#Para_187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Presbyterians and Methodists, <a href="#Para_310" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">310</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Preserve order, priest, <a href="#Para_403" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">403</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Preside, who may, <a href="#Para_159" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">President, Indians, trade, <a href="#Para_374" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">374</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Presumptions, church law, <a href="#Para_228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Presiding officer, <a href="#Para_183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Presumed authority, <a href="#Para_101" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Priest, bishop not liable for salary, <a href="#Para_98" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">fellow-servant of bishop, <a href="#Para_95" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">semi-servant, <a href="#Para_98" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">removal, trial, <a href="#Para_99" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>, <a href="#Para_199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">borrowing money for church, <a href="#Para_173" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">possession of, <a href="#Para_98" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>, <a href="#Para_197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">deed in priest's name, <a href="#Para_267" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">agent of bishop, <a href="#Para_270" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">excommunication, slander, <a href="#Para_380" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">380</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">newspaper criticism, <a href="#Para_385" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">385</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">using force, order, <a href="#Para_403" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">403</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">excluding disorderlies, <a href="#Para_474" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">474</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">witness, privilege, <a href="#Para_221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>, <a href="#Para_222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">answers, <a href="#Para_222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">suits by and against, <a href="#Para_208" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Priesthood, discipline, <a href="#Para_89" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bequest to educate for, <a href="#Para_324" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">324</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Principal service, notice, <a href="#Para_180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Private school, disturbing, <a href="#Para_399" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">399</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Privacy, confessor, <a href="#Para_100" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Privileges of church court, <a href="#Para_196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">witness, <a href="#Para_221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>, <a href="#Para_222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cemetery, <a href="#Para_441" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">441</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Privileged, confessions, <a href="#Para_221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">official communications, <a href="#Para_379" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">379</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Probable cause, slander, arrest, <a href="#Para_390" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">390</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Procedure in church court, <a href="#Para_207" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Process to obtain jurisdiction, <a href="#Para_303" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">303</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Profanity, a crime, <a href="#Para_407" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Profane language in church, <a href="#Para_397" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">swearer, libel, <a href="#Para_393" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">393</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Promise, consideration, <a href="#Para_234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>, <a href="#Para_236" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Proof of the notice, <a href="#Para_182" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">crime, <a href="#Para_407" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">407</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Proper record in parish, <a href="#Para_194" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Property, title in whom, <a href="#Para_63" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">confiscation, <a href="#Para_94" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">execution against, <a href="#Para_118" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">custody of, <a href="#Para_197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">factions, <a href="#Para_211" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">restrictions on amount, <a href="#Para_304" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">304</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of nuns, <a href="#Para_342" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">342</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in a corpse, <a href="#Para_465" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">465</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Protest against burial, <a href="#Para_453" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">453</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Protestant, who is a, <a href="#Para_43" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">New Hampshire, <a href="#Para_43" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">superior authority, <a href="#Para_81" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">services in schools, <a href="#Para_29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">teacher, taxes for, <a href="#Para_47" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Public institutions, support, <a href="#Para_341" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">341</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cemeteries, <a href="#Para_433" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">433</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">school Bible, <a href="#Para_348" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">348</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">religious services in, <a href="#Para_29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">residence of pupils, <a href="#Para_359" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">359</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">health, cemetery, <a href="#Para_434" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">434</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Punishment in school, <a href="#Para_354" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">354</a>, <a href="#Para_355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">by parent, <a href="#Para_364" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">364</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Purposes of a gift or bequest, <a href="#Para_278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">acquired for church, <a href="#Para_282" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">leased lands, <a href="#Para_300" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">300</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">exempt from taxes, <a href="#Para_329" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">329</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Q</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Quarrel, secession, <a href="#Para_130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Quasi-public corporations, <a href="#Para_26" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Quit-claim, conditions, <a href="#Para_286" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">286</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Quorum, number necessary, <a href="#Para_80" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">who counted, <a href="#Para_146" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">majority, <a href="#Para_185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a>, <a href="#Para_80" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#Para_146" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">R</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rations for Indian schools, <a href="#Para_375" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">375</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Real estate taxes, <a href="#Para_51" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">purposes, held for, <a href="#Para_282" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">changing purpose, <a href="#Para_339" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">339</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rebuilding, pewholders, <a href="#Para_245" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rector or pastor, <a href="#Para_33" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">33</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rector, induction, <a href="#Para_96" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">charges against, <a href="#Para_384" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">384</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Record, keeping, <a href="#Para_195" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Recording marriage, <a href="#Para_480" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">480</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Redress of priest, dismissal, <a href="#Para_199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Reformation and law, <a href="#Para_13" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">pews rented, sold, <a href="#Para_237" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Reformatories, juvenile courts, <a href="#Para_376" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">376</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Regular church organization, <a href="#Para_70" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a>, <a href="#Para_111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Regulation of cemeteries, <a href="#Para_433" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">433</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Relation of pastor to parish, <a href="#Para_91" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Relatives, abandoned cemetery, <a href="#Para_449" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">449</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Religion, ancient, <a href="#Para_2" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">corporations, <a href="#Para_26" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">definition, <a href="#Para_34" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Christian, <a href="#Para_24" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">influence on law, <a href="#Para_1" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">1</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">crime under, <a href="#Para_40" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">anti-religion, freedom, <a href="#Para_41" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">guardian proselyte, <a href="#Para_365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">crimes against, <a href="#Para_406" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">406</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Religious garb, <a href="#Para_28" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>, <a href="#Para_49" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">liberty, <a href="#Para_18" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>, <a href="#Para_28" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>, <a href="#Para_49" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>, <a href="#Para_415" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">415</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">membership, <a href="#Para_110" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>, <a href="#Para_111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">service, consideration, <a href="#Para_230" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tests, <a href="#Para_35" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">35</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tolerance, <a href="#Para_18" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>, <a href="#Para_28" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">society, <a href="#Para_20" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>, <a href="#Para_23" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">worship, <a href="#Para_29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Remedies in church court, <a href="#Para_204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Remodeling, pewholders, <a href="#Para_245" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">245</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Removal, of clergy, <a href="#Para_201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of animal carcasses, <a href="#Para_452" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">452</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of building, <a href="#Para_275" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of corpse, <a href="#Para_460" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">460</a>, <a href="#Para_461" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">461</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rented pews, <a href="#Para_237" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">parsonage, <a href="#Para_332" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">332</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">priest's rights, <a href="#Para_240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Repair of cemetery, <a href="#Para_471" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">471</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Repeating slander, <a href="#Para_395" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">395</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Residence of students, <a href="#Para_477" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">477</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Res judicata</span></span>, <a href="#Para_482" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">482</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Restrictions on property, <a href="#Para_304" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">304</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">corporation, <a href="#Para_249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Residents of district, <a href="#Para_359" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">359</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Resulting trust, <a href="#Para_327" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">327</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Revenues of parish, <a href="#Para_279" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Revert, lands when, <a href="#Para_294" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">294</a>, <a href="#Para_295" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">295</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Revocable license, <a href="#Para_454" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">454</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Reorganization of corporation, <a href="#Para_79" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ridicule of holy beings, <a href="#Para_406" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">406</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Right, natural, law, <a href="#Para_3" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">constitutional, <a href="#Para_43" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">possession, key, <a href="#Para_168" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">vested property, <a href="#Para_292" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>, <a href="#Para_210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">adoption, child, <a href="#Para_367" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">367</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">burial, <a href="#Para_437" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">437</a>, <a href="#Para_439" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">439</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">custody of corpse, <a href="#Para_466" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">466</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">to occupy a pew, <a href="#Para_242" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Riot, county liable, <a href="#Para_52" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Robbed,”</span> libel, slander, <a href="#Para_389" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">389</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rome, source of law, <a href="#Para_5" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Roman Catholic Church, <a href="#Para_82" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Roman law in England, <a href="#Para_16" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rules of church, <a href="#Para_114" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">114</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">voters in church, <a href="#Para_184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">evidence, <a href="#Para_193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a>, <a href="#Para_219" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219-229</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">title in name of bishop, <a href="#Para_266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">diocesan, cemeteries, <a href="#Para_455" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">455</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">S</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sabbath, violation of, <a href="#Para_218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sacraments, slander, <a href="#Para_391" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">391</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Salary, priest's, <a href="#Para_55" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">55</a>, <a href="#Para_95" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">lien for, <a href="#Para_301" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">301</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sale in perpetuity, of pew, <a href="#Para_241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of church property, <a href="#Para_258" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Saloon near church, <a href="#Para_475" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">475</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Schism, secession, <a href="#Para_130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">School, Indian, <a href="#Para_372" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">372</a>, <a href="#Para_375" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">375</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">public, <a href="#Para_343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>, <a href="#Para_344" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">344</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">parochial, <a href="#Para_343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">house, church, <a href="#Para_351" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">master, authority, <a href="#Para_355" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">355</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">moneys, orphanages, <a href="#Para_344" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">344</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Seats, free, <a href="#Para_248" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">248</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Secession, result, <a href="#Para_72" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a>, <a href="#Para_130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">property, funds, <a href="#Para_123" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">123</a>, <a href="#Para_319" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">319</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">debts of church, <a href="#Para_126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Secret societies, <a href="#Para_221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sect, definitions, <a href="#Para_27" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>, <a href="#Para_58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>, <a href="#Para_94" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>, <a href="#Para_313" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">313</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sectarianism, <a href="#Para_27" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">27</a>, <a href="#Para_28" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>, <a href="#Para_29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sectarian, <a href="#Para_28" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Bible, <a href="#Para_375" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">375</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Secular courts and church, <a href="#Para_204" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">matters, doctrinal, <a href="#Para_84" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">work, Sunday, <a href="#Para_413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Selling pew on execution, <a href="#Para_246" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sentence, publishing libel, <a href="#Para_133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sepulture, right of, <a href="#Para_140" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sermon, slander, <a href="#Para_388" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">388</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Servant, priest of bishop, <a href="#Para_98" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Services, pay for, <a href="#Para_108" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wife's in home, <a href="#Para_370" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">370</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">divine, disorder, <a href="#Para_402" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">402</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">religious, <a href="#Para_29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Seventh-Day observers, <a href="#Para_412" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">412</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sewing circle, moneys, <a href="#Para_175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sexton, salary, <a href="#Para_174" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">authority in church, <a href="#Para_314" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">314</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shakers, property of, <a href="#Para_58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sick, bells disturbing, <a href="#Para_479" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">479</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Signature, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Nalty Family,”</span> <a href="#Para_234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sins and crimes, <a href="#Para_396" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">396</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sisters, hospital, public money, <a href="#Para_44" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Slander at trial, <a href="#Para_203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Slave-holding, Methodists, <a href="#Para_130" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">130</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Smoking in church, <a href="#Para_397" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">397</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Societies, members, <a href="#Para_61" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">distinct from congregation, <a href="#Para_124" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sunday meetings, <a href="#Para_413" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">413</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">governed by laws, <a href="#Para_472" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">472</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bishop's control of, <a href="#Para_473" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">473</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">secret, <a href="#Para_221" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sold pews, <a href="#Para_237" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">237</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Soldiers' tombstones, <a href="#Para_423" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">423</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sovereignty, meaning, <a href="#Para_38" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Spanish territory, church, <a href="#Para_277" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Special damages, slander, <a href="#Para_394" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">394</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Special law, incorporation, <a href="#Para_62" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">62</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">meeting, notice, <a href="#Para_178" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">purpose, money given for, <a href="#Para_235" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Spiritual authority, <a href="#Para_87" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Standard of doctrine, <a href="#Para_25" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>, <a href="#Para_29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Stara decisis</span></span>, <a href="#Para_482" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">482</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">State authority, cemeteries, <a href="#Para_425" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">425</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">States, each sovereign, <a href="#Para_38" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">restrictions in church lands, <a href="#Para_304" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">304</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">education, books, <a href="#Para_343" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">343</a>, <a href="#Para_349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cemeteries, <a href="#Para_459" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">459</a>, <a href="#Para_421" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">421</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Statutes, wills, bequests, <a href="#Para_315" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cemeteries, <a href="#Para_421" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">421</a>, <a href="#Para_426" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">426</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stipulation, cemetery, <a href="#Para_454" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">454</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Strangers, voting, <a href="#Para_146" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">burial in cemetery, <a href="#Para_443" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">443</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">stranger in lot, <a href="#Para_453" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">453</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Students, voters, where, <a href="#Para_477" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">477</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Studies, control of school, <a href="#Para_353" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Subordinate organization, <a href="#Para_125" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Subsequent laws to constitution, <a href="#Para_68" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Subscriptions, right to solicit, <a href="#Para_102" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">unpaid, liability, <a href="#Para_119" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">119</a>, <a href="#Para_234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">consideration, <a href="#Para_234" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a>, <a href="#Para_236" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">lot given as, <a href="#Para_255" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sunday, <a href="#Para_411" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">411</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">special purpose of, <a href="#Para_235" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Successors, officers, <a href="#Para_150" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>, <a href="#Para_158" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bishop's, <a href="#Para_287" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Suits, parties, <a href="#Para_76" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>, <a href="#Para_217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">must have right, <a href="#Para_76" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>, <a href="#Para_94" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>, <a href="#Para_235" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">235</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in name of one for others, <a href="#Para_214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">prevent perverted use, <a href="#Para_291" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">291</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">priest, <a href="#Para_208" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sunday, services in school, <a href="#Para_351" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">351</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">violations of, <a href="#Para_408" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">408</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">when begins and ends, <a href="#Para_414" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">414</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sunday school, church, <a href="#Para_29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>, <a href="#Para_398" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">398</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Superioress, liability, <a href="#Para_172" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Supporting church, state, <a href="#Para_334" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">334</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Support, test of membership, <a href="#Para_111" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">111</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Suspension by bishop, <a href="#Para_201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Surgeon at hospital, <a href="#Para_337" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">337</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">T</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tax to support Protestantism, <a href="#Para_47" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">on pews, <a href="#Para_243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">incorporation, <a href="#Para_51" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Taxes, bishop's residence, <a href="#Para_265" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a>, <a href="#Para_331" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">331</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Teacher, religious exercise, <a href="#Para_346" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">346</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">studies of pupils, <a href="#Para_353" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">353</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Temporal affairs, corporation, <a href="#Para_66" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a>, <a href="#Para_309" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">309</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Term of office, <a href="#Para_158" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">158</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Testimony, church court, <a href="#Para_203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">on trial privileged, <a href="#Para_386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Test oath, unconstitutional, <a href="#Para_36" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Texan Revolution, church, <a href="#Para_269" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">269</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Text-books, board controls, <a href="#Para_349" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">349</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Thanks as pay, <a href="#Para_166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Theory of church crimes, <a href="#Para_405" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">405</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Time of meeting, <a href="#Para_143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">condition, deed, gift, <a href="#Para_284" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">disturbance of meeting, <a href="#Para_402" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">402</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Title, deed, <a href="#Para_254" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">adverse possession, <a href="#Para_257" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">proof of, <a href="#Para_265" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a>, <a href="#Para_266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a>, <a href="#Para_280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">monks in California, <a href="#Para_268" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">268</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">divided church, <a href="#Para_290" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">290</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mortmain, <a href="#Para_340" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">340</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cemetery lot, <a href="#Para_439" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">439</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tobacco, use of, slander, <a href="#Para_384" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">384</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tolling bell, slander, <a href="#Para_392" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">392</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">when nuisance, <a href="#Para_479" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">479</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tombstones, <a href="#Para_423" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">423</a>, <a href="#Para_424" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">424</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">right to put up, <a href="#Para_468" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">468</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Torts, church courts, <a href="#Para_292" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">292</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">corpse, mutilating, <a href="#Para_463" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">463</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Trades taught Indians, <a href="#Para_374" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">374</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Traffic, disturbing meeting, <a href="#Para_404" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">404</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Treasurer, authority of, <a href="#Para_162" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Trees, cutting in cemetery, <a href="#Para_469" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">469</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Trespass in cemetery, <a href="#Para_429" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">429</a>, <a href="#Para_448" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">448</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tribunals, church, <a href="#Para_19" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">decision of, <a href="#Para_97" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">procedure privileged, <a href="#Para_377" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">377</a>, <a href="#Para_386" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">386</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Trial, injunction against, <a href="#Para_99" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">church, lawful, <a href="#Para_197" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">counsel for parties, <a href="#Para_200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">judgment, <a href="#Para_201" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">proceedings privileged, <a href="#Para_203" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">True religion, <a href="#Para_2" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a>, <a href="#Para_311" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">311</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Trust, enforcing, <a href="#Para_60" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">fraud creating, <a href="#Para_171" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">courts of equity, <a href="#Para_212" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sale in perpetuity, <a href="#Para_241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bishop, land, <a href="#Para_262" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a>, <a href="#Para_287" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">evidence of, <a href="#Para_273" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">vests in whom, <a href="#Para_278" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">distinguished, <a href="#Para_296" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">holding for others, <a href="#Para_340" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">340</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Trustees of church, <a href="#Para_58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">disqualified, <a href="#Para_134" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">134</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">duties and powers, <a href="#Para_58" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a>, <a href="#Para_155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">note by trustees, <a href="#Para_163" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">compensation of, <a href="#Para_166" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bequests to, <a href="#Para_251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">vacancies, how filled, <a href="#Para_288" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Trust funds, <a href="#Para_297" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">297</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Two-family lot in cemetery, <a href="#Para_451" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">451</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">U</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Uncertainty, legatees, <a href="#Para_271" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">271</a>, <a href="#Para_322" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">322</a>, <a href="#Para_323" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">323</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Undertaker, duties, rights, <a href="#Para_314" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">314</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Undue influence of clergy, <a href="#Para_318" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">318</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Uniformity, <a href="#Para_190" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Unincorporated church, <a href="#Para_85" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>, <a href="#Para_117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">liability of members, <a href="#Para_251" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">251</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">who may manage, <a href="#Para_154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Unincorporated congregation, <a href="#Para_217" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">parish, <a href="#Para_117" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">United States, <a href="#Para_422" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">422</a>, <a href="#Para_227" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Usages, pew rent, perquisites, <a href="#Para_105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">election, <a href="#Para_148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">proof of church, <a href="#Para_228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Use, special by deed or devise, <a href="#Para_53" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">for church, pews, <a href="#Para_240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of parish buildings, <a href="#Para_276" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">276</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">distinguished, <a href="#Para_296" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">296</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">forfeited, how, <a href="#Para_444" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">444</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">V</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vacancy in office, <a href="#Para_288" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">288</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vacate cemetery, <a href="#Para_459" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">459</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vested rights, <a href="#Para_294" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">294</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">forfeiture, <a href="#Para_72" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a>, <a href="#Para_294" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">294</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Violation of discipline, <a href="#Para_402" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">402</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Virgin, Blessed, mail, <a href="#Para_406" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">406</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Void, devise or gift, <a href="#Para_135" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">elections, <a href="#Para_143" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>, <a href="#Para_177" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Voire dire examination, <a href="#Para_222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>, <a href="#Para_225" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vote of excommunication, <a href="#Para_133" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">students at college, <a href="#Para_477" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">477</a>. (See <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“<a href="#Index-Ballot" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Ballot</a>,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Usage.”</span>)</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Voters, qualifications, <a href="#Para_144" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a>, <a href="#Para_184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a>, <a href="#Para_250" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">poll list of, <a href="#Para_145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">challenge of, <a href="#Para_186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Votes, cast, majority, <a href="#Para_151" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">inspectors, <a href="#Para_186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">illegal, effect, <a href="#Para_186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vows, property rights, <a href="#Para_342" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">342</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">W</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wages of Sisters, <a href="#Para_49" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of sexton, <a href="#Para_174" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Waiver of notice, <a href="#Para_205" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">challenge, <a href="#Para_186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Warden, wages, <a href="#Para_174" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">authority, <a href="#Para_174" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a>.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span><a name="Pg265" id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wards, Indians are, <a href="#Para_371" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">371</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">religion of, <a href="#Para_365" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">365</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wedding pranks, unlawful, <a href="#Para_481" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">481</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Well, cemetery polluting, <a href="#Para_431" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">431</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">White children, public schools, <a href="#Para_357" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">357</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Will, conditions, <a href="#Para_285" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">under statutes, <a href="#Para_315" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">315</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slander by will, <a href="#Para_382" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">382</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">disposing of corpse, <a href="#Para_457" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">457</a>, <a href="#Para_466" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">466</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wisconsin's statutes, <a href="#Para_50" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">50</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wisconsin Industrial School for Girls, <a href="#Para_28" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Withdrawal from church, <a href="#Para_127" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Witness in church trial, <a href="#Para_207" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">civil courts, <a href="#Para_222" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Worship, who determines, <a href="#Para_308" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">308</a>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">religious, <a href="#Para_29" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">29</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Written notice required, <a href="#Para_187" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Y</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Y. M. C. A., taxes, <a href="#Para_476" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">476</a>.</div> +</div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg 267]</span><a name="Pg267" id="Pg267" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Books Of Doctrine, Instruction, Devotion, Meditation, Biography, +Novels, Juveniles, Etc. Published By Benziger Brothers</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Books not marked <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span> will be sent postpaid on receipt of the advertised +price. Books marked <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span> are such where ten per cent must be added for +postage. Thus a book advertised at <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span> $1.00 will be sent postpaid on receipt +of $1.10. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Doctrine, Instruction, Etc. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ABANDONMENT; or, Absolute Surrender of Self to Divine +Providence. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Caussade</span></span>, S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ADORATION OF THE BLESSED SACRAMENT, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tesnière.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ANECDOTES AND EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE +CATHOLIC CATECHISM. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Spirago.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ANGELS OF THE SANCTUARY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Musser.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 15</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">APOSTLES' CREED. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Müller</span></span>, C.SS.R. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 10</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ART OF PROFITING BY OUR FAULTS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Francis de +Sales</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF ST. IGNATIUS LOYOLA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">O'Conor.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BEGINNINGS OF CHRISTIANITY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shahan</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BLESSED SACRAMENT BOOK. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance</span></span> 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BLOSSOMS OF THE CROSS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Giehrl.</span></span> 12mo. 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BOOK OF THE PROFESSED. 3 volumes, each, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BOY-SAVERS' GUIDE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Quin, S.J.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BREAD OF LIFE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Willam.</span></span> 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CAMILLUS DE LELLIS. By A <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sister of Mercy</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CASES OF CONSCIENCE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Slater, S.J.</span></span> 2 vols. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 3 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CATECHISM EXPLAINED, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Spirago-Clarke.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CATHOLIC BELIEF. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Faà di Bruno.</span></span> 16mo, paper, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0.15; +cloth, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CATHOLIC CEREMONIES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Durand.</span></span> Paper, 0.25; Cloth, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CATHOLIC GIRL'S GUIDE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance</span></span>. 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CATHOLIC HOME ANNUAL. 0 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CATHOLIC PRACTICE AT CHURCH AND AT HOME. +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Klauder.</span></span> Paper, 0.30; Cloth, 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CATHOLIC'S READY ANSWER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hill, S.J.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CEREMONIAL FOR ALTAR BOYS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Britt, O.S.B.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CHARACTERISTICS AND RELIGION OF MODERN +SOCIALISM. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ming, S.J.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CHARACTERISTICS OF TRUE DEVOTION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Grou, S.J.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CHARITY THE ORIGIN OF EVERY BLESSING. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CHILD PREPARED FOR FIRST COMMUNION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zulueta, S.J.</span></span> +Paper. 0 05</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CHRIST IN TYPE AND PROPHECY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maas, S.J.</span></span> 2 vols. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 4 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CHRISTIAN APOLOGETICS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Devivier-Messmer.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CHRISTIAN EDUCATION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">O'Connell.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CHRISTIAN FATHER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cramer-Lambert.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CHRISTIAN MOTHER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cramer.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CHURCH AND HER ENEMIES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Müller</span></span>, C.SS.R. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 10</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">COMMENTARY ON THE PSALMS. (Ps. I-L.) <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Berry.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 00</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg 268]</span><a name="Pg268" id="Pg268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CORRECT THINKING FOR CATHOLICS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bugg.</span></span> 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">COUNSELS OF ST. ANGELA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">DEVOTIONS AND PRAYERS BY ST. ALPHONSUS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ward.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">DEVOTIONS AND PRAYERS FOR THE SICK-ROOM. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Krebs.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">DEVOTIONS TO THE SACRED HEART. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Huguet.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">DEVOTION TO THE SACRED HEART OF JESUS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Noldin-Kent.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">DIVINE GRACE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wirth.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">DIVINE OFFICE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ECCLESIASTICAL DICTIONARY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thein.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 5 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EDUCATION OF OUR GIRLS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shields.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EUCHARIST AND PENANCE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Müller</span></span>, C.SS.R. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 10</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EUCHARISTIC CHRIST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tesnière</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EUCHARISTIC LILIES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maery.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EXPLANATION OF BIBLE HISTORY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nash.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EXPLANATION OF CATHOLIC MORALS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stapleton.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EXPLANATION OF BALTIMORE CATECHISM. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kinkead.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EXPLANATION OF THE COMMANDMENTS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Müller.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 10</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EXPLANATION OF THE COMMANDMENTS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rolfus.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EXPLANATION OF THE CREED. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rolfus.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EXPLANATION OF GOSPELS AND OF CATHOLIC WORSHIP. +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lambert-Brennan.</span></span> Paper, 0.25; Cloth, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EXPLANATION OF THE HOLY SACRAMENTS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rolfus.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EXPLANATION OF THE MASS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cochem.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EXPLANATION OF THE PRAYERS AND CEREMONIES +OF THE MASS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lanslots</span></span>, O.S.B. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EXPLANATION OF THE SALVE REGINA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus +Liguori.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EXTREME UNCTION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Phillip.</span></span> Paper, 0 07</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FLOWERS OF THE PASSION. 32mo. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FOLLOWING OF CHRIST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thomas à Kempis.</span></span> Leather. 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FOLLOWING OF CHRIST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thomas à Kempis.</span></span> Plain Edition. 0 40</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FOR FREQUENT COMMUNICANTS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Roche.</span></span> Paper, 0 10</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FOUR LAST THINGS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cochem.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FUNDAMENTALS OF THE RELIGIOUS LIFE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Schleuter.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GENERAL CONFESSION MADE EASY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Konings.</span></span> C.SS.R. 0 15</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE +HOLY SCRIPTURES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gigot.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 3 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE +HOLY SCRIPTURES. Abridged Edition. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gigot.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RELIGIOUS LIFE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Verheyen.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GENTLEMAN, A. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Egan.</span></span> 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GIFT OF THE KING. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Religious</span></span> H. C. J. 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GLORIES AND TRIUMPHS OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GLORIES OF MARY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> 0.50. Edition in +two volumes. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 3 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GLORIES OF THE SACRED HEART. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hausherr, S.J.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GOD, CHRIST, AND THE CHURCH. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hammer, O.F.M.</span></span> 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GOFFINE'S DEVOUT INSTRUCTIONS. 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GREAT ENCYCLICAL LETTERS OF POPE LEO XIII. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GREAT MEANS OF SALVATION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GREETINGS TO THE CHRIST-CHILD. 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CATHOLIC +SCHOOL SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Burns.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GUIDE FOR SACRISTANS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 85</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HANDBOOK OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wilmers.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HARMONY OF THE RELIGIOUS LIFE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Heuser.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HEAVEN OPEN TO SOULS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Semple, S.J.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HELP FOR THE POOR SOULS, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ackermann.</span></span> 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HELPS TO A SPIRITUAL LIFE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Schneider.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HIDDEN TREASURE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Leonard.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HISTORY OF ECONOMICS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dewe.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE IN ROME. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brann.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Alzog.</span></span> 3 vols. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 8 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Businger-Brennan.</span></span> 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brueck.</span></span> 2 vols. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 3 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HISTORY OF THE MASS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">O'Brien.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HISTORY OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gasquet.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HOLINESS OF THE CHURCH IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kempf-Breymann.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 75</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg 269]</span><a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HOLY BIBLE, THE. Ordinary Edition, Cloth, 1.25, and in +finer bindings up to 5.00. India Paper Edition, 3.50 to 6 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HOLY EUCHARIST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HOLY HOUR, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keiley.</span></span> 0 15</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HOLY HOUR OF ADORATION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stang.</span></span> 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HOLY MASS, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HOLY VIATICUM OF LIFE AS OF DEATH. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dever.</span></span> Paper, +0.25; Cloth, 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HOW TO COMFORT THE SICK. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Krebs</span></span>, C.SS.R. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HOW TO MAKE THE MISSION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dominican Father.</span></span> Paper, 0 10</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">IMITATION OF CHRIST. See <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Following of Christ.”</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">IMITATION OF THE SACRED HEART. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arnoudt.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">INCARNATION, BIRTH AND INFANCY OF JESUS CHRIST. +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">IN HEAVEN WE KNOW OUR OWN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Blot</span></span>, S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">INDEX TO WORKS OF ST. ALPHONSUS LIGUORI. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Geiermann</span></span>, +C.SS.R. Paper. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 10</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">INSTRUCTIONS ON THE COMMANDMENTS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus +Liguori.</span></span> Cloth. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">INTERIOR OF JESUS AND MARY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Grou</span></span>, S.J. 2 vols. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">INTRODUCTION TO A DEVOUT LIFE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Francis de Sales.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LADY, A. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bugg.</span></span> 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LAWS OF THE KING. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Religious</span></span> H. C. J. 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LESSONS OF THE SAVIOUR. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Religious</span></span> H. C. J. 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LETTERS OF ST. ALPHONSUS LIGUORI. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Grimm</span></span>, C.SS.R. +5 vols., each, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIFE OF MOTHER GUERIN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIFE OF BLESSED MARGARET MARY ALACOQUE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bougaud.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIFE OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rohner-Brennan.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIFE OF CHRIST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Businger-Brennan.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 10 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIFE OF CHRIST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cochem-Hammer.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIFE OF CHRIST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Businger.</span></span> 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIFE OF HIS HOLINESS POPE PIUS X. 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIFE OF MADEMOISELLE LE GRAS. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIFE OF ST. CATHARINE OF SIENNA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aymé</span></span>. 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIFE OF ST. IGNATIUS LOYOLA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Genelli</span></span>, S.J. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIFE OF SISTER ANNE KATHARINE EMMERICH. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wegener-McGowan.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE ALTAR BOY'S MANUAL. 0 20</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE LIVES OF THE SAINTS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Berthold.</span></span> 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE MANUAL OF ST. ANTHONY. 0 15</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE MANUAL OF ST. JOSEPH. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lings.</span></span> 0 15</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE MANUAL OF ST. RITA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">McGrath.</span></span> Cloth, 0.50; +Leather, 0 85</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE MASS BOOK, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lynch.</span></span> Paper, 0 05</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE MONTH OF MAY. 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE MONTH OF THE SOULS IN PURGATORY. 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE OFFICE OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY. Edition +in Latin and English. Cloth, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0.75 and in finer bindings +up to <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1.50. Edition in Latin only, Cloth, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0.60 +and in finer bindings up to <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE OFFICE OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION. +Paper, 0 05</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE PICTORIAL LIVES OF THE SAINTS. 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIVES OF THE SAINTS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Butler.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LOURDES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clarke</span></span>, S.J. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MANUAL OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE AND CHRISTIAN PERFECTION, +A. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Henry</span></span>, C.SS.R. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MANUAL OF THEOLOGY FOR THE LAITY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Geiermann.</span></span> +C.SS.R. Paper, 0.30; Cloth, 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MANUAL OF THE HOLY EUCHARIST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance.</span></span> 0 85</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MANUAL OF THE HOLY NAME. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MANUAL OF THE SACRED HEART. 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MARY HELP OF CHRISTIANS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hammer</span></span>, O.F.M. 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MARY THE QUEEN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Religious</span></span> H. C. J. 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MASS AND VESTMENTS OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Walsh.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MASS DEVOTIONS AND READINGS ON THE MASS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance.</span></span> 0 85</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page270">[pg 270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MASS-SERVER'S CARD. Per doz. 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MEANS OF GRACE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brennan.</span></span> 3 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MEDITATIONS FOR ALL THE DAYS OF THE YEAR. +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hamon</span></span>, S.S. 5 vols. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 5 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MEDITATIONS FOR EVERY DAY IN THE YEAR. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Baxter.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MEDITATIONS FOR EVERY DAY IN THE YEAR. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vercruysse</span></span>, +S.J. 2 vols. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 3 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MEDITATIONS FOR EVERY DAY IN THE MONTH. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nepveu-Ryan.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MEDITATIONS ON THE LAST WORDS FROM THE CROSS. +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Perraud.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MEDITATIONS ON THE LIFE, THE TEACHING, AND +THE PASSION OF JESUS CHRIST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ilg-Clarke.</span></span> 2 vols. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 3 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MEDITATIONS ON THE MYSTERIES OF OUR HOLY +FAITH. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barraud</span></span>, S.J. 2 vols. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 3 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MEDITATIONS ON THE PASSION OF OUR LORD. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MEDITATIONS ON THE SUFFERINGS OF JESUS +CHRIST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Perinaldo.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MIDDLE AGES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shahan.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS OF ST. ALPHONSUS LIGUORI. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MISSAL EXPLAINED, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fleury</span></span>, S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 85</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MISSION BOOK FOR THE MARRIED. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Girardey.</span></span> C.SS.R. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MISSION BOOK FOR THE SINGLE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Girardey</span></span>, C.SS.R. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MOMENTS BEFORE THE TABERNACLE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Russell</span></span>, S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MORAL PRINCIPLES AND MEDICAL PRACTICE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coppens</span></span>, +S.J. 12mo. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MORALITY OF MODERN SOCIALISM. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ming</span></span>, S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MORE SHORT SPIRITUAL READINGS FOR MARY'S +CHILDREN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Madame Cecilia.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MY PRAYER-BOOK. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance.</span></span> Imitation leather, 1.25; India +paper, 2.00. With Epistles and Gospels, India paper, 2 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">NAMES THAT LIVE IN CATHOLIC HEARTS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sadlier.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">NARROW WAY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Geiermann</span></span>, C.SS.R. 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">NEW MANUAL OF ST. ANTHONY. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">NEW MISSAL FOR EVERY DAY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance.</span></span> Imitation leather, 1 50 +Gold edges, 1.75, and in finer bindings.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">NEW TESTAMENT. Cloth, 0.50; American Seal, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1.50. Plain +Edition, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0.20; and in finer bindings up to <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0.60. Plain +Edition, Illustrated, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0.60. Illustrated Edition. India +paper, Am. Seal, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0.75, and in finer bindings up to <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">OFFICE OF HOLY WEEK. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 20</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">OUR FAVORITE DEVOTIONS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lings.</span></span> 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">OUR FAVORITE NOVENAS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lings.</span></span> 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">OUTLINES OF DOGMATIC THEOLOGY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hunter.</span></span> 3 vols. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 4 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">OUTLINES OF JEWISH HISTORY, from Abraham to Our +Lord. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gigot.</span></span> 8 vo. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">OUTLINES OF NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gigot.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PARADISE ON EARTH OPENED TO ALL. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Natale</span></span>, S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PASSION AND THE DEATH OF JESUS CHRIST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. +Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PASTORAL LETTERS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">McFaul.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PATRON SAINTS FOR CATHOLIC YOUTH. Mannix. Each vol. 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PEARLS FROM FABER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brunowe.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PICTORIAL LIVES OF THE SAINTS. 3 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">POLICEMEN'S AND FIREMEN'S COMPANION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">McGrath.</span></span> +Cloth, 0.25; American Seal, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">POLITICAL AND MORAL ESSAYS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rickaby</span></span>, S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">POPULAR LIFE OF ST. TERESA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Porter.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PRAYER-BOOK FOR RELIGIOUS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance.</span></span> Cloth, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1.50; +American Seal, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PREACHING. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PREPARATION FOR DEATH. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PRINCIPLES, ORIGIN, AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE +CATHOLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Burns.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PRIVATE RETREAT FOR RELIGIOUS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Geiermann</span></span>, C.SS.R. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">QUEEN'S FESTIVALS, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Religious</span></span> H. C. J. 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">RAMBLES IN CATHOLIC LANDS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barrett</span></span>, O.S.B. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 00</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page271">[pg 271]</span><a name="Pg271" id="Pg271" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">REASONABLENESS OF CATHOLIC CEREMONIES AND +PRACTICES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Burke.</span></span> Paper, 0.15; Cloth, 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">RELIGIOUS STATE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ROMA. Pagan, Subterranean, and Modern Rome in Word and +Picture. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kuhn.</span></span> Cloth, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 10.00; Full red morocco, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 16 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ROMAN CURIA AS IT NOW EXISTS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Martin</span></span>, S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ROMAN MISSAL. Embossed cloth, and in finer bindings, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 85</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ROSARY, THE CROWN OF MARY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dominican Father.</span></span> Paper, 0 10</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">RULES OF LIFE FOR THE PASTOR OF SOULS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Slater-Rauch.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SACRAMENTALS OF THE CHURCH. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lambing.</span></span> Paper, 0.25; +Cloth, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SACRED HEART BOOK. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance.</span></span> Im. leather, 0.85; Am. Seal, 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SACRED HEART STUDIED IN THE SACRED SCRIPTURES. +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Saintrain</span></span>, C.SS.R. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SACRIFICE OF THE MASS WORTHILY CELEBRATED. +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chaignon-Goesbriand.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ST. ANTHONY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keller.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ST. ANTHONY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ward.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dubois</span></span>, S.M. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SAINTS AND PLACES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ayscough.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SANCTUARY BOYS' ILLUSTRATED MANUAL. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">McCallen.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SCAPULAR MEDAL. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Geiermann</span></span>, C.SS.R. Paper, 0 05</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SECRET OF SANCTITY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">McMahon.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SERAPHIC GUIDE. 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SHORT CONFERENCES ON THE SACRED HEART. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brinkmeyer.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SHORT COURSE IN CATHOLIC DOCTRINE. Paper, 0 10</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SHORT HISTORY OF MORAL THEOLOGY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Slater.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SHORT LIVES OF THE SAINTS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Donnelly.</span></span> 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SHORT MEDITATIONS FOR EVERY DAY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasausse.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SHORT STORIES ON CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">McMahon.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SHORT VISITS TO THE BLESSED SACRAMENT. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance.</span></span> +Cloth, 0 15</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SOCIALISM AND CHRISTIANITY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stang.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SOCIALISM: ITS THEORETICAL BASIS AND PRACTICAL +APPLICATION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cathrein-Gettelmann.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SODALIST'S VADE MECUM. 0 40</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' COMPANION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">McGrath.</span></span> Cloth, +0.25; American Seal, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SPECIAL INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE OLD +TESTAMENT. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gigot.</span></span> Part I, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1.75; Part II, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SPIRAGO'S METHOD OF CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Messmer.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SPIRIT OF SACRIFICE, THE, AND THE LIFE OF SACRIFICE +IN THE RELIGIOUS STATE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Giraud-Thurston.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SPIRITUAL CONSIDERATIONS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Buckler</span></span>, O.P. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SPIRITUAL DESPONDENCY AND TEMPTATIONS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Michel-Garesché.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SPIRITUAL EXERCISES FOR A TEN DAYS' RETREAT. +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Smetana</span></span>, C.SS.R. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SPIRITUAL PEPPER AND SALT. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stang.</span></span> Paper, 0.30; Cloth, 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SPOILING THE DIVINE FEAST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zulueta</span></span>, S.J. Paper, 0 07</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">STORIES FOR FIRST COMMUNICANTS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keller.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">STORY OF JESUS SIMPLY TOLD FOR THE YOUNG. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mulholland.</span></span> 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">STORY OF THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lynch</span></span>, S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">STORY OF THE DIVINE CHILD. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lings.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">STORY OF THE FRIENDS OF JESUS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Religious</span></span> H. C. J. 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">STORIES OF THE MIRACLES OF OUR LORD. 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SUNDAY MISSAL, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance.</span></span> Imitation leather, 0.75; +American seal. 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SUNDAY-SCHOOL DIRECTOR'S GUIDE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sloan.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SUNDAY-SCHOOL TEACHER'S GUIDE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sloan.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SURE WAY TO A HAPPY MARRIAGE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taylor.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TALKS WITH THE LITTLE ONES ABOUT THE APOSTLES' +CREED. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Religious</span></span> H. C. J. 0 35</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg 272]</span><a name="Pg272" id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">THOUGHTS AND AFFECTIONS ON THE PASSION OF +JESUS CHRIST FOR EVERY DAY OF THE YEAR. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bergamo</span></span>, +O.M.Cap. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">THOUGHTS AND COUNSELS FOR THE CONSIDERATION +OF CATHOLIC YOUNG MEN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Doss-Wirth.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">THOUGHTS ON THE RELIGIOUS LIFE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TRAINING OF CHILDREN AND OF GIRLS IN THEIR +TEENS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Madame Cecilia.</span></span> Paper, 0.25; Cloth, 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TRUE POLITENESS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Demore.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TRUE SPOUSE OF CHRIST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> 1 vol. +edition, 0.50; 2 vol. edition, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 3 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TWO SPIRITUAL RETREATS FOR SISTERS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zollner-Wirth.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">VENERATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rohner-Brennan.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">VICTORIES OF THE MARTYRS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">VIGIL HOUR. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ryan</span></span>, S.J. Paper, 0 10</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">VISITS TO JESUS IN THE TABERNACLE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">VISITS TO THE MOST HOLY SACRAMENT. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus +Liguori.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">VOCATION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Van Tricht-Conniff.</span></span> Paper, 0 07</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">VOCATIONS EXPLAINED. Cloth, 0 10</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WAY OF INTERIOR PEACE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">De Lehen</span></span>, S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WAY OF SALVATION AND OF PERFECTION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus +Liguori.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WAY OF THE CROSS. Illustrated. Paper, 0 05</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WAY OF THE CROSS, THE. Large-type edition. Method of +<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> Illustrated. 0 15</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WAY OF THE CROSS. Illustrated. Eucharistic method. 0 15</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WAY OF THE CROSS. By a Jesuit Father. Illustrated. 0 15</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WAY OF THE CROSS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Francis of Assisi.</span></span> Illustrated. 0 15</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WAY OF THE CROSS. Illustrated. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">St. Alphonsus Liguori.</span></span> 0 15</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WHAT CATHOLICS HAVE DONE FOR SCIENCE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brennan.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WHAT THE CHURCH TEACHES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Drury.</span></span> Paper, 0.30; Cloth, 0 60</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WHAT TIMES! WHAT MORALS! <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Semple</span></span>, S.J. Paper, 0.20; +Cloth, 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WITH CHRIST, MY FRIEND. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sloan.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WITH GOD. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance.</span></span> Imitation leather, 1.25; American Seal, 2 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WOMEN OF CATHOLICITY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sadlier.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">YOUNG MAN'S GUIDE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lasance.</span></span> Imitation leather. 0 75</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +NOVELS. +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">AGATHA'S HARD SAYING. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mulholland.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BACK TO THE WORLD. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Champol.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BALLADS OF CHILDHOOD. (Poems.) <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Earls</span></span>, S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BLACK BROTHERHOOD, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Garrold</span></span>, S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BOND AND FREE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Connor.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“BUT THY LOVE AND THY GRACE.”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn</span></span>, S.J. 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BY THE BLUE RIVER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clarke.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CARROLL DARE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CATTLE TRAIL OF THE PRAIRIES. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CIRCUS-RIDER'S DAUGHTER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brackel.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CLIMBING THE ALPS. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CONNOR D'ARCY'S STRUGGLES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bertholds.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CORINNE'S VOW. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">DAUGHTER OF KINGS. A. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hinkson.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">DION AND THE SIBYLS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keon</span></span>. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">DOUBLE KNOT, A. AND OTHER STORIES. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ELDER MISS AINSBOROUGH. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taggart.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ESQUIMAUX, THE. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FABIOLA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wiseman.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FABIOLA'S SISTERS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clarke.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FATAL BEACON, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brackel.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FAUSTULA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ayscough</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FINE CLAY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clarke.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FLOWERS OF THE CLOISTER. (Poems.) <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">La Motte.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FORGIVE AND FORGET. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lingen.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FRIENDLY LITTLE HOUSE, THE, AND OTHER STORIES. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FURS AND FUR HUNTERS. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GRAPES OF THORNS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HANDLING MAIL FOR MILLIONS. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HEART OF A MAN, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maher.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span><a name="Pg273" id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HEARTS OF GOLD. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Edhor.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HEIRESS OF CRONENSTEIN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hahn-Hahn.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HER BLIND FOLLY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Holt.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HER FATHER'S DAUGHTER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hinkson.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HER FATHER'S SHARE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Power.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HER JOURNEY'S END. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cooke.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">IDOLS: OR THE SECRET OF THE RUE CHAUSSEE +D'ANTIN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Navery.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">IN GOD'S GOOD TIME. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ross.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">IN THE DAYS OF KING HAL. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taggart.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">IVY HEDGE, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Egan.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">KIND HEARTS AND CORONETS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Harrison.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LADY OF THE TOWER, THE, AND OTHER STORIES. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIFE UNDERGROUND. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LIGHT OF HIS COUNTENANCE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Harte.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“LIKE UNTO A MERCHANT.”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gray.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LINKED LIVES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Douglas.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE CARDINAL, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parr.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MARCELLA GRACE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mulholland.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MARIAE COROLLA. (Poems.) <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hill.</span></span> C.P. 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MARIE OF THE HOUSE D'ANTERS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Earls.</span></span> S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MELCHIOR OF BOSTON. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Earls.</span></span> S.J. 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MIGHTY FRIEND, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">L'Ermite.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MIRROR OF SHALOTT. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Benson.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MISS ERIN, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Francis.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MONK'S PARDON, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Navery.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MR. BILLY BUTTONS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lecky.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MY LADY BEATRICE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cooke.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">NOT A JUDGMENT. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keon.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ON PATROL WITH A BOUNDARY RIDER. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ONLY ANNE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clarke.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">OTHER MISS LISLE, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Martin.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">OUT OF BONDAGE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Holt.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">OUTLAW OF CAMARGUE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lamothe.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PASSING SHADOWS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yorke.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PAT. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hinkson.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PERE MONNIER'S WARD. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lecky.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PILKINGTON HEIR, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sadlier.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PRISONERS' YEARS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clarke.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PRODIGAL'S DAUGHTER, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bugg.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PROPHET'S WIFE, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Browne.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">RED INN OF ST. LYPHAR. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sadlier.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">REST HOUSE, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clarke.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ROAD BEYOND THE TOWN, AND OTHER POEMS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Earls.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ROSE OF THE WORLD. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Martin.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ROUND TABLE OF AMERICAN CATHOLIC NOVELISTS. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ROUND TABLE OF FRENCH CATHOLIC NOVELISTS. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ROUND TABLE OF GERMAN CATHOLIC NOVELISTS. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ROUND TABLE OF IRISH AND ENGLISH CATHOLIC +NOVELISTS. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">RULER OF THE KINGDOM, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keon.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SECRET CITADEL, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clarke.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SECRET OF THE GREEN VASE, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cooke.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SENIOR LIEUTENANT'S WAGER, THE, AND OTHER +STORIES. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SHADOW OF EVERSLEIGH, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lansdowne.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SHIELD OF SILENCE, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Henry-Ruffin.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SO AS BY FIRE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Connor.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SOGGARTH AROON, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Guinan.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SON OF SIRO, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Copus.</span></span> S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">STORY OF CECILIA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hinkson.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">STREET SCENES IN DIFFERENT LANDS. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">STUORE. (Stories.) <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Earls.</span></span> S.J. 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TEMPEST OF THE HEART, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gray.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TEST OF COURAGE, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ross.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">THAT MAN'S DAUGHTER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ross.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">THEIR CHOICE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Skinner.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">THROUGH THE DESERT. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sienkiewicz.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TRAIL OF THE DRAGON, THE, AND OTHER STORIES. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TRAINING OF SILAS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Devine.</span></span> 1</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page274">[pg 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TRUE STORY OF MASTER GERARD. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sadlier.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TURN OF THE TIDE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gray.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">UNBIDDEN GUEST, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cooke.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">UNDER THE CEDARS AND THE STARS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sheehan.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">UNRAVELLING OF A TANGLE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taggart.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">UP IN ARDMUIRLAND. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barrett.</span></span> O.S.B. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">VOCATION OF EDWARD CONWAY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Egan.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WARGRAVE TRUST, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reid.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WAY THAT LED BEYOND, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Harrison.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WEDDING BELLS OF GLENDALOUGH. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Earls.</span></span> S.J. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">net</span></span>, 1 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WEST AND THE GREAT PETRIFIED FOREST, THE. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WHEN LOVE IS STRONG. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keon.</span></span> 1 25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WINNING OF THE NEW WEST, THE. 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WOMAN OF FORTUNE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reid.</span></span> 1 25</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +JUVENILES +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ADVENTURE WITH THE APACHES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ferry.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ALTHEA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nirdlinger.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">AS GOLD IN THE FURNACE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Copus.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">AS TRUE AS GOLD. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mannix.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BELL FOUNDRY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Schaching.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BERKLEYS, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wight.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BEST FOOT FORWARD, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BETWEEN FRIENDS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aumerle.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BISTOURI. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Melandri.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BLISSLYVANIA POST-OFFICE, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taggart.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BOB O'LINK. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BROWNIE AND I. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aumerle.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BUNT AND BILL. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mulholland.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">BY BRANSCOME RIVER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taggart.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CAMP BY COPPER RIVER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Spalding.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CAPTAIN TED. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CAVE BY THE BEACH FORK. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Spalding.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CHARLIE CHITTYWICK. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bearne.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CHILDREN OF CUPA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mannix.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CHILDREN OF THE LOG CABIN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Delamare.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CLARE LORAINE. <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lee.</span></span>”</span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CLAUDE LIGHTFOOT. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">COLLEGE BOY, A. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Yorke.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CUPA REVISITED. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mannix.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">CUPID OF CAMPION. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">DADDY DAN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">DEAR FRIENDS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nirdlinger.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">DIMPLING'S SUCCESS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mulholland.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ETHELRED PRESTON. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">EVERY-DAY GIRL, AN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Crowley.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FAIRY OF THE SNOWS, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FIVE BIRDS IN A NEST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Delamare.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FIVE O'CLOCK STORIES. 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FLOWER OF THE FLOCK, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Egan.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FOR THE WHITE ROSE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hinkson.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FRED'S LITTLE DAUGHTER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Smith.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FREDDY CARR'S ADVENTURES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Garrold.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">FREDDY CARR AND HIS FRIENDS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Garrold.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GOLDEN LILY, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hinkson.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GREAT CAPTAIN, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hinkson.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">GUILD BOYS' PLAY AT RIDINGDALE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bearne.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HALDEMAN CHILDREN, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mannix.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HARMONY FLATS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Whitmire.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HARRY DEE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HARRY RUSSELL. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Copus.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HEIR OF DREAMS, AN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">O'Malley.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HIS FIRST AND LAST APPEARANCE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HOSTAGE OF WAR, A. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bonesteel.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">HOW THEY WORKED THEIR WAY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Egan.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">IN QUEST OF ADVENTURE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mannix.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">IN QUEST OF THE GOLDEN CHEST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barton.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">JACK. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Religious.</span></span>H. C. J. 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">JACK HILDRETH ON THE NILE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taggart.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">JACK-O'-LANTERN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">JUNIORS OF ST. BEDE'S. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bryson.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span><a name="Pg275" id="Pg275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">JUVENILE ROUND TABLE First Series, Second Series, Third +Series. Each 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">KLONDIKE PICNIC, A. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Donnelly.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LEGENDS AND STORIES OF THE HOLY CHILD JESUS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lutz.</span></span> 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE APOSTLE ON CRUTCHES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Delamare.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE GIRL FROM BACK EAST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Roberts.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE LADY OF THE HALL. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ryeman.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE MARSHALLS AT THE LAKE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nixon-Roulet.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LITTLE MISSY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">LOYAL BLUE AND ROYAL SCARLET. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taggart.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MAD KNIGHT, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Schaching.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MADCAP SET AT ST. ANNE'S. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brunowe.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MAKING OF MORTLAKE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Copus.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MARKS OF THE BEAR CLAWS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Spalding.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MARY TRACY'S FORTUNE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sadlier.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MELOR OF THE SILVER HAND. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bearne.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MILLY AVELING. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Smith.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MIRALDA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Johnston.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MORE FIVE O'CLOCK STORIES. 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MOSTLY BOYS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MYSTERIOUS DOORWAY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sadlier.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MYSTERY OF CLEVERLY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barton.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">MYSTERY OF HORNBY HALL. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sadlier.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">NAN NOBODY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">NED RIEDER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wehs.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">NEW BOYS AT RIDINGDALE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bearne.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">NEW SCHOLAR AT ST. ANNE'S. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brunowe.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">OLD CHARLMONT'S SEED-BED. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Smith.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">OLD MILL ON THE WITHROSE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Spalding.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ON THE OLD CAMPING GROUND. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mannix.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">OUR LADY'S LUTENIST. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bearne.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PANCHO AND PANCHITA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mannix.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PAULINE ARCHER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sadlier.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PERCY WYNN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PERIL OF DIONYSIO, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mannix.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PETRONILLA, AND OTHER STORIES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Donnelly.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PICKLE AND PEPPER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dorsey.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PILGRIM FROM IRELAND. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Carnot.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">PLAYWATER PLOT, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">POLLY DAY'S ISLAND. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Roberts.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">POVERINA. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Buckenham.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">QUEEN'S PAGE, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hinkson.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">QUEEN'S PROMISE, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">QUEST OF MARY SELWYN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clementia.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">RACE FOR COPPER ISLAND. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Spalding.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">RECRUIT TOMMY COLLINS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bonesteel.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">RIDINGDALE FLOWER SHOW. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bearne.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ROMANCE OF THE SILVER SHOON. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bearne.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">ST. CUTHBERT'S. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Copus.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SANDY JOE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SEA-GULL'S ROCK. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sandeau.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SEVEN LITTLE MARSHALLS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nixon-Roulet.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SHADOWS LIFTED. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Copus.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SHEER PLUCK. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bearne.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SHERIFF OF THE BEECH FORK. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Spalding.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SHIPMATES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">STRONG-ARM OF AVALON. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SUGAR CAMP AND AFTER. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Spalding.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">SUMMER AT WOODVILLE, A. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sadlier.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TALES AND LEGENDS OF THE MIDDLE AGES. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Capella.</span></span> 0 75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TALISMAN, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sadlier.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TAMING OF POLLY, THE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dorsey.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">THAT FOOTBALL GAME. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">THAT OFFICE BOY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">THREE LITTLE GIRLS, AND ESPECIALLY ONE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taggart.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TOLD IN THE TWILIGHT. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Salome.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TOM LOSELY: BOY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Copus.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TOM PLAYFAIR. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Finn.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TOM'S LUCK-POT. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TOORALLADDY. By <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Julia C. Walsh.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span><a name="Pg276" id="Pg276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TRANSPLANTING OF TESSIE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TREASURE OF NUGGET MOUNTAIN. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taggart.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">TWO LITTLE GIRLS. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mack.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">UNCLE FRANK'S MARY. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clementia.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">UPS AND DOWNS OF MARJORIE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Waggaman.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">VIOLIN MAKER, THE. Adapted by <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sara Trainer Smith.</span></span> 0 35</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WAYWARD WINIFRED. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sadlier.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WINNETOU, THE APACHE KNIGHT. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Taggart.</span></span> 0 50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">WITCH OF RIDINGDALE. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bearne.</span></span> 1 00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">YOUNG COLOR GUARD. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bonesteel.</span></span> 0 35</div> +</div> + +</div> + +</div> +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc75" id="toc75"></a> + <a name="pdf76" id="pdf76"></a> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">U. S. Constitution, Amendments, art. i, art. xiv, sec. 1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lives of the Popes, Montor, vol. i, p. 94; Life of Leo +XIII, <span class="tei tei-q">“Philippine Question.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Science of Jurisprudence, Taylor, p. 506; Historical +Jurisprudence, Lee, p. 328.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ancient Egypt, Rawlinson, vol. i, p. 323.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Historical Jurisprudence, Lee, pp. 98, 164, 274; History +of England, Lingard, vol. i, c. vii; The Science of Jurisprudence, +Taylor, p. 506.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Historical Jurisprudence, Lee, p. 257.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Historical Jurisprudence, Lee, p. 271.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Beginnings of Christianity, Shahan, 90.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Elements of Ecclesiastical Law, Smith.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Historical Jurisprudence, Lee, p. 387; Justinian, Sandar, +p. 21.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Beginnings of Christianity, Shahan.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Universal Church History, Alzog.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href="#noteref_13">13.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Law Dictionary, Bouvier, <span class="tei tei-q">“Benefit of Clergy,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Canon +Law”</span>; Blackstone, vol. i, p. 460, vol. iii, p. 61.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href="#noteref_14">14.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Blackstone, vol. i, p. 461.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href="#noteref_15">15.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Justinian, Sandar, p. 21; Cyc, vol. viii, p. 366, vol. +xiv, p. 1228; Eq. Jurisprudence, Pomeroy, vol. i, p. 1; +The Science of Jurisprudence, Taylor, p. 255 et seq; Blackstone, +vol. i, pp. 18-20, 63; Kent, vol. i, p. 10; English Constitution, +Creasy.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href="#noteref_16">16.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Blackstone, vol. i, p. 82, vol. iv, c. 33; The Science of +Jurisprudence, Taylor, p. 337; Conflict of Laws, Wharton, +sec. 172.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href="#noteref_17">17.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The American Cyclopedia, <span class="tei tei-q">“Bologna.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href="#noteref_18">18.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Science of Jurisprudence, Taylor, p. 238.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href="#noteref_19">19.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Blackstone, vol. i, pp. 18-20, 79, vol. iv, c. 33.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href="#noteref_20">20.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commentaries, Kent, vol. i, c. xi, pp. 342, 473, 515, 525-544, +vol. ii, p. 27; Origin and Nature of the Constitution +and Government of U. S., U. S. Sup. Ct. Reps., 9 L. Ed., +873.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href="#noteref_21">21.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commentaries, Kent, vol. i, p. 472; Blackstone, vol. i, +p. 107.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href="#noteref_22">22.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commentaries, Kent, vol. ii, pp. 35-37; Conflict of +Laws, Wharton (3rd ed.), vol. ii, pp. 1327-8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href="#noteref_23">23.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Law of Fraternities, Scanlan, ch. xxiv; Conflict of +Laws, Wharton, sec. 109; Baxter v. McDonald, 155 N. Y., +83; 49 N. E., 667; Morris v. Dart, 67 S. C, 338; 45 S. E., +753; 100 Am. St. R., 734; Terrett v. Taylor, 13 U. S., 43; +3 L. Ed., 650.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href="#noteref_24">24.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Weld v. May, 9 Cushing, Mass., 181.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href="#noteref_25">25.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Martin v. State, 65 Tenn., 234.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href="#noteref_26">26.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">A Manual of Catholic Theology, Wilhelm and Scannell, +p. xvii, et seq.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href="#noteref_27">27.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">A Catholic Dictionary, Addis and Arnold, <span class="tei tei-q">“Dogma.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href="#noteref_28">28.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re St. Louis Inst. of Christian Science, 27 Mo. App., +633.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href="#noteref_29">29.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hale v. Everett, 53 N. H., 9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href="#noteref_30">30.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Trustees, 7 Ohio St., 58.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href="#noteref_31">31.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kniskern v. Lutheran Church, 1 Sandford, N. Y., Ch. +439.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href="#noteref_32">32.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Hallock, 16 Nev., 373.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href="#noteref_33">33.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stephenson v. Hanyon, 7 Dist. Ct. Rep. Pa., 585.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href="#noteref_34">34.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Board, 134 Mo., 296; 35 S. W., 617.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href="#noteref_35">35.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Synod v. State, 2 S. Dak., 366; 50 N. W., 632; 14 L. R. +A., 418.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href="#noteref_36">36.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stebbins v. Jennings, 10 Pick., Mass., 172.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href="#noteref_37">37.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. District Board, 76 Wis., 177; 44 N. W., 967; +20 Am. St. Rep., 41; 7 L. R. A., 330.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href="#noteref_38">38.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hackett v. Brooksville, 27 Ky. L., 1021; 87 N. W., 792; +69 L. R. A., 592.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href="#noteref_39">39.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Board, 134 Mo., 296; 35 S. W., 617; 56 Am. St. +Rep., 503.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href="#noteref_40">40.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">County v. Industrial School, 125 Ill., 540; 18 N. E., +183; 1 L. R. A., 437; 8 Am. St. Rep., 386.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href="#noteref_41">41.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Industrial School for Girls,”</span> Wisconsin Blue +Book. Session Laws of Wis., 1907, p. 1416 (index to +Acts). Wis. Industrial School for Girls v. Clark Co., 103 +Wis., 651; 79 N. W., 422.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href="#noteref_42">42.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">O'Connor v. Hendrick, 184 N. Y., 421; 77 N. E., 612.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href="#noteref_43">43.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hysong v. Gallitzen, 164 Pa., 629; 30 At., 482; 44 Am. +St. Rep., 623; 26 L. R. A., 203; Dorner v. School Dist., +118 N. W., 353 (Nov. 27, 1908). A good résumé of the +subject is given in a footnote in 105 Am. St. R., 151.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href="#noteref_44">44.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stafford v. State, 45 So., 673. A Protestant Dictionary, +Wright & Neil, and Webster's Dictionary, <span class="tei tei-q">“Worship.”</span> A +Catholic Dictionary, Addis and Arnold, <span class="tei tei-q">“Latria.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href="#noteref_45">45.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gass's App., 73 Pa., 46; 13 Am. Rep., 726; State v. +Norris, 59 N. H., 536.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href="#noteref_46">46.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. Joseph's Church v. Assessors, 12 R. I., 19; 34 Am. +R., 597; Gerke v. Purcell, 25 Ohio, 229; Am. & Eng. Ency. +of L., <span class="tei tei-q">“Worship.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href="#noteref_47">47.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ante, <a href="#Para_28" class="tei tei-ref">28</a>; Post, <a href="#Para_346" class="tei tei-ref">346</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href="#noteref_48">48.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Catholic Catechism.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href="#noteref_49">49.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sherman v. Baker, 20 R. I., 446; 40 At., 11; 40 L. R. +A., 717.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href="#noteref_50">50.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Webster v. Surghow, 69 N. H., 380; 45 At., 139; 48 +L. R. A., 100.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href="#noteref_51">51.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Coleman v. O'Leary, 114 Ky., 388; 70 S. W., 1068.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href="#noteref_52">52.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McEntee v. Bonacum, 66 Neb., 651; 92 N. W., 633.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href="#noteref_53">53.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">American and English Encyclopedia of Law, <span class="tei tei-q">“Parishoner.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href="#noteref_54">54.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ibid., <span class="tei tei-q">“Minister”</span>; 7 Cyc, 189, <span class="tei tei-q">“Clergy.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href="#noteref_55">55.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ibid.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href="#noteref_56">56.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ibid.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href="#noteref_57">57.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Davies v. Beason, 133 U. S., 333; 33 L. Ed., 637.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href="#noteref_58">58.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Simpson v. Welcome, 72 Me., 496.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href="#noteref_59">59.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Board v. Minor, 23 Ohio St., 250.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href="#noteref_60">60.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Baxter v. Langley, 38 L. J., M. C., 1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href="#noteref_61">61.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Art. vi.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href="#noteref_62">62.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ex parte Garland, 4 Wallace, 333; 18 L. Ed., 366.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href="#noteref_63">63.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Church of Latter-Day Saints v. U. S., 136 U. S., 1; 34 +L. Ed., 478; 140 U. S., 665; 35 L. Ed., 592.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href="#noteref_64">64.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reynolds v. United States, 8 Otto, 145; 25 L. Ed., 244.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href="#noteref_65">65.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Church of Latter-Day Saints v. U. S., 136 U. S., 1; 34 +L. Ed., 478; 140 U. S., 665; 35 L. Ed., 592.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href="#noteref_66">66.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Davis v. Beason, 133 U. S., 333; 33 L. Ed., 637.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href="#noteref_67">67.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fenelon v. Girard, 2 Howard, 127; 11 L. Ed., 205.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href="#noteref_68">68.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Marble, 72 Ohio St., 21; 73 N. E., 1063; State +v. Chenoweth, 163 Ind., 94; 71 N. E., 197; People v. Reetz, +127 Mich, 87; 86 N. W., 396; 59 Cen. L. J., 202; 68 L. R. +A., 432.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href="#noteref_69">69.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thaxter v. Jones, 4 Mass., 570.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href="#noteref_70">70.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hale v. Everett, 53 N. H., 9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href="#noteref_71">71.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Federal and State Constitutions, Stimson.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href="#noteref_72">72.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bradford v. Roberts, 175 U. S., 291; 44 L. Ed., 168; 20 +Sup. Ct. R., 121; Municipality of Ponce v. The Roman +Catholic Apostolic Church, 28 Sup. Ct. R., 737 (1908).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href="#noteref_73">73.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Terrett v. Taylor, 9 Cranch, 43; 3 L. Ed., 650; Municipality, +etc., v. Church, 28 Sup. Ct. R., 737.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href="#noteref_74">74.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Millard v. Board, 19 Ill., 48; Dorner v. Dist., 118 N. W., +353.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href="#noteref_75">75.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ashby v. Wellington, 25 Mass., 524.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href="#noteref_76">76.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Federal and State Constitutions, Stimson, p. 139; Hale +v. Everett, 53 N. H., 9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href="#noteref_77">77.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Trustees, 11 Ohio, 24.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href="#noteref_78">78.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">First v. Leach, 35 Vt., 108.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href="#noteref_79">79.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Federal and State Constitutions, Stimson, p. 139.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href="#noteref_80">80.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. District, 76 Wis., 177; 44 N. W., 967; 20 Am. +St. R., 41; 7 L. R. A., 330.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href="#noteref_81">81.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Church v. Bullock, 100 S. W. (Tex.), 1025; Millard v. +Board, 121 Ill., 297; 10 N. E., 669; Hackett v. Brooksville, +27 Ky. L., 1021; 87 S. W., 792; 69 L. R. A., 592; 61 C. +L. J., 49.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href="#noteref_82">82.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Church v. Bullock, 100 S. W., 1025.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href="#noteref_83">83.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Moore v. Monroe, 64 Ia., 367; 20 N. W., 475; 66 L. R. +A., 166; 52 Am. R., 444; Pfeiffer v. Board, 118 Mich., 560; +77 N. W., 250; 42 L. R. A., 536.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_84" name="note_84" href="#noteref_84">84.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hysong v. Gallitzin Borough School, 164 Pa. St., 629; +30 At., 482; 26 L. R. A., 203; Dorner v. School District, +118 N. W., Wis., 353 (Nov. 27, 1908).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_85" name="note_85" href="#noteref_85">85.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">O'Connor v. Hendricks, 96 N. Y. S., 161.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_86" name="note_86" href="#noteref_86">86.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ch. 723, L. 1895.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_87" name="note_87" href="#noteref_87">87.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">West v. Otteson, 80 Wis., 62; 49 N. W., 24; Ferraria +v. Vasconcellos, 23 Ill., 456; 31 Ill., 25.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_88" name="note_88" href="#noteref_88">88.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gitzhoffen v. Sisters, 88 Pac., 691; 32 Utah, 46; Trustees +v. B. P. O. E., 122 Wis., 452; 100 N. W., 837.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_89" name="note_89" href="#noteref_89">89.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hermits v. County, 7 Pa. L. J., 124.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_90" name="note_90" href="#noteref_90">90.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Trustees v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_91" name="note_91" href="#noteref_91">91.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Van Horn, 18 R. I., 389.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_92" name="note_92" href="#noteref_92">92.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wardens v. Blanc, 8 Rob, La., 51.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_93" name="note_93" href="#noteref_93">93.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rutherford v. Hill, 22 Or., 218; 29 Pac., 546; 17 L. R. +A., 549; 56 Cen. L. J., 221; Wechselberg v. Flour, 64 F., 90.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_94" name="note_94" href="#noteref_94">94.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jewett v. Thames Bank, 16 Conn., 511.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_95" name="note_95" href="#noteref_95">95.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jeffts v. York, 10 Cushing, 392.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_96" name="note_96" href="#noteref_96">96.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Allen v. M. E. Church, 127 Ia., 96; 102 N. W., 808; 69 +L. R. A., 255; Sawyer v. Methodist, 18 Vt., 405.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_97" name="note_97" href="#noteref_97">97.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wise v. Perpetual Trustees, House of Lords, 57 C. L. +J., 104.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_98" name="note_98" href="#noteref_98">98.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sheehy v. Blake, 77 Wis., 394; 46 N. W., 537; 69 L. +R. A., 255.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_99" name="note_99" href="#noteref_99">99.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Clark v. O'Rourke, 111 Mich., 108; 69 N. W., 147.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_100" name="note_100" href="#noteref_100">100.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bradford v. Cary, 5 Me., 339; Lynch v. Pfeiffer, 110 +N. Y., 33; 17 N. E., 402; In re St. Luke's, 17 Philadelphia, +261.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_101" name="note_101" href="#noteref_101">101.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Addison v. Brock, 3 Me., 243.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_102" name="note_102" href="#noteref_102">102.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stebbins v. Jennings, 10 Pickering, 172.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_103" name="note_103" href="#noteref_103">103.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Municipality of Ponce v. Roman Catholic Church, 28 +Sup. Ct. R., 737; 6 Cyc, 915.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_104" name="note_104" href="#noteref_104">104.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ferraria v. Vasconcellos, 31 Ill., 25; Mason v. Muncaster, +9 Wheaton, 468; 6 L. Ed., 131.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_105" name="note_105" href="#noteref_105">105.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wheaton v. Gates, 18 N. Y., 395.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_106" name="note_106" href="#noteref_106">106.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">South v. Yates, 1 Hoff. N. Y., 142; Miller v. Chittendon, +42 Ia., 252; Newmarket v. Smart, 45 N. H., 87; Evangelical +Appeal, 35 Pa. St., 316.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_107" name="note_107" href="#noteref_107">107.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Congregational Society v. Swan, 2 Vt., 222.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_108" name="note_108" href="#noteref_108">108.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Horton v. Baptist Church, 34 Vt., 309.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_109" name="note_109" href="#noteref_109">109.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Associated Reform Church v. Theological Seminary, 4 +N. J. Eq., 77.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_110" name="note_110" href="#noteref_110">110.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Taylor v. Edison, 4 Cushing, 522.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_111" name="note_111" href="#noteref_111">111.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Laws of 1895, ch. 723; Religious Corporations, Cummings +and Gilbert.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_112" name="note_112" href="#noteref_112">112.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heiss v. Vosburg, 59 Wis., 532; 18 N. W., 463.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_113" name="note_113" href="#noteref_113">113.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 323.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_114" name="note_114" href="#noteref_114">114.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Christian C. v. C., 219 Ill., 503; 76 N. E., 703.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_115" name="note_115" href="#noteref_115">115.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jackson v. Legate, 9 Wendell, N. Y., 377.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_116" name="note_116" href="#noteref_116">116.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">10 Cyc, 235-244.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_117" name="note_117" href="#noteref_117">117.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Atty-Gen. v. Dutch, 36 N. Y., 452.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_118" name="note_118" href="#noteref_118">118.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Methodist v. Pickett, 23 Barber, 436.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_119" name="note_119" href="#noteref_119">119.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sutton v. Cole, 8 Mass., 96.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_120" name="note_120" href="#noteref_120">120.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miller v. English, 21 N. J. L., 317.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_121" name="note_121" href="#noteref_121">121.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Enos v. Church, 187 Mass., 40; 72 N. E., 253.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_122" name="note_122" href="#noteref_122">122.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Baptist v. Wetherell, 3 Paige, N. Y., 296; In re Williams, +105 N. Y. S., 1105; Contra: First R. P. Ch. v. Bowden, +10 Abb., N. C., 1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_123" name="note_123" href="#noteref_123">123.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bellports v. Tooker, 29 Barber, N. Y., 256.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_124" name="note_124" href="#noteref_124">124.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sutter v. First, 42 Pa. St., 503.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_125" name="note_125" href="#noteref_125">125.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Atwater v. Woodbridge, 6 Conn., 223.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_126" name="note_126" href="#noteref_126">126.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wardens v. Hall, 22 Conn., 125.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_127" name="note_127" href="#noteref_127">127.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Beach, Private Corporations, vol. i, p. 608.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_128" name="note_128" href="#noteref_128">128.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Free Ch. of Scotland v. Overton, Appeal Cases, House +of Lords, 1904; Winnebrenner v. Colder, 43 Pa. St., 244.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_129" name="note_129" href="#noteref_129">129.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rules of Order, Scanlan, c. iii.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_130" name="note_130" href="#noteref_130">130.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Christ's Ev. L. C., 5 Pa. Co. Court, 121.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_131" name="note_131" href="#noteref_131">131.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Zion, 8 Kulp. Pa., 239.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_132" name="note_132" href="#noteref_132">132.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Hebron, 9 Phil., 609.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_133" name="note_133" href="#noteref_133">133.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">U. S. v. Church, 5 Utah, 361, 394, and 538; 15 Pac., +473; 16 Pac., 723; 18 Pac., 35.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_134" name="note_134" href="#noteref_134">134.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Neil v. Vestry, 8 Gill., 116.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_135" name="note_135" href="#noteref_135">135.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Madison v. Baptist, 26 N. Y., 570; Stokes v. Phelps, +47 Hun., 570.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_136" name="note_136" href="#noteref_136">136.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">German, etc., 9 Pa. Co. C., 12.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_137" name="note_137" href="#noteref_137">137.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Evenson v. Ellingson, 72 Wis., 242; 39 N. W., 330.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_138" name="note_138" href="#noteref_138">138.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Toby v. Wareham, 54 Mass., 440.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_139" name="note_139" href="#noteref_139">139.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Weber v. Zimmerman, 22 Md., 156; Wyncoop v. Cong., +10 La., 185.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_140" name="note_140" href="#noteref_140">140.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Magie v. German, 13 N. J. Eq., 77.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_141" name="note_141" href="#noteref_141">141.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Esterbrook v. Tillinghast, 71 Mass., 17.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_142" name="note_142" href="#noteref_142">142.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">South v. Clapp, 18 Barber, N. Y., 35.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_143" name="note_143" href="#noteref_143">143.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tilden v. Metcalf, 2 Day, Conn., 259; Heiss v. Vosburg, +59 Wis., 532; 18 N. W., 518.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_144" name="note_144" href="#noteref_144">144.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Keller v. Tracy, 11 Ia., 530.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_145" name="note_145" href="#noteref_145">145.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Verrian v. Methodist, 44 Abbott Pr., 424.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_146" name="note_146" href="#noteref_146">146.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Trustees v. Hoessli, 13 Wis., 348.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_147" name="note_147" href="#noteref_147">147.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Franke v. Mann, 106 Wis., 118; 81 N. W., 1014.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_148" name="note_148" href="#noteref_148">148.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_149" name="note_149" href="#noteref_149">149.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mormon v. United States, 136 U. S., 1; 33 L. Ed., 639.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_150" name="note_150" href="#noteref_150">150.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Methodist, 67 Hun., 86.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_151" name="note_151" href="#noteref_151">151.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Union, 6 Abb., N. C., 398.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_152" name="note_152" href="#noteref_152">152.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">First v. Brownell, 5 Hun., 464.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_153" name="note_153" href="#noteref_153">153.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Evenson v. Ellingson, 72 Wis., 242; 39 N. W., 330.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_154" name="note_154" href="#noteref_154">154.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rules of Order, Scanlan, 20; Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., +328; Sutter v. First, 42 Pa. St., 503.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_155" name="note_155" href="#noteref_155">155.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rose v. Vertin, 46 Mich., 457; 9 N. W., 491; Tuigg v. +Sheehan, 101 Pa. St., 363.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_156" name="note_156" href="#noteref_156">156.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Am. & Eng. Ency. of L., <span class="tei tei-q">“Religious Societies.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_157" name="note_157" href="#noteref_157">157.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Den. v. Bolton, 12 N. J. L., 206.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_158" name="note_158" href="#noteref_158">158.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bonacum v. Murphy, 65 Neb., 831, and 71 Neb., 463; +98 N. W., 1030; 102 N. W., 267, and 104 N. W., 180.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_159" name="note_159" href="#noteref_159">159.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bonacum v. Murphy, 71 Neb., 463; 104 N. W., 180; +Bowden v. MacLeod, 1 Edw., N. Y., 588.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_160" name="note_160" href="#noteref_160">160.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Congregation v. Martin, 4 Rob., La., 62.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_161" name="note_161" href="#noteref_161">161.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fitzgerald v. Robinson, 112 Mass., 371; Grosvenor v. +United States, 118 Mass., 78; Post, 132.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_162" name="note_162" href="#noteref_162">162.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wardens v. Blanc, 8 Rob., La., 51.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_163" name="note_163" href="#noteref_163">163.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bowldin v. Alexander, 82 U. S., 131; 21 L. Ed., 69.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_164" name="note_164" href="#noteref_164">164.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_165" name="note_165" href="#noteref_165">165.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Appeal of McAuley, 77 Pa., 397.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_166" name="note_166" href="#noteref_166">166.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Smith v. Swormstedt, 57 U. S., 288; 14 L. Ed., 942.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_167" name="note_167" href="#noteref_167">167.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Skilton v. Webster, Bright, Pa., 203; Mt. Helena Bp. +Ch., 79 Miss., 488; 30 So. Rep., 714.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_168" name="note_168" href="#noteref_168">168.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Smith v. Swormstedt, 57 U. S., 288; 14 L. Ed., 942.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_169" name="note_169" href="#noteref_169">169.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 323; Papalion v. Manusos, +113 Ill. App., 316.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_170" name="note_170" href="#noteref_170">170.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Steele, 2 Barber, 397.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_171" name="note_171" href="#noteref_171">171.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stebbins v. Jennings, 10 Pickering, 172.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_172" name="note_172" href="#noteref_172">172.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Elizabeth City v. Kennedy, Bush, 44, N. C. Law, 89.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_173" name="note_173" href="#noteref_173">173.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diffendorf v. Reformed Church, 20 Johns., N. Y., 12.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_174" name="note_174" href="#noteref_174">174.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sutton v. Trustees, 42 Pa., 503.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_175" name="note_175" href="#noteref_175">175.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Baxter v. McDonald, 155 N. Y., 83; 49 N. E., 667.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_176" name="note_176" href="#noteref_176">176.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wardens v. Blanc, 8 Rob., 51.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_177" name="note_177" href="#noteref_177">177.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Young v. Ransom, 31 Barb., 49.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_178" name="note_178" href="#noteref_178">178.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Perry v. Wheeler, 75 Ky., 541.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_179" name="note_179" href="#noteref_179">179.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sheldon v. Easton, 4 Mass., 281; Congregation v. +Peres, 42 Tenn., 620; Thompson v. Catholic, 22 Mass., 469.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_180" name="note_180" href="#noteref_180">180.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Proprietors v. Proprietors, 48 Mass., 496.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_181" name="note_181" href="#noteref_181">181.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dempsey v. North, 98 Mich., 444; 57 N. W., 267.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_182" name="note_182" href="#noteref_182">182.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hackett v. Mt. Pleasant, 46 Ark., 291.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_183" name="note_183" href="#noteref_183">183.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chatard v. O'Donovan, 80 Ind., 20.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_184" name="note_184" href="#noteref_184">184.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Brestor v. Burr, 120 N. Y., 427; 8 L. R. A., 710; 24 N. +E., 937.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_185" name="note_185" href="#noteref_185">185.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Walker v. Wainwright, 16 Barb., 486.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_186" name="note_186" href="#noteref_186">186.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">O'Hara v. Stack, 90 Pa., 477.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_187" name="note_187" href="#noteref_187">187.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stack v. O'Hara, 98 Pa. St., 213.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_188" name="note_188" href="#noteref_188">188.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cooper v. McKenna, 104 Mass., 284.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_189" name="note_189" href="#noteref_189">189.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Leahy v. Williams, 141 Mass., 345.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_190" name="note_190" href="#noteref_190">190.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Winkle, 14 N. H., 480.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_191" name="note_191" href="#noteref_191">191.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Methodist v. Sherman, 36 Wis., 404.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_192" name="note_192" href="#noteref_192">192.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Baldwin v. McKlinch, 1 Me., 102.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_193" name="note_193" href="#noteref_193">193.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Elizabeth City v. Kennedy, 44 N. C., 89.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_194" name="note_194" href="#noteref_194">194.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Calkins v. Cheney, 92 Ill., 463.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_195" name="note_195" href="#noteref_195">195.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. Patrick's v. Daly, 116 Ill., 76; 4 N. E., 241.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_196" name="note_196" href="#noteref_196">196.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Congregation v. Martin, 4 Rob., La., 62.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_197" name="note_197" href="#noteref_197">197.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Meyer v. Baptist, 38 Vt., 614.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_198" name="note_198" href="#noteref_198">198.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Congregation v. Martin, 4 Rob., 62.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_199" name="note_199" href="#noteref_199">199.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Whittmore v. Fourth, 68 Mass., 306.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_200" name="note_200" href="#noteref_200">200.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. Patrick's v. Daly, 4 N. E., 241; 116 Ill., 76.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_201" name="note_201" href="#noteref_201">201.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tuigg v. Treacy, 104 Pa., 493.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_202" name="note_202" href="#noteref_202">202.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 323.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_203" name="note_203" href="#noteref_203">203.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heiss v. Murphy, 40 Wis., 276, 278; Den. v. Pilling, 24 +N. J. L., 653.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_204" name="note_204" href="#noteref_204">204.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Weckerly v. Geyer, 11 Ser. R. Pa., 35.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_205" name="note_205" href="#noteref_205">205.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Weinbrenner v. Colder, 43 Pa. St., 244.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_206" name="note_206" href="#noteref_206">206.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Tuthil, 31 N. Y., 550.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_207" name="note_207" href="#noteref_207">207.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Price v. Lyon, 14 Conn., 280.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_208" name="note_208" href="#noteref_208">208.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Suter v. Spangler, 4 Phil., 331.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_209" name="note_209" href="#noteref_209">209.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Smith v. Pedigo, 145 Ind., 36; 32 L. R. A., 836; 33 N. +E., 777.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_210" name="note_210" href="#noteref_210">210.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McGuire v. Trustees, 54 Hun., 207.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_211" name="note_211" href="#noteref_211">211.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Church v. Halverson, 42 Minn., 503; 44 N. W., 563; +Day v. Bolton, 12 N. J. L., 206; Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. +L., 653.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_212" name="note_212" href="#noteref_212">212.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Osgood v. Bradley, 7 Me., 411.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_213" name="note_213" href="#noteref_213">213.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Baptist v. Witherell, 24 Am. Dec., 223; 3 The Catholic +Cyclopedia, 755; Contra: First R. P. Ch. v. Bowden, 10 +Abb., N. C, 1. See post <a href="#Para_134" class="tei tei-ref">134</a>, <a href="#Para_156" class="tei tei-ref">156</a>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_214" name="note_214" href="#noteref_214">214.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jewett v. Thames, 16 Conn., 511.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_215" name="note_215" href="#noteref_215">215.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chick v. Trevett, 20 Me., 462; Allen v. M. E. Church, +127 Ia., 96; 102 N. W., 808; 69 L. R. A., 255.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_216" name="note_216" href="#noteref_216">216.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sheehy v. Blake, 72 Wis., 411; 39 N. W., 479; 9 L. R. +A., 564.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_217" name="note_217" href="#noteref_217">217.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chase v. Merrimac, 34 Mass., 564; Bigelow v. Congregation, +15 Vt., 370.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_218" name="note_218" href="#noteref_218">218.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Richardson v. Butterfield, 60 Mass., 191.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_219" name="note_219" href="#noteref_219">219.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Hebrew, 31 La. Ann., 205; 33 Am. Rep., 217; +Grosvenor v. United States, 118 Mass., 78; Watson v. Garbin, +54 Mo., 358.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_220" name="note_220" href="#noteref_220">220.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Getty, 69 Conn., 286; 37 At., 188.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_221" name="note_221" href="#noteref_221">221.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Free Church of Scotland v. Overton, Appeal Cases, +House of Lords, 1904; Fuchs v. Meisel, 102 Mich., 357; +32 L. R. A., 92; 60 N. W., 773.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_222" name="note_222" href="#noteref_222">222.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Methodist v. Wood, 5 Ohio, 12.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_223" name="note_223" href="#noteref_223">223.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McGinnis v. Watson, 41 Pa. St., 9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_224" name="note_224" href="#noteref_224">224.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">German v. Seibert, 3 Pa. St., 282.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_225" name="note_225" href="#noteref_225">225.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sutter v. First, 42 Pa. St., 503.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_226" name="note_226" href="#noteref_226">226.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miller v. Gable, 2 Den., N. Y., 492; Eis v. Croze, 149 +Mich., 62; 112 N. W., 943; Dressen v. Brameier, 56 Ia., +756; 9 N. W., 193; Amish v. Gelhaus, 71 Ia., 170; 32 N. +W., 318.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_227" name="note_227" href="#noteref_227">227.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lamm v. Cain, 129 Ind., 486; 14 L. R. A., 518.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_228" name="note_228" href="#noteref_228">228.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fernald v. Lewis, 6 Me., 264.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_229" name="note_229" href="#noteref_229">229.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Trustees v. Henschell, 48 Minn., 494; 51 N. W., 477.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_230" name="note_230" href="#noteref_230">230.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Perry v. Tupper, 74 N. C., 722.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_231" name="note_231" href="#noteref_231">231.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wanner v. Emanuel, 174 Pa., 466.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_232" name="note_232" href="#noteref_232">232.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">West v. Ottesen, 80 Wis., 62; 49 N. W., 24.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_233" name="note_233" href="#noteref_233">233.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Second v. First, 23 Conn., 255.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_234" name="note_234" href="#noteref_234">234.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Smith v. Swormstedt, 57 U. S., 288; 14 L. Ed., 942.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_235" name="note_235" href="#noteref_235">235.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nelson v. Benson, 69 Ill., 27; Brown v. Porter, 10 +Mass., 93.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_236" name="note_236" href="#noteref_236">236.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Page v. Crosby, 41 Mass., 211.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_237" name="note_237" href="#noteref_237">237.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harper v. Straws, 53 Ky., 48; Hale v. Everett, 53 N. +H., 9; Wiswell v. First, 14 Ohio St., 31; Reorganized v. +Church, 60 Fed., 937; 32 L. R. A., 838; Fernstler v. Seibert, +114 Pa., 196; 6 At., 165.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_238" name="note_238" href="#noteref_238">238.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Shannon v. First, 42 Ky., 253.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_239" name="note_239" href="#noteref_239">239.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Servatius v. Pichel, 34 Wis., 292; McGrath v. Finn, 16 +Alb. L. J., 186; Morasse v. Borchee, 151 Mass., 567; 25 +N. E., 74.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_240" name="note_240" href="#noteref_240">240.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Farnsworth v. Storrs, 59 Mass., 412.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_241" name="note_241" href="#noteref_241">241.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bowldin v. Alexander, 15 Wall., 131; 21 L. Ed., 69; +Ante, sec. 116, post 156.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_242" name="note_242" href="#noteref_242">242.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Paulson's will, 127 Wis., 612; 107 N. W., 484.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_243" name="note_243" href="#noteref_243">243.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Barry v. C. K. of W., 119 Wis., 362; 96 N. W., 797.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_244" name="note_244" href="#noteref_244">244.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Knox, 25 Ch. Div., 542.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_245" name="note_245" href="#noteref_245">245.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harden v. Baptist, 51 Mich., 137; 16 N. W., 311.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_246" name="note_246" href="#noteref_246">246.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Taylor v. Edison, 58 Mass., 522; Gray v. Christian, 137 +Mass., 329.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_247" name="note_247" href="#noteref_247">247.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fulbright v. Higgenbotham, 133 Mo., 668; 34 S. W., 875.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_248" name="note_248" href="#noteref_248">248.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jones v. State, 28 Neb., 495; 44 N. W., 658; 7 L. R. +A., 325.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_249" name="note_249" href="#noteref_249">249.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamel v. German, 1 Weekly Note Cases, 411.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_250" name="note_250" href="#noteref_250">250.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Hebrew, 31 La. Ann., 205; 33 Am. Rep., 217.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_251" name="note_251" href="#noteref_251">251.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Deadrick v. Lampson, 58 Tenn., 523.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_252" name="note_252" href="#noteref_252">252.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Smith v. Pedigo, 145 Ind., 361; 32 L. R. A., 838.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_253" name="note_253" href="#noteref_253">253.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lucas v. Case, 9 Bush, Ky., 297.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_254" name="note_254" href="#noteref_254">254.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Grosvenor v. U. S., 118 Mass., 78.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_255" name="note_255" href="#noteref_255">255.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miller v. English, 21 N. J. L., 317; 10 Cyc, 320-328; +Rules of Order, Scanlan, 17.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_256" name="note_256" href="#noteref_256">256.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Crowell, 9 N. J. L., 391; Commonwealth v. +Cain, 5 Ser. & R., Pa., 510.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_257" name="note_257" href="#noteref_257">257.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wegerle v. Geyer, 11 Ser. & R., Pa., 35.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_258" name="note_258" href="#noteref_258">258.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Juker v. Commonwealth, 20 Pa. St., 484; St. Luke's v. +Matthews, 4 Desau, S. C., 578; State v. Crowell, 9 N. J. +L., 391.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_259" name="note_259" href="#noteref_259">259.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Tuthill, 31 N. Y., 550.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_260" name="note_260" href="#noteref_260">260.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rules of Order, Scanlan, 18, 20; 10 Cyc, 329.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_261" name="note_261" href="#noteref_261">261.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Madison v. Baptist, 32 Howard's Pr., 335.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_262" name="note_262" href="#noteref_262">262.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Tuthill, 31 N. Y., 550.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_263" name="note_263" href="#noteref_263">263.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hart v. Harvey, 32 Barb., N. Y., 55.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_264" name="note_264" href="#noteref_264">264.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alexander v. Bowers, 79 S. W., 342.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_265" name="note_265" href="#noteref_265">265.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rules of Order, Scanlan, 18, 20, 23; People v. Peck, 11 +Wend., N. Y., 604.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_266" name="note_266" href="#noteref_266">266.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rules of Order, Scanlan, 9; Gipson v. Morris, 83 S. +W., Tex., 226; McCrary's Am. L. of Elections, secs. 298-300.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_267" name="note_267" href="#noteref_267">267.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Juker v. Commonwealth, 20 Pa., 484.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_268" name="note_268" href="#noteref_268">268.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rules of Order, Scanlan, 23-27; Wardens v. Pope, 8 +Gray, Mass., 140.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_269" name="note_269" href="#noteref_269">269.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_270" name="note_270" href="#noteref_270">270.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vestry v. Matthews, 4 Desau, S. C., 578.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_271" name="note_271" href="#noteref_271">271.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cooley's Con. Lim., 619; McCrary's Am. L. of Elections, +sec. 197; Rules of Order, Scanlan, 24-27.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_272" name="note_272" href="#noteref_272">272.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commonwealth v. Woelper, 3 Ser. & R., Pa., 29.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_273" name="note_273" href="#noteref_273">273.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Peters, 112 N. Y. Sup., 339.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_274" name="note_274" href="#noteref_274">274.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gram v. Prussia, 36 N. Y., 161.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_275" name="note_275" href="#noteref_275">275.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wall v. Johnson, 140 Ind., 445; 39 N. E., 251; Simmons +v. Allison, 118 N. C., 763.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_276" name="note_276" href="#noteref_276">276.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. St. Anthony, 109 N. Y., 512; 17 N. E., 408.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_277" name="note_277" href="#noteref_277">277.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Congregation v. Martin, 4 Rob., 62; Wardens v. Blanc, +8 Rob., 51; St. Andrew's Ch. v. Schaugnessy, 63 Neb., 792; +89 N. W., 261.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_278" name="note_278" href="#noteref_278">278.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Enos v. Church, 187 Mass., 40; 72 N. E., 253.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_279" name="note_279" href="#noteref_279">279.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ross v. Crockett, 14 La. Ann., 811.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_280" name="note_280" href="#noteref_280">280.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Laight v. Noe, 12 Howard's Pr., 497; Contra: In re +Williams, 105 N. Y. S., 1105; Ante, 116, 134.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_281" name="note_281" href="#noteref_281">281.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Lacoste, 37 N. Y., 192; Fadness v. Braunberg, +73 Wis., 257; 41 N. W., 84; McCrary on Am. L. of +Elections, secs. 209, 264; 10 Cyc, 347; People v. Nappa, 89 +Mich., 232; 50 N. W., 846.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_282" name="note_282" href="#noteref_282">282.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hendrickson v. Shotwell, 1 N. J. Eq., 577.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_283" name="note_283" href="#noteref_283">283.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Congregation v. Sperry, 10 Conn., 200; 10 Cyc, 319.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_284" name="note_284" href="#noteref_284">284.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_285" name="note_285" href="#noteref_285">285.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Smith v. Erb, 5 Gill., Md., 437.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_286" name="note_286" href="#noteref_286">286.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Peck, 11 Wend., N. Y., 604.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_287" name="note_287" href="#noteref_287">287.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Catron v. First, 46 Ia., 106; People v. St. Anthony's, +109 N. Y., 512; 17 N. E., 408.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_288" name="note_288" href="#noteref_288">288.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Columbia v. Gospel, 127 N. Y., 361.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_289" name="note_289" href="#noteref_289">289.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">First v. Caughey, 85 Pa., 271.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_290" name="note_290" href="#noteref_290">290.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">San Antonia v. Adams, 87 Tex., 125; 26 S. W., 1040; +Hill v. Rich, 119 Mo., 9; 24 S. W., 223.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_291" name="note_291" href="#noteref_291">291.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hewitt v. Wheeler, 22 Conn., 577; Devos v. Gray, 22 +Ohio, 159; Klopp v. Moore, 6 Kan., 27; Neil v. Spencer, +5 Ill. App., 461; United v. Vandusen, 37 Wis., 54.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_292" name="note_292" href="#noteref_292">292.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miller v. Church, 4 Phil., 48.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_293" name="note_293" href="#noteref_293">293.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Brunnenmeyer v. Buhre, 32 Ill., 183.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_294" name="note_294" href="#noteref_294">294.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">N. Baptist v. Parker, 36 Barb., N. Y., 171.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_295" name="note_295" href="#noteref_295">295.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dennison v. Austin, 15 Wis., 334.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_296" name="note_296" href="#noteref_296">296.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">United v. Vandusen, 37 Wis., 54; MacLaury v. Hart, +121 N. Y., 636; 24 N. E., 1013.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_297" name="note_297" href="#noteref_297">297.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vestry v. Barksdale, 1 Strobb. Eq., S. C., 197.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_298" name="note_298" href="#noteref_298">298.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">New v. Gress, 89 Ga., 125.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_299" name="note_299" href="#noteref_299">299.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">10 Cyc, 776-9; In re Denny, 156 Ind., 104; 59 N. E., +359; 51 L. R. A., 722.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_300" name="note_300" href="#noteref_300">300.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rules of Order, Scanlan, 21; U. S. v. Balm, 144 U. S., +1; 12 Sup. Ct. R., 507; 36 L. Ed., 321; The Catholic Cyclopedia, +vol. i, 289.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_301" name="note_301" href="#noteref_301">301.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cicotte v. Anciaux, 53 Mich., 227; 18 N. W., 793.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_302" name="note_302" href="#noteref_302">302.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Trustees v. Halverson, 42 Minn., 503; 44 N. W., 663.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_303" name="note_303" href="#noteref_303">303.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Skinner v. Richardson, 76 Wis., 464; 45 N. W., 318; +Dennison v. Auston, 15 Wis., 334.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_304" name="note_304" href="#noteref_304">304.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vestry v. Barksdale, 1 Strobb. S. C. Eq., 197.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_305" name="note_305" href="#noteref_305">305.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Ahnapee, 99 Wis., 322; 74 N. W., 783.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_306" name="note_306" href="#noteref_306">306.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bowldin v. Alexander, 82 U. S., 131; 21 L. Ed., 69; +The Catholic Cyclopedia, vol. iii, 755, 756.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_307" name="note_307" href="#noteref_307">307.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Leahy v. Williams, 141 Mass., 345; 6 N. E., 78.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_308" name="note_308" href="#noteref_308">308.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Runkel, 8 Johnson, N. Y., 464.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_309" name="note_309" href="#noteref_309">309.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Leahy v. Williams, 141 Mass., 345.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_310" name="note_310" href="#noteref_310">310.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rose v. Vertin, 46 Mich., 457; 9 N. W., 491; Tuigg v. +Sheehan, 101 Pa., 363.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_311" name="note_311" href="#noteref_311">311.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Freeport v. Egan, 146 Pa., 106; 23 At., 390.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_312" name="note_312" href="#noteref_312">312.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scott v. Thompson, 21 Ia., 599.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_313" name="note_313" href="#noteref_313">313.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Emonds v. Termehr, 60 Ia., 92; 14 N. W., 197.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_314" name="note_314" href="#noteref_314">314.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wojcienchowski v. Johnknowski, 16 Pa. Sup. Ct., 444.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_315" name="note_315" href="#noteref_315">315.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chiniqui v. Delaire, 37 Ill., 237.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_316" name="note_316" href="#noteref_316">316.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. Patrick's v. Abst., 76 Ill., 252.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_317" name="note_317" href="#noteref_317">317.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">First v. Prior, 23 Hun., 271.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_318" name="note_318" href="#noteref_318">318.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Den. v. Pilling, 24 N. J. L., 653; Rules of Order, Scanlan, +15-18.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_319" name="note_319" href="#noteref_319">319.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">German v. Pressler, 17 La. Ann., 127.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_320" name="note_320" href="#noteref_320">320.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Appeal of McAuley, 77 Pa., 397.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_321" name="note_321" href="#noteref_321">321.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bethany v. Sperry, 10 Conn., 200.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_322" name="note_322" href="#noteref_322">322.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Weber v. Zimmermann, 22 Md., 156.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_323" name="note_323" href="#noteref_323">323.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Downs v. Bowdoin, 149 Mass., 135; 21 N. E., 294.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_324" name="note_324" href="#noteref_324">324.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Smith v. Erb., 4 Gill., Md., 437.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_325" name="note_325" href="#noteref_325">325.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Helbig v. Rosenberg, 86 Ia., 159; 53 N. W., 111.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_326" name="note_326" href="#noteref_326">326.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dahl v. Palache, 68 Cal., 248.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_327" name="note_327" href="#noteref_327">327.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Runkel, 9 Johnson, 147.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_328" name="note_328" href="#noteref_328">328.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">First v. Hillary, 51 Cal., 155.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_329" name="note_329" href="#noteref_329">329.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tuttle v. Cary, 7 Me., 426.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_330" name="note_330" href="#noteref_330">330.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Steward, 6 Houst., Del., 9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_331" name="note_331" href="#noteref_331">331.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jones v. Cary, 6 Me., 448; Rules of Order, Scanlan, +29-30.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_332" name="note_332" href="#noteref_332">332.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Steward, 6 Houst., Del., 359.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_333" name="note_333" href="#noteref_333">333.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Juker v. Commonwealth, 20 Pa., 484; McIlvain v. +Christ's Church, 8 Phil., 507.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_334" name="note_334" href="#noteref_334">334.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livingston v. Trinity Church, 45 N. J. L., 230.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_335" name="note_335" href="#noteref_335">335.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Tuthill, 31 N. Y., 550.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_336" name="note_336" href="#noteref_336">336.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Madison v. Baptist, 46 N. Y., 131.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_337" name="note_337" href="#noteref_337">337.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Moore v. St. Thomas' Church, 4 Abb., N. Y., 51.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_338" name="note_338" href="#noteref_338">338.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commonwealth v. Woelper, 3 Ser. & R., 29.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_339" name="note_339" href="#noteref_339">339.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wardens v. Pope, 74 Mass., 140.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_340" name="note_340" href="#noteref_340">340.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Oakes v. Hill, 6 Weekly Notes, Cas., 346.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_341" name="note_341" href="#noteref_341">341.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hartt v. Harvey, 32 Barb., 55.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_342" name="note_342" href="#noteref_342">342.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Weckerly v. Geyer, 11 Ser. & R., 35.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_343" name="note_343" href="#noteref_343">343.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Church, 48 Barb., 603.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_344" name="note_344" href="#noteref_344">344.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Allen v. Gray, 11 Conn., 95.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_345" name="note_345" href="#noteref_345">345.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Arthur v. Norfield, 49 At., 241; 73 Conn., 718.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_346" name="note_346" href="#noteref_346">346.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pepin v. Societies, 23 R. I., 81; 60 L. R. A., 626.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_347" name="note_347" href="#noteref_347">347.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lahiff v. St. Joseph's T. A. B. S., 76 Conn., 648; 65 L. +R. A., 92.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_348" name="note_348" href="#noteref_348">348.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">10 Cyc, 1067.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_349" name="note_349" href="#noteref_349">349.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">17 Cyc, 405; 2 Jones on Ev., secs. 522, 523; Conflict of +L., Wharton, vol. ii, sec. 761, pp. 1496-8; Collins v. German, +Am. M. I. Ass., 112 Mo. App., 209; 86 S. W., 891; +Layton v. Kraft, 98 N. Y., 996.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_350" name="note_350" href="#noteref_350">350.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Collins v. German, 112 Mo. App., 209; Sandberg v. The +State, 113 Wis., 578; 89 N. W., 504.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_351" name="note_351" href="#noteref_351">351.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sawyer v. Baldwin, 11 Pickering, 492.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_352" name="note_352" href="#noteref_352">352.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Finher v. Hanegen, 59 Ark., 151; 24 L. R. A., 543.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_353" name="note_353" href="#noteref_353">353.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mt. Zion v. Whitmore, 83 Ia., 138; 49 N. W., 846; 13 +L. R. A., 198.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_354" name="note_354" href="#noteref_354">354.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bonacum v. Murphy, 65 Neb., 831; 98 N. W., 1030; 71 +Neb., 463; 102 N. W., 267; 104 ib., 180; Nance v. Busby, +91 Tenn., 303; 18 S. W., 874; 15 L. R. A., 801.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_355" name="note_355" href="#noteref_355">355.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bonacum v. Harrington, 65 Neb., 831; 91 N. W., 886.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_356" name="note_356" href="#noteref_356">356.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tubbs v. Lynch, 4 Harr., Del., 521.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_357" name="note_357" href="#noteref_357">357.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sterns v. Bedford, 21 Pickering, 114.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_358" name="note_358" href="#noteref_358">358.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">O'Donovan v. Chatard, 97 Ind., 421.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_359" name="note_359" href="#noteref_359">359.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Baxter v. McDonald, 155 N. Y., 83; 49 N. E., 667.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_360" name="note_360" href="#noteref_360">360.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gibbs v. Gilead, 38 Conn., 153.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_361" name="note_361" href="#noteref_361">361.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stack v. O'Hara, 98 Pa., 213.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_362" name="note_362" href="#noteref_362">362.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">29 Cyc, 204, and <span class="tei tei-q">“Religious Societies”</span>; Am. & Eng. Cyc. +of L., <span class="tei tei-q">“Religious Societies”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“Beneficial Societies”</span>; 2 +Benefit Societies & L. Insurance, Bacon, secs. 400a and +450a.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_363" name="note_363" href="#noteref_363">363.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Farnsworth v. Storrs, 59 Mass., 412.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_364" name="note_364" href="#noteref_364">364.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hatfield v. Delong, 24 Ind. App., 343; 51 L. R. A., 751; +Ryan v. Cudahy, 157 Ill., 108; 41 N. E., 760; 49 L. R. A., +353.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_365" name="note_365" href="#noteref_365">365.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sampsell v. Esher, 26 Weekly Law Bulletin, Ohio, 156.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_366" name="note_366" href="#noteref_366">366.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Day v. Robinson, 12 N. J. L., 206.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_367" name="note_367" href="#noteref_367">367.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diffendorf v. Reformed Church, 20 Johnson, N. Y., 12.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_368" name="note_368" href="#noteref_368">368.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chase v. Cheney, 58 Ill., 509.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_369" name="note_369" href="#noteref_369">369.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Catholic Dictionary, Addis & Arnold, <span class="tei tei-q">“Prescription.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_370" name="note_370" href="#noteref_370">370.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Legal Formulary, Baart, 462.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_371" name="note_371" href="#noteref_371">371.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Juker v. Commonwealth, 20 Pa. St., 484.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_372" name="note_372" href="#noteref_372">372.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Beers v. Arkansas, 20 How., U. S., 527; 15 L. Ed., 991.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_373" name="note_373" href="#noteref_373">373.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class="tei tei-q">“Benefit of the Clergy”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“Forum Ecclesiasticum,”</span> +in The Catholic Cyclopedia and in the Catholic Dictionary.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_374" name="note_374" href="#noteref_374">374.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kuns v. Robinson, 154 Ill., 394; 40 N. E., 343; Brundage +v. Deardorf, 55 Fed., 839; Watson v. Jones, 80 U. S., 679; +20 L. Ed., 666; Bird v. St. Mark's, 62 Ia., 567; 17 N. W., +747; Perry v. Wheeler, 75 Ky., 541; Powers v. Bundy, 45 +Neb., 208; 63 N. W., 476; Connit v. Reformed, 54 N. Y., +551; Harrison v. Hoyle, 24 Ohio St., 254; Krecker v. +Shirey, 163 Pa., 534; 30 At., 540.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_375" name="note_375" href="#noteref_375">375.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Watson v. Jones, 80 U. S., 679; 20 L. Ed., 666.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_376" name="note_376" href="#noteref_376">376.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Prickett v. Wells, 117 Mo., 502; 24 S. W., 52; Pounder +v. Ash, 36 Neb., 564; 54 N. W., 847.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_377" name="note_377" href="#noteref_377">377.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Atty-Gen. v. Fed., 69 Mass., 1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_378" name="note_378" href="#noteref_378">378.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mt. Helen v. Jones, 79 Miss., 488; 30 So., 714.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_379" name="note_379" href="#noteref_379">379.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Prickett v. Wells, 117 Mo., 502; 24 S. W., 52.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_380" name="note_380" href="#noteref_380">380.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ferraria v. Vasconcellos, 31 Ill., 25.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_381" name="note_381" href="#noteref_381">381.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Garten v. Penick, 68 Ky., 110.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_382" name="note_382" href="#noteref_382">382.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Brunnenmeyer v. Buhre, 31 Ill., 183.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_383" name="note_383" href="#noteref_383">383.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lawson v. Kolbenson, 61 Ill., 405.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_384" name="note_384" href="#noteref_384">384.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Robertson v. Bullions, 11 N. Y., 243.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_385" name="note_385" href="#noteref_385">385.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Papalion v. Manusos, 113 Ill. App., 316.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_386" name="note_386" href="#noteref_386">386.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Avery v. Baker, 27 Neb., 388; 43 N. W., 174.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_387" name="note_387" href="#noteref_387">387.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Trustees v. Trustees, 4 N. J. Eq., 77.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_388" name="note_388" href="#noteref_388">388.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nash v. Sutton, 117 N. C., 231; 23 S. E., 178; Wiswell +v. First, 14 Ohio St., 31.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_389" name="note_389" href="#noteref_389">389.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mannix v. Purcell, 46 Ohio St., 102.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_390" name="note_390" href="#noteref_390">390.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Baker v. Ducker, 79 Cal., 365; 21 Pac., 764.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_391" name="note_391" href="#noteref_391">391.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Morris v. Dart, 67 S. C., 338; 45 S. E., 753; 100 Am. +St. Rep., 734.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_392" name="note_392" href="#noteref_392">392.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Phipps v. Jones, 20 Pa., 260.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_393" name="note_393" href="#noteref_393">393.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dolan v. City, 4 Gill., 394.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_394" name="note_394" href="#noteref_394">394.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Shakers v. Watson, 68 Fed., 730.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_395" name="note_395" href="#noteref_395">395.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">61 Cen. L. J., 49 and 55; 57 C. L. J., 201.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_396" name="note_396" href="#noteref_396">396.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Owens v. Frank, 7 Wyoming, 457; 53 Pac., 282; 47 +Cen. L. J., 221.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_397" name="note_397" href="#noteref_397">397.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Evidence, Jones, vol. iii, p. 776.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_398" name="note_398" href="#noteref_398">398.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gillooley v. State, 58 Ind., 182.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_399" name="note_399" href="#noteref_399">399.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Knight v. Lee, 80 Ind., 201.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_400" name="note_400" href="#noteref_400">400.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Colbert v. State, 125 Wis., 423; 104 N. W., 61.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_401" name="note_401" href="#noteref_401">401.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hills v. State, 61 Neb., 589; 85 N. W., 836.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_402" name="note_402" href="#noteref_402">402.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bevins v. Kline, 21 Ind., 37.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_403" name="note_403" href="#noteref_403">403.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Thomas, 54 Cal., 509.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_404" name="note_404" href="#noteref_404">404.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rex. v. Hoy, 2 F. & F., 4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_405" name="note_405" href="#noteref_405">405.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rex. v. Griffen, 6 Cox, C. C., 219.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_406" name="note_406" href="#noteref_406">406.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mutual v. Robinson, 19 U. S. App., 266; State v. Morgan, +196 Mo., 177; 95 S. W., 402.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_407" name="note_407" href="#noteref_407">407.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Katzer v. City, 104 Wis., 16; 79 N. W., 745; 80 N. +W., 41.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_408" name="note_408" href="#noteref_408">408.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vasconcellos v. Ferraria, 27 Ill., 237.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_409" name="note_409" href="#noteref_409">409.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Foley v. Brocksmit, 119 Ia., 457; 93 N. W., 344; 97 Am. +St. R., 324; 60 L. R. A., 571; 18 Cyc, 437-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_410" name="note_410" href="#noteref_410">410.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harriman v. First, 63 Ga., 186.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_411" name="note_411" href="#noteref_411">411.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Methodist v. Sherman, 36 Wis., 404.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_412" name="note_412" href="#noteref_412">412.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. Patrick's v. Daly, 116 Ill., 76; 4 N. E., 241.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_413" name="note_413" href="#noteref_413">413.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eager v. Inhabitants, 10 Mass., 430.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_414" name="note_414" href="#noteref_414">414.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Barnes v. Perrine, 9 Barb., N. Y., 202; Sheehy v. Blake, +77 Wis., 394; 46 N. W., 537; 69 L. R. A., 255; Cutler v. +Thomas, 25 Vt., 13; Allen v. M. E. Church, 127 Ia., 96; +102 N. W., 808; 69 L. R. A., 255 Note.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_415" name="note_415" href="#noteref_415">415.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">9 Cyc, 331.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_416" name="note_416" href="#noteref_416">416.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">45 Cent. Dig., 7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_417" name="note_417" href="#noteref_417">417.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">45 Cent. Dig., 38.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_418" name="note_418" href="#noteref_418">418.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">45 Cent. Dig., 14.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_419" name="note_419" href="#noteref_419">419.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">45 Cent. Dig., 1-54; Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, <span class="tei tei-q">“Subscriptions.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_420" name="note_420" href="#noteref_420">420.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Legal Maxims, Broom, 745; Hodges v. Nalty, 104 Wis., +464; 80 N. W., 726.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_421" name="note_421" href="#noteref_421">421.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hodges v. Nalty, 113 Wis., 557; 89 N. W., 535; Hodges +v. O'Brien, 113 Wis., 97; 88 N. W., 901.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_422" name="note_422" href="#noteref_422">422.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Barnes v. Perine, 9 Bar., N. Y., 202.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_423" name="note_423" href="#noteref_423">423.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Macon v. Shepard, 2 Humphrey, Tenn., 335.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_424" name="note_424" href="#noteref_424">424.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">O'Hear v. De Goesbriand, 33 Vt., 593; 80 Am. Dec., 662.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_425" name="note_425" href="#noteref_425">425.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bates v. Sperrell, 10 Mass., 323; Hodges v. Green, 28 +Vt., 358; Pres. v. Andrus, 21 N. J. L., 225.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_426" name="note_426" href="#noteref_426">426.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Church v. Wells, 24 Pa., 249.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_427" name="note_427" href="#noteref_427">427.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">O'Hear v. De Goesbriand, 33 Vt., 593; 80 Am. Dec., 662.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_428" name="note_428" href="#noteref_428">428.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Proprietors v. Roswell, 66 Me., 400; Sohier v. Trinity, +109 Mass., 1; Aylward v. O'Brien, 160 Mass., 118; 35 N. +E., 313; 22 L. R. A., 206.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_429" name="note_429" href="#noteref_429">429.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aylward v. O'Brien, 160 Mass., 118; 35 N. E., 313; 22 +L. R. A., 206; O'Hear v. De Goesbriand, 33 Vt., 593; 80 +Am. Dec., 662.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_430" name="note_430" href="#noteref_430">430.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Smith v. Bonhoff, 2 Mich., 115.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_431" name="note_431" href="#noteref_431">431.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vorhees v. Presbyterian, 8 Barb., 135.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_432" name="note_432" href="#noteref_432">432.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Price v. Lyon, 14 Conn., 280.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_433" name="note_433" href="#noteref_433">433.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Baptist v. Witherell, 3 Paige, N. Y., 296; 24 Am. Dec., +223.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_434" name="note_434" href="#noteref_434">434.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Perrin v. Granger, 33 Vt., 101.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_435" name="note_435" href="#noteref_435">435.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">French v. Old, 106 Mass., 479.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_436" name="note_436" href="#noteref_436">436.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Curry v. First, 2 Pittsburg, 105.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_437" name="note_437" href="#noteref_437">437.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Succession of Gambla, 23 La. Ann., 9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_438" name="note_438" href="#noteref_438">438.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">First v. Braydon, 91 Mass., 248.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_439" name="note_439" href="#noteref_439">439.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Downs v. Bowdoin, 149 Mass., 135; 21 N. E., 294.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_440" name="note_440" href="#noteref_440">440.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Trustees v. Quackenbush, 10 Johnson, 217.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_441" name="note_441" href="#noteref_441">441.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kellogg v. Dickenson, 18 Vt., 266.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_442" name="note_442" href="#noteref_442">442.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jackson v. Rounsville, 5 Metcalf, Mass., 127.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_443" name="note_443" href="#noteref_443">443.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Murray v. Cargill, 32 Me., 517; Gay v. Baker, 17 Mass., +435; Shaw v. Beveridge, 3 Hill, N. Y., 26; Perrin v. +Granger, 33 Vt., 101.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_444" name="note_444" href="#noteref_444">444.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vanhorn v. Tailmadge, 8 N. J. Eq., 108.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_445" name="note_445" href="#noteref_445">445.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fassett v. Boylston, 19 Pickering, Mass., 361.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_446" name="note_446" href="#noteref_446">446.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kimball v. Rowley, 24 Pickering, Mass., 347.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_447" name="note_447" href="#noteref_447">447.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aylward v. O'Brien, 160 Mass., 118; 35 N. E., 313; 22 +L. R. A., 206; Van Houten v. Trustees, 17 N. J. Eq., 126.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_448" name="note_448" href="#noteref_448">448.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Howard v. Stevens, 47 Vt., 262.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_449" name="note_449" href="#noteref_449">449.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stoddard v. Vestry, 2 Gill. & J., Md., 227.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_450" name="note_450" href="#noteref_450">450.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">City v. McIntyre, 8 Rob., La., 467.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_451" name="note_451" href="#noteref_451">451.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sargent v. Pierce, 43 Mass., 80.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_452" name="note_452" href="#noteref_452">452.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Perrin v. Leverett, 13 Mass., 128.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_453" name="note_453" href="#noteref_453">453.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Crowley v. Miller, 19 N. Y. Weekly Dig., 262.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_454" name="note_454" href="#noteref_454">454.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sheldon v. Vail, 28 Hun., 354.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_455" name="note_455" href="#noteref_455">455.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Price v. Lyons, 14 Conn., 280.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_456" name="note_456" href="#noteref_456">456.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Perrin v. Granger, 33 Vt., 101.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_457" name="note_457" href="#noteref_457">457.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commonwealth v. Cain, 5 Srg. & R., Pa., 510.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_458" name="note_458" href="#noteref_458">458.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Bullock, 6 Dem. Sur., 335; Heiss v. Murphy, 40 +Wis., 276; Ruth v. Oberbrunner, 40 Wis., 238.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_459" name="note_459" href="#noteref_459">459.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ruth v. Oberbrunner, 40 Wis., 238; Goesele v. Bimeler, +55 U. S., 589; 14 L. Ed., 554; Van Houten v. Trustees, 17 +N. J. Eq., 126.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_460" name="note_460" href="#noteref_460">460.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Winnepesaukee v. Gordon, 63 N. H., 505; 3 At., 426.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_461" name="note_461" href="#noteref_461">461.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bethel v. Carmack, 2 Md., Ch., 143; Tartar v. Gibbs, +24 Md., 323.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_462" name="note_462" href="#noteref_462">462.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lynch v. Pfeiffer, 110 N. Y., 33; 17 N. E., 402.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_463" name="note_463" href="#noteref_463">463.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Enos v. Chestnut, 88 Ill., 590.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_464" name="note_464" href="#noteref_464">464.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Walwrath v. Camel, 28 Mich., 111.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_465" name="note_465" href="#noteref_465">465.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harpending v. Reformed, 41 U. S., 455; 10 L. Ed., 1029.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_466" name="note_466" href="#noteref_466">466.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Inhabitants v. Catholics, 40 Mass., 139; People v. Trinity, +22 N. Y., 44.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_467" name="note_467" href="#noteref_467">467.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lynch v. Pfeiffer, 110 N. Y., 33; 17 N. E., 402; Eggleston +v. Doolittle, 33 Conn., 396.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_468" name="note_468" href="#noteref_468">468.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tomlin v. Blunt, 31 Ill. App., 234.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_469" name="note_469" href="#noteref_469">469.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Centenary v. Parker, 43 N. J. Eq., 307; 12 At., 142.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_470" name="note_470" href="#noteref_470">470.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Levasseur v. Martin, 11 La. Ann., 684.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_471" name="note_471" href="#noteref_471">471.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">O'Donnell v. Holden, 21 Weekly Law Bulletin, 254.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_472" name="note_472" href="#noteref_472">472.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Walwrath v. Camel, 28 Mich., 111.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_473" name="note_473" href="#noteref_473">473.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fitzpatrick v. Fitzgerald, 79 Mass., 400.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_474" name="note_474" href="#noteref_474">474.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hubbard v. German, 34 Ia., 31.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_475" name="note_475" href="#noteref_475">475.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re First, 106 N. Y., 251; 12 N. E., 626; Wiswell v. +First, 14 Ohio St., 31.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_476" name="note_476" href="#noteref_476">476.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scott v. First, 50 Mich., 528; 15 N. W., 891.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_477" name="note_477" href="#noteref_477">477.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re First, 106 N. Y., 251; 12 N. E., 626.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_478" name="note_478" href="#noteref_478">478.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Katzer v. City of Milwaukee, 104 Wis., 16; 79 N. W., +745; 80 N. W., 41.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_479" name="note_479" href="#noteref_479">479.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Beckwith v. St. Phillip's Parish, 69 Ga., 564.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_480" name="note_480" href="#noteref_480">480.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miller v. Chittenden, 2 Ia., 315; 4 Ia., 252; Schenectady +v. Veeder, 4 Wendell, N. Y., 494.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_481" name="note_481" href="#noteref_481">481.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. Patrick's v. Daly, 116 Ill., 76.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_482" name="note_482" href="#noteref_482">482.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nobilli v. Redman, 6 Cal., 325.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_483" name="note_483" href="#noteref_483">483.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">San Antonio v. Odin, 15 Tex., 539.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_484" name="note_484" href="#noteref_484">484.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Blair v. Odin, 3 Tex., 288.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_485" name="note_485" href="#noteref_485">485.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heiss v. Vosburg, 59 Wis., 532; 18 N. W., 463.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_486" name="note_486" href="#noteref_486">486.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Santillan v. Moses, 1 Cal., 92.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_487" name="note_487" href="#noteref_487">487.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heiss v. Murphy, 40 Wis., 276.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_488" name="note_488" href="#noteref_488">488.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Robertson v. Bullions, 11 N. Y., 243.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_489" name="note_489" href="#noteref_489">489.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hennessey v. Walsh, 55 N. H., 515.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_490" name="note_490" href="#noteref_490">490.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pawlet v. Clarke, 13 U. S., 292; 3 L. Ed., 735.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_491" name="note_491" href="#noteref_491">491.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cheever v. Pierson, 33 Mass., 266.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_492" name="note_492" href="#noteref_492">492.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Amish v. Gelhaus, 71 Ia., 170; 32 N. W., 318.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_493" name="note_493" href="#noteref_493">493.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cushman v. Church, 162 Pa., 280; 29 At., 472.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_494" name="note_494" href="#noteref_494">494.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kulinsky v. Dambrowski, 29 Wis., 109.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_495" name="note_495" href="#noteref_495">495.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reed v. Church, 6 Pa. Co. Ct., 76.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_496" name="note_496" href="#noteref_496">496.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fulbright v. Higgenbotham, 133 Mo., 668; 34 S. W., +875; People v. Runkel, 9 Johnson, 147; Central v. Patterson, +30 N. Y. Supp., 248; Unangst v. Shortz, 5 Horton, +Pa., 506.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_497" name="note_497" href="#noteref_497">497.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bowden v. MacLeod, 1 Edw., N. Y., 588; Gable v. Miller, +10 Paige, N. Y., 627; Wilson v. Johns, 2 Rich., S. C., +Eq., 192; Ferraria v. Vasconcellos, 31 Ill., 25.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_498" name="note_498" href="#noteref_498">498.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Antones v. Eslava's heirs, 9 Port., 527.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_499" name="note_499" href="#noteref_499">499.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ferraria v. Vasconcellos, 31 Ill., 25; Brunnenmeyer v. +Buhre, 32 Ill., 183.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_500" name="note_500" href="#noteref_500">500.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Organ v. Seaford, 1 Dev., N. C. Eq., 453; Post 290, 319.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_501" name="note_501" href="#noteref_501">501.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gram v. Prussia, 36 N. Y., 161; Reformed v. Draper, 97 +Mass., 349.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_502" name="note_502" href="#noteref_502">502.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dochkus v. Lithuanian, 206 Pa., 25; 55 At., 779.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_503" name="note_503" href="#noteref_503">503.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Burke v. Wall, 29 La. Ann., 38.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_504" name="note_504" href="#noteref_504">504.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thompson v. West, 59 Neb., 677; 82 N. W., 13; 49 L. +R. A., 337.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_505" name="note_505" href="#noteref_505">505.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Morgan v. Leslie, Wright, O., 144.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_506" name="note_506" href="#noteref_506">506.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Consistory v. Brandow, 52 Barb., N. Y., 228.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_507" name="note_507" href="#noteref_507">507.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Grisson v. Hill, 17 Ark., 483.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_508" name="note_508" href="#noteref_508">508.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scott v. Stipe, 12 Ind., 74; Mills v. Davison, 54 N. J. +Eq., 659; 35 At., 1072; 35 L. R. A., 113.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_509" name="note_509" href="#noteref_509">509.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Appeal of Tappen, 52 Conn., 412.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_510" name="note_510" href="#noteref_510">510.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Neely v. Hoskins, 84 Me., 386; 24 At., 882.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_511" name="note_511" href="#noteref_511">511.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Second v. Dugan, 65 Md., 460; 5 At., 415.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_512" name="note_512" href="#noteref_512">512.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Craig v. Inhabitants, 58 Me., 479.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_513" name="note_513" href="#noteref_513">513.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Beckwith v. St. Phillip's Church, 68 Ga., 564.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_514" name="note_514" href="#noteref_514">514.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mannix v. Purcell, 46 Ohio St., 102; 19 N. E., 572; 2 L. +R. A., 753.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_515" name="note_515" href="#noteref_515">515.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Draper v. Minor, 36 Mo., 290.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_516" name="note_516" href="#noteref_516">516.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Burton's Appeal, 57 Pa. St., 213.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_517" name="note_517" href="#noteref_517">517.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Smith v. Pedigo, 145 Ind., 361; 33 N. E., 777; 44 N. E., +363; 32 L. R. A., 838.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_518" name="note_518" href="#noteref_518">518.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Free Ch. of Scotland v. Overton, Appeal Cases, House of +Lords, 1904; McGinnis v. Watson, 41 Pa. St., 9; Ante, 278.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_519" name="note_519" href="#noteref_519">519.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">First v. Rauss, 21 Conn., 160; Watson v. Jones, 13 +Wallace, 679; 20 L. Ed., 666.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_520" name="note_520" href="#noteref_520">520.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">App. v. Lutheran, 6 Pa. St., 201.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_521" name="note_521" href="#noteref_521">521.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Keller v. Tracy, 11 Ia., 530; Happy v. Morton, 33 Ill., +398; Leftwig v. Thornton, 18 Ia., 56.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_522" name="note_522" href="#noteref_522">522.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Watson v. Jones, 13 Wallace, 679; 20 L. Ed., 666.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_523" name="note_523" href="#noteref_523">523.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dolan v. Mayor, 4 Gill., Md., 394.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_524" name="note_524" href="#noteref_524">524.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Goode v. McPherson, 51 Mo., 126.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_525" name="note_525" href="#noteref_525">525.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Olcott v. Gabert, 86 Tex., 121; 23 S. W., 985.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_526" name="note_526" href="#noteref_526">526.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strong v. Doty, 32 Wis., 381.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_527" name="note_527" href="#noteref_527">527.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fadness v. Braunburg, 73 Wis., 257; 41 N. W., 84.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_528" name="note_528" href="#noteref_528">528.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Weld v. May, 9 Cushing, Mass., 181.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_529" name="note_529" href="#noteref_529">529.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Field v. Field, 9 Wendell, N. Y., 394; Stokes v. Dale, +14 N. Y., 901.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_530" name="note_530" href="#noteref_530">530.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hendrickson v. Shotwell, 1 N. J. Eq., 577; Calkins v. +Cheney, 92 Ill., 463; Park v. Chaplain, 96 Ia., 55; 64 N. +W., 674.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_531" name="note_531" href="#noteref_531">531.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Beech v. Allen, 7 Hun., 441.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_532" name="note_532" href="#noteref_532">532.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Catholic v. Gibbons, 3 Weekly Law Bulletin, 581.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_533" name="note_533" href="#noteref_533">533.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lyons v. Planters, 86 Ga., 485.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_534" name="note_534" href="#noteref_534">534.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">African v. Duru, 19 La. Ann., 302; Harrisburg v. Washburn, +29 Oregon, 150; 44 Pac., 390.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_535" name="note_535" href="#noteref_535">535.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lynn v. Carson, 32 Grat., Va., 170.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_536" name="note_536" href="#noteref_536">536.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Proprietor v. Butler, 56 Mass., 597.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_537" name="note_537" href="#noteref_537">537.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">DeRuyter v. St. Peter's, 3 N. Y., 238.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_538" name="note_538" href="#noteref_538">538.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Perrian v. Methodist, 4 Abbot's Pr., N. Y., 424; +Unangst v. Shortz, 5 Horton, Pa. St., 506; Trustees v. +Hoessli, 13 Wis., 348.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_539" name="note_539" href="#noteref_539">539.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miller v. Chittenden, 2 Ia., 315; Church v. Grace, 68 +N. Y., 570; Gilmer v. Stone, 120 U. S., 586; 30 L. Ed., +734; Kinney v. Kinney's Executors, 86 Ky., 610; 6 S. W., +593.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_540" name="note_540" href="#noteref_540">540.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. Peter's v. German, 104 Ill., 440.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_541" name="note_541" href="#noteref_541">541.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kinney v. Kinney's Executors, 86 Ky., 610; 6 S. W., +593.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_542" name="note_542" href="#noteref_542">542.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Trustees v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_543" name="note_543" href="#noteref_543">543.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Morgan v. Leslie, Wright, 144.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_544" name="note_544" href="#noteref_544">544.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">U. S. v. Church, 5 Utah, 361; 15 Pac., 473.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_545" name="note_545" href="#noteref_545">545.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Ticknor's estate, 13 Mich., 44; Levy v. Levy, 33 +N. Y., 97.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_546" name="note_546" href="#noteref_546">546.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Trustees v. Hilkin, 84 Md., 170; 35 At., 9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_547" name="note_547" href="#noteref_547">547.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamsher v. Hamsher, 132 Ill., 273; 23 N. E., 1123; 8 +L. R. A., 556.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_548" name="note_548" href="#noteref_548">548.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hanson v. Little Sisters, 79 Md., 434; 32 At., 1052; +Jones v. Habersham, 107 U. S., 174; 27 L. Ed., 401.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_549" name="note_549" href="#noteref_549">549.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Church v. Grace, 68 N. Y., 570.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_550" name="note_550" href="#noteref_550">550.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tartar v. Gibbs, 24 Md., 323.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_551" name="note_551" href="#noteref_551">551.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Trinitarian v. Union, 61 N. H., 384.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_552" name="note_552" href="#noteref_552">552.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Smith v. Pedigo, 145 Ind., 361; 44 N. E., 363; 32 L. R. +A., 838.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_553" name="note_553" href="#noteref_553">553.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miller v. English, 21 N. J. L., 317.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_554" name="note_554" href="#noteref_554">554.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Petot v. Tucker, 21 N. Y., 267.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_555" name="note_555" href="#noteref_555">555.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ludlam v. Higbee, 11 N. J. Eq., 342.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_556" name="note_556" href="#noteref_556">556.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Happy v. Morton, 33 Ill., 398.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_557" name="note_557" href="#noteref_557">557.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sutor v. Spangler, 4 Phil., 331.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_558" name="note_558" href="#noteref_558">558.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scott v. Stipe, 12 Ind., 74.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_559" name="note_559" href="#noteref_559">559.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commonwealth v. Dougherty, 107 Mass., 243.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_560" name="note_560" href="#noteref_560">560.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Wright's estate, Myr. Prob., 213 Cal.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_561" name="note_561" href="#noteref_561">561.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Green v. Dennis, 6 Conn., 293; Ferguson v. Hedges, 1 +Harr., 524.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_562" name="note_562" href="#noteref_562">562.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Murphy v. Dallam, 1 Bland, 529.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_563" name="note_563" href="#noteref_563">563.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Festorazzi v. St. Joseph's, 104 Ala., 327; 18 So., 394; +25 L. R. A., 360; Ex parte Schuler, 134 Mass., 436; Seiber's +Appeal, 9 At., Pa., 863; Holland v. Alcock, 108 N. Y., +312; 16 N. E., 305.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_564" name="note_564" href="#noteref_564">564.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Festorazzi v. St. Joseph's, 104 Ala., 327; 18 So., 394; +25 L. R. A., 360.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_565" name="note_565" href="#noteref_565">565.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McHugh v. McCole, 97 Wis., 166; 72 N. W., 352.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_566" name="note_566" href="#noteref_566">566.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wilson v. Perry, 29 W. Va., 169; 1 S. E., 302.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_567" name="note_567" href="#noteref_567">567.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jones v. Habersham, 107 U. S., 174; 27 L. Ed., 401.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_568" name="note_568" href="#noteref_568">568.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Good v. Zook, 116 Ia., 582; 88 N. W., 376.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_569" name="note_569" href="#noteref_569">569.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Trustees v. Sturgeon, 9 Pa. St., 321.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_570" name="note_570" href="#noteref_570">570.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scott v. Curle, 9 B. Mon., 17; Ante, 278, 290.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_571" name="note_571" href="#noteref_571">571.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Paulson's will, 127 Wis., 612; 107 N. W., 484.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_572" name="note_572" href="#noteref_572">572.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Robertson v. Bullions, 11 N. Y., 243.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_573" name="note_573" href="#noteref_573">573.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">62 Cen. L. J., 167.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_574" name="note_574" href="#noteref_574">574.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ould v. Washington, 95 U. S., 303; 24 L. Ed., 450.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_575" name="note_575" href="#noteref_575">575.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jones v. Habersham, 107 U. S., 174; 27 L. Ed., 401.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_576" name="note_576" href="#noteref_576">576.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Darcy v. Kelley, 153 Mass., 433; 26 N. E., 1110.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_577" name="note_577" href="#noteref_577">577.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bronson v. Strouse, 57 Conn., 147; 17 At., 699.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_578" name="note_578" href="#noteref_578">578.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tichenor v. Brewer's, 98 Ky., 349; 33 S. W., 86.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_579" name="note_579" href="#noteref_579">579.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Banker v. Phelan, 4 Barb., 80.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_580" name="note_580" href="#noteref_580">580.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bowers v. Fromm, Add., Pa., 362.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_581" name="note_581" href="#noteref_581">581.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Germania v. Baltes, 113 Ill., 29.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_582" name="note_582" href="#noteref_582">582.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McDonald v. Shaw, 98 S. W., 952.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_583" name="note_583" href="#noteref_583">583.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Beaty v. Kurtz, 27 U. S., 566; 7 L. Ed., 521.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_584" name="note_584" href="#noteref_584">584.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Heiss v. Murphy, 40 Wis., 276; Fadness v. Braunburg, +73 Wis., 257; 41 N. W., 84.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_585" name="note_585" href="#noteref_585">585.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Coe v. Washington, 149 Mass., 543; 21 N. E., 966.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_586" name="note_586" href="#noteref_586">586.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Clark v. Brown, 108 S. W., 421, Tex.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_587" name="note_587" href="#noteref_587">587.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Parker v. Quinn, 23 Utah, 332; 64 Pac., 961.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_588" name="note_588" href="#noteref_588">588.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">All Saints v. Brookline, 59 N. E., 1003, Mass.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_589" name="note_589" href="#noteref_589">589.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Green v. Outagamie, 76 Wis., 587; 45 N. W., 536.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_590" name="note_590" href="#noteref_590">590.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Katzer v. City, 104 Wis., 16; 80 N. W., 41.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_591" name="note_591" href="#noteref_591">591.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. Joseph Hospital v. Ashland, 96 Wis., 636; 72 N. +W., 43.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_592" name="note_592" href="#noteref_592">592.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ramsey v. Church, 45 Minn., 229; 47 N. W., 783.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_593" name="note_593" href="#noteref_593">593.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gray v. Lafayette, 65 Wis., 567; 27 N. W., 311.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_594" name="note_594" href="#noteref_594">594.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Newport v. Masonic, 108 Ky., 333; 56 S. W., 405; 49 +L. R. A., 252.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_595" name="note_595" href="#noteref_595">595.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Trustees v. City, 122 Wis., 452; 100 N. W., 837.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_596" name="note_596" href="#noteref_596">596.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dahl v. Kimball, 6 Me., 171.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_597" name="note_597" href="#noteref_597">597.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Turner v. Inhabitants, 16 Mass., 208; Goodell Mfg. Co. +v. Trask, 28 Mass., 514.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_598" name="note_598" href="#noteref_598">598.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Muzzy v. Wilkins, Smith, 1; Ebau v. Hendell, 5 Watts, +43; 30 Am. Dec., 291.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_599" name="note_599" href="#noteref_599">599.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miller v. Board, 19 Ill. App., 48; Municipality of Ponce +v. R. C. A. Ch., 28 Sup. Ct. R., 737; Reuben Quick-Bear +v. Leupp, 28 Sup. Ct. Repr., 690; Dorner v. Dist., 118 N. +W., 353.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_600" name="note_600" href="#noteref_600">600.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">53 Cen. L. J., 224.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_601" name="note_601" href="#noteref_601">601.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hewitt v. Woman's, 73 N. H., 556; 64 At., 190.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_602" name="note_602" href="#noteref_602">602.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Collins v. New York, 69 N. Y. Supp., 106.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_603" name="note_603" href="#noteref_603">603.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Louisville v. Hammock, 106 S. W., Ky., 219; 14 L. R. +A., N. S., 784.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_604" name="note_604" href="#noteref_604">604.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Indianapolis v. Grant, 25 Ind., 518.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_605" name="note_605" href="#noteref_605">605.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Newport v. Masonic, 108 Ky., 333; 56 S. W., 405; 49 +L. R. A., 252.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_606" name="note_606" href="#noteref_606">606.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McGee v. German, 13 N. J. Eq., 77.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_607" name="note_607" href="#noteref_607">607.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miller v. Lerch, Wall. Jr., Pa., 210.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_608" name="note_608" href="#noteref_608">608.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys v. Brown, 45 +Md., 310.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_609" name="note_609" href="#noteref_609">609.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">White v. Price, 108 N. Y., 661; 15 N. E., 427.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_610" name="note_610" href="#noteref_610">610.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sec. 5, Ky. Constitution; Contra: N. H. Constitution, +art. 6.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_611" name="note_611" href="#noteref_611">611.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Donahue v. Richards, 38 Me., 376; State v. Baily, 157 +Ind., 324; 61 N. E., 730; 54 Cen. L. J., 142.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_612" name="note_612" href="#noteref_612">612.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. Patrick's v. Rochester, 34 How. Pr., 227.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_613" name="note_613" href="#noteref_613">613.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Board, 13 Barb., N. Y., 400.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_614" name="note_614" href="#noteref_614">614.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Synod v. State, 2 S. Dak., 366; 50 N. W., 632; 14 L. +R. A., 418.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_615" name="note_615" href="#noteref_615">615.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Hallock, 16 Nev., 373; Dorner v. School Dist., +118 N. W., Wis., 353 (Nov. 27, 1908).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_616" name="note_616" href="#noteref_616">616.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jenkins v. Andover, 103 Mass., 94.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_617" name="note_617" href="#noteref_617">617.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Millard v. Board, 121 Ill., 297; 10 N. E., 669; Dorner v. +School Dist., 118 N. W., Wis., 353.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_618" name="note_618" href="#noteref_618">618.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Church v. Bullock, 100 S. W., Tex., 1025; Donahue v. +Richards, 38 Me., 379; 56 C. L. J., 81.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_619" name="note_619" href="#noteref_619">619.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Board, 76 Wis., 177; 44 N. W., 967; 7 L. R. A., +330; 53 Am. R., 282; 14 L. R. A., 419; Dorner v. School +Dist., 118 N. W., Wis., 353 (Nov. 27, 1908).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_620" name="note_620" href="#noteref_620">620.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Billard v. Board, 69 Kan., 53; 76 Pac., 422; 66 L. R. +A., 166.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_621" name="note_621" href="#noteref_621">621.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stevenson v. Hanyon, 7 Pa. Co. Ct., 585; State v. +Board, 76 Wis., 177; 44 N. W., 967; 7 L. R. A., 330; State +v. Scheve, 65 Neb., 853; 91 N. W., 846; 59 L. R. A., 927.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_622" name="note_622" href="#noteref_622">622.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dorner v. School District, 118 N. W., Wis., 353 (Nov. +27, 1908); County v. Industrial School, 125 Ill., 540; 18 +N. E., 183; 1 L. R. A., 437; 8 Am. St. Rep., 386; O'Connor +v. Hendrick, 184 N. Y., 421; 77 N. E., 612.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_623" name="note_623" href="#noteref_623">623.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Board v. Minor, 23 Ohio, 250; Campanas v. Calderhead, +17 Mont., 548; 44 Pac., 83; 36 L. R. A., 277.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_624" name="note_624" href="#noteref_624">624.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Spiller v. Woburn, 12 Allen, Mass., 127.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_625" name="note_625" href="#noteref_625">625.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">School Commissioners v. State Board, 26 Md., 505.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_626" name="note_626" href="#noteref_626">626.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Donahue v. Richards, 38 Me., 379; 56 Cen. L. J., 81.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_627" name="note_627" href="#noteref_627">627.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scofield v. State, 27 Conn., 499.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_628" name="note_628" href="#noteref_628">628.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">School v. Arnold, 21 Wis., 657.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_629" name="note_629" href="#noteref_629">629.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sherman v. Charleston, 8 Cushing, Mass., 160; State v. +Board, 116 N. W., 232; 67 Cen. L. J., 241.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_630" name="note_630" href="#noteref_630">630.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Guernsey v. Pitkin, 32 Vt., 224.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_631" name="note_631" href="#noteref_631">631.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wood v. Morrow, 35 Wis., 59.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_632" name="note_632" href="#noteref_632">632.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Anderson v. State, 3 Head, Tenn., 455.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_633" name="note_633" href="#noteref_633">633.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lander v. Seaver, 32 Vt., 114.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_634" name="note_634" href="#noteref_634">634.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stevens v. Fassett, 27 Me., 266.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_635" name="note_635" href="#noteref_635">635.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Draper v. Cambridge, 20 Ind., 268.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_636" name="note_636" href="#noteref_636">636.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lane v. Baker, 12 Ohio St., 237; State v. City, 19 Ohio, +178; Van Camp v. Board, 9 Ohio St., 406.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_637" name="note_637" href="#noteref_637">637.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ex parte Plessy, 45 La. Ann., 80; 11 So., 948; 16 Sup. +Ct. R., 1138; 163 U. S., 537; 41 L. Ed., 256; 18 L. R. A., +639.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_638" name="note_638" href="#noteref_638">638.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. School Directors, 10 Ohio St., 448.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_639" name="note_639" href="#noteref_639">639.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jackson v. Hampden, 16 Me., 184.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_640" name="note_640" href="#noteref_640">640.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Markwell v. Pereles, 95 Wis., 406 and 424; 69 N. W., +798 and 984.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_641" name="note_641" href="#noteref_641">641.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Perry v. State, 113 Ga., 936; 39 S. E., 315.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_642" name="note_642" href="#noteref_642">642.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aycock v. Harrington, 84 Miss., 204; 36 So., 245; 65 +L. R. A., 689.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_643" name="note_643" href="#noteref_643">643.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wright v. Bennett, 7 Ill., 587.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_644" name="note_644" href="#noteref_644">644.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Graham v. Bennett, 2 Cal., 503.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_645" name="note_645" href="#noteref_645">645.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Harris, 63 N. C., 1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_646" name="note_646" href="#noteref_646">646.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rex. v. Canon, 7 Car. and P., 438.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_647" name="note_647" href="#noteref_647">647.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rex. v. Griffen, 6 Cox. C. C., 402.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_648" name="note_648" href="#noteref_648">648.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. v. F., 1 Ch. (1902), 688.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_649" name="note_649" href="#noteref_649">649.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Jacques, 82 N. Y. Sup., 986.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_650" name="note_650" href="#noteref_650">650.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Marshall, 33 N. Y. S., 104.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_651" name="note_651" href="#noteref_651">651.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kennedy v. Borah, 226 Ill., 243; 80 N. E., 767.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_652" name="note_652" href="#noteref_652">652.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Prieto v. Alphonso, 52 La. Ann., 631; 27 So., 153.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_653" name="note_653" href="#noteref_653">653.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Clarkson v. Hatton, 143 Mo., 47; 44 S. W., 761; 65 Am. +St. R., 635; Matter of Johnson, 98 Cal., 531; 33 Pac., 260; +21 L. R. A., 380; Schlitz v. Roenitz, 86 Wis., 31; 56 N. W., +194; 39 Am. St. R., 873; 21 L. R. A., 482; Markwell v. +Pereles, 95 Wis., 406; 69 N. W., 798; 67 Cen. L. J., 197.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_654" name="note_654" href="#noteref_654">654.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Elliott v. Elliott, 77 Wis., 634; 46 N. W., 806; 57 L. +R. A., 155; 10 L. R. A., 568.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_655" name="note_655" href="#noteref_655">655.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cole v. State, 75 S. W., 527; 45 Tex.; Cr. App., 225; +57 Cen. L. J., 341.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_656" name="note_656" href="#noteref_656">656.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mutter v. Senibbs, 79 N. E., 762, Mass.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_657" name="note_657" href="#noteref_657">657.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commonwealth v. McAfee, 108 Mass., 458.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_658" name="note_658" href="#noteref_658">658.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tuttle v. Sutts, 96 Pac., 260.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_659" name="note_659" href="#noteref_659">659.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gleason v. Gleason, 4 Wis., 64; 14 Cyc, 846.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_660" name="note_660" href="#noteref_660">660.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">32 St. At. L., 636 and 645.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_661" name="note_661" href="#noteref_661">661.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chap. 1402, U. S. Laws of 1904.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_662" name="note_662" href="#noteref_662">662.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Quick-Bear v. Leupp, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep., 690 (1908).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_663" name="note_663" href="#noteref_663">663.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sec. 2045, U. S. Statutes.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_664" name="note_664" href="#noteref_664">664.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Secs. 2071 and 2072, U. S. Statutes, and Chap. 188, +Laws of 1895.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_665" name="note_665" href="#noteref_665">665.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">26 St. At. L., 1014.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_666" name="note_666" href="#noteref_666">666.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Quick-Bear v. Leupp, 28 Sup. Ct. Repr., 690; 27 St. L., +628 and 635.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_667" name="note_667" href="#noteref_667">667.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Lehah-puc-ka-chee, 98 Fed., 429.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_668" name="note_668" href="#noteref_668">668.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chap. 503, Laws of 1888.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_669" name="note_669" href="#noteref_669">669.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chap. 3, Laws of 1897.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_670" name="note_670" href="#noteref_670">670.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">61 Cen. L. J., 101, 289; 62 Cen. L. J., 215, 219.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_671" name="note_671" href="#noteref_671">671.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McCann v. County, 6 Mont., 297.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_672" name="note_672" href="#noteref_672">672.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hubbard v. Railway, 104 Wis., 160; 80 N. W., 454.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_673" name="note_673" href="#noteref_673">673.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hochheimer on Custody of Infants, sec. 54; People v. +Turner, 55 Ill., 280; People v. Park, 41 N. Y., 21, 33.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_674" name="note_674" href="#noteref_674">674.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kleizer v. Symes, 40 Ind., 562; Etchison v, Pergeson, +88 Ga., 620; 15 S. E., 680; Lucas v. Case, 72 (9 Bush) Ky., +297; York v. Pease, 68 Mass., 288; Piper v. Woolman, 43 +Neb., 280; 61 N. W., 588; O'Donahue v. McGovern, 23 +Wendell, N. Y., 26; Servatius v. Pichel, 34 Wis., 292.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_675" name="note_675" href="#noteref_675">675.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Combes v. Rose, 8 Blackf., 155; Servatius v. Pichel, 34 +Wis., 292; Etchison v. Pergeson, 88 Ga., 620; 15 S. E., 680.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_676" name="note_676" href="#noteref_676">676.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gardener v. Anderson, Fed. Case, 5220; Rector v. +Smith, 11 Ia., 302.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_677" name="note_677" href="#noteref_677">677.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class="tei tei-q">“Excommunication,”</span> ante. Servatius v. Pichel, 34 +Wis., 292; 11 L. R. A., 592.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_678" name="note_678" href="#noteref_678">678.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Shelton v. Nause, 46 Ky., 128.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_679" name="note_679" href="#noteref_679">679.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fawcett v. Charles, 13 Wendell, 473.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_680" name="note_680" href="#noteref_680">680.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">54 Cen. L. J., 313.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_681" name="note_681" href="#noteref_681">681.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hellstern v. Katzer, 103 Wis., 391; 79 N. W., 429.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_682" name="note_682" href="#noteref_682">682.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hills v. State, 61 Neb., 589; 85 N. W., 836.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_683" name="note_683" href="#noteref_683">683.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Konkle v. Haven, 140 Mich., 472; 103 N. W., 850.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_684" name="note_684" href="#noteref_684">684.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Klos v. Zahorik, 113 Ia., 161; 84 N. W., 1046.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_685" name="note_685" href="#noteref_685">685.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Libel and Slander, Townsend, secs. 233, 234; 25 Cyc, +390, 398, 411.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_686" name="note_686" href="#noteref_686">686.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Grace v. Dempsey, 75 Wis., 313; 43 N. W., 1127; Grace +v. McArthur, 76 Wis., 641; 45 N. W., 518.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_687" name="note_687" href="#noteref_687">687.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">25 Cyc, 390, 398.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_688" name="note_688" href="#noteref_688">688.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">62 Cen. L. J., 180.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_689" name="note_689" href="#noteref_689">689.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Libel and Slander, Townsend, p. 182 (notes).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_690" name="note_690" href="#noteref_690">690.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Libel and Slander, Townsend, sec. 177; 25 Cyc, 398; +Edwards v. Bell, 8 Moore, 467.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_691" name="note_691" href="#noteref_691">691.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Remington v. Congdon, 2 Pickering, 315; Bradley v. +Heath, 12 Pickering, 163.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_692" name="note_692" href="#noteref_692">692.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McConckle v. Binns, 5 Binns, Pa., 340.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_693" name="note_693" href="#noteref_693">693.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">MacBride v. Allis, 9 Rich., S. C., 313.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_694" name="note_694" href="#noteref_694">694.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Riggs, 22 Vt., 322.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_695" name="note_695" href="#noteref_695">695.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commonwealth v. Batchelder, Thach., Mass., Cr. Cas., +191.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_696" name="note_696" href="#noteref_696">696.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Shoe & L. v. Thompson, 18 Abbot's Pr., N. Y., 413.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_697" name="note_697" href="#noteref_697">697.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sans v. Joerris, 14 Wis., 663.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_698" name="note_698" href="#noteref_698">698.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">5 Cyc, 715; <span class="tei tei-q">“Disorderly Conduct,”</span> 14 Cyc, 467.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_699" name="note_699" href="#noteref_699">699.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">14 Cyc, 540.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_700" name="note_700" href="#noteref_700">700.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Williams v. State, 83 Ala., 78; 3 So., 616.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_701" name="note_701" href="#noteref_701">701.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hull v. State, 120 Ind., 153; 22 N. E., 117.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_702" name="note_702" href="#noteref_702">702.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hunt v. State, 3 Tex., 116.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_703" name="note_703" href="#noteref_703">703.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Kirby, 108 N. C., 772; 12 S. E., 1045.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_704" name="note_704" href="#noteref_704">704.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commonwealth v. Sigman, 2 Clark, Pa., 36.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_705" name="note_705" href="#noteref_705">705.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Wright, 41 Ark., 410; Tanner v. State, 126 Ga., +77; 54 S. E., 914.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_706" name="note_706" href="#noteref_706">706.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Shepherd, 54 S. C., 178; 32 S. E., 146; 14 Cyc, +467, 540.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_707" name="note_707" href="#noteref_707">707.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Martin v. State, 65 Tenn., 234.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_708" name="note_708" href="#noteref_708">708.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Leighton, 35 Me., 195.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_709" name="note_709" href="#noteref_709">709.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Marvin v. State, 19 Ind., 181.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_710" name="note_710" href="#noteref_710">710.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Brown v. State, 46 Ala., 175.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_711" name="note_711" href="#noteref_711">711.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Turkhaw, 69 N. C., 215.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_712" name="note_712" href="#noteref_712">712.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Richardson v. State, 5 Tex. App., 470.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_713" name="note_713" href="#noteref_713">713.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">U. S. v. Brooks, 4 Cranch, C. C., 427.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_714" name="note_714" href="#noteref_714">714.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Crowley, 23 Hun., 412; McLane v. Mallock, +7 Ind., 525.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_715" name="note_715" href="#noteref_715">715.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kinney v. State, 38 Ala., 224; State v. Lusk, 68 Ind., +264; State v. Edwards, 32 Mo., 548; Tanner v. State, 126 +Ga., 77; 54 S. E., 914.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_716" name="note_716" href="#noteref_716">716.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">MacLean v. Mallock, 7 Ind., 525.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_717" name="note_717" href="#noteref_717">717.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wall v. Lee, 34 N. Y., 141.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_718" name="note_718" href="#noteref_718">718.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Meyer v. Baker, 120 Ill., 567; 12 N. E., 79; Commonwealth +v. Bearse, 132 Mass., 542; 42 Am. R., 450; West v. +State, 28 Tenn., 66; Cramer v. Marks, 64 Pa. St., 151.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_719" name="note_719" href="#noteref_719">719.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">5 Cyc, 713; Commonwealth v. Linn, 158 Pa., 22; 27 +At., 843; 22 L. R. A., 353.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_720" name="note_720" href="#noteref_720">720.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Gaines v. State, 75 Tenn., 410; Holcombe v. Cornish, +8 Conn., 375; Bodenheimer v. State, 60 Ark., 10; 28 S. W., +507.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_721" name="note_721" href="#noteref_721">721.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Chandler, 2 Har., Del., 553.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_722" name="note_722" href="#noteref_722">722.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commonwealth v. Kneeland, 37 Mass. (20 Pick), 206.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_723" name="note_723" href="#noteref_723">723.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Ruggles, 8 Johnson, 225.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_724" name="note_724" href="#noteref_724">724.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Chandler, 2 Harr., Del., 553.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_725" name="note_725" href="#noteref_725">725.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Pepper, 68 N. C., 259.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_726" name="note_726" href="#noteref_726">726.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Odell v. Garnett, 4 Blackf., Ind., 549.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_727" name="note_727" href="#noteref_727">727.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Porter, 2 Park, N. Y. Cr., 14.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_728" name="note_728" href="#noteref_728">728.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Chandler, 2 Harr., Del., 553; Commonwealth +v. Kneeland, Thach., Mass. Cr. Cas., 346.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_729" name="note_729" href="#noteref_729">729.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Miller v. State, 76 Ind., 310.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_730" name="note_730" href="#noteref_730">730.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Petty v. State, 58 Ark., 1; 22 S. W., 654.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_731" name="note_731" href="#noteref_731">731.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Splane v. Commonwealth, 12 At., Pa., 431.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_732" name="note_732" href="#noteref_732">732.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commonwealth v. Keiten, 1 Monag., 368.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_733" name="note_733" href="#noteref_733">733.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cain v. Daly, 74 S. C, 480; 55 S. E., 110.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_734" name="note_734" href="#noteref_734">734.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ex parte Jentisch, 112 Cal., 468; 44 Pac., 803.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_735" name="note_735" href="#noteref_735">735.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Lorey, 66 Tenn., 95.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_736" name="note_736" href="#noteref_736">736.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Krech, 10 Wash., 166; 38 Pac., 1001.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_737" name="note_737" href="#noteref_737">737.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Havenor, 149 N. Y., 195; 43 N. E., 541; 3 L. +R. A., 689; State v. Dolan, 13 Idaho, 693; 92 Pac., 995; +14 L. R. A., N. S., 1259.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_738" name="note_738" href="#noteref_738">738.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Flag v. Inhabitants, 58 Mass., 243; Doyle v. Lynn, 118 +Mass., 195.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_739" name="note_739" href="#noteref_739">739.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hayden v. Mitchell, 103 Ga., 431; 30 S. E., 287.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_740" name="note_740" href="#noteref_740">740.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Roth v. Hacks, 68 Mo. App., 283.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_741" name="note_741" href="#noteref_741">741.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hofer v. Cowan, 55 Cen. L. J., 290.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_742" name="note_742" href="#noteref_742">742.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Byrant v. Watson, 127 Ind., 42; 26 N. E., 687; Allen +v. Duffy, 43 Mich., 1; 4 N. W., 427; 11 L. R. A., 63; Dale +v. Knapp, 98 Pa., 389.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_743" name="note_743" href="#noteref_743">743.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Society v. Commonwealth, 52 Pa., 125; Parker v. State, +84 Tenn., 476.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_744" name="note_744" href="#noteref_744">744.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McCabe v. Father Matthews, 24 Hun., 149; People v. +Young, 67 Barb., 357.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_745" name="note_745" href="#noteref_745">745.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Philadelphia v. Lehman, 56 Md., 209; Kroer v. People, +78 Ill., 294.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_746" name="note_746" href="#noteref_746">746.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fox v. Abel, 2 Conn., 541.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_747" name="note_747" href="#noteref_747">747.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bryant v. Inhabitants, 30 Me., 193; Tracy v. Jenks, 32 +Mass., 465.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_748" name="note_748" href="#noteref_748">748.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Carpenter v. Crane, 1 Root, Conn., 98.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_749" name="note_749" href="#noteref_749">749.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Judefinde v. State, 78 Md., 510; 28 At., 405; 22 L. R. +A., 721, note.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_750" name="note_750" href="#noteref_750">750.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">55 Cen. L. J., 44; 56 Cen. L. J., 261; State v. Cheneworth, +163 Ind., 94; 71 N. E., 197; 59 Cen. L. J., 202.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_751" name="note_751" href="#noteref_751">751.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Speed v. Tomlinson, 73 N. H., 46; 59 At., 376; 68 L. +R. A., 432.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_752" name="note_752" href="#noteref_752">752.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Rodgers, 128 N. C., 576; 38 S. E., 34.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_753" name="note_753" href="#noteref_753">753.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">U. S. v. Moore, 104 Fed., 78.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_754" name="note_754" href="#noteref_754">754.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Constant v. Rector, 4 Daly, 1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_755" name="note_755" href="#noteref_755">755.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Frederickson v. W. R. Cem. Ass., 133 Wis., 502; 113 +N. W., 1023.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_756" name="note_756" href="#noteref_756">756.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">14 Op. Atty-Gen., 27; secs. 4780-4782, U. S. Statutes; +16 Op. Atty-Gen., 13.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_757" name="note_757" href="#noteref_757">757.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">20 St. at L., 281.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_758" name="note_758" href="#noteref_758">758.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sohier v. Trinity Ch., 109 Mass., 1; City v. Town, 82 +Wis., 374; 52 N. W., 425.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_759" name="note_759" href="#noteref_759">759.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Trustees v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_760" name="note_760" href="#noteref_760">760.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Porch v. St. Bridget's, 81 Wis., 599; 51 N. W., 1007.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_761" name="note_761" href="#noteref_761">761.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Highland, 4 Pa. Dist. Rep., 653.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_762" name="note_762" href="#noteref_762">762.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commonwealth v. Fisher, 7 Phil., 264; Bourland v. +Springdale, 158 Ill., 458; 42 N. E., 86.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_763" name="note_763" href="#noteref_763">763.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">City v. Watson, 56 N. J. L., 667; 24 L. R. A., 843; 49 +Cen. L. J., 307.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_764" name="note_764" href="#noteref_764">764.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Coates v. City, 7 Cowan, N. Y., 585; Humphrey v. +Frost, 109 N. C., 132; 13 S. E., 793; City v. Austin, 87 +Tex., 330; 28 S. W., 528; 47 Am. St. R., 114.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_765" name="note_765" href="#noteref_765">765.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stockton v. City, 42 N. J. Eq., 531; 9 At., 203; First v. +Meyers, 5 Okla., 819; 50 Pac., 70; 38 L. R. A., 329.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_766" name="note_766" href="#noteref_766">766.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Steams v. Manchester, 63 N. H., 390; Henry v. Trustees, +48 Ohio, 671; 30 N. E., 1122.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_767" name="note_767" href="#noteref_767">767.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Upjohn v. Board, 46 Mich., 542; 9 N. W., 845.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_768" name="note_768" href="#noteref_768">768.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Edwards v. Stonington, 20 Conn., 466.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_769" name="note_769" href="#noteref_769">769.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Oakland v. People, 93 Tex., 569; 57 S. W., 27; 55 L. +R. A., 503.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_770" name="note_770" href="#noteref_770">770.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Louisville v. Nevin, 73 Ky., 549; First v. Hazel, 63 +Neb., 844; 89 N. W., 378.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_771" name="note_771" href="#noteref_771">771.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Page v. Simons, 63 N. H., 17.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_772" name="note_772" href="#noteref_772">772.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wygant v. McLaughlin, 39 Or., 429; 64 Pac., 867; 54 +L. R. A., 636; 53 Cen. L. J., 48.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_773" name="note_773" href="#noteref_773">773.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Trustees v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599; Close +v. Glenwood, 107 U. S., 466; 2 Sup. Ct. R., 267; 27 L. Ed., +408; Matter of Bd. of Street Opening, 133 N. Y., 329; 31 +N. E., 102; 28 Am. St. R., 640; 16 L. R. A., 180.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_774" name="note_774" href="#noteref_774">774.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Waldron, 26 R. I., 84; 58 At., 453; 67 L. R. A., +118; Wright v. Hollywood, 112 Ga., 884; 38 S. E., 94; 52 +L. R. A., 621.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_775" name="note_775" href="#noteref_775">775.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Perkins v. Mass., 138 Mass., 361.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_776" name="note_776" href="#noteref_776">776.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wright v. Hollywood, 112 Ga., 884; 38 S. E., 94.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_777" name="note_777" href="#noteref_777">777.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">People v. Trustees, 21 Hun., 184; McGuire v. St. Pat. +C. C., 3 N. Y. Sup., 781; Baltimore v. Manning, 72 Md., +116; 19 At., 599.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_778" name="note_778" href="#noteref_778">778.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Palmer v. Cypress, 122 N. Y., 429; 25 N. E., 983.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_779" name="note_779" href="#noteref_779">779.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Conger v. Weyant, 55 Hun., 605.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_780" name="note_780" href="#noteref_780">780.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Baltimore v. Manning, 72 Md., 116; 19 At., 599.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_781" name="note_781" href="#noteref_781">781.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Went v. Methodist, 80 Hun., 266; Adams v. First, 148 +Mich., 140; 111 N. W., 757; 11 L. R. A., N. S., 509.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_782" name="note_782" href="#noteref_782">782.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lakin v. Ames, 64 Mass., 198.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_783" name="note_783" href="#noteref_783">783.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Donnelly v. Boston, 146 Mass., 163; 15 N. E., 505.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_784" name="note_784" href="#noteref_784">784.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rawson v. School, 89 Mass., 299.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_785" name="note_785" href="#noteref_785">785.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. Johns v. Haans, 31 Pa. St., 9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_786" name="note_786" href="#noteref_786">786.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dangerfield v. Williams, 26 App., S. C., 508.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_787" name="note_787" href="#noteref_787">787.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Silverwood v. Latrobe, 68 Md., 620; 13 At., 161.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_788" name="note_788" href="#noteref_788">788.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bessimer v. Jenkins, 111 Ala., 135; 18 So., 565; 66 Am. +St. R., 26.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_789" name="note_789" href="#noteref_789">789.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Davidson v. Reed, 111 Ill., 167; 53 Am. R., 613; Boyce +v. Kalbough, 47 Md., 334.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_790" name="note_790" href="#noteref_790">790.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Burke v. Wall, 29 La. Ann., 38; Seymour v. Page, 33 +Conn., 61; Perkins v. Mass., 138 Mass., 361.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_791" name="note_791" href="#noteref_791">791.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hyde Park v. Oakwoods, 119 Ill., 141; 7 N. E., 627; +Matter of Bd. of Street Opening, 133 N.Y., 329; 31 N. E., +102; 28 Am. St. E., 640 L. R. A., 180.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_792" name="note_792" href="#noteref_792">792.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eastern v. City of Louisville, 13 Ky. L. Rep., 279; 15 +S. W., 1117.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_793" name="note_793" href="#noteref_793">793.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Burke v. Wall, 29 La. Ann., 38; Appeal of Gumbert, +110 Pa. St., 496; 1 At, 437.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_794" name="note_794" href="#noteref_794">794.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Reformed, 7 Howard's Pr., 476; Scoville v. MacMahon, +62 Conn., 378; 26 At., 479.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_795" name="note_795" href="#noteref_795">795.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Antrim v. Malsbury, 43 N.J. Eq., 288; 13 At., 180.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_796" name="note_796" href="#noteref_796">796.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hertle v. Riddell, Ky., 106 S. W., 282; 15 L. R. A., N. +S., 796.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_797" name="note_797" href="#noteref_797">797.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lewis v. Walker, 165 Pa. St., 30; 30 At., 500.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_798" name="note_798" href="#noteref_798">798.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">State v. Wilson, 94 N. C., 1015.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_799" name="note_799" href="#noteref_799">799.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Farelly v. Metairie, 42 La. Ann., 28; 10 So., 386; Commonwealth +v. Maria, 2 Weekly Notes Cases, 244.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_800" name="note_800" href="#noteref_800">800.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hullman v. Honcomp, 5 Ohio St., 237.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_801" name="note_801" href="#noteref_801">801.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">MacGuire v. St. Patrick's, 54 Hun., 207.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_802" name="note_802" href="#noteref_802">802.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dwenger v. Geary, 113 Ind., 106; 14 N. E., 903; Nance +v. Busby, 91 Tenn., 303; 15 L. R. A., 801.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_803" name="note_803" href="#noteref_803">803.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mt. Maria v. Commonwealth, 81 Pa. St., 235; 22 Am. +Rep., 743; Cemetery Co. v. Walker, 29 Ky. L. R., 1252; +97 S. W., 34; 7 L. R. A., N. S., 155.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_804" name="note_804" href="#noteref_804">804.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Larson v. Chase, 47 Minn., 307; 50 N. W., 238; 14 L. +R. A., 85; 28 Am. St. R., 370; Pettigrew v. P., 207 Pa., 313; +56 At., 878; 64 L. R. A., 179.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_805" name="note_805" href="#noteref_805">805.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McEntee v. Bonacum, 66 Neb., 651; 92 N. W., 633; 66 +L. R. A., 440.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_806" name="note_806" href="#noteref_806">806.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hook v. Joyce, 94 Ky., 450; 22 S. W., 651; 21 L. R. +A., 96.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_807" name="note_807" href="#noteref_807">807.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Columbus v. C., 82 Wis., 334; 52 N. W., 425; 16 L. R. +A., 695; Mt. Hope v. Boston, 158 Mass., 509; 33 N. E., +695; 35 Am. St. R., 515; Kincaid's Appeal, 66 Pa. St., 411; +5 Am. R., 377; Bessimer v. Jenkins, 111 Ala., 135; 56 Am. +St. R., 26; 18 So., 565.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_808" name="note_808" href="#noteref_808">808.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wilson v. Reed, 68 At., 37, N. H.; Wormley v. Wormley, +207 Ill., 411; 60 N. E., 865; 3 L. R. A., N. S., 481.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_809" name="note_809" href="#noteref_809">809.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thirkfield v. Mountain, 12 Utah, 76; 41 Pac., 564; +Wright v. Hollywood, 112 Ga., 884; 38 S. E., 94; 52 L. R. +A., 621.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_810" name="note_810" href="#noteref_810">810.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Toppin v. Moriarty, 59 N. J. Eq., 115; 44 At., 469; 50 +Cen. L. J., 21.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_811" name="note_811" href="#noteref_811">811.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cohen v. Cong., 99 N. Y. S., 732.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_812" name="note_812" href="#noteref_812">812.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Feeley v. Andrews, 191 Mass., 313; 77 N. E., 766; State +v. McLean, 121 N. C., 589; 28 S. E., 140; 42 L. R. A., 721.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_813" name="note_813" href="#noteref_813">813.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McEntee v. Bonacum, 66 Neb., 651; 92 N. W., 633; 66 +L. R. A., 440.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_814" name="note_814" href="#noteref_814">814.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mutual, etc., v. Griesa, 156 F., 398.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_815" name="note_815" href="#noteref_815">815.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hayes v. State, 112 Wis., 304; 87 N. W., 1076.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_816" name="note_816" href="#noteref_816">816.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">14 L. R. A., 85; Young v. College of Physicians, 81 +Md., 358; 32 At., 177; 31 L. R. A., 540; Meyers v. Clarke, +28 Ky. L., 1000; 90 S. W., 1049; 5 L. R. A., N. S., 727.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_817" name="note_817" href="#noteref_817">817.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lindh v. Ry., 99 Minn., 408; 109 N. W., 823; 7 L. R. +A., N. S., 1018.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_818" name="note_818" href="#noteref_818">818.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Long v. Ry., 15 Oklahoma, 512; 86 Pac., 289; 6 L. R. +A., N. S., 883; Griffith v. Charlotte, 23 S. C., 25; 55 Am. +Rep., 1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_819" name="note_819" href="#noteref_819">819.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Koerber v. Patek, 123 Wis., 453; 102 N. W., 40; Thompson +v. State, 105 Tenn., 177; 58 S. W., 213; 80 Am. St. R., +875; 51 L. R. A., 883.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_820" name="note_820" href="#noteref_820">820.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Williams v. Williams, 20 Ch. Div., 659.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_821" name="note_821" href="#noteref_821">821.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reg. v. Fox, 2 Q. B., 246.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_822" name="note_822" href="#noteref_822">822.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">52 Cen. L. J., 141.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_823" name="note_823" href="#noteref_823">823.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">O'Donnell v. Slack, 123 Cal., 285; 55 Pacific, 906; 43 +L. R. A., 388; Neighbors v. Neighbors, 23 Ky. L., 1433; +65 S. W., 607; Larson v. Chase, 47 Minn., 307; 50 N. W., +238; 14 L. R. A., 85.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_824" name="note_824" href="#noteref_824">824.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Enos v. Snyder, 131 Cal., 68; 63 Pac., 170; 82 Am. St. +R., 330; 53 L. R. A., 21.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_825" name="note_825" href="#noteref_825">825.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thompson v. Deeds, 93 Ia., 228; 61 N. W., 842.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_826" name="note_826" href="#noteref_826">826.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Durrell v. Haywood, 75 Mass., 248.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_827" name="note_827" href="#noteref_827">827.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Boham v. Loeb, 107 Ala., 604; 18 So., 300; Hamilton v. +State, 30 Ind., 482; Partridge v. First, 39 Md., 631; Fletcher +v. Evans, 140 Mass., 24; 2 N. E., 837.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_828" name="note_828" href="#noteref_828">828.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Commonwealth v. Viall, 84 Mass., 512.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_829" name="note_829" href="#noteref_829">829.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Donnelly v. Boston, 146 Mass., 163; 15 N. E., 505.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_830" name="note_830" href="#noteref_830">830.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Houston v. Drew, 13 Tex. Cir. App., 536; 36 S. W., 802.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_831" name="note_831" href="#noteref_831">831.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Robertson v. Bullions, 11 N. Y., 243.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_832" name="note_832" href="#noteref_832">832.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Canadian v. Palmenter, 180 Mass., 415; 62 N. E., 740.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_833" name="note_833" href="#noteref_833">833.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Barabasz v. Kabat, 86 Md., 23; 37 At., 720.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_834" name="note_834" href="#noteref_834">834.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Hawkins, 165 N. Y., 188; 58 N. E., 884.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_835" name="note_835" href="#noteref_835">835.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chapin v. Holyoke, 165 Mass., 280; 42 N. E., 1130; Am. +& Eng. Cyc. of L., <span class="tei tei-q">“Taxation.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_836" name="note_836" href="#noteref_836">836.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In re Barry, 164 N. Y., 18; 58 N. E., 12.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_837" name="note_837" href="#noteref_837">837.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">American Law of Electors, McCrary, sec. 41.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_838" name="note_838" href="#noteref_838">838.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lansing v. Haynes, 95 Mich., 16; 54 N. W., 699; Baacke +v. Baacke, 50 Neb., 18; 69 N., 303; Jones, Jr., estate, 211 +Pa., 364; 60 At., 915; 69 L. R. A., 940; White v. B. of +A. Y., 124 Ia., 293; 99 N. W., 1071; 66 L. R. A., 164.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_839" name="note_839" href="#noteref_839">839.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rogers v. Elliott, 146 Mass., 349; 15 N. E., 768; Davis +v. Sawyer, 133 Mass., 289; 43 Am. R., 519; Harrison v. +St. Mark's, 12 Phil., 259; Soltau v. DeHeld, 9 Eng. L. & +E., 104; Leete v. Pilgrim Cong. Ch., 14 Mo. App., 590.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_840" name="note_840" href="#noteref_840">840.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Osborne v. Osborne, New York, Sept. 12, 1908; Landry +v. Bellanger, 45 So., 956; 15 L. R. A., N. S., 463; Lawson +v. Lawson, 30 Tex. Civ. App., 43; 69 S. W., 246; +Schmitt v. Schneider, 109 Ga., 628; 35 S. E., 145.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_841" name="note_841" href="#noteref_841">841.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">14 Cyc, 466.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_842" name="note_842" href="#noteref_842">842.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Minagham v. State, 77 Wis., 643; 46 N. W., 894; Gilmore +v. Fuller, 198 Ill., 130; 65 N. E., 84.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_843" name="note_843" href="#noteref_843">843.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Am. & Eng. Ency. of L., <span class="tei tei-q">“Stara decisis,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Res judicata”</span>; +67 Central L. Journal, 255; Pautz v. Plankinton, +126 Wis., 37; 105 N. W., 482; Whittaker v. Mich. M. L. +Ins. Co., 83 N. E., 899.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_844" name="note_844" href="#noteref_844">844.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bonacum v. Murphy, 71 Neb., 463; 104 N. W., 180.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_845" name="note_845" href="#noteref_845">845.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">U. S. Bankruptcy Act, sec. 1, sub-sec. 25.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_846" name="note_846" href="#noteref_846">846.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">20 Cyc, 457.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_847" name="note_847" href="#noteref_847">847.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">20 Cyc, 1243; Insolvent Corporations, Wait, sec. 637.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_848" name="note_848" href="#noteref_848">848.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">20 Cyc, 469.</dd></dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CLERGYMAN'S HAND-BOOK OF LAW*** +</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader77" id="rightpageheader77"></a><a name="pgtoc78" id="pgtoc78"></a><a name="pdf79" id="pdf79"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">March 12, 2011 </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt"> + <span class="tei tei-name"> + Produced by David King and the Online + Distributed Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. + (This file was produced from images generously made + available by The Internet Archive/Canadian + Libraries.) + </span> + </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader80" id="rightpageheader80"></a><a name="pgtoc81" id="pgtoc81"></a><a name="pdf82" id="pdf82"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project Gutenberg</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file should be named + 35563-h.html or + 35563-h.zip.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all associated files of various formats will be found + in: + + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/5/5/6/35563/" class="block tei tei-xref" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style="font-size: 90%">/dirs/3/5/5/6/35563/</span></a></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated editions will replace the previous one — the old + editions will be renamed.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the works from public domain print editions means that + no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the + Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United + States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. + Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this + license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + to protect the Project Gutenberg™ concept and trademark. 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