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The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the Postage Stamps of the
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<pre>
The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Postage Stamps of the United
States of America, by John Kerr Tiffany
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: History of the Postage Stamps of the United States of America
Author: John Kerr Tiffany
Release Date: March 13, 2011 [EBook #35566]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF POSTAGE STAMPS OF U.S.A. ***
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</pre>
<div class="tr">
<h4>Transcriber's Notes:</h4>
<p>1. Corrections from the "Errata" page have been incorporated into this e-text.</p>
<p>2. Additional <a href="#Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber's Notes</a> for corrections,
e-text format and word variations, appear at the end of this e-text.</p></div>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 396px;"><a name="Frontispiece" id="Frontispiece"></a>
<img src="images/frontispieceportrait.jpg" width="396" height="600" alt="John K. Tiffany" title="John K. Tiffany" />
</div>
<h1><small>HISTORY OF THE</small><br />
<big>Postage Stamps</big><br />
<small class="tiny">— OF THE —</small><br />
<big class="medium">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.</big></h1>
<hr style="width: 10%;" />
<p class="center txt150">BY JOHN K. TIFFANY,</p>
<p class="center txt80">
Author of THE PHILATELICAL LIBRARY,<br />
President of the American Philatelic Association and of the St. Louis Philatelic<br />
Society. Honorary Member of the Philatelic Society of London.<br />
Corresponding Member of the Societe Francaise de<br />
Timbrologie, the Societies of Dresden,<br />
Wurtemburg, Etc.<br />
</p>
<hr style="width: 10%;" />
<p class="center">
<span class="txt80">1887:</span><br />
C. H. MEKEEL, PHILATELIC PUBLISHER,<br />
<span class="txt90">ST. LOUIS, MO.</span><br />
</p>
<hr />
<p class="center txt80">
Copyrighted by J. K. Tiffany. 1886.<br />
All Rights Reserved.<br />
</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<h2><span class="smcap">Contents.</span></h2>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents">
<tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Portrait of J. K. Tiffany</span></td>
<td align="right" colspan="2">(<a href="#Frontispiece">Frontispiece</a>).</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">Chapter</td><td align="left">I,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">U. S. City Dispatch Post</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">II,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">Uniform Postage</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">III,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">Postmaster's Stamps</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">IV,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">Stamp of the N. Y. Postmaster</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">V,</td>
<td align="left">Stamps of the St. Louis</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">VI,</td>
<td align="left">Stamp of the Brattleboro</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">VII,</td>
<td align="left">Stamp of the New Haven</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">VIII,</td>
<td align="left">Stamps of the Providence</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">IX,</td>
<td align="left">Stamp of the Alexandria</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">X,</td>
<td align="left">Stamps of the Baltimore</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XI,</td>
<td align="left">Stamp of the Millbury</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XII,</td>
<td align="left">Stamped Env. of Wash'n</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XIII,</td>
<td align="left">Stamps of the Phila'lphia</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XIV,</td>
<td align="left">Stamp of the Worcester</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XV,</td>
<td align="left">Stamp of the Pittsfield</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XVI,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">Observations</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XVII,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">The Issue of 1847</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XVIII,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">The Issue of 1851</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XIX,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">The Issue of 1857</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XX,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">The Issue of 1861</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XXI,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">The Issue of 1867-9</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XXII,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">The Issue of 1869</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XXIII,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">The Issue of 1870</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XXIV,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">Postage Due Stamps</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XXV,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">Special Delivery Stamp</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XXVI,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">Newspaper and Periodical St'ps</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XXVII,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">Official Stamps</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XXVIII,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">Official Seals</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">XXIX,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">Reprints</td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Index</span>
</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="smcap">Publishers' Announcements</span></td>
<td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr>
</table></div>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<h2><span class="smcap">Errata.</span></h2>
<p>Page <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, 3d line from top, for <i>25</i>c lilac read <i>24</i> cents.</p>
<p>Page <a href="#Page_102">102</a> in lines 5, 6, 7 and 8 from bottom in last column
for F<sup>2</sup> G<sup>2</sup> H<sup>2</sup> I<sup>2</sup> read F<sup>4</sup> G<sup>4</sup> H<sup>4</sup> I<sup>4</sup>.</p>
<p>Page <a href="#Page_103">103</a> in lines 16 to 20 in second column for S<sup>2</sup> T<sup>2</sup>
U<sup>2</sup> V<sup>2</sup> W<sup>2</sup> read S<sup>3</sup>, T<sup>3</sup>, U<sup>3</sup>, V<sup>3</sup>, W<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<p>Page <a href="#Page_104">104</a> 5th line from bottom, omit <i>u</i> in "prolongued."</p>
<p>Page <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, 9th line from top for "<i>follows</i>" read "<i>above</i>."</p>
<p>Page <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, last line supply "<i>test of</i>" in the blank.</p>
<p>Page <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, 4th line from top for (") read "<i>cochineal</i>."</p>
<p>Page <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, 6th line from top, for "<i>12 cents</i>" read "<i>15
cents</i>."</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p>
<h2><span class="smcap">Preface.</span></h2>
<p>In seeking for information concerning the postage
stamps of the United States, we shall turn in
vain to sources which have furnished, in other countries,
such accurate details in regard to the stamps
issued by their postal authorities, for the stamps
authorized by the United States Post Office Department
are not manufactured by the government, and
there is no "stamp office" to authenticate each
plate, and register the number of sheets made from
it, and no edict, proclamation or law informs the public
of the values authorized for use, or of the designs,
or other peculiarities of the stamps to be employed.
The Postmaster General is authorized, in general
terms of the law, to provide such stamps as he may,
from time to time, judge most convenient and expedient
for the collection of the postal rates fixed by
other laws, and is required to have them manufactured
by those who, under general provisions of
other laws regulating all government work, offer to
do it at the lowest price.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p>
<p>The proposals for such work and the contracts
made with the parties successful in the competition,
reserve the right to the Postmaster General to change
the values, designs, etc., from time to time as he may
judge expedient, and specify nothing as to these
particulars, while they are very specific as to the
quality of the work, and the precautions to be observed
in the manufacture, to prevent pecuniary loss to
the Department. A government official inspects the
work in order that it may conform in quality to the
contract, and the records are kept of the number of
stamps of each value made and turned over to the
Department, without further specifications. In a
word, no record is preserved of how many stamps of
any particular design, paper, water-mark, perforation
or other peculiarity, are made, or of the date of the
adoption of any of these things. Third Assistant
Postmaster General Ireland, during his term of office,
once wrote "It has always surprised me that the
Department has never kept any official history of its
stamps." Many of these details might be gathered
no doubt from the very voluminous correspondence
between the Department and the several contractors,
if it were accessible, but upon investigation it
appears that many interesting changes have been
made upon mere verbal instructions.</p>
<p>We shall have therefore to rely upon quite different
sources for our information. Fortunately
the enterprise of collectors has probably discovered
all the varieties of the stamps themselves, and only
a careful study of them is necessary to their complete<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
description. The materials upon which the present
work is based were gathered together mostly as
accident threw them into the hands of the author,
from time to time, without any attempt at systematic
research or arrangement, until at the request of
J. B. Moens, of Brussells, they were arranged to
form a volume of his "Bibliotheque Des Timbrophiles."
The annual reports of the Postmaster
General have furnished some points of interest directly
and many inferentially; the circulars notifying
postmasters of the more important changes, a
nearly complete file of which has been consulted,
have been a great guide; while frequently very interesting
details have been extracted from the files of
contemporaneous daily papers; and the published results
of the researches of such indefatigable investigators
as Messrs. Bagg, Brown and Scott, in the Philatelical
Press, and the articles of Cosmopolitan and
Scott have been freely drawn upon. Many large collections
have been kindly submitted for inspection,
in particular those of Messrs Van Derlip, Sterling
and Casey, and thus we are able to describe every
stamp and essay from actual specimens, except in a
few instances specially noted. While there may be
possible omissions, the reader may feel assured of
the existence of everything described.</p>
<p>Frequent demands for the translation of the
French work have led to the present publication.
But as that work was prepared to conform to the
general plan of the works compiled for the series
of M. Moens' Bibliotheque, it contained many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
things, concerning the history and customs of the
post office of the United States, which the American
collector is supposed to know, and omitted some
details concerning the part played by various collectors
and dealers in finding out the particulars of
the history of certain stamps and like matters, which
it was thought might be interesting to our home collectors,
but which the impersonal character of the
French Series made it advisable to omit in the original
compilation.</p>
<p>The entire work has been therefore largely recast
in the hope of making it more acceptable to American
collectors, and in several instances comments
have been made upon stamps that were not mentioned
in the French edition, in order to correct certain
erroneous views entertained concerning them
in this country, which it was supposed was sufficiently
accomplished by their omission in the other
series.</p>
<p><i>St. Louis, August, 1886.</i></p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p>
<h2><span class="smcap">Introduction.</span></h2>
<p>In 1676 John Heyward, by the authority of General
Court of the Colony of Massachusetts, established
his postal system with its office in Boston. In 1683
the government of Penn established a postal system
for the Colony of Pennsylvania. In 1700 Col. J.
Hamilton organized "his postal establishment for
British America" including all the English colonies,
but soon after disposed of his right to the English
crown. In 1710 the English Parliament established
by law the first governmental postal system with
the general office at New York, which continued
until in 1776 the Continental Congress adopted and
set in action the postal system proposed by Franklin,
who was appointed the first Postmaster General.
The first law of the Federal Congress continued this
system in operation as sufficient for the public
wants, but the postal service was not finally settled
until the act of 1792.</p>
<p>This law (1792) liked a tariff which with unimportant
changes remained in force until the adoption<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
of the system of Uniform Postage in the United
States. Single, double and triple letters were
charged 8, 16 and 24 cents respectively when sent
to other countries, and four cents plus the internal
postage when arriving from foreign countries. The
internal postage between offices in the United States
was 6, 8, 10, 15, 17, 20, 22 and 25 cents for distances
of 30, 60, 100, 150, 200, 250, 350, or 400
miles respectively for single letters, and double,
triple, etc., this for double, triple, etc., letters. A
single letter was defined by the law to be a single
sheet or piece of paper, a double letter, two sheets
or pieces of paper, etc., etc.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" summary="Acts of Congress with regard to the Post Office">
<tr><td align="left" colspan="9"><p>The following acts of Congress may be consulted with
advantage by those curious with regard to the Post Office
before the introduction of stamps.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">I</td><td align="center">Congress.</td>
<td align="right">I</td><td align="center">Session.</td>
<td align="center">Chap.</td><td align="right">16,</td>
<td align="right"> </td>
<td align="left">Sept.,</td><td align="left">1789</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">I</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">II</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">36,</td>
<td align="right"> </td>
<td align="left">Aug.,</td><td align="left">1790</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">I</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">III</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">23,</td>
<td align="right"> </td>
<td align="left">March,</td><td align="left">1791</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">II</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">I</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">27,</td>
<td align="right"> </td>
<td align="left">Feb.,</td><td align="left">1792</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">III</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">I</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">23,</td>
<td align="right">8</td>
<td align="left">May,</td><td align="left">1794</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">V</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">III</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">41,</td>
<td align="right">2</td>
<td align="left">March,</td><td align="left">1799</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">XI</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">II</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">37,</td>
<td align="right">30</td>
<td align="left">April,</td><td align="left">1810</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">XIII</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">III</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">16,</td>
<td align="right">23</td>
<td align="left">Dec.,</td><td align="left">1814</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">XIV</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">I</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">7,</td>
<td align="right">1</td>
<td align="left">Feb.,</td><td align="left">1815</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">XIV</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">I</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">43,</td>
<td align="right">9</td>
<td align="left">April,</td><td align="left">1816</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">XIX</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">II</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">61,</td>
<td align="right">3</td>
<td align="left">March,</td><td align="left">1825</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">XX</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">I</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">61,</td>
<td align="right">3</td>
<td align="left">March,</td><td align="left">1827</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">XXVII</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">II</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">43,</td>
<td align="right">2</td>
<td align="left">March,</td><td align="left">1845</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>The earliest letters which we have seen, consist of
single sheets of paper folded and addressed upon
the sheet. An envelope would have subjected them
to double postage. They are penmarked with the
name of the mailing office, the date occasionally, the
amount of the postage paid or due, generally in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
simple figures, sometimes with the word "cents" in
full or abbreviated, added. Gradually, hand stamps
were introduced. At first the name of the mailing
office in a simple frame, generally circular, the month
and day being still written in with a pen, and the
amount of postage written as before. A further
improvement appears later on in the introduction of
the month and day as part of the hand stamp. The
word "paid" or "due," the amount of postage
in figures or with "cents," either written or hand
stamped, always added. And finally all the marks
are included in one hand stamp.</p>
<p>There was evidently no uniformity of practice,
except the general requirement that the name of the
mailing office, the month and day, and the amount
of postage should in some form be marked on the
letter. Improvements seem generally to have originated
in the larger offices, but smaller offices sometimes
took the lead in enterprise. An improvement
once adopted does not seem always to have been
adhered to; letters mailed at the same office on the
same day and differently marked may be frequently
found in old files. The hand stamps seem to have
been obtained by the several offices for themselves,
as there is no uniformity of style.</p>
<p>Some of these hand stamps are curious enough to
warrant a brief description, and it would be difficult
to lay down a rule which would distinguish some
of them from the stamps we admit to our albums.</p>
<p>A letter mailed at Philadelphia in 1825, bears an
octagonal hand stamp with a double lined frame and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
the words "Phila. 20 Jan." in three lines, a second
similar but smaller hand stamp with the word
"Paid," and the figures "26" written with a pen,
all in red ink. These seem to have been regularly
employed for several years. Other letters from the
same city mailed in 1845-6-7 and 8, bear a circular
hand stamp, the name of the City and State surrounding
the edge, the month and day in the center,
a single line surrounding all, the amount of
postage in large numerals and the words "DUE"
or "PAID" in a small oval are separately hand
stamped. Letters from Baltimore of the same dates
bear a similar circular hand stamp with name and
date, the amount of postage in large numerals in an
oval, and sometimes the word "PAID" in large letters
without frame. Jacksonville, Ill., Pittsburgh,
Pa., and Little Rock, Ark., employed similar hand
stamps at the same time.</p>
<p>Louisville, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Boston and
New York letters of the same years have the
same hand stamp with a numeral or numerals indicative
of the amount of postage added at the bottom
within the frame. When prepaid the word
"PAID" was hand stamped below the other.</p>
<p>Some New York, Boston and Philadelphia letters
of the same dates bear the same hand stamp with
"5 cts," "10 cts," etc., in the lower margin within
the frame, the word "PAID" being separately
hand stamped when the letter was prepaid. Many
western letters bear also the word "Steam 5" hand
stamped upon them. These hand stamps remained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
in use up to 1851 when the rates were changed and
appear even upon letters bearing the adhesive stamps
of the first issue.</p>
<p>In 1851 when the rates were changed to 3 cents
ordinary postage, and 1 cent for drop letters, many
of the same stamps appear with the figures changed
to 1 or 3, or to 1 ct., 3 cts., and 6 cts., Boston and
Petersburgh, Va., for example. A New York hand
stamp of this period has New York above, month
and day in the middle and "PAID" and "3 cts"
in two more lines.</p>
<p>A Philadelphia hand stamp has name above, month
and day in one line, and "3 cts" in another, in the center,
and "PAID" in lower margin.</p>
<p>Another, the ordinary dated postmark and a second
circular stamp, nearly as large, with the word
"PAID" in large letters crossed by the numeral "3"
nearly an inch long.</p>
<p>A Springfield letter has the ordinary dated postmark
and a second hand stamp nearly as large with
a large numeral "3" above and "PAID" below.</p>
<p>Cincinnati, Buffalo, Quincy, Ill., and others have
the ordinary hand stamp with the name above, month
and day in the center and "3 PAID" below.</p>
<p>Another letter has a round hand stamp fully an
inch in diameter with the word "PAID" across
the center crossed by a large outline "3."</p>
<p>Another letter was hand stamped with a large "6"
in an octagon double frame and "PAID" separately
hand stamped across it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p>
<p>The Cincinnati hand stamp also appears with "1
PAID" in the margin.</p>
<p>New Orleans has the ordinary hand stamp and
"PAID," "1" in two lines of very large letters
beneath.</p>
<p>St. Louis, has the ordinary hand stamp, and another
with "1 ct" in large octagonal frame added.</p>
<p>Many letters where the word "paid" appears in
the dated stamp are also separately hand stamped
"PAID." Some of these letters bear also the 3 and
1 ct. adhesives of the period. Those that indicate
postage to be paid differ from postage due stamps
in no respect except that they are not adhesive.
Those that indicate postage prepaid correspond to
many other hand stamps in every thing except that
they were applied after, instead of before payment;
but in some countries we have examples of adhesive
stamps applied in the same way. They are not
beautiful but are interesting relics of the old system.
A number of similar stamps with the words
"Post Office" following the name of the town and
"5 paid" have passed through the hands of the
compiler, but having been cut from the letters the
date could not be authenticated. These would
appear to be very similar in character to the adhesives
issued by the postmasters of some offices about
the same time, and to many similar stamps used in
the early days of the Southern Confederacy.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p>
<h2>I.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">United States City Dispatch Post.</span></h3>
<p>Hardly had the discussion of Postal reform begun
in England than the subject was taken up in the
United States. The daily press was full of it.
Pamphlets were distributed broadcast. In nearly
every city, private companies undertook to distribute
mail matter at less than the government rates.
Some even carried letters from city to city. In
Congress, members related the expedients resorted
to for sending letters at a reduced rate. In New
York, a certain A. M. Greig had established a local
delivery and employed an adhesive stamp, charging
but two cents when the government exacted three.
Such competition greatly harassed the department.
The act of 1836 had authorized the Postmaster General
to establish a carrier system in such cities as
he might think advisable. Apparently with the
view of disposing of Greig's post, Greig was made
a government officer. The following letter authorizing
the postmaster at New York to make the appointment
was first published by the American
Journal of Philately.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="poddate"><span class="smcap rpad1">Post Office Department,</span><br />
<i>Contract Office, August 1st, 1842</i>.</p>
<p>Sir—</p>
<p>By an order made on Saturday, but journalized to-day,
the Postmaster General has established a letter carrier
arrangement for the City of New York to be called the
"United States City Despatch Post" for the conveyance
of letters from one part of the city to another subject to
a charge on each letter of three cents, under the 20th
section of the Act of 1836, and authorizes you to employ
Alex. M. Greig, nominated by you as letter carrier, other
carriers are to be appointed from time to time as may be
required, and you are requested to nominate for that
purpose. And you are also authorized to obtain the
necessary fixtures, pouches, boxes, labels, stamps, etc,
at not exceeding $1,200.00 for the whole and to appoint
a clerk to superintend said establishment at not exceeding
$1,000 per annum. You will be pleased to report the
date of commencement of this arrangement.</p>
<p class="sig">
<span class="rpad8">Very respectfully,</span><br />
<span class="rpad4">Your obedient servant,</span><br />
<span class="rpad2">S. R. HOBBIE,</span><br />
<i>First Ass't P. M. General</i>.<br />
</p>
<p>
<span class="smcap">John Lorimer Graham</span>,<br />
<span class="lpad2"><i>Postmaster, New York</i>.</span><br />
</p></div>
<p>In another number of the same paper we have the
text of the following notice concerning the same
post.</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="header">UNITED STATES CITY DISPATCH POST.</p>
<p>Hours of delivery every day (Sundays excepted) at the
principal office, upper P. O. Park and lower P. O. Merchants
Exchange.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p>
<p>Letters deposited before 8, 12, 3 and at the stations
before 7, 11 and 2 will be sent out for delivery at 9, 1 and 4.</p>
<p>Letters to be sent free must have a free stamp attached
to them, which can be purchased at the upper and lower
Post Offices and at all the stations. The charge will be
36 cents per dozen, 2 dols. 50 cents per hundred. All
letters intended to be sent forward to the General Post
Office for the inland mails must have a free stamp attached
to them. Letters not having a free stamp will be
charged 3 cents on delivery.</p>
<p class="sig"><span class="smcap">John Lorimer Graham, P. M.</span></p>
<p class="datebot"><i>New York, June, 1843.</i></p></div>
<p>The stamp issued and used by this post was known
in an early day and is catalogued in Kline's Manual
1862, but its true history was unknown until the
publication of the above document. It is a stamp
probably alone of its kind. Any one familiar with
the law of 1836 will see that the Postmaster General
widely exceeded the authority conferred on him as it
would be construed to day in making the "arrangement"
under the power to provide a carrier system.
The labels and stamps mentioned in the letter quoted
were probably however, not intended to include the
postage stamp actually issued, as these terms are
used in various documents, reports, etc., of the
period to designate quite different articles, the
"stamps" being invariably the hand stamps such
as we have already described. But whatever may
have been intended by the letter, the law did not
confer any authority upon the Postmaster General
to issue or authorize the issue of the stamp and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
undertake to insist on its use. It certainly has no
more character than the hand stamps already described,
but is none the less interesting or worthy
of preservation on this account. It was probably
employed because the public had seen and appreciated
the utility of the adhesive stamp, by its employment
by the local or private posts, in advance
of the official adoption of the system.</p>
<h3>NEW YORK.</h3>
<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Issue of August, 1842.</span></p>
<p>Portrait of President Washington turned ¾ to the
right on plain oval, enclosed by plain oval band
bounded within and without by two colored lines
and inscribed: <i>United States City Despatch Post</i>
*<i>Three Cents</i>*, the lower legend separated from the
upper by a star on each side; rectangular frame of two
colored lines, corners filled with rayed ornaments
between frame and oval.</p>
<p>Plate impression 18 × 22 mm., in black on colored
paper.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" summary="Impression Descriptions">
<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">cents,</td>
<td align="center">black</td><td align="center">on</td>
<td align="left">violet.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">brown.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">green.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">blue glazed.</td></tr>
</table></div>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p>
<h2>II.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Uniform Postage.</span></h3>
<p>The "arrangement" put in operation in New
York does not seem to have been a great success
for it was not extended to other cities, and local
posts continued to flourish and do the work at less
than the government rates. The demand for better
service and lower rates, for "reform" as it was
called grew louder and louder, until the Postmaster
General in his report dated November 25th, 1844,
recommended to Congress a reduced uniform rate
according to distance and weight. Stamps were recommended
but only for use on foreign letters.</p>
<p>The bill which was introduced in Congress in pursuance
of this recommendation provided, it is said,
both for obligatory prepayment and the use of postage
stamps. But there was great hesitation in
adopting the English system in the United States;
the conditions were considered to be so different; the
distances were so great that a greater rate was
necessary; the country was so new that the risk
from counterfeiting was much greater; the custom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
was not to prepay letters, and custom is stronger than
law. Such and like objections were raised and the
law passed without adopting prepayment by stamp,
but the great principle of the reform, uniform
rate by distance and weight was adopted. The only
portion of the law that is of interest here is the following
section of the Statutes of the United States,
XXVIII Congress, II Session, XLIII Chapter, approved
March 30, 1845.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"From and after the first day of July next, members
of Congress and Delegates from Territories
may receive letters not exceeding two ounces in
weight, free of postage during the recess of Congress
anything to the contrary in this act notwithstanding;
and the same franking privilege which is
granted by this act to the members of the two Houses
of Congress, is hereby extended to the Vice President
of the United States; and in lieu of the rates
of postage now established by law, there shall be
charged the following rates, viz: For every single
letter in manuscript or paper of any kind by or upon
which information shall be asked for or communicated
in writing or by marks or signs, conveyed in
the mail, for any distance under three hundred
miles, five cents: and for any distance over three
hundred miles, ten cents: and for a double letter there
shall be charged double these rates: and for a treble
letter treble these rates: and for a quadruple letter
quadruple these rates: and every letter or parcel
not exceeding half an ounce in weight shall be
deemed a single letter, and every additional weight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
of half an ounce, or additional weight of less than
half an ounce, shall be charged with an additional
single postage.</p>
<p>And all drop letters, or letters placed in any post
office, not for transmission through the mail, but for
delivery only, shall be charged with postage at the
rate of two cents each."</p></div>
<p>The newspaper rate was one cent within one hundred
miles and one and a half cents for a greater
distance, for all newspapers not exceeding a certain
size, and two cents for each sheet over that size, and
two cents for all hand bills and circulars per sheet,
and two and a half cents for all magazines and
pamphlets.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p>
<h2>III.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Postmaster's Stamps.</span></h3>
<p>Notwithstanding the failure of Congress to adopt
postage stamps, and to authorize the Postmaster
General to issue them, and to provide an appropriation
for their manufacture, public attention had
been drawn to the advantages of the system, and the
convenience, to the business community particularly,
of mailing and receiving letters at hours when
the post office or business houses were closed. The
question as to whether the Postmaster General
might not issue postage stamps on his own authority
was raised and officially decided in the negative,
although the Postmaster General himself favored
their use. The postmasters in several places however
undertook to meet the public demand by having
stamps prepared on their own responsibility, paying
the expense of manufacture themselves and selling
them to the public at a sufficient advance on the
postal rates, to cover the cost of engraving and
printing. In some cases the matter was brought to
the attention of the Postmaster General and he saw<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
no objection to the arrangement; in others the
whole affair seems to have passed without any attention
being paid to it by the Department. In fact
it was a mere contract between the postmaster and
the purchaser of his stamps, that when a letter bearing
one of his stamps was mailed at his office, it
should be treated as if the money were handed in
with it. No postmaster recognized the stamp of
any post office but his own. A letter adorned with
a New York stamp mailed at the St. Louis office
would have been treated as unpaid. A New York
stamp was recognized only at the New York office,
and a St. Louis stamp only at the St. Louis office.
When a letter bearing a stamp was mailed <i>at the
office that issued the stamp</i>, and accepted as prepaid,
the contract between the postmaster and the purchaser
of the stamp was fulfilled, the postmaster had
to account to the government for the amount of the
postage as if he had received it with the letter.
The Department had nothing to do with the fact that
the stamp had been actually paid for at another time
or with its existence at all. Examination at several
of these offices show that there was no stamp account
kept in the records of the office. Such letters
were treated exactly as letters were, on which
the postage was either paid in money or charged in
the open accounts which the postmaster chose to
keep with the commercial houses. It was marked
"Paid." The stamp had no significance at any
other office, except as the mark or stamp indicating
the amount charged, always put on letters at that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
date, but the word "paid" was recognized by every
office. The letter was entered as a paid letter on
the way bill, and was treated as prepaid, not because
of the stamp, but because the forwarding office
treated it as prepaid.</p>
<p>It has been thought necessary to define the exact
character of these stamps with some exactness, and
at the risk of some re-iteration, because their true
character seems to be little understood. They had
no official sanction whatever, because no official had
any authority to sanction them. It was a mere arrangement
between the individual postmaster and
the public for their mutual accommodation.</p>
<p>Such stamps were issued at New York, St. Louis,
Brattleboro, New Haven, Providence, Alexandria, Baltimore,
Millbury and probably other places. Although
not governmental or official stamps, they are none the
less interesting or valuable mementoes. They show
how determined the public were to have the postage
stamp, and their history shows how the Public Will
compelled the government to adopt the postage
stamp in spite of the supposed difficulties in the way.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p>
<h2>IV.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Stamp of the New York Postmaster.</span></h3>
<p>The stamp issued by the postmaster of New York
was chronicled in the earliest American Catalogue,
(Kline, 1862,) but its true character was not established
until the resuscitation and republication in the
communications of the author of this work to the
Philatelist and Le Timbre Poste, in 1873-4, of the following
articles from contemporaneous newspapers.</p>
<p>The Express of New York in its issue of July 1st,
1845, contains an editorial mentioning, that the Act of
March 3rd, 1845, went into force on the day of publication,
and a report of the meeting of the Cheap
Postage Association. In its issue of July 7th, 1845,
the same paper published as part of its Washington
correspondence, the following:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="poddate"><i>Washington, July 2nd.</i></p>
<p>It was suggested in New York to Mr. Morris, your
postmaster, that he might accommodate the public very
much by selling stamped envelopes, as the law does not
authorize the sale of stamps on the English plan. When
he was here he laid the subject before the Postmaster<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
General, who has to-day decided that he may do this.
The envelopes are to be marked with the amount of postage
thereon, say 5 or 10 or more cents as the case may be,
and the initials of the postmaster are to be superadded,
and then the envelopes can be sold. The object is to
facilitate the payment of prepaid letters. Postmasters
can interchange envelopes whenever they can agree to
do so among themselves.</p></div>
<p>In the issue of the next day (Express, July 8th)
appeared the following editorial:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p><span class="smcap">Free Stamped Envelopes.</span> When the Bill for Cheap
Postage was before Congress, it contained a clause authorizing
the sale of stamps on the English system. The
provision was however stricken out, leaving the public
only the old method of prepaying letters during the business
hours of the Post Office. A suggestion was made
to our new Postmaster, Mr. Morris, that the public convenience
would be very much promoted if he would sell
envelopes which would pass free through his office. By
this measure letters could be sent at any hour of the
night to the post office and the postage paid, where the
writer desires it, by enclosing it in a free envelope.
The postmaster proposed to sell stamps at five cents
each, but this not having been sanctioned by Congress,
we should think would not be the best way, and
as the public convenience demands something of the
kind, we are glad to learn that he has prepared envelopes
of the kind referred to, some of which we have seen.
They are marked "Five Cents," and under these words
is the name "R. H. Morris." For letters over one ounce
they are marked according to the Post Office Rates in
the same way. These envelopes will be sold by the
Postmaster at six and a quarter cents each, or sixteen for
a dollar of the common kind and common size. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
will be as cheap or cheaper than they can be bought in
small quantities at the stationers. A thin envelope will
contain two letters and be subject only to a single postage.
Envelopes of various sizes will also be furnished
and of fine quality when desired by the purchaser. The
plan we hear, has also been adopted by the postmaster
at Washington, D. C., and has met the approval of the
Postmaster General. We think it will add to the revenue
of the Department very considerably.</p></div>
<p>From the preceding extract we should infer that
envelopes marked in some way "Five Cents," "R.
H. Morris, P. M." had been issued and used at
New York, and possibly something of the kind at
Washington. The latter would be signed C. K.
Gardner, P. M., but up to the present day none have
been found. They must have been prepared at New
York at least, since the editor of the Express claims
to have seen them. They were probably made by
some of the New York hand stamps noted as current
at this time, leaving out the date and signed by the
postmaster.</p>
<p>Such an arrangement was clumsy and liable to
abuse and could have had but a short duration in so
large an office as New York, and in the Express of
the 14th of July, 1845, appears another editorial as
follows:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>Post Office Stamps. We would call the attention of
merchants and indeed all who pay postage, to the advertisement
of the postmaster, who offers to sell stamps of
the value of five cents each for the prepayment of letters.
This is the cost of the postage under 300 miles.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
The stamps should be generally adopted as they will give
additional facilities to business men, and save them time
in making change. The postmaster will receive nothing
for this trouble and his stamps beyond the profit of lost
stamps. The disposition of the postmaster to make the
new system popular merits the thanks of our citizens.</p></div>
<p>In another column of the same paper appears
the advertisement of the postmaster referred to in
the editorial.</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="poddate"><span class="smcap rpad3">Post Office,</span><br />
<i>New York, July 14th. 1845</i>.</p>
<p>The public is respectfully informed that the undersigned
has caused to be prepared stamps for the prepayment
of postage, made for five cents each, which will be
sold in parcels of five and upwards. To prevent counterfeits
they will be sold only at this office and the branch
office. The public may therefore be assured that any
stamps which may be offered for sale at any place other
than the two post offices are spurious and will not be
considered as prepayment.</p>
<p class="sig"><span class="rpad8">(Signed.)</span> Robert H. Morris, P. M.</p>
<p>[Evening papers please copy.]</p></div>
<p>Unfortunately these articles contain no description
of the stamp issued, and it will occur to those
familiar with the process of engraving stamps at
that date, that the production of a stamp as elaborate
as the stamp known, in so short a time as elapsed
between the date of the first and last of these
articles, was either a remarkable piece of work, or
had been commenced some time before. Possibly
the stamps first issued were not those known
to collectors and have never been discovered.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span></p>
<p>Be this as it may, the plate contained more than
a single stamp. From double copies that have
passed through our hands, we have proof that it consisted
of at least eight different varieties, arranged
in two horizontal rows of four stamps each, differing
in minute details and at different distances
apart. There may have been more, but this remains
to be verified. The stamp which appears to have
occupied the upper left hand corner of the sheet
shows in each letter the outlines of the same letters,
engraved in black and a little lower down than the
white ones, as if the intention had originally been to
have the value appear in black on a white label.
It is said that the plate is now in the possession of
the consolidated Bank Note Companies (American)
of New York. At any rate <span class="txt80">PROOFS</span> were struck
from it long after the stamp was out of use, in various
colors.</p>
<p class="header">NEW YORK POST OFFICE.</p>
<p class="center">Issue of July 14, 1845.</p>
<p>Portrait of President Washington, faced ¾ to
left in an oval, 19½ mm. wide by 21½ mm. high, with a
back ground of colored lines, crossed at right angles
and bordered by a colorless line. Solid colored label
bordered by a colorless line above and below the
oval, inscribed in colorless ordinary capitals, above
"<i>Post Office</i>," below "<i>Five Cents</i>." Foliated ornaments
in the four corners, the upper enclosing
small colorless labels inscribed in small colored
capitals "<i>New</i>," at the left "<i>York</i>," at the right,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
the whole surrounded by a colored line forming a
rectangle.</p>
<p>Engraved on copper at New York by Messrs.
Rawden, Wright and Hatch.</p>
<p>Plate impression 20½ by 28 mm., on slightly
bluish paper.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents black.</p>
<p>In most of the catalogues this stamp has been
described also, as on white paper. Such specimens
are shown, but they are produced by some chemical
action of the gum used to fasten them to letters,
or of the composition of the paper or other accidental
causes. Specimens may be also found of a buff
color as if steeped in coffee, another changeling
produced by the action of strong gum.</p>
<p>Each stamp is signed A. C. M. in red ink. They
are generally cancelled with a pen and blue ink, or
by the word "Paid" hand stamped in red ink, or
by the dating stamp.</p>
<p>There is another type of stamp said to have been
issued by the postmaster of New York in 1849.
The design is two concentric circles, the inner 13½,
the outer 17½ mm. in diameter. In the center, "<i>One
Cent</i>" in two lines of ordinary colored capitals, about
2 mm. high. Between the circles, above, "<i>U. S. Mail</i>;"
below, "<i>Prepaid</i>" in similar letters 2½ mm. high. They
were printed in black on small squares of rose colored
paper, and afterwards on paper varying from
bright yellow to pale drab and generally glazed.</p>
<p>This stamp was chronicled in Kline's Manual,
first edition, 1862, as a "Carrier Stamp," and has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
since been alternately considered a governmental,
or a local stamp. Upon what ground it is so confidently
asserted to have been issued by the New
York postmaster, and its date assigned to 1849,
seems never to have been stated. It is certain however
that if it were issued prior to 1851, it did not
prepay any authorized government postage, and
if issued after 1847, such an issue was forbidden
by law unless authorized by the Postmaster General.
It is hardly to be supposed that the postmaster
of New York City would have openly violated
the law. The inscription, "U. S. Mail," does not
prove anything but probably means "prepaid to the
U. S. Mail," and the stamp is probably the issue of
some of the local delivery companies.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p>
<h2>V.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Stamps of the St. Louis Postmaster.</span></h3>
<p>Of all the stamps of this character, those issued
by the St. Louis Postmaster have been most discussed
in the Philatelical Press. The ten cents
was first noticed in an article in the Stamp Collector's
Magazine in November, 1863, and the five cents
was mentioned in Kline's Manual, 3rd edition, 1865.
Mr. L. W. Durbin first mentioned the second die
of the 10 cents, Mr. Pemberton the second die of
the 5 cents, and Mr. Scott is entitled to the credit
of discovering the third die of each.</p>
<p>It is unnecessary to repeat the numerous discussions,
pro and con, concerning the authenticity of
these stamps, since the present author discovered,
and republished in Le Timbre Poste, in May, 1873,
the following articles from contemporaneous daily
papers, which leave no further room for doubt concerning
the two values, 5 and 10 cents.</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="center"><i>Missouri Republican.</i> July 17th. 1845.</p>
<p>"Free stamped envelopes. For the convenience of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
those who may wish to prepay their packages at any
hour of the night, Robert H. Morris, the postmaster of
New York, as we learn from the Express, has prepared
a variety of stamped envelopes. They are marked five
cents, ten cents, &c., and under these words is the name
R. H. Morris. The five cent envelopes will be sold by
the postmaster at 6¼ cents each, or 16 for a dollar of the
common kind and common size, and the others in proportion.
This will be as cheap as they can be bought in
small quantities at the stationers. A thin envelope will
contain two letters and be subject only to a single postage.
Envelopes of various sizes will also be furnished
and of fine quality when desired by the purchaser. The
plan has also been adopted by the postmaster at Washington
and has met the approval of the Postmaster General.
We think it not only a convenience to the public
but that it will add to the revenue of the Department
very considerably. The above arrangement would be a
great convenience to many persons. Why should not
the postmaster here adopt the same plan. We believe
the public generally would buy them."</p></div>
<p>This article, although a mere repetition of the article
of the Express, and like that mentioning envelopes
of New York and Washington which no one
has ever seen, contains at the end a reference which
was evidently the inspiration of the St. Louis postmaster
to issue his stamps, for we read in the Missouri
Republican of November 5th, 1845, the following:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p>"<span class="smcap">Letter Stamps.</span> Mr. Wimer, the postmaster, has prepared
a set of letter stamps, or rather marks to put upon
letters, indicating that the postage has been paid. In
this he has copied after the plan adopted by the postmaster
of New York and other cities. These stamps are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
engraved to represent the Missouri Coat of Arms, and
are five and ten cents. They are so prepared that they
may be stuck upon a letter like a wafer and will prove a
great convenience to merchants and all those having
many letters to send post paid, as it saves all trouble of
paying at the post office. They will be sold as they are
sold in the East, viz: Sixteen five cent stamps and eight
ten cent stamps for a dollar. We would recommend
merchants and others to give them a trial."</p></div>
<p>And a few days later in the same paper of November
13th, 1845, we again read:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p>"Post Office Stamps. Mr. Wimer, the postmaster, requests
us to say that he will furnish nine ten cent stamps
and eighteen five cent stamps for one dollar, the difference
being required to pay for the printing of the stamps."</p></div>
<p>The above articles contain nearly the whole history
of the stamps of St. Louis. We learn the
name of the postmaster who had them made, (the
name, however is incorrectly spelled) their use and
price, the date and object of their issue. A thorough
search of all the files preserved, of the daily
papers published in St. Louis from January, 1845,
to December, 1848, resulted in no further discoveries
concerning them.</p>
<p class="header">ST. LOUIS POST OFFICE.</p>
<p class="center">Issue of November 5th, 1845.</p>
<p>Arms of the State of Missouri. A round shield
parted per pale; on the dexter side, gules (red
or vertically lined ground), the grizzly bear of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
Missouri, passant guardant, proper; on a chief engrailed
azure (horizontally lined), a crescent argent;
on the sinister side, argent, the arms of the
United States, (the stamp is dotted or gold) the
whole with a band inscribed "United we stand, divided
we fall" (The buckle below on the left, in
the 5 cents, should be omitted). Supporters on each
side, a grizzly bear of Missouri, proper; rampant
guardant, standing on a scroll inscribed "Salus
Populi Suprema lex esto." Above, the value is expressed
in large outline numerals, ornamented and
shaded. In the corners "<i>Saint</i>" and "<i>Louis</i>"
with numerous flourishes. Below the arms "<i>Post
Office</i>" in large ordinary capitals. The whole in a
rectangular frame of a thin and thick colored line.</p>
<p>Engraved on copper by J. M. Kershaw, at St.
Louis. The plate consisted of six stamps, three of
each value, and was delivered to Mr. Wymer,
and is said to have been lost with other of
his effects during the war. The engraver thinks
he printed about 500 sheets, at three different
times, upon such paper as he happened to have
at hand, and that as the plate deteriorated easily,
he probably retouched it slightly each time in parts,
before printing. He denies positively the possibility
of the figures upon the twenty cent value being
his work. These are all the facts he can now vouch
for, and states that many of the statements from
time to time attributed to him "were the ideas of
his interviewers, who tried to refresh his recollection
and may have mixed him up."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p>
<p>Plate Impression in black upon three qualities
of bluish paper, 3 varieties of each value.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Impression Descriptions">
<tr><td align="right"> 5 cents, black 17½ by 22½ mm.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10 cents, black 18½ by 22½ mm.</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>These stamps are printed on a rather thick greenish
blue paper, on a thinner grey-blue paper, and on
a very thin greyish paper, which agrees with the recollection
of the engraver that he printed three different
lots of them. A pair is also known on a coffee
colored paper. They were taken from buff envelopes,
and are undoubtedly discolored by the action
of the paper or gum. Those on white paper
have been made so by chemical action.</p>
<p>The varieties may be thus distinguished:</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Five Cents.</span> The dashes in the corners form a
sort of triangular ornament, or branch. The letters
are block capitals, shaded by a fine line. There
are no lines or dashes under "<i>Post Office</i>."</p>
<p><i>First Variety.</i> (<i>a</i>) The buckle on the garter has
the point and tongue turned up to the left.</p>
<p>(<i>b</i>) There are six dashes above "<i>Saint</i>," and
eight above "<i>Louis</i>," of which the top and bottom
ones on each side are long strokes.</p>
<p>(<i>c</i>) One long and two short lines and a speck
under "<i>Saint</i>," and one long and three short lines
under "<i>Louis</i>."</p>
<p>(<i>d</i>) A long diamond in top of numeral, and a
mis-shapened diamond in the bow of the numeral,
with four dots above and nine below it, and a dot
in the ball of the numeral.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p>
<p>(<i>e</i>) The bear in the shield is on a vertically lined
ground.</p>
<p><i>Second Variety.</i> (<i>a</i>) The buckle has the tongue
and point turned down to the right.</p>
<p>(<i>b</i>) There are eleven dashes above "<i>Saint</i>," and
ten above "<i>Louis</i>," one of which cuts the frame
on the right.</p>
<p>(<i>c</i>) One long and two short lines, a dot, and a
horizontal stroke below "<i>Saint</i>," one very long,
and three short lines under "<i>Louis</i>," two above
and two below the level of the bear's ear.</p>
<p>(<i>d</i>) A triangle in the top of the numeral, and a
diamond in the bow of the numeral, with four dots
above and nine below the latter. No dot in the
ball of the numeral. The right end of the scroll is
double, and touches the frame.</p>
<p>(<i>e</i>) The bear is on a vertically lined ground.</p>
<p><i>Third Variety.</i> (<i>a</i>) The buckle has the point
turned down to the right.</p>
<p>(<i>b</i>) There are twelve lines above "<i>Saint</i>," and
seventeen above "<i>Louis</i>."</p>
<p>(<i>c</i>) There are one long and three short lines under
"<i>Saint</i>," and one long and two short lines and
a dot under "<i>Louis</i>," the latter on a line between
the ear and eye of the bear.</p>
<p>(<i>d</i>) A diamond in the top of the 5, and an upright
diamond in the back, with eleven dots below and four
dots above it.</p>
<p>(<i>e</i>) The bear is on a ground lined horizontally
above and vertically below.</p>
<p>Mr. Pemberton thinks, from a fine clear copy he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
had seen, that for some reason the numeral of this
variety had been originally engraved as a 1. He
says there is a thin line to the right of the down
stroke of the 5, three small dots in a curve to the
right of the diamond in the top of the 5, and two
small dots, one over the other to the left of the
diamond.</p>
<p><i>Fourth Variety.</i><a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> Mr. Pemberton describes a
fourth type of the Five cents which he claims is a
restoration of the second variety, from which one
variety of the 20 cents was made by alteration.</p>
<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> <span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Without examining the specimen from which
Mr. Pemberton described, it is impossible to say that it
may not be one of the retouches which Mr. Kershaw
thinks he made.</p></div>
<p>(<i>a</i>) The buckle has the point turned down to the
right.</p>
<p>(<i>b</i>) There are eleven dashes above "<i>Saint</i>," and
ten above "<i>Louis</i>."</p>
<p>(<i>c</i>) There are four lines under "<i>Saint</i>," and
three long and two short lines under "<i>Louis</i>," the
last on a level with the bear's ear.</p>
<p>(<i>d</i>) A diamond in the top, and a long diamond
in the back of 5, with four dots over and four dots
under the latter. Coarser shading around the figure,
and a curved vertical line at the back of the
bow, being part of the 0 of 20 badly erased.</p>
<p>(<i>e</i>) Bear on a vertically lined ground. The two
lines of the frame above Louis bulged.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Ten Cents.</span> The words "<i>Saint</i>," and "<i>Louis</i>"
are in small, colored, ordinary capitals, unshaded.
There is a long flourish curved upwards over each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
word. It seems to have been intended to have a
point with a short dash on each side of it, above
each of these, with a second long flourish curved
upwards and then brought down round the end of
the word, and continued as a flourish under them,
but the details are different in the several types.
The numerals are ornamented by a diamond in the
middle of each down stroke, with three dots, above
and below each diamond, except in type one,
which has only two dots below the diamond in
the 1.</p>
<p>The following varieties will be noticed:</p>
<p><i>First Variety.</i> The point and right dash, between
the corner flourishes on both sides, usually missing,
and the upper flourish does not come distinctly
round the right hand word.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" summary="Variety Descriptions">
<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">lines</td>
<td align="center">beneath</td><td align="left">"Post Office."</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">"Saint."</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">"Louis."</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><i>Second Variety.</i> The point and right dash, between
the flourishes in the right hand corner, gone, and
the upper flourish, does not come round the right
hand word distinctly.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" summary="Variety Descriptions">
<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">lines</td>
<td align="center">beneath</td>
<td align="left">"Post Office,"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> </td>
<td align="left" colspan="3">with a smaller stroke over each.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">lines</td>
<td align="center">beneath</td><td align="left">"Saint."</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">"Louis."</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><i>Third Variety.</i> The point between the dashes,
between the flourishes on the left, missing.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" summary="Variety Descriptions">
<tr><td align="right">3</td>
<td align="left" colspan="6">lines beneath "Post Office,"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> </td>
<td align="left" colspan="6">with a smaller stroke over each,</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> </td>
<td align="left" colspan="6">and dots between them.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">3</td>
<td align="left">lines</td><td align="left">and</td>
<td align="left">2</td><td align="left">dots</td>
<td align="left">beneath</td><td align="left">"Saint."</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">4</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">1</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">"Louis."</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>Mr. Pemberton at one time chronicled a fourth
variety of this value also, but could not afterward
identify it. Indeed the impressions show great variation
from the intended design in the corner flourishes,
which seem to have been engraved too fine
in parts.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twenty Cents.</span> While the author and many
others do not believe the twenty cent value to be
genuine, in deference to such authorities as Messrs.
Scott and Pemberton, who accept the few specimens
known, they are here described. In the
American Journal of Philately, of January, 1870,
Mr. Scott, after describing the three varieties each
of the 5 and 10 cents for the first time, mentions
the 20 cent value as a new discovery. Comparing
the three specimens, he says: Two are exactly
alike, and have evidently been altered from variety
three, above described, while the third is different,
having evidently been altered from variety two.
At a later date he mentions a fourth specimen.
Five specimens are all that have ever been chronicled,
we believe.</p>
<p>Mr. Pemberton describes the first three more at
length, in a paper in the Stamp Collector's Magazine,
for January, 1871. He says he had before
him 13 stamps of the 5 cent value, and 12 of the 10
cents, but he does not state how many he had of the
20 cents, but that 10 of the 25 specimens were lent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
him from America. The American Journal, for
January, 1871, however, says he had the three
known specimens of the 20 cents. The theory of
his article is that the twenty cents was made by
erasing the numerals, and of course incidentally other
surrounding parts of the varieties two and three, of
the five cent value on the plate, and engraving the
numerals 20, printing that value and afterwards
erasing the 20 and replacing the five. It is also
the theory of the article that this was done with all
three varieties of the 3 cents, although the author had
seen only two varieties of the 20 cents, and only one
specimen of the 5 cents, which he could torture into
a re-engraving. He alters the arrangement of
varieties of Mr. Scott, to which we prefer to adhere,
and thus describes them:</p>
<p><i>Variety One</i>, from variety three of the five cents.</p>
<p>One long and one short line under "<i>Saint</i>."
Half of each of the original top strokes and the
third stroke under "<i>Louis</i>" being erased, but the
dot left. The inner line of the frame erased from
the T to L, and a smaller portion of the outer
frame above erased also.</p>
<p><i>Variety Two</i>, from variety two of the five cents.
Four strokes under "<i>Saint</i>," but bolder and closer
than the original, the vertical stroke over the left
bear's paw nearly erased.</p>
<p>Four strokes under "<i>Louis</i>," but deeper and
more regular, the third stroke downwards on a
level with the bear's ear. L of "Louis" has been
re-engraved. Bear's paw on the garter erased.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p>
<p>The inner line of frame half erased between
"<i>Saint</i>," and "<i>Louis</i>."</p>
<p>It remains to be added that the numerals are, in
both these varieties, very badly drawn, single lined
and solid, instead of open and ornamented, and
are shaded by miserably drawn irregular horizontal
fine lines of uneven length, totally different from
the figures in the other two values.</p>
<p>It is both impracticable and useless to attempt to
repeat here all the arguments for and against the
authenticity of these specimens. It is claimed that
they were found in the same file of letters with
the greater part of the specimens of the other
values known. That the rate they indicate was a
regular rate upon heavy letters from St. Louis to
New York, and that many letters so marked that
do not bear stamps, were found in the same and
other files; that there are no traces of erasure of the
5 by scratching, and the paper is no thinner under
the numerals than elsewhere. This seems to be the
substance of what can be said in their favor.</p>
<p>On the other hand they are not alluded to in the
notices published in the Republican, above quoted,
or elsewhere; the engraver is positive that he did
not alter the values; says that he retained the plate
until after Mr. Wyman had ceased to be postmaster,
which was at least two years after the stamps
were prohibited by law, and that the workmanship
of the numerals could not possibly be his, and
would be a disgrace to any engraver; the figures
are apparently made by an unskilled hand with an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
ordinary pen and ink; competent authorities in
such matters state that it is possible to remove
printing ink from paper; three of the known
specimens have been photographed, two of one
variety and one of another; in all the numerals differ,
those of the two varieties mentioned by Mr.
Scott as corresponding, vary as much as the two
from different varieties of the five cents. While it
is true that a portion of the inner line of the frame
is gone between Saint and Louis, and that the
strokes are bolder beneath these words on one variety,
it is not apparent that they are nearer together,
or of different shape as Mr. Pemberton
thought, or that the L of "Louis" has been re-engraved.
The absent lines need no comment. Lastly,
the work has a blurred appearance, as if the ink
had slightly run into the paper around these famous
20 numerals, and in all the photographs they are
of a different color from the remaining parts of the
same stamps, and the other stamps photographed
with them, particularly noticeable in light photographs,
while the blurred appearance is more
apparent in the dark photographs. If these facts
do not convince those who believe in the authenticity
of these 20 cent varieties, that they, with Messrs.
Scott and Pemberton, have been the victims of a
clever fraud, the question will probably never be
settled for them, as no new facts are likely at this
date to be discovered.</p>
<p>The two cent value, once chronicled, is of a different
design, and an admitted invention.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p>
<h2>VI.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Stamp of the Brattleboro Postmaster.</span></h3>
<p>The stamp issued by the Postmaster, of Brattleboro,
Vermont, is catalogued as a local as early as
Kline's Manual, 2nd edition, 1863. The first magazine
to describe it was Taylor's Record, February,
1865, which states that it was issued in 1848, by
F. N. Palmer, to supply a temporary lack of the
current five cents and gives a fair description of it.
The American Journal of Philately, in January,
1869, in an article by Dr. Petrie, gave the first correct
account of it. The article gives a letter purporting
to have been written by Dr. Palmer, who
says it was a strictly private enterprise, neither
ordered or repudiated by the Department, and did
not appear in his account with the head office at
Washington. "My object," he says, "in issuing
it was to accommodate the people, and save myself
labor in making and collecting quarterly bills, almost
everything at that time being either charged
or forwarded without prepayment. I was disappointed
in the effect, having still to charge the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
stamps and collect my bills. As to the number issued,
I should say five or six hundred as an experiment.
They were engraved by Mr. Thomas Chubbuck,
then of Brattleboro, now of Springfield."</p>
<p>Mr. Palmer thinks the stamp was issued during
his first year as postmaster, (1845).</p>
<p>The March number of the same journal, for the
same year, mentions a specimen on a letter of 1846,
postmarked with a pen, November 10th, but the
stamp cancelled with the word "PAID," hand stamped
in red. In the Stamp Collector's Magazine,
November, 1870, Mr. L. H. Bagg, recapitulating
the foregoing, states incidentally, that one
reason for this accommodating spirit on the part of
the postmaster, was that his salary depended on
the cash receipts of his office, and hence his anxiety
to have as many letters prepaid as possible, a fact
which assists us in understanding why a stamp
should have been issued at such a small place as
Brattleboro then was. The postmarked letter shows
that the use of the stamp did not do away with the
necessity of marking the letter "PAID," and that
it was this mark and not the stamp that was recognized
by other postmasters. In his interview with
Mr. Bagg, the engraver, Mr. Chubbuck, was quite
confident that Mr. Palmer burned all the unsold
stamps in his possession upon the appearance of the
first regular United States Stamps, that the bill for
engraving them was not collected until June, 1848,
and that the charges were $7.50 for engraving the
plate, and $1.50 for printing 500 stamps. Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
Bagg also obtained from Mr. Chubbuck a part of a
sheet, eight stamps, which was afterwards purchased
by Mr. Scott, who got together all the copies
he could, and thus reconstructed the sheet, which
was shown to have contained ten varieties, in two
horizontal rows of 5 stamps each, each stamp separately
engraved, the words "Eng. by Thos.
Chubbuck, Bratt'o," appearing in small script under
the middle stamp of the lower row, and not extending
over the length of that stamp.</p>
<p class="header">BRATTLEBORO POST OFFICE.</p>
<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Issue of 1845 or 1846.</span></p>
<p>"F. N. P.", the initials of the postmaster, Frederick
N. Palmer, in fac-simile, with flourish beneath,
on a vertically lined ground, in an oblong with cut
corners, bordered by a heavy colored, a colorless
and a finer colored line in a band lined diagonally,
(from right above, to left below) and bordered by
another fine colored, a colorless and heavier colored
line, forming an oblong rectangle, and inscribed
above "<i>Brattleboro, Vt.</i>," in colored black letters,
"<i>P.</i> and <i>O.</i>" on left and right, in ordinary colored
capitals, and "<i>5 Cents</i>" in outline capitals below.</p>
<p>Plate impression 21 by 19 mm., in color, on brownish
paper.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents, black.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p>
<h2>VII.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Stamp of the New Haven Postmaster.</span></h3>
<p>This stamp was discovered in an old collection
by Mr. Wm. P. Brown, and described by him in
his Curiosity Cabinet in May, 1871. The New
Haven Palladium of May 11, 1871, has the following
account of the discovery, which, though it contains
some errors as to the former postal rates, and
some ignorance as to the history of the stamps of
the United States, is worthy of insertion here.</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="header">"A CURIOSITY."</p>
<p>"An old envelope post office stamp, issued at
New Haven, of the denomination of 5 cents,
marked 'PAID,' and subscribed by 'E. A. Mitchell,
P. M.,' has lately turned up. It must have been
issued over 20 years ago and is probably one of the
oldest United States stamps in existence. Mr.
Mitchell was postmaster of this city from 1844 to
1850. When he took office the rates were 6, 10,
12½, and 25 cents for single letters, according to
distance, no prepayment being required. The rates<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
were afterwards reduced to 10 and 5 cents according
to distance, and subsequently to five cents, uniform
for all distances, the weight not exceeding
one quarter ounce, and prepayment required. At
this period envelopes began to come in use, and as
prepayment of postage could only be made at the
office during business hours, Mr. Mitchell took the
responsibility of issuing envelopes, stamped as
above, with his signature on each, and selling them
at the cost of envelopes and postage as an accommodation;
some of the post offices refused to recognize
them, and reported the fact to the Department. As
however the stamps could only be used at the New
Haven office, and were sent as prepaid matter,
properly entered on the New Haven Post Bill,
there could be no loss to the government, and the
Department taking a liberal view of the subject,
authorized their continuance. There is no doubt
that the adoption of stamps by our government was
much hastened by the issue of these prepaid envelopes,
and it can truly be said that they were the
first stamps issued by the United States. Mr.
Mitchell is still in possession of the original plate."</p></div>
<p>From a letter of Mr. Mitchell's, printed in the
American Journal of Philately in May, 1871, it further
appears that Mr. Mitchell permitted parties to
bring their own envelopes to be stamped. The die
was a simple hand stamp engraved by F. G. Gorham,
and the ink employed was that in ordinary use
for hand stamps in the office, red or blue. He was
postmaster from September, 1844, to 1852, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
thinks the stamp was issued first in 1845. Only
one original stamp has so far been found.</p>
<p class="header">NEW HAVEN POST OFFICE.</p>
<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Issue of 1845.</span></p>
<p>Large rectangular stamp, with corners cut by
quarter circles. Frame of a very heavy outside
line with an interior fine line. "<i>Post Office</i>" in
heavy block letters inclined to left, in a straight line
across the top, "<i>New Haven, Ct.</i>," in a curved line
of Roman capitals, in a second line. Large numeral
"5" with "PAID" in large block capitals beneath,
signature (E. A. Mitchell) written, and "P. M."
in ordinary capitals forming the fifth line.</p>
<p>Impression 26 by 31 mm., from brass hand stamp,
in color on white or colored envelopes.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents, red.</p>
<p>The only known original is cut square. In 1871,
Mr. Mitchell made a few re-impressions in red and
blue ink, which he signed and distributed to collectors.
The die was then deposited in the archives
of the New Haven Colonial Historical Society.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" summary="Reprints Descriptions">
<tr><td align="left">Reprints.</td><td align="left">5</td>
<td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">blue</td>
<td align="left">impression,</td><td align="center" colspan="2">red signature.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">5</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">red</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">blue</td><td align="left">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">5</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">black</td><td align="left">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">5</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">no</td><td align="left">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>All on large white paper.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span></p>
<h2>VIII.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Stamps of the Providence Postmaster.</span></h3>
<p>These stamps, of which the 5 cent value was catalogued
as early as 1863, and the 10 cent in June,
1865, were issued by Mr. H. B. Sayles, postmaster
at Providence, and engraved by a Mr. Kidden, of
that city in 1846. None of the daily papers of the
locality, which we have been permitted to consult,
seem to have noticed the issue. The plate has however
been preserved among the archives of the
State of Rhode Island.</p>
<p class="header">PROVIDENCE POST OFFICE.</p>
<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Issue of 1846.</span></p>
<p>"<i>Post Office</i>," in a curved line, "<i>Prov. R. I.</i>" in
a straight line, and "<i>Five Cents</i>" in a curved line,
all in outline colorless block capitals on a ground
of fine horizontal lines, bordered by a fine colored,
a broad colorless and second fine colored line, forming
a horizontal oval, the space outside filled in with
similar horizontal lined ground to form a rectangle,
bordered by a fine colored line, the bottom and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
right side double thickness, and ornamented with a
white foliated ornament in each of the four corners,
separated by a white ball on the sides, and by from
two to five balls above, but none at the bottom, where
there is instead a prolongation of the foliation.</p>
<p>Plate impression (copper), 20 by 28 mm., on
yellowish white paper.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" summary="Impression Descriptions">
<tr><td align="left">5 cents, black,</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">10 cents, black.</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>These stamps were issued gummed.</p>
<p>The paper of the sheet measures 85½ by 88 mm.
On the plate there are three stamps in each horizontal
and four in each vertical row, or twelve
stamps. The upper right hand corner stamp alone
bears the value "<i>Ten Cents</i>." If for the sake of
convenience the first stamp on the left of the upper
row is designated as type one, the next two, etc.;
the first stamp on the left of the second row as type
four; the first of the third row as seven; and the
first of the fourth row as ten, the following may
be noticed among the many points of difference.
The plate was originally ruled into spaces for the
stamps by very fine lines, which seem to have been
carried straight through over the spaces intended to
separate the stamps, and not always to have been
perfectly obliterated afterwards. On the right of
the plate there is also a vertical line parallel to the
right side of all the stamps in the right hand row,
at the distance separating two stamps (nearly 2 mm.)
as if the intention had been to add another stamp
to each horizontal row.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p>
<p><i>Type 1.</i> At the upper left corner, the horizontal
frame line thickened projects to the left and the
vertical line projects upward. 5 balls between the
foliations the middle one is an oblong rectangle,
the end ones touch the ornaments. The side balls
are on a line with the tops of the letters of "Prov.,
R. I." There is a period after Cents.</p>
<p><i>Type 2.</i> At the upper left corner, the horizontal
frame line thickened projects to the left. At the
lower left corner both the horizontal and vertical
lines thickened project. Both the horizontal top
and bottom lines continue on the right to Type 3.
5 balls, the middle one is a square, the next on the
right is the lower half of a circle, the next on
left flat at top and bottom. These three are all
small. The end ball on the right larger than the
others. Both it and the end ball on the left are
flat on top. "F" in "Five" very close to the
border. Side balls above the line of the top of the
letters of "Prov., R. I." A period after Cents.</p>
<p><i>Type 3.</i> Ten cents. The horizontal top line of
frame projects each way. The vertical line at the
right plain above but thickened and partially obliterated
below the lower right corner. The lower horizontal
line projects to the left to Type 2. 5 balls,
the middle one large and square, the extreme right
one nearly round, the remaining three irregular and
nearly equal in size. "E" of "Office" touches the
oval. Side balls below the line of the top of the letters
of "Prov., R. I.," and lower point of left foliation
cuts into the left ball. No period after Cents.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span></p>
<p><i>Type 4.</i> The top horizontal line projects to the
left. The bottom horizontal line projects both to
the left and right. 5 balls. The middle one is
a small oblong rectangle. Those next to it very
small. Left side ball on a level with the top line of
letters of "Prov., R. I.," but the right ball smaller
and lower down. No period after Cents.</p>
<p><i>Type 5.</i> The top horizontal line projects to the
left, and part of it is thickened. It also projects to
the right. The bottom horizontal line projects to
the left. 5 balls. The middle one in an oblong
rectangle. The "s" of Cents, resembles an 8.
Side balls are above the line of the top of "Prov.,
R. I." No period after Cents.</p>
<p><i>Type 6.</i> The top horizontal line projects to left.
The bottom horizontal line also. The vertical left
line projects to type 9. 5 balls. The middle one
is a square. Shading of "E" of "Office" touches
the oval. The side balls are below the tops of
"Prov., R. I." No period after Cents.</p>
<p><i>Type 7.</i> The top horizontal line projects both
to left and right. The right vertical line projects
above the corner. 4 balls only. The middle one
is gone. They are all small. A period after Cents.</p>
<p><i>Type 8.</i> The top horizontal and left vertical lines
both project at the upper left corner. 5 balls. The
middle ball is a square. The top of the "E" of
"Office" touches the oval. The "s" in Cents is
very small, and is followed by a period.</p>
<p><i>Type 9.</i> The top horizontal line projects both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
ways, and the left vertical line projects above the
upper left corner. Both vertical lines are continued
down to type 12. 2 balls only, the middle ones are
left out. "V" in "Prov." is too large and the
"F" of "Five" touches the oval. No period after
Cents.</p>
<p><i>Type 10.</i> The top horizontal and right vertical
lines both project beyond the upper right corner. 5
balls. The middle one square. The lower leaf of the
upper left foliation has no notch. Point after Cents.</p>
<p><i>Type 11.</i> The top horizontal line projects to the
left and both verticals project upwards. 5 balls.
The middle one is square. The end balls project
above top line. No period after Cents.</p>
<p><i>Type 12.</i> Both vertical lines project up to Type
9. 5 dots. Middle one is an oblong rectangle.
The next on the right projects above the frame.
The one at right end is nearly round, but both those
at the left are rectangular. Ball at right side large
and flat. No period after Cents.</p>
<p>It has been stated that the engraver of the original
plate re-engraved these stamps for the benefit of
collectors many years ago. However this may be,
there are a number of very dangerous counterfeits
in existence, as well as some that are easily detected.</p>
<p>In the following table the lines which touch the
letters or other parts are counted as well as those
between them. By these differences and peculiarities
the position of a given specimen on the plate
can readily be determined.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span></p>
<p class="center">The following peculiarities are noticed in Le Timbre Poste, page 5, 1871.</p>
<div class="center">
<table class="bbox" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Peculiarities Chart">
<tr class="txt80"><td class="br" align="left"> </td>
<td class="br lpt1">Type</td><td class="br lpt1">Type</td>
<td class="br lpt1">Type</td><td class="br lpt1">Type</td>
<td class="br lpt1">Type</td><td class="br lpt1">Type</td>
<td class="br lpt1">Type</td><td class="br lpt1">Type</td>
<td class="br lpt1">Type</td><td class="br lpt1">Type</td>
<td class="br lpt1">Type</td><td class="lpt1">Type</td></tr>
<tr class="txt80"><td class="br" align="left"> </td>
<td class="br lpt1">1</td><td class="br lpt1">2</td><td class="br lpt1">3</td>
<td class="br lpt1">4</td><td class="br lpt1">5</td><td class="br lpt1">6</td>
<td class="br lpt1">7</td><td class="br lpt1">8</td><td class="br lpt1">9</td>
<td class="br lpt1">10</td><td class="br lpt1">11</td><td class="lpt1">12</td></tr>
<tr><td class="br" align="left">Width of the oval</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">24¼</td><td class="bt br lpt1">24</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">24</td><td class="bt br lpt1">23¾</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">23¾</td><td class="bt br lpt1">24</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">24</td><td class="bt br lpt1">24</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">24¼</td><td class="bt br lpt1">24</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">24</td><td class="bt lpt1">24¼</td></tr>
<tr><td class="br" align="left">Height of the oval</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">18½</td><td class="bt br lpt1">18¼</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">18¼</td><td class="bt br lpt1">18½</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">18¼</td><td class="bt br lpt1">18¼</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">18¼</td><td class="bt br lpt1">18½</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">18¼</td><td class="bt br lpt1">18½</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">18¼</td><td class="bt lpt1">18¼</td></tr>
<tr><td class="br" align="left">*Upper frame and oval</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">3</td><td class="bt br lpt1">2</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">3</td><td class="bt br lpt1">2</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">3</td><td class="bt br lpt1">4</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">0</td><td class="bt br lpt1">2</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">3</td><td class="bt br lpt1">3</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">2</td><td class="bt lpt1">2</td></tr>
<tr><td class="br" align="left">*O of Office, and oval above</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">12</td><td class="bt br lpt1">13</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">11</td><td class="bt br lpt1">11</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">12</td><td class="bt br lpt1">11</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">12</td><td class="bt br lpt1">9</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">12</td><td class="bt br lpt1">11</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">12</td><td class="bt lpt1">11</td></tr>
<tr><td class="br" align="left">*V of Prov., and oval above</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">15</td><td class="bt br lpt1">14</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">14</td><td class="bt br lpt1">14</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">15</td><td class="bt br lpt1">12</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">12</td><td class="bt br lpt1">16</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">16</td><td class="bt br lpt1">14</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">15</td><td class="bt lpt1">15</td></tr>
<tr><td class="br" align="left">*V of Prov., and C of Cents</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">13</td><td class="bt br lpt1">14</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">14</td><td class="bt br lpt1">14</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">14</td><td class="bt br lpt1">16</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">16</td><td class="bt br lpt1">15</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">15</td><td class="bt br lpt1">13</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">14</td><td class="bt lpt1">13</td></tr>
<tr><td class="br" align="left">*C of Cents, and oval below</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">7</td><td class="bt br lpt1">6</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">7</td><td class="bt br lpt1">7</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">7</td><td class="bt br lpt1">7</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">8</td><td class="bt br lpt1">8</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">6</td><td class="bt br lpt1">9</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">7</td><td class="bt lpt1">9</td></tr>
<tr><td class="br nowrap" align="left">*P of Prov., & E or T of 5, 10</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">3</td><td class="bt br lpt1">4</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">4</td><td class="bt br lpt1">4</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">4</td><td class="bt br lpt1">5</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">6</td><td class="bt br lpt1">5</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">4</td><td class="bt br lpt1">5</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">4</td><td class="bt lpt1">3</td></tr>
<tr><td class="br" align="left">*I of R. I., and S of Cents</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">5</td><td class="bt br lpt1">5</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">6</td><td class="bt br lpt1">5</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">6</td><td class="bt br lpt1">7</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">7</td><td class="bt br lpt1">6</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">7</td><td class="bt br lpt1">4</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">5</td><td class="bt lpt1">4</td></tr>
<tr><td class="br" align="left">*P of Post, and P of Prov.</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">6</td><td class="bt br lpt1">6</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">3</td><td class="bt br lpt1">4</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">6</td><td class="bt br lpt1">3</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">5</td><td class="bt br lpt1">7</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">6</td><td class="bt br lpt1">4</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">5</td><td class="bt lpt1">6</td></tr>
<tr><td class="br" align="left">*E of Office, and I of R. I.</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">4</td><td class="bt br lpt1">4</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">3</td><td class="bt br lpt1">1</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">4</td><td class="bt br lpt1">2</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">2</td><td class="bt br lpt1">6</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">4</td><td class="bt br lpt1">3</td>
<td class="bt br lpt1">4</td><td class="bt lpt1">3</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p class="center" style="margin-top: 0;">*Horizontal lines between the</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p>
<h2>IX.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Stamp of the Alexandria Postmaster.</span></h3>
<p>This stamp was discovered by the present author,
and was first chronicled in an article by him in
Le Timbre Poste, of February, 1873. A second
specimen is chronicled in Durbin's Philatelic
Monthly, of August, 1879. They are both postmarked
with the ordinary dated hand stamp of Alexandria,
D. C., the word "PAID," and large
numeral "5." The first postmark is dated July
10th, that of the second is illegible, but the letter
was dated Sept. 9th, 1846.</p>
<p class="header">ALEXANDRIA POST OFFICE.</p>
<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Issue of 1846.</span></p>
<p>Large round stamp, 30 mm. in diameter, with
border of 40 six-rayed stars. Within "<i>Alexandria</i>,"
above, and "<i>Post Office</i>," below, in heavy block
capitals, a six-rayed star separating the words, on
each side. In the centre "PAID," in smaller capitals,
with the numeral "5" beneath.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span></p>
<p>Impression from wood block, 30 mm. in diameter,
on yellow paper.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents, black.</p>
<p>This stamp appears to have been originally
stamped upon the buff envelopes common at the
time, and to have been cut out and fastened to the
letter. No further information concerning it has
yet been discovered. The files at Washington, of
the Alexandria Gazette, the only Alexandria paper
of that period, are defective from May 22nd, to
October, 1845, and in part for 1847. Daniel Brien
was Postmaster at Alexandria during 1845-47.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p>
<h2>X.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Stamps of the Baltimore Postmaster.</span></h3>
<p>This stamp was first chronicled in the Philatelical
Journal in 1874. The copy there described was the
only one known, until very recently, a second copy
was described in the New York World, and subsequently
that and another were mentioned in the
Alexandria Gazette, of August 3rd, 1886, as having
been in possession of Mr. Thomas Semmes, of Alexandria.
These are described as postmarked respectively,
January 15th, and 31st., 1847, with the
other marks usual upon letters of the period. From
1845 to 1849, Mr. James Madison Buchannan
was the postmaster at Baltimore, and is said to have
issued this stamp in the fall of 1846. Further details
are wanting. The stamp is a simple looking
slip of paper containing the signature of the postmaster
in fac-simile, in one line, and the value, "<i>5
Cents</i>," in a second line, bordered by a frame of
single colored lines, crossed at the four angles.</p>
<p>Impression, 55 by 15 mm., in color upon thin bluish
paper.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents, black.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span></p>
<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;">
<img src="images/i61.jpg" width="300" height="177" alt="James M. Buchannan (handwritten signature) PAID 5 (with 5 inside circle)" title="James M. Buchannan (handwritten signature) PAID 5 (with 5 inside circle)" />
</div>
<p>Besides these adhesive stamps, Mr. Buchannan
also issued a species of franked envelope. Two
copies of this were found by Mr. Robt. H. Smith,
in examining his
old letters. They
are the ordinary
buff wove
envelopes of the
period, size 80
by 137 mm., of
the old simple
form with straight edged flaps. In the right upper
hand corner the signature "James M. Buchannan,"
hand stamped, 50½ mm. long, the "B," 4½ mm.
high. Beneath this in a second line the word
"PAID," in capitals, 4 mm. high, and 16 mm.
long is also hand stamped. Below this again, a
large numeral "5," 11½ mm. high, in an oval 20½
mm. long by 7½ high, is also hand stamped.</p>
<p>The specimen described is hand stamped with the
ordinary round hand stamp of Baltimore, Md., and
dated Nov. 24th, no year stated and is directed to
the present owner and finder.</p>
<p>Impression hand stamped in blue ink on buff envelopes.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents, blue.</p>
<p>Besides these it has been claimed that the stamp
known as the "horseman," was also issued in 1860
or 1861, by the Postmaster of Baltimore. It may
be described as a rough design of a horseman, galloping
to the right, holding a streamer, inscribed:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
"<i>One Cent</i>." On ribbons above, "<i>Government City
Dispatch</i>." Rough frame of vertical lines with
rough ornaments in the corners, bordered by a single
colored line.</p>
<p>Impression, 23 by 17 mm., apparently lithographed
in color on white paper.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" summary="Impression Descriptions">
<tr><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">1</td><td align="left">Cent,</td><td align="left">red.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">1</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">black.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">Variety,</td><td align="left">1</td>
<td align="left">Sent</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>It will appear further on, that at this date, 1860,
and long prior thereto, the law prohibited postmasters
from recognizing or permitting to be used
any stamps not received from the Postmaster General.
In a letter published in the American Journal
of Philately, July 20th, 1869, W. H. H. Corell,
3rd Assistant Postmaster General, says: "The records
of the Department do not contain any reference
to the other stamp, Post Rider." It is supposed
to have been issued by one of the numerous
"City Dispatch" companies located in New York.
These facts and the very rough workmanship, so unlike
any of the authorized Government issues, would
seem sufficient to settle the absolutely unofficial
character of this stamp.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p>
<h2>XI.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Stamp of the Millbury Postmaster.</span></h3>
<p>In the collection of letters received by Col. Isaac
Davis, of Worcester, Mass., now in the library of
the American Antiquarian Society, were found, in
1884, two letters written and posted at Millbury,
in August and December, 1846, postmarked
with the ordinary dating stamp of Millbury, of
the dates August 21st, and December 16th, respectively,
and stamped with an adhesive stamp,
cancelled with the word "PAID," in large capitals,
partly on the letter and partly on the stamp. The
earliest also bears a large "V," in an octagon
frame, and the other a large numeral "5," in a circle.
Col. Asa H. Waters, was postmaster of Millbury
in 1846, having received his commission, dated
January 2nd, 1836, from President Jackson, "Old
Hickory," and retained the office until November,
1848, when he resigned and obtained the office for
Henry Waterman, who had been his assistant. A
third copy of the adhesive stamp is in the possession
of Col. Waters, postmarked exactly as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>
first described specimen, but the date is July 18th.
Both Col. Waters and Mr. Waterman state that the
idea of the stamp was suggested by the reception
of letters bearing the New York stamp, and that the
stamp was printed in Boston, from a block cut
in 1846. Neither gentleman has any data by which
to fix more exactly the date of its issue.</p>
<p class="header">MILLBURY POST OFFICE.</p>
<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Issue of 1846.</span></p>
<p>Head of Washington, ¾ face to the right, on a
colorless circular disk, 16½ mm. in diameter, shaded
to left of the head, and part way in front by 4
diagonal lines, and bordered by a circular band,
2 mm. wide, edged outside and inside by a colored
line. The band is inscribed above, "<i>Post Office</i>,"
below, "<i>Paid 5 Cents</i>," in colored block capitals,
except "5 Cents," which is in script. There are
three five-pointed stars irregularly formed on each
side in the band. The outer circle is a little flat
between T and O. The vertical diameter is ½ mm.
longer than the horizontal.</p>
<p>Impression from wood block 22 by 22½ mm. in
diameter, in black on smooth unsurfaced white
paper.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents, black.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p>
<h2>XII.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Stamped Envelopes of the Washington Postmaster.</span></h3>
<p>The Daily Union, published at Washington, Wednesday,
July 23rd, 1845, and the National Intelligencer,
of Friday, July 25th, 1845, contain the following
advertising editorial<a name="FNanchor_A_2" id="FNanchor_A_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_2" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p>"<span class="smcap">Interesting to Citizens and Sojourners in
Washington.</span> Upon inquiring at the city post office,
we learn that Col. Gardiner has had franked (or rather
prepaid) envelopes prepared, which do away with the
necessity of personal application at the delivery window
when one wishes to pay postage on sending off a letter.
They are for sale at the post office, at the following
rates; which barely pay the cost, after deducting the
sum chargeable on each for postage, viz:</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Envelope Cost Chart">
<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left">envelopes</td>
<td align="left">to enclose letters</td><td align="left">charged at</td>
<td align="right">5</td><td align="left">cents</td><td align="left">for</td>
<td align="right">$1.00</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">9</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right"> </td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center"> </td><td align="right">50</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right"> </td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center"> </td><td align="right">6¼</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">9</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">10</td><td align="left">cents</td>
<td align="center"> </td><td align="right">1.00</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">4</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="2"><img src="images/bracketright.jpg" width="15" height="40" alt="bracket right" title="bracket left" /></td>
<td align="right" rowspan="2">50</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>This plan, it will be recollected has been adopted in
the northern cities to the great advantage of the public,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
and its introduction here will save our fellow citizens
many a long and hitherto, indispensable trudge, in this
metropolis of magnificent distances."</p></div>
<p>The latter paper, however quotes the price of the
5 cent envelopes at 6 cents, instead of 6¼. These
are evidently the envelopes mentioned in the article
of the Express, of July 8th, quoted in the chapter
on the stamps of the New York postmaster. Up to
the present time none of them have been reported
to have been found.</p>
<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_2" id="Footnote_A_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_2"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> The newspaper articles concerning these envelopes
were found by Mr. C. F. Rothfuchs who, at the suggestion
of the author, kindly searched the files of the
Washington papers.</p></div>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p>
<h2>XIII.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Stamps of the Philadelphia Postmaster.</span></h3>
<p>From 1845 to 1849, Dr. Geo. F. Lehman was
postmaster of Philadelphia. It is asserted that he
adopted for use in the post office at Philadelphia, a
number of peculiar devices of his own, which appear
to have been a substitute for postage stamps.
They are described as bands with the names of the
persons who mailed the letters upon them, which
were fastened around the letters, and upon receipt
at the post office, were removed by the clerks and
kept as vouchers, the amount of postage due being
charged to the account of the sender, and collected
with the quarterly bill. There are also said to have
been in use several other designs in the form of
stamps, printed and sold by the post office, which
when fastened upon the letter indicated that the
office had received postage, and such letters were
then forwarded and marked as paid.</p>
<p>Although several varieties of these are said to have
been in use, none of them have yet been found.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p>
<h2>XIV.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Stamps of the Worcester Postmaster.</span></h3>
<p>In the National Aegis, published at Worcester,
Mass., September 2nd, 1846, may be found the
following item:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p>"<span class="smcap">Post Office Stamps.</span> The postmaster has issued
postage stamps of the denomination of five cents and
ten cents. They are very convenient, and will save
the trouble of making change at the post office, and will
enable people to send prepaid letters at times when the
office is closed. To cover the expense of engraving and
printing, these stamps are sold at five per cent advance
upon the regular rates of postage."</p></div>
<p>Maturin L. Fisher was postmaster at Worcester,
from 1839 to 1849, and Andrew A. Williams was
his chief clerk in 1846. The above item was recently
found by the present author in searching old
files of newspapers, for information about the various
postmaster's stamps. No other Worcester paper
seems to have noticed the matter, and no further
information has so far rewarded the limited inquiry
and search possible since the discovery. Both of
the gentlemen in the office at the time are now
deceased.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span></p>
<h2>XV.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Stamps of the Pittsfield Postmaster.</span></h3>
<p>A short notice published in one of the Springfield,
Mass., papers, in the summer of 1874, asserts that
in overhauling the vaults of the Berkshire Mutual
Fire Insurance Company, of Pittsfield, a number of
stamps were found that were issued by the Pittsfield
postmaster, in 1846-7. Phineas Allen was
postmaster of Pittsfield at the time. No further information
concerning these stamps, has rewarded
inquiry.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p>
<h2>XVI.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Observations.</span></h3>
<p>It is by no means improbable that other similar
devices were in use in other towns and cities at this
period, by which prepayment of postage was secured.
The salaries of many of the smaller offices
depended on the amount of postage collected, and
the importance of all offices was estimated by the
revenue collected. It was natural, therefore, as
the public demand for such accommodation grew,
that the postmaster should adopt a device tending
to their own benefit. There are in the possession
of the present author a number of hand stamps, apparently
cut from letters and envelopes, inscribed
such and such a "Post Office," "5 Cents Paid,"
which would seem to be stamps of this kind, but in
the absence of further information, are not here
chronicled. The wide spread use of such stamps
would appear from the following caution, published
in the Courier, of New York, July 18th, 1845.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The postmaster of this city has given notice that he
has prepared stamps for the use of merchants, and requests
them to provide themselves with these stamps to
facilitate the business of the post office, and for their
own convenience. It will be observed that the postmaster
warns the public that any stamps offered for sale
at any place other than the post office of this city are
spurious. That the use of proper stamps by merchants
will be a great convenience is admitted; but these stamps,
thus offered, should be considered in no other light than
the personal obligations of the postmaster, unauthorized
as far as the public know, by any proper authority, and
if issued by the postmaster of one city, may also be issued
by the postmaster of any town or city in the United
States; and if this practice becomes general, the amount
in these stamps held by the public will be very considerable,
and will evidently lead to great abuses and probably
losses.</p>
<p>In case of the death or removal of a postmaster, we
know of no legal obligation of his successor to consider
these stamps of any value whatever.</p>
<p>Post office stamps to be of general utility, should be
issued by the General Post Office at Washington, sanctioned
by law, and with suitable penalties in case of forgery:
they would be of great advantage to the Post Office
Department, and would much facilitate business in
various ways, but if issued by any or all postmasters,
will in some cases be used "to raise the wind," and may
raise it pretty effectually in cases of death or default,
as the amount held by the public in any of the large
cities would be a very considerable sum."</p>
<p class="sig"><span class="rpad8">(Signed)</span> CAVEAT.</p></div>
<p>This article was reprinted by numerous journals,
among them the Express, of New York, July 18th,
1845.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p>
<h2>XVII.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">The Issue of 1847.</span></h3>
<p>Notwithstanding these manifest dangers, noticed
by the Courier and Express, the public continued
to demand and use, and the postmasters to issue,
as we have seen, these unauthorized stamps, without
action on the part of Congress, or interference
by the Department, until the beginning of 1847
when, apparently in response to the necessities of
the case the following law was passed:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p><span class="smcap">Statutes of the United States</span>, XXIX Congress,
Session II, Chapter LXIII, Section 1, approved March
3rd, 1847. An Act to establish certain Post Roads and
for other purposes.</p>
<p>"And be it further enacted, that to facilitate the transportation
of letters by mail, the Postmaster General be
authorized to prepare postage stamps, which, when attached
to any letter or packet, shall be evidence of the
prepayment of the postage chargeable on such letter,
which said stamps the Postmaster General may deliver
to any deputy postmaster who may apply for the same,
the deputy postmaster paying or becoming accountable
for the amount of the stamps so received by him, and
if any of said stamps shall not be used, but be returned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
to the General Post Office, the amount so returned shall
be credited to such deputy postmaster, and such deputy
postmaster may sell or dispose of any stamps so received
by him to any person who may wish to use the same,
but it shall not be lawful for any deputy postmaster, to
prepare, use, or dispose of any postage stamps not authorized
by and received from the Postmaster General.
And any person who shall falsely and fraudulently make,
alter or forge any postage stamp with intent to defraud
the Post Office Department, shall be deemed guilty of
felony, and on conviction shall be subject to the same
punishment as provided in the 21 Section of the Act approved
March 3rd, 1825, entitled an Act," etc.</p></div>
<p>This is the first authorization of postage stamps
in the United States, and it will be well to observe
that the use of any stamps other than <i>those authorized
and received from</i> the Postmaster General is
strictly prohibited. The use of the stamps of the
postmasters herein before treated of, must therefore
have ceased from and after the 1st of July,
1847, when the law went into effect, or as soon
thereafter as supplies were received from the Department.
This effectually determines the character
of such locals, as the so-called "Horseman," and
"U. S. Mail Prepaid," before referred to.</p>
<p>According to the law and custom in the United
States, a contract for the engraving and printing of
stamps, under the authority of this Act, was made by
the Postmaster General with Messrs. Rawdon,
Wright, Hatch and Edson, for four years. During
this time they furnished 4,400,000, five cent stamps,
and 1,050,000, ten cent stamps, of which 3,712,000<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>
five cent, and 891,000 ten cent stamps are officially
reported to have been distributed by the Department
to deputy postmasters for sale. A portion
of these, valued at $12,038.55, were however
afterwards returned to the Department and exchanged
for those of the subsequent issue, and
credited to the deputies who returned them.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of July 1st, 1847.</span></p>
<p>The issue consisted of two values only, five and
ten cents.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Five Cents.</span> Portrait of Benjamin Franklin,
Continental Postmaster General, facing three quarters
to the left, on an oval disk with hatched
ground, 14½ by 17¼ mm., bounded by a broad colorless
line with a fine colored line outside, in a rectangular
frame, also bordered by a broad colorless
line with a fine colored line outside. The ground
work of this frame is composed of fine horizontal
colored lines, and is ornamented by foliations, and
inscribed in outlined colorless capitals, "<i>U.</i>" and
"<i>S.</i>," in the upper corners, with "<i>Post Office</i>,"
between, following the form of the oval, large
numeral "5," and "5," in the lower corners, with
"<i>Five Cents</i>" between, following the form of the
oval.</p>
<p>Between the lines of the outer border, exactly in
the centre, are the initials of the engravers, "R. W.
H. & E.," in small colored capitals.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 18½ by 23½ mm., in color, on
faintly bluish paper.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents, bronze.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Ten Cents.</span> Portrait of George Washington,
first President, facing three quarters to the right,
on an oval disk, with hatched background, bordered
by a broad colorless line, with a fine colored
line outside, in a rectangular frame, bordered in
the same manner. The ground of the frame and inscriptions
are similar to the five cents, but changed
for the value to a large "X," in each lower corner,
with "<i>Ten Cents</i>," between. Same small initials
in the lower border.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 18½ by 23½ mm., in color, on
faintly bluish paper.</p>
<p class="center">10 cents, black.</p>
<p>In the Hartford Times of August 5th, 1885, appeared
a long article, entitled: "The First Postage
Stamps," from which the following relating to the
actual date of this issue may be here repeated.</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p>"Thirty eight years ago to-day the first postage
stamps were used in the United States. * * * On the
25th of March, 1840, John M. Niles, of Hartford, became
Postmaster General and signalized his administration
by many reforms. * * * It was necessary to cap
all by a genuine innovation, and he performed this by
suggesting the postage stamp. The suggestion was received
with ridicule, and Mr. Niles soon after retired.
* * * When Cave Johnson assumed the post office, on
the 5th of March, 1845, he found it an Herculian task to reinstate
the reform measures of Mr. Niles. * * * Among
the measures of Mr. Niles that he adopted was the postage
stamp idea. * * * Johnson garnished his conversation
with fathering the suggestion originated six years
before. * * * The matter took form as a bill. * * *<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span>
Approved March 3rd, 1847. The date of the issue was
appointed as July 1st, but there was a delay in the contractors'
work and the time ran over a month.</p>
<p>On the 5th of August, soon after the opening of the
Postmaster General's office for the day, an old gentleman
called to see Mr. Johnson on business. The
gentleman was the Hon. Henry Shaw, a New Yorker,
* * * and the father of the well known Henry Shaw, Jr.,
(Josh Billings). * * * Mr. Johnson came into his office
accompanied by the printer of the new stamps, a few
minutes after Mr. Shaw had arrived, on that August
morning. Sheets of the stamps were laid before the Postmaster
General, who, after receipting for them, handed
them to his visitor to inspect. Mr. Shaw returned them
after a hasty glance, and then drawing out his wallet,
he counted fifteen cents, with which he purchased two
of the stamps—the first two ever issued. The five cent
stamp he kept as a curiosity, and the ten cent stamp he
presented to Governor Briggs, as an appropriate gift."</p></div>
<p class="header txt120"><span class="smcap">Observations.</span></p>
<p>In nearly all the early catalogues and in some recent
foreign ones, these stamps are catalogued upon
<i>white</i> paper. Mr. Terrell, Third Assistant Postmaster
General, in a letter published on page 111,
American Stamp Mercury, 1870, states positively
that this issue was never printed except upon faintly
tinted bluish paper. It may be observed, generally,
that the paper of all stamps of the early issues
of all countries which were affixed to the blue
or bluish paper in general use at the time, has a
tendency to vary from the original color, sometimes
becoming blue or bluish, when originally white,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>
darker or lighter blue or even whitish if originally
blue. This has been variously explained, as the
action of some ingredient in the paper of the letter,
or of the stamp, in the gum or the ink.</p>
<p>It must be further observed that the color of the
impression of the five cents varies greatly from the
original pale red brown, called bronze. Many
shades of faint red brown, red brown, faint dark
brown, deep dark brown, black brown, bluish black,
and almost pure black, may be found. Whether
these result, as seems to be the case, from a natural
change in the course of time, from something in
the ink, paper or surroundings of the stamp itself,
or whether it results from the use of different colored
ink originally, may perhaps be impossible
now to determine.</p>
<p>The ten cent, however, varies very little in the
color of the impression. Beyond a lighter, or
grayish shade, a black with a bluish cast, and the
ordinary black impression, little is to be noticed.</p>
<p>The stamps are separated in the sheet by about
2 mm., each way. Double copies of the five cents,
adhering either by the side, or by the top and bottom,
are often found on old letters, and occasionally,
three or four adhering specimens are encountered.
The ten cents is almost invariably found in
single specimens, though a few pairs, and even
three used together are known.</p>
<p>According to a statement in the American Journal
of Philately, of April, 1871, this issue was withdrawn
from circulation between June 11th and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
September 30th, 1851. The instructions of the Department
to the deputy postmasters, concerning
the distribution of the next issue, published in
June, 1851, order that these five and ten cent
stamps must not be recognized as prepaying letters
after the 30th of June, 1851, and request the public
to return them to the deputy postmasters, in
exchange for others of the new issue. The report
of the Postmaster General for the year expiring
June 30th, 1851, and published in the fall of that
year, further states: "Directions for the destruction
of the dies and plates, employed in the manufacture
of the stamps formerly used, have been
given, and for counting and burning such stamps
as have not been issued to postmasters or have
been returned."</p>
<p>These facts probably explain the extreme rarity
of unused stamps of this issue, and the re-engraving
of the dies by the Government, when it was
considered advisable to make an exhibit of all its
issues of adhesive stamps at the Centennial Exhibition.</p>
<p>The existence therefore, of a specimen of four
unused five cent stamps, adhering by the sides,
and another of four unused ten cent stamps, adhering
also by the sides, in the private collection
of Mr. Sterling, is worthy of notice. The latter
specimen, at any rate, is probably unique, and
though called whitish paper by him, has nevertheless,
the bluish tint, and certainly is not <i>white</i> paper.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>Note. There are <i>proofs</i> however on white paper.</p></div>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span></p>
<h2>XVIII.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">The Issue of 1851.</span></h3>
<p>The Act of the XXXI Congress, Session II,
Chapter XX, approved March 3rd, 1851, and entitled:
"An Act to reduce and modify the Rates of
Postage in the United States, and for other purposes"
reads:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p>"Be it enacted, etc., that from and after the 30th day
of June, 1851, in lieu of the rates of postage now established
by law, there shall be charged the following
rates, viz: For every single letter in manuscript, or paper
of any kind, upon which information shall be asked
for, or communicated, in writing, or by marks or signs,
conveyed in the mail for any distance, between places
within the United States, not exceeding 3,000 miles,
when the postage upon said letter shall have been prepaid,
three cents, and five cents when the postage thereon
shall not have been prepaid, and for any distance
exceeding 3,000 miles, double these rates; for every such
single letter or paper when conveyed wholly or in part
by sea, and to or from a foreign country, for any distance
over 2,500 miles, twenty cents, and for any distance
under 2,500 miles, ten cents, excepting however,
all cases where such postages have been or shall be adjusted
at different rates by postal treaty or convention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>
already concluded or hereafter to be made; and for a
double letter there shall be charged double the rates
above specified; and for a treble letter, treble these
rates; and for a quadruple letter, quadruple these rates;
and every letter or parcel not exceeding half an ounce
in weight, shall be deemed a single letter, and every
additional weight of half an ounce, or every additional
weight of less than half an ounce, shall be charged with
an additional single postage. And all drop letters, or
letters placed in any post office, not for transmission, but
for delivery only, shall be charged with postage at the
rate of one cent each, and all letters which shall hereafter
be advertised as remaining over or uncalled for in
any post office shall be charged with one cent in addition
to the regular postage to be accounted for as other
postages now are."</p></div>
<p>The second section fixed the rates upon newspapers
of all descriptions, coming from the publishers,
etc., etc., which were not to be paid for by stamps,
but:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"Every other newspaper circular, hand bill, engraving,
pamphlet," etc., etc., "shall be charged one cent an
ounce under 500 miles and one cent each additional
ounce between 500 and 1500 miles," double beyond, etc.,
etc.</p></div>
<p>The third section provides:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p>"And be it further enacted, that it shall be the duty of
the Postmaster General to provide and furnish to all deputy
postmasters, and to all other persons applying and
paying therefor, suitable postage stamps, of the denomination
of three cents, and of such other denominations as
he may think expedient to facilitate prepayment of postages
provided for in this Act; and any person who shall
forge or counterfeit any postage stamp, provided or furnished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
under this Act, whether the same are impressed
or printed on or attached to envelopes or not, or any die,
plate or engraving therefor, or shall make or print, or
knowingly use or sell, or have in his possession, with intent
to use or sell, any such false, forged or counterfeit
die, plate, engraving, or postage stamps, or who
shall make or print, or otherwise procure to be made or
printed, any postage stamps of the kind provided and
furnished by the Postmaster General, as aforesaid,
without the especial authority and direction of the
Post Office Department, or who, after such postage
stamps have been printed, shall, with intent to defraud
the revenue of the Post Office Department, deliver any
postage stamps to any person or persons other than
such as shall be authorized to receive the same by an
instrument of writing duly executed under the hand of
the Postmaster General, and the seal of the Post Office
Department, shall on conviction thereof be deemed
guilty of felony, and punishable by a fine not exceeding
500 dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding
five years; or by both such fine or imprisonment,
and the expenses of procuring and providing all
such postage stamps and letter envelopes as are provided
or authorized by this Act, shall be paid, after being
adjusted by the auditor of the Post Office Department,
on the certificate of the Postmaster General, out of any
money in the Treasury, arising from the Revenues of
the Post Office Department."</p></div>
<p>The 4th section provides that postage stamps shall
be defaced as the Postmaster General may direct,
and the penalty for omitting so to do.</p>
<p>The 10th section provides for the appointment
of carriers, the rate to be one or two cents prepaid,
the carriers to be paid out of the receipts from this
postage.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span></p>
<p>The 11th section authorizes the coining of the
three cent coin, probably to facilitate the payment
of these rates.</p>
<p>The other matters mentioned in the foregoing Act
are of little interest here, but the following circular
contains some matters of importance:</p>
<p class="header">REGULATIONS CONCERNING POSTAGE STAMPS.</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="poddate">
<span class="rpad1"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department</span>,</span><br />
<i>June 10th, 1851</i>.</p>
<p>"To facilitate the payment of postages upon letters and
packages, postage stamps of the following denominations
are provided and furnished by the postmaster
General, pursuant to the third section of the "Act to reduce
and modify the rates of Postage in the United
States," and for other purposes approved March 3rd,
1851.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Stamp Descriptions">
<tr><td class="col1topr"><span class="nowrap">Viz: No. 1.</span></td><td align="left">Printed in black, representing the head of
Washington, of the denomination of twelve
cents.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topr">No. 2.</td><td align="left">Printed in red, representing the head of
Washington, in profile, of the denomination
of three cents.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topr">No. 3.</td><td align="left">Printed in blue, representing the head of
Franklin, in profile, of the denomination of
one cent.</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>These stamps will be furnished to one or more of the
principal postmasters in each county, who will be required
to supply the other postmasters in their vicinities,
upon being paid for the amount furnished."</p></div>
<p>The remaining provisions relate to the mode of
distribution, accounting, cancelling, etc., and are
of no particular interest. The circular is signed
"Nathan D. Hall, Postmaster General."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p>
<p>A similar circular dated April 3rd, 1852, is almost
an exact repetition of the foregoing. The
stamps issued may be described more fully thus:</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of July 1st, 1851.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">One Cent.</span> Bust of Benjamin Franklin, first
Postmaster General, in profile, facing to the right,
in an oval disk 17 by 20½ mm., with a ground of
very fine horizontal colored lines, slightly waved,
bordered by a colorless line between two fine colored
lines. The colorless line is ornamented by a
line of fine dots. Above is a label, bordered at the
top by a similarly ornamented colorless line, between
two fine colored lines, terminated at the ends by
the corner ornaments of the stamp, with a ground
of fine colored lines following the lines of the oval,
and inscribed in outline capitals "<i>U. S. Postage</i>."
Below the oval is a similar label, the ends terminated
by a similar border, with a ground of fine colored
lines, inscribed "<i>One Cent</i>" in outline capitals.
This label is shaded by a number of vertical
lines. Scroll and foliated corner ornaments extending
down the sides. There is no outside line
finishing the frame. The stamps are very near
each other on the sheet.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19 by 22 mm., color, white paper.</p>
<p class="center">1 cent, shades of indigo blue.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Three Cents.</span> Bust of Washington, first President
of the United States, in profile to left, on an
oval disk, with hatched ground, bordered by a fine
colorless line between two fine colored lines, surrounded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>
by a frame composed of colorless lines,
forming diamonds on a solid ground, the alternate
diamonds filled in with diagonal colorless lines, leaving
a colored chain conspicuous, with rosettes in
the four angles. The space between the oval and
frame filled with horizontal lines, and the corners
outside the rosettes filled with ornamented triangles.
Above and below all these are solid colored labels,
with a small piece containing a diamond cut off at
each end by a vertical colorless line, inscribed in
colorless Roman capitals, above "<i>U. S. Postage</i>,"
below "<i>Three Cents</i>." The whole is surrounded,
at a little distance, by a colored line forming a rectangle.</p>
<p>Plate impression 20 by 25 mm., color, white paper.</p>
<p class="center">3 cents, in shades of brick and rose red.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twelve Cents.</span> Bust of Washington, after Stewart,
facing three quarters to the left, on an oval
disk 13½ by 17 mm., with hatched ground, bordered
by a colorless line between two colored
lines. This colorless line is crossed by horizontal
lines. About this is a frame like that of the 3
cents, with rosettes at the angles, but showing six
and two half links in the chain on each side, instead
of five and two half links as in the three cents.
The outside corners are filled by small foliations.
The space between the oval and frame is filled by
horizontal lines. Inscription above "<i>U. S. Postage</i>,"
below "<i>Twelve Cents</i>" in colorless capitals,
shaded outside on the back ground and following
the curve of the oval. The whole is surrounded by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span>
a fine colored line.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19 by 25 mm., color, white paper.</p>
<p class="center">12 cents, black.</p>
<p>As it was considered desirable to keep the amounts
collected and paid for delivery by carriers (under
section 10 of the act) separate, a special stamp
for the payment of such postage was soon added:</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of September 29th, 1851.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">One Cent.</span> Bust of Benjamin Franklin, in profile,
to the left, on an oval disk, 15 by 17½ mm. with
hatched ground, bordered by a colorless line between
two fine colored lines. Frame, labels, etc.,
like the three cents, but with a colorless star between
curved colorless lines at the end instead of
the diamonds. The inscription is in colorless Roman
capitals, on the upper label "<i>Carrier's</i>," and
"<i>Stamp</i>" in the lower label.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 24 mm., color, rose paper.</p>
<p class="center">No value indicated, indigo blue.</p>
<p>Specimens exist in brick red, some of which show
the crack in the die. These must be proofs, although
a letter purporting to be from W. M. Ireland,
Third Assistant Postmaster General, dated
August 10th, 1869, and published in the August
number of the American Journal of Philately, after
describing this stamp says:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p>"Color, orange-brown, typographed in color on white
paper. Proofs were issued printed in blue on pink paper;
also in green and yellow. It was issued about September
29th, 1851, but was suppressed almost immediately,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>
owing to its great similarity to the then three cent
stamp. Only about 300,000 were ever issued. It has always
surprised me that the Department has never kept
any official history of its stamps."</p></div>
<p>This stamp was succeeded by the</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of November, 17, 1851.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">One Cent.</span> Eagle poised for flight, turned to the
left, resting on a branch of laurel, on an oval disk,
18 by 13 mm., the ground of clouds and rays, surrounded
by a fine colored line, a colorless line, and
a band of solid color inscribed in colorless Roman
capitals above "<i>U. S. P. O. Dispatch</i>," below
"<i>Prepaid, One Cent</i>," with ornaments of oak leaves
on the left and of laurels on the right.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19 by 25 mm., color, white paper.</p>
<p class="center">1 cent, blue.</p>
<p>A letter dated from the Post Office Department,
Finance Office. July 20th, 1869, and signed W. H.
H. Corell, Third Assistant Postmaster General,
published in the American Journal of Philately,
says:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The blue stamp "Eagle" was used for prepaying
City letters delivered by carriers. It was issued about
Nov. 17th, 1851, and was withdrawn Jan. 27th, 1852. It
was very little used except in Philadelphia, Pa., and Cincinnati,
Ohio."</p></div>
<p>As a matter of fact however, the published reports
of the Postmaster General, shows that there
were issued:</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Stamps Issued Chart">
<tr><td align="right">4,777,552</td><td align="left">from</td>
<td align="left">Nov.</td><td align="right">1851,</td><td align="left">up</td>
<td align="left">to</td><td align="left">June,</td><td align="right">1852.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">4,370,383</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">June</td><td align="right">1852,</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1853.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">7,103,416</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1853,</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1854.</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p>
<p>These stamps were all engraved and printed by
Messrs. Toppan, Carpenter, Cassilar and Co., of
Philadelphia, under a contract with the Department.</p>
<p>The collector naturally desires to know what supposed
peculiarities of the public demand led to the
selection of these values, and not others. As already
shown, the carriers were paid out of the receipts
from the sale of the two carrier stamps.</p>
<p>The one cent was required for newspapers and
other printed matter, either singly or in twos,
threes, fours, fives, sixes, etc., and Mr. Sterling has
preserved specimens thus used, adhering, either in
strips by the sides or ends, or in blocks.</p>
<p>The three cent stamp paid the ordinary letter
rate, and two or more would be required on double,
triple, etc., letters. Mr. Sterling has also preserved
strips and blocks of these found so used.</p>
<p>The single postage to California was six cents.
This was also the double letter rate, and it seems
singular that a stamp of this value was not issued.
Its place was supplied by two three cent stamps,
the double rate to California by four three cent
stamps, etc. That it was also supplied occasionally
by half of the twelve cent stamp, cut diagonally
from corner to corner, specimens so used on the
original envelopes in the possession of the same
gentleman abundantly prove. The twelve cent
must, therefore, have had no function except to replace
a quadruple ordinary rate, or a double California
rate. For foreign letters, the postage was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span>
10 or 20 cents, when not provided for by treaty.
Most of the treaties fixed the same rates, and
stamps of those values would seem to have been
required. The fact that prepayment was optional,
may have influenced the demand for these values.</p>
<p>Soon after the issue of the foregoing series, the
postal rates were again discussed in congress, and
the law amended as follows:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>XXXIII Congress, Session II, Chapter 173, Section 31,
approved March 30th, 1885, entitled: "An Act further to
amend the Act entitled: 'An Act to reduce, etc., approved
March 3d, 1851.'"</p>
<p>Be it enacted, etc. That in lieu of the rates of postage
now established by law, there shall be charged the
following rates to wit: For every single letter in manuscript,
or paper of any kind in which information shall
be asked, or, communicated in writing, or by marks or
signs, conveyed in the mail, for any distance between
places in the United States not exceeding 3,000 miles,
three cents; and for any distance exceeding 3,000 miles,
ten cents. And for a double letter, there shall be
charged double the rates above specified; and for a treble
letter, treble these rates, and for a quadruple letter,
quadruple these rates; and every letter or paper not exceeding
half an ounce in weight shall be deemed a single
letter; and every additional weight of half an ounce,
or every additional weight of less than half an ounce,
shall be charged with an additional single postage; and
upon all letters passing through or in the mail of the
United States, except such as are to or from a foreign
country, the postages as above specified, shall be prepaid,
except upon letters and papers addressed to officers
of the government on official business, which shall be so
marked on the envelope. And from and after the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span>
day of January, 1856, the Postmaster General may require
postmasters to place postage stamps upon all prepaid
letters, upon which such stamps may not have been
placed by the writers.</p>
<p>And all drop letters, or letters placed in the post office,
not for transmission through the mail, but for delivery
only, shall be charged with postage at the rate of
one cent each, and all letters which shall hereafter be
advertised as remaining over or uncalled for in any
post office, shall be charged with one cent each in addition
to the regular postage, both to be accounted for as
other postages now are.</p>
<p>Section 2. And be it further enacted, that it shall
be unlawful for any postmaster or other person, to sell any
postage stamp or stamped envelope for any larger sum
than that indicated upon the face of such postage stamp,
or for a larger sum than that charged therefor by the
Post Office Department.</p>
<p>[Here follows the penalty for so doing.]</p>
<p>Section 3. And be it further enacted: That for the
greater security of valuable letters posted for transmission
in the mails of the United States, the Postmaster
General be, and hereby is authorized to establish a uniform
plan for the registration of such letters on application
of parties posting the same, and to require the prepayment
of the postage, as well as a registration fee of
five cents, on every such letter or packet, to be accounted
for by postmasters receiving the same, in such
manner as the Postmaster General may direct: Provided,
however, that such registration shall not be compulsory:
and shall not render the Post Office Department,
or its revenues liable for the loss of such letter or package,
or the contents thereof.</p></div>
<p>By this Act there was established for the first
time compulsory prepayment, at a uniform rate of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>
3 and 10 cents, according as the distance was less
or greater than 3,000 miles, upon letters in the
United States, and the Act of the XXXIV Congress,
Session III, Chapter 1, approved January
2d, 1857, entitled: "An Act to provide for the
compulsory Prepayment of Postage on all transient
printed matter," which provided, that such postage
"shall be prepaid by stamps or otherwise, as the
Postmaster General may direct," completes the
legislation upon the subject, so far as it is of interest
here, up to the year 1861.</p>
<p>Upon the approval of this Act, the following circular,
dated at Washington, March 12th, 1855,
was issued to postmasters:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p class="header">NEW POSTAGE ACT.</p>
<p class="center txt90">INSTRUCTIONS TO POSTMASTERS.</p>
<p>The particular attention of Postmasters and others is
invited to the annexed Act, passed at the last session of
Congress. It will be observed:</p>
<p>1st. That from and after April 1st, 1855, the single
rate of postage on a letter conveyed in the mail, for any
distance in the United States, not exceeding three
thousand miles, is three cents, and for any distance exceeding
three thousand miles, ten cents.</p>
<p>2nd. That from and after April 1st, 1855, prepayment
by stamps, stamped envelopes or in money is compulsory.</p>
<p>3rd. That from and after January 1st, 1856, all letters,
between places in the United States, must be prepaid
either by postage stamps or stamped envelopes.</p>
<p>4th. That the laws relating to the Franking Privilege
are not altered.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p>
<p>5th. That the existing rates and regulations in regard
to letters to or from Canada, and all foreign countries,
remain unchanged.</p>
<p>Unpaid letters mailed before April 1st, 1855, will be
forwarded and delivered upon payment of the postage,
by the person addressed. Postage stamps and stamped
envelopes, of the denomination of ten cents, will be prepared
and issued speedily, and the Department will use
every exertion to supply all post offices with one and
and three cent stamps also, as fast as they are required.</p>
<p>Absolute prepayment being required on all letters to
places within the United States, from and after April
1st, 1855, great care should be used as well in prepaying
the proper amount on letters above the weight of half
an ounce, as on single letters.</p>
<p>Postmasters will post up conspicuously in their respective
offices a notice, calling attention to the provisions
of the Act requiring prepayment.</p>
<p>The provisions in regard to the registration of valuable
letters will be carried into effect, and special instructions
issued on the subject, as soon as the necessary
blanks can be prepared and distributed.</p>
<p class="sig">
<span class="rpad8">(Signed)</span> <span class="rpad2">JAMES CAMPBELL,</span><br />
Postmaster General.</p>
<p><i>Post Office Department, March 12, 1855.</i></p>
<p>N. B.—Copy of the Act of March 3d, 1855, on the back.</p></div>
<p>Another circular dated at Washington, Nov. 20th,
1855, also signed by the Postmaster General, after
reciting certain regulations which are addressed to
and concern only the postmasters themselves, contains
the following:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"Section 7. The denominations of postage stamps
authorized by the Department to be issued, are <i>one</i>,
<i>three</i>, <i>five</i>, <i>ten</i> and <i>twelve</i> cents."</p></div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p>
<p>The one, three and twelve cents of the issue of
1851, remaining in use without apparent change,
and the same contract with Messrs. Toppan, Carpenter,
Cassilar & Co., of Philadelphia, remaining
in force, the following were added to the series:</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of May 5th, 1855.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Ten Cents.</span> Portrait of Washington, after Stewart,
faced three-quarters to the left, on an oval
disk with hatched ground, bordered by a colorless
line between two fine colored lines, the colorless
line crossed in parts by small horizontal lines, on a
hatched back-ground, bordered by outlined foliations,
which form small ovals in the upper corners
containing a colorless "X," with "<i>U. S. Postage</i>"
in colored capitals between them. Thirteen colorless
stars on the ground above the oval. "<i>Ten
Cents</i>" in colorless capitals in a waved line below.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 18 by 24 mm., in color, on
white paper.</p>
<p class="center">10 cents, green.</p>
<p>This stamp was issued to provide for the single
rate to California.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of January 5th, 1856.</span></p>
<p><i>Five Cents.</i> Portrait of Jefferson, the third President
of the United States, faced three quarters to
the right, on an oval disk, 12½ by 15½ mm., with
hatched ground, bordered by a colorless line between
two fine colored lines, in a broad frame with
solid ground, ornamented by colorless lines forming<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
a geometric lathe pattern. This frame is rounded
at the corners, with a small projection of about 2
mm. between at the top, bottom and sides, and is
surrounded at a little distance by a fine colored line
following the same outline. On the back ground,
without labels, above "<i>U. S. Postage</i>," below
"<i>Five Cents</i>," in colorless Roman capitals.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19 by 25 mm., in color, on white
paper.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents, in shades of yellow brown, red brown, and dark brown.</p>
<p>This stamp was issued to prepay the registration
fee, but is often found in unsevered pairs upon
California letters, and sometimes in triplets including
the registration fee and a single postage to California.</p>
<p>On the 24th of April, 1856, a stamp of the value
of twenty-four cents was approved.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twenty-Four Cents.</span> Portrait of Washington,
after Stewart, faced three quarters to the right, on
an oval disk, with hatched ground, bordered by a
colorless line, surrounded by a solid band of color,
inscribed in colorless Roman capitals, above "<i>U. S.
Postage</i>," below "<i>Twenty-four Cents</i>," separated by
a sort of buckle at the sides. A broad solid colored
frame, ornamented by colorless lathe work is surrounded,
at a little distance, by a fine colored line,
and the corners are rounded, with a single swell
between them above and below, and three between
them at the sides.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span></p>
<p>Plate impression, 18½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper.</p>
<p class="center">24 cents, lilac.</p>
<p>Although made and approved, this stamp is said
to have been withheld from issue in this imperforate
condition. They were finished and gummed,
and some of them seem to have gotten into circulation,
as occasional specimens are to be found in
collections, and one entire sheet, at least, is known
to have existed.</p>
<p class="header txt120"><span class="smcap">Observations.</span></p>
<p>Every collector ought at least to be aware of the
nature and character of the varieties that exist in
these stamps. Although many of them are very
minute, and can be distinguished only by the use
of a good magnifying glass, others, once noticed,
can readily be selected by the unassisted eye. Few
will care, probably, to place more than the most
marked varieties in their collections, still fewer will
have the patience to explore the necessary piles of
common "stock," in order to find these marked
varieties, for the most marked are the most uncommon,
or to distinguish the more minute varieties
from each other.</p>
<p>The plates of all values printed 200 stamps each
upon the sheet. Before the stamps were distributed,
each sheet was cut vertically into half sheets,
the place where they were to be cut being marked
on the plate by a vertical colored line, and each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>
half containing ten rows of ten stamps each. Upon
each side of the plate, at a little distance from
the outer row of stamps, the tops of the letters being
towards the stamps, and running along the
sides of the 5th and 6th stamp from the top or bottom
of the sheet, and part of the 4th and 7th stamp,
is the maker's imprint, "Toppan, Carpenter, Cassilar
& Co., BANK NOTE ENGRAVERS, Phila., New
York, Boston and Cincinnati," with "No—P." in a
second line. This imprint was afterwards changed
by leaving out the third name.</p>
<p>The one cent eagle is an exception, as the imprint
here appears at the top and bottom of the sheet,
running along the space covered by four stamps,
and the sheet is said to have contained only 100
stamps.</p>
<p>Upon some of the sheets, of the other values, from
the first plate, there is also a vertical line from the
top to bottom of the plate, probably upon each outer
margin. Upon other sheets, this does not appear.
Specimens of these are now difficult to obtain,
as the wide borders at the sides, the top
and bottom of the sheets, were usually cut off when
the stamps were used.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">One Cent Unperforated.</span></p>
<p>The stamps are about ½ mm. apart between the
nearest points of the tops and bottoms, and 1 mm.
between the nearest points of the sides.</p>
<p>It should be noticed that the top and bottom labels
have a fine line parallel to the solid body of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
the inscribed labels, both at the top and bottom.</p>
<p>The imprint is about 1½ mm. from the outer row
of stamps. The central vertical line is about 1¾ mm.
from each central row. The side vertical lines
are about 3¾ mm. from the outside rows. These
dimensions vary slightly. There is little appreciable
difference in the stamps in a sheet, except in
the thickness of the lines bordering or shading the
ornaments. In some specimens, these lines are all
fine in all parts of the stamp, in others, they are
much heavier, and in others fine in parts and heavy
in other parts, in many gradations. The color used
seems to have been always the same, varying only in
intensity, as more or less ink was left on the paper in
printing. Dark, or pale specimens, with intermediate
shades may therefore be found. The paper is
always white, but more or less tinted with the color
of the stamp from imperfect wiping of the plates.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Three Cents Unperforated.</span></p>
<p>The number of plates used in printing this value
unperforated, has not been possible to determine.
The distance between the stamps varies considerably
in different plates. In some, they are only 7/10 mm.
apart between the tops and bottoms, in others
a little over 1 mm. In some they are only 9/10 mm.
apart between the side lines, in other fully 1-2/10 mm.
Specimens with broad, white margins (A) show the
paper to have extended, sometimes 15 mm. beyond
the stamps. The vertical lines are (B) 6 mm.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>
or (C) 2½, 3 and 3¾ mm. from the center rows.
The makers imprint (D) is about 1½ mm. from the
outer rows, but varies slightly in different sheets.</p>
<p>The process of making these plates is said to have
been; first to mark out on a soft plate of steel the
points at which the right vertical line of each vertical
row of stamps was to come, by a dot at the top
and bottom of the plate. These dots were sometimes
too large and too heavily put in, and may be
found in some specimens (E) at or near, the upper
or lower right hand corner of the stamp. The lines
however were not always accurately drawn so that
the dot appears (F) on the top or bottom line, at a
distance to the left of the corner, or (G) above the
line, or (H) below the line, or (I) entirely outside
of the stamp to the right. These lines having been
drawn, the next step in the process was to put in
the body of the design, which had been engraved
on a soft steel punch or die, and then hardened,
by placing the die successively in the position to
be occupied by each stamp on the plate, and
"rocking" it back and forth under pressure. As
this process was not as perfect as that now employed,
the die was not always placed in exactly the
proper position, not infrequently being too near
or too far from the vertical side lines, or the die
was not rocked far enough, and the edges were left
imperfect.</p>
<p>In the design, it was evidently intended that the
outside lines should be equally distant from the top
and bottom labels, and the side edges of the block,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>
and that the corners should be exactly mitered.
The top and bottom lines are practically always at
the same distance from the labels, and one engraver
maintains that they were engraved on the die. But
specimens are plentiful in which (a) the top and
bottom line projects beyond the side line, or (b)
does not touch it, or rarely (c) is double or split,
or again the side line (d) projects beyond the top
or bottom line, or (e) does not touch it. Again,
instead of the side line being (f) at the proper
distance from the corner blocks, it is not infrequently
(g) too far from one or more of them, or
(h) too near one or more of them, or (i) touches
one or more of them. Again, the side line is found
(j) connecting with the next stamp above or below,
and occasionally there is a second line (J) near this
between two stamps.</p>
<p>In the die itself it will be noticed that the lower
left block is almost always a little further to the left
than the top one, in fact, that the distance from the
right of the right block to the left of the left block
is about ¼ of a mm. greater at the bottom than at
the top of the stamp. The lower right rosette is a
little too far also to the right, ordinarily at least.
The blocks vary in size in the same and different
stamps, as well as the diamonds in them, which are
not of uniform shape or size. The labels above
and below are crowded upon the rosettes. The
sides of the groundwork should terminate in a
straight line, formed by the bases of the little colored
triangles, which touch each other. But this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>
line is often broken in appearance as parts of it are
too finely cut, or the die was not rocked far enough.
In some cases this seems to have been remedied by
re-engraving this line, and there is a heavy line,
independent of the base lines of the triangles extending,
(K) from rosette to rosette, (L) from the
lower rosette to the upper triangle, (M) from the
lower rosette to the middle of the upper triangle,
(N) from the lower rosette to the top of the upper
triangle, (O) from the lower rosette to the upper
block, (P) a light line extending from the lower
rosette to the upper block, (Q) a heavy line extending
from the middle of the lower block to the upper
triangle, (R) or from the middle of the lower triangle
to the upper rosette. Frequently there is a
light line (S) from the side of the triangle in the
corner to the adjacent block. The triangles are ordinarily
shaded by horizontal parallel lines, and are
formed by a single fine line on the top and vertical
sides, while the curved side is double. But the
following variations occur: (T) the triangle has a
heavy side line, (U) a double side line, (V) a triple
side line, (W) is white or nearly so, the horizontal
line having disappeared.</p>
<p>Again it will be found that there are added lines
along the whole or part of either side line, making
these double, or even triple. Thus whether there
is a distinct line, as described, between the rosettes,
etc., or not, if the next line be called the frame line,
there may be found varieties with an extra line outside
the frame line, but (k) very near it, (l) farther<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>
from it, (m) very heavy, the frame line being thin,
(n) the frame line split into two parts from the middle
up, (o) frame line split into two parts from
chin up, (p) two extra side lines all the way, (q)
extra line from the level of the chin to the upper
rosette, (r) extra line from the level of the lips to
upper rosette, (s) from the level of the lips to the
centre of the rosette, (t) from the level of the nose
to the top of the triangle, (u) from the level of the
breast to the top of the triangle, (v) opposite the
bottom rosette. If there be added to these letters the
numerals 1 to express the left side, 2 the right when
the variations occur along the whole side, and 1 for
the top, 3 for the bottom on the left side, 2 for the
top, and 4 for the bottom on the right side, when
the variations occur only at the top or bottom, the
following table will facilitate investigation.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span></p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">On the<br />LEFT<br />at the<br />Top Bottom</td>
<td align="center">Specimens Showing</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">On the<br />RIGHT<br />at the<br />Top Bottom</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">A<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">broad margin over 6 mm. and no line</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">A<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">B<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">broad margin ver. line 6 mm. from stamp</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">B<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">C<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">broad margin ver. line 2½ to 3½ "</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">C<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">D<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">broad margin ver. line printer's imprint</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">D<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td>
<td align="left">dot on or near the corner</td>
<td align="center">E<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">E<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td>
<td align="left">dot on the end line, away from corner</td>
<td align="center">F<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">F<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td>
<td align="left">dot above end line</td>
<td align="center">G<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">G<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td>
<td align="left">dot below end line</td>
<td align="center">H<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">H<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td>
<td align="left">dot outside the corner</td>
<td align="center">I<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">I<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">a<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">a<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">end line projecting beyond the corner</td>
<td align="center">a<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">a<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">b<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">b<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">end line not touching the corner</td>
<td align="center">b<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">b<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">c<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">end line split or double</td>
<td align="center"> </td><td align="center">c<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">d<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">d<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">side line projecting beyond the corner</td>
<td align="center">d<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">d<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">e<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">e<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">side line not touching the corner</td>
<td align="center">e<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">e<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">f<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">f<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">side line ordinary distance from block</td>
<td align="center">f<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">f<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">g<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">g<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">side line too far from block</td>
<td align="center">g<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">g<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">h<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">h<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">side line too close to block</td>
<td align="center">h<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">h<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">i<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">i<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">side line touching the block</td>
<td align="center">i<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">i<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">j<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">j<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">side line connecting with the next stamp</td>
<td align="center">j<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">j<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">...</td><td align="center">...</td>
<td align="left">side line and another with the next stamp</td>
<td align="center">J<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">...</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">K<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">heavy line from rosette to rosette</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">K<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">L<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">heavy line from low. roset. to up'r triangle</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">L<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">M<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">heavy line from lo. r. to mid. of up'r triangle</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">M<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">N<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">heavy line from lo. r. to top of up'r triangle</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">N<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">O<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">heavy line from lo. r. to up'r block</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">O<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">P<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">light line from lo. r. to up'r block</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">P<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">Q<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">heavy line from mid. low. block to triangle</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">Q<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">R<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">heavy line from mid. low. tri. to up. roset.</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">R<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">S<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">S<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">fine line from triangle to adjoining block</td>
<td align="center">S<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">S<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">T<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">T<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">triangle with heavy side line</td>
<td align="center">T<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">T<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">U<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">U<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">triangle with extra side line</td>
<td align="center">U<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">U<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">V<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">V<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">triangle with 2 extra side line</td>
<td align="center">V<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">V<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">W<sup>1</sup></td><td align="center">W<sup>3</sup></td>
<td align="left">triangle with white or nearly so</td>
<td align="center">W<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center">W<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">k<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">extra line, outside frame line near it</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">k<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">l<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">extra line, outside frame line far off</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">l<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">m<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">heavy line, outside thin frame line</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">m<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">n<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">frame line, split into 2 parts half way</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">n<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">o<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">frame line, split into 2 parts ¾ way</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">...</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">p<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">two extra lines, continuous</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">...</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">q<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">extra line frame, lev. of chin to up'r roset.</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">...</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">r<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">extra line frame, lev. of lips to up'r roset.</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">...</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">s<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">extra line frame, lev. of lips center roset.</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">...</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">t<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">extra line frame, lev. of nose, top of trian.</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">...</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">u<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">extra line frame, lev. of breast, top of trian.</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">...</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">v<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left">extra line opposite the bottom rosette</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">...</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>All the variations mentioned in this table have been
found. It is scarcely possible that each of them exists
separately, i. e.; on specimens that are in other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>
respects normal. Many of them have been found
so, but most of them only in combination. The following
may be mentioned:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>A, B, C, D. Specimens showing broad margins with
no outer line, with outer line 6 mm. from stamp, with
outer line about 3 mm. from the stamp, or with printer's
imprint, have been found, both from the left and right
sides of the sheet, with all the other parts normal. These
would be,</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" summary="Specimens Chart">
<tr><td align="left">A<sup>1</sup> f<sup>1 2 3 4</sup>,</td>
<td align="left">A<sup>2</sup> f<sup>1 2 3 4</sup>,</td>
<td align="left">B<sup>1</sup> f<sup>1 2 3 4</sup>,</td>
<td align="left">B<sup>2</sup> f<sup>1 2 3 4</sup>,</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">C<sup>1</sup> f<sup>1 2 3 4</sup>,</td>
<td align="left">C<sup>2</sup> f<sup>1 2 3 4</sup>,</td>
<td align="left">D<sup>1</sup> f<sup>1 2 3 4</sup>,</td>
<td align="left">D<sup>2</sup> f<sup>1 2 3 4</sup>.</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>With the vertical line about 3 mm. from the stamp,
three corners only normal, the side line too near the lower
right block, a dot on the upper right corner, the right line
connected with the stamp below, and a fine line from
each of the upper triangles to the block above, which
would be C<sup>2</sup> f<sup>1 2 3</sup> h<sup>4</sup> E<sup>2</sup> j<sup>4</sup> S<sup>2 4</sup>.</p>
<p>And also with the vertical line about 3 mm. from
the stamp, all the corners normal, a heavy line terminating
the ground between the rosettes on the right,
both the triangles on the right connected with the
blocks next them, and an extra vertical line in the upper
right triangle, which would be C<sup>2</sup> f<sup>1 2 3 4</sup> K<sup>2</sup> S<sup>2 4</sup> U<sup>2</sup>,
which will serve to show the character of the combinations
in which these varieties may be found.</p>
<p>Varieties showing the dot, E to I, generally present
other varieties also. The following combinations may be
noted:</p>
<p>With the bottom line double, or rather split, three
of the triangles have fine connecting lines, c<sup>3</sup> c<sup>4</sup> S<sup>2 3 4</sup>.</p>
<p>With the right side prolonged, and continuous with
the side line of the stamp above or below, j<sup>2</sup> or j<sup>4</sup>.</p>
<p>With the right side line prolonged upwards, and continuous
with the lower, but not with the upper stamp
and a second line 1 mm. to left from stamp to stamp, J<sup>2</sup>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span></p>
<p>With the extra line outside the frame line on right
and near it, all the other parts being normal, the line of
the ground work not appearing as a separate line, k<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<p>With an extra line outside the frame line on right and
near it, a heavy line from rosette to rosette on the right,
giving the appearance of three parallel lines on that
side, a similar line from rosette to rosette on the left,
and a fine line from the upper right triangle to block,
k<sup>2</sup> K<sup>2 1</sup> S<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<p>With the same arrangement, but the heavy line on the
right of ground extends to the top of the upper triangle,
there is a fine line to the block, k<sup>2</sup> K<sup>1</sup> N<sup>2</sup> S<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<p>With an extra line outside the frame line on the right
but further from it. The left line touches the rosette,
and is very near the upper left block. The upper triangles
both have the extra vertical line, and the right triangles
both have the fine line connecting them with the adjacent
block, l<sup>2</sup> h<sup>1</sup> U<sup>1 2</sup> S<sup>2 4</sup>.</p>
<p>With the right frame line split into two parts in its
lower half. The upper right triangle has the extra vertical
line, and the fine line to upper block, n<sup>2</sup> U<sup>2</sup> S<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<p>With the extra line outside the left frame line, and a
distinct line between the left rosettes, the right line near
the corner blocks, k<sup>1</sup> K<sup>1</sup> h<sup>2 4</sup>.</p>
<p>With the same peculiarities, but frame line touches
the lower left corner, k<sup>1</sup> K<sup>1</sup> h<sup>2</sup> i<sup>4</sup>.</p>
<p>With two extra lines outside the left frame line, and a
heavy line between the left rosettes, so that the stamp
appears to have four lines on that side. The right frame
line runs from block to block, touching both triangles
and rosettes. There is a dot in the lower right corner,
and another to the left of it, p<sup>1</sup> S<sup>1</sup> i<sup>2 4</sup> E<sup>4</sup> F<sup>4</sup>.</p>
<p>With the extra line on the left very light, and a heavier
one outside, and the ground does not appear to end in a
line, m<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>With the extra line on the left the usual thickness, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>
the frame line heavier. The right frame line touches
all the parts on that side, l<sup>1</sup> i<sup>2 4</sup>.</p>
<p>With the frame line on the left split into two parts
from the level of the chin up, the inner touches the rosette,
the triangle and almost touches the block. The right
frame line is split into two parts in the lower half. Both
the right triangles have the finer line, and the upper the
extra vertical line, q<sup>1</sup> i<sup>2</sup> n<sup>2</sup> U<sup>2 4</sup> S<sup>4</sup>.</p>
<p>With the extra outside line from level of lips to
the upper rosette. All four triangles are connected with
the blocks, the upper right and lower left have the extra
vertical line, r<sup>1</sup> U<sup>1 2 3 4</sup> S<sup>3 4</sup>.</p>
<p>With extra outside line from level of the lips to the
level of the center of the rosette. The frame line is too
near the top on the left, the upper right triangle is connected
with the block, and has the extra vertical line,
the lower right triangle is also connected with the block,
s<sup>1</sup> h<sup>1</sup> S<sup>2 4</sup> U<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<p>With the extra left line from the level of the nose to
the top of the rosette, the upper right triangle connected
with the upper block, and with extra vertical line, t<sup>1</sup>
S<sup>2</sup> U<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<p>With the extra line on the left from the level of the
breast to the top of the rosette, the frame line is too near
the upper left corner, and an extra vertical line in all the
triangles, u<sup>1</sup> i<sup>1</sup> U<sup>1 2 3 4</sup>.</p>
<p>With the extra line on the left opposite the bottom rosette
only. The two upper triangles are connected with
the blocks, and an extra line in the upper right one,
v<sup>1</sup> S<sup>1 2</sup> U<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<p>With the left frame line heavy, and too near to the
bottom block, a split runs off to left half way down. Both
sides appear to have a heavy line from rosette to rosette,
but the left one is irregular, all the triangles are connected
with the adjoining blocks, and all except the
lower right one have the extra vertical line, h<sup>3</sup> n<sup>1</sup> S<sup>1 2 3 4</sup>
U<sup>1 2 3</sup> K<sup>1 2</sup>.</p></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span></p>
<p>In the above descriptions, no mention has been
made of those parts that are in their proper ordinary
position.</p>
<p>These varieties are the leading ones, and are
probably more than enough to show the combinations.
Less conspicuous ones are numberless.
Owing to the scarcity of adhering specimens,
and the uncertainty as to how many plates
were actually employed, no attempt has been made
to reconstruct any plate. It is perhaps necessary
to repeat that the collection of any, except
perhaps the more marked varieties, is not advocated.</p>
<p>The color of these stamps varies wonderfully,
every shade from pale to dark, with yellowish vermilion,
pink, red, and carmine may be found. Some
are undoubtedly changelings from accidental causes,
particularly those that run from brown and black
brown, to an almost jet black, which were at one
time much sought after.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Unperforated Five Cents.</span></p>
<p>The stamps are about 1½ mm. apart each way
on the sheet. All have the projection at the top
and bottom. Double and triple adhering specimens
may be found, but are rare. The imprint is
on the sides, 1¾ mm. from the stamps. No specimens
have been found with vertical lines.</p>
<p>The color is generally dark, either a chestnut
brown, or with a stronger reddish cast.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span></p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Unperforated Ten Cents.</span></p>
<p>The stamps are 2½ mm. apart each way on the
sheet. The imprint is at about 1¾ mm. from the
side rows. The few specimens with the vertical
lines examined, show it at 3 mm. from the stamps.
The color is a yellow-green, of which dark and
light impressions may readily be found. A block of
four used, adhering 2 and 2, is possessed by Mr.
Sterling.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Unperforated Twelve Cents.</span></p>
<p>The stamps are 1 mm. apart each way on the
sheet. The vertical line 2½ mm. from the stamps.
No specimens with the imprint have come under the
notice of the author. The color is very uniform,
slightly greyish-black. Adhering specimens are
rare. A pair adhering by the sides, used, and a
block of four unused, are in Mr. Sterlings' collection,
and the curious specimens divided diagonally,
on the original letters, in the same collection, have
already been mentioned.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Unperforated Twenty-Four Cents.</span></p>
<p>The imprint is at the side, 1¾ mm. from the
stamp. The stamps are 2 mm. apart. The rarity of
specimens has prevented further examination. The
color of the specimens seen is lilac, with the reddish
cast.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span></p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">One Cent "Carrier," (Franklin.)</span></p>
<p>This stamp was never issued perforated. The
imprint is 4 mm. from the side rows, and the stamps
are about 1 mm. apart.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">One Cent "Carrier," (Eagle.)</span></p>
<p>This stamp was never issued perforated, and any
specimens so catalogued will be found to be the reprints.
The printer's imprint is at the bottom or
top of the four centre rows in the sheet. As the
Department is accustomed to call the half sheets issued
"sheets," it is often difficult to know which is
meant. It has been stated that there are only 100
stamps on the plate. The imprint is 4 mm. from
the stamps, and the places where the stamps are to
be cut apart are indicated by single lines ruled horizontally
and vertically.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span></p>
<h2>XIX.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">The Issue of 1857.</span></h3>
<p>Without any change in the law, and, so far as is
known, without any announcement of the improvement,
on the 24th of February, 1857, the three cent
value of the type of 1851 was issued perforated,
and the other values of the series speedily followed
with the perforation, and so remained without addition
until the middle of 1860.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of 1857.</span></p>
<p>Same values, types and colors as the prior issue,
perforated with 15 holes in the space of two millimetres.</p>
<p>Plate impression, in color, on white paper, perforated
15.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Impression Descriptions">
<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">cent,</td>
<td align="left">shades</td><td align="left">of</td>
<td align="left">indigo blue.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">red.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">brown.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">0</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">green.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">black.</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>The report of the Postmaster General, dated December
1st, 1860, states that:</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"Larger denominations of postage stamps have been
adopted and introduced, especially intended for the purpose
of affording requisite facilities to prepay the postage
on letters to foreign countries, and of removing all
excuse heretofore existing for paying such postages in
money. The new denominations are twenty-four cents,
thirty cents and ninety cents. The two latter have been
introduced since July 1st, last," i. e. since the commencement
of the new fiscal year.</p></div>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of June 15th, 1860.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twenty-Four Cents.</span> The stamp described on
page 95 as prepared imperforated in 1856, but not
regularly issued in that condition, was now issued
perforated.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 18½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 15.</p>
<p class="center">24 cents, lilac.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of August 12th, 1860.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Thirty Cents.</span> Head of Benjamin Franklin, in
profile to the left, similar to that on, the Carrier's
Stamp of September, 1851, on an oval disk with
hatched back-ground bounded by a colorless line
ornamented by a single fine colored line. A colored
back-ground fills out the rectangle and is ornamented
by a shield of the United States in each of the four
corners, the bottom of the shields pointed towards
the center, and the ground just behind them ornamented
by colorless rays, with a foliated ornament
on each side of them. Between the ornaments
in colorless capitals, on the solid ground, above, in
two lines, "<i>U. S.</i>" and "<i>Postage</i>," below "30," on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>
the left side "<i>Thirty</i>," and on the right side "<i>Cents</i>."</p>
<p>Plate impression, 20 by 24 mm., in color, on white
paper, perforated 15.</p>
<p class="center">30 cents, orange.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of August 13th, 1860.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Ninety Cents.</span> Bust of Washington, in General's
uniform, after Trumbal, faced three quarters to the
left, on closely hatched ground, appearing nearly
solid, square below, arched above, bordered by a
colorless line. Solid arched label above, inscribed
in colorless capitals, "<i>U. S. Postage</i>"; below, solid
straight label, inscribed in the same letters "<i>Ninety
Cents</i>." The ends of the upper label are curved inwards,
those of the lower label outwards, and the
colorless line borders the ends and remaining side
of each. Outside a double colored line borders all,
forming foliated ornaments, etc. There is an added
colored line at the top and bottom, and fine
lines shading the ornaments.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 18½ by 24 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 15.</p>
<p class="center">90 cents, deep indigo blue.</p>
<p>The twenty-four cents was required to prepay the
single rate of postage on letters to England, and
the thirty cents to prepay the single rate on letters
to Germany. The ninety cents does not seem to
have been required for any single rate. The contract
with the Bank Note Engravers, Toppan, Carpenter
and Co., expired on the 10th of June, 1861,
and all the stamps made by them were withdrawn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>
from circulation, and ceased to be available for
postage, between August 1st, 1861, and January
1st 1862, as will appear from the circulars quoted,
relating to the issue of 1861. They have been reprinted,
differently perforated, and sold to collectors
by the department. (See chapter on reprints.)</p>
<p class="header txt120"><span class="smcap">Observations.</span></p>
<p>The one, three, five, ten and twelve cent values
were first made by perforating sheets from the original
plates, and later, certain changes were made
that require to be noticed.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">One Cent, Perforated.</span></p>
<p>The first perforated sheets being from the same
plates as the unperforated, the same observations
apply to them. It is to be noticed that these had
the fine colored line outside the labels <i>at the top
and bottom</i>. Owing to the nearness of the stamps
on the sheets the perforation generally cut into the
stamps, either at the top or bottom, and cut these
lines, but the remains will be found on the points
left between the holes. Careful search will secure
specimens in which both these lines are intact, though
they are somewhat rare. The vertical lines, printer's
imprint, etc., are of course in the same positions,
and the same varieties of finer or coarser lines
may be found. The color varies in the same degree.
The paper is apparently the same, with the
same tinting, from the imperfectly wiped plates.</p>
<p>In later specimens, however, the attempt was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>
made to keep the perforations from impinging on
the printed portion. This was done by removing
the larger portion of the fine colored lines outside
the labels, and with them, portions of the upper
and lower ornaments. In many cases, they appear
to have been wiped off, and the ends are smudged.
In others, they are clear and distinct. A great
many varieties result, as a greater or less portion of
the lines or ornaments were removed. Some of them
are curious enough, in stamps that have always been
supposed to present no varieties. The fact being
pointed out, it is hardly worth while to attempt to
distinguish them.</p>
<p>The vertical lines and printer's imprints are in
the same positions. The stamps are still so near
together that evenly perforated specimens, i. e.;
specimens in which the perforation does not cut
some portion of the stamp, are not easily found.</p>
<p><i>Two marked varieties</i> may be noticed. In one, the
outer fine line <i>is removed above the top label</i>, while
that under the bottom is left intact. In the other,
this outer line is removed <i>below the bottom label</i>,
while it remains intact above the top label. Both
these variations are exceedingly uncommon and
appear to belong to the bottom and top rows of the
sheet respectively, though this has not been verified.
The same observations may be repeated as
to variations in the thickness of lines, the color of
the paper and the impression.</p>
<p><i>Oddities.</i> Specimen showing two rows of perforations
at the top and bottom. Specimen without
the outer lines to labels, unperforated.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span></p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Three Cents Perforated.</span></p>
<p>The first perforated sheets of the three cents
were from the same plate as the last unperforated
sheets, and consequently have the rectangular outside
frame lines, not only at the sides, but at the
top and bottom as well. As the stamps measure
25 mm. vertically and are only 1 mm. apart, and
the horizontal rows of perforation are about 25½
mm. from center to center of the holes vertically,
the perforations generally cut into the stamp and
partially obliterate these lines. As the stamps are
only 1 mm. apart at the sides, and are 19½ mm.
wide, and the vertical rows of perforations are 20½
mm. from center to center of the holes horizontally
and the holes are nearly 1 mm. in diameter, the
side perforations also usually cut into some part
of the stamp. It is therefore quite difficult to find
good specimens of this variety, and to distinguish
some of the minor varieties, as the corners are
generally imperfect. Specimens were found showing
the sheet cut along the colored vertical line,
and (X) perforated between this line and the
stamp, from either half of the sheet. New plates
were however, soon constructed. In one of these,
No. 24, the side lines are drawn on the plate from
the top to the bottom, and are about 19½ mm.
apart. The fine outer lines at the top and bottom
are entirely omitted. The maker's imprint, "Toppan,
Carpenter & Co., Bank Note Engravers,
Phila., New York, Boston and Cincinnati," 1¼ mm.
from the outer rows, is 68 mm. long. "No. 24 P,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>
is 4 mm. from the outer rows. The vertical center
line is 1¾ mm. from the stamp. The sheet measures
418 mm. from side to side, and 252½ mm.
from top to bottom of the printed part. The paper
is 447 by 283 mm. The vertical rows of stamps
are 1½ mm. apart, and the vertical rows of perforations
nearly 21 mm. apart horizontally from center
to center of the holes. The last two rows
at the sides are a little further apart. The horizontal
rows of holes are 25½ mm. apart vertically.
Most of the differences in the stamps on this
sheet arise from the fact that the central portion
is not always placed in the same position in regard
to the vertical lines. A few of the stamps show
dots in or near the corners.</p>
<p>In some the lines are too near some of the corners,
in some too far off, and in others they touch
and even cut into the blocks. Some few show
double or partly double lines.</p>
<p>The whole sheet from plate 24, above mentioned,
does not contain all the varieties round, nor are
they arranged just in the same order that they appear
in portions of other sheets examined.</p>
<p>All the varieties possible, considering merely the
position of the corners and side lines, would be 246.
So that each stamp on a sheet might be different
in this respect without showing them all.</p>
<p>In sheet 24 however, only 32 exist. There are
therefore, a number of each variety, as follows, by
the table previously given:</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span></p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="left">hhhh</td><td align="right">1</td>
<td class="p117sp">hiif</td><td align="right">1</td>
<td class="p117sp">ifih</td><td align="right">2</td>
<td class="p117sp">fihh</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">hhhf</td><td align="right">2</td>
<td class="p117sp">hifh</td><td align="right">1</td>
<td class="p117sp">ifif</td><td align="right">13</td>
<td class="p117sp">fiih</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">hhih</td><td align="right">16</td>
<td class="p117sp">hfif</td><td align="right">3</td>
<td class="p117sp">fhhh</td><td align="right">2</td>
<td class="p117sp">fiii</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">hhif</td><td align="right">20</td>
<td class="p117sp">ihih</td><td align="right">14</td>
<td class="p117sp">fhhi</td><td align="right">1</td>
<td class="p117sp">fiif</td><td align="right">9</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">hihh</td><td align="right">2</td>
<td class="p117sp">ihif</td><td align="right">32</td>
<td class="p117sp">fhhf</td><td align="right">2</td>
<td class="p117sp">fihh</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">hihi</td><td align="right">2</td>
<td class="p117sp">iiih</td><td align="right">7</td>
<td class="p117sp">fhih</td><td align="right">3</td>
<td class="p117sp">fihi</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">hiih</td><td align="right">20</td>
<td class="p117sp">iiii</td><td align="right">12</td>
<td class="p117sp">fhif</td><td align="right">5</td>
<td class="p117sp">ffhf</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">hiii</td><td align="right">5</td>
<td class="p117sp">iiif</td><td align="right">1</td>
<td class="p117sp">fhff</td><td align="right">1</td>
<td class="p117sp">ffif</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>The 11th stamp in the first horizontal row, the
11th and 12th in the second row, the 13th in the 4th
row, and the 17th to 20th in the 10th row show an
extra line to the left of the left bottom rosette, V<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>In the 18th vertical row the left line actually
cuts through the left block in four specimens which
are marked as if it merely touched in the foregoing
list.</p>
<p>The 14th and 15th stamps in the top row show
the dot.</p>
<p>The 13th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th stamps
in the upper row show the right vertical line not
only too far, g<sup>2</sup> g<sup>4</sup>, as marked, but very far from
the corner block.</p>
<p>The 9th stamp in the upper row has the double
left line.</p>
<p>The center stamps of this sheet are all of the
varieties marked hiih in the list, on the right half
of the sheet, and hhih or hhif, on the left half.</p>
<p>None of the more prominent varieties are to be
found on this sheet unless the 9th stamp in the
upper row may be considered as such. Loose
specimens from other plates show the vertical line
only 7/8 mm. from the stamps. Some of these are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>
otherwise like those mentioned before, and hfhg,
gfff and ffhf from the left side, and hfhh, fhfg,
fgfg and ifig have also been noted. The above are
all cut at or near the vertical line. Some of the same
varieties exist perforated along this line, and higg
and fihh exist also so perforated. In loose specimens
have also been found, igig, ihih, ifif, hhhf,
hhhi, hhfh, hhff, hhif, hfhh, hfif, hfig, hgig, hgif, hifi,
hiih, gfgh, gfgf, gfff, ghgh, gigi, ffff, fffh, ffhg,
fgfg, fghf, fghg, fgig, fhfh, figh, varieties not on
sheet from plate 24.</p>
<p>Passing now from these varieties dependent upon
the nearness of the lines and corner blocks the
following more interesting variations may be found:</p>
<p>With the upper left corners too far from the
blocks, the others being ordinary; there is an extra
line outside the frame line and close to it, at
the right, g<sup>1</sup> f<sup>2 3 4</sup> k<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<p>With the upper left corner too far from the block,
the lower left corner too near to the block, an extra
line outside the frame line and close to it,
g<sup>1</sup> f<sup>2</sup> h<sup>3</sup> f<sup>4</sup> k<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<p>With the upper left corner too far from the block,
the others ordinary, the frame line light, the extra
line heavier. Numerous specimens showing the
frame line broken, those with it perfect are much
rarer, g<sup>1</sup> f<sup>2 3 4</sup> m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<p>With the upper right corner very near the block,
all the others ordinary but the right frame line runs
only half way down, and into the ground work.
The extra line outside is the real side line, beginning<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>
too far from the upper right corner, and running
down to the right position at the bottom (Y). Both
the triangles on the right have the fine line connecting
them with the adjacent blocks, and also the
extra vertical line, f<sup>1</sup> i<sup>2</sup> t<sup>3 4</sup> Y<sup>2</sup> S<sup>2 4</sup> U<sup>2 4</sup>.</p>
<p>With the side line on the right starting at the usual
distance from the block, and running off to the right,
and ending half way down, at nearly twice the distance
from the body of the stamps at which it started.
A second line starts at the proper distance
from the stamp, and inside the other at about the
level of the lower point of the upper triangle,
and runs off to the right, down to the level of the
lower rosette. A third line starts at the proper
distance from the stamp, inside this at about the
middle of the stamp, and runs down straight, (Z)
g<sup>1</sup> f<sup>2</sup> i<sup>3</sup> f<sup>4</sup> S<sup>1 2 3</sup> Z<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<p>With the right line split about ½ way down, into
two or three parts, i<sup>1</sup> f<sup>2 3</sup> g<sup>4</sup> n<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<p>With an extra line on both sides, f<sup>1 2</sup> g<sup>3</sup> f<sup>4</sup> k<sup>1</sup> k<sup>2</sup>.</p>
<p>With an extra line outside the left frame line, but
far from it (almost the same distance as the frame
line is from the blocks), f<sup>1</sup> f<sup>2</sup> h<sup>3</sup> g<sup>4</sup> l<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>With the frame line thin, often broken, and the
extra line heavy and further off. The outer line is
really the one drawn on the plate, and the inner
line probably put in afterwards. A number of differing
specimens. Also one in which there is no
side line on the left except a very thin line from the
level of the chin down, and another from the middle
of the lower triangle down, apparently an impression<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span>
from a worn plate, the left margin is wide,
the perforation cutting into the next stamp, m<sup>1</sup> in
varieties.</p>
<p>With the left frame line split into two parts from
the level of the chin up, n<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>These variations, and a few others easily recognized,
not found in the imperforate stamps add
to the table:</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Variants Chart">
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">LEFT.<br />Top Bottom</td>
<td align="center" colspan="6"> </td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">RIGHT.<br />Top Bottom</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">X<sup>1</sup></td>
<td align="left" colspan="6">perforated along center line</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">X<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">...</td>
<td align="left" colspan="6">extra line inside half way</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">Y<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">...</td>
<td align="left" colspan="6">side line starts thrice</td>
<td align="center" colspan="2">Z<sup>2</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td>
<td align="left">extra line</td><td align="left">opposite</td>
<td align="left">lower</td><td align="left">½</td>
<td align="left">of stamp</td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td><td align="center">w<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">¼</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center"> </td><td align="center">x<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left" colspan="5">cen. of roset. to cen. of stamp</td>
<td align="center"> </td><td align="center">y<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left" colspan="5">lower block to upper<span class="lpad2">"</span></td>
<td align="center"> </td><td align="center">z<sup>4</sup></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>The color of all these stamps varies like the unperforated
greatly, and the same remarks concerning
it might be here repeated.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Perforated Five Cents.</span></p>
<p>The stamps are 2½ mm. apart between the sides
and 1½ between the tops and bottoms; the imprint
etc., as before. In these sheets the perforations
generally cut into the stamp. They were printed
in many varying shades of several colors; dark
brown, dark black-brown, yellow brown, red brown,
and almost rose.</p>
<p>The second plate was slightly altered. The little
projection or salie at the top and bottom was
partially or wholly removed, forming the following
variations:</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Variations Chart">
<tr><td align="left">5 cents</td><td align="left">perforated,</td>
<td align="right"> </td><td align="left">projection</td>
<td align="left">at top</td><td align="left">and</td><td align="left">bottom.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">½</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"> </td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">no</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">or</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>The color is very variable, numerous shades of
dark black-brown, dark chestnut-brown, brown,
and yellow-brown may be found.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Perforated Ten Cents.</span></p>
<p>The stamps were apparently, a little further
apart in some sheets than in others, and the color
presents only shades of the yellow-green. A
specimen is shown perforated in two rows at the
sides.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Perforated Twelve Cents.</span></p>
<p>There seems to have been no change in this
value. An oddity is shown, showing two extra
lines at the right.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Twenty-Four, Thirty and Ninety Cents.</span></p>
<p>The plates for these values having been prepared
with a view to perforating, the stamps are
arranged about 1¾ mm. apart between the sides,
and 1¼ mm. apart between the tops and bottoms.
There is very little difference to be noted in the
color beyond a dark and lighter shade of the orange
of the thirty cents, and of the dark blue of the ninety
cents. There are however, two shades of the lilac
of the twenty-four cents, a red and a blue cast.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span></p>
<h2>XX.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">The Issue of 1861.</span></h3>
<p>The reason for the introduction of this issue is
not to be found in any change in the law. The report
of the Postmaster General, dated on December
2d, 1861, states that:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The contract for the manufacture of postage stamps
having expired on the 10th of June, 1861, a new one
was entered into with the National Bank Note Company
of New York, upon terms very advantageous to the Department,
from which there will result an annual saving
of more than thirty per cent, in the cost of the stamps.
In order to prevent the fraudulent use of the large
quantity of stamps remaining unaccounted for, in the
hands of postmasters in the disloyal States, it was
deemed advisable to change the design and the color of
those manufactured under the new contract, and also
to modify the design of the stamp upon the stamped
envelope, and to substitute as soon as possible the new
for the old issues. It was the design of the Department
that the distribution of the new stamps and envelopes
should commence on the first of August, but, from unavoidable
delays, that of the latter did not take place until
the 15th of that month. * * * Those of the old issue
have been exchanged and superseded. The old stamps<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>
on hand, and such as were received by exchange, at the
larger offices, have been to a great extent counted and
destroyed, and those at the smaller offices returned to
the Department."</p></div>
<p>The Act of the 27th Congress, Statute II, Chapter
37, Section 14, approved March 3d, 1861, had
so qualified the Act of 1851:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"As to require the ten cent rate of postage to be prepaid
on letters in the mail, from any point in the United
States east of the Rocky Mountains to any State or Territory
on the Pacific, and from any State or Territory
on the Pacific to any point in the United States east of
the Rocky Mountains. And all drop letters shall be
prepaid by postage stamps."</p></div>
<p>Other sections also introduced minor changes in
the rates on printed matter, which it is not important
to notice.</p>
<p>The denomination of the stamps of the new issue
therefore remained at first the same.</p>
<p>The circular letter from the Department to the
several postmasters, informing them of the change
is as follows:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department</span>.</p>
<p class="poddate"><i>Finance Office</i> ... 1861.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Postmaster</span>,</p>
<p>Sir: You will receive herewith a supply of postage
stamps which you will observe are of a new style,
differing both in design and color, from those hitherto
used, and having the letters U. S. in the lower corners
of each stamp, and its respective denomination indicated
by figures as well as letters. You will immediately
give public notice through the newspapers and otherwise,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>
that you are prepared to exchange stamps of the
new style for an equivalent amount of the old issue,
during a period of six days from the date of the notice,
and that the latter will not thereafter be received in
payment of postage on letters sent from your office.</p>
<p>You will satisfy yourself by personal inspection that
stamps offered in exchange have not been used through
the mails or otherwise; and if in any case you have
good grounds for suspecting that stamps presented to
you for exchange, were sent from any of the disloyal
states, you will not receive them without due investigation.</p>
<p>Immediately after the expiration of the above period of
six days, you will return to the Third Assistant Postmaster
General all stamps of the old style in your possession,
including such as you may obtain by exchange,
placing them in a secure package, which must be carefully
registered in the manner prescribed by Chapter 39,
of the Regulations of this Department.</p>
<p>Be careful also to write legibly the name of your office
as well as that of your county and state. A strict compliance
with the foregoing instructions is absolutely
necessary, that you may not fail to obtain credit for the
amount of stamps returned.</p>
<p>Instead of sending stamps to the Department you can
if convenient, exchange them for new ones at some city
post office, where large supplies are to be found. It being
impossible to supply all offices with new stamps at
once, you will deliver letters received from Kentucky,
Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Maryland and Pennsylvania,
prepayed by stamps of the old issue, until September
10th, those from other loyal states east of the
Rocky Mountains until the first of October, and those from
the states of California and Oregon and from the Territories
of New Mexico, Utah, and Washington, until the
first of November, 1861.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span></p>
<p class="sig"><span class="rpad8">Your Obedient Servant,</span><br />
<span class="rpad4">A. N. ZEVELY,</span><br />
Third Assistant Postmaster General.</p></div>
<p>A second issue of this circular merely extended
the dates September 10th, October 1st and November
1st, 1861 to November 1st, December 1st, 1861,
and January 1st, 1862, respectively.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of August 14th, 1861.</span></p>
<p>The portraits upon the 8 types or values of this
issue seem to be copied from the same pictures as
were those on the corresponding denominations of
the preceeding issue. The same values are represented,
that is:</p>
<p><span class="smcap">One Cent</span>. Portrait of Benjamin Franklin, in
profile to the right, on an oval disk with engine
turned ground of interlaced colored lines on a
solid colored ground, framed round with interlaced
colorless lines of engine turned work on solid colored
ground, bordered by a colorless line with exterior
fine colored line. "<i>U. S. Postage</i>" in colorless
ordinary capitals in a curved line following
the oval above, "<i>One Cent</i>" in the same letters
and reversed curve below. Corners of quarter
circles and two foliated ornaments. "1" and "1"
in the upper and "<i>U.</i>" and "<i>S.</i>" in the lower corners,
in ornamental colorless numerals and letters,
on a vertically lined ground.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 20 by 25½ mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">1 Cent, pale and dark blue.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Three Cents.</span> Head of Washington, in profile to
left, upon engine turned ground with sinuous
frame of interlaced engine turned colorless lines
upon a solid colored ground, bordered by a colorless
line, with exterior fine colored line following
the curves of the ground. Above, "<i>U. S.</i>" in a
straight line with "<i>Postage</i>" below it in an arched
line, and large numeral "3" on each side. Below
the head "<i>Three</i>," in reversed curve with "<i>Cents</i>"
in double curve below and "<i>U.</i>" and "<i>S.</i>" at the sides
all in colorless capitals and numerals on the engine
turned frame and ground, the corner numerals
and letters ornamented. Corners and sides filled
out with foliated ornaments.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">3 cents, shades of rose.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Five Cents.</span> Head of Jefferson, faced three
quarters to the left on an oval disk with rectangular
hatched ground, bordered by a colorless line
with fine colored exterior line. Broad frame of
engine turned colorless lines on a solid ground, with
rounded corners, and curved outwards at top, bottom
and sides, bordered by a colorless line and a
fine colored line. Large "5" in upper corners,
and "<i>U. S. Postage</i>" in a double curve above the
oval, "<i>Five Cents</i>" in a curved line following the
oval below, "<i>U.</i>" in lower left, and "<i>S.</i>" in lower
right corner, all in colorless letters upon the engine
turned work of frame. The corners are filled out
with foliated ornaments.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p>
<p>Plate impression, 20 by 25½ mm., in color, upon
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents, ochre, shades of brown.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Ten Cents.</span> Head of Washington, faced three
quarters to left, on a rectangularly hatched ground,
bordered by four bands, forming a sort of oval.
The bands are bordered all around by a colorless
and exterior fine colored line. The upper band is
inscribed "<i>U. S. Postage</i>," on the solid ground,
and the ends of the bands are rounded; the lower
band is inscribed "<i>Ten Cents</i>" on the solid ground,
and the ends of the band are curved inwards; the
side bands are of irregular shape, with the ends
rounded and bear four stars each, on a horizontally
lined ground. The rest of the stamp is composed
of colorless foliated ornaments, between colored
lines upon the solid ground, forming irregular
ovals in the corners, with a band between the upper
ones, bearing five stars, "10" and "10" in the
upper, "<i>U.</i>" and "<i>S.</i>" in the lower corners, on
horizontally lined ground, letters, numerals and
stars all colorless in colored outlines.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 20 by 24½ mm, in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">10 cents, green, yellow-green.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twelve Cents.</span> Head of Washington, similar
to the ten cents, on an oval disk, with rectangularly
hatched ground, bordered by a colorless line and
exterior fine colored line. Broad frame of engine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>
turned colorless lines on a solid ground, with
rounded corners and waved edges, bordered by a
colorless line, and a fine colored line. The corners
are filled out with loops on colored ground.
"12" and "12" set diagonally in the upper corners,
"<i>U. S. Postage</i>" following the curve of the
oval above, "<i>Twelve Cents</i>" in double curve line
below, and "<i>U.</i>" and "<i>S.</i>" in the lower corners.
The letters and numerals are colorless, with colored
outlines on the engine turned work of frame.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 24½ mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">12 cents, black.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twenty-Four Cents.</span> Small portrait of Washington,
faced three quarters to the right, on a rectangularly
hatched ground, surrounded by a fancy
lozenge-shaped frame of engine turned colorless
lines on solid colored ground, bordered by a colorless
line and exterior fine colored line. The upper
corners are filled out with foliated ornaments, containing
the numerals "24" and "24," set diagonally
with 3 colorless stars between. The lower
corners each contain a large colored star between
foliated ornaments. "<i>U.</i>" on the left and "<i>S.</i>"
on the right star; "<i>U. S. Postage</i>" above and
"<i>Twenty-four Cents</i>" below the head, near and following
the outer curve of frame. The letters, numerals
and ornaments are all colorless, but with colored
outlines.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 24 mm., in color, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">24 cents, lilac.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Thirty Cents.</span> Head of Benjamin Franklin, in
profile to left, on a circular disk with diagonally
hatched ground, 16½ mm. in diameter, bordered
by a colorless line and exterior fine colored
line. A colorless line between two fine colored
lines, at about 2 mm. from the circle, with foliated
ends, forms a label above and below, the upper inscribed
"<i>U. S. Postage</i>," the lower "<i>Thirty Cents</i>,"
on lined ground, in colorless letters outlined with
color. Foliated ornaments without color, but colored
outlines form irregular spaces in the corners,
with "30" and "30" in the upper, "<i>U.</i>" and "<i>S.</i>"
in the lower ones, in colorless letters outlined and
heavily shaded in color on a lined ground.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 20 by 24 mm., in color, on white
paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">30 cents, orange.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Ninety Cents.</span> Head of Washington, in General's
costume, after Trumbal's portrait, faced three
quarters to the left, on an oval disk, 13½ by 17½
mm., with rectangularly hatched ground, bordered
by a colorless line and exterior colored line, surrounded
by a band forming a point above and below,
and bordered outside by a second colorless line and
an exterior colored line, and crossed by fine colored
lines. "90" and "90" on this band above, "<i>Ninety
Cents</i>" below in colorless letters with colored outlines.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span>
Waved band with similar borders crossing the
former above, and inscribed "<i>U. S. Postage</i>" in the
same letters. The lower corners are filled with foliated
ornaments upon which are "<i>U.</i>" and "<i>S.</i>"
in similar letters.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19 by 24 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">90 cents, indigo blue.</p>
<p>It will be noticed that the original contract under
which these stamps were first manufactured by
the National Bank Note Co., expired in 1865. On
its expiration a new contract was made with the
same company for a term of four years longer.</p>
<p>To preserve the history of the postal legislation
of the United States which effects the use of stamps,
the provisions of the Act of the XXXVII Congress,
Session III, Chapter 71, approved March 3d, 1863,
must be noted here, although they did not result
in any change in the stamps in use, except the addition
of two new values:</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Postal Code Sections">
<tr><td class="col1topl"><span class="nowrap">Sec. 3.</span></td>
<td align="left">No mail matter shall be delivered until postage
is paid.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topl"><span class="nowrap">Sec. 13.</span></td>
<td align="left">The Postmaster General is authorized to establish
branch offices for the sale of stamps, etc.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topl"><span class="nowrap">Sec. 17.</span></td>
<td align="left">Postage must be prepaid at the time of mailing
on domestic letters, transient printed matter
and all other things not herein provided for.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topl"><span class="nowrap">Sec. 18.</span></td>
<td align="left">Daily, weekly, etc., publications must be prepaid
quarterly in advance by the receiver.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topl"><span class="nowrap">Sec. 23.</span></td>
<td align="left">Drop letters will be charged 2 cents, to be prepaid
by postage stamps, but no carrier's fee.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topl"><span class="nowrap">Sec. 32.</span></td>
<td align="left">The registration fee to be fixed by the Postmaster
General, but not to exceed in any case 20
cents.</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span></p>
<p>In accordance with these last provisions however,
there were issued two additional values.</p>
<p>The report of the Postmaster General for the
year 1863, states that a two cent stamp had been
prepared and issued, principally to prepay the postage
on drop letters, and the report for 1878, fixes
the date of issue at of the 1st of July, 1863.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of July 1st, 1863.</span></p>
<p class="center">(As additional to the series of 1861.)</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Two Cents.</span> Very large head of Andrew Jackson,
on an oval disk with rectangularly hatched
ground, bordered by a fine colorless line with an
exterior colored line; on a band above, similarly
bordered, and with parallel lined ground, "<i>U. S.
Postage</i>" in colorless capitals outlined and shaded;
on short bands, similarly constructed, below on the
left "<i>Two</i>," on the right "<i>Cents</i>." Foliated ornaments
in the four corners, forming small solid circles,
bearing the numeral "2" in the upper, and
colorless ovals bearing "<i>U.</i>" on the left, and "<i>S.</i>"
on the right, in irregular shaped colored letters.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 20 by 25 mm., in color, on white
paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">2 cents, black.</p>
<p>The Postmaster General having fixed the registration
fee at 15 cents, a stamp of that denomination
was issued.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span></p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of April 1st, 1866.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Fifteen Cents.</span> Bust of Abraham Lincoln, on
an oval disk 13½ by 18 mm. with rectangularly
hatched ground, bordered by a broad colorless line,
between two fine colored lines, and ornamented by
short horizontal colored lines. On the sides, Roman
fasces, without the ax, on each side. Above
on a scroll, bordered by a colorless line between
two fine colored lines, curved up and back to form
small ovals, and ending at the top in foliations and
inscribed on the band "<i>U. S. Postage</i>" in colorless
capitals, in the ovals "15" in colorless numerals;
below, a curved band following the outline of the
oval, similarly bordered, and inscribed in similar
letters "<i>Fifteen Cents</i>"; foliated ornaments forming
colored ovals in the corners, with "<i>U.</i>" in the left,
"<i>S.</i>" in the right, in colorless capitals.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">15 cents, black.</p>
<p>Issued originally for registered letters, this
stamp also served the next year, principally to prepay
the postage on letters to Belgium, Prussia, Holland,
Switzerland and the German Postal Union.</p>
<p>The entire series of 1861-63-66 was reprinted in
1874.</p>
<p>It may also be noticed, that the act of the XXXIX
Congress, Session I, Chapter 281, approved July 27,
1866, authorized the use in all post offices of weights
of the denomination of grams, 15 grams to equal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>
one half ounce, and the postal laws to be applied
accordingly.</p>
<p>Also the Act of the XL Congress, Session I, Chapter
246, Section 10 and 11, approved July 29th,
1868, provided penalties for re-using stamps that
had once paid postage, and authorized the sale of
stamps at a discount of five per cent to persons to sell
again as agents.</p>
<p class="header txt120"><span class="smcap">Observations.</span></p>
<p>The plates of this issue having been prepared
with a view of perforating, the stamps are placed
sufficiently far apart to allow a perforation, without
ordinarily cutting into the stamps. Occasionally
eccentricities may be found, which are the result of
accident. The sheets, as in the previous issue, consist
of 200 stamps, the central point is indicated by
three lines at the top and at the bottom, and the
sheets are cut apart on this line and distributed in
half sheets of 100, or ten stamps in ten rows. The
printer's imprint is generally to be found at the center
of the top and bottom of each half sheet, at about
4 mm. from the printed stamps, and consists of a
small colored label with a dotted edge, inscribed
"National Bank Note Co." preceded by "New
York," and followed by "City" in colored capitals.
The plate number also appears near this.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">One Cent</span> varies in color from a pale blue
to a dark blue, generally of the shade known as ultramarine.
The paper is ordinarily white with a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>
yellowish cast, but there are specimens which appear
surfaced with the same ink as the stamp,
which is probably an accident from imperfect wiping
of the plates, and others the paper of which has a
pale pink cast, both on the front and back.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Two Cents</span> varies from grey to black, with
occasional specimens partially tinted with the ink,
probably from the same cause as in the one cent.</p>
<p><i>Variety.</i> Doubly perforated at the sides.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Three Cents</span> varies from a very faint rose to
a deep rose, with occasional specimens tinted as in
the other values, probably from the same cause.</p>
<p>
<i>Variety.</i> Doubly perforated at sides.<br />
<span class="lpad4">"</span><span class="qspace3">"</span><span class="lpad1">top and bottom.</span></p>
<p>There are also a few specimens known of a scarlet
tint. They resemble the ordinary stamps of this
value in all other particulars, and it does not appear
to be settled whether they were ever used or
not. Proofs, both perforated and unperforated, exist
in this shade, and the better opinion would seem
to be that all of this shade are proofs. It is claimed,
however, that a sheet, or part of a sheet unused,
was picked up at the New York Post Office by a
collector.</p>
<p>Strips of ten stamps adhering, forming a vertical
row from the sheet, and showing a double perforation
along the sides are also exhibited.</p>
<p>Unperforated specimens have been catalogued.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Five Cents</span> was originally issued in a pale
yellow brown or ochre, but was changed in September
to a darker brown, with a reddish cast, there is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>
also a brown with a yellowish cast, another with a
blackish cast and a chestnut brown. It would appear
that the latter is the true color composed of
red, yellow and black, and that the others result
from some improper mixing of these colors, by
which one or the other predominates.</p>
<p><i>Variety.</i> Doubly perforated at the sides.</p>
<p>A "yellowish brown," meaning the brown with
a yellowish cast, has been chronicled unperforated.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Ten Cents</span> is light and dark green. The
lighter shade is generally called a yellow-green, but
the two shades differ only in intensity.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Twelve and Fifteen Cents</span> also vary from
grey to deep black.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Twenty-Four Cents</span> is violet, and pale or
dark lilac.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Thirty Cents</span> is of two shades of orange, and
an orange-brown.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Ninety Cents</span> is faint deep blue and indigo
blue.</p>
<p>The number of the several values of these stamps
issued, without the <i>grille</i> is approximated as follows:
it being not quite certain whether a few with
the grille were not issued prior to the dates to which
the enumeration is made.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span></p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Stamps Issued Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td class="wider">cent</td>
<td align="right">91,256,650</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td class="wider">cents</td>
<td align="right">254,265,050</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td class="wider">cents</td>
<td align="right">1,847,559,100</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td class="wider">cents</td>
<td align="right">8,258,460</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td class="wider">cents</td>
<td align="right">28,872,780</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td class="wider">cents</td>
<td align="right">7,639,525</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td class="wider">cents</td>
<td align="right">2,139,300</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td class="wider">cents</td>
<td align="right">10,238,650</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td class="wider">cents</td>
<td align="right">3,208,980</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td class="wider">cents</td>
<td align="right">337,770</td></tr>
</table></div>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p>
<h2>XXI.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">The Issue of 1867-9.</span></h3>
<p>The Act of the XXXIX Congress, Session I,
Chapter 114, Section 7, approved June 12th, 1866,
entitled an Act to amend the Postal Laws, had
provided among other things.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"Sec. 7. And be it further enacted: that whenever it
shall become expedient in the opinion of the Postmaster
General to substitute a different kind of postage stamps
for those now in use, he shall be, and is hereby authorized
to modify the existing contracts for the manufacture
of postage stamps, so as to allow the contractors a
sum sufficient to cover the increased expenses, if any, of
manufacturing stamps so substituted."</p></div>
<p>The Report for the Postmaster General for the
year ending June 30th, 1867, states that experiments
had been made in printing postage stamps
on an embossed paper, which appeared to offer a
fair guarantee against fraud; that the tissues of the
paper were broken by the process, so that the ink
of the cancelling stamps penetrated the stamps in
such a manner as to render cleaning impossible;
that the adhesiveness of the stamps was also increased,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>
to say nothing of other advantages, which
recommend the invention. Some of these curious
experiments will be noticed in the chapter on Essays.
The plan adopted was, however, to emboss
the stamp, after it was printed, with a series of
small square points, arranged in the form of a rectangle,
much in the same way that checks are sometimes
treated to prevent alteration. This breaks
the tissues of the paper. The French collectors
call this a <i>grille</i>, or grating, which it resembles.
There were several varieties used on this issue, and
they were applied to the stamps then current, without
other change in the design, paper, color or gum.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of 1867 to 1869.</span></p>
<p>The first variety was a grille covering the entire
stamp, adopted May 8th, 1867, and applied only
to the</p>
<p class="center">3 cents, rose, perforated 12, grilled all over.</p>
<p>If this is examined with a glass on the face of
the stamp, there appear to be rows of slightly raised
squares, separated by depressed straight lines, with
a still more raised cross, formed by diagonal lines
running from corner to corner of the square. If
the back is examined, the straight lines appear
raised, the crosses depressed. In all specimens
examined, the embossing is very flat.</p>
<p>The second variety does not cover the entire
stamp, but shows a rectangle, measuring 13 by 16
mm., composed of 16 rows of 20 small squares
each. It was adopted August 8th, 1867, and was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>
applied only to the</p>
<p class="center">3 cents, rose, perforated 12, large grille.</p>
<p>Copies with this grille may be found in which one
side row or the other shows only half squares instead
of whole ones, also with some of the top or bottom
rows missing, wholly or partly.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="left"><i>Var.</i></td><td align="left">12½</td>
<td align="left">by</td><td align="left">16mm.,</td>
<td align="left">15½</td><td align="left">by</td>
<td align="left">20</td><td align="left">rows,</td>
<td align="left">3c.,</td><td align="left">perf. 12.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">12¼</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">15 "</td>
<td align="left">15</td><td align="left">by</td>
<td align="left">18½</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">3c</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>The appearance of this grille, examined on the
face, is just the reverse of the preceding, as the
straight lines are raised and the crosses depressed.</p>
<p>The third variety was a still smaller rectangle,
about 11 by 14 mm., composed of 14 rows of 17
small squares or parts of squares. The date is
January 8th, 1868. Numerous variations may be
found. It was applied only to the</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent,</td>
<td align="left">blue,</td><td align="left">perforated</td>
<td align="left">12,</td><td align="left">medium grille.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">black</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">rose</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">green</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">black</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">black</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<div class="center">
<table class="adjoining" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variation Chart">
<tr><td align="left"><i>Var.</i></td><td align="left">11½ by 14½ mm.,</td>
<td align="left">15 by 18</td><td align="left">rows,</td>
<td align="right">3c,</td><td align="left">rose,</td>
<td align="left">perf. 12.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">11 by 14 mm.,</td>
<td align="left">14 by 17½</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">3c</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">14 by 17</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">3c</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">14 by 16½</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">1c</td><td align="left">blue</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">14 by 16½</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">3c</td><td align="left">rose</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">14 by 16½</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">10c</td><td align="left">green</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">14 by 16½</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">12c</td><td align="left">black</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">14 by 16½</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">2c</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">14 by 16½</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">3c</td><td align="left">rose</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">11 by 13 mm.,</td>
<td align="left">14 by 16½</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">3c</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">14 by 16</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">3c</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10½ by 14 mm.,</td>
<td align="left">14 by 16½</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">3c</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">13 by 16½</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">3c</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="left">13 by 16½</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">10c</td><td align="left">green</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span></p>
<p><i>Oddity.</i> With 2 grilles touching on the same
stamp. 3 cents, rose, perforated 12.</p>
<p><i>Note.</i> It is not uncommon to find parts of two
grilles on the same stamp at a distance from each
other, part of a grille being at the top and part at
the bottom, or part of a grille on each side. The
oddity noted presents two grilles touching by the
top and bottom, one a little farther to the left than
the other, making a strip of squares from the top
to the bottom of the stamp.</p>
<p>This medium grille if examined on the face is
quite different from the foregoing large grille. It
appears to be composed of raised lines between
the squares and depressed crosses in them. A
glass transforms these lines into rows of diamonds.
On the reverse it appears as if composed of depressed
lines, between the squares, and raised
crosses in them.</p>
<p><i>Note.</i> The other values so far as known, have not
been found with this grille. Up to May, 1868, only
the values from 1 to 12 cents had been noted by
the stamp papers as having been found with any
grille. The 24 and 30 cents are chronicled with a
grille in the November, 1868, but the 90 cents was
not so noticed until much later, February, 1869<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>,
(see American Journal of Philately).</p>
<p>The fourth and most common grille is a square
of 9 by 14 mm., composed of 12 rows of 16½
squares each. The date of its adoption is not
known. It was applied to the whole series.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Stamp Descriptions">
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">1</td>
<td align="left">cent,</td><td align="left">blue,</td>
<td align="left">perforated</td><td align="left">12,</td>
<td align="left">small grille.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">2</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">black</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">3</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">rose</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">5</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">brown</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">10</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">green</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">12</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">black</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">15</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">black</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">Nov. 1868,</td><td align="right">24</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">lilac</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">"</td><td align="right">30</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">orange</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">Feb. 1869,</td><td align="right">90</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">blue</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<div class="center">
<table class="adjoining" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="left"><i>Varieties.</i></td><td align="left">9 by 14 mm.,</td>
<td align="left">12 by 16½</td><td align="left">rows,</td>
<td align="right">1c</td><td align="left">.,</td><td align="left">perf. 12.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">3c</td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">12 by 17</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">30c</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p class="header txt120"><span class="smcap">Observations.</span></p>
<p>The colors are generally stronger than in those
without the grille. The majority of the specimens
of these stamps appear to have the surface of the
paper tinted slightly with the color of the stamps,
possibly from some imperfection in cleaning the
plates. A few values have been noted on pure
white paper.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent,</td>
<td align="left">blue,</td><td align="left">small grille,</td>
<td align="left">perforated</td><td align="left">12.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">black</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">12</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">green</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">12</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p>
<p>The 3 cents, rose, small grille, unperforated, has
been noted, and</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">cents,</td>
<td align="left">black,</td><td align="left">grille,</td>
<td align="left">variety</td><td align="left">4</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="3"><img src="images/bracketleft.jpg" width="15" height="60" alt="bracket left" title="bracket left" /></td>
<td align="left">unperforated</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">rose</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">4</td>
<td align="center">at the</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">brown</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">4</td>
<td align="center">sides.</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>The re-impressions of these designs did not have
the grille.</p>
<p>The five cents was in use up to September, 1870.</p>
<p>Some specimens examined seem to indicate that
all these varieties of grille are occasionally to be
found reversed, i. e. they present the appearance on
the face that is usually to be seen on the back, and
vice versa.</p>
<p>Of these stamps with the grille, there were, issued
approximately the following numbers:</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td class="wider">cent</td>
<td align="right">9,638,600</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td class="wider">cents</td>
<td align="right">46,440,000</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">231,773,300</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">1,006,400</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">3,076,070</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">2,087,575</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">868,080</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">167,453</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">214,000</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">26,870</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>During the currency of these stamps, a new contract
was entered into with the same company. A
special despatch to the St. Louis Globe-Democrat,
dated Oct. 3rd, 1868 states:</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span></p><div class="blockquot"><p>"Postmaster General Randall to-day accepted the
proposal of the National Bank Note Company, of New
York, for furnishing stamps for four years at 25½
cents per 1000. This includes everything required for
preparing the stamps for immediate use, gumming, perforation
printing and preparing receipts. The contractors
are also required to furnish new designs, at least
four of which must be printed in combination colors."</p></div>
<p>The number of the several values of these stamps
issued, with the <i>grille</i> is approximated as above,
it being not quite certain whether a few without
the grille were not in stock at the dates from which
the enumeration is made.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span></p>
<h2>XXII.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">The Issue of 1869.</span></h3>
<p>The New York Evening Post of October 6th,
1868, also contains a notice of</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="header">"<span class="smcap">The New Contract For Postage Stamps.</span></p>
<p>In June last, Postmaster General Randall, advertised
for proposals for furnishing the Government with postage
stamps for a term of years. The Committee of experts
appointed for the purpose, decided in favor of the
National Bank Note Company, and on Saturday last, the
Postmaster General awarded the contract to that Company
for a term of four years. We have been shown
proofs of the new stamps, and they reflect credit upon
the artistic taste of the Company."</p></div>
<p>Some of these proofs are then described.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"One of the characteristics of the stamps manufactured
by this Company is that the ink used prevents persons
washing, and using the stamps a second time. The
fiber in the centre of the stamp is broken completely,
and they adhere better, while the ink of cancellation
sinks into the paper. The engraving on these stamps
are remarkable copies of historical pictures, and bear the
test of microscopical examination."</p></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span></p>
<p>These are probably the only words of approbation
to be found in the daily press among the host
of comments upon these stamps, which by the terms
of the contract were to be ready on the first of February,
1869. Messrs. Butler & Carpenter, of Philadelphia,
had claimed to be entitled to the award on
the ground that they had submitted a better bid than
the National Bank Note Co., which resulted in delay
and the appointment of the commission above mentioned.</p>
<p>However, in March, 1869, the greater part if not
all the values were printed and ready for issue,
but were distributed to the public only as the stock
of the old issue was exhausted. About the end of
April they began to appear, and even in September
only the 1, 2, 3 and 6 cents were to be obtained in
the larger post offices. Already the public demanded
that they should be replaced, and this was
done in April, 1870. As late as March, 1870, the
90 cents of the previous issue was on sale in some
of the offices.</p>
<p>This unfortunate issue was generally received
with approval by the Philatelic press. It is certainly
well engraved, and forms an interesting and
handsome series for the most part, and is an adornment
to the collectors' album. But it is hardly so
well suited to the practical requirements of a postage
stamp. It was announced that the series was
intended in some sort, to portray the history of the
Post Office in the United States, beginning with
Franklin, the Continental postmaster, and the post<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span>
rider of the early days, followed by the locomotive
of a later day, and the Ocean Steamer carrying the
mails which had become so important a branch of
the postal service, the most important scenes in the
early history of the country, its triumphant arms,
and Washington its first and Lincoln its last President.
But hardly had it been issued before its
doom was sealed.</p>
<p>In August the New York Tribune says:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The greater part of the stamps sold at the Post
Office in this city are worthless, and have not sufficient
gum to make them stick to letters. One can be amused, or
become indignant, in watching people who buy stamps,
demanding a little mucilage from the clerk, in order to
fasten the stamp on their envelopes. It appears that
the invention of embossing which is continued in this
emission, while it spoils the stamps, does not increase
their adhesive properties as was pretended."</p></div>
<p>Other papers pronounced the stamp too small.
The comic papers exhibited caricatures in which
the people were looking for their stamps in their
pocket books with powerful microscopes.</p>
<p>The Evening Telegram says:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The new United States postage stamps have a very
un-American look."</p></div>
<p>The Evening Mail says:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"Our old postage stamps were really neat and pleasing
in appearance. They were National and American, as
they ought to have been. The head of Washington was
venerable, and our three cent stamps were as perfect as
they well could be. So also the one cent stamp with the
head of Franklin was equally appropriate. There was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span>
a fitness of congruity in putting the head of the old,
thrifty economist, on the one cent stamp. Our youth
were reminded of the wise saws and sayings of "Poor
Richard" and it taught them that if they learned to save
the cents, the dollars were more likely to take care of
themselves. But now think of the miserable, confused
looking thing, with its wretched printing, that the Post
Office has given us for the present three cent stamp.
It is neither historical, national, beautiful, nor anything
but a paltry evidence of the fact, that some engraver has
got paid or will get paid for a job that ought never to have
been done. Can our authorities not let well enough
alone?</p>
<p>Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, all have
railroad engines such as ours. What is there in a big
chimney on a railroad carriage to indicate the nationality
of our postal system. Aye, but there are words,
"United States Postage" on the stamp. Just so. We
remember to have seen a boy's drawing on a sheet of
paper, the words "this is a church" underneath, and
certainly the artistic performance needed the index, but
not more so than the new stamp requires a similar proclamation
to tell the world what it means. And then
again look at the printing of the word "Postage." Can
our engravers do nothing better than that? We hope
that the contractors have been paid for their work. If
so, then let the post office folks give us back again our
old head of Washington, and save us from looking at
the contemptible thing that we are now getting in its
stead."</p></div>
<p>Another paper says:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The present miserable experiments in blue, with a
meaningless legend, are to be recalled and something
new in red is to be substituted. The old heads of Washington,
Jefferson, Jackson, Franklin and Lincoln are to
be restored. It is about time that some definite form<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>
and design of postage stamp should be adopted, so that
people may know to a certainty what mucilaged square
of paper will carry a letter to its designation, and what
not."</p></div>
<p>The New York Herald says:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The old style of three cent postage stamps had thereon
a face of Washington, out of compliment to a good
man. It now has a railway scene to represent how Congressmen
make money. The two cent stamp represents
a man on horseback. This represents Booth's death
ride into Maryland. The one cent stamp should represent
a cow with the favorite son of the Covington postmaster
fast to her tail. This out of compliment to Grant."</p></div>
<p>An Eastern paper says:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Government introduced the present nondescript
things called postage stamps, for the purpose of frightening
counterfeiters."</p></div>
<p>And later the Herald says:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"Another attempt is to be made to give us decent postage
stamps. We suppose it will fail, as so many have
hitherto. Our postal authorities try too much. If they
will only take the Italian or French stamp, and put
Washington's head in place of Victor Emanuel's, or
Napoleon's, they cannot fail; but they will try some improvements
and spoil all."</p></div>
<p>The post office department announced the issue
in the following circular:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department.</span></p>
<p class="poddate"><i>Finance Office, March 1st, 1869.</i></p>
<p>Sir:</p>
<p>At an early day, in the regular course of business,
the Department will issue to Postmasters stamps<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span>
of new designs. [See description annexed.] In the
proposed issue the six cent stamp is substituted for the
five cents. You are required to exhaust all of the present
style on hand, before supplying the public with the
new; and in no case will you be allowed to make exchanges
for individuals, or to return stamps to the Department
to be exchanged. The stamps now in use are
not to be disregarded, but must be recognized in all
cases equally with the new ones.</p>
<p>Special attention is called to the fact that sheets of all
denominations below 15 cents contain 150 stamps. The
15 cents and all higher denominations, contain 100 stamps
on each sheet. This must be borne in mind to prevent
mistakes in counting, as in the present issue each denomination
has but 100 stamps to the sheet. Special requests
for the new style of stamps will be disregarded until
the stock of the present issue in possession of the Department
is exhausted. Due notice will be given of the
date of issue of any new design of stamped envelopes,
therefor all inquiries respecting them will be disregarded.</p>
<p class="sig">
<span class="rpad8">[Signed.]</span> <span class="rpad4">A. N. ZEVELY,</span><br />
Third Assistant Postmaster General.</p></div>
<p>The description upon the other side requires to
be supplemented for collectors, but is incorporated
in those following.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of March 19th, 1869.</span></p>
<p>Composed of ten values each of a different type.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">One Cent.</span> Head of Franklin, in profile, looking
to the left, on a circular disk horizontally
lined, surrounded by a broad circle ornamented
with colorless pearls, bordered by a band of rayed
lines between fine white lines, with exterior fine colored
line, and divided into three labels by ornaments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>
at the sides and bottom. "<i>U. S. Postage</i>" at
the top; large numeral "1" in a small oval (sic)
with a border of colorless loops between the words
"<i>One Cent</i>" at the bottom. Color, Roman ochre.
Corners plain without color.</p>
<p>Plate impression, circular, 20 by 20 mm., in color,
on white paper, perforated 12, grilled and without
grille.</p>
<p class="center">1 cent, Roman ochre.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Two Cents.</span> Post horse and rider facing to the
left, trees, fence, etc., in background, surrounded
by ornamental scroll work, "<i>United States</i>" in
small colored capitals on the ground above, a curtain
inscribed "<i>Postage</i>" in colorless capitals at the
top. "<i>Two Cents</i>" at the bottom on a ribbon with
large numeral "2" between the words, both in
outline shaded. Color, light bronze.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 20 by 19 mm., in color, on white
paper, perforated 12, grilled and without grille.</p>
<p class="center">2 cents, yellow-brown, light and dark chestnut-brown.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Three Cents.</span> Locomotive heading to the right,
surrounded by ornamental scroll work, "<i>United
States</i>" in colored block capitals on a curved band,
"<i>Postage</i>" in colorless capitals in a tablet beneath,
at top. "<i>Three Cents</i>" in outline shaded block
capitals, in two scrolls at the bottom, with numeral
"3" in a shield (sic) between the words. Color,
Imperial ultramarine blue.</p>
<p>There is no shield as stated in the official description.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span></p>
<p>Plate impression, 20 by 19 mm., in color, on white
paper, perforated 12, grilled and without grille.</p>
<p class="center">3 cents blue.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Six Cents.</span> Head of Washington, three quarters
face looking to the right, on a ground of vertical and
horizontal lines, bordered by a solid broad colored
line, ornamented by 68 pearls. Spandrels checkered
and bordered by colorless lines. Frame square,
composed of vertically lined squares in the upper
corners, with narrower horizontally lined label between,
with a broad colored border, ornamented by
pearls and exterior colorless and colored line above.
The colored labels are narrower than the upper
squares at the sides, and are bordered by colorless
pearls and an interior white line, an exterior
colorless and fine colored line. Horizontally lined
label across the entire bottom, widened at the ends
to correspond with the upper squares, with exterior
colorless and colored line. "<i>U. S.</i>" in upper left
and right corners of frame respectively. The word
"<i>Postage</i>" in upper bar of frame, "<i>Six Cents</i>" in
lower, the numeral "6" between the words, and
"<i>United States</i>" on each side. Color, ultramarine.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 20 by 20 mm., square, in color, on
white paper, perforated 12, grilled and possibly
without grille.</p>
<p class="center">6 cents blue.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Ten Cents.</span> Shield of the United States on
which is resting an eagle with outspread wings,
looking to the left. "<i>United States</i>" in small colored<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>
capitals with "<i>Postage</i>" in large outline capitals,
shaded in a second line beneath, in the upper
section of the shield, numeral "10" in lower. The
words "<i>Ten Cents</i>" in scroll at the bottom in outline
shaded capitals. The whole design surrounded
by thirteen stars arranged in a semicircle, (sic)
color, orange. The background is rayed behind
the eagle and the semicircle of stars are upon this
only, the background behind the shield is of
clouds, there is no frame.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19 by 18 mm., in color, on white
paper, perforated 12 and grilled, possibly also
without grille.</p>
<p class="center">10 cents orange.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twelve Cents.</span> Ocean Steam ship, headed to
left in horizontal oval, surrounded by ornamented
scroll work. In a double tablet with arched top on
horizontally lined ground, and colored capitals in a
curved line, "<i>United States</i>" and "<i>Postage</i>" in outline
capitals on a solid ground. On three scrolls in
outline capitals and numerals shaded, "<i>Twelve
Cents</i>" at the bottom, with numeral "12" between the
words. Color, malori green.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 20 by 19 mm., in color, on white
paper, slightly surfaced green, perforated 12 and
grilled, possibly also without grille.</p>
<p class="center">12 cents, green.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Fifteen Cents</span>. Microscopic reproduction of
the large picture, in the Capitol at Washington, of
the "Landing of Columbus," in an oblong rectangle
20 by 10 mm., with rounded upper corners, surrounded
at a little distance by a single colored line.
Ornamental and scroll work at top and bottom on
a ground ruled horizontally inside and vertically outside
of the scrolls, the whole surrounded by a colorless
and fine colored line. On a colorless tablet, in
Gothic capitals, "<i>U. S.</i>"; in a curved line of outline
capitals on the ground, "<i>Postage</i>" at top. <i>Fifteen
Cents</i> at bottom, with numerals "15" underneath in
outline colorless capitals, on the ground. Colors:
picture, Prussian blue, scroll and ornamental work
pale Indian red.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 21½ by 21½ mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12, grilled and not grilled.
The paper is more or less surfaced with blue.</p>
<p class="center">15 cents blue and brown.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Note</span>. There are two varieties of this stamp, depending
on the type, and an error, the latter was
however never circulated. The line of the frame,
above the picture, is curved up on the left hand, beginning
under the O, and on the right hand beginning
under the G, in what is called the O. G. curve,
till the two meet in a point. In the ordinary variety
there are two fine lines within the space left
for the picture, which along the whole top, including
the curved corners and this central double
curve, are united in a heavy line and at about ½ a
millimeter from the center line on each side, curve<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span>
down, as well as up, to a point, forming a diamond.
On the sides and bottom within this line, there is a
shading of fine diagonal lines. When the picture
is exactly in position, which is rare, the colored
line surrounding it falls between these fine lines,
and on the heavy curved line, just touching the lower
part of the diamond.</p>
<p>In the rarer variety, the two fine lines, the broad top
line, and the bottom of the diamond are all omitted,
the entire space is either empty or shows one, two or
three horizontal lines across the top of the space,
and three or four across the bottom, with a row of
short horizontal lines at the sides. When the picture
is in proper place there is an almost blank space
at the top, and apparently a white line surrounding
the picture. When it is misplaced the colored
lines described can be seen and there appear to
have been several varieties, as there were more or
less of them.</p>
<p><i>The error</i> is not as is sometimes supposed an error
of printing, but in the plate. Two plates, one
for each color, had to be used. Originally, there
were 150 stamps as in the smaller values, (See
circular of March 1st, 1869 above cited) but upon
the plate for printing the picture, it is said one picture
was reversed, and the error once discovered,
the plate was cut down to print only 100 stamps as
stated in the circular. It is probable that no copies
with the error were ever circulated.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twenty-Four Cents.</span> Microscopic reproduction
of the large picture at the Capitol, of the "Signing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span>
of the Declaration of Independence" forming
an oblong rectangle 20 by 10 mm., with all four corners
cut off diagonally, surrounded by a fine colored
line at a little distance. Ornamental scroll work
at top and bottom on a lined ground. A line of
pearls on a colored line, between a colorless and
colored line, forms the frame for the picture. In
block capitals "<i>U.</i>" and "<i>S.</i>" surrounded by ovals at
upper left and right corners respectively, the word
"<i>Postage</i>" between the two, in a curved line of outline
capitals, shaded on the background. "<i>Twenty-four
Cents</i>" in scrolls at bottom, with numeral "24"
beneath in outline letters shaded. Colors: the picture,
purple lake, scroll and ornamental work, light
malori green. Just beneath the picture in small
colored numerals, "1776."</p>
<p>Plate impression, 21½ by 22 mm., in color, on white
paper, perforated 12, grilled and not grilled.</p>
<p class="center">24 cents, purple and green.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span> There is the same error of this stamp "reversed
picture" stated to be from the same cause, a
defect in the plate as for the 15 cents, and the same
remarks apply.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Thirty Cents.</span> Eagle facing to left, with outspread
wings, resting on shield with flags grouped on
either side. The words "<i>United States Postage</i>"
in upper section of shield. The numeral "30" in
lower. The words "<i>Thirty Cents</i>" across the bottom,
with three stars arranged in a semi-circle at top of
the design. Colors: Eagle and Shield, carmine,
flags blue. Except for the change of numerals and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>
words of value, the omission of the scroll, and
the substitution of the two flags on each side for
the clouds, the design, though not the drawing of
this stamp is identical with the ten cents. "Thirty
cents" is however in block letters, the T Y C E
in outline, the rest shaded.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 21½ by 22 mm., in color, on
white paper, slightly tinted with pink, perforated
12, grilled and not grilled.</p>
<p class="center">30 cents, carmine and blue.</p>
<p><i>Error.</i> There is also an error of this stamp in
which the flags are reversed. It is also stated to
be an error on the plate, but may be only an error
in printing.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Ninety Cents.</span> Portrait of Lincoln in an oval,
looking to the right, surrounded by ornamental
scroll work, numerals "90" at each of the upper
corners, set diagonally in outline, and shaded on
vertically lined ground. On a label with rayed
ground, edged by a colorless and colored line, in
outline capitals shaded, "<i>U. S. Postage</i>" at top of
oval. "<i>Ninety</i>" and "<i>Cents</i>" on scrolls at the lower left
and right corners of oval respectively, set diagonally
and in colored capitals. In outline Gothic capitals
"<i>U.</i>" and "<i>S.</i>" at the lower left and right corners
of the stamp respectively. Colors: portrait
black, surrounding ornamental and scroll work,
carmine. It may be well to add that the portrait is
three quarters face, on a square hatched ground,
and a single colored line in same color surrounds
the oval at a little distance. The space left in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>
frame for the picture is bordered by fine short
horizontal lines, which show when the picture is
not properly placed.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 21½ by 21½ mm. square, in two
colors, on white paper, slightly surfaced pink, perforated
12, grilled and not grilled.</p>
<p class="center">90 cents, black and carmine.</p>
<p>The grille in this series is a square 9½ by 9½ mm.
composed of 11½ rows of 12 smaller squares each,
apparently separated by raised lines crossing each
other at right angles, each little square divided by
depressed diagonals also, as if produced by forcing
a series of pyramids set close together, but not
touching, into the face of the stamp. Seen from
the reverse, the dividing lines are depressed and
the squares stand up like pyramids, with ragged
edges showing the broken fibre of the paper.</p>
<p>The numbers of the several values of this issue is
approximated as follows:</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Stamp Issue Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td class="wider">cent,</td>
<td align="right">24,988,100</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td class="wider">cents,</td>
<td align="right">114,058,000</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td class="wider">cents</td>
<td align="right">530,346,800</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td class="wider">cents,</td>
<td align="right">6,363,700</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td class="wider">cents,</td>
<td align="right">5,770,130</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td class="wider">cents,</td>
<td align="right">4,088,875</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td class="wider">cents,</td>
<td align="right">2,360,740</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td class="wider">cents,</td>
<td align="right">414,325</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td class="wider">cents</td>
<td align="right">513,180</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td class="wider">cents,</td>
<td align="right">77,650</td></tr>
</table></div>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span></p>
<h2>XXIII.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">The Issue of 1870.</span></h3>
<p>In the report of the Postmaster General for the
year ending the 30th of June, 1870, under date of
Nov. 15th, 1870, he says:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>The adhesive postage stamps adopted by my predecessor
in 1869, having failed to give satisfaction to the
public, on account of their small size, their unshapely
form, the inappropriations of their designs, the difficulty
of cancelling them effectually, and the inferior quality
of gum used in their manufacture, I found it necessary
in April last, to issue new stamps of larger size, superior
quality of gum and new designs. As the contract
then in force contained a provision that the stamps
should be changed, and new designs and plates furnished
at the pleasure of the Postmaster General, without additional
cost to the department, I decided to substitute
an entire new series, one-third larger in size, and to adopt
for designs the heads, in profile, of distinguished deceased
Americans. This style was deemed the most eligible,
because it not only afforded the best opportunity
for the exercise of the highest grade of artistic skill in
composition and execution, but also appeared to be the
most difficult to counterfeit. The designs were selected
from marble busts of acknowledged excellence, as follows:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span>
One cent, Franklin, after Rubricht; two cents,
Jackson, after Powers; three cents, Washington, after
Houdon; six cents, Lincoln, after Volk; ten cents, Jefferson,
after Powers' statue; twelve cents, Clay, after
Hart; fifteen cents, Webster, after Clevenger; twenty-four
cents, Scott, after Coffee; thirty cents, Hamilton,
after Cerrachi; ninety cents, Commodore O. H. Perry,
profile bust, after Walcott's statue. The stamps were
completed and issues of them began in April last. The
superior gum with which they are coated is not the least
of the advantages derived from the change.</p>
<p>Upon the conclusion of the postal treaty with the
North German Confederation, fixing the single letter
rate by direct steamers at seven cents, to take effect the
1st of July last, a stamp of that denomination was adopted,
and the profile bust of the late Edwin M. Stanton
selected for the design. This has been completed in a
satisfactory manner, but owing to the temporary discontinuance
of the direct mail steamship service to North
Germany, it has not yet been issued to postmasters.</p></div>
<p>It may not be uninteresting to remark that the
following stamps were adapted among other uses,
to the payment of the rates under postal treaties as
follows;</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Postal Treaty Stamps">
<tr><td class="col1topl"><span class="nowrap">6 cents,</span></td>
<td align="left">England, Dec. 3d, 1869; Sandwich Islands, May 5th, 1870;
British Columbia, July 15th, 1870; Germany, March 31st, 1871.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topl"><span class="nowrap">7 cents,</span></td>
<td align="left">Germany, April 7th, 1870; Denmark, Dec. 1st 1871.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topl"><span class="nowrap">10 cent,</span></td>
<td align="left">Italy, Feb. 8th, 1870; Belgium, March 1st, 1870;
Switzerland, April 13, 1870; Salvador, Oct. 5th, 1870.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topl"><span class="nowrap">12 cents,</span></td>
<td align="left">British Honduras, August 11th. 1869; New Zealand, Oct. 5th, 1870.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topl"><span class="nowrap">15 cents,</span></td>
<td align="left">Brazil, May 9th, 1870.</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span></p>
<p>The series being ready for issue, was announced
to the various Postmasters in the following:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="header">CIRCULAR TO POSTMASTERS.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department,</span><br />
Office of Third Assistant Postmaster General,</p>
<p class="poddate"><i>April 9th, 1870</i>.</p>
<p class="header">New Series of Postage Stamps.</p>
<p>At an early date in the regular course of business, the
Department will issue to Postmasters, postage stamps
of a new design. [See description annexed.]</p>
<p>You are required to exhaust all of the present style on
hand before supplying the public with the new; and in
no case will you be allowed to make exchanges for individuals
or to return stamps to the Department to be
exchanged.</p>
<p>The stamps now in use are not to be disregarded, but
must be recognized in all cases equally with the new
ones. The stamps known as the series of 1861, of which
a few are supposed to be yet outstanding, are also to be
recognized. Those issued prior to the commencement
of the war of the Rebellion were long since declared to
be valueless.</p>
<p>Special attention is called to the fact that each sheet, of
all denominations of the new series, contains but 100
stamps. This must be borne in mind to prevent mistakes
in counting, as in the present issue some of the denominations
have 150 stamps to the sheet.</p>
<p>Special requests for the new style of stamps will be
disregarded until the stock of the present issue, in possession
of the Department, is exhausted. [ * * * * relating
to envelopes to be issued to conform * * * * ]</p>
<p class="sig">
<span class="rpad8">[Signed]</span> <span class="rpad4">Wm. H. Terrell,</span><br />
Third Assistant Postmaster General.</p></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span></p>
<p>[The "description annexed" is on the other side
and is merely a list of values, the bust from which
the portrait was copied, the color, etc., exactly following
that in the extract from the Postmaster General's
report above.] The exact date of issue is
fixed by the Postmaster General's report, as May,
1870.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of May, 1870.</span></p>
<p>Composed of ten values as follows:</p>
<p><span class="smcap">One Cent.</span> Bust of Benj. Franklin, in profile to
the left, after Rubricht, on an oval disk, lined horizontally
and obliquely, bordered by a broad colorless
line and exterior colored fine line. Outside of
this a series of colorless curved lines, bordered by
fine colored lines, and foliated at the corners on a
ground of parallel vertical colored lines, completes
the rectangle. There is no enclosing colored line
at top or bottom. Short horizontal colored lines
form the shadows of the oval and ornaments. The
upper corners are formed by a line curved round
from the oval and terminating in a large ball,
a second line curving round from this and continued
along the top, ending in two foliations
with a small leaf-shaped dash beyond. There
is a large ball at the intersection of these lines in
the corner of the stamp. A slightly curved line
continues down from the corner, forming the sides.
The lower corner being formed by a curved line
starting in a dot, curving upward and round, and
terminating inside the side lines in a large foliation
with three balls above it. The bottom is formed of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>
a waved line. These are all distinct and plain colorless
lines between fine colored lines, and about
the width of the line surrounding the oval.</p>
<p>The ornaments in the corners have shadows beneath,
and on the inner edges, and the side lines
have shadows on the outer edges, formed of short
horizontal lines. The oval has heavy shadows similarly
formed. The vertical lines of the background
are fine, and of even width throughout. Above the
oval, a thin colorless line, bordered by a fine colored
line, within and without, parallel with the oval, but
curved round at the ends to meet it, forms a label
inscribed in outline capitals, "<i>U. S. Postage</i>,"
shaded without on a rectangularly hatched ground.
Below the oval a large outline pearled numeral "1"
shaded without, divides the lower border line, and
a similar line parallel to the border line, but terminated
at each end by a ball, forms a label inscribed
in outline capitals "<i>One Cent</i>" shaded outside
on a rectangularly hatched ground. Above this
label are three small white pearls on each side of the
numeral.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">1 cent, imperial ultramarine.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Two Cents.</span> Bust of Andrew Jackson, in profile
to the left, after Powers, on an oval disk lined horizontally
and doubly obliquely, bordered by a broad
white line and fine exterior colored line, the whole
super-imposed on a shield, with ground of vertical
colored lines, and bordered by a very fine colored<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span>
exterior line. The shield is curved in at the top,
corners diagonal, sides curved in and then out, bottom
rounded and rests on a background of horizontal
colored lines. There are no exterior lines on
the sides. Below the oval, a large outline numeral
"2" divides a colorless ribbon bordered by fine
colored lines, and inscribed "<i>Two Cents</i>" in outline
colored capitals shaded outside, on a background
of short vertical colored lines. Above the oval, a
band bordered by a colorless line edged by fine colored
lines, extends nearly to the outer edge of the
stamp, and is inscribed, "<i>U. S. Postage</i>" in outline
colorless capitals, shaded outside on a rectangularly
hatched ground. The shadows of the shield are
made by short vertical lines, those of the oval by
short horizontal lines. The shield is ornamented
by fine laurel leaves on each side, just above the
lower label.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on white
paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">2 cents, velvet brown.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Three Cents.</span> Bust of Geo. Washington, after
Houdon, in profile to left, on oval disk with horizontally
lined ground, and occasional diagonal latticed
hatchings, bordered by a broad colorless line
with exterior fine colored line, resting on a shield
with vertically lined ground, on a background of horizontal
lines, with a border line on the right side but
none on the left. Above the oval, a band bordered
by a colorless line, with a ball on each end
and three little foliations above on each side, all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>
edged by a fine colored line inscribed "<i>U. S. Postage</i>,"
in outline capitals, shaded outside on a horizontally
lined ground. Below the oval a large numeral
"3," shaded outside, divides a ribbon bordered
by a colored line, and inscribed in similar
capitals, "<i>Three Cents</i>" on a ground of short vertical
lines. The shadows of the oval are made by
short colored horizontal lines, and those of the shield
by vertical lines.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on white
paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">3 cents, malori green.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Six Cents.</span> Bust of Abraham Lincoln, in profile
to the left, after Volk, on an oval disk lined horizontally
and doubly lined obliquely, bordered by a
colorless line. On a depressed panel, lined horizontally,
the sides projected, darker than the frame
of fine vertical lines which surrounds it, completes the
rectangle. There is no terminal line at the sides.
Above the oval a yoke-shaped label, bordered by a
colorless line, edged by fine colored lines, inscribed
"<i>U. S. Postage</i>" in outline colorless capitals,
shaded outside on a ground of horizontal lines.
Below the oval is a ribbon bordered by fine colored
lines, inscribed in the same letters, "<i>Six Cents</i>" divided
by a large outline numeral "6," on a ground
of short colored vertical lines. A distinct line borders
the depressed panel all the way around, being heaviest
on the left side. The shadows of the oval and depressed
panel are made by vertical colored lines, and
those of the upper and lower labels are made by horizontal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span>
colored lines.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on white
paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">6 cents, cochineal red.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Ten Cents.</span> Bust of Thomas Jefferson, in profile
to left, after Powers, on an oval disk, lined horizontally,
and obliquely from right to left, bordered by a
colorless line with exterior colored line, on a shield
bordered by a fine colored line, vertically lined, on a
rectangular background, which is lined horizontally.
Above the oval a label formed by a colorless line edged
by a colored exterior line, curved round from the
oval line at the ends, and then parallel with it, having
a small ball ornament at each end, is inscribed
"<i>U. S. Postage</i>" in outline capitals, shaded outside,
on a ground of vertical lines, except at the ends,
where the lines are horizontal. Below the oval, on
a ribbon bordered by colored lines, in the same letters
"<i>Ten Cents</i>," on a ground of short vertical
lines, the words separated by large outline numerals
"10." Shadows of the oval in short horizontal lines
crossed by lines parallel to the oval. Shadows of
the lower ribbon in vertical lines.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on white
paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">10 cents, chocolate.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twelve Cents.</span> Bust of Henry Clay, after Hart,
in profile to the left, on an oval disk, closely lined
horizontally, and bordered by a colorless line between
two fine colored lines, surrounded by labels<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>
bordered without by a second colorless line, between
fine colored lines, but curved inwards, crossed and
the sides united in a vertical line at the sides of the
stamp, the whole arranged in a double tablet formed
by vertical lines, terminated by an outside colored
line at top and bottom. The outer edges representing
a chamfer are horizontally lined. A little distance
from the edge, a series of diagonal lines between
two parallel lines, represent a beveled edge,
making the parts within appear higher. The upper
label is inscribed "<i>U. S. Postage</i>," in outline
capitals, doubly shaded outside, on a ground of
horizontal lines. The lower label is inscribed,
"<i>Twelve Cents</i>," in outline block capitals, doubly
shaded on a ground of horizontal lines. Large
outline numerals "12," doubly shaded, divide the
lower band and separate the words.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">12 cents, neutral tint.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Fifteen Cents.</span> Bust of Daniel Webster, in profile
to the left, after Clevenger, on an oval disk,
very closely lined horizontally and obliquely, bordered
by a colorless line, on a vertically lined background,
with no terminal line at the top or bottom.
There is a triangular depression represented in each
of the four corners by horizontally lined ground
and shade lines, and mitered at the angles. Above
the oval and following its outline, is a label indicated
by a colorless line between fine colored lines,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span>
square at the ends with a ball beyond, inscribed on
a horizontally lined ground in colorless capitals,
outlined by colored lines and shaded without, "<i>U.
S. Postage</i>." Below the oval is a similarly formed
label with pointed ends, inscribed in the same letters
on horizontally lined ground, "<i>Fifteen Cents</i>," divided
by large pearled numerals "15."</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">15 cents, orange.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twenty-Four Cents.</span> Bust of Winfield Scott, in
profile to the left, after Coffee, on an oval disk
closely lined horizontally, and bordered by a colorless
line with exterior colored line, on a rectangular
background of horizontal lines. Above and following
the line of the oval are thirteen five pointed stars,
two at each end plain, and one letter of the inscription
"<i>U. S. Postage</i>" in colored block capitals in
each of the others. Above these and parallel to the
oval is a colorless line between colored lines, divided
and curving into two balls below, but curving into
a single ball above and shaded by another colored
line. Above these in each corner on a solid
ground of color, bordered by a similar arrangement
of lines, etc., in colorless block numerals
"24." Below the oval is a label inscribed
"<i>Twenty Four</i>," with another beneath it inscribed
"<i>Cents</i>," both indicated by a colorless line between
colored lines, with a horizontally lined background.
The letters are colorless block capitals. In the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span>
lower left corner are flags and cannon, and in the
right three muskets stacked.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">24 cents, pure purple.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Thirty Cents.</span> Bust of Alexander Hamilton, in
profile to the left, after Cerrachi, on an oval disk
horizontally and obliquely lined, bordered by a colorless
line with outer colored line, on a shield shaped
panel vertically lined, the edges beveled and obliquely
lined, resting on a background of horizontal
lines. The upper corners of the panel project
beyond the rest at top and sides, the sides project
beyond the curved bottom, the shadows of the oval
on the shield are indicated by short horizontal
lines; those of the shield by vertical lines. Across
the curved top of the shield is a colorless line bordered
by outside colored lines. Across the top of
the shield in a double curve of outline capitals,
shaded outside, "<i>U. S. Postage</i>." Below the oval,
a small shield, outlined by a colorless line between
colored lines, bears the outlined numerals "30,"
shaded outside on ground of horizontal lines, dividing
a ribbon outlined by colored lines, inscribed
"<i>Thirty Cents</i>," in colored spurred capitals, on a
ground of vertical lines.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">30 cents, black.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Ninety Cents.</span> Bust of Com. O. H. Perry, in
profile to left, after Wolcutt, on an oval disk bordered
by a colorless line with exterior colored line.
The upper half of this line is covered by a cable,
rove at each end to a ring, that supports the lower
label. Above the oval a label with hatched ground,
bordered by a colorless line, with exterior colored
line following the oval, the ends curved outward
and inward in a sort of foliation, is inscribed
"<i>U. S. Postage</i>" in outline capitals, shaded outside.
A five pointed star in each corner. Below the oval,
the lower label, square at the ends, with hatched
ground, bordered by a colorless line and outer colored
line, is inscribed "<i>Ninety Cents</i>," in outline
block capitals, shaded outside. There is a heavy
shadow beneath the label, an anchor in each lower
corner. The whole is on a vertically lined panel
chamfered at the top, bottom and sides.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">90 cents, carmine.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of July 1870.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Seven Cents.</span> Bust of Secretary Edwin M. Stanton,
in profile to left, on an oval disk, closely lined
horizontally, bordered by a colorless line. Above and
below, a label bordered by a colorless line following
the outline of the oval, but curved round and terminated
inside by a ball at each end. The whole
on a panel, vertically lined, with rounded corners,
and large ball on a rectangular background of horizontal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span>
lines. The labels are inscribed in outline
capitals, shaded outside on a hatched ground, the
upper, "<i>U. S. Postage</i>," the lower, "<i>Seven Cents</i>,"
divided by a large outline numeral "7," doubly
shaded outside.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">7 cents, vermilion.</p>
<p>All these values were first issued with a grille, of
which there are several sizes, but on many, if not
most, even of unused specimens it is so indistinct
that it is impossible to distinguish the outlines,
measure the size, or count the squares. Some very
perfect unused specimens have been examined however,
and on the face it appears to be composed of horizontal
rows of depressed diamonds, divided by alternate
rows of smaller raised diamonds, with deep-depressed
lines along the sides of the latter. On
the reverse, the appearance is of rows of squares
divided by depressed lines, with little raised crosses
in each square. By these specimens it has also
been determined, that there were at least two distinct
sizes of grille.</p>
<p>The first measures 10½ by 12½ mm., composed of
13 by 15½ rows of squares. Perfect specimens of
the 1, 2, 3, 7 and 10 cent so grilled, have been
found, and satisfactory specimens of the 6, 12, 15,
24, 30 and 90 cents.</p>
<p>The other variety measures 8½ by 10½ mm., and
is composed of 10 by 13 rows of squares. Perfect
specimens of the 1, 2, 3 and 7 cents so grilled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span>
have been found, but no satisfactory specimens of
any other value.</p>
<p>Specimens with only a few distinct squares, are
comparatively common.</p>
<p>The difficulty of arriving at accurate measurement,
is increased when the specimens examined
have been used, but apparently the larger of the
above grilles was gradually cut down row by row to
the smaller, as specimens of the 1, 2 and 3 cents,
the most used values, are found undoubtedly grilled.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left">½</td>
<td align="left">by</td><td align="left">12½</td><td align="left">mm.,</td>
<td align="left">or</td><td align="left">13</td><td align="left">by</td>
<td align="left">17</td><td align="left">rows.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">13</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">11½</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">15</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="left"> </td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">11</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">11</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">14</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="left">½</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">11</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">13</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>These all now bear a deep yellow or brown gum.
The colors are very uniform.</p>
<p>As stated by the passage quoted above, there are
100 stamps, or ten rows of ten stamps in the so
called sheet, or properly half sheet, there being 200
on the plate. The imprint was either "Engraved
and printed by the," in one line, "National Bank
Note Co., New York," in a second line in colorless
capitals, on a solid ground, with pearled edges and
outer fine colored line, or the second line above
without pearls on colored ground, bordered by a
double colored line. The author cannot state
whether all the values bore both imprints, having
only seen the 1, 2 and 3 cents with the first, and
the 30 and 90 with the second, the latter without
the grille. These imprints are placed 2 mm. from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>
the stamps, above and below the 5th and 6th rows
on each half sheet, the plate number being between
the 8th and 9th rows. The line on which the sheets
are divided is indicated by three lines forming a
sort of arrow head, at the top and bottom of the
sheet. The center rows of stamps are 2½ mm.
apart, and there are no perforations between them.
The vertical rows of perforation are 22½ mm. apart
horizontally. The horizontal rows 27½ mm. apart
vertically, but the upper and lower rows are sometimes
28½ and sometimes 29½ mm. apart. If a
sheet is selected, where the vertical rows are so far
from the center line as to cut into the stamps, and
the horizontal rows too high or too low, and a stamp
from the top or bottom of the row next to the center
cut line is selected, and the perforations carefully
cut off, specimens can be made that have a much
larger margin than the ordinary perforated stamps,
and might easily pass as unperforated. This may
not account for all the unperforated specimens,
some of which may be the result of accident, but
all the values of this series and the following may
be so made unperforated, and have been so catalogued.</p>
<p>The number of these stamps issued with grille,
is estimated as follows:</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Stamps Issued Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td class="wider">cent,</td>
<td align="right">95,127,100.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td class="wider">cents,</td>
<td align="right">208,375,550.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">962,467,790.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">21,600,900.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">2,070,800.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td class="wider">cents</td>
<td align="right">8,509,280.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">2,857,975.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">4,299,220.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">637,450.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">711,430.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span>
</td><td align="right">165,180.</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span></p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue without Grille</span> (1873?)</p>
<p>The use of the grille was finally abandoned altogether.
The first notice of this change appeared
in the stamp papers of February, 1873. They were
made by the same company, and are in all respects
the same, except the embossing.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent,</td>
<td align="left">imperial ultramarine,</td><td align="left">perforated</td>
<td align="left">12.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left">cents,</td>
<td align="left">velvet brown</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">milori green</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">cochineal</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">vermilion</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">chocolate</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">purple</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">orange</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">pure purple</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">black</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">carmine</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>The colors do not vary materially from those of
the grilled series, but there are two quite distinct
shades of the twelve cents, a blackish purple and
a brownish tint.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span></p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of 1873.</span></p>
<p>In accordance with the provisions of the general
law, before the expiration of the contract with the
National Bank Note Company, the Postmaster General
advertised in the daily papers, in December,
1872, that he would receive bids for furnishing the
Department with postage stamps from the 1st of
May, 1873, to the 1st of May, 1877. This contract, as
well as the subsequent one which terminated the 1st
of July, 1881, was awarded to the Continental Bank
Note Company, of New York. The dies and plates,
by the terms of the contract with the National
Bank Note Company, were the property of the Government,
and were turned over to the new contractors,
who continued to print the stamps from the
same plates, until they were worn out, and theoretically
in the same colors. As new plates were required
from time to time, they were made from the
original dies, but bore the imprint of the new contractor,
which resembles the first one described as
used by the National Company, but reads "Printed
by the" in the first line, "Continental Bank Note
Co., New York," in the second line. This imprint
probably, was not put upon one of the values above
15 cents. In fact the 30 and 90 cents sent out
just before, and for some years after the expiration
of the second contract awarded to this Company,
bore the second named imprint of the National
Bank Note Company.</p>
<p>Specimens are found which show the heavier border
lines and shadows of the different parts of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>
design, the fine lines of the background, of the tablets,
and sometimes of the shields, being invisible to
the eye, though more or less of them can generally
be traced with a glass. These collectors have designated
as "plain frames," as they appear to be
without color. They are, really, defective impressions
either from worn plates, when the plates made
by the National Bank Note Company, were giving
out in 1873, or from the poor results of the process
of printing adopted, as is claimed by the Postmaster
General.</p>
<p>But similar varieties have certainly appeared,
and for like causes, at other times. Collectors of
curiosities will find:</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent</td>
<td align="left">plain</td><td align="left">frame,</td>
<td align="left">perforated</td><td align="left">12.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left">cents</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>The stamps from the plates with the imprint of
this Company, now bear on the back a white gum,
and not the brownish, used by the National Bank
Note Company, which will help to distinguish impressions
made by them from the old plates. The
colors, however, are not identical, and will further
serve to distinguish them. There may be exceptions,
but ordinarily the <span class="smcap">One Cent</span> is a pure indigo,
without the red or ultramarine cast, of those printed
previously, whether lighter or deeper impressions
are chosen.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Two Cents</span> has also lost its reddish tone,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>
and is a dull brown, with a tendency to blackish-brown,
whether lighter or deeper in shade.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Three Cents</span> is of a duller and generally a
pale shade.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Six Cents</span> is much lighter and is a washy
pink.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Seven Cents</span> is a more yellowish vermilion.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Ten Cents</span> approaches very nearly to the
original shade of the two cents, but is a little more
of a blackish brown, very unlike the delicate original
shade. The oval and face lines are dark and
heavy.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Fifteen Cents</span> is a much paler orange.</p>
<p>The higher values, <span class="smcap">Twenty-Four</span>, <span class="smcap">Thirty</span> and <span class="smcap">Ninety
Cents</span>, have a thinner tone than the deep rich color
of the former Company's work.</p>
<p>In the meantime, the following changes were
announced in a circular to postmasters:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department,</span><br />
Office of the Third Assistant Postmaster General,<br />
Division of Stamps, Stamped Envelopes & Postal Cards.</p>
<p class="poddate"><i>Washington, D. C., June 21st, 1875.</i></p>
<p>The Department is prepared to commence the issue
of postage stamps of the denomination of five (5) cents
to meet the new letter rate of postage, under the treaty
of Berne, to the following countries, viz:</p>
<p>[Here follow the names of all countries that had
then joined the Postal Union, to which five cents
was the rate.]</p>
<p>The new five cent stamp is designed from a bust of
Gen. Zackary Taylor in full face, and printed in dark<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span>
blue color. The changes in foreign postages will render
unnecessary the further use of the 7, 12 and 24 cent
stamps and stamped envelopes, and they will accordingly
be discontinued.</p>
<p>In order to avoid the liability to mistake caused by
the near similarity in color between the two cent and
ten cent stamp, the former will in future be printed in
vermilion, the color of the discontinued seven cent
stamp.</p>
<p>[Here follows directions to use up the stock of
the discontinued stamps and envelopes, whenever
they can be utilized.]</p>
<p class="sig">
<span class="rpad8">[Signed.]</span> <span class="rpad4">E. W. BARBER,</span><br />
Third Assistant Postmaster General.</p></div>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of July 1st, 1875.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Two Cents</span>. Same design, and from the same die
and plate as the previous brown impression, the color
only changed.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">2 cents, vermilion.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of October 5th, 1875.</span></p>
<p>One of the New York daily papers in April, 1882,
speaking of the new five cent stamp (Garfield)
about to be issued, says: The history of the current
five cent stamp with Taylor's portrait is as follows:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>The rates for international postage had been decided
upon as 5 cents, the United States series of postage
stamps had not such a value. Mr. Jewell, the Postmaster
General at the time, suggested to President Grant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span>
the propriety of having his portrait on the new stamp
of the required value. Gen. Grant did not agree with
his Cabinet officer. Finally, he suggested that if Mr.
Jewell would insist upon consulting his wishes, he (Gen.
Grant) would be well pleased if the portrait of old Zack
Taylor, with whom he served in the Mexican war, could
be used on the new stamp. Instead of instructing the
then contractors to prepare a portrait of Gen. Taylor,
which would be in harmony with the other stamps of
the series, Mr. Jewell found in the Bureau of Engraving
and Printing, a portrait of Taylor, which had been used
on the old tobacco strip series. This portrait was transmogrified
into the five cent stamp. It was badly engraved
and of wretched color.</p></div>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of October 5th, 1875.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Five Cents.</span> Bust of General Zachary Taylor,
full face, on an oval disk lined horizontally and
obliquely, the horizontal lines growing closer and
closer towards the top, surrounded by a colorless
line with outer colored line, and resting on a shield,
vertically lined, and bordered by an exterior colored
line, all on a background of colored horizontal
lines, the shadows of short horizontal lines. Above
the oval is a label, bordered by a colorless line between
fine colored lines, and curved round and divided
at the ends, the outer part terminating in a
ball, horizontally lined and inscribed "<i>U. S. Postage</i>,"
in outline capitals shaded without. Below the
oval is a ribbon, bordered by a colored line, and
inscribed "<i>Five Cents</i>," the words divided by a
large numeral "5", all in outline capitals, shaded without
on a ground of short vertical lines.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span></p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents, dark blue.</p>
<p>The stamp is identical with the two and ten cent
values, with the value changed, and the portrait of
Taylor from the six ounce tobacco stamp of the "series
of 1871," placed in the medallion.</p>
<p>Both the two cent vermilion and the five cent
blue, bear the imprint "Printed by the Continental
Bank Note Company," which also prepared
the tobacco stamp in question.</p>
<p>These two stamps have been chronicled as having
been issued grilled. The error crept into the
French edition of this work likewise, but they were
at least never so issued for circulation.</p>
<p>All the values as issued by this company have
likewise been chronicled as unperforated. If they
are not accounted for as indicated under the remarks
made on page 172, they are the result of
accident.</p>
<p>In many cases indistinct dots can be seen where
the perforating machine failed to do its work. Such
specimens are curious but do not require more than
mention.</p>
<p>Before the second contract with the Continental
Bank Note Co. expired, it was consolidated with
the American Bank Note Co. under, the name of
the American Bank Note Company, and new plates
began to appear with the imprint of this company,
in large colored block capitals, shaded by a colored
line parallel to the letters and an outside row of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span>
lighter horizontal lines.</p>
<p>The one, two, three, five and ten are found with
this imprint, without material change. The seven,
twelve and twenty-four cent having long been retired
are not to be looked for with this imprint, and
the fifteen, thirty and ninety cents at this time were
still printed from the plates, with the imprint of the
Continental Bank Note Co.</p>
<p>The gum has the white shade and the colors are
the same as used by that company.</p>
<p>The <i>one cent</i> of the dull indigo blue.</p>
<p>The <i>two cents</i> has a misty look.</p>
<p>The <i>three cents</i> inclines to a blue-green.</p>
<p>The <i>five cents</i> has heavier lines and is a darker
blue.</p>
<p>The <i>ten cents</i> returns to the light appearance of
the original of 1870 but is of the yellow-brown
shade.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of April 10th, 1882.</span></p>
<p>With the letting of the contract for another term
in June, 1881, the American Bank Note Company
again secured the contract.</p>
<p>Soon after the death of President Garfield, it was
proposed that his portrait should be placed on
the five cent stamp used for foreign postage,
and the stamp printed in mourning, as was said to
have been done with the fifteen cent stamp, then used
for foreign postage, after the death of President
Lincoln. The stamp with the head of Taylor,
it was said had been hurriedly gotten up, and
did not correspond with the rest of the series. By<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span>
direction of Postmaster General James, the American
Bank Note Co. therefore prepared the new
stamp, after a photograph of President Garfield.
Mrs. Garfield was consulted, and proofs in various
colors were, it is said, submitted to her. Instead
of black, she finally selected a vandyke brown.
The first proofs were in black, and at the request of
Mrs. Garfield it is stated, the Postmaster General
sent one of them, mounted on card and placed in a
frame of silver, surrounded by a second frame of
gold, on a background of purple velvet, and protected
by a glass in an ebony frame, to Her Majesty,
the Queen of England.</p>
<p>From the correspondence columns of the daily
papers, we learn that the Department received the
first invoice of these stamps at Washington, the 7th
of February, 1882, and that it was expected to begin
the issue the 1st of March, following. Mr.
Durbin obtained some copies which he used on St.
Valentines day. But the stamps were not distributed
from the offices until the 10th of April, 1882
and were then sold only as the supply of the old
ones was exhausted. This is the date officially
given by the report of Postmaster General for the
year, and the same date is also given by the New
York papers. The description given by the Postmaster
General it is not necessary to repeat.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of April 10th, 1882.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Five Cents.</span> Portrait in profile to the left, of
President Garfield, in an oval disk 16 by 20 mm.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span>
lined horizontally and obliquely, and bordered by
a line of colorless pearls on a broad colored band,
resting on a shield lined horizontally, and bordered
by a colored line, very heavy on the right side and
at the bottom, and an exterior fine colorless line at
the bottom and sides, all on a back ground of horizontal
lines bordered at the sides by a terminal line
of color. The shield is square at the top, of the
width of the stamp, with perpendicular sides not
quite so far apart, the corners being slanted back,
and is pointed at the bottom which is formed of
two diagonal lines. A large solid six pointed star,
bordered by a colorless line and exterior colored
line covers the lower point of the shield and a part
of the pearled border, and bears a large colorless
numeral "5." On each side of this a ribbon indicated
by a colored line, inscribed on left "<i>Five</i>,"
on right "<i>Cents</i>," in outline capitals, on a ground
of short vertical lines. On the background of the
stamp, beneath all, "<i>U. S. Postage</i>" in colored
block letters, shaded on the left and top by colorless
lines.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents, dark chocolate.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of November, 1882.</span></p>
<p>Without any notice to the postmasters or the
public, new plates were made by the American
Bank Note Company, and slight changes were
made in the engraving. These began to appear in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span>
November, 1882, and may be found in the one
three, six and ten cent values.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">One Cent.</span> The vertical lines of the background
are thickened in the upper half and so nearly touch,
that the ground now appears solid and in fact from
the running of the ink, sometimes really is solid.
The curved ornamental lines in the upper corners
and the balls are now shaded with one or more interior
colored lines, instead of being plain. The
exterior shading of horizontal lines is omitted here,
at the ends of the upper labels, and also outside
of the side lines, and is very faint under the lower
ornaments and label.</p>
<p>(<i>a</i>) The first impressions of this altered plate
are in an ashey blue and, the upper ornaments are
rendered indistinct by the interior lines. There is
a whitish space, like a reflection beneath the bust.</p>
<p>(<i>b</i>) Later impressions in 1886, show the upper
ornaments more distinctly white, and shaded outside
again by lines parallel to their curves. A
heavy shadow now appears under the bust, the
ground being almost solid where it falls. The color
by daylight is again slightly of the ultramarine cast,
but differing only slightly from the ashey hue by
gaslight.</p>
<p>(<i>c</i>) Later impressions in 1887, show the return
to the heavy upper ornaments, but their exterior
shading remains as in (b). The ground work of
the oval is uniform and there is no light or dark
shadow under the bust. The ultramarine is of a
more pronounced cast by daylight.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Two Cents.</span> There seems to have been no change
beyond that already mentioned, as the design was
soon changed.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Three Cents.</span> The altered die beside the other
appears quite different, but a close examination is
necessary to determine the differences at first.
Once detected, they are very apparent. The lines
of ground of the oval are heavier. The cross lines
can still be seen with the glass, and the part behind
the head is now crossed by vertical lines also. The
shadows of the upper ornaments are now solid, and
the horizontal lines cannot be detected. The shadows
of the oval are also solid, and about half as
broad as in the other die. The horizontal lines can
be seen by the glass, but are very light. This is the
most conspicuous difference. The vertical shadow
lines under the lower label are omitted. The shield
in the old die has a ground of horizontal lines on
the right side, with an outside vertical border line,
and two fine vertical lines on the horizontal lines
form the shadow of the shield. The altered die
has the three vertical lines, but the horizontal lines
are omitted to the point where the bottom line begins.
The color is a blue-green, not yellow-green
as before.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Six Cents.</span> The ground work of the oval, is
practically solid or mottled, that of the panel nearly
so. The border line cannot be distinguished from
the ground, while in the original issue, not only is
the border line distinct, but in the "sallie" the fine
vertical shadow lines can be counted inside, and on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span>
the right side three, very close together, and four
lines besides these between the panel and the edge,
counting the outside line. In the new, none of
these shadows exist, and there are only <i>three</i> lines
between the panel and the edge, including the outside
line. In the old, on the right side, there are
fourteen lines in the frame above and below the
projection. In the new there are thirteen above,
and eleven below. The color is a brick red, neither
the cochineal or pink previously used.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Ten Cents.</span> The frame lines have all been
strengthened as well as those of the background,
so that the entire stamp is more uniform in engraving
and color, but has entirely lost its light look.
The edges no longer fade away, but stand out sharp
from the paper. It is apparent to the eye that the
space between the oval and the shield, is reduced
one-third its width. There are only four vertical
lines between the line of the shield and the line of
the oval at their nearest point on the left, or six
lines in all; in the originals, there were five lines,
or seven in all. Beneath the ribbon containing the
value in the old stamps, the horizontal lines of the
background are scarcely visible, the vertical shade
lines being conspicuous. In the new the horizontal
lines are strong and clear.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td class="col1topl">(<i>a</i>)</td>
<td align="left">The earliest impressions are in muddy yellow brown,
quite uniform all over the stamp.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topl">(<i>b</i>)</td>
<td align="left">Later impressions, in 1886, are in a clearer shade
of yellow-brown, and the light on the face has been increased, much
improving the effect.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topl">(<i>c</i>)</td>
<td align="left">An odd purple-brown shade appeared in 1886.</td></tr>
<tr><td class="col1topl">(<i>d</i>)</td>
<td align="left">A dark black-brown shade is now, 1887, in use.</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span></p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">The Issue of October, 1883.</span></p>
<p>The Act of the 47th Congress, Session II, Chapter
92, approved March 3d, 1883, provided that:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"Upon all matter of the 1st class [as defined by chapter
180 of the laws of Congress, approved March 3d,
1879, entitled: An Act, etc.] postage shall be charged
on and after the first day of October, A. D. 1883, at the
rate of two cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof,
and all acts so far as they fix a different rate of postage
than herein provided upon said first class matter, are to
that extent hereby repealed."</p></div>
<p>The report of the Third Assistant Postmaster
General under date of November 8th, 1883, says:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"Soon after the passage of the Act of March 3d, 1883,
preparations were begun to carry the new law into effect.
The change left the 3 cent denomination of postage
stamps of little utility, it no longer representing the single
rate of postage on any class of matter, and it was
determined to discontinue its issue. As the public
would have undoubtedly regarded with disfavor, the
dropping of Washington from portraits, forming the distinguishing
feature in the series of postage stamps, it
was decided to replace the old 2 cent stamp by a new
one bearing the profile of the first president, thus restoring
it to its old place on the stamp in most general use.
It was also decided to issue a new stamp of the value of
four cents, a denomination not previously in use, and
designed to cover two rates of letter postage. The portrait
of Jackson, formerly on the 2 cent stamp, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span>
transferred to this new (four cent) stamp. The following
is a brief description of the new stamp:</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Two Cent Stamp.</span></p>
<p>An oblong shield, slightly shouldered on the upper
square, the lower lines terminating in a point. Within
this shield is an oval containing a profile bust of George
Washington engraved in line, surrounded by a ribbon
ending with small scrolls bearing the legend "United
States Postage," in white letters. From each end of
the scrolls a chain of pearls completes the outlines of
the oval. A prominent white-faced figure "2" laps over
the lower centre point of the oval and shield, dividing
the words "Two Cents." The whole is enclosed in a
dark upright square to give relief to the device. The
stamp is printed in dark red.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Four Cent Stamp.</span></p>
<p>Over an oval containing a bust of Andrew Jackson in
profile, is a ribbon with the legend "United States Postage,"
in white letters. A string of pearls forms round
the lower half of the oval and unites the two ends of
the ribbon. At the lower part of the oval, on either
side, appears the figure "4," and under that the words
"Four Cents," with a star on each side, all engraved in
white faced letters. The whole device is inclosed in
an upright oblong tablet. The stamp is printed in
green.</p>
<p>It is worthy of notice that these are the first postage
stamps ever bearing the words "United States Postage"
in full, the name of the country being abbreviated to
"U. S." on all other stamps * * * Postmasters
were notified by circular of the coming change of postage,
and intrusted to make their requisitions for 3 cent
stamps and envelopes sufficient only for carefully estimated
needs to the 1st October. * * * The issue<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span>
of the new 2 cent and 4 cent stamped envelopes was
commenced on the 1st September, and of the 2 and 4
cent adhesive stamps on the 15th September; and they
were so generally distributed by the 1st October that the
change of postage was attended with but little inconvenience
for want of the necessary stamps."</p></div>
<p>The circular issued to postmasters read as follows:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department,</span><br />
Office of Third Assistant Postmaster General.</p>
<p class="poddate"><i>Washington, D. C., July 18th, 1883.</i></p>
<p>On and after the first day of October, 1883, the rate of
postage on domestic mail matter of the first class, will
be reduced from three cents per half ounce, or fraction
thereof, as provided by Act of Congress, approved March
3d, 1883.</p>
<p>The department has adopted a new design for the two
cent stamp.</p>
<p>The head of Washington, in profile from Houdon's
bust, placed on a plain tablet. Above the oval, surrounding
the head, are the words "United States Postage,"
and underneath the tablet are the words "Two
Cents." The stamp will be printed in metallic red.
The engraved stamp on the 2 cent envelope will also
bear the head of Washington.</p>
<p>A four cent denomination of postage stamps and
stamped envelopes, to cover double postage under the
new rate, will also be issued.</p>
<p>The design embraces the head of Jackson, similar to
that on the present 2 cent stamp and envelope. No
change will be made in the postage due stamps.</p>
<p>The same 3 cent stamps and stamped envelopes of
the present design, will continue to be valid after the 1st
of October, and must be accepted in payment of postage
whenever offered in appropriate amounts.</p>
<p>The drop letter rate of postage will remain the same
as now.</p>
<p class="sig"><span class="rpad4">A. D. HAZEN,</span><br />
<i>Third Assistant Postmaster General</i>.</p></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span></p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of September 15th, 1883.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Two Cents.</span> Bust of General Washington, in
profile to the left, after Houdon, on an oval disk,
lined horizontally and doubly diagonally, bordered
by a colorless line, surrounded by a solid colored
band, ornamented in the lower two-thirds with a
row of white pearls, the upper third broadened
into a label, edged outside by a colorless line, with
outside colored line, the ends curved round into a
hook, the whole resting on a shield shaped tablet,
corresponding to that of the last three cents, horizontally
lined and edged by a colored line, very
heavy on the right and bottom, with an outside
colorless line, the whole on a rectangular background
of horizontal lines, very close together below, and
farther apart above. There are no shadows except
a few vertical lines beneath the projecting part of
the top parts of the shield.</p>
<p>The label above the oval is inscribed "<i>United
States Postage</i>," in full colorless capitals, on the
solid ground. A large colorless numeral outlined
in color and doubly shaded outside, obscures the
point of the shield and the pearled and colorless
border of the oval, dividing the words "<i>Two Cents</i>"
in full colorless capitals on the background, so
shaded as to be on a solid colored ground.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">2 cents, metallic red.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Four Cents.</span> Bust of Andrew Jackson, in profile<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span>
to left, after Powers, in an oval disk, horizontally
lined, very closely at the top, and doubly
diagonally bordered by a colorless line, twice as
wide as that in the last two cents, surrounded by a
solid colored band, ornamented with pearls below,
and broadened above into a label, bordered above
and at the ends by a colorless line, and inscribed
"<i>United States Postage</i>," just as in the two cents,
the whole resting on a rectangular tablet, with horizontally
lined ground, crossed by vertical lines below
the oval, and bordered by a vertical colorless
line on the right and above the oval on the left,
with mitered or bevelled edge, represented by five
colored lines parallel with the top, bottom and
sides, the right, upper third of the left, and bottom
bevel crossed by short colored lines at right angles.
On the ground below the oval, which is nearly solid
color, in colorless capitals, "<i>Four Cents</i>," between
colored five pointed stars. Large colorless numeral
"4" on each side, above the stars and end letters
of the value.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, slightly surfaced with green, perforated
12.</p>
<p class="center">4 cents, blue green.</p>
<p>The arrangement of the plates, printer's imprint,
plate number, etc., is the same as before, for both
of the new stamps.</p>
<p>The report of 1883 also proposed that the 3 and
6 cent stamps should be called in, redeemed and
destroyed. Nothing seems to have been done
about it however, until Frank Hatton, Postmaster<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span>
General, issued an order, dated December 1st, 1884,
that the three and six cents of all issues with the
exceptions following, should be exchanged by postmasters
for other values.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"Especial care must be taken not to redeem postage
stamps issued prior to 1861, as such stamps were
long since declared obsolete and valueless for postage.
No six cent stamps were issued prior to 1861. The three
cent issued before that time bears the head of Washington,
and is printed in red. In a straight line at the top
are the words "U. S. Postage," and at the bottom, the
words "Three Cents." The figure 3 does not appear on
the stamps, as it does upon all subsequent issues of that
denomination. Stamps answering to this description,
must in all cases be refused."</p></div>
<p>On the 14th of January, 1885, Postmaster General
Frank Hatton, by order No. 75, appointed a
committee of three to proceed among other things
to the stamp manufactory at New York, and effectually
cancel all the plates, except one working plate
of each denomination, of the issues of 1847, of 1851,
including the two carrier stamps, of 1861, of 1865
newspaper and periodicals, of 1869, of the 3, 5, Taylor,
7, 12 and 24 cents of 1870, 3 and 9 cent newspaper
and periodical of 1874, and of all the Department
stamps.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"One plate of each kind and denomination of postage
stamp reserved as above, and the dies and rolls from
which they have been produced, together with all the
cancelled plates, to be inventoried, waxed and carefully
boxed and sealed, and placed in the vault of the stamp
manufactory, in the custody and under the control of
the agent."</p></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span></p>
<p>The committee were also to cancel any worn out
and unserviceable plates of the current series, and
to count and destroy the official stamps remaining
in the vaults of the American Bank Note Company,
of all denominations and Departments, numbering
17,024,588, of the 3 and 9 cent newspaper and periodical
stamps of 1874, numbering 324,990, and of
the 7, 12, and 24 cent stamps of the 1870 issue,
numbering 1,414,300, a grand total of 18,763,878
stamps. On the 24th of February, the committee
reported that they had carried out the order.</p>
<p>A. D. Hazen, Third Assistant Postmaster General,
who recommended this holocaust, says:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"I have excepted from this recommendation the 3 cent
stamps of the current series, of which there are 135,800
in the vault, for the reason that though their general
issue has been discontinued, occasional calls are made
for them by some of the larger offices."</p></div>
<p>The reports show further that from January 1st,
to June 30, 1886, 1,094,200 three cent stamps were
actually issued. During the same period, 201,600
six cent stamps were also issued, while 645,950
thirty cent stamps, and only 29,620 ninety cent
stamps were issued. As a matter of fact therefore
these values, though retired from general issue,
are more in demand than the two higher values
retained, nearly 2 to 1, as between the 3 and 30
cents, 50 to 1 as between the 3 and 90 cents, or 9
to 1 as between the 6 and 90 cents, and that too
when the general public is unaware that these
values can be obtained at all.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span></p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Contract for 1885-89.</span></p>
<p>The contract for the manufacture of adhesive
stamps between the Department and the American
Bank Note Company, expiring on the 30th of June,
1885, sealed proposals were invited by public advertisement
of March 30th, 1885, for a new contract
for four years from July 1st, 1885. The important
features of the new contract to be noticed
here, are <i>first</i>, that a definite standard of paper to
be used for printing the stamps, made by an improved
formula, was for the first time required, all
other contracts having provided that the paper
should be equal to a sample only; and <i>second</i>, that
all ordinary postage stamps should be printed
wholly by machinery run by steam power. "The
two previous contracts, 1877 to 1881, and 1881 to
1885, expressly stipulated that the printing should
be done on hand roller presses, the use of steam
presses under the contract immediately preceeding
the same, 1873 to 1877, which was silent as to the
mode of printing, having resulted in extremely unsatisfactory
work."</p>
<p>The act of the 48th Congress, Session II, Chapter
342, approved March 30th, 1885, provides:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"That upon all matter of the first class, as defined by
chapter 180 of the laws of Congress, approved March 3d,
1879, entitled: An Act, etc., and by that act declared
subject to postage at the rate of three cents for each
half ounce or fraction thereof, and reduced by act of
March 3d, 1883, to two cents for each ounce or fraction
thereof, postage shall be charged, on and after the first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span>
day of July, 1885, at the rate of two cents for each ounce
or fraction thereof; and drop letters shall be mailed at
the rate of two cents per ounce or fraction thereof, including
delivery at letter carrier offices, and one cent
for each ounce or fraction thereof where free delivery by
carriers is not established."</p></div>
<p>It was claimed that the improvements in machinery
had produced steam presses that could produce
better word than the hand presses, at less cost.
Bids were taken for stamps printed entirely by
hand, partly by hand and partly by steam, entirely
by steam; the last two with or without an option
reserved to the Postmaster General, to require the
work to be done by hand roller presses. The
Treasury Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the
Franklin Bank Note Co., and the American Bank
Note Co., were the only bidders. The latter again
secured the contract to print the ordinary stamps,
by steam power entirely, and the newspaper, postage
due and special delivery stamps by hand roller
presses. For the latter of these they are paid $18
per 1000, for the postage due $8.49 per 1000, and
for the steam printed stamps $6.99 per thousand.
For these latter the Government paid $9.19 under
the previous contract up to 1885, $9.98 up to 1881,
and $14.99 up to 1877.</p>
<p>The following is the number of stamps of the
issue of 1870 as it is called without the grille.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span></p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Stamp Issue Chart">
<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">cent,</td><td align="left">old</td>
<td align="left">plate,</td><td align="left">blue,</td><td align="right">1,748,378,900</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">altered</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">"</td><td align="right">1,872,063,600</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left">old</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">brown</td><td align="right">176,830,300</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">vermilion</td><td align="right">661,829,150</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">new</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left"><span class="rpad2">red-brown</span></td><td align="right">4,370,788,300</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">old</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">4,986,505,600</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">altered</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">629,537,100</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Jackson</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td><td align="right">80,390,500</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">Garfield</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td><td align="right">14,454,640</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">old</td>
<td align="left">plate</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">76,726,850</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">altered</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">8,013,300</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">7</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left" colspan="3"> </td>
<td align="right">3,349,100</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">old</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">79,126,690</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="left">altered</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">81,307,910</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="3"> </td><td align="right">3,272,125</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="3"> </td><td align="right">16,136,380</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="3"> </td><td align="right">716,975</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="3"> </td><td align="right">6,134,410</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="3"> </td><td align="right">436,150</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>The paper provided for in this contract is the
soft porous paper, which according to Mr. Sterling
was introduced in 1883. It is not stiff and hard
like the previous paper, and seems to have been
adopted about the time of the change in the dies,
the fall 1882. All the values employed since are
to be found on it. It may be noted that the fifteen
and thirty cents on this paper are with the imprint
of the American Company. The fifteen is again a
deep orange and the thirty a full black.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of 1883, Etc.</span></p>
<p>Same colors, values and designs, soft porous paper,
perforated 12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">ultramarine blue.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left">cents,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">red-brown.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="left">cents,</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">green.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">dark</td><td align="left">green.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">brown.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">cochineal.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">brown.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">orange.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">black.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2">carmine.</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span></p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of June 15th, 1887.</span></p>
<p>The following circular explains itself:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department</span>,<br />
Office of the Postmaster General.</p>
<p class="poddate"><i>Washington, D. C., May 23d, 1887.</i></p>
<p>On or about the 15th of June, 1887, the Department
will begin the issue of a new design of the ordinary one
cent postage stamp, of which the following is a description:
The center of the stamp consists of a profile bust of
Benjamin Franklin (after-the original by Caracci), looking
to the left, in an oval disk, with shaded background,
the lower portion of the oval being bordered with pearls
and the upper portion with a curved frame, containing
in small white letters, the words, "United States Postage."
The whole is engraved in line upon a shield shaped
tablet, with a truncated pyramidal base, bearing on it the
words "one" and "cent," on either side of the figure "1."
The color of the stamp is ultramarine blue, and its general
appearance is somewhat similar to that of the stamp
now in use.</p>
<p>Before ordering supplies of the new stamps, postmasters
will be expected to exhaust their stock of the old,
which will continue to be valid. Under no circumstances
are the old stamps to be sent to the Department
for redemption or exchange.</p>
<p class="sig"><span class="rpad4">WILLIAM T. VILAS,</span><br />
Postmaster General.</p>
<p><span class="lpad2">H. R. HARRIS,</span><br />
Third Assist. P. M. General.</p></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span></p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of June 15th, 1887.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">One Cent.</span> Head of Benjamin Franklin, in profile
to the left, after Carraci, on an oval disk lined
horizontally and doubly diagonally, the upper third
bordered by a label, the lower two thirds by a
broad solid colored line, ornamented with colorless
pearls increasing in size from top to bottom, with a
colorless line outside this, shaded by another heavy
colored line. The label is of solid color, between
two colorless lines, the upper one curved round the
ends, forming a hook and edged outside by a fine
colored line, and is inscribed in white capitals similar
to the two cents last described, "United States
Postage." The whole is on a horizontally lined
shield shaped tablet, the top similar to that of the
two cents, but with a small point in the centre of
the top and the diagonals shorter. The bottom is
curved at the corners, then curved back up and
round, and spreads out into the lower part of a
"truncated pyramid." It is edged with a heavy
colored line on the right and bottom, with a heavy
colored line on the left and top. On the truncated
base is a large pearled outlined colorless numeral
"1," dividing the border of the oval and the words
"One Cent," in outline colorless capitals. The
rectangle is filled out with horizontal lines at the
sides of the shield and vertical line at the top.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 20 by 25½ mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">1 cent, ultramarine blue.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span></p>
<h2>XXIV.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Postage Due Stamps.</span></h3>
<p>From the adoption of compulsory prepayment
up to 1879, various regulations had been made
from time to time regarding insufficiently paid letters,
in order to relieve the Dead Letter Office as
far as possible, and yet enforce the prepayment
of all mail matter. Nevertheless mistakes continued
to be made and the practice of forwarding all
letters upon which one full rate was paid, and collecting
the balance of the receiver had finally been
adopted, the amount to be collected being written
or stamped upon the letter. From this practice
abuses arose, and by the Act of the XLV Congress,
Section III, Chapter 180, Section 26, approved
March 3d, 1879, it was enacted:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"That all mail matter of the first class upon which one
full rate of postage has been prepaid shall be forwarded
to its destination charged with the unpaid rate, to be
collected on delivery, but postmasters before delivering
the same, or any article of mail matter upon which prepayment
in full has not been made, shall affix, or cause
to be affixed, and cancelled as ordinary stamps are cancelled,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span>
one or more stamps equivalent in value to the
amount of postage due on such article of mail matter,
which stamps shall be of such special design as the
Postmaster General shall prescribe, and which shall in
no case be sold by any postmaster or received by him in
prepayment of postage," etc.</p>
<p>Sec. 27. "That any postmaster or other person engaged
in the postal service who shall collect and fail to
account for the postage due upon any article of mail
matter which he may deliver without having previously
affixed and cancelled such stamp as herein before provided
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on
conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of fifty
dollars."</p></div>
<p>Shortly after the passage of this Act the following
circular was addressed to all postmasters:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="header">
Form No. 3288.<br />
SPECIAL STAMP FOR POSTAGE DUE.</p>
<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department,</span><br />
Office of the Third Assistant Postmaster General,<br />
Division of Stamps, Stamped Envelopes and Postal Cards.</p>
<p class="poddate"><i>Washington, D. C., May 5th 1879.</i></p>
<p>By Sections 26 and 27 of the Act of Congress, making
appropriations for the service of the Post Office Department
for the year ending June 30th, 1880, and for other
purposes "approved March 3d, 1879, it is made the duty
of postmasters to affix to all mail matter that has arrived
at destination without full payment of postage,
and before delivery of the same, an amount of stamps
equal to the postage due, the stamps to be of such special
design as the Postmaster General may direct."</p>
<p>To avoid any confusion in the accounts of Postmasters
with the Auditor, and on account of the length of the
time necessary to prepare for the change contemplated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span>
by the above sections in the mode of collecting and accounting
for short paid postage, it has been decided to
have the same go into practical operation on the 1st of
July next.</p>
<p>The Department however, will begin issuing sometime
during the present month, in anticipation of the wants
of postmasters, special stamps for the collection of
postage due of the denomination of 1, 2, 3 and 5 cents,
and of the following general description:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>A large figure, representing the denomination is placed
in the center of the stamp, and is surrounded by an oval
of very delicate lathe work. On the upper border of
this oval, the words "Postage Due" are printed in white
letters; in the lower border is the denomination, in letters
of the same kind; on either side of the oval are the
letters "U. S." in a small white shield. Around the oval
is a form of complex character, described upon an oblong
tablet. The general design is the same for all the
stamps, the only difference being in the figures and lettering
for the several denominations. The color is the
same, a reddish brown.</p></div>
<p>These stamps are intended, exclusively for the collection
of postage due on matter arriving at destination
through the mails, and are to be used in combination,
wherever required to cover unusual amounts of postage.
They are to be cancelled in the customary way after
being attached to mail matter, are never to be sold or received
by Postmasters for prepayment of postage.
Postmasters must distinctly understand, that these
stamps are not to be used until July 1st, 1879.</p>
<p>A supply of these will be sent at first to all post
offices in advance of requisitions from postmasters, and
charged to their account; but afterwards they must be
ordered on blank forms (No. 3285) to be furnished by
the First Assistant Postmaster General. With the first
supply of stamps, however, blank requisitions for future<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span>
use will be enclosed.</p>
<p>The stamps will be accounted for to the auditor the
same as other stamps, and will enter into the monthly
reports of stamps, etc., received, sold and on hand,
required by the regulations, to be made by postmasters
at Presidential offices, to the Third Assistant Postmaster
General.</p>
<p>On the next page of this circular will be found the
sections of the new postal law and regulations relating
to the above described stamps, which are published in
advance for the information and guidance of postmasters.
The distinguishing numbers of the sections
cannot now be given, but the instructions are here
printed in the same order in which they will appear in
the forthcoming volume of the new postal regulations.</p>
<p class="sig">
<span class="rpad4">A. D. HAZEN,</span><br />
<i>Third Assistant Postmaster General</i>.</p></div>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of May 9th</span>, 1879.</p>
<p class="center">For use from and after July 1st, 1879.</p>
<p>Large colorless numeral, 10 mm. high, representing
the value, ornamented and shaded, on an oval
disk, 17 by 13½ mm., with colored ground ornamented
by colorless geometric lathe work, bordered
by a solid colored band between two heavy colorless
lines and an exterior fine colored line, interrupted
by small white shields on the sides bearing "<i>U.</i>"
on the left, "<i>S.</i>" on the right, in fancy colored
capitals. The band is inscribed in white capitals,
above, "<i>Postage Due</i>," below with the value in full
letters, the whole on a tablet with vertically lined
ground, with an irregular outline colorless line bordered
by an extensive fine colored line, and a double<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>
rectangular frame, the interior formed by parallel,
diagonal curved lines, and the exterior by
vertical short lines at top and bottom, horizontal
ones at sides, indicating a bevel.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 20 by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Impression Chart">
<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">cent,</td>
<td align="left">reddish brown.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">cents,</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">5</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>The report of the Postmaster General dated December,
1879, states:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"Under a provision in the act of Congress, approved
March 3d 1879, authorizing a change in the mode of collecting
postage due, on matter arriving at destination
through the mails, the Department began issuing
on the 9th of May, special stamps, called postage due
stamps, of the denominations of 1, 2, 3 and 5 cents, and
subsequently of the additional denominations of 10, 30,
and 50 cents. Before the first of July, every office in the
country was provided with a supply of these stamps,
and the new system of collecting short paid postage is
now fairly in operation."</p></div>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of August</span>, 1879.</p>
<p>Stamps of the same design, but there being
two figures, the numerals are smaller.</p>
<p>Plate impression, in color, on white paper, perforated
12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Impression Chart">
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left">cents,</td>
<td align="left">reddish brown.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">50</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span></p>
<p>The number of these stamps issued from May,
1879, to June 30th, 1885, was:</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Stamp Issue Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent,</td><td align="left">25,328,525</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td class="wider">cents,</td>
<td align="right">30,534,425</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">31,146,230</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">5,029,435</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">6,105,175</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">169,078</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">50</td><td class="wider"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="right">93,490</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p class="header txt120"><span class="smcap">Observations</span>.</p>
<p>There are two quite distinct shades of the red-brown
in which these stamps are printed, the earlier
issues being of a brown that shows hardly a
trace of red, while those printed under the 1885
contract are of the shade of the current two cent
postage stamp.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span></p>
<h2>XXV.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Special Delivery Stamp.</span></h3>
<p>The history of the introduction and usage of
these stamps is contained in the following extracts
from two circulars, both dated at Post Office Department,
Office of the Postmaster General, Washington,
D. C., August 11th, 1885, and signed by
William F. Vilas, Postmaster General. The first
directed to postmasters reads as follows:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"<span class="smcap">Sir</span>:—On the first of October, 1885, you are directed
to establish at your office, a system for special delivery
of letters, in accordance with sections 3, 4, 5 and 6 of
the Act making appropriation for the postal service for
the current fiscal year (XLVIII Congress, Session II,
Chapter 342, approved March 3d, 1885,) which are as
follows:</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Section</span> 3. That a special stamp of the face valuation
of 10 cents may be provided and issued, whenever
deemed advisable or expedient, in such form and bearing
such device as may meet the approval of the Postmaster
General, which when attached to a letter, in
addition to the lawful postage thereon, the delivery of
which is to be at a free delivery office, or at any city,
town or village containing a population of 4,000 or over,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span>
according to the Federal census, shall be regarded as
entitling such letter to immediate delivery within the
carrier limit of any free delivery office which may be
designated by the Postmaster General as a special delivery
office, or within one mile of the post office at any
other office coming within, the provisions of this section
which may in like manner be designated as a special
delivery office.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Section</span> 4 provides for immediate delivery between
the hours of 7 <span class="smcap">a. m.</span> and midnight.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Section</span> 5 provides for the employment of special
messengers and,</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Section</span> 6 the mode of paying them. The rest of
this circular gives the details of the service which it is
not necessary to repeat here.</p></div>
<p>The second circular after reciting the provisions
of Section 3, of the Act of March 3d, 1885, and
that it has been decided to introduce the system
on the first day of October, at all the post offices
permitted by the law; contains a description of
the stamp prepared to carry out the law, which
with some additions is as follows:</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Special Delivery Stamp.</span></p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of October 1st, 1885.</span></p>
<p>A line engraving on steel, oblong in form; dimensions
13/16 by 1-7/16 inches, color dark blue. Design:
on the left in an arched panel, 10½ by 15½
mm., a mail messenger boy on a run, faced to the
right on a hatched back-ground, and surrounded
above by the words "<i>United States</i>," in curved
line of colorless capitals. On the right an oblong<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span>
tablet, ornamented with a wreath of oak on the left,
and laurel on the right, surrounding the words,
"<i>Secures—Immediate—Delivery—At a special—Delivery—Office</i>,"
in six lines of white capitals on a
solid ground. The ground of the tablet above is
composed of light vertical lines with colorless border.
Across the top of the tablet, but above it, is
the legend, "<i>Special—Postal delivery</i>," and at the
bottom the words, "<i>Ten Cents</i>," separated by a
shield bearing the numeral "10." The entire
ground of the stamp is composed of fine vertical
lines except the edges, which are so contrived as
to appear bevelled.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 21 by 27 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">10 cents, dark blue.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"They are to be sold by Postmasters to any required
amount, and to any person who may apply for them, but
they can be used only for the purpose of securing the
immediate delivery of letters."</p></div>
<p>About a year ago, after the system was inaugurated
at carrier offices there was a further change
in the law, and the system was further extended as
is shown by the following extracts from three circulars,
all dated August 10th, 1886, from the office
of the Postmaster General, Washington, D. C.,
signed by William F. Vilas, Postmaster General. The
first is addressed to Postmasters at carrier offices,
the second to all other postmasters, and the third
to the public. The following from the first circular:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"By the Act of August 4th, 1886, Congress has authorized
the extention of the special delivery system to all post offices
and to all mailable matter. The Act is as follows,
namely:</p>
<p>'That every article of mailable matter upon which the
special stamp, provided for by Section 3 of the act entitled:
an Act, etc., shall be duly affixed, shall be entitled
to immediate delivery according to said act, within the
carrier limit of any free delivery office, and within one
mile of any other post office which the Postmaster General
shall at any time designate as a special delivery
office.'"</p></div>
<p>From the second circular only this is of interest:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"No change will be made in the general style of the
special delivery stamp now in use. The following is its
description: (same as in the original circular). The
words 'Secures immediate delivery at a special delivery
office,' will however, be changed to read: 'Secures
immediate delivery at any post office.' But as stamps
with the former words are now in the hands of the postmasters
and the public, their use will continue until the
present supply shall be exhausted."</p></div>
<p>From the third circular only this is to be noticed:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The attention of the public is invited to the fact that
under a recent Act of Congress the special delivery system
heretofore in effect in cities and towns having a
population of 4,000 and upwards, has been extended to
all post offices in the United States, to take effect on and
after October 1st, 1886. The privileges of this system
have also been extended to all classes of mail matter."</p></div>
<p>The remainder of these circulars are devoted to
directions to postmasters at the two classes of offices,
and to the public.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span></p>
<p>These stamps are printed in sheets of 100, and
distributed in half sheets of 50, the center of the
sheets being marked as usual by an arrow head.
There are consequently 10 stamps in a row, and
10 rows in the whole sheet. The makers imprint
appears four times on the sheet, above and below
the center row of each half sheet, and the plate number
is also four times repeated on the sheet.</p>
<p>3,699,560 special delivery stamps were issued up
to June 30th, 1886.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span></p>
<h2>XXVI.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Newspaper and Periodical Stamps.</span></h3>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of 1865.</span></p>
<p>The newspaper stamps issued by the United
States Post Office Department do not correspond
in their usage very nearly to the stamps denominated
newspaper stamps in other countries.
The series under review had a very limited
and peculiar use. While the dissemination
of learning and information had always been fostered
in every way by the Acts of Congress, and
the distribution of newspapers and periodicals had
always been undertaken by the post office at rates
that did not pay for the expense of the service, in
the intention of encouraging these publications, the
Department always found a great rival in the express
companies, which, having conformed their rules to
the exigencies of business, were enabled to deliver
newspapers and periodicals from the trains to the
agents and dealers always hours, sometimes days before
those sent by the mails reached their destination,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span>
as these were sent to the post office and there
assorted, some to be delivered locally and others
to be made up again into the new mail for further
transportation, while those sent by the express
companies being transferred at the depot, often finished
their journey before the mails could be made
up and started.</p>
<p>This service assisted the express companies in
those violations of the postal laws which each year
the Postmaster General called to the attention of
Congress, and Congress endeavored to reach by
new laws. The government got the expensive
service, the express companies the paying business
partly because of their more liberal rates, but particularly
because of their more expeditious service.</p>
<p>The attempt was therefore made to so frame the
law that the post office might successfully compete
for the carriage of newspapers. The Act of the
XXXVII Congress, III Session, Chapter 71, Section
38, approved the 3rd of March, 1863, reads:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"And be it further enacted that the Postmaster General
may, from time to time, provide by order the rates
and terms upon which route agents may receive and deliver,
at the mail car or steamer, packages of newspapers
and periodicals, delivered to them for that purpose by
the publishers or any news agent in charge thereof, and
not received from or designed for delivery at any post
office."</p></div>
<p>Under this act for some time payment was made in
money, but the report of the Postmaster General
dated November 15th, 1865, states:</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"New stamps have been adopted of the denominations
of 5, 10, and 25 cents for prepaying postage on packages
of newspapers forwarded by publishers or news dealers
under the authority of law, whereby a revenue will be
secured, hitherto lost to the Department."</p></div>
<p>In the report of the Postmaster General for 1878,
the date of this issue is stated to have been April
1st, 1865. In the accounts of the number of
stamps issued in each quarter it appears, however,
that the first issue was in the quarter between June
30th and September 30th, 1865.</p>
<p>The stamps were of very large dimensions, and
the figures conspicuous. A package adorned with
the requisite number was mailed on the train and
it could easily be seen that it was duly stamped.
The stamps were ordinarily if not always, cancelled
by smearing them with ink, with a brush, and not
with hand stamps, and the packages were thrown
out of the cars to the agents waiting at each station
to receive them, and were often torn open by the
agent at the depot and distributed to his customers
there. Thus the delay that sending them to the
post office for distribution would have caused, was
avoided.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of April 1st, 1865.</span></p>
<p><span class="smcap">Five Cents.</span> Large bust of Washington in profile,
faced to the right, indicated by colorless
curved lines, on a round medallion of straight horizontal
lines, 28 mm. in diameter, surrounded by
a circular band of curved interlaced colorless lines,
all on a colored ground, a smaller circular disk, 11<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span>
mm. in diameter, interrupting this band on each
side displays a large "V," in color on a horizontally
lined ground. Above on a solid ground of color,
but ornamented by interlaced colorless lines in colorless
letters, "<i>U. S.</i>" and "<i>Postage</i>," in a second
curved line; below the head on a solid curved label
covering a portion of the circular band in large colorless
capitals, "<i>Five Cents</i>"; below this again, the
ground is ornamented by several colorless lines
upon which appear in colored capitals, "<i>Newspapers</i>,"
a colored label with "<i>and</i>"; in colorless capitals
"<i>Periodicals</i>"; below this again, in two lines
of colorless capitals on the colored ground, "<i>Sec.
18, Act of Congress approved—March 3d, 1863</i>."
In each upper corner is a large colorless numeral
"5." About all is a frame of 3 colorless lines, ornamented
at the corners. The words "<i>National
Bank Note Company, New York</i>," in small colorless
capitals appear between the lower colorless
lines. The colored ground extends between the
stamps which were perforated.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 55 by 98 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents, dark blue.</p>
<p>Note. 20,140 of this value were issued.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Ten Cents.</span> Similar design, but with the profile
of Franklin in an oval, the side letters "X," the
label "<i>Ten Cents</i>," the upper numerals "10," set
at an angle.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 55 by 98 mm., in color, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span>
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">10 cents, green.</p>
<p>Note. 215,600 of this value were issued.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twenty-Five Cents.</span> Similar design, but with the
profile of Lincoln, faced to the left, in a rectangle
with corners cut off, "25" in figures instead of
numerals at the side, on the label "<i>Twenty Five
Cents</i>," the upper numerals "25" set at an angle.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 55 by 98 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">25 cents, vermilion.</p>
<p>Note. 31,488 of this value were issued.</p>
<p>In 1868-9 there were issued 35,420 more of the
five cent value, but these were improved by having
the broad colored border removed till only a fine
colored line remained outside the colorless frame.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 51½ by 95 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">5 cents, dark blue, white border.</p>
<p>The Postmaster General's Report for 1869 states
that the use of these stamps ceased about the 1st
of February, 1869. They were used principally at
Chicago, Ill., and Milwaukee, Wis. Reprints were
made of all of them except the 5 cents with white
border, with the other early issues in 1874.</p>
<p>There was a very wide margin of some 65 mm.
at the top and bottom of the sheet, the manufacturers
imprint appearing at the top and bottom in
colored letters on a small white label let into the
colored ground. It is not known how many stamps<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span>
formed a sheet.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Newspaper and Periodical Stamps</span>.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of 1874.</span></p>
<p>Notwithstanding the very liberal provisions of
all the laws regarding postage on printed matter,
and particularly those of this Act of March 3rd,
1863, we find the Postmaster General in his report
of November 15th, 1869, complaining that the Department
was largely defrauded of its revenues by
abuses rendered possible by the provisions of that
Act, and suggesting that:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"For this mischief there is but one adequate remedy,
and that is to require prepayment on all printed matter.
A due regard to the convenience of the publishers of
newspapers would require that postage on newspapers
should be charged according to the weight of packages,
and that such packages should when suspected, be liable
to be opened and searched, and penalties provided if
they were found to contain improper matter."</p></div>
<p>Nothing seems to have resulted from his recommendations,
however. The inconveniences of the
system led to calling the attention of Congress
to the matter again in the Report of the Postmaster
General, in 1873. He says:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"In my report for 1869, I had the honor to suggest a
plan for the prepayment of postage on newspapers and
other matter of the second class by weight of packages
rather than by the present system, which requires the
manipulation of each particular paper, and allows the
payment of postage at either the mailing office, or the
office of delivery. A careful revision of the subject confirms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span>
me in the opinion, that the postage on all such matter
should be collected in advance at the mailing office.
* * * No stamps are used for the payment of such postage;
and the Department is compelled to accept in full
satisfaction whatever sums of money postmasters choose
to charge against themselves. So execrably bad is this
system, that postal officers of high standing have estimated
that not more than one-third of the postage properly
chargeable on newspapers is accounted for and paid
over. Furthermore, disputes are continually arising, as
to whether the sheets they transmit, come within the
meaning of the term newspapers. * * * I respectfully submit
the following plan for the prepayment of postage on
newspapers of the second class, and urge its adoption.
Let all publishers, their business managers or agents, be
required at the beginning of every quarter, to state under
oath the number of papers of a certain name, they
will send by mail during the quarter, and pay the postage
thereon in advance. On the other hand, postmasters
to make return of all newspapers, with particulars,
mailed to regular subscribers. No stamps would
be required. Every paper answering to the description
would be forwarded. No manipulation of each paper
would be required, and the saving to publishers in time
and labor, would, it is thought, be greater than the
amount paid for postage, while the saving to the Department,
would justify a reduction of 40 per cent in the
rates, on this class of matter. Periodicals to come
under the same law."</p></div>
<p>The result of the deliberations upon this suggestion,
was the passage by Congress of the following
law:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>XLIII Congress, Statute 1, Chapter 456, approved June
23rd, 1874, "Section 5. That on and after the first day of
January, 1875, all newspapers and periodical publications<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span>
mailed from a known office of publication or news
agency and addressed to regular subscribers or news
agents shall be charged the following rates:</p>
<p>On newspapers and periodical publications issued
weekly and more frequently than once a week, two
cents for each pound or fraction thereof, and on those
issued less frequently than once a week three cents for
each pound or fraction thereof, provided that nothing
in this Act shall be held to change or amend Section
99 of the Act entitled: An Act to revise, consolidate and
amend the statutes relating to the Post Office Department,
approved June 8th, 1872.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Sec.</span> 6. That on and after the first day of January,
1875, upon the receipt of such newspapers and periodical
publications at the office of mailing, they shall be
weighed in bulk, and postage paid thereon by a special
adhesive stamp; to be devised and furnished by the
Postmaster General, which shall be affixed to such matter
or to the sack containing the same; or upon a memorandum
of such mailing, or otherwise as the Postmaster
General may from time to time provide by regulation,
etc., etc."</p></div>
<p>The report of the Postmaster General also states
Nov. 14th 1874, that being confined to these three
modes of collecting this postage,</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"It was deemed best to recommend the adoption of the
system of prepayment by postage stamps 'affixed to a
memorandum of mailing' or in other words, to a stub in
a book retained by the postmaster at the mailing office;
a receipt, showing the weight of matter and the amount
paid, being given by the postmaster to the person
mailing the same; the stamps affixed to the stub, to be
cancelled by a cutting punch, thus preventing their
reuse. * * * The Postmaster General having approved
the recommendations, a series of stamps have been devised<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span>
of twenty four denominations, by means of which
any sum which is a multiple of either the two or three
cent rate, from two cents to seventy-two dollars, can be
made by the use of not more than five stamps."</p></div>
<p>In the report dated November 15th, 1875, we
find the following observations and descriptions of
this issue which will further explain the mode of
using them, which seems to be little understood,
except by publishers and post office officials.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"On the first day of January 1875, the new law, requiring
prepayment of postage by stamps, on all newspapers
and periodicals sent from a known office of publication,
to regular subscribers through the mails, went
into operation. The system inaugurated to carry the
law into effect, was approved in October, 1874 and has
been found by experience to be admirably adapted to the
purposes for which it was devised. No complaints of abuses
on the part of publishers or postmasters, have been
received at this office during the nine months, that have
elapsed since the law went into effect. Indeed, it has
worked so well in all its details, and has given such general
satisfaction, that the idea of returning to the old system,
or materially modifying the new one, ought not to
be entertained.</p>
<p>Previous to the time when this law began to operate,
no stamps were required for the payment of postage on
newspapers sent to regular subscribers, as the postage
was collected in money quarterly, at the office of delivery.
Last year there were 35,000 post offices at which newspaper
postage was collected, while under the present
true system of the absolute prepayment of all postage,
the whole amount is collected at about 3,400 offices, the
latter representing the number of places in the United
States at which newspapers and periodicals are mailed.</p>
<p>The papers for subscribers living outside of the county<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span>
in which they are published, are made up in bulk at
the publication office, carried to the post office and there
weighed. The postage is computed on the whole issue,
the proper amount in stamps handed to the postmaster,
who gives the publisher a receipt as evidence of payment,
and on the stubs of the receipt book he affixes and cancels
the stamps which correspond in value, with the
sum mentioned in the receipt. Thus one transaction is
all that is required in paying the postage upon a single
issue of any regular publication. The stubs with their
cancelled stamps, are kept in the post office as vouchers
for the postage paid. In no case are the stamps affixed
to the papers or packages that pass through the mails.</p>
<p>These stamps are twenty-four in number and were prepared
by the Continental Bank Note Company, of New
York, from designs selected in October, 1874." Elsewhere
it is stated that the distribution to postmasters
began December 11th, 1874. "The denominations
are as follows, viz: 2 cents, 3 cents, 4 cents, 6 cents,
8 cents, 9 cents, 10 cents, 12 cents, 24 cents, 36
cents, 48 cents, 60 cents, 72 cents, 84 cents, 96 cents, $1.92
cents, $3, $6, $9, $12, $24, $36, $48 and $60. These
denominations were found to be necessary, in order that
payment might be made on any given quantity from one
pound to one ton, at both the two and three cent rate,
with the use of not to exceed five stamps in any transaction.</p>
<p>No description of these stamps having been given in
any official form. I may be pardoned for presenting herewith
a detailed description of them, in order that it may
be printed, and be permanently preserved in the records
of the department."</p></div>
<p><span class="smcap">Two Cents to Ten Cents</span>, inclusive, emblematical
figure of America, looking to the right and modeled
after Crawford's statue surmounting the dome
of the capitol. The left hand rests on a shield,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span>
and holds a wreath; the right rests on a sword.
The head is adorned with a head dress consisting
of a coronet of stars, surmounted by an eagle's
head and plumes. The background is horizontally
lined and in parts diagonally also. The vignette
stands in an arched frame, composed of vertical
lines; and on either side of this frame, and at the
top are slabs containing the inscriptions (the upper
in colored letters on horizontally lined ground, the
others in colorless block capitals, the sides upon
vertically lined ground), "<i>Newspapers</i>" and "<i>Periodicals</i>"
(at the sides), "<i>U. S. Postage</i>" (at top).
At the bottom are shaded outline block letters, representing
the value, which is also indicated by
large outlined figures shaded on the face, in the
upper corners, on foliated scrolls. The lower corners
are ornamented with shields. The color of
these stamps is black.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twelve Cents to Ninety-Six Cents</span>, inclusive.
Vignette of Astraea or Justice, in niche, bordered
by a colorless line curved at the top, holding in her
right hand the balance, and resting with her left on
a shield bearing the United States coat of arms.
The figure is full robed, mailed and girdled as to the
upper part and helmeted. Surmounting the helmet
is an eagle with out-stretched wings on a background
horizontally and diagonally lined. Figures representing
values in shaded numerals on shields, in
the upper corners; values also in sunken letters below,
on solid labels bordered by a colorless and colored
line, richly ornamented. Inscriptions, "<i>Newspapers</i>,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span>
"<i>Periodicals</i>," on side and at top in shaded
outlined capitals on vertically lined ground. Color,
pink.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">One Dollar and Ninety-Two Cents.</span> Vignette
of Ceres, Goddess of Agriculture, in curved niche,
bordered by a colorless line and a vertically lined
frame. She holds in her left hand an ear of corn,
her right holding a wreath, rests against the hip.
The figure faced to the front and is clad in full
flowing robes. "<i>U. S. Postage</i>" at the top, other
inscriptions, "<i>Newspapers</i>," "<i>Periodicals</i>," in italic
capitals shaded on the face and outside, on obelisks
at either side, resting on the lower slab, which
is in solid color, containing value, "<i>One dollar
and ninety-two cents</i>," in two lines of white capitals.
Value also in figures, "$1-92/100" in upper corners. Color,
deep brown.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Three Dollars.</span> Goddess of Victory in curved
niche, full-robed, girdled with sword to the left,
and mantle thrown over shoulders. The right hand
is stretched forward, holding a wreath; the left rests
on a shield. Outline figures of value, "$3" on octagons
in upper corners, value below in letters on
either side of a large outline figure "3" on a shield.
Inscriptions, "<i>Newspapers</i>," "<i>Periodicals</i>," in colorless
capitals, in solid labels on either side, and
"<i>U. S. Postage</i>" on lined ground above. The
niche and labels are all edged with colorless lines.
The background is vertically lined. Color, vermilion.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Six Dollars.</span> Clio, the Muse of History in curved<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span>
niche, bordered by colorless line, on horizontally
lined ground, full robed the toga thrown over the
left shoulder. In her right hand she holds a stylus,
in the left a tablet. Outline colorless figures of
value, "$6" in upper corners, surrounded by curved
ornaments. Inscriptions, "<i>Newspapers</i>," "<i>Periodicals</i>,"
in white shaded letters on the sides, and
above "<i>U. S. Postage</i>" in dark letters, value, "<i>Six
Dollars</i>" in outline colorless letters in label, on vertically
lined ground. Color, light blue.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Nine Dollars.</span> Minerva, the Goddess of Wisdom,
full robed, in curved niche, bordered by a
colorless line with horizontally and diagonally lined
ground. The left hand is placed across her breast,
holding a portion of her toga; the right is grasping
a spear. Figures of value "$9" in upper corners,
in foliated ornaments. Inscriptions, "<i>Newspapers</i>,"
"<i>Periodicals</i>," on sides in outline colorless and
shaded italics, and above in small colored letters,
on the lined ground, "<i>U. S. Postage</i>." Value, "<i>Nine
Dollars</i>," also in letters shaded on the face, below
on scroll. Beneath is a large "9" in curved foliated
ornaments. Color, orange.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twelve Dollars.</span> Vesta, Goddess of the Fireside,
full robed in curved niche, with horizontally
lined ground, and bordered by a colorless line. The
left hand lifts her drapery; the right holds a burning
lamp. Figures of value, "$12" in upper corners
on tablets. Value, "<i>Twelve Dollars</i>" also in colorless
letters on beaded frame beneath. Inscriptions,
"<i>Newspapers</i>," "<i>Periodicals</i>," on solid (sic), italic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span>
letters on sides, and "<i>U. S. Postage</i>" in small white
letters above. Frame of vertical lines. Color, rich
green.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Twenty-Four Dollars.</span> Goddess of Peace in curved
niche, bordered by a colorless line, and on horizontally
lined ground, a half naked figure leaning
against a broken column. She holds in her right hand
an olive branch, while her left grasps three arrows.
The value, "<i>Twenty-four Dollars</i>" is in colorless
letters beneath, on a solid tablet; also in figures
"$24" in ornamented curves in upper corners. Inscriptions,
"<i>U. S. Postage</i>" in white shaded letters
above, and "<i>Newspapers</i>," "<i>Periodicals</i>" on the
sides between which latter and each upper corner
is a six-pointed star. The back ground is vertically
lined. The ornaments bordered by a colorless
line. Color, purplish shade.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Thirty-Six Dollars.</span> Figure representing Commerce,
in full garments, in curved niche, bordered
by a colorless line with hatched background. She
holds in her left hand the <i>caduceus</i>, the winged rod
of Mercury, in her right a miniature ship. Figures
of value, "$36" in the upper corners and "<i>Thirty-six
Dollars</i>" in ornamented capitals below, in two lines.
Inscriptions, "<i>Newspapers</i>," "<i>Periodicals</i>," also
in ornamented capitals on sides and "<i>U. S. Postage</i>"
in colorless capitals above. The frame is
vertically lined. Color, dull red.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Forty-Eight Dollars.</span> Hebe, the Goddess of
Youth, partly draped in curved niche with colorless
border and horizontally lined ground. The right<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span>
hand holds a cup, which she is offering to the eagle
around whose neck is thrown her left arm. Shaded
figures of value, "$48" on shields in the upper corners,
the word "<i>Postage</i>" between in colorless capitals
on solid label. The value, "<i>Forty-eight Dollars</i>"
also in colorless letters below on solid ground, in
curved ornaments. The letters "<i>U.</i>" and "<i>S.</i>" in
colorless circles between the corners and side inscriptions,
"<i>Newspapers</i>," "<i>Periodicals</i>," the latter
being in colorless letters on solid curved labels.
Frame vertically lined. Color, light brown.</p>
<p><span class="smcap">Sixty Dollars.</span> Vignette of an Indian Maiden,
standing in a rectangular frame. She is robed
from her waist downward. Her right arm is extended,
while her left hangs by her side. The
background is a landscape. Trees and vines to the
left, and wigwams to the right in the distance, bordered
by a colorless line between fine colored lines.
Figures of value, "$60" on shields in the upper
corners. Value, "<i>Sixty Dollars</i>" also in white letters
on solid tablets below. Inscriptions, "<i>Newspapers</i>,"
"<i>Periodicals</i>," in white on solid labels on
the sides. "<i>U. S.</i>" in colorless capitals on the
ground, and "<i>Postage</i>" on a band in colored letters
above. Ground vertically lined. Color, rich purple.</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department,</span><br />
Office of the Third Assistant Postmaster General,<br />
Division of Postage Stamps, Stamped Env. & Post Cards.</p>
<p class="poddate"><i>Washington D. C., April 25, 1879.</i></p>
<p>The attention of Postmasters is hereby called to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span>
fact, that on and after the first of May proximo, under
the act of March 3d, 1879, matter of the second class,
commonly known as newspaper and periodical matter,
will be entitled to pass through the mail, at a uniform
rate of 2 cents per pound. Care will be taken not to collect
payment on such matter, at more than that rate.
The same general regulations concerning the collection
of newspaper postage, as have been heretofore promulgated
will remain in force, and the same books and blanks
together with the newspaper and periodical stamps,
that are now outstanding will continue to be used. In
future, however, the issue of the three and nine cents
denominations of newspaper and periodical stamps, will
be discontinued. * * * *</p>
<p class="sig">
<span class="rpad4">A. D. HAZEN,</span><br />
Third Assistant Postmaster General.</p></div>
<p>Act of the XLV Congress, Session III, Chapter
180, approved March 3rd, 1879, Sections 10 and
14 merely change the classification to a uniform
one at the rate of two cents per pound.</p>
<p>The Act of the XLVIII Congress, Session II,
Chapter 342, approved March 3rd, 1885, provides
as stated in Order No. 109 of the Postmaster General,
dated April 24th, 1885, "That all publications
of the second class, * * * shall on and after July
1st, 1885, be entitled to transmission through the
mails at one cent a pound or fraction thereof. * * *
To provide for wants that may arise from this
change in the rate of second class postage, the Department
has decided to issue a newspaper and periodical
stamp of the denomination of one cent, the
design and color of which will be the same as those
of the present series of newspaper and periodical<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span>
stamps of the denomination of from 2 to 10 cents.
Stamps of this new denomination will be ready for
issue by the 1st of June, after which all postmasters
needing them will make requisition for suitable
supplies."</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Newspaper and Periodical Stamps</span>.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Series of 1875-1885.</span></p>
<p>Plate impression, 24 by 35½ mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">June 1st, 1885,</td><td align="right">1</td>
<td align="left">cent,</td><td align="left">black.</td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="2">Jan. 1st, 1875,</td><td align="right">3</td>
<td align="left">cents,</td><td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="left">to April 25th, 1879.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">9</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="center"><span class="qspace1">"</span>
<span class="qspace1">"</span><span class="qspace1">"</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">2</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">4</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">8</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left">carmine,</td><td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">24</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">36</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">48</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">60</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">72</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">84</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right" colspan="3">96</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left"><span class="qspace1">"</span></td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">dollar</td><td align="right">92</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="left">deep brown</td>
<td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="left">dollars</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
<td align="left">vermilion</td><td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
<td align="left">light blue</td><td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">9</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
<td align="left">orange</td><td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
<td align="left">rich green</td><td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
<td align="left">purplish slate</td><td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">36</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
<td align="left">dull red</td><td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">48</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
<td align="left">light brown</td><td align="left"> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">60</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="left" colspan="2"> </td>
<td align="left">rich purple</td><td align="left"> </td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span></p>
<p>These stamps were not reprinted in 1874, but
samples ungummed and surcharged "specimen"
were sold to collectors.</p>
<p class="header txt120"><span class="smcap">Observations.</span></p>
<p>A slight change in the regulations now prohibits
postmasters from selling these stamps even to publishers,
but the money is received and the requisite
amount in stamps placed upon the stubs and cancelled.
The amount sold and the amount used in
an office should now correspond. The stubs are
sent periodically to Washington with the accounts,
compared and destroyed. Used specimens and
even unused specimens are likely to grow rare in
collections.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span></p>
<h2>XXVII.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Official Stamps.</span></h3>
<p>A thorough understanding of the use of these
stamps will best be obtained by a brief review of
the system it for a time supplanted, which was
briefly designated as the "Franking Privilege."
As early as the 1st Session of the Second Congress
the necessity and propriety of providing for the
carriage of official correspondence and the correspondence
of Government officers and Members of
Congress upon public business was recognized,
and Chapter 7, Section 19, approved February 1st,
1792, of the Acts of that Sessions provided:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"That the following letters and packets and no others
shall be received and conveyed by post, free of postage
under such restrictions as are hereinafter provided, that
is to say: all letters and packages to or from the President
or Vice-President of the United States, and all letters
and packages not exceeding 2 ounces in weight, to or
from any member of the Senate or House of Representatives,
the Secretary of the Senate, or Clerk of the House
of Representatives, during their actual attendance in any
session of Congress, and twenty days after such session,
all letters to and from the Secretary of the Treasury and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span>
his assistant; Comptroller, Register and Auditor of the
Treasury, Treasurer, Secretary of State, Secretary of
War, the Committee for settling accounts between the
United States and individual States, the Postmaster General
and his assistant. Provided that no person shall
frank or enclose any letter or packet other than his own,
but any public letter or packet from the department of
the Treasury may be franked by the Secretary of the
Treasury, or the assistant Secretary, or by the Comptroller,
Register, Auditor or Treasurer, and that each person before
named shall deliver to the post office, every letter or
packet enclosed to him, which may be directed to any
other person, noting the place from whence it comes by
post, and the usual postage shall be charged thereon."</p></div>
<p>By various acts of Congress this privilege
was gradually extended to various persons in
the employ of the Government until, in 1869, the
Postmaster General stated in his report that fully
31,933 persons were authorized by the laws to enjoy
this privilege.</p>
<p>As early as 1836, Congress appropriated the sum
of $700,000 to pay the post office department for
this carriage of official correspondence. The
abuses became enormous. Signatures with hand
stamps were even recognized. All sorts of favors
were extended by persons having the privilege, to
their friends. In 1869 the annual expense to the
department of this free matter was estimated at
$5,000,000. To remedy this abuse, which had the
effect of preventing a proper reduction of postal
rates to the general public, as the expenses of the
Department, including the expense of carrying official
matter so-called, greatly exceeded its annual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span>
revenue, there was but one remedy—the passage
of an act abolishing the franking privilege and providing
by appropriation for carrying the necessary
government dispatches. The Act of the XLII
Congress, Session III, Chapter 82, approved the
27th of January, 1873, accordingly provided</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"That the franking privilege be hereby abolished
from and after the first day of July, Anno Domini
1873, and that henceforth all official correspondence of
whatever nature, and other mailable matter sent from
or addressed to any officer of the government or person
now authorized to frank such matter, shall be
chargeable with the same rates of postage as may be
lawfully imposed upon like matter sent by, or addressed
to other persons. Provided that no compensation or
allowance shall be now or hereafter made to Senators
or Members and Delegates of the House of Representatives
on account of postage."</p></div>
<p>The Act of the XLII Congress, Session III,
Chapter 228, approved March 3, 1873, after appropriating
so much as should be necessary of a certain
sum for the purchase of postage stamps for
each department, continues.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"That the Postmaster General shall cause to be prepared
a special stamp or stamped envelope to be used
only for official mail matter for each of the executive
departments, and said stamp and stamped envelope
shall be supplied by proper officer of said departments
to all persons under its direction requiring the same for
official use, and all appropriations for postage heretofore
made shall no longer be available for said purpose, and
all said stamps and stamped envelopes shall be sold or
furnished to said several departments or clerks only at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span>
the price for which stamps and stamped envelopes of
like value are sold at the several post offices."</p></div>
<p>In the report of the Postmaster General for the
year ending June 30, 1873, it is stated that</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The several Acts for the repeal of the franking privilege
became operative on the first of July last. The
results of the first quarter of the current year are highly
satisfactory and more fully verified the predictions of
the friends of the repeal. * * * Section 4 of the Act of
March 3rd, 1873, making it the duty of the Postmaster
General to provide official stamps and stamped envelopes
for the several Executive Departments, has been
strictly complied with. The stamps and envelopes furnished
have been executed in the highest style of art and
will compare favorably with those of any other country.
From July 1st to September 30th of the current year the
following varieties, numbers and values were issued:</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="8" summary="Departmental Stamp Chart">
<tr><td align="center"> To whom issued.</td><td align="right">D'minat'n.</td>
<td align="center">Number.</td><td align="center">Value.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">The Executive Dep't</td><td align="right">5</td>
<td align="right">5,150</td><td align="right">200.00</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">The State Dep't</td><td align="right">14</td>
<td align="right">60,495</td><td align="right">20,749.70</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">The Treasury Dep't</td><td align="right">11</td>
<td align="right">7,842,500</td><td align="right">407,000.00</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">The War Dep't</td><td align="right">11</td>
<td align="right">446,500</td><td align="right">17,689.00</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">The Navy Dep't</td><td align="right">11</td>
<td align="right">247,230</td><td align="right">12,239.00</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">The Post Office Dep't</td><td align="right">10</td>
<td align="right">10,054,660</td><td align="right">354,535.00</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">The Interior Dep't</td><td align="right">10</td>
<td align="right">1,058,475</td><td align="right">59,171.00</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">The Dep't of Justice</td><td align="right">10</td>
<td align="right">65,400</td><td align="right">3,900.00</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">The Dep't of Agriculture,</td><td class="bb" align="right">9</td>
<td class="bb" align="right">275,000</td><td class="bb" align="right">20,730.00</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">Making a total of</td>
<td align="right">91</td><td align="right">20,055,410</td>
<td align="right">896,213.70</td></tr>
</table></div>
<hr style="width: 45%;" />
<p>The stamps for the Departments other than the Post
Office do not differ materially from those for sale to the
public except that each Department has its own distinctive
color and legend. The colors are: For the Executive,
carmine; State Department, green; Treasury,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span>
velvet-brown; War, cochineal red; Navy, blue; Post
Office, black; Interior, vermilion; Department of Justice,
purple; and Department of Agriculture, straw
color.</p>
<p>In the stamps for the Post Office Department the
medallion head gives place to a numeral representing
the value with the words "Post Office Department"
above and the denomination expressed in words below.
All the official stamps correspond in denomination with
those issued for the public, except in the case of the
State Department, for which four of higher value were
made for dispatch bags. These four are of the denominations
of $2, $5, $10, and $20, respectively, are of
large size and printed in two colors, and bear a profile
bust of the late Secretary Seward."</p></div>
<p>Elsewhere the Postmaster General states that the
stamps were ready the 24th of May, for use the 1st
of July, 1873. The following circular was accordingly
issued to postmasters:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="header">
<span class="smcap">Official Postage Stamps and Stamped Envelopes.</span><br />
[Circular to postmasters.]</p>
<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department,</span><br />
Office of the Third Assistant Postmaster General,<br />
Division of Postage Stamps, Stamped Env. & Post Cards.</p>
<p class="poddate"><i>Washington, D. C., May 15th, 1873.</i></p>
<p>"The Franking Privilege having been abolished, to
take effect on the first day of July, 1873, the Postmaster
General is required by law to provide postage stamps
or stamped envelopes of special design for each of the
several Executive Departments of the Government for
the prepayment of postage on official matter passing
through the mails.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Description.</span></p>
<p>In place of the heads on the regular stamps, the official
stamps adopted for the Post Office Department have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span>
conspicuous figures (numerals) to represent the denomination,
with the word "<i>Official</i>" above, and the word
"<i>Stamp</i>" below.</p>
<p>These printed in black, and resting on an oval shaped
background, render the stamps especially distinctive,
and leave no good excuse for confounding them with
the other stamps. To further distinguish them, the
name of the Department is printed across the top in lieu
of the words "U. S. Postage." There is also a slight
difference in the ornamentation of the border.</p>
<p>In design, the official stamps for the other Departments
do not differ materially from those issued for sale
to the public, the profile busts are retained but each
stamp has at the top the name of the particular Department
for which it is provided. Other changes appearing
in the border need not be specified.</p>
<p>The stamps for each Department have their own distinctive
color, as follows: For the Executive, carmine;
State Department, green; Treasury Department, velvet-brown;
War Department, cochineal red; Navy Department,
blue; Interior Department, vermilion; Department
of Justice, purple; Department of Agriculture,
straw; and for the Post Office Department, black.</p>
<p>The official stamps will correspond in denomination
with the regular stamps except that for the State Department
there will be four additional denominations,
viz: two, five, ten and twenty dollars respectively.
These additional stamps are designed from a profile
bust of the late Hon. William H. Seward, and are of
double size and printed in two colors.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Official Stamps for Postmasters.</span></p>
<p>Postmasters at all offices will be furnished with the
official stamps of this Department in suitable denominations
and amounts as far as they can be supplied. The
Department will exercise its own discretion in filling
requisitions, and will send only in such denominations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span>
and amounts, as the needs of an office may seem to require.
The less important offices, say those at which
the money order system has not been established, will
need only three cent stamps, but comparatively few offices
will require stamps above the denomination of six
cents. The higher denominations will be supplied to a
few of the larger offices only. Postmasters will combine
stamps of the most convenient denominations at hand
to meet emergencies for which they may have no single
stamp exactly filling the rate required."</p>
<p class="center asterisks">* * * * *</p>
<p class="sig">
<span class="rpad4">EDWARD W. BARBER,</span><br />
Third Assistant Postmaster General.</p></div>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of</span> July 1st, 1873.</p>
<p>The several denominations for all the departments
have certain characteristics that are common to all
stamps of that value, which may as well be stated
once for all, to avoid repetition.</p>
<p>With the exception of those of the post office
department, the head is the same as that on the ordinary
stamp of the same value then current.</p>
<p>The value is expressed in numerals and words
beneath the oval in the same numerals, letters and
scrolls as on the ordinary stamps of the same value,
except that in those for the Post Office Department
the numerals in the 1, 12 and 30 cents and the letters
in all are a trifle smaller.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">One Cent</span> has the head of Franklin in an oval
as described, the large "1" dividing "<i>One Cent</i>"
on a band bordered by heavy white lines as
described, but the ornament across the ends is
omitted except in that for the Executive and Agriculture,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span>
and is lessened in that for the Interior.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Two Cents</span> has the head of Jackson as
described, the large numeral "2" dividing "<i>Two
Cents</i>" upon a scroll with white border as described,
the ends of the scroll are, however, differently arranged
to accommodate parts of the design.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Three Cents</span> has the head of Washington as
described, the large "3" dividing the words
"<i>Three Cents</i>" upon a scroll as described.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Six Cents</span> has the head of Lincoln, the large
"6" dividing the words "<i>Six Cents</i>" upon a scroll
with colorless borders as described.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Seven Cents</span> has the head of Stanton, the
large "7" dividing the words "<i>Seven Cents</i>" upon
a label following the oval and bordered by the white
line between two colored lines and ending in a
curve and ball as described.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Ten Cents</span> has the head of Jefferson, the
large "10" dividing the words "<i>Ten Cents</i>" upon
a colorless bordered scroll as described.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Twelve Cents</span> has the head of Clay, the
large numerals "2" dividing the words "<i>Twelve
Cents</i>" in block letters following the oval bounded
by the white line between two colored lines and
curved back as described.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Fifteen Cents</span> has the head of Webster, the
large numerals "15" dividing the words "<i>Fifteen
Cents</i>" upon a label bordered as described.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Twenty-Four Cents</span> has the head of Scott,
no numerals below, the words "<i>Twenty-four</i>" and
"<i>Cents</i>" upon two labels and in block letters as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span>
described. In that for the Department of Agriculture
the upper label is changed into a scroll with
large ends curved backwards, then forwards and
then downwards.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Thirty Cents</span> has the head of Hamilton,
the large numerals "30" on the shield dividing the
words "<i>Thirty Cents</i>" in colored letters on the
scroll as described.</p>
<p>The <span class="smcap">Ninety Cents</span> has the head of Perry, the
large numerals "90" dividing the words "<i>Ninety
Cents</i>" in block letters on a label bordered as described,
but the ends have a small curve inward
in those for the Post Office Department, are square
in those for the Interior and Navy Departments,
are curved inwards in that for the War Department,
are terminated by curves forming a point in
that for the Department of Justice, and are square
with a projecting small half circle in those for the
Treasury and State Departments.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Executive.</span></p>
<p>The oval containing the bust, the scroll or label
and numeral are all placed upon a back-ground of
vertical parallel lines so disposed as to produce the
stripes of the shield or flag. Above and following
the oval a solid colored label inscribed in colorless
capitals, "<i>Executive</i>," and bounded by a white
and exterior colored line terminating in a foliated
ornament against the oval; foliated ornaments in
the corners forming small white circles enclosing
"<i>U.</i>" and "<i>S.</i>" on rectangularly hatched disks.</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm. in color, on white<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span>
paper, perforated 12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent</td>
<td align="left">carmine,</td><td align="right">6,800</td>
<td align="left">issued.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left">cents</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">9,100</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">23,500</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">5,500</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">5,150</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Department of State.</span></p>
<p>The oval containing the bust, the scroll or label
and numeral are all placed upon a ground of parallel
vertical lines. At the top these are crossed
by horizontal lines at about 1 mm. from the edge
over a space of equal width, so as to form a darker
band and thus form a double frame half way down
where the darker frame terminates on each side in a
round ball, except in the 12 cents, which has the
dark frame all the way round. In the values with
scrolls "<i>U.</i>" on the left, "<i>S.</i>" on the right above the
ends of the scrolls in large white letters shaded
outside. In the values with labels the same letters
in the corners below the ends of the labels, also
colorless, except in the 15 cents, in which they are
crossed by parallel horizontal lines. Above the
ovals "<i>Dep't of State</i>," in similar capitals, large at
the sides and gradually decreasing towards the
center. Above these a fine curved colorless line
between colored lines, the lower heavily shaded;
beneath the letters a white ornament terminating on
each side in a fleur de lis, and shaded by colored
lines.</p>
<p>Plate impression 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span>
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Variety Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent green,</td>
<td align="right">31,800</td><td align="left">issued.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left">cents green,</td>
<td align="right">41,800</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">109,200</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">82,100</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">37,800</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">64,900</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">20,800</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">22,800</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">13,800</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">20,100</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">6,043</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>To these are added the four higher values of larger
size. These have a large profile head of Wm.
H. Seward, facing to the left, on a hatched ground
forming an oval disk, with a ground of fine parallel
lines all printed in black. The lines are
arranged to form a panelled triangle in the upper
corners, the lines being horizontal and light in the
borders and thickened to form the darker panels
which contain a foliated ornament. On a broad
colorless, curved label, with rounded ends, "<i>Department
of</i>" in outline Roman capitals shaded at
top by curved parallel colored lines, a series of
curved parallel colored lines filling the lower part
of the label. Beneath this, in outlined pearled
capitals, following the label and shaded outside,
"<i>State</i>." At the sides bunches of rods tied above
and below with crossed bands with "<i>U. S. A.</i>" in
colorless letters below each. Across the bottom a
hatched label with colorless borders inscribed in
colorless letters shaded outside with the value.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span></p>
<p>Plate impression 25 by 39 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Impression Chart">
<tr><td align="left">Two</td><td align="left">dollars,</td>
<td align="left">black</td><td align="left">and</td><td align="left">green,</td>
<td align="right">3,508</td><td align="left">issued.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">Five</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">363</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">Ten</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">363</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left">Twenty</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="right">363</td><td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Treasury Department</span>.</p>
<p>The oval containing the portraits, the scrolls or
labels and large numerals are placed on a background
of vertical parallel lines arranged to form a
drapery with fringes, cords and tassels, and a
panel similar to the State Department stamps. At
the top a label indicated by a colorless line curved
up at the ends and terminating above in foliated
ornaments, is inscribed "<i>Treasury</i>" in the same
letters as the other official stamps with "<i>U. S.</i>"
beneath the left end and "<i>Dept.</i>" beneath the
right end.</p>
<p>Plate impression 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Impression Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent</td>
<td align="left">velvet-brown,</td>
<td align="right">2,900,000</td><td align="left">issued.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left">cents</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">2,484,500</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">11,250,000</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">4,105,000</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">220,000</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1,291,500</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">783,000</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">663,000</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">100,000</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">456,500</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">312,500</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span></p>
<p>The shades of these stamps vary somewhat in
depth, some specimens having a spotted appearance
as if the ink did not work well.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">War Department</span>.</p>
<p>The oval containing the bust, the scrolls or labels
and numerals are placed on a back ground of
parallel vertical lines above and below, horizontal
on the sides. In the upper corners "<i>U.</i>" on the
left, "<i>S.</i>" on the right. A curved solid label bordered
by a cord, cuts off the upper corners and
is inscribed on the left "<i>War</i>" on right "<i>Dept.</i>"
in the usual capitals. The lines of the sides
are arranged to show the stripes of the flag. A
shield on each side above the scrolls or beneath
the labels.</p>
<p>Plate impression 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Impression Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent</td>
<td align="left">cochineal red,</td><td align="right">3,301,230</td>
<td align="left">issued.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left">cents</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1,867,160</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">5,393,137</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">3,584,813</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">55,728</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">342,152</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">792,070</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">284,960</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">201,025</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">336,641</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">48,172</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>The shades of these stamps vary somewhat in
intensity, some being much lighter and some
darker than ordinary.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span></p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Navy Department</span>.</p>
<p>The ovals containing the busts, the labels or
scrolls and large numerals are placed on a ground
of vertical parallel lines. A large, six-pointed star
in each upper corner, and a smaller one on each
side. A cable runs round the sides and top. The
words "<i>Navy</i>" on the left and "<i>Dept.</i>" on the
right in the usual capitals across the upper corners
and a losenge with "<i>U.</i>" on the left and "<i>S.</i>" on
the right shaded in the lower corners and placed
diagonally above the scrolls or below the labels.</p>
<p>Plate impression 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Impression Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent,</td>
<td align="left">ultramarine-blue,</td><td align="right">106,800</td>
<td align="left">issued.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left">cents</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">201,300</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">580,700</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">234,800</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">16,000</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">55,210</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">61,300</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">37,500</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">26,000</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">29,600</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">11,270</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department.</span></p>
<p>The oval as before stated contains a large numeral
of value instead of the head with the word
"<i>Official</i>" above and "<i>Stamp</i>" below, on a plain
colorless ground. Same labels or scrolls and
numerals rather smaller below as in the stamps of
other departments, with small circular disks bearing
"<i>U.</i>" and "<i>S.</i>" on the left and right above the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span>
scrolls or under the labels. In the 1, 6, 10, 30
and 90 cents these small disks are shaded by
vertical lines, in the other values by diagonal lines,
and the letters are filled with horizontal lines.
Around the top of the oval a solid colored label
bordered by colorless lines and inscribed "<i>Post
Office Department</i>." There is a small circle with
four horizontal lines, and shaded outside in each
upper corner, all on a ground of parallel vertical
lines.</p>
<p>Plate impression 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Impression Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent</td>
<td align="left">black,</td><td align="right">1,114,250</td>
<td align="left">issued.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left">cents</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">894,600</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">6,479,700</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">3,306,800</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">182,450</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">298,780</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">109,285</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">87,625</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">133,255</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">65,200</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>Two complete series of these stamps may be
found, the one on white paper, the other having
the surface tinted with the ink of the stamp, also
intermediate or partly tinted specimens, showing
that the tinting probably results from imperfect
wiping of the plates.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Department of the Interior.</span></p>
<p>The ovals containing the heads, the scrolls, labels<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span>
and large numerals are placed on a ground of
vertically ruled lines, crossed in parts to form
heavy shadows and showing stripes at the sides,
small shields above the ends of the scrolls and
below the ends of the labels, bearing the "<i>U.</i>" and
"<i>S.</i>" lined and shaded. A large, six-pointed star
in the upper corners. A broad, colorless band
doubly curved and following in part the outline of
the oval above, inscribed in lined and shaded
Roman capitals, "<i>Dept. of the Interior</i>."</p>
<p>Plate impression 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Impression Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent</td>
<td align="left">vermilion,</td><td align="right">394,800</td>
<td align="left">issued.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left">cents</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1,414,400</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">5,255,300</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">1,722,500</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">284,550</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">359,850</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">257,100</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">134,125</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">138,300</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">64,377</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Department of Justice.</span></p>
<p>The ovals containing the heads, bands, scrolls
and large numerals are placed on a ground of vertically
ruled lines. Six pointed stars with the
letters "<i>U.</i>" and "<i>S.</i>" above the ends of the scrolls
or under the ends of the labels. Diagonally in
small capitals in the upper left corner, "<i>Dept.</i>" in
the right "<i>of</i>" and in larger capitals following the
line of the oval, "<i>Justice</i>" all in outline Roman<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>
capitals heavily shaded, on the ground without
bands. The oval, stars, scrolls, etc., are also
heavily shaded.</p>
<p>Plate impression 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Impression Chart">
<tr><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">cent,</td>
<td align="left">purple,</td><td align="right">25,000</td>
<td align="left">issued.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">2</td><td align="left">cents,</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">26,900</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">182,000</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">84,000</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">20,500</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">26,800</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">12,800</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">12,800</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">8,600</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">90</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">3,200</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>The color varies very slightly in intensity.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Department of Agriculture.</span></p>
<p>The ovals containing the heads, bands scrolls and
large numerals are placed upon a ground of vertically
ruled lines, showing stripes at the sides. A
solid label curved with the oval above bounded by a
colorless line and rounded at the ends, is inscribed
"<i>Agriculture</i>" in outlined capitals. In small similar
capitals in the upper left corner, "<i>Dept. of</i>" in
two lines. In the upper right corner in monogram,
"<i>U. S.</i>"</p>
<p>Plate impression, 19½ by 25 mm., in color, on
white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<div class="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Impression Chart">
<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left">cent,</td>
<td align="left">straw,</td><td align="right">95,415</td>
<td align="left">issued.</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left">cents</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">230,150</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">435,050</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">120,000</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">95,265</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">51,265</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">54,050</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">60,265</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="center">"</td>
<td align="center">"</td><td align="right">82,265</td>
<td align="center">"</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span></p>
<p>By the appropriation acts each year from the
Act of the 22 June, 1874, a certain amount was
annually appropriated to each Department for the
purchase from the Post Office Department of such
of these official stamps as were necessary for the
use of the Department and its subordinate officers.
By the 9th Section of the Act of the XLIVth
Congress, Session I, Chapter 287, approved the 15th
of August, 1876, it was enacted.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"That the Secretaries respectively of the Departments
of State, Treasury, War, Navy and Interior and the Attorney
General are authorized to make requisition upon
the Postmaster General for the necessary amount of
postage stamps for the use of their Departments not
exceeding the amount stated in the estimates submitted
to Congress, and upon presentation of proper vouchers
therefore at the Treasury, the amount thereof shall be
credited to the appropriation for the Post Office Department
for the same fiscal year."</p></div>
<p>This was the beginning of an entire change in
the method of crediting the Post Office Department
for work done in carrying official correspondence.</p>
<p>By the Act of XLIVth Congress, Session II, Chapter
103, approved March 30, 1877, the law was modified
in the following terms:</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span></p><div class="blockquot"><p>"Sec. 5. That it shall be lawful to transmit through
the mail, free of postage any letters, packages or other
matter relating exclusively to the business of the Government
of the United States: Provided that every such
letter or package to entitle it to pass free shall bear over
the words "Official Business" an endorsement, showing
also the name of the Department, and if from a bureau
or office, the names of the Department and bureau or office,
as the case may be, whence transmitted. And if
any person shall make use of any such official envelope
to avoid the payment of postage on his private letter,
package or other matter in the mail, the person so offending
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and
subject to a fine of three hundred dollars, to be prosecuted
in any court of competent jurisdiction.</p>
<p>Sec. 6. That for the purpose of carrying this act into
effect it shall be the duty of each of the Executive Departments
of the United States to provide for itself and
its subordinate officers the necessary envelopes, and in
addition to the endorsement designating the Department
in which they are to be used, the penalty for the unlawful
use shall be stated thereon.</p>
<p>Sec. 7. That Senators, Representatives and Delegates
in Congress, the Secretary of the Senate and Clerk of
the House of Representatives may send and receive
through the mail all public documents printed by order
of Congress, and the name of each Senator, Representative,
Delegate, Secretary of the Senate, and Clerk of the
House, shall be written thereon with the proper designation
of the office he holds, and the provisions of this
section shall apply to each of the persons mentioned
therein until the first day of December following the
expiration of their terms of office."</p></div>
<p>By this act the use of official stamps upon mail
matter <i>from</i> the Departments, bureaus and offices
was practically abolished, but official stamps continued
to be used by postmasters and other subordinate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span>
officers in their mail matter <i>to</i> the Departments
or each other on official business.</p>
<p>By the 29th Section of the Act of the XLVth
Congress, Chapter 180, approved March 3d, 1879,
it was enacted that,—</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The provisions of the 5th and 6th Sections of the
Act entitled, An Act Establishing Post Routes and for
other purposes, approved March 3d, 1877, for the transmission
of official mail matter, be and they are hereby
extended to all officers of the United States Government,
and made applicable to all official mail matter transmitted
between any of the officers of the United States, or
between any such officer and either of the Executive
Departments or officers of the Government, the envelopes
of such matter in all cases to bear appropriate endorsements
containing the proper designation of the office
from which the same is transmitted, with a statement
of the penalty for their misuse. And the provisions
of said 5th and 6th Sections are hereby likewise extended
and made applicable to all official mail matter sent
from the Smithsonian Institution. Provided, that this
Act shall not extend or apply to pension agents, or other
officers who receive a fixed allowance for their services,
including expenses for postage."</p></div>
<p>In his report for the fiscal year ending June
30, 1878, D. M. Key, Postmaster General, had
already stated that,—</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The amount of matter sent through the mails free
is very large, adding greatly to our expenditures and
giving us no revenue. The Franking Privilege has been
restored to the members and chief officers of Congress,
so as to allow them to send free almost anything which
they were ever allowed to transmit through the mails
free, except letters. Tons upon tons of books, documents,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span>
seeds, shrubs and the like are placed in our mails
free of cost, on this score. The official letters of the
Executive Departments of the general Government,
their documents, etc., go free through the mails."</p></div>
<p>The operation of the act of 1879, however, greatly
increased the amount of free matter, and decreased
the use of official stamps. The Post Office
Department discontinued their use entirely. In a
circular dated, Washington, D. C., April 22nd,
1879, and signed by A. D. Hazen, third assistant
Postmaster General, it is stated that:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Department will begin the issue on May 1st
next, of envelopes for official business which will secure
the free transmission through the mails of all official
matter and which are intended to supercede the Post
Office envelopes now in use, as well as official postage
stamps and official stamped envelopes. Accordingly
the issue of official stamps and official stamped envelopes
will be discontinued on and after the date named.
* * * The stock of post office envelopes now in the
hands of postmasters will continue until exhausted to
be used as heretofore by the attachment of official
postage stamps. So also official stamped envelopes now
in the hands of postmasters at Presidential offices will
be used as heretofore until exhausted."</p></div>
<p>This circular, of course, applies only to stamps,
etc., of the Post Office Department. The other
Departments continued to use them for certain
purposes, though none were issued to the Executive
Department. The report of the Postmaster
General for the year ending June 30th, 1885, says:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The use of official stamps and stamped envelopes was
wholly discontinued by this Department and substantially<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span>
so by the other Departments on the 30th of June,
1879, under the Act authorizing the use of official penalty
envelopes."</p></div>
<p>By the Act of the XLVIIIth Congress, Session
I, Chapter 234, Section 3, approved July 5, 1884,
the provisions of the Act of 1879, were substantially
re-enacted with the addition that any
Department or officer authorized to use the penalty
envelopes, might enclose them to any person
from whom an answer was requested, and might
register any letter required by law, or the regulations
to be registered free, and might receive any
letter partly paid free, and added that:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"Section 3915 of the Revised Statutes of the United
States so far as the same relates to stamps and stamped
envelopes for official purposes is hereby repealed."</p></div>
<p>To this the report of the Postmaster General for
1885, adds:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"The use of official postage stamps and stamped envelopes
having ceased on the 30th of June, 1884, and the
same having been declared invalid for postages by the
Act of July 5th, 1884, the stock remaining in the hands
of the stamp and envelope contractors was destroyed in
February last, under the supervision of the committee
appointed by the Postmaster General."</p></div>
<p>From the report of this committee it appears that
they destroyed in all, 17,024,588 official stamps,
and 1,739,290 of ordinary and newspaper stamps
that had ceased to be of use. Also that about 2½
per cent of all the stamps manufactured annually,
are destroyed, a single imperfect specimen on the
"sheet" of 100 causing the rejection of at least
fifty or half the sheet.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span></p>
<h2>XXVIII.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Official Seals.</span></h3>
<p>The Post Office Department of the United States,
besides the stamps for the collection of postage,
has employed from time to time for special usages
certain seals which, as they are adhesive and in the
form of postage stamps and officially used, are
here described, although they are of no postal
value and not properly stamps, but are all employed
to indicate that the packages which bear
them are properly secured and have not been tampered
with in transit.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Registered Package Seal.</span></p>
<p>This is a large rectangular seal 71½ by 39 mm.,
in the form of an adhesive stamp duly gummed
and perforated. After the letters or parcels of
registered letters were duly placed in the large
registered package envelopes employed for the
purpose, one of these seals was firmly secured over
the tongue of the envelope and duly stamped with
the date of mailing. It is simply an additional
guarantee to the receiving office that the package<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span>
has not been opened since it was sealed at the
sending office. A circular announcing its issue
and directing its use was issued from the office of
the Third Assistant Postmaster General at Washington,
dated February 14, 1872. A second circular
from the same office dated 1875, without stating
the month or day, announces the adoption of a
differently constructed envelope and the abandonment
of the use of the registered seal.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of February 14, 1872.</span></p>
<p>Large, oblong, rectangular seals, having in the
middle a circular disk with ground of fine concentric
circles, so broken as to present the appearance
of white rays, bounded by two heavier, but still
fine colored lines, separated by a colorless line, and
and a broad colorless band with exterior colored
line, inscribed in plain block, colored capitals,
above "<i>Stamp Here</i>," below, "<i>Date</i>" and "<i>Place of
Mailing</i>" separated by a small maltese cross on
each side. On each side of this is a ground of
horizontal lines bordered by a heavy colored line
with ornamental triangles of solid color, with
colorless geometric lines forming the corners.
Outside all a single colored line. On the ground
in three lines of colored capitals, on each side are
the inscriptions: on the left, reading from the bottom
to the top, "<i>Post Office</i>," "<i>Department</i>"; on the
right, reading from the top to the bottom, "<i>United
States</i>," "<i>of America</i>"; in the upper corner triangles
"<i>U. S.</i>" in monogram; in the lower, "<i>P. O. D.</i>"
in white capitals. Across the middle of the whole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span>
stamp in large block capitals 8½ mm. high and
shaded by horizontal lines is the word "<i>Registered</i>."</p>
<p>Plate impression, 71½ by 39 mm., printed in
color, on white paper, perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">No value, green.</p>
<p>A second seal employed for a time by the United
States Postage Stamp Agency upon the packages
of stamps sent out to postmasters, was equally an
additional guarantee against opening or tampering
with the package.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of (end) 1875.</span></p>
<p>A large rectangle bearing in the center the monogram,
"<i>U. S.</i>" in large colorless capitals in an
oval of geometric colored lines, surrounded by a
ground of interlaced colorless geometric lines on
color. A frame of fifteen colored parallel lines
crossing in the angles. A clover leaf of geometric
work, also in the corners. On the frame above in
large colorless capitals, "<i>U. S. Postage Stamp
Agency</i>," all in brown. A black surcharge of eight
lines reads: "<i>Postmasters Receiving this Package—Will
Please—Note Its Condition—If showing signs
of having been tam—pered with, report the same and
return—this package to 3d Asst. P. M. General, at—Washington,
D. C. This Package—Should be
opened at the end. E. W. Barber, 3d Asst. P. M.
G.</i>" Lithographed in color on white paper, but
not perforated, 102 by 52 mm.</p>
<p class="center">No value, brown and black.</p>
<p>This was afterwards changed by merely changing
the signature to "<i>A. D. Hazen, 3d Asst. P. M. G.</i>"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span>
and the surcharge to vermilion.</p>
<p>Lithographed in color on white paper and not
perforated.</p>
<p class="center">No value, brown and vermilion.</p>
<p>[The latter are still in use. Dec., '86].</p>
<p>A third seal was employed by the Dead Letter
Office at Washington, and afterwards by other
offices, to reseal letters opened at that office or
broken in the mails. It was placed upon the flap
of the envelope of letters opened at the Dead
Letter Office, in order to ascertain the name of the
sender, or on letters opened by the wrong persons
through mistake, or upon the torn places of other
packages.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of (beginning of) 1877.</span></p>
<p>A large rectangle with small head of Liberty,
full face in an oval 11 by 8 mm. in the center.
Above in curved line of colored block letters,
"<i>Post Office Department</i>," below in double curve
of Old English colored letters, "<i>United States of
America</i>." On each side of the oval a solid label
bearing in large colorless letters on left, "<i>Officially</i>,"
on right "<i>Sealed</i>." In the corners "<i>U. S.</i>"
in monogram. The frame is a broad band 3 mm.
wide, vertically lined forming a rectangle with
rounded corners, double lined outside and inside
and shaded. The ground is covered with the
words "<i>Post Obitum</i>" repeated in whole or part
180 times, in horizontal lines. On the frame below
"National Bank Note Company New York"
in small colored letters.</p>
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span></p>
<p>Plate impression, in color, on white paper, 43¼
by 27 mm., perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">No value, brown.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Issue of 1879.</span></p>
<p>The foregoing stamp was replaced in 1879, by
another of the same design, but the words "<i>Post
Obitum</i>" in the ground are replaced by a pattern
of interlaced circles. The same name on the
frame.</p>
<p>Plate impression, in color, on white paper, 43¼
by 27 mm., perforated 12.</p>
<p class="center">No value, brown.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span></p>
<h2>XXIX.</h2>
<h3><span class="smcap">Reprints.</span></h3>
<p>There seems to have been no special law authorizing
the Postmaster General to issue reprints of
the stamps of the United States, or as the authorities
choose to call them, "Specimen Postage
Stamps." On the other hand his general authority
under the law is sufficient to make any re-issue for
postal purposes of any of the issues of the Department
legal, for none of them except the official
stamps have ever been made invalid for postal purposes
by any authority but his own, and this
authority he undoubtedly has also. It has always
seemed expedient to the Department to issue
certain specimens of the stamps and envelopes in
circulation, or to be circulated, from time to time,
in the proper, as well as in trial colors. It has
been said that it being considered expedient to
exhibit at the Centennial Exhibition a complete
series of all the various issues authorized from
time to time, by the Department, as a part of its
history, and unused specimens not being easily<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span>
obtained, the old dies and plates were taken from
their places of storage in order to print the necessary
specimens, and that the Department having
been solicited to furnish collectors with specimens
of its old issues, took this opportunity to provide
itself to satisfy these demands. It was, however,
a mistaken kindness and unused originals were
not unattainable. So that for exhibition purposes
even reprinting was not necessary. Besides as the
reprints or specimens of all except the current
series, are in some respects or other unlike the
originals, they were really only so many tolerably
accurate pictures of what had been.</p>
<p>When the Department was ready to furnish
collectors with these doubtful boons the following
official circular was issued:</p>
<div class="blockquot">
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Specimen Postage Stamps</span>.</p>
<p class="header"><span class="smcap">Post Office Department,</span><br />
Office of Third Assistant Postmaster General,<br />
Div. of Postage Stamps, St'ped Envelopes & Postal Cards.</p>
<p class="poddate"><i>Washington, D. C., March 27, 1875.</i></p>
<p>The Department is prepared to furnish upon application,
at face value, specimens of adhesive postage
stamps issued under its auspices as follows:</p>
<p class="center">Ordinary Stamps for Use of the Public.</p>
<p class="hang">1. Issue of 1847. Denominations, 5 and 10 cents. Value
of set, 15 cents.</p>
<p class="hang">2. Issue of 1851. Denominations, 1, 3, 5, 10, 12, 24, 30
and 90 cents; also two separate designs of 1 cent
carrier stamps. Value of set, $1.77.</p>
<p class="hang">3. Issue of 1861. Denominations, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 12, 15, 24,
30 and 90 cents. Value of set, $1.92.</p>
<p class="hang">4. Issue of 1869. Denominations, 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 12, 15, 24,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span>
30 and 90 cents. Value of set, $1.93.</p>
<p class="hang">5. Issue of 1870 (current series). Denominations, 1, 2,
3, 6, 7, 10, 12, 15, 24, 30 and 90 cents. Value of set,
$2.</p>
<p class="header">Official Stamps.</p>
<p class="hang">1. Executive. Denominations, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 10 cents.
Value of set, 22 cents.</p>
<p class="hang">2. Department of State. Denominations, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7,
10, 12, 15, 24, 30 and 90 cents, and $2, $5, $10 and
$20. Value of Set, $39.</p>
<p class="hang">3. Treasury Department. Denominations, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7,
10, 12, 15, 24, 30 and 90 cents. Value of set, $2.</p>
<p class="hang">4. War Department. Denominations, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12,
15, 24, 30 and 90 cents. Value of set, $2.</p>
<p class="hang">5. Navy Department. Denominations, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10,
12, 15, 24, 30 and 90 cents. Value of set, $2.</p>
<p class="hang">6. Post Office Department. Denominations, 1, 2, 3, 6,
10, 12, 15, 24, 30 and 90 cents. Value of set, $1.93.</p>
<p class="hang">7. Department of the Interior. Denominations, 1, 2, 3,
6, 10, 12, 15, 24, 30 and 90 cents. Value of set, $1.93.</p>
<p class="hang">8. Department of Justice. Denominations, 1, 2, 3, 6,
10, 12, 15, 24, 30 and 90 cents. Value of set, $1.93.</p>
<p class="hang">9. Department of Agriculture. Denominations, 1, 2, 3,
6, 10, 12, 15, 24 and 30 cents. Value of set, $1.03.</p>
<p class="header">Newspaper and Periodical Stamps.</p>
<p class="hang">1. Issue of 1865. Denominations, 5, 10 and 25 cents.
Value of set, 40 cents.</p>
<p class="hang">2. Issue of 1874. Denominations, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12,
24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 cents, $1.92, $3, $6, $9, $12,
$24, $36, $48 and $60. Value of set, $204.66.</p>
<p>The 1847 and 1851 stamps are obsolete, and no longer
receivable for postage. The subsequent issues of ordinary
stamps are still valid. The newspaper and periodical
stamps of 1865 are also uncurrent; those of the issue
of 1874 can be used only by publishers and news agents
for matter mailed in bulk under the Act of June<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span>
23rd, 1874. The official stamps cannot be used except
for the official business of the particular Department
for which it is provided.</p>
<p>All the specimens furnished will be ungummed, and
the official stamps will have printed across the face
the word "Specimen" in small type. It will be useless
to apply for gummed stamps or for official stamps
with the word "Specimen" omitted.</p>
<p>The stamps will be sold by sets, and application must
not be made for less than one full set of any issue except
the State Department official stamps and newspaper
and periodical stamps of the issue of 1874. The regular
set of the former will embrace all the denominations
from 1 cent to 90 cents inclusive, valued at $2; and
any or all of the other denominations ($2, $5, $10 and
$20) will be added or sold separately from the regular
set as desired.</p>
<p>The newspaper and periodical stamps will be sold in
quantities of not less than two dollars worth in each
case, of any denomination or denominations that may
be ordered.</p>
<p>Under no circumstances will stamps be sold for less
than their face value.</p>
<p>Payment must invariably be made in advance in current
funds of the United States. Mutilated currency, internal
revenue and postage stamps, bank checks and
drafts, will not be accepted, but will in all cases be returned
to the sender.</p>
<p>To insure greater certainty in the transmission, it is
strongly urged that remittances be made either by
money order or registered letter. Applicants will also
include a sufficient amount for return postage and registry
fee, it being desirable to send stamps by registered
letter. Losses in the mails or by any mode of transmission
must be at the risk of the purchaser.</p>
<p><img src="images/pointer.jpg" height="20" alt="pointer" title="pointer" /> Applications must be addressed to "The Third<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span>
Assistant Postmaster General, Washington, D. C."</p>
<p>Specimens of stamped envelopes will not be furnished
in any case.</p>
<p class="sig">
<span class="rpad4">E. W. BARBER,</span><br />
Third Assistant Postmaster General.<br /></p></div>
<p>Here is truly a pretty kettle of fish. The proceedings
do not seem to have been reported by the
Department, and there seems to have been no
account rendered of this peculiar transaction of the
Stamp Office. Doubtless the amounts received for
these specimens and the number of them sold are
blended in the accounts of the number of stamps
sold and no loss accrued to the service. The
public are not, however, informed of the extent of
the transactions, and judging from the difficulty of
finding these specimens in collections, the business
was not large.</p>
<p>There was no law preventing any one from purchasing
either the newspaper or periodical stamps
from the Post office, and at the time there was probably
no regulation of the Department which prevented
postmasters from selling them to all desirous
of purchasing. Certainly some were sold to
dealers and collectors. Hence the privilege of
purchasing the current newspaper and periodical
stamps <i>without gum</i> for the same price that actual
and complete copies could be obtained, particularly
in view of the fact that the purchaser, unless a
publisher or agent, could not use them when so
purchased, even if he were willing to gum them
himself, was probably not largely taken advantage
of. The specimens when found can hardly be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span>
called reprints and cannot be distinguished from
the ordinary stamps that have by some accident lost
their gum. There is reason to believe that some
of them have been adorned with this appendage by
private parties, so that the presence of gum is no
guarantee of genuineness. As, however, they are
only partly finished stamps of the regular issue, no
great harm is done if a specimen is treasured in a
collection.</p>
<p>With the newspaper stamps of the 1865 issue the
facts are different. While they are from the same
plates apparently, they can generally be detected
by the color. As the five cents with white border
does not appear in the list of reprints or "specimens"
the series was not, after all, complete, and
the possessor of this stamp may feel confident of
possessing an original. The companion five cents
with colored border is exactly of the same color,
varying only in different specimens of either
variety in depths of color. The blue of the
reprints is of a different shade, more intense and
perhaps the difference can best be expressed by
saying there is a <i>bloom</i> about it that there is not
about the originals. When the two are placed
side by side the homely expression that the "new
is worn off" of the originals will serve to express
the difference, though in point of fact they never
had the brightness of the reprints. The same
remarks apply to the old and new ten cent values.
The color of the 25 cents, is, however, very badly
imitated, the originals have a yellowish-red cast,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span>
the reprint is a dull common red. A very good
idea of it might be had by comparing what are
called salmon brick and pressed brick together.
Unfortunately some unscrupulous parties have
"experimented" with the reprints and thus rendered
some specimens rather harder to distinguish,
but so far as the observation of the writer goes,
comparison with originals will always satisfactorily
expose the difference.</p>
<p>The extreme anxiety of the Department that the
revenue of the service should not suffer by the use
of a private party of an official stamp for which he
had paid the department full value, led as the
advertisement states to the placing of the word
"specimen" in small type across the face, and
thereby saved the collector any trouble in identifying
"specimens" from originals, though as the
stamps were current the omission of the gum only
reduced them to partly finished stamps, and not
to the category of reprints or counterfeits.</p>
<p>Of the "ordinary stamps for the use of the
public," the 5th or 1870 issue was then current,
and why ungummed stamps which the circular
says were never the less available for postage,
should have been sold when the Department had a
large supply of finished originals at command, is a
mystery to all but official minds.</p>
<p>The 4th or 1869 series presents greater difficulties
to the collector who desires to have only
genuine originals. Made by the same company
that produced the originals, and only a short time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span>
afterwards, the processes of printing, ink and
paper making had not materially changed, but the
reprints show signs of more careful workmanship.
Notwithstanding the circular some of them at least
were sent out by the department gummed. But
strange to say as noticed by Mr. Coster (A. J. P.
1875 page 6) the gum of the originals "varied from
decidedly brownish to almost white" and "on the
1861-69 issues of the reprints (as also on the
eagles) simple gum arabic seems to have been
used, the color being perfectly white. Furthermore,
if the stamps are bent at all, the gum cracks,
which is in no case true of the originals." Mr.
Coster further says, "the originals all had the
grille and the reprints have not." Unfortunately,
Mr. Coster was not aware that the four higher
values at least, with the brownish gum and without
the grille, and undoubtedly original, existed in
collections before the reprints were made, and
have since been officially stated to have been so
issued, and other values also in that condition are
known, which have every appearance of being
originals. Unfortunately also, it is not very difficult
to remove the gum, imitate the grille or not
and regum the stamp with brownish gum. Such
experiments have been made with fair success by
members of that fraternity who exist by the trade
in bogus antiquities and counterfeit evidences of
value, who sometimes do these little things merely
to experience the delight they feel in deceiving the
so-called experts, especially when as in this case a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span>
known reprint is almost unsalable, but if it can be
made to pass as an original its value is increased
several hundred fold and its salable qualities many
times more. Fortunately there are not a large
number of the reprints to encounter and grilled
specimens are in all probability original. The 3d
or 1861 issue was also made by the same company
that did the reprinting. The originals were issued
first without the grille and afterwards with it, both
had the brownish gum. The reprints have the
same perforation and, notwithstanding the circular,
were issued both without the gum and with the
white stiff gum noticed above. Originals without
the grille are rarely on tinted or surfaced paper,
though sometimes smurched in parts from careless
wiping of the plates. Originals with the grille are
generally on lightly tinted or surfaced paper and
the colors are usually stronger than the earlier
ones. The reprints were without the grille, but
the colors are rather those of the grilled originals,
the paper is however whiter, the printing more
carefully worked, and there is the new look about
them noticed when speaking of the reprints of the
newspaper series of 1865. Sheets of the one cent
reprinted show the printer's imprint on the sides
and of the pattern of that on the 1869 issue. All
the originals of this value probably had the imprint
of the other pattern, and at the top or bottom.
The reprints are therefore, probably from new
plates.</p>
<p>A few reprints with a forged grille have come<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span>
under the observation of the writer, but as the
grille was the small grille imitated from that on the
1869 issue it was easily detected.</p>
<p>The 2nd or 1851 issue, as it is called in the
circular, actually consisted of two series, the
imperforate and perforate. Imperforate reprints
were not furnished. The originals were perforated
15 to the mm. or 17 to the 7/8 of an inch. The reprints
were perforated 12 to the mm. or 13 to the
7/8 of an inch. This is the perforation of the 1870
series and of most of the U. S. stamps.</p>
<p>This is an absolute test then for perforated
specimens. Attempts are, however, made to palm
off trimmed reprints as imperforate specimens.
The originals are on a yellowish paper and with
brown gum. The reprints on a very white paper
originally but easily manipulated to yellowish.
The reprint of the one cent is from a new plate,
the stamps have the outside fine labels of the
original imperforate series, but are set farther
apart on the plate so that even the larger perforation
used does not cut into the stamp. The blue
is too bright. The reprinted three cents has the
outer top and bottom lines of the original imperforate
stamp. The stamps do not seem to have
been set quite far enough apart on the plate, as
most specimens are somewhat marred by the large
perforation. The color is however a vermilion
and not the brick-red, pink or carmine of the
originals. The reprinted five cents is from plate
No. 2 without the top and bottom projection, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span>
the stamps being too near together are marred by
the large perforation. The color is a decided
yellow brown, unlike any of the shades of the
original. It would probably be impossible to
remove the perforation so as to make this stamp
pass for an imperforate specimen and then it
would lack the projection of the original.</p>
<p>The ten and twelve cents are harder to distinguish,
the green is too green, the black too black.
The twenty-four, thirty and ninety cents were not
issued imperforate (except the very rare instances
of the 24 cents) and are not likely to deceive any
one, their colors, however, are the more brilliant
new colors and not the old dull colors of the
originals.</p>
<p>The reprinted "Eagle" Carrier's stamp was first
sent out perforated 12, the original was, of course,
imperforate, and the stamps upon the sheet were
separated by colored lines. The perforations of
the reprints made sad havoc with these. Later
the reprints were sent out imperforate. Such
originals as the present writer has seen are on a
yellowish tinted paper arising probably from the
gum or age, the reprints are on a paper blued on
the printed side by the ink of the stamp and with
a blue cast at the back.</p>
<p>The reprinted "Franklin" Carrier's stamp is on
too deep a pink paper and the dark blue ink is not
deep and dull enough.</p>
<p>Finally the only safe test of any of these stamps
is comparison with undoubted originals, in every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span>
case of doubt.</p>
<p>The first or 1847 reprints are not from the
original plates nor even from the original dies, but
from newly engraved dies, and hence are absolutely
worthless as representing the originals. They are
not reprints, but official imitations. In speaking
of this issue it was stated that the Department had
ordered all remainders to be burnt and the plates
and dies destroyed. Supposing this to have been
done reprinting was impossible. To take the place
of the originals, new dies were made.</p>
<p>The imitations are both wider and shorter than
the originals. The foliated ornaments are too conspicuous
in both. The small letters, R. W. H.
and E. in the margins, though clear in the originals
are too small, and particularly in the five cents
almost illegible, being too light, and apparently
the engraver did not know whether to make an R
or an H, an M or a W, an H or an N, an E or an
F. These are the general and common differences.</p>
<p>The Five Cents. The hair on the right of the
head (left of the stamp) is in heavy dark masses
in the original, but is too light, open and airy in
the imitation. The mouth prolonged in the original
beyond the dot on the right, ends with it in the imitation,
in which there is a second dot to the right of
the first. The eyes are clear and distinct in the
original, with perhaps too much white in the right
one, they are weak undecided eyes in the imitation.
The shirt front in the original is terminated by a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span>
diagonal line which reaches the oval above the top
of the F of "Five" in the original, but is more
nearly horizontal in the imitation, reaching the
oval nearly on a line with the top of the 5.</p>
<p>The Ten Cents. In the hair on the right of the
stamp there is a small, white circle with a dark
center in the imitation which does not appear in
the original. The lips are larger and the mouth
longer in the original than the imitation, but in the
latter the lower lip is indicated throughout by vertical
lines, in the original there are three vertical
lines, the rest indicated by points. In the original
the white cravat is separated from the inner colored
line marking the oval by a fine white line with a
colored line above it; in the imitation the line of
the oval terminates the cravat. The lines of the
face are all too stiff and ridged and the execution
does not compare in delicacy and boldness of touch
with the original.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span></p>
<h2><span class="smcap">Index.</span></h2>
<ul><li>Agriculture Department; <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
<li>Alexandria; <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
<li class="alpha">Baltimore; <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
<li>Baltimore, Horseman; <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
<li>Brattleboro; <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
<li class="alpha">Carrier Stamps; <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
<li>Compulsory prepayment; <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
<li class="alpha">Eight Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
<li>Eighty-four Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
<li>Executive Department; <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
<li class="alpha">Fifteen Cents, 1866; <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Fifteen Cents, 1867, medium grille; <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Fifteen Cents, 1867, small grille; <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Fifteen Cents, 1869; <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Fifteen Cents, 1870; <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
<li>Fifteen Cents, 1873; <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
<li>Fifteen Cents, 1883; <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
<li>Fifteen Cents, Official; <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
<li>Fifty Cents, Postage Due; <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
<li>Five Cents, 1847; <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
<li>Five Cents, 1856; <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Five Cents, 1857; <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Five Cents, 1861; <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Five Cents, 1867; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Five Cents, 1875; <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
<li>Five Cents, 1881; <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
<li>Five Cents, 1882; <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
<li>Five Cents, 1883; <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
<li>Five Cents, Newspapers, 1865; <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Five Cents, Postage Due; <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
<li>Five Dollars, State Department; <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
<li>Four Cents, 1883; <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
<li>Four Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
<li>Forty-eight Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
<li>Forty-eight Dollars, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_222">222</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span></li>
<li class="alpha">Grille of 1867; <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
<li>Grille of 1869; <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
<li>Grille of 1870; <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
<li class="alpha">Interior Dep't; <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
<li>Introduction; <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1847; <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1851; <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1855; <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1856; <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1857; <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1860; <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1861; <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1863; <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1865; <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1866; <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1867; <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1869; <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1870; <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1873; <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1874; <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1875; <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1879; <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1882; <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1883; <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1885; <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li>
<li>Issue of 1887; <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
<li class="alpha">Justice Dep't; <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
<li class="alpha">Millbury; <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
<li class="alpha">Navy Dep't; <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li>
<li>Newspaper and Periodical, 1865; <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li>
<li>Newspaper and Periodical, 1865, 5 cts.; <a href="#Page_211">211</a></li>
<li>Newspaper and Periodical, 1865, 10 cts.; <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
<li>Newspaper and Periodical, 1865, 25 cts.; <a href="#Page_213">213</a></li>
<li>Newspaper and Periodical, 1874; <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
<li>New Haven; <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
<li>New York; <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
<li>New York "U. S. Mail"; <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
<li>Nine Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
<li>Nine Dollars, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
<li>Ninety Cents, 1860; <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Ninety Cents, 1861; <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Ninety Cents, 1867; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Ninety Cents, 1869; <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Ninety Cents, 1870; <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
<li>Ninety Cents, 1873; <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
<li>Ninety Cents, 1883; <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span></li>
<li>Ninety Cents, Official; <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
<li>Ninety-six Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
<li class="alpha">Official Stamps; <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li>
<li>Official Seals; <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
<li>Officially Sealed; <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
<li>One Cent Carrier, Eagle; <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
<li>One Cent Carrier, Franklin; <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1851; <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1857; <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1861; <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1867, medium grille; <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1867, small grille; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1869; <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1870; <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1873; <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1881; <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1882; <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1883; <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1886; <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1887; <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li>
<li>One Cent 1887; <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
<li>One Cent Newspaper, 1885; <a href="#Page_224">224</a></li>
<li>One Cent Official; <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
<li>One Cent Postage Due; <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
<li>One Dollar and Ninety-two Cents, Newspaper, 1874; <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
<li class="alpha">Philadelphia; <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
<li>Pittsfield; <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
<li>Postage Due; <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li>
<li>Postage Due, 1, 2, 3, 5; <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
<li>Postage Due, 10, 30, 50; <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
<li>Postmarks; <a href="#Page_14">14 to 18</a></li>
<li>Post Obitum; <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
<li>Post Office Department; <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
<li>Postmasters Stamps; <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
<li>Providence; <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
<li class="alpha">Registered Seals; <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li>
<li>Registered Seals for stamp packages; <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
<li>Reprints; <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li>
<li class="alpha">St. Louis; <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
<li>St. Louis, 2 Cents; <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
<li>St. Louis, 5 Cents; <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
<li>St. Louis, 10 Cents; <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
<li>St. Louis, 20 Cents; <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
<li>Seven Cents, 1870; <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
<li>Seven Cents, 1873; <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
<li>Seven Cents, Official; <a href="#Page_234">234</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span></li>
<li>Seventy-two Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
<li>Six Cents, 1869; <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Six Cents, 1870; <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
<li>Six Cents, 1873; <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
<li>Six Cents, 1882; <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
<li>Six Cents, 1883; <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
<li>Six Cents, 1886; <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
<li>Six Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
<li>Six Cents, Official; <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
<li>Sixty Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
<li>Sixty Dollars, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
<li>Six Dollars, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
<li>Specimen Postage Stamps; <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
<li>Special Delivery; <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
<li>State Department; <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a></li>
<li class="alpha">Ten Cents, 1847; <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, 1855; <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, 1857; <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, 1861; <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, 1867, medium grille; <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, 1867, small grille; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, 1869; <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, 1870; <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, 1881; <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, 1882; <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, 1883; <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, 1886; <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, 1887; <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, Official; <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, Postage Due; <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
<li>Ten Cents, Special Delivery; <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
<li>Ten Dollars, State; <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
<li>Thirty Cents, 1860; <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Thirty Cents, 1861; <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Thirty Cents, 1867; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Thirty Cents, 1869; <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Thirty Cents, 1870; <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
<li>Thirty Cents, 1873; <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
<li>Thirty Cents, 1883; <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
<li>Thirty Cents, Official; <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
<li>Thirty Cents, Postage Due; <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li>
<li>Thirty-six Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
<li>Thirty-six Dollars, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1851; <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1857; <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1861; <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1867 grilled all over; <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1867 large grille; <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1867 medium grille; <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1867 small grille; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1867 imperforate; <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1869; <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1870; <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1873; <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1881; <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1882; <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1883; <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, 1886-7; <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, Official; <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
<li>Three Cents, Postage due; <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
<li>Three Dollars, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
<li>Treasury Dept; <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></li>
<li>Twelve Cents, 1851; <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Twelve Cents, 1857; <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Twelve Cents, 1861; <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Twelve Cents, 1867 medium grille; <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Twelve Cents, 1867 small grille; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Twelve Cents, 1869; <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Twelve Cents, 1870; <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
<li>Twelve Cents, 1883; <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li>
<li>Twelve Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
<li>Twelve Cents, Official; <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
<li>Twelve Dollars, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
<li>Twenty Dollars, State; <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
<li>Twenty-four Cents, 1856; <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Twenty-four Cents, 1860; <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Twenty-four Cents, 1861; <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Twenty-four Cents, 1867; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Twenty-four Cents, 1869; <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Twenty-four Cents, 1870; <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li>
<li>Twenty-four Cents, 1873; <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
<li>Twenty-four Cents, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
<li>Twenty-four Cents, Official; <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
<li>Twenty-four Dollars, Newspapers, 1874; <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
<li>Two Cents, 1863; <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Two Cents, 1867, medium grille; <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Two Cents, 1867, small grille; <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Two Cents, 1867, imperforate; <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Two Cents, 1869; <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
<li>Two Cents, 1870; <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span></li>
<li>Two Cents, 1873; <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
<li>Two Cents, 1875; <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
<li>Two Cents, 1881; <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
<li>Two Cents, 1882; <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
<li>Two Cents, 1883; <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
<li>Two Cents, Official; <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
<li>Two Cents, Newspaper; <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
<li>Two Cents, Postage Due; <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
<li>Two Dollars, State; <a href="#Page_237">237</a></li>
<li class="alpha">Uniform Postage; <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
<li>Unpaid Letter Stamps; <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
<li>Unperforated Specimens, 1867; <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
<li>Unperforated Specimens, 1870; <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
<li>U. S. Mail; <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
<li>U. S. City Dispatch Post; <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
<li class="alpha">War Department; <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a></li>
<li>Washington; <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
<li>Worcester; <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="main">
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span><br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span><br />
<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span></p>
<h2><span class="txt80">THE</span><br />
<span class="smcap txt120">Philatelic Catalogue</span></h2>
<p class="center">
<span class="smcap">Of Postage Stamps, Stamped Envelopes<br />
and Postal Cards.</span></p>
<hr class="decor" />
<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Major Edw. B. Evans, R. A.</span></p>
<hr class="decor" />
<p>This work is fully illustrated with engravings, also
gives full description of all stamps, particulars as to
printing, perforation, paper, watermarks, colors, as well
as market price. Also valuable notes by the author on
subjects pertaining to the stamps.</p>
<p>The following is the plan of the work:</p>
<ul><li>Part 1. Adhesives.</li>
<li>Part 2. Stamped Envelopes.</li>
<li>Part 3. Postal Cards.</li></ul>
<p>Each part is divided into sections.</p>
<ul>
<li>Section 1. America.</li>
<li>Section 2. Great Britain and Colonies.</li>
<li>Section 3. Europe.</li>
<li>Section 4. Asia, Africa and Australasia.</li>
</ul>
<p>Each section is divided into groups, the groups of
Part 1, Section 1 are now ready and are as follows:</p>
<ul>
<li>Group 1. United States (including Confederate issues).</li>
<li>Group 2. Mexico and Central America.</li>
<li>Group 3. U. S. of Columbia and states.</li>
<li>Group 4. Other South American countries.</li>
</ul>
<p>The price of each group is 10c; a new one will be
published every month.</p>
<p>The work is limited to 500 copies and when completed
will be the greatest philatelic work ever published.</p>
<p>Subscriptions received $1.00 per 10 parts, until the
number 500 is reached subscribers will receive the first
numbers.</p>
<p class="center">
<span class="txt120"><i>C. H. MEKEEL, Philatelic Publisher,</i></span><br />
<i>Room 71, Turner Building.</i><span class="qspace3"> </span><i>ST. LOUIS, MO.</i></p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span></p>
<h2><span class="txt80">THE</span><br />
<span class="smcap txt120">Improved Stamp Album.</span></h2>
<p class="center txt90">With a rational plan for the arrangement of a collection
of stamps. Copyrighted.</p>
<p>This is a blank album manufactured expressly for the
purpose.</p>
<p>Good paper is used; size of pages 8½ by 11 inches; a
neat border surrounds each page and an ornamental
band at top for the reception of the name of the country.
Neatly printed names are provided on adhesive
paper.</p>
<p>Guards or stubs are bound between the pages, so that
when filled it will not bulge, it is equally well adapted
for postal cards, stamps or envelopes.</p>
<p>One thousand lithographed stamp mounts are furnished
with each album. The stamp mounts are on a
new plan, a neat black border surrounds the stamp, and
the mounts are provided in different sizes for the various
stamps.</p>
<p class="hang">No. 1. Album 168 pp., bound in cloth, good paper, with
names and 1000 mounts; $2.00</p>
<p class="hang">No. 2. Album 328 pp., same as above but border printed
on only one side of the page; $3.00</p>
<p class="hang">No. 3. Album 500 pp., same style as the No. 3, better
paper, printed on one side of page; $5.00</p>
<p class="hang">No. 4. Album 500 pp., handsomely bound in leather,
superior paper, printed on one side of page; $7.50</p>
<p class="hang">No. 5. Portfolio, with 200 sheets fine card-board, printed
on one side with names and mounts; $5.00</p>
<p>The album has given satisfaction wherever it has been
sold.</p>
<p class="center">
<span class="txt120">C. H. MEKEEL, Philatelic Publisher,</span><br />
<i>Room 71, Turner B'l'g</i>, — <i>ST. LOUIS, MO.</i></p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span></p>
<h2><span class="txt80">THE</span><br />
<span class="smcap txt120">Philatelic Journal of America.</span></h2>
<p>A large monthly magazine published in interest of
stamp collecting.</p>
<p>Contributed to, by the leading philatelic writers of
the day, including, Major Edw. B. Evans, R. A., James
M. Chute, John K. Tiffany, Edw. B. Hanes, Lieut. J.
M. T. Partello, Joseph J. Casey, E. B. Sterling, Wm. E.
Stone, and many others.</p>
<p>The latest information regarding newly issued stamps
and discoveries may always be found.</p>
<p>Reports of the proceedings of the leading American
philatelic societies.</p>
<p>Answers to questions, and open letters on current
topics, are important departments.</p>
<p>The Philatelic Catalogue, by Major Edw. B. Evans, is
being published in monthly installments.</p>
<p class="center txt120">SUBSCRIPTION.</p>
<hr class="decor" />
<p>Sent post free, 50 cents per annum, to United States,
Canada and Mexico; 75 cents per annum to all countries
in the Universal Postal Union.</p>
<p>$1. per annum to Natal, Cape of Good Hope, Transvaal
and Australian Colonies.</p>
<p>Payment must be made in advance. Subscription can
commence at any time. Back numbers of current volume,
10 cents each.</p>
<p class="center txt120">UNBOUND COPIES, VOLS.<br />
I AND II.</p>
<p>Volume I. March, 1885—February, 1886. 12 numbers,
250p., $3.</p>
<p>Volume II. March, 1886—February, 1887. 12 numbers,
350p., $1.</p>
<p class="center">
<i>C. H. MEKEEL, Philatelic Publisher</i>,<br />
Room 71, Turner Building, — ST. LOUIS, MO.</p>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span></p>
<h2><span class="smcap txt90">C. H. Mekeel,</span><br />
<span class="smcap txt120">Philatelic Publisher</span><br />
<span class="txt80">—AND—</span><br />
<span class="txt90">POSTAGE STAMP DEALER,</span></h2>
<p>Solicits business relations with all philatelists. Rarities
are always on hand for the advanced collector. Rare
stamps bought for cash or taken in exchange.</p>
<p>New issues and novelties always on hand. A fine
stock of desirable stamps at very reasonable prices.
Selections of stamps on approval sent to responsible
parties. Agents wanted for the sale of stamps on liberal
commission.</p>
<p>Foreign correspondence and exchange solicited.</p>
<p>A large wholesale stock for sale by 10, 100 or 1000 at
lowest prices. Mexican, South and Central American
stamps is a specialty in wholesale trade. Hundreds of
thousands of these stamps imported yearly.</p>
<p>Cash paid for U. S. Department stamps, Newspaper
and Periodical stamps, Old U. S. Envelopes, Confederate
and U. S. Locals.</p>
<p>Large or old collections wanted for cash. Send for
U. S. Exchange list.</p>
<p>Inquiries should contain stamp for reply.</p>
<p class="center"><span class="txt150">C. H. MEKEEL,</span><br />
<i>Room 71, Turner Building</i>, — <i>ST. LOUIS, MO.</i></p>
</div>
<div class="tr">
<h4><a name="Transcribers_Notes" id="Transcribers_Notes"></a>Transcriber's Notes:</h4>
<p>3. Obvious punctuation errors have been corrected without comment.</p>
<p>4. Inconsistent quote marks in cited materials have been retained.
Mismatched quotes have been repaired.</p>
<p>5. Inconsistent abbreviations, punctuation, character spacing, etc.,
have been made uniform, as have all Post Office Department dispatch
headers.</p>
<p>6. Inconsistent variations of millimeter fractions, <i>i. e.</i> 1/2 (with
forward slash) and 1-2 (stacked 1 over 2), etc. have been made
consistent.</p>
<p>7. In the data table on page 103 and in the "INDEX", all ditto marks
have been replaced with full words.</p>
<p>8. Right justified page numbers in the "INDEX" have been replaced by
a left justified semi-colon ";" immediately followed by the
referenced page numbers.</p>
<p>9. SPELLING CORRECTIONS: (#) shows number of times word was correctly
spelled in the text.</p>
<ul><li class="tnotes"> p. 47, "apperance" to "appearance" (14) (has a blurred appearance)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 47, "diffent" to "different" (30) (a different design)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 48, "Brattleborro" to "Brattleboro" (8) (of Brattleboro, Vermont)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 50, "seperately" to "separately" (7) (stamp separately engraved)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 52, "accomodation" to "accommodation" (7) (as an accommodation;)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 53, "impresions" to "impressions" (102) (re-impressions in red)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 55, "orignally" to "originally" (11) (originally ruled into spaces)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 64, "permiting" to "permitting" (4) (permitting to be used)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 78, "Terell" to "Terrell" (2) (Mr. Terrell, Third Assistant Postmaster General)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 80, "Goverment" to "Government" (34) (dies by the Government)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 88, "Pastmaster" to "Postmaster" (200) (the Postmaster General)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 91, "postmater" to "postmaster" (200) (unlawful for any postmaster)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 92, "Priviledge" to "Privilege" (13) (the Franking Privilege)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 93, "lettters" to "letters" (200) (amount on letters)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 94, "Casellar" to "Cassilar" (2) (Toppan, Carpenter, Cassilar & Co.)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 104, "prolongued" to "prolonged" (3) (right side prolonged) (this correction is noted on the publishers "Errata" page)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 107, "vermillion" to "vermilion" (15) (with yellowish vermilion)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 110, "millemetres" to "millimetres" (2) (space of two millimetres)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 110, "impresion" to "impression" (102) (Plate impression,)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 119, "runing" to "running" (5) (and running off to the right)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 120, "Botom" to "Bottom" (110) (LEFT. Top, Bottom)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 123, "newpapers" to "newspapers" (88+) (through the newspapers)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 124, "Immediatly" to "Immediately" (3) (Immediately after the expiration)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 127, "ocre" to "ochre" (5) (5 cents, ochre, shades of brown.)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 129, "impresion" to "impression" (102) (Plate impression,)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 132, "borderded" to "bordered" (105) (bordered by a broad)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 140, "compossed" to "composed" (19) (composed of depressed lines)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 159, "ninty" to "ninety" (27) (ninety cents, Commodore)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 160, "posesion" to "possession" (11) (present issue, in possession)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 170, "vermillion" to "vermilion" (15) (7 cents, vermilion.)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 179, "ZEVERLY" to "ZEVELY" (2) ((Signed.) A. N. ZEVELY)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 180, "hurridly" to "hurriedly" (0) (hurriedly gotten up)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 185, "conspicious" to "conspicuous" (6) (shade lines being conspicuous)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 194, "improvments" to "improvements" (5) (improvements in machinery)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 197, "soild" to "solid" (60) (broad solid colored line)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 200, "whereever" to "wherever" (1) (wherever required)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 201, "beween" to "between" (117) (colored band between)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 207, "cirular" to "circular" (55) (From the third circular)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 209, "newpaper" to "newspaper" (88+) (newspaper stamps in other countries)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 209, "newpapers" to "newspapers" (88+) (distribution of newspapers and periodicals)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 213, "principly" to "principally" (3) (principally at Chicago) </li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 219, "horizontically" to "horizontally" (49) (horizontally and diagonally)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 220, "Ninty" to "Ninety" (27) (One Dollar and Ninety-Two)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 224, "classs" to "class" (11) (publications of the second class)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 227, "reveiw" to "review" (2) (by a brief review)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 228, "Treasuay" to "Treasury" (16) (the Treasury may be)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 229, "Ano" to "Anno" (0) (Anno Domini 1873)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 232, "addional" to "additional" (19) (four additional denominations)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 232, "excercise" to "exercise" (2) (exercise its own discretion)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 232, "chocineal" to "cochineal" (7) (War Department, cochineal red;)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 245, "judisdiction" to "jurisdiction" (0) (court of competent jurisdiction)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 245, "theron" to "thereon" (9) (shall be stated thereon)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 246, "transmision" to "transmission" (9) (for the transmission of)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 246, "throught" to "through" (23) (through the mails free)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 247, "attatchment" to "attachment" (6) (attachment of official postage)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 259, "genuiness" to "genuineness" (0) (no guarantee of genuineness)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 271, "Newpapers" to "Newspapers" (88+) (Three Dollars, Newspapers)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 275, "Britian" to "Britain" (0) (Great Britain and Colonies)</li></ul>
<p>10. PRINTER AND TYPOGRAPHY CORRECTIONS: Words with missing and
misprinted letters, inconsistent hyphenation, punctuation and spacing
have been corrected without comment. Additional corrections;</p>
<ul><li class="tnotes">p. 23, removed duplicate word "the" (the distances were so great)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 56, removed duplicate word "the" (the lower half of a circle)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 59, removed duplicate "of" (I, of R. I., and S of Cents)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 67-68, added Footnote anchor [A] (following advertising editorial[A]:)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 75, removed duplicate word "be" (shall be subject to)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 76, removed duplicate word "been" (to have been distributed)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 82, removed duplicate word "be" (shall be deemed)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 98, removed duplicate word "the" ((A) show the paper)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 104, corrected duplicate instance of D<sup>2</sup> f<sup>1 2 3 4</sup>, to D<sup>1</sup> f<sup>1 2 3 4</sup>, to match established pattern of data.</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 139, 3rd through 6th line from bottom, changed fraction from 16-2/2 to 16-1/2.</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 151, removed duplicate "the" (upper squares at the sides)</li>
<li class="tnotes">p. 177, changed "E. M. BARBER" to "E. W. BARBER" to match all other instances.</li></ul>
<p>11. WORD VARIATIONS:</p>
<ul><li class="tnotes">"back ground" (6), "back-ground" (5), "background" (32)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"Caracci" (1), "Carraci" (1) "Cerrachi" (2) (misspellings appear in official documents referring to Giuseppe Ceracchi, aka Giuseppe Cirachi, the Italian sculptor.)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"despatch" (3) and "dispatch" (9)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"enclose(ed)" (7) and "inclose" (1) (in quoted Postmaster report)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"extention" (1) (as shown in quoted postal circular) alt. sp. of extension.</li>
<li class="tnotes">"grayish" (1) and "greyish" (2)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"lozenge" (1) and "losenge" (1) (middle english)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"millimeter" (1) and "millimetre(s)" (1)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"preceding" (2) and "preceeding" (2)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"prepaid" (15) and "prepayed" (1) (in quoted Postmaster letter)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"Rawdon" (1) and "Rawden" (1) (part of a company name)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"salie" (1) and "sallie" (1)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"semi-circle" (1) and "semicircle" (2)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"supersede(ed)" (1) and "supercede" (1) (in quoted Postmaster report)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"Wyman" (1) and "Wymer" (1)</li>
<li class="tnotes">"Zachary" (1) (in text) and "Zackary" (1) (General Taylor, in quoted Postmaster letter)</li>
</ul>
<p>12. On the Publisher's Announcement pages beginning on page 275, stacked page numbers
repesent blank leading pages. In the original work the Headers were printed in various
decorative fonts not replicated in this e-text.</p>
</div>
<pre>
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